query: what countries are in the andean region?

title: Andean states

text: South America in following countries: When grouped as "the Andean states", the emphasis is on the mountainous regions of these countries. For example, the Argentine "pampas" are not part of the Andean region, but western Argentina along with Chile is part of the Andean region. Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia are part of the Andean Community (a trade grouping), and each contains Amazon Rainforest and Amazonian indigenous people as well as Andean mountains. Andean states The Andean states () are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range. "Andean States" is sometimes used to

title: Andean Region, Venezuela

text: happens in the international boundary of Táchira with the Republic of Colombia through the customs of San Antonio and Ureña, both of them Tachiran locations. Andean Region, Venezuela The Andean Region is one of the 10 administrative regions in which Venezuela was divided for its development plans; the region is composed by the states of Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo and Barinas; and the region is located straddling the Andes Mountain Range. Except for the people of the Llanos in Eastern Barinas, natives from this region are usually referred to as "gochos". It has a total population of 3,607,720 and a density

title: Andean condor

text: popular figure on stamps in many countries, appearing on one for Ecuador in 1958, Argentina in 1960, Peru in 1973, Bolivia in 1985, Colombia in 1992, Chile in 2001, and Venezuela in 2004. It has also appeared on the coins and banknotes of Colombia and Chile. The condor is featured in several coats of arms of Andean countries as a symbol of Andes mountains. The Andean condor is depicted on the logo of Avianca and Aerolineas Argentinas, which are two of the largest airlines in South America. Andean condor The Andean condor ("Vultur gryphus") is a South American bird in

title: Andean passport

text: passport is effective in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and formerly, in Venezuela. Because Venezuela left the ACN in 2006, the country no longer issues Andean passports, and it is most likely to start issuing a new MERCOSUR-style passport as the country became a full member of that organization. Venezuelan ACN passports issued are valid until its expiration date. The last Venezuelan ACN passports were more likely to expire between 2011 and 2012. The Andean passport features: Andean passport The Andean passport is a passport for South American countries that are members of the Andean Community of Nations (ACN). The Andean

title: Andean natural region

text: Andean natural region The Andes mountains form the most populated region of Colombia and contain the majority of the country's urban centers. They were also the location of the most significant pre-Columbian indigenous settlements. Beyond the Colombian Massif in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nariño, the Colombian Andes divide into three branches known as "cordilleras" (from the Spanish for "mountain range"): the West Andes run adjacent to the Pacific coast and is home to the city of Cali. The Central Andes run up the center of the country between the Cauca and Magdalena river valleys (to the west and

title: Andean natural region

text: of the population; and the alpine conditions of the zona forestada (forested zone, 3,200 m to 3,900 m), páramos (3,900 m to 4,600 m) and tierra helada (frozen land, 4,600 m and above). West Andes from south to north: Munchique, Farallones de Cali, Tatamá, Las Orquideas, Paramillo Andean natural region The Andes mountains form the most populated region of Colombia and contain the majority of the country's urban centers. They were also the location of the most significant pre-Columbian indigenous settlements. Beyond the Colombian Massif in the south-western departments of Cauca and Nariño, the Colombian Andes divide into three branches

title: Andean Parliament

text: of 1960. With the Cartagena Agreement, signed on May 26, 1969, the five countries met In what was originally called the Andean Pact, when its legal norms and provisions were established.2 Its objective was to strengthen its economies through free trade, tariff elimination and the customs union. Its Constitutive Treaty was signed by the chancellors of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Its first headquarters was Lima, although later it moved to Bogota. Venezuelan diplomat Milos Alcalay served as Secretary General of the Andean Parliament (1984-85) and as Permanent Secretary of the Andean Parliament (Bogotá, 1985-89). Subsequently, in 1996, through

title: Andean Community

text: Andean Community The Andean Community (, CAN) is a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarters are in Lima, Peru. The Andean Community has 98 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$745.3 billion in 2005, including Venezuela, who was a member at that time. Its estimated GDP PPP for 2011 amounts to US$902.86 billion, excluding Venezuela. The original Andean Pact

title: Andean Parliament

text: Andean Parliament The Andean Parliament is the governing and deliberative body of the Andean Community. It was created on October 25, 1979 in La Paz (Bolivia), through the Constitutive Treaty signed by the chancellors of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. It entered into force in January 1984. The Andean Parliament has a Headquarter, located in Bogotá (Colombia), administered by the Secretary General. In addition, each country has a National Headquarters. These serve as liaison and coordination bodies. It represents the 120 million inhabitants of the Andean Region, whose member states are Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile (which joined

title: Andean Community

text: and Colombia (Bolivia and Colombia since early 2006). Andean Community The Andean Community (, CAN) is a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarters are in Lima, Peru. The Andean Community has 98 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$745.3 billion in 2005, including Venezuela, who was a member at that time. Its estimated GDP PPP for 2011 amounts to

title: Andean agriculture

text: Andean agriculture Current agricultural practices of the Andean region of South America typically involve a synthesis of traditional Incan practices and modern techniques to deal with the unique terrain and climatic elements of the area. Millions of farmers in economically impoverished communities make a living producing staple crops such as potato, olluco, and mashua for their own consumption as well as profit in local and urban markets. The Andean region is particularly known for its wide variety of potato species, boasting over about 5,000 varieties identified by the International Potato Center based in Peru. These crops are arranged within the

title: Andean hairy armadillo

text: armadillo survive. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild (CITES) has banned all trading of the Andean hairy armadillo and the capture of it. Yet, the demand for this armadillo's products still remain and many are killed regardless. Andean hairy armadillo The Andean hairy armadillo ("Chaetophractus nationi") is an armadillo located in Bolivia, in the region of the Puna; the departments of Oruro, La Paz, and Cochabamba (Gardner, 1993). Nowark (1991) describes it as distributed in Bolivia and northern Chile. A recent publication of Pacheco (1995) also locates the species in Peru, basically in Puno Region. This

title: 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis

text: Juanes himself. Over the next several months, a Track II dialogue initiative facilitated by the Carter Center (including personal involvement from President Carter) and the Organization of American States brought together civil society leaders to help mend relations, and lay the groundwork for rebuilding official diplomatic ties. Social organizations and international development assistance increased their investment in peacebuilding initiatives in the border region to complement the top-down dialogue with grassroots conflict resolution capacity building. 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis The 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis was a diplomatic stand-off between the South American countries of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It began with

title: Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act

text: on U.S. employment with the possible exception of some sectors of the cut flower industry. Though in 2011, the United States Government began a program to compensate asparagus farmers for lost revenues called the "Asparagus Revenue Market Loss Program." Much of that industry loss was a direct result of cheap imported asparagus from the Andes region. Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act The Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) is a trade preference system by which the United States grants duty-free access to a wide range of exports from four Andean countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

title: Andean Spanish

text: Andean Spanish Andean Spanish is a dialect of Spanish spoken in the central Andes, from western Venezuela, southern Colombia, with influence as far south as northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina, passing through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It is influenced principally by Castilian, Canarian and Andalusian Spanish, which is favoured in the cities, but in rural areas and some cities, there is influence of Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages. In northwest Argentina and northern Chile today, it is possible to say that there is a certain fusion in the dialects of both countries, but the local dialects are more dominant.

title: Andean condor

text: Fish and Wildlife Service began a reintroduction experiment involving the release of captive Andean condors into the wild in California. Only females were released to prevent it becoming an invasive species. The experiment was a success, and all the Andean condors were recaptured and re-released in South America before the reintroduction of the California condors took place. In June 2014, local authorities of the Ancasmarca region rescued two Andean condors that were caged and displayed in a local market as an attraction for tourists. The Andean condor is a national symbol of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuelan

title: Andean Parliament

text: the Trujillo Protocol modifying the Cartagena Agreement, the governments of the subregion granted it supranational powers, defining it as the Political Control Unit of the Andean Integration System (SAI). Its representatives were initially elected by the national congresses of the member countries. According to the Protocol of Trujillo, approved on March 10, 1996, its representatives would be elected for a period of five years directly by the respective member countries of the Andean Community; In Colombia they were by direct suffrage since the elections of March 14, 2010. It consisted of five members for each member country, which gave a

title: Andean Community

text: the member countries can enter the other Andean Community member states without the requirement of a visa. Travellers should present the authorities their national ID cards. Visitors to Venezuela will have to present their passports; they will then receive the Andean Migration Card ("Tarjeta Andina de Migración"), in which the time of temporary residence in the country is stated. The Andean passport was created in June 2001 pursuant to "Decisión 504". This stipulates the issuing of a passport based on a standard model which contains harmonised features of nomenclature and security. The passport is effective in Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia,

title: Andean hairy armadillo

text: Andean hairy armadillo The Andean hairy armadillo ("Chaetophractus nationi") is an armadillo located in Bolivia, in the region of the Puna; the departments of Oruro, La Paz, and Cochabamba (Gardner, 1993). Nowark (1991) describes it as distributed in Bolivia and northern Chile. A recent publication of Pacheco (1995) also locates the species in Peru, basically in Puno Region. This species is also thought to be present in northern Argentina. However, this location may actually only contain a population of "C. vellerosus". The Andean hairy armadillo averages a tail length of three to seven inches and a body length of eight

title: Andean civilizations

text: and many unique characteristics of the societies they created. Less than a century prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquerors, the Incas united most of the Andean cultures into the Inca Empire which encompasses all of what is usually called Andean civilization. The Muisca of Colombia and the Timoto Cuica of Venezuela remained outside the Inca orbit. The Inca Empire was a patchwork of languages, cultures and peoples. Spanish rule ended or transformed many elements of the Andean civilizations, notably influencing religion and architecture. Andean civilization was one of five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be

title: Andean Parliament

text: the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). 4. POLITICAL CONTROL The Cartagena Agreement grants the Andean Parliament the mission of exercising political control over the bodies of the Andean Integration System (IAS). Like the Central American Parliament and unlike the European Parliament, the Andean Parliament members are elected on the same day as their national counterparts, there are thus no simultaneous Andean elections. Andean Parliament The Andean Parliament is the governing and deliberative body of the Andean Community. It was created on October 25, 1979 in La Paz (Bolivia), through the Constitutive Treaty signed by the chancellors of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and

text: Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act The Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act (ATPDEA) is a trade preference system by which the United States grants duty-free access to a wide range of exports from four Andean countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It was enacted on October 31, 2002 as a replacement for the similar Andean Trade Preference Act (ATPA). The purpose of this preference system is to foster economic development in the Andean countries to provide alternatives to coca production. Bolivia has installed capacity to industrialize coca production and its derivatives, since coca has no narcotic effects,

title: Andean music

text: in the 1980s in the form of canto nuevo artists such as Emma Junaro and Matilde Casazola. The 1970s was a decade in which Andean music saw its biggest growth. Different groups sprang out of the different villages throughout the Andes Region. Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia and Argentina. Many musicians made their way to the big cities forming different bands and groups. One of the most legendary was Los Kjarkas, from Bolivia. Singing and composing songs that became huge hits in Bolivia and would later become Andean standards. They would later take Andean music to the rest of the

title: Andean music

text: world. Originally from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, cumbia became a hit in Peru and through much of Latin America. It was then adapted to a "Peruvian" version called "Chicha" that has become a popular style in the Andean region, specially among in the lower socioeconomic strata of the society including Quechua and Aymara populations. Several Andean music genres have also borrowed elements originally introduced by the Peruvian "cumbia" such as electric bass guitars, electronic percussion and little from the original cumbia rhythm. Andean music has served as a major source of inspiration for the neo-folkloric Nueva canción movement that

title: Andean music

text: Andean music Andean music is a group of styles of music from the Andes region in South America. Original chants and melodies come from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples who lived roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. This early music then was fused with Spanish music elements. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Canción movement of the

title: Andean agriculture

text: the Andean region saw a decreased in cultivated hill fields and an expansion of Ox Area units. Changes in farming unit types within the Andean region has also had indirect effects on downstream ecosystems. Specifically within Colombia, with the expansion of Ox Area units causing deforestation, over 63% of the land cover has been replaced by agriculture indirectly increasing the concentration of NHN in the water as well as sedimentation.The increase in nitrogen is attributed to run off from fertilizers, nitrogen fixing crops, and animal waste. High levels of NHN can be highly toxic to water ecosystems and pose a

title: Andean condor

text: Andes states. It is the national bird of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. It plays an important role in the folklore and mythology of the South American Andean regions, and has been represented in Andean art from c. 2500 BCE onward, and they are a part of indigenous Andean religions. In Andean mythology, the Andean condor was associated with the sun deity, and was believed to be the ruler of the upper world. The Andean condor is considered a symbol of power and health by many Andean cultures, and it was believed that the bones and organs of the Andean

title: Andean agriculture

text: Households in Peru. "Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine" 7:40. 2011 Chara-Serna, Ana and Chara, Julian and Giraldo, Lina, and Zuniga, Maria and Allan, David. Understanding the Impacts of Agriculture on Andean Stream Ecosystems of Colombia: A casual analysis using aquatic macro-invertebrates as indicators of biological integrity . "Freshwater Science." 34(2):727-740, 2015 Yapa, Kashyapa. Reducing Climactic and Other Risks Through Nature-Aided and Faith-Based Experiences by Peruvian Terrace Farmers. Andean agriculture Current agricultural practices of the Andean region of South America typically involve a synthesis of traditional Incan practices and modern techniques to deal with the unique terrain and climatic elements of

title: Andean Baroque

text: Andean Baroque Andean Baroque (Spanish: "Barroco andino" or "arquitectura mestiza") is an artistic movement that appeared in the Viceroyalty of Peru (South America) between 1680 and 1780. It is located geographically between Arequipa and Lake Titicaca in what is now Peru and Bolivia, where rules over the highlands and spreads over the entire altiplano. From the Portuguese word "barrueco" meaning impure, mottled, flamboyant, daring, the most striking example of Andean Baroque art is in religious architecture, where indigenous craftsmen gave it a unique character, as happened in the New Spanish Baroque. The first of the baroque architecture in the Viceroyalty

title: Andean Baroque

text: mestizo style. Andean Baroque Andean Baroque (Spanish: "Barroco andino" or "arquitectura mestiza") is an artistic movement that appeared in the Viceroyalty of Peru (South America) between 1680 and 1780. It is located geographically between Arequipa and Lake Titicaca in what is now Peru and Bolivia, where rules over the highlands and spreads over the entire altiplano. From the Portuguese word "barrueco" meaning impure, mottled, flamboyant, daring, the most striking example of Andean Baroque art is in religious architecture, where indigenous craftsmen gave it a unique character, as happened in the New Spanish Baroque. The first of the baroque architecture in

title: Northwestern Andean montane forests

text: humans, who have lived in the region since pre-Columbian times, farming and grazing livestock. The environment has thus been greatly modified, although there are still some sizable stands of continuous forest stands. Protected areas include the Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve. Northwestern Andean montane forests The Northwestern Andean montane forests (NT0145) is an ecoregion on the Andes mountains in the west of Colombia and Ecuador. Both flora and fauna are highly diverse due to effect of ice ages when the warmer climate zones were separated and the cooler ones combined, and interglacial periods when the reverse occurred. Because the environment is hospitable

title: Andean Volcanic Belt

text: Northwest where the Galán Caldera is located and the Andean foothills of Ecuador's Cordillera Real, where a series of alkaline volcanoes like Sumaco develops. The Andean Volcanic Belt represents a large geothermal province, with numerous hot springs, solfataras and geysers associated with its volcanoes. Already in the pre-Columbian era, the indigenous peoples used the various hot springs as places of healing. The geothermal exploration in the Chilean Andes was pioneered in the 1960s, although the site of El Tatio was investigated previously in the 1920s. Compared to neighboring Central America, the Andean region is poorly explored and exploited for geothermal

title: Andean tinamou

text: are greyish-brown to olive brown and barred with black and white. Its breast is grey and spotted with white or buff, its belly is buff or whitish and its crown is black, the sides of its head and throat are mottled grey, and its legs are yellow. The Andean tinamou can be found in the Andes from southern Ecuador to central Chile, as well as in the Sierras de Córdoba in Argentina. It prefers subtropical and tropical shrubland at altitude. The IUCN classifies the Andean tinamou as Least Concern, with an occurrence range of . Andean tinamou The Andean tinamou

title: History of Andean South America

text: tribe, who founded the largest empire that the Americas had ever seen, named Tahuantinsuyu. The Inca governed their empire from the capital city of Cuzco, administering it along traditional Andean lines. In the 16th century, Spanish colonisers from Europe arrived in the Andes, eventually subjugating the indigenous kingdoms and incorporating the Andean region into the Spanish Empire. In the 19th century, a rising tide of anti-imperialist nationalism that was sweeping all of South America led rebel armies to overthrow Spanish rule. The Andean region was subsequently divided into a number of new states, Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Ecuador. The 20th

title: Andean ibis

text: The bill, throat-wattle and bare skin around the eyes are blackish and the legs are red. The throat-wattle is smaller, the bill is shorter, the wing-coverts are greyer, the lower chest is paler and the cinnamon on the crown and nape is brighter and more extensive when compared to the black-faced ibis. The Andean ibis is restricted to altitudes of in the Andean highlands of Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. It is generally uncommon, and formerly also occurred in Lauca in far northern Chile. http://www.a2ew.com/photogalleries/SAFauna7.htm Andean ibis The Andean ibis ("Theristicus branickii") is a species of bird in the family Threskiornithidae.

title: Andean Spanish

text: The Andean dialect can be heard in the northeast, with respect to the pronunciation and lexicon. The Rioplatense dialect provides some of the pronunciation, a variety of modes, and the Argentine dialect. Rioplatense replaces the Andean use of "tú" as the second person singular familiar pronoun with "vos". It is very similar in Chile, but "tú" and "vos" are there both used as the singular familiar second-person pronoun. Also, there is influence of Chilean Spanish and some Andean Spanish. Andean Spanish Andean Spanish is a dialect of Spanish spoken in the central Andes, from western Venezuela, southern Colombia, with influence

title: Bolivarian countries

text: 1830, the territory remained part of Colombia until 1903. In addition, Bolívar chose Panama to host the Amphictyonic Congress. Meanwhile, in 1824 Bolívar consolidated, with the battles of Junín and Ayacucho, the Independence of Peru, which had been initiated by José de San Martín, who in 1821 had declared independence and established the Republic of Peru. The links between these countries have come through economic alliances and international treaties such as the Andean Community, which since 1939 brought together those countries except Panama and to which belonged Chile and Venezuela. Similarly, there are cultural and sporting organizations such as Bolivarian

title: Andean milk snake

text: Andean milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum andesiana, commonly known as the Andean milksnake, is an alpine subspecies of milk snake. These colorful snakes are covered in stripes of red, black, and yellow, often with black speckles on each scale. At up to long, this is one of the two largest subspecies of milk snake. Milk snakes range throughout the Americas, from Canada south to Ecuador. The Andean subspecies of milk snake occurs in the Andes mountains of Colombia and Venezuela. Andean milksnakes inhabit high altitude forests and grasslands, up to in elevation. As mountain dwellers, Andean milk snakes can tolerate much

title: Andean preceramic

text: northern Chile and southern Peru. This culture left us the Chinchorro mummies; these are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains in the world. The oldest mummy recovered from the Atacama Desert is dated around 7020 BC. This tradition is believed to have reached a peak around 3000 BC. Andean preceramic Andean preceramic refers to the early period of human occupation in the Andean area of South America that preceded the introduction of ceramics. This period is also called pre-ceramic or aceramic. The earliest humans that came to South America are known as Paleo-Indians. This period is generally known

title: Andean teal

text: are 2 subspecies: This species and the yellow-billed teal are sometimes considered conspecific under the name speckled teal ("A. flavirostris"), but increasingly taxonomists treat the two as distinct species. When split, the scientific name "A. flavirostris" is restricted to the yellow-billed teal. Andean teal The Andean teal ("Anas andium") is a South American species of duck. Like other teals, it belongs to the diverse genus "Anas"; more precisely it is one of the "true" teals of subgenus "Nettion". It restricted to the Andean highlands of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. It inhabits freshwater wetlands, preferring palustrine habitat to rivers. It is

title: Antofagasta Region

text: the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigrant settlers also arrived from Europe (mainly Croatians, Italians, Spaniards, Greeks, English, French, and Portuguese peoples), from Arab countries such as Lebanon and Syria, and plus smaller numbers from China, Japan, Korea, Peru and Bolivia. Various immigration flows joined with the culture of the altiplano region creating the modern culture of the north of Chile, which arguably presents more Andean- and multi-European-features than the Central Valley and mainstream Chilean culture. The Antofagasta Region is the heart of the mining industry, Chile's main source of export revenue. It represents 53% of Chile's mining output,

title: Court of Justice of the Andean Community

text: Court of Justice of the Andean Community The Court of Justice of the Andean Community was founded in 1979 by the Cartagena Agreement and began operating in January 1984 in Quito, Ecuador; it was originally known as the Andean Pact. The Andean Community is a sub-regional economic and social integration bloc comprising four member states: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, along with Chile and the Mercosur states as associate members. The Mercosur States are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Since 1969, the area underwent numerous changes, including the formation of a free trade area.In 1996, the members decided to reform

title: Central Andean puna

text: Central Andean puna The Central Andean puna is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion in the Andes of southern Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. The landscape in this ecoregion consists of high mountains with permanent snow and ice, meadows, lakes, plateaus, and valleys. It transitions to the Central Andean wet puna to the north and the Central Andean dry puna to the south. Elevations range from . The climate is Köppen climate classification cold semi-arid. Precipitation ranges from per year. Flora consists typically of open meadows with rocks, bunchgrass, herbs, moss, and lichen. Grasses are represented by the genera "Calamagrostis",

title: Andean flamingo

text: Bolivia, Chile, and Peru have signed the MoU. The MoU aims to improve the conservation status of the species and their habitats through coordinated and concerted actions across the range. Andean flamingo The Andean flamingo ("Phoenicoparrus andinus") is one of the rarest flamingos in the world. It lives in the Andes mountains of South America. Until 2014, it was classified in genus "Phoenicopterus". It is closely related to James's flamingo, and the two make up the genus "Phoenicoparrus". The Chilean flamingo, Andean flamingo, and James's flamingo are all sympatric, and all live in colonies (including shared nesting areas). The flamingo

title: Andean Volcanic Belt

text: resources. Andean Volcanic Belt The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences within volcanic zones and even

title: Andean Volcanic Belt

text: Andean Volcanic Belt The Andean Volcanic Belt is a major volcanic belt along the Andean cordillera in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It formed as a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences within volcanic zones and even between

title: Andean Region, Venezuela

text: Actually, the Venezuelan Andean region has the Mérida state in it, which has the highest elevation in the country at 4,978 metres with the Bolívar Mountain. Economical activities in the region concentrate farming and many animal, coffee and fish production, as well as tourism and handcrafts. The ULA is the largest university in the Venezuelan Andes and it has campuses in the three major Andean states: Mérida, Táchira and Trujillo. For commercial trade, the region has a fluvial exit through Lake Maracaibo using the port of La Ceiba in the Trujillo state. However, its major linking with other foreign countries

title: Andean Region, Venezuela

text: Andean Region, Venezuela The Andean Region is one of the 10 administrative regions in which Venezuela was divided for its development plans; the region is composed by the states of Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo and Barinas; and the region is located straddling the Andes Mountain Range. Except for the people of the Llanos in Eastern Barinas, natives from this region are usually referred to as "gochos". It has a total population of 3,607,720 and a density of 39,84 people per square kilometer. The Andean region makes up a mountain-like system with moors, lagoons, valleys, towns and many churches, and within these

title: Andean states

text: Andean states The Andean states () are a group of nations in South America connected by the Andes mountain range. "Andean States" is sometimes used to refer to all seven countries that the Andes runs through, regions with a shared culture primarily spread during the times of the Inca Empire (such as the Quechua language and Andean cuisine), or it can be used in a geopolitical sense to designate countries in the region that are members of the Andean Community trade group and have a local (as opposed to European) cultural orientation. The Andes extend through the western part of

title: Andean agriculture

text: varieties were first introduced to the Andean region in the early 1950s and can now be found throughout the highlands and even among some of the more remote communities. Some of the countries within the Andean region even offer reduced subsidies to farmers who adopt modern or Green-Revolution style agricultural practices, thus incentivizing this sort of farming. However, when smaller, traditional farms who consume much of their own crop convert to monocultures, they typically see a decrease in financial return as a result of having to spend more money on outside sustenance rather than just from what they can grow

title: Andean Parliament

text: Andean parliamentarians, values of Andean citizenship and the riches of the region. DOCUMENTATION CENTER The Documentation Center 'Simón Rodríguez' was established, specialized in legislative, integration and international law issues. Linked in a virtual way with the best libraries of national congresses and multilateral organizations such as the Library of Congress of Chile, or the Library of Congress of the United States. The Documentation Center offers its services free to the public of the countries of the region. INCLUSIVE FAIRS FOR INTEGRATION Inclusive Fairs include the exhibition of handicrafts, natural products and entrepreneurship of the cultures of each Andean country, with

title: Andean Parliament

text: in 2015). Its main functions include legislative harmonization in its member countries, permanent and active representation of the peoples of the region, guaranteeing their participation and strengthening of the integration process, and parliamentary management through the political control of institutions Of the Andean Integration System (IAS). (Cartagena Agreement, Art. 43) The Andean Parliament is the political organ, deliberative, representative of the people, as well as guarantor of the rights and democracy in the Andean Community. The origins of the Andean Parliament go back to 1966 with the Bogotá Agreement, drawn up on the recommendation of ECLAC under the Montevideo Treaty

title: Andean Parliament

text: the body and teams of parliamentarians, the analysis of international treaties, constitutions and national laws, development plans drawn up by governments, is carried out as a comparative exercise. 2. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION A fundamental axis as role of the organism in the region, through which the concepts of Open Parliament have been applied: YOUTH AND YOUTH PARLIAMENTS AND UNIVERSITIES The "Andean Youth and University Parliaments" program seeks to renew the political class of the Andean countries and strengthen leadership among young people. Conformed in different cities of the region, with emphasis on areas of conflict and vulnerability. The participants enter into

title: Andean passport

text: Andean passport The Andean passport is a passport for South American countries that are members of the Andean Community of Nations (ACN). The Andean passport was created in June 2001 pursuant to ACN Decisión 504. This passport is based on a standard model containing harmonised features of nomenclature and security based on the recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The member states of the ACN agreed to phase in new Andean passports bearing the official name of the regional body in Spanish by January 2005, although previously issued national passports will be valid until their expiry date. The

title: History of Andean South America

text: arrived in South America via the Isthmus of Panama, they spread out across the continent, with the earliest evidence for settlement in the Andean region dating to circa 15,000 BCE, in what archaeologists call the Lithic Period. In the ensuing Andean preceramic period, plants began to be widely cultivated, and distinct religious centres emerged, such as the Kotosh Religious Tradition in the highlands. This was followed by the Initial Period. Various complex societies developed at this time, most notably the Chavín culture and the Moche civilisation. In later periods, much of the Andean region was conquered by the indigenous Incan

title: History of Andean South America

text: surrounding structures. In other parts of the Andean region, other traditions of ceremonial monument building also developed during the Pre-Ceramic period. The development of ceramic technology in the Andean region, and the subsequent production of pottery for both cooking and storage, marks the beginning of what archaeologists call the Initial Period. The introduction of pottery was however "simply one part of a much larger socioeconomic transformation" along the Andean coast, as communities ceased seeing their coastal settlements as the major centers of activity in favour of more inland locations, and as such the former maritime-based economy was replaced by one

title: History of Andean South America

text: by what archaeologists have called the Pre-Ceramic Period, or alternatively the Late Archaic Period, and is characterised by increasing societal complexity, rising population levels and the construction of monumental ceremonial centres across the Andean region. It is the latter of these features that remains the most visually obvious characteristic of the Pre-Ceramic amongst archaeologists, and indicates that by this time, Andean society was sufficiently developed that it could organise large building projects involving the management of labor. The Pre-Ceramic Period also saw a rise in the population of the Andean region, with the possibility that many people were partially migratory,

title: South Andean deer

text: improve the conservation status of the "South Andean Huemul" by close cooperation between the two range States, since the species migrate across the border region of these countries. The MoU covers two range States (the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Chile), both of which have signed. To implement the decision of the Fifth Conference of the Parties of CMS to list the South Andean Huemul "(Hippocamelus bisulcus)" on Appendix I of the Convention due to its worrying conservation status, an Article IV agreement was concluded between the two range States, the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Chile, and

title: Andean agriculture

text: variety breeds.This kind of plant breeding is being instilled in particular areas within the Andean region in order to combat some of the negative effects of Green Revolution practices. Many of these efforts rely on climate-soil zonation in order to organize zones of testing. However, in the case of Andean farmers, most farm unit span many different climate-soil zones, and thus a solely methods solely reliant on this zonation are not practical for farmers of the area. Efforts are being made to create Participatory plant breeding programs that do not rely on climate-soil zonation as a result. Anonymous, Traditional Andean

title: Andean mountain cat

text: litter will usually consist of one or two offspring born in the spring and summer months. This is common with many other species that also have their young when food resources are increasing. In 2002 the status of the Andean cat was moved from Vulnerable to Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Due to the Andean cat's habitat being spread across four countries, biologists have attempted to collaborate in efforts to protect the species. One of the groups formed was the Andean Cat Conservation Committee, now known as the Andean Cat Alliance. The table below was taken directly from the

title: Andean Parliament

text: the State, when before they sat Free of charge. In October 2011, Spain, Mexico and Panama had become permanent observer members of the Andean Parliament. In 2016, the Argentine Republic became an observer member. In 2015, Chile became a permanent member of the Andean Parliament. The Andean Parliament develops four missionary axes, each axis seeks the integration of the peoples and spread the values of the Andean citizenship. 1. LEGISLATIVE HARMONIZATION It seeks to harmonize complementary criteria of the Andean countries. The Normative Frameworks, have the support of experts, academics, universities, multilateral agencies and specialized institutions. Together with academics of

title: Andean mountain cat

text: and production forests. CONAF has agreed to allow the SCCA to renovate a building for the Andean Cat Conservation and Monitoring Center on their already-functioning compound at San Pedro de Atacama in Chile. Villalba of the Andean Cat Alliance conducted a major research program, including radio-telemetry studies, from 2001 to 2006 in the Khastor region of southern Bolivia. Conservation efforts are also being made by the Feline Conservation Federation to preserve this species. Andean mountain cat The Andean mountain cat ("Leopardus jacobita") is a small wild cat native to the high Andes that has been classified as Endangered by IUCN

title: Andean agriculture

text: species rather than a mono culture to protect their crop. There are also many cultural/ faith-based practices which communities organize and conduct in order to ensure a good harvest and season. Ancestral wisdom is highly valued and called upon often for agricultural and social endeavors. Many farmers still use Incan-style terraces and irrigation systems for cultivation. As one of the major cradles of agriculture, the Andean region, has many indigenous crop species which have persisted and diversified for generations. These crops and tools include: Tools Crops The Andean region holds many extreme and variable environmental conditions that challenge farmers of

title: Andean mountain cat

text: most current strategy plan for 2011-2016. The Andean cat's habitat spans four different South American countries. Each country has made individual laws to protect this wild cat. Each country also has its own protected game areas where hunting is prohibited. The table below outlines the number of the protected areas that fall within the Andean cat's habitat. Biologists are attempting to determine if any of these protected areas house significant populations of Andean cats. Prior to 1998, the only evidence of this cat's existence was two photographs. It was then that Jim Sanderson took up his quest to find the

title: Andean agriculture

text: landraces) as well as highly regulated internationally domesticated species (cultivar strains) depending availability and cost. Lastly, many of the upper Andean communities have strict gender roles which dictate who is responsible for seed procurement withinin the community as well as outside of it. Beside gender roles, there are also complex systems of seed procurement between neighboring communities, with large seed fair being set up in common spaces for easy trade. Seed management in the Andean region is viewed as a household or community-wide endeavor. Generally speaking, seed are procured from outside of the community during initial stages and sourcing, and

title: Andean orogeny

text: broadened to exceed any other Andean segment in width. Possibly about 1000 km of lithosphere has been lost due to lithospheric shortening. During subduction the western end of the forearc region flexured downward forming a giant monocline. By contrast the region east of the Altiplano is characterized by deformation and tectonics along a complex fold and thrust belt. Over-all the region surrounding the Altiplano and Puna plateaux has been horizontally shortened since the Eocene. In southern Bolivia lithospheric shortening has made the Andean foreland basin to move eastward relative to the continent at an average rate of ca. 12–20 mm

title: Andean Parliament

text: the purpose of including vulnerable populations as mothers head of household, reinserted to civil society, displaced by conflict, people with disabilities, Among others, in the support of our organism to its work. Likewise, monthly art exhibitions of new talents, Art students and positioned artists of the region are presented. These initiatives allow strategic alliances with Andean citizens for the development of community awareness and socio-cultural identity through art. 3. STRENGTHENING INTEGRATION The Andean Parliament promotes and guides Latin American integration processes. To this end, it has been strengthening cooperation and inter-institutional work with Integration Parliaments such as: Latin American, Central

title: Andean agriculture

text: Agriculture Key to Food Security, "Appropriate Technology;" Dec 2006, Vol 33, No 4; pg 37-39 Zimmerer, Karl S. Geographies of Seed Networks for Food Plants (Potato, Ulluco) and Approaches to Agrobiodiversity Conservation in the Andean Countries. "Society and Natural Resources;" 16:583-601, 2003 Hilgert, Norma and Gil, Guillermo. Traditional Andean Agriculture and Changing Processes in the Zenta Ricer Basin, Salta, Northwestern Argentina. "Darwiniana;" 43(1-4): 30-43. 2005 Sarmiento, Fausto and Frolich, Larry. Andean Cloud Forest Tree Lines: Naturalness, Agriculture, and Human Dimension; "Mountain Research and Development ." Vol 22, No 3:278-287. 2002 Tobin, Daniel and Brennan, Mark and Radhakrishna, Rama. Food Access

title: History of Andean South America

text: Alliance for the Americas, a trade bloc between Latin America's socialist nations. History of Andean South America The history of human habitation in the Andean region of South America stretches from circa 15,000 BCE to the present day. Stretching for 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, the region encompasses mountainous, tropical and desert environments. This colonisation and habitation of the region has been affected by its unique geography and climate, leading to the development of unique cultural and societal organisation. Study of the history of the Andean region began in the 20th century, involving both historical and archaeological investigation. After the

title: History of Andean South America

text: History of Andean South America The history of human habitation in the Andean region of South America stretches from circa 15,000 BCE to the present day. Stretching for 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, the region encompasses mountainous, tropical and desert environments. This colonisation and habitation of the region has been affected by its unique geography and climate, leading to the development of unique cultural and societal organisation. Study of the history of the Andean region began in the 20th century, involving both historical and archaeological investigation. After the first humans — who were then arranged into hunter-gatherer tribal groups —

title: Central Andean dry puna

text: Tata Sabaya, Ollagüe, Licancabur, Lascar, Aracar, Socompa and Llullaillaco. In addition, numerous and colorful small lakes and ponds dot this region. There are seasonal as well as permanent, and have different degrees of salinity. This ecoregion has a cold desert climate. Typical high Andean wetlands are the "Bofedales". These marshy areas are characterized by the presence of cushion bog vegetation. The Yareta grows in well-drained soils. Grasslands are dominated by species of the genera Stipa and Festuca. Central Andean dry puna is home to Polylepis species, including the Polylepis tarapacana, which is the woody plant that grows at the highest

title: South Andean deer

text: entered into effect immediately on 4 December 2010. Signatories to South Andean Huemul MoU: With fewer than an estimated 1500 animals in the wild, grouped in small, largely isolated populations in 2010, and due to the fact that the South Andean Huemul’s habitat partly covers border areas between the two range States, both countries recognize the need to work in close collaboration in order to improve the situation and to prevent the species from extinction. Through this MoU both countries can take measures to address illegal hunting, habitat degradation, introduction of diseases and other threats to the species. The MoU

title: What Are Words (album)

text: What Are Words (album) What Are Words is the debut album of the American singer Chris Medina. The album was released by Sony Music contains 11 pop-rock songs, some of them sensitive ballads, others more energetic and rocking. Album included the title track "What Are Words", a touching track inspired by Chris Medina's fiancé who had a serious brain injury after a car accident in 2009. Although "What Are Words" was only a minor hit in the United States, it was a big hit in Scandinavian countries topping both Norwegian "VG-lista" Singles Chart and the Swedish "Sverigetopplistan" Singles Chart. It

title: South Andean deer

text: into effect on 4 December 2010. The MoU aims to improve the conservation status of the species by close cooperation between the two range States, since the species migrate across the border region of these countries. "The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the Conservation of the South Andean Huemul" is a Bilateral Environmental Memorandum of Understanding between the Argentine Republic and the Republic of Chile. It was concluded under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, on 4 December 2010 and came into effect immediately. The MoU has to

title: Andean tinamou

text: Andean tinamou The Andean tinamou ("Nothoprocta pentlandii") is a tinamou, found commonly in high-altitude shrubland, in the Andes of South America. All tinamou are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also ratites. Unlike other ratites, tinamous can fly, although in general, they are not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds. "pentlandii" is the Latin form of Pentland which commemorates the Irish Traveller Joseph Barclay Pentland. The Andean Tinamou has seven subspecies as follows: The Andean tinamou is approximately in length. Its upper parts

title: Andean agriculture

text: the mountains have also shown relevant decreasing trends in the early part of the last century with increases between 1960-1985. Surface air temperatures of the area have increased 2.8 degrees Celsius marked with various cooling patterns. Though these are general trend of the region, different areas are contending with the changes in a variety of ways from reaching out the ancestors to adopting more modern practices to contend with the shifts and anywhere in between. Farming in the Andean region is a highly collective activity that is deeply enriched by a spiritual reverence of the land (Pacha Mama) who is

title: History of Andean South America

text: although the sloth and guanaco were also apparent. Due to the varied geographical areas in the Andean region, unique communities evolved to suit their own particular locations across the region in the latter part of the Lithic period. Archaeologists have defined these different communities by their unique types of stone tool designs, describing them as the Northwestern tradition, the coastal Paijan tradition, the Central Andean Lithic Tradition, and the Atacama Maritime Tradition. It was also in this period that Andean communities first began to domesticate crops, genetically transforming various plant species from their wild counterparts. The Lithic Period was followed

title: Central Andean dry puna

text: elevations in the world. Camelids, such as llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, are found in this ecoregion. Other mammals include the cougar, Andean mountain cat, Andean fox, and the Andean hairy armadillo. Three of the six flamingo species inhabit here. They are Andean flamingo, James's flamingo, and Chilean flamingo. Other remarkable birds are the Darwin's rhea, Andean condor, puna tinamou, puna teal, puna ibis and the Andean goose. Animals and plants find refuge in the protected areas of this ecoregion. Those include: Central Andean dry puna The Central Andean dry puna (NT1001) is an ecoregion in the Montane grasslands and shrublands biome,

title: Andean condor

text: poisoning from carcasses killed by hunters. Captive breeding programs have been instituted in several countries. The Andean condor was described by Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" and retains its original binomial name of "Vultur gryphus". The Andean condor is sometimes called the Argentinean condor, Bolivian condor, Chilean condor, Colombian condor, Ecuadorian condor, or Peruvian condor after one of the nations to which it is native. The generic term "Vultur" is directly taken from the Latin "vultur" or "voltur", which means "vulture". Its specific epithet is derived from a variant of the

title: Central Andean wet puna

text: "Puya raimondii" is a giant rosette found here. The wet montane grasslands in the region possess species not found in the wet puna. These include "Gnaphalium" spp. "Blechnum loxense", "Loricaria" sp., and "Achirocline" sp. All of the Andean camelids are found in this ecoregion, including the vicuña ("Vicugna vicugna"), llama ("Lama glama"), guanaco ("Lama guanacoe"), and alpaca ("Lama pacos"). Other large mammals include the puma ("Felis concolor") and the andean fox ("Pseudalopex culpaeus"). Bats include the small big-eared brown bat ("Histiotus montanus") and the hoary bat ("Lasiurus cinereus"). Endemic bird species in the northern section of the ecoregion include the

title: Andean preceramic

text: Andean preceramic Andean preceramic refers to the early period of human occupation in the Andean area of South America that preceded the introduction of ceramics. This period is also called pre-ceramic or aceramic. The earliest humans that came to South America are known as Paleo-Indians. This period is generally known as the Lithic stage. After this came the period that is widely known as Archaic, although there are also some different classifications of this period. The precise classification is complicated because somewhat different terminologies tend to be used for North America and Mesoamerica. Andean preceramic period would include some cultures

title: Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve

text: cinclodes "(Cinclodes aricomae)", the vulnerable Berlepsch’s canastero "(Asthenes berlepschi)"; and species of least concern the line-fronted canastero "(Asthenes urubambensis)", scribble-tailed canastero "(Asthenes maculicauda)", short-tailed finch "(Idiopsar bracyurus)", and gray-bellied flower-piercer "(Diglosa carbonaria)". Mammals reported in the protected reserve are 23 species, which include pumas, Andean foxes ("Pseudalopex culpaeus") and vizcacha (rabbit -like), and also Endangered species of vicuñas ("Vicugna vicugna"), suri, Andean condor, keñua, puma ("Felis concolor"), andean cat ("Felis jacobita"), and quirquincho ("Chaetophractus nationi"). The region of Polylepis forests as a whole has been subject to heavy degradation. The overuse of "Polylepis tarapacana", and "Azorella compacta" has brought the

title: Southern Andean Volcano Observatory

text: work is made in collaboration with CONAF that administers the national parks and reserves where many volcanoes are located. The regional government of Araucanía Region also contributed to the project. Southern Andean Volcano Observatory The Southern Andean Volcano Observatory (Spanish: "Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur"), also known by its acronyms as OVDAS, is part of "Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcánica", a program of the Chilean National Geology and Mining Service to watch the 43 most dangerous volcanoes of Chile. 2012 there were 30 volcanos under observation. This is a list of the volcanoes with activity reports made by

title: Andean Parliament

text: American, MERCOSUR, among others. In the same way, it has been working on projects with organizations such as: - The Latin American Development Bank (CAF) - Organization of American States (OAS) - The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) - Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE) - The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) - UN Women - Pan American Health Organization (WHO / PAHO) - Andean Health Organization - Hipólito Unanue Agreement. In addition, Andean parliamentarians have spearheaded the international spreading of crucial issues for the region, in integration forums such as the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly (EuroLat) and

title: Andean foreland basins

text: the orocline they run with a NW-SE orientation. The Andean foreland basins in Bolivia have largely accumulated continental sediments, most of them of clastic nature. Beginning in 1920 the Ecuadorian and Peruvian basins were explored for petroleum and in the 1970s their hydrocarbon production increased greatly. Andean foreland basins The Andean foreland basins or Sub-Andean basins are a group of foreland basins located in the western half of South America immediately east of the Andes mountains. The Andean foreland basins in the Amazon River's catchment area are known as the Amazonian foreland basins. In part sediment accumulation, uplift and subsidence

title: Andean foreland basins

text: Andean foreland basins The Andean foreland basins or Sub-Andean basins are a group of foreland basins located in the western half of South America immediately east of the Andes mountains. The Andean foreland basins in the Amazon River's catchment area are known as the Amazonian foreland basins. In part sediment accumulation, uplift and subsidence of the Andean foreland basins is controlled by transverse zones of "structural accommodation", likely corresponding to ancient continent-wide faults. From the Bolivian Orocline (20° S, also known as Arica Deflection or Arica Elbow) north these zones of accommodation runs with a NEE-SWW orientation and south of

title: Andean music

text: 1970s revived the genre across Latin America and brought it to places where it was unknown or forgotten. The panpipes group include the sikú (or zampoña) and antara. These are ancient indigenous instruments that vary in size, tuning and style. Instruments in this group are constructed from aquatic reeds found in many lakes in the Andean region of South America. The sikú has two rows of canes and are tuned in either pentatonic or diatonic scales. Some modern single-row panpipes modeled after the native "antara" are capable of playing full scales, while traditional sikús are played using two rows of

title: Andean catfish

text: Andean catfish The Andean catfish ("Astroblepus ubidiai") is a species of freshwater fish in the family Astroblepidae. The Spanish name for the Andean catfish is "preñadilla". It is endemic to the highlands of the Ecuadorian Andes where it lives in mountain streams in four different drainage basins in the Imbakucha watershed. It is a brownish-grey fish growing to about . The fish is threatened by human activities in the area with loss and fragmentation of its habitat, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "critically endangered". The Andean catfish's natural habitats are

title: Andean music

text: begun in the 1960s, Nueva canción musicians both interpreted old songs and created new pieces that are now considered andean music. Some Nueva canción musicians such as Los Jaivas would fuse Andean music with psychedelic and progressive rock. While the rock en Español wave of the 1980s and 1990s largely rejected Nueva canción and folklore in favor of hard rock, pop rock, punk, alternative rock and new wave sounds some elements of Andean music has been featured in rock en Español songs such as "Cuando pase el temblor" by Soda Stereo and "Lamento boliviano" by Los Enanitos Verdes. mn,n, Andean

title: Andean Cat Alliance

text: become local wildlife monitors so they may better contribute to protecting the andean cat and its habitat. Other activities include holding seminars and community festivals to both develop conservation strategies, and to raise awareness and learn the needs of the communities in each of the four range countries. AGA's publicity initiatives have included getting the Chilean government to associate the animal with the "Day of Native Fauna", marked annually on 5 November. The Alliance is building an EcoMuseo (“Ecological Museum”) in the “Centro Poblado Menor de Alto Perú,” a Peruvian village located in proximity to andean cat habitat. Working with

title: Andean orogeny

text: Andean orogeny The Andean orogeny () is an ongoing process of orogeny that began in the Early Jurassic and is responsible for the rise of the Andes mountains. The orogeny is driven by a reactivation of a long-lived subduction system along the western margin of South America. On a continental scale the Cretaceous (90 Ma) and Oligocene (30 Ma) were periods of re-arrangements in the orogeny. Locally the details of the nature of the orogeny varies depending on the segment and the geological period considered. Subduction orogeny has been occurring in what is now western South America since the break-up

title: Andean flamingo

text: fragmentation of the lake, diminishing the biodiversity, and increasing the possibility of extinction for all species. The demand for surface and underground water, energy production, and transportation, as well as unregulated tourism, have all increased in the last two decades. These increases were documented to be most significant in Chile, the main location for Andean flamingo breeding colonies. As a consequence, these areas are concentrated with toxic compounds due to mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. Since the 1980s, the number of successful breeding colonies and the total production of chicks of Andean flamingos declined. As a result, the Andean flamingos are

title: Andean Volcanic Belt

text: extinct. The magmas of modern (Holocene) volcanoes in the Transitional Southern Volcanic Zone are derived from heterogenous sources in the Earth's mantle. Some lesser parts of melts are derived from subducted oceanic crust and subducted sediments. Towards the east in the backarc region the degree of melting in the mantle that gave origin to volcanism is less as are the subducted crust influences. Several volcanoes of the SVZ are being monitored by the Southern Andean Volcano Observatory (OVDAS) based in Temuco. The volcanoes monitored have varied over time but some like Villarrica and Llaima are monitored constantly. In recent years,

title: History of Andean South America

text: century saw the growing influence of the United States in the region, which was increasingly exploited for its natural gas supplies. This in turn led to the rise of a number of anti-imperialist and socialist movements to oppose U.S. and multinational involvement in Andean South America. The earliest period in which humans inhabited the Andean region was the Lithic period, sometimes alternately called the Early Archaic period. It was a period characterised by the use of stone tools, or lithics, as the main form of technology, and a hunter-gatherer mode of existence. After the evolution of anatomically modern humans in

title: Andean milk snake

text: stripe pattern of these snakes are: "Black 'round yellow, harmless fellow. Yellow 'round black, stay far back." "Red touches black, you're O.K. Jack. Red touches yellow, you're a dead fellow." Not listed on CITES or the IUCN Red List of Threatened and Endangered Species. Little is known about the wild population of Andean milk snakes, but they are thought to be common. These docile, colorful snakes are widely bred in captivity for the pet trade. Andean milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum andesiana, commonly known as the Andean milksnake, is an alpine subspecies of milk snake. These colorful snakes are covered in

text: different lagoons in the reserve. The reserve protects part of the Central Andean dry puna (oligothermic) ecoregion. The reserve's major attractions are erupting volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, lakes, fumaroles, mountains and its three endemic species of flamingos in particular. Established in 1973, the national park is named after Eduardo Abaroa (1838–1879), the Bolivian war hero of the 19th century. It was created by Supreme Decree (SD) of 13 December 1973 and extended on May 14, 1981. Since 2009, the entire reserve is part of the larger Los Lípez Ramsar site. The reserve is situated in the southern region of Andean

title: Andean Community

text: to CAN, Bolivia is also a member of the WTO, UNASUR, and ALBA. Its attitude is considered crucial to relations between UNASUR and ALBA specifically, says Marion Hörmann, since Bolivia is traditionally seen as a mediator between the Andean countries and the rest of South America. Furthermore, in December 7, 2012, the Bolivian nation was accepted by the Mercosur countries to start the incorporation protocols to achieve the Mercosur full membership in a matter of 4 years, receiving the proclamation of an "accessing member", and further consolidating itself as a strategic geopolitical nation. Since January 1, 2005, the citizens of

text: the Cartagena Agreement and introduced the Protocol of Trujillo, which created several changes.The Andean Community was created and replaced the Andean Pact.The Andean Integration System (AIS) was also created. "The main bodies of the AIS currently include: the Andean Council of Presidents; Andean Council of Foreign Affairs Ministers; Andean Community Commission; Andean Community Secretariat-General; Andean Parliament; Andean Development Corporation; Latin American Reserve Fund; and the Andean Community Tribunal of Justice. The ATJ is a single instance court, composed of one judge from each member state, which has exclusive jurisdiction over the Andean Community treaties and decisions of the Council of

title: Andean flamingo

text: Andean flamingo The Andean flamingo ("Phoenicoparrus andinus") is one of the rarest flamingos in the world. It lives in the Andes mountains of South America. Until 2014, it was classified in genus "Phoenicopterus". It is closely related to James's flamingo, and the two make up the genus "Phoenicoparrus". The Chilean flamingo, Andean flamingo, and James's flamingo are all sympatric, and all live in colonies (including shared nesting areas). The flamingo has a pale pink body with brighter upperparts, deep vinaceous-pink lower neck, breast, and wing coverts. It is the only flamingo species with yellow legs and three-toed feet. The bill

title: Andean mountain cat

text: different species of carnivores live in the Andes Mountain range. Three of these species are cats, the Andean cat, the pampas cat, and the puma. The puma is a large predator, while the Andean and Pampas Cat are medium-sized predators. These two medium-sized predators are very much alike. They both hunt within the same territory. They hunt the same prey, the mountain viscacha ("Lagidium viscacia"), a rodent. The viscacha makes up 93.9% of the biomass consumed in the Andean cat's diet while the Pampas Cat depends on it for 74.8% of its biomass consumption. Both of these cats depend on