query: which countries do germany border?

title: Germany–Poland border

text: German reunification, the border became part of the eastern border of the European Community, then that of the European Union. For a period, it was "the most heavily policed border in Europe". After Poland joined the European Union in 2004, the border controls were relaxed in agreement with the Schengen Agreement to eliminate passport controls by 2007. The modern borderlands of Poland and Germany are inhabited by about one million of those countries' citizens within the counties on each side. Germany–Poland border The Germany–Poland border (, ), the state border between Poland and Germany, is currently the Oder–Neisse line. It

title: France–Germany border

text: Baden-Württemberg on the German side. Upstream of Karlsruhe (), the border leaves the Rhine, cutting westward to forming the northern border of Alsace and Lorraine on the French side, and the southern border of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland on the German side. It passes Saarbrücken, Petite-Rosselle, Freyming-Merlebach and Creutzwald (where it follows the Bist for a short stretch), Überherrn and meets the E29 before it terminates at the French-Luxembourgian-German tripoint on the Moselle, near the village of Schengen (; chosen as the symbolic site for the signing of the Schengen Agreement between France, Germany and the Benelux countries in 1985). France–Germany

title: Germany–Netherlands border

text: Then it follows around 100 km of the Meuse valley, however a few km to the east of the Meuse river, before leaving the valley the last part of border to the Germany / Netherlands / Belgium border tripoint located at Vaalserberg about 3 km west of Aachen. The border is fairly irregular and is around 570 km although the straight distance between the border ends of Dollart and Vaalserberg is 288 km. There are at least 60 official road crossings and six railway crossings of the border. Both countries are part of the Schengen Area and the European Union,

title: Austria–Germany border

text: liable to be extended in six-month periods. Austria–Germany border The Austria–Germany border has a length of 815.9 or 815.0 kilometres in the south of Germany and the north of Austria in central Europe. It is longest border of both Austria and Germany with another country. The border runs roughly from east to west. The eastern point is located at the border tripoint of Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic, at , near the village of Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald. The western point is located at the border tripoint of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, at approximately , in Lake Constance. The border

title: Austria–Germany border

text: Austria–Germany border The Austria–Germany border has a length of 815.9 or 815.0 kilometres in the south of Germany and the north of Austria in central Europe. It is longest border of both Austria and Germany with another country. The border runs roughly from east to west. The eastern point is located at the border tripoint of Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic, at , near the village of Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald. The western point is located at the border tripoint of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, at approximately , in Lake Constance. The border is long, but at straight line between

title: Germany–Netherlands border

text: so there are minimal or non-existent border controls. Motorways crossing the border: Railways crossing the border: The maritime border is disputed in a part of the Ems estuary outside the Dollart bay, where Germany has the view that the state border runs on the left bank of the Ems, while the Netherlands regards the Thalweg as its border. This is based on interpretations of old treaties, especially the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Germany–Netherlands border The Germany–Netherlands border is 570 km long (including rivers but excluding the maritime border in the Dollart bay and outside it) and separates Germany and the

title: Austria–Germany border

text: The border was confirmed in a treaty between the countries in 1972, after having been defined by a number of agreements between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Bavaria in the 19th century. In 1938 the countries merged through the Anschluss. This was reverted in 1955 by the Austrian State Treaty, which re-established Austria as a sovereign state. The Schengen Area removed border controls at the border in 1997. Temporary border controls were reinstalled in 2015 in response to the European migrant crisis. These temporary border controls are schedule to be removed on 11 November 2018, although they are

title: Germany–Poland border

text: Germany–Poland border The Germany–Poland border (, ), the state border between Poland and Germany, is currently the Oder–Neisse line. It has a total length of and has been in place since 1945. It stretches from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Czech Republic in the south. Nevertheless, the border has not always followed this line, and it has a long and often volatile history. The Germany–Poland border traces its origins to the beginnings of the Polish state, with the Oder (Odra) and Neisse (Nysa) rivers (the Oder–Neisse Line) being one of the earliest natural boundaries between Germany and

title: Czech Republic–Germany border

text: The limitations on Czechs working in Germany expired in April 2011. Czech Republic–Germany border The Czech Republic–Germany border is the international border between the Czech Republic and Germany. It forms a arc extending from Austria at the south to Poland at the north. Several rivers cross this border, or form portions of it. These include: The border comes from the old border between German Empire and the Austrian Empire. In the period 1945-1990, the border formed part of the Iron curtain and was heavily fenced and strictly guarded. The Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area in 2007. This meant that

title: Germany–Netherlands border

text: Germany–Netherlands border The Germany–Netherlands border is 570 km long (including rivers but excluding the maritime border in the Dollart bay and outside it) and separates Germany and the Netherlands. The provinces (counted from north) on the Dutch side are Groningen, Drente, Overijssel, Gelderland and Limburg. The states on the German side are Niedersachsen and Nordrhein-Westfalen. The border begins in the north at the shore of the Dollart bay, part of the Ems river estuary, then it goes southwards, not without repeatedly deflecting several kilometres towards the west, partly following some small rivers, and for 8 km the large Rhine river.

title: Germany–Switzerland border

text: Germany–Switzerland border The border between the modern states of Germany and Switzerland extends to 362 km, mostly following the High Rhine between Lake Constance and Basel. Much of the border is within the sphere of the Zurich metropolitan area and there is substantial traffic, both for commuting and for shopping across the border; line S22 of the suburban Zürich S-Bahn even running across German territory, and the Swiss municipality of Kreuzlingen forming part of the conurbation of German Constance. Similarly, Basel metropolitan area includes territory in both France and Germany. The High Rhine has had the character of the northern

title: Denmark–Germany border

text: fear of accumulation of illegal migrants in Copenhagen as one of the reasons for this decision. Denmark–Germany border The Denmark–Germany border is 68 km long and separates Denmark and Germany. In 811 the Eider was recognized as border between Denmark and the Frankish Empire. As a swampy river it formed a natural border. On the highest area near the watershed, it was dryer. The very old travel route Hærvejen went there, and a defense wall, Danevirke, was built there. Later the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein arose. Before 1864 Schleswig was a fiefdom of Denmark, while Holstein was a fief

title: Denmark–Germany border

text: Denmark–Germany border The Denmark–Germany border is 68 km long and separates Denmark and Germany. In 811 the Eider was recognized as border between Denmark and the Frankish Empire. As a swampy river it formed a natural border. On the highest area near the watershed, it was dryer. The very old travel route Hærvejen went there, and a defense wall, Danevirke, was built there. Later the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein arose. Before 1864 Schleswig was a fiefdom of Denmark, while Holstein was a fief of the Roman-German Empire (until 1806) respectively a member of the German Confederation (after 1815). Both

title: Czech Republic–Germany border

text: Czech Republic–Germany border The Czech Republic–Germany border is the international border between the Czech Republic and Germany. It forms a arc extending from Austria at the south to Poland at the north. Several rivers cross this border, or form portions of it. These include: The border comes from the old border between German Empire and the Austrian Empire. In the period 1945-1990, the border formed part of the Iron curtain and was heavily fenced and strictly guarded. The Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area in 2007. This meant that all passport checks were removed along the border in December 2007.

title: France–Germany border

text: France–Germany border The border between the states of France and Germany has a length of about . The border can be traced back from the 17th century, and the various treaties following the Thirty Years' War starting with the treaty of Westphalia and Nijmegen, marking the Rhine as the frontier between France, and the different German states. The actual border as we know was determined after the revision acted at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The border then changed after the French defeat during the Franco-Prussian war, where France was forced to yield Alsace-Lorraine to the new German empire

title: Germany–Switzerland border

text: in order to reduce the level of illegal immigration passing through Switzerland. The German-Swiss border begins in at the German-Swiss-Austrian tripoint, which is located in the Lake Constance, approximately at . The border makes landfall south of Constance. The Lake Constance divides the German Bodenseekreis from the Swiss canton of Thurgau. The stretch of border (c. 1.5 km) dividing Constance from Kreuzlingen comprises the only territory of Germany on the left bank of the High Rhine. The border then runs along the Untersee, passing south of Reichenau. At the lake's exit it turns inland, towards the north, leaving Stein am

title: Austria–Germany border

text: the endpoints is long. Besides Lake Constance, the border does not pass through any significant body of water, but it follows the Inn and Danube rivers along the eastern part. The Austrian states of Vorarlberg, Tyrol, Salzburg and Upper Austria run along the international border, as does the German state of Bavaria. The eastern point is located at the border tripoint of Germany, Austria and the Czech Republic, at , near the villages of Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald and Bayerischer Plöckenstein. The western point is located at the border tripoint of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, at approximately , in Lake Constance.

title: Denmark–Germany relations

text: Denmark–Germany relations Denmark–Germany relations are the foreign relations between Denmark and Germany. Denmark has an embassy in Berlin and three general consulates in Flensburg, Hamburg and Munich. Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union. The border between the countries, which lies in the Schleswig region, has changed several times through history, the present border was determined by referendums in 1920. The Danish-German border area has been named as a positive example for other border regions. Substantial minority populations live on both sides of the border, and cross-border cooperation activities are frequently initiated. The Second Schleswig

title: Germany–Switzerland border

text: and Bettingen into the canton of Basel Stadt. The border then cuts across the E35 south of Weil am Rhein and back to the Rhine, where it terminates in the French-German-Swiss tripoint, dividing into the French-German and the French-Swiss borders. The tripoint is located in the Rhine at . A monument has been built near it, known as the Dreiländereck. Germany–Switzerland border The border between the modern states of Germany and Switzerland extends to 362 km, mostly following the High Rhine between Lake Constance and Basel. Much of the border is within the sphere of the Zurich metropolitan area and

title: Germany–Poland border

text: former also affected by the Silesian Uprisings). The shape of that border roughly resembled that of pre-partition Poland. After World War II, the border was drawn from Świnoujście (Swinemünde) in the north at the Baltic Sea southward to the Czech Republic (then part of Czechoslovakia) border with Poland and Germany near Zittau. It follows the Oder–Neisse Line of the Oder (Odra) and Neisse (Nysa) rivers through most of their course. This was agreed upon by the main Allies of World War II – USSR, USA and UK, at the Soviets' insistence, and, without any significant consultations with Poland (or Germany),

title: Germany–Poland border

text: at the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference. This border was a compensation to Poland for territories lost to the Soviet Union as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and resulted in significant westward transfers of German population from the Recovered Territories, matching the Polish population transfers from the Kresy territories. It roughly matched the centuries-old, historical border between the Medieval Polish and German states. It divided several river cities into two parts – Görlitz/Zgorzelec, Guben/Gubin, Frankfurt (Oder)/Słubice, Bad Muskau/Łęknica. The border was recognized by East Germany in the Treaty of Zgorzelec in 1950, by West Germany in 1970 in the

title: Germany–Switzerland border

text: The border persisted even during the Nazi era (although with the "Anschluss" of Austria, the German-Swiss border technically included the Austrian-Swiss border from 1938 and until the formation of the German Federal Republic in 1949). On 12 December 2008 Switzerland implemented the Schengen Agreement. This removed all passport controls for travellers crossing the border; however, customs officers from both countries are still authorised to carry out customs checks on border crossers, as Switzerland is not in the EU Customs Union. In mid-2016, during the European migrant crisis, the German government deployed an additional 90 border guards and 40 police officers

title: France–Germany border

text: in 1871. The territory was then restituted to France 48 years later after the treaty of Versailles in 1918. The border changed again in 1941 when the third Reich annexed de facto annexation (without any international legal recognition nor treaty) of the region. The actual border was re-established after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II. The border follows the Upper Rhine from the tripoint ("Dreiländereck") with the French-Swiss and the German-Swiss borders at Basel (), passing between Strasbourg and Offenburg. The Rhine forms the eastern border of Alsace on the French side, and the western border of

title: Germany–Poland border

text: Treaty of Warsaw, and by reunified Germany, in 1990 in the German–Polish Border Treaty of 1990. It was subject to minor corrections (land swaps) in 1951. The borders were partially open from 1971 to 1980, when Poles and East Germans could cross it without a passport or a visa; it was however closed again after few years, due to economic pressure on the East German economy from Polish shoppers and the desire of the East German government to diminish the influence of the Polish Solidarity movement on East Germany. Following the fall of communism in Poland and Germany, and the

title: Border trade

text: far lower prices due to the VAT. This is very easy as there are no border controls due to the Schengen Agreement. Residents of Switzlerland and Liechtenstein who are non-EU residents can purchase many items in nearby Germany from anything from two to seven times the price they would pay for the same products in their own countries. Austria is also somewhat cheaper than Switzerland. Residents of Switzerland usually qualify for a tax refund on purchases made in all of the surrounding EU countries making cross border shopping even more attractive, particularly in Germany where there is no minimum-purchase requirement

title: Denmark–Germany border

text: territories were ruled by the Danish king in his additional role as Duke of Schleswig and Duke of Holstein (occasionally together with other Dukes like the Gottorp Dukes). The border between the Danish fief of Schleswig and the German fief of Holstein still ran along the Eider, the boundary between the duchies and the Kingdom of Denmark ran along the Kongeåen and the southern boundary of the Danish monarchy (≈Helstaten) ran along the Elbe. In 1864, Schleswig-Holstein was conquered by Prussia, and so an international border was created between Denmark and Germany/Schleswig-Holstein. It went from a place at the coast

title: Germany–Switzerland border

text: Rhein within Switzerland, as well as the municipality of Ramsen (canton of Schaffhausen). It then returns to the Rhine, including Gailingen in Germany, but then turns north again to include the bulk of the canton of Schaffhausen, a right-bank territory including the town of Schaffhausen itself, in Switzerland, separating it from the German Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis and Waldshut district. Büsingen am Hochrhein (Constance district) is a German exclave which has borders with three Swiss cantons, namely Zurich, Schaffhausen and Thurgau. The border returns to the Rhine downstream of the Rhine Falls, then separating the Waldshut district from the canton of Zürich, but

title: Nazi Germany

text: 1949, when the countries of East Germany and West Germany were created. In 1970, Germany finalised her border with Poland by signing the Treaty of Warsaw. Germany remained divided until 1990, when the Allies renounced all claims to German territory with the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, under which Germany also renounced claims to territories lost during World War II. The NSDAP was a far-right political party which arose during the social and financial upheavals that occurred following the end of World War I. The NSDAP remained small and marginalised, managing 2.6% of the federal vote

title: Border control

text: is the implementation of border controls on travel between Svalbard, which maintains a policy of free migration as a result of the Svalbard Treaty (Norwegian: Svalbard-traktaten; ) and the Schengen Area, which includes the rest of Norway. The Kingdom of Denmark also maintains a complex system of subnational countries with autonomous customs policies, since they aren’t within the European Union like the Danish mainland. These are Greenland () and the Faroe Islands (). These areas do not maintain strict immigration controls with the Schengen Area, but border controls are sporadically enforced for customs purposes. Other examples of effective internal border

title: Denmark–Sweden border

text: was still a country although under practical control by Germany). The Nordic Passport Union of 1958 removed passport checks at the border. However, custom checks remained in force between Denmark and other Nordic countries until the Schengen acquis of 2001. There was no land border with Denmark before July 2000 when the Øresund Bridge was opened, which had relaxed customs checks from the start. With the European migrant crisis, Sweden re-introduced stricter border controls in November 2015. Since 4 January 2016, Sweden has required carriers to perform identity checks on the Danish side of the Denmark–Sweden border, while still keeping

title: Border trade

text: France. During summer, around 70,000 visitors cross the Spanish border daily to buy such products, occasioning severe traffic jams. Nearby Andorra, with a low VAT (4%), is also extremely popular with French customers residing in the area. There is a significant amount of border trade in marijuana between the Netherlands, where cannabis is essentially legal, and surrounding countries such as Belgium, Germany, and France. A more legal example of the Netherlands is the Limburg province, where citizens occasionally take trips to Germany and Belgium to buy commodities like: medicinal products, handcrafted furniture, fresh produce, alcoholic beverages or home appliances for

title: Denmark–Germany relations

text: the invasions, envoys of the Germans informed the governments of Denmark and Norway that the "Wehrmacht" had come to protect the countries' neutrality against Franco-British aggression. Significant differences in geography, location and climate between the two countries, however, made the actual military operations very dissimilar. Strategically, Denmark's importance to Germany was as a staging area for operations in Norway, and of course as a border nation to Germany which would have to be controlled in some way. Given Denmark's position in relation to the Baltic Sea the country was also important for the control of naval and shipping access to

title: Roger de Piles' artists from Germany and the Low Countries

text: Florence; 4) Painters from Venice; 5) Painters from Lombardy; 6) Painters from Germany and the Low Countries; 7) Painters from France and ending with his famous "Balance of painters". The book was finally published in 1699 following his appointment as Conseiller Honoraire to the Académie de peinture et de sculpture in Paris. Part 6 includes in order of appearance in the text, the following list of Artists from Germany and the Low Countries: Roger de Piles' artists from Germany and the Low Countries Roger de Piles's L'Abrégé de la vie des peintres...avec un traité du peintre parfait ("The Art of

title: Western studies (Germany)

text: Western studies (Germany) Western studies or western research () in Germany traditionally refers to area studies concerned with the countries and areas on Germany's western and southwestern borders, including France (particularly its eastern and northern parts), the Benelux countries and Switzerland, as well as the westernmost "border areas" within Germany, i.e. areas near the Dutch, Belgian, Luxembourgish, French and Swiss borders. The concept of western studies arose during the First World War, and like other forms of area studies, it was often motivated by geostrategic considerations. The traditional concept of western studies was largely abandoned with the onset of the

title: Austria–Germany relations

text: This effectively removed the physical land-border between Germany and Austria and allowed both countries to further consolidate their already strong links. In 1999, Germany and Austria became two of the founding members of the Eurozone and adopted Euros as their legal currency in 2001. According to reporting in "Der Standard" and "profil", the Bundesnachrichtendienst engaged in espionage in Austria between 1999 and 2006, spying on targets including the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the Austria Press Agency, embassies, and Austrian banks and government ministries. The government on Austria has called on Germany to clarify

title: Germany–Poland border

text: the Slavic tribes. Over several centuries, it has moved eastwards, stabilized in the 14th century, and disappeared in the late 18th century with the partitions of Poland, in which Poland's neighbors, including the Kingdom of Prussia, annexed all of its territory. In 1871 Prussia became part of the German Empire. After Poland regained independence following World War I and the 123 years of partitions, a long German-Polish border was settled on, long (including a border with East Prussia). The border was partially shaped by the Treaty of Versailles and partially by plebiscites (East Prussian plebiscite and the Silesian plebiscite, the

title: Nordic countries

text: countries' borders without having their passport checked, but still have to carry some sort of approved travel identification documents. As of November 2015, there are temporary border controls set up between Denmark and Sweden. These border controls were set up to tackle the issue with immigrants coming to Sweden in relation to the ongoing European migrant crisis Since 1996, these countries have been part of the larger EU directive Schengen Agreement area, comprising 30 countries in Europe. Border checkpoints have been removed within the Schengen zone and only a national ID card is required. Within the Nordic area any means

title: How Do You Do!

text: Touch". This version charted in the top fifty of the Ö3 Austria Top 40, but failed to chart elsewhere. CD maxi Digital download How Do You Do! "How Do You Do!" is a pop rock song by Swedish pop duo Roxette. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album "Tourism" on 3 July 1992. The song was a commercial success upon release, topping the national singles charts in Norway and Spain. It also peaked at number two in several countries, including Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. It was held off the top

title: How Do You Do!

text: How Do You Do! "How Do You Do!" is a pop rock song by Swedish pop duo Roxette. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album "Tourism" on 3 July 1992. The song was a commercial success upon release, topping the national singles charts in Norway and Spain. It also peaked at number two in several countries, including Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. It was held off the top spot in many of these territories by Dr. Alban's "It's My Life". The single was backed by several remixes created by Swedish production

title: Central Germany (cultural area)

text: of the ARD network. Private companies located in the area of Leipzig, Halle and Dessau often use the term "Central Germany", as do the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and some sports competitions, such as the "Mitteldeutsche Meisterschaften" (Central German Championships). The Central German Metropolitan Region comprises a regional development zone in the European METREX network (see below). Although most methods for determining the geographical center of Germany result in a point in "Central Germany" (for example Niederdorla in western Thuringia), the three-state area also comprises Görlitz, the easternmost town in Germany, which lies on the border with Poland. Arguably,

title: Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria

text: Soviet Union took no overt actions against Hungary, taking a hands-off approach. Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria The removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria occurred in 1989 during the collapse of communism in Hungary, which was part of a broad wave of revolutions in various communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The dismantling of the electric fence along Hungary's long border with Austria was the first fissure in the "Iron Curtain" that had divided Europe for more than 40 years, since the end of World War II, and caused a chain reaction in East Germany that

text: Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria The removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria occurred in 1989 during the collapse of communism in Hungary, which was part of a broad wave of revolutions in various communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The dismantling of the electric fence along Hungary's long border with Austria was the first fissure in the "Iron Curtain" that had divided Europe for more than 40 years, since the end of World War II, and caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Berlin Wall. In April 1989,

title: German–Polish Border Treaty

text: a later peace settlement. This transferred extensive regions to Poland, some of which had been under German control for centuries, reducing Germany to approximately three quarters of its territory as of 1937. The Treaty of Zgorzelec of 1950 between East Germany and the People's Republic of Poland confirmed this border as final. West Germany, which saw itself as the only legal successor to the German Reich and did not recognize East Germany, insisted that final settlement on the Polish–German border could only be accepted by a future reunited Germany. Although West Germany, for all practical purposes, accepted the Oder–Neisse border

title: France–Germany relations

text: of the further integration of the EU. They are sometimes described as the "twin engine" or "core countries" pushing for moves. A tram straddling the Franco-German border, across the river Rhine from Strasbourg to Kehl, was inaugurated on the 28th of April 2017 symbolising the strength of relation between the two countries. Both France and Germany track their history back to the time of Charlemagne, whose vast empire included most of the area of both modern-day France and Germany – as well as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, and northern Italy. The death of Charlemagne's son Louis the

title: Border

text: which encouraged Roman economic activity with neighbors. On the other hand, a border like the Maginot Line was entirely military and was meant to prevent any access in what was to be World War II to France by its neighbor, Germany; Germany ended up going around the Maginot Line through Belgium just as it had done in World War I. Macro-regional integration initiatives, such as the European Union and NAFTA, have spurred the establishment of cross-border regions. These are initiatives driven by local or regional authorities, aimed at dealing with local border-transcending problems such as transport and environmental degradation. Many

title: Nordic countries

text: year since 1995 Denmark, Norway and Sweden have all had greater exports than imports. The trade between the Nordic countries is especially considerable as about one fifth of the countries’ foreign trade is trade with other Nordic countries. The total population of the Nordic countries of around 26 million people makes them to a far greater extent dependent on each other with respect to exports and imports, compared to for example Germany with a population of 82 million people. Swedish exports to the other Nordic countries account for a considerably higher share than combined Swedish exports to Germany and France

title: Three Countries Bridge

text: the night of 30 June − 1 July 2007. In 2008 it was awarded the German Bridge Construction Prize ("Deutscher Brückenbaupreis"). Three Countries Bridge The Three Countries Bridge (German: Dreiländerbrücke, French: La passerelle des Trois Pays) is an arch bridge which crosses the Rhine between the commune of Huningue (France) and Weil am Rhein (Germany), within the Basel (Switzerland) metropolitan area. It is the world's longest single-span bridge dedicated exclusively to carrying pedestrians and cyclists. Its overall length is and its main span is . Its name comes from the bridge's location between France, Germany and Switzerland (which is about

title: Three Countries Bridge

text: Three Countries Bridge The Three Countries Bridge (German: Dreiländerbrücke, French: La passerelle des Trois Pays) is an arch bridge which crosses the Rhine between the commune of Huningue (France) and Weil am Rhein (Germany), within the Basel (Switzerland) metropolitan area. It is the world's longest single-span bridge dedicated exclusively to carrying pedestrians and cyclists. Its overall length is and its main span is . Its name comes from the bridge's location between France, Germany and Switzerland (which is about distant). It was designed by the Franco-Austrian architect Dietmar Feichtinger. The first crossing at this place was built for Huningue Castle

title: Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War

text: Czechoslovak military. Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War The Czechoslovak border fortifications were built in the period 1946-1964 along the south and south-western frontier, on the common border with the capitalist countries of West Germany and Austria. Unlike the Czechoslovak section of the Iron Curtain, whose main function was to prevent citizens of the Eastern Bloc escaping to the West, the purpose of these border fortifications was defence against possible German revanchist aggression and later also against possible attack by NATO forces. At the outset, the defence system was based on the installations of the pre-war permanent fortifications, repaired

title: Germany–Switzerland border

text: border of the Old Swiss Confederacy since the Swabian War and the accession of Basel in 1499–1501, dividing the Swiss Confederacy from the Swabian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire; with the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the border acquired the status of an international border "de jure". With minor changes (such as the acquisition of Rafzerfeld in 1651), it remained unchanged since, even throughout the Napoleonic era when it divided two French client states (Cisrhenian Republic and Helvetic Republic) and later the Confederation of the Rhine from the restored Swiss Confederacy, and eventually the German Confederation from modern Switzerland.

title: Germany–Switzerland relations

text: border every day and there is strong cross border cooperation, particularly on the Upper Rhine and Lake Constance. However relations are strained by unresolved tax issues and German restrictions on flights into Zurich. Germany–Switzerland relations Diplomatic relations between Germany and Switzerland are Switzerland's closest. Between Switzerland and Germany; and between Switzerland and the European Union (EU), of which Germany is a member, there are over 200 agreements. Switzerland is also part of the EU's Schengen Area which abolishes international borders between Schengen states. Germany is Switzerland's most important trading partner: a third of all imports to Switzerland come from Germany

text: Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War The Czechoslovak border fortifications were built in the period 1946-1964 along the south and south-western frontier, on the common border with the capitalist countries of West Germany and Austria. Unlike the Czechoslovak section of the Iron Curtain, whose main function was to prevent citizens of the Eastern Bloc escaping to the West, the purpose of these border fortifications was defence against possible German revanchist aggression and later also against possible attack by NATO forces. At the outset, the defence system was based on the installations of the pre-war permanent fortifications, repaired and re-equipped

title: Open border

text: to migrate from their country of origin to foreign countries. After World War II, countries were looking for many new workers, and Germany issued a guest work program to attract more people to work. Later, in the 1970s to 1980s strict borders were reinstated in industrialized countries. Currently, immigration is more restricted and harder for low-skilled and low-income people. To understand the arguments for and against open borders, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of the other types of borders available. These are: A conditionally open border is a border that allows movement of people across the border

title: Border control

text: a valid Canadian visa. Whilst most countries implement border controls both at entry and at exit, some jurisdictions do not. For instance, America and Canada do not implement exit controls at land borders and collect exit data on foreign nationals through airlines and through information sharing with neighbouring countries’ entry border controls. These countries consequently don't issue exit stamps even to travellers who require stamps on entry. At Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 4, there is a mechanism in place for all passengers (not just those residents and pass holders permitted to enter through automated gates) to exit through automated channels,

title: Malawi-Tanzania border

text: Mozambique and Tanzania. The border at Malawi Lake is disputed, as are the rights to the lake. Following the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of 1890, the two colonial powers, the United Kingdom (for Nyasaland, which later became Malawi) and Germany (for Tanganyika, which later became Tanzania) agreed that the border would follow the Tanzanian shore of the lake. When Malawi and Tanzania respectively gained independence, the agreement was never modified. Oil-prospecting projects on the lake conducted by a British company have revived border disagreements between the two countries. Malawi-Tanzania border The Malawi-Tanzania border is an international boundary that separates Malawi and Tanzania

title: German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement

text: German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement The German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement, signed on January 10, 1941, was a broad agreement settling border disputes and continuing raw materials and war machine trade between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The agreement continued the countries' relationship that started in 1939 with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact containing secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe between the Soviet Union and Germany, and the subsequent invasions by Germany and the Soviet Union of that territory. The "German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement" contained additional secret protocols settling a dispute regarding land in Lithuania previously split between the countries. The

title: Japan–Russia border

text: into the Soviet Union in 1945. Russia treats the islands as an integral part of the country. There are no border crossing points on the Russian-Japanese border, as it is a purely maritime boundary. During the existence of the land border in Sakhalin (1905-1945), it was crossed by one road. Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the "de facto" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire,

title: Japan–Russia border

text: Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the "de facto" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire, and, later, the USSR, did have a land border with Japan in Sakhalin Island. The border between Russia and Japan has changed several times over the last 200 years. The Treaty of Shimoda (1855) divided the Kuril Islands, creating a maritime boundary between the Japanese Etorofu (Iturup) in the south and the Russian

title: Border guard

text: Border guard A border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border security, i.e., enforces the security of the country's national borders. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard (as in Germany or Ukraine) and rescue service duties. In different countries, names of particular border guard services vary significantly. The service may be called "police", "guard", "troops" or "sentinel" and the name would refer to the nation's official term for the state border - whether it is "frontier" or "border". Most border guards of the world use dark green-colored elements on their

title: Norway–Russia border

text: Vladimir Putin. Because Kirkenes is a better suited port than Murmansk, local authorities in Murmansk do not want to lose transshipment business to Norway. However, with the increased realism of a line to Rovaniemi, which would serve as an alternative route to Kirkenes from Russia, Russian authorities have since 2010 again supported a railway line between Kirkenes and Russia. Norway–Russia border The border between Norway and Russia (, , "Rossiysko-Norvezhskaya Granytsa") consists of a land border between Sør-Varanger, Norway, and Pechengsky District, Russia, and a marine border in the Varangerfjord. It further consists of a border between the two countries'

title: EuroCity in Germany

text: EuroCity in Germany The German rail network provides connections to each of its neighbouring countries, many of which are under the EuroCity classification. EuroCity services are part of the Intercity network - many EC services represented a couple of train pairs on an IC route extended across the border, while other routes are served primarily by EuroCity services. EuroCity services are generally locomotive-hauled, using Intercity rolling stock, either from Deutsche Bahn or one of the other countries along the route. Below is a list of current EuroCity services in Germany. † Name no longer in use. A number of trains

title: Bhutan–China border

text: of disputed tracts of land; after negotiations, an interim agreement was reached. Bhutan–China border The border between Bhutan and China is a sinuous line of 470 km long, north-south-east direction, which separates Bhutan to the south from Tibet, an autonomous region of China, to the north. It lies between two tripoints formed by the two countries with India. It is nearby the parallels 28° and 29° N, in the eastern part of the Himalayas. The Kingdom of Bhutan and the People's Republic of China do not maintain official diplomatic relations, and relations are historically tense. Bhutan's border with Tibet has

title: Bhutan–China border

text: Bhutan–China border The border between Bhutan and China is a sinuous line of 470 km long, north-south-east direction, which separates Bhutan to the south from Tibet, an autonomous region of China, to the north. It lies between two tripoints formed by the two countries with India. It is nearby the parallels 28° and 29° N, in the eastern part of the Himalayas. The Kingdom of Bhutan and the People's Republic of China do not maintain official diplomatic relations, and relations are historically tense. Bhutan's border with Tibet has never been officially recognised and demarcated. For a brief period, the Republic

title: Periphery countries

text: could do is to stop the increase of exports. At the beginning of the 19th century, Asia and Africa were considered periphery and their lack of development enabled the United States and Germany to remain successful core nations. Although periphery nations are exploited by core countries, there is a purpose to the unequal exchanges of goods. For instance, the core countries have an incentive to gain a profit and this enables the world market to further grow. At times, there is a change in the balance of trade between the periphery and core countries. This occurs when the prices of

title: Malaysia–Singapore border

text: on 9 August 1965, subsequently becoming independent, sovereign nation. The Malaysian and Singaporean governments have been involved in a range of disputes and disagreements which had tested the bilateral relations between the two countries. Most of these, including that over Keretapi Tanah Melayu, or Malayan Railway, land in Singapore, are not territorial or border disputes as they do not involve questions of sovereignty over territory or territorial waters. There have, however, been two disputes concerning sovereignty of territory along the Malaysia–Singapore border. The more well-known one is that over Pedra Branca, which the International Court of Justice decided in Singapore's

title: Inner German border

text: After the border was fortified and the Berlin Wall constructed, the number of illegal crossings fell dramatically and continued to fall as the defences were improved over the subsequent decades. However, escapees were never more than a small minority of the total number of emigrants from East Germany. During the 1980s, only about 1% of those who left East Germany did so by escaping across the border. Far more people left the country after being granted official permits, by fleeing through third countries or by being ransomed by the West German government. The vast majority of refugees were motivated by

title: Border outpost

text: positions with a watchtower. A flagpole flying the country's national flag may be located on the premise along with a Wireless Communication Antenna and a designated clearing as a make-do helipad. Border outposts are manned in peacetime by the border guard to check smuggling, infiltration by spies of untrusted neighboring countries, insurgents bent on smuggling weapons and explosives for terrorist attacks and subversive activities, illegal immigration and human trafficking etc.. They usually have watchtowers where soldiers are posted day and night on Sentry duty looking for intruders and illegal cross-border activity of any kind. Patrols go out regularly to patrol

title: European Border and Coast Guard Agency

text: external borders. Securing and patrolling of the external borders of the European Union (EU, in practice the Schengen Area including the Schengen Associated Countries as well as those EU Member States which have not yet joined the Schengen Area but are bound to do so) is a shared responsibility of the Agency and the national authorities. The European Border and Coast Guard Agency is not a new body. It does not replace Frontex and it retains the same legal personality. What the Commission draft Regulation aims to do is to strengthen the mandate of the EU border agency, to increase

text: imports: Without Soviet deliveries of these four major items, Germany could barely have attacked the Soviet Union, let alone come close to victory, even with more intense rationing. Three years later, Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg was later executed as one of the conspirators in the July 20, 1944 Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler. German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement The German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement, signed on January 10, 1941, was a broad agreement settling border disputes and continuing raw materials and war machine trade between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The agreement continued the countries' relationship that started

title: Indonesia–Malaysia border

text: dispute originated in 1969 when the two countries negotiated to delimit the common border of their continental shelf. As the two countries could not agree on the soveignty of the two islands, the continental shelf border was left off the 1969 agreement between the two countries. Indonesia claimed that the islands were theirs by virtue of the fact that they were located south of 4° 10" North which it said formed the maritime border between it and Malaysia by virtue of a straight line extension of the land border which ended on the east coast Sebatik island. Malaysia however, claimed

title: Border (1997 film)

text: Ye Bandookein Kyoon Botein Hain... Jab Dono Hi Ki Galiyon Mein, Kuch Bhooke Bachche Rotein Hain...!!" ("Why do we grow guns in our farms instead of wheat and rice, when children in our countries cry due to hunger...") In 2013, it was announced that Dutta would undertake sequels to "Border", and that "Border 2" would star Sangram Singh and Nafisa Ali’s son Ajit Sodhi. Border (1997 film) Border is a 1997 Indian war film based on the Battle of Longewala during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, produced and directed by J. P. Dutta. The film starred an ensemble cast of

title: East Germany–West Germany football rivalry

text: from the two countries which the West German side won. Teams from the two countries met twelve times in the UEFA Cup with the East German clubs winning the encounters twice, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig being the successful side on both occasions. The other ten times West German clubs advanced. East Germany–West Germany football rivalry The East Germany–West Germany football rivalry was an association football rivalry between teams from East Germany and West Germany, existing from 1949 to 1990, while two separate German countries existed. Clubs from the two countries met at official level in both national team and club

title: German Doctors for Developing Countries

text: Germany. The idea was to create a charity organisation with German doctors, who work without remuneration in the third world countries. The doctors use their annual vacation to work for the project. The doctors do not receive any payment for their services and also contribute half of the travel expenses. Furthermore, they do not receive any stipends nor allowances. Currently, German Doctors operates 8 medical projects, based in 5 countries. The projects are mostly funded with donations. According to the website, the total income generated in 2015 was about 8,3 Mio. € (among them 5,8 Mio. € donations and BMZ-value

title: Denmark–Germany border

text: 5 km south of Ribe, rounded Ribe on 5 km distance, then went eastbound just south of Vamdrup and just north of Christiansfeld to the Baltic Sea. In 1920, the border was moved around 50 km in southern direction to the present position, as determined by the Schleswig referendum in 1920. This approximately followed the not clearly defined language border. In 2001, all border controls were removed based on the Schengen Agreement. In response to the Swedish border control due to the European migrant crisis, border checks were temporarily introduced starting January 4 2016. Prime minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen cited

title: Border Angels

text: from the U.S. The journey traveled through roads and trails on both sides of the border. Micaela Saucedo, who participated in numerous annual marches, said: "We do this to make people aware that we really need immigration reform in both countries and we don't want more deaths on the border." 2012—The march began at Cesar Chavez Park in San Diego and was in commemoration of the principles of the legendary farm workers' leader. The activists traveled from Holtville, California, to Yuma, Arizona, Los Angeles, Bakersfield, Stockton, Modesto and Sacramento. 2015 —The group began at Friendship Park and then spent the

title: Malaysia–Thailand border

text: in a Defined Area of the Continental Shelf of the Two Countries in the Gulf of Thailand" on 21 February 1979, followed by an "Agreement on the Constitution and Other Matters Relating to the Establishment of the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority" on 30 May 1990 establishing a joint development area (JDA). Both agreements do not settle disputed maritime border and sovereignty issue of the disputed area and the countries continue staking their overlapping continental shelf claims. Malaysia's 1979 map and Thailand's EEZ proclamation In December 1979 just after the two countries signed the MOU on the joint development area, Malaysia published

title: Open border

text: the EU). An example of the latter has been the border between Bangladesh and India, which is becoming controlled. The term "open borders" applies only to the flow of people, not the flow of goods and services, and only to borders between political jurisdictions, not to mere boundaries of privately owned property. Open borders are the norm for borders between subdivisions within the boundaries of sovereign states, though some countries do have controlled borders within the boundaries of the state (for example in the People's Republic of China between the mainland and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and

title: Finland–Sweden border

text: each other. In the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea, the Finnish and Swedish territorial waters are separated by international waters. The territorial waters meet again in the Sea of Åland, where the countries have a maritime border of 15 kilometres. The border crosses the island of Märket, which has a 470-metre long, complexly shaped border marked with border signs. The international waters between the countries are divided into economic zones. The border between the economic zones mainly runs in straight lines through defined coordinate points. There have been agreements about the borders in 1972 and in 1994. The zone

title: Cross-border region

text: respect, depending on the territorial organization of different European countries. For instance, in Germany, local administration comprises two levels, the municipalities and the Kreise, with the latter being self-governed groupings of municipalities. In most cases, the Kreise are the driving force behind cross-border initiatives. By contrast, in Italy, it is meso-level authorities, the 'province' (provinces), that are usually involved in cross-border cooperation initiatives while the municipalities play a minor role because of their relative fragmentation compared to the German Kreise. In Scandinavia, as for instance in the Øresund region, both counties and large urban municipalities (Greater Copenhagen) participate in the

title: Border guards of the inner German border

text: attack on the GDR will conjure up their own demise." The number of such leaflet drops was immense. During the 1950s, West Germany sent millions of propaganda leaflets into East Germany each year. In 1968 alone, over 4,000 projectiles containing some 450,000 leaflets were fired from East Germany into the West. Another 600 waterproof East German leaflet containers were recovered from cross-border rivers. The "leaflet war" was eventually ended by mutual agreement in the early 1970s as part of the normalisation of relations between the two German states. Border guards of the inner German border The border guards of the

title: Brazil–Paraguay border

text: Brazil–Paraguay border The Brazil–Paraguay border runs from Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, to Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul. It crosses a variety of terrains, going from large urban areas by inhospitable deserts and wetlands. It starts within the framework of the three borders, between Foz do Iguaçu and President Franco and ends in the triple border with Bolivia, near the Paraguayan city of Bahía Negra. On the border between Brazil and Paraguay, lies the Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant, which is one of the largest hydroelectric plants in the world in terms of annual energy generation. The fixation of the border took

title: Core countries

text: Core countries In world systems theory, the core countries are the industrialized capitalist countries on which periphery countries and semi-periphery countries depend. Core countries control and benefit from the global market. They are usually recognized as wealthy nations with a wide variety of resources and are in a favorable location compared to other states. They have strong state institutions, a powerful military and powerful global political alliances. Core countries do not always stay core permanently. Throughout history, core nations have been changing and new ones have been added to the core list. The most influential countries in the past have

title: History of Germany (1945–90)

text: an exclusive mandate. The Hallstein Doctrine involved non-recognition of East Germany and restricted (or often ceased) diplomatic relations with countries that gave East Germany the status of a sovereign state. The constant stream of East Germans fleeing across the Inner German border to West Germany placed great strains on East German-West German relations in the 1950s. East Germany sealed the borders to West Germany in 1952, but people continued to flee from East Berlin to West Berlin. On 13 August 1961, East Germany began building the Berlin Wall around West Berlin to slow the flood of refugees to a trickle,

title: Border

text: human demarcation, such as in demarcating electoral districts or postal districts. A relict border is a former boundary, which may no longer be a legal boundary at all. However, the former presence of the boundary can still be seen in the landscape. For instance, the boundary between East and West Germany is no longer an international boundary, but it can still be seen because of historical markers on the landscape, and it is still a cultural and economic division in Germany. A line of control (LoC) refers to a militarized buffer border between two or more nations that is yet

title: EuroCity in Germany

text: (though neither by the Swiss nor the Italian railroads) as "EuroCity Express" with tickets put in the same price category as ICE tickets, unlike "regular" EuroCity trains which are in the same ticket category as IC. EuroCity in Germany The German rail network provides connections to each of its neighbouring countries, many of which are under the EuroCity classification. EuroCity services are part of the Intercity network - many EC services represented a couple of train pairs on an IC route extended across the border, while other routes are served primarily by EuroCity services. EuroCity services are generally locomotive-hauled, using

title: 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes

text: 2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes The 2001 Bangladesh-India border dispute conflict took place in the third week of April 2001 between troops of the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), which is now known as the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB), and the Indian Border Security Force (BSF) on the poorly marked international border between the two countries. The Partition of Bengal in 1947 left a poorly demarcated international border between India and Bangladesh (then East Pakistan). Ownership of several villages on both sides of the de facto border were disputed and claimed by both countries. The dispute over the demarcation of the Indo-Bangladeshi border

title: Navies of landlocked countries

text: Navies of landlocked countries A landlocked navy is a naval force operated by a country which does not have a coastline. While such states are obviously unable to develop a sea-going, blue-water navy, they may still deploy armed forces on major lakes or rivers. There are several reasons a landlocked country may choose to maintain a navy. If a river or lake forms a national border, countries may feel the need to protect and patrol that border with a military force. In some regions, roads may be unreliable or circuitous, and a river or lake may be the easiest way

title: Germany at the Summer Olympics

text: two countries used separate flags and anthems. This continued until the German Reunification of 1990 where the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. "These totals do not include the one gold and one silver medal won by Germany in figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics." Germany at the Summer Olympics Athletes from Germany (GER) have appeared in 27 of the 30 Summer Olympic Games, having competed in all Games except those of 1920, 1924 and 1948, when they were not permitted to do so. Germany has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice; the 1936

title: Cyprus–Germany relations

text: Cyprus–Germany relations Cyprus–Germany relations refer to the bilateral relations between Cyprus and Germany. Germany is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Nicosia, Cyprus. Cyprus is represented in Germany through its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Both countries are full members of the United Nations and the European Union. German-Cypriot relations considered one of the closest in the European Union. The Federal Republic of Germany established diplomatic relations with the young Republic of Cyprus on 20 August 1960, the fifth country to do so. Cyprus had gained independence on 16 August 1960. Cyprus’ accession to the European Union on 1 May

title: Border control

text: as such. The most prominent example is airlines which check passports and visa before passengers are allowed to board the aircraft. Also for some passenger boats such check are performed before boarding. Border controls are usually the responsibility of specialised government organisations. Such agencies may oversee various aspects of border control, such as customs, immigration policy, border security, quarantine, and other such aspects. Official designations, jurisdictions and command structures of these agencies vary considerably, and some countries split border control functions across multiple agencies. The Border Security Force, or BSF, is the primary border defence organisation of India. It is

title: Border control

text: a border area. For example, the relaxed border controls maintained by Bhutan for those not proceeding past Phuentsholing and certain other border cities enable travellers to enter without going through any document check whatsoever. The American Border Crossing Card () issued to Mexican nationals enables Mexicans to enter border areas without a passport. Both America and Bhutan maintain interior checkposts to enforce compliance. Similarly, Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of

title: Germany–Switzerland border

text: then deviates from the river again to include the Rafzerfeld plain into Zürich's Bülach district (a right-bank territory historically acquired by the city of Zürich from the counts of Sulz in 1651). Downstream of Rafzerfeld, the border then sticks to the course of the Rhine until it enters the city of Basel, forming the northern border of the canton of Aargau as far as Kaiseraugst and then the canton of Basel-Land (municipalities of Pratteln and Muttenz) bordering on the German Lörrach district. Besides the right-bank part of Basel proper (Lesser Basel) the border also includes the right-bank municipalities of Riehen

title: Croatia–Slovenia border disputes

text: Croatia–Slovenia border disputes Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries. As the border between the countries had not been determined in detail prior to independence, several parts of the border were disputed, both on land and at the sea, namely in the Gulf of Piran. According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the two countries share about of border. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, the border spans . The border runs in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. The countries have attempted to resolve the dispute, most

title: State Border Guard Service (Kyrgyz Republic)

text: Troop Command, which effectively brought the border protection responsibilities under Russian command again. The borders of Kyrgyzstan with post-Soviet states were thus mostly unguarded as the Russian Border Troops mostly concentrated on guarding the borders facing countries such as Afghanistan and China. In August 1999, the duties of border protection was finally transferred from the Border Guard Service of Russia to the Kyrgyzstani government, which would eventually set the basis for the future State Border Guard Service and the tightening of its borders with the neighbouring countries. On 31 August 2002, the State Border Guard Service of the Kyrgyz Republic

title: Twist, Germany

text: presenting a pageant related to historical and present developments in Twist. The origin of the name of the municipality Twist has nothing to do with the dance style of the same title. Due to a long disagreement with the Dutch Kingdom about the way the border between both countries should take it was common language use to speak about "Twistrich" or "Twist Gebiet" (Twist area). In Low German "Twistrich" or "Twist Gebiet" has a meaning similar to "disputed border". This language was the official language at that time and is still partly in usage. The name is commonly mispronounced as

title: Women in Germany

text: western Germany: in 2012, in eastern Germany 61.6% of births were to unmarried women, but in western Germany only 28.4%. The views on sexual self-determination, as it relates to marriage, have also changed: for instance until 1969 adultery was a criminal offense in West Germany. It was only in 1997, however, that Germany removed its marital exemption from its rape law, being one of the last Western countries to do so, after a lengthy political battle that started in the 1970s. While women in East Germany were encouraged to participate in the workforce, this was not the case in West

title: Sorge Border Museum

text: Sorge Border Museum The Sorge Border Museum (, ) is an open-air museum that is open to the public and free of charge near Sorge in the Harz Mountains of central Germany. It is located immediately by the former Inner German Border, southeast of Braunlage and aims to recall the division of Germany into East and West Germany. In the border museum, elements of the original East German border may be seen, including a section of border fence, the dog runs, parts of the signal fence and the patrol road made of concrete slabs, a watchtower (a so-called B Tower)

title: Norway–Russia border

text: Lake Inari, which is regulated for level difference of . Both countries have appointed a border commissioner to uphold the border treaty and its protocols. The Norwegian Border Commissioner is based in Kirkenes and is subordinate to the National Police Directorate. The Russian commissioner is based in Nikel. Norwegian border patrolling is undertaken by the Garrison of Sør-Varanger, which largely bases itself on use of conscripts. In Russia border patrolling is carried out by the Border Guard Service of Russia and the Federal Security Service. The EEZs are patrolled by the Norwegian Coast Guard and the Russian FSB Coast Guard,

title: France–Spain border

text: with the signing of the Bayonne Treaties between 1856 and 1868. During the mandates of the Queen of Spain Isabel II and French emperor Napoleon III between the two countries were signed several agreements by which the border was established: Later both countries concluded agreements under the same point. In 1980 an agreement was signed to define the border into the Bielsa-Aragnouet tunnel, and 1984, during the construction of the road linking the Roncal Valley with Arette, it was agreed a mutual transfer of land of 2710 m. In 1995, with the entry into force of Schengen Agreement, border controls

title: Development of the inner German border

text: of construction, which were estimated at 257 million East German marks. Development of the inner German border The development of the inner German border took place in a number of stages between 1945 and the mid-1980s. After its establishment in 1945 as the dividing line between the Western and Soviet occupation zones of Germany, in 1949 the inner German border became the frontier between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany). The border remained relatively easy to cross until it was abruptly closed by the GDR in 1952 in response to