query: what is the currency in australia 2011?

title: Commodity currency

text: Commodity currency A commodity currency is a name given to some currencies that co-move with the world prices of primary commodity products, due to these countries' heavy dependency on the export of certain raw materials for income. Commodity currencies are most popular in developing countries (eg. Burundi, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea). However developed countries like Canada and Australia can also have this type of currency. For example, the Canadian Dollar grows stronger, the higher the price of soybeans and oil because these are Canada's two major commodities. In the foreign exchange market, commodity currencies generally refer to the Australian dollar,

title: Financial system in Australia

text: financial conglomerates. Superannuation in Australia is government-supported and encouraged, and minimum provisions are compulsory for employees. Superannuation arrangements are provided by banks and insurance companies, though most funds are self-managed. Superannuation funds are tightly regulated. There are several payment systems in use within Australia, many of which are regulated by Australian Payments Clearing Association (APCA), including: The Australian currency is the Australian dollar, which is Australia's legal tender. Clearing and settling of cash payments (also called CS5) are regulated by APCA as the Australian Cash Distribution Exchange System (ACDES). Cheques are still the most important non-cash payment instruments in Australia,

title: Currency Creek, South Australia

text: area in 1969, with the region producing its first vintage in 1972. The Currency Creek Arboretum is named after the nearby geographical feature and town. It is being developed as a specialist eucalypt ("Angophora", "Eucalyptus" and "Corymbia") arboretum with its main purpose being research into Australia's most dominant natural group of plants, the eucalypts. Currency Creek, South Australia Currency Creek (postcode 5214) is a township and locality in South Australia on the western shore of Lake Alexandrina about 6 km north of Goolwa, beside a seasonal stream bearing the same name - Currency Creek - which flows into Lake Alexandrina.

title: Currency Creek, South Australia

text: Currency Creek, South Australia Currency Creek (postcode 5214) is a township and locality in South Australia on the western shore of Lake Alexandrina about 6 km north of Goolwa, beside a seasonal stream bearing the same name - Currency Creek - which flows into Lake Alexandrina. Parts of Lake Alexandrina near to Currency Creek were initially explored by Charles Sturt in an open boat in 1830 but he did not sight the creek. In December 1837, while exploring the Lake and Murray Mouth looking for other outlets to the sea, a party lead by Thomas Bewes Strangways and Young Bingham

title: Argentine currency controls (2011–15)

text: Argentine currency controls (2011–15) Argentina installed foreign exchange controls in 2011, at the beginning of the second presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Those controls limited the ability to buy or sell any foreign currency. The restriction was informally known in Argentina as "Cepo cambiario" (). The controls were lifted in December 2015, at the beginning of the presidency of Mauricio Macri. The first restrictions were imposed on October 31, 2011. The Tax and Customs Authority, AFIP, required that individuals and businesses who sought to buy dollars request permission, which may depend of the financial status of the buyer. However,

title: Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011

text: being the same type of American government devaluation of currency for which it is unduly accusing China. The legislation passed 63-35 in the senate mostly along party lines with most democrats and 16 republicans voting for it and most republicans and 5 democrats voting against it. The legislation was tabled in the house of representative, where it has received little attention in the 2011 session. Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011 The Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011 () is an international trade bill in the 112th United States Congress that would establish US tariffs on

title: Argentine currency controls (2011–15)

text: sources of financing, such as international banks and grain exporters. It was estimated that the grain exporters had billions of dollars in stockpiled grain harvests, waiting for the changes to sell them. Argentine currency controls (2011–15) Argentina installed foreign exchange controls in 2011, at the beginning of the second presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Those controls limited the ability to buy or sell any foreign currency. The restriction was informally known in Argentina as "Cepo cambiario" (). The controls were lifted in December 2015, at the beginning of the presidency of Mauricio Macri. The first restrictions were imposed on

title: (What Is) Love?

text: she was dissatisfied with the circumstances, but was in "no way dissing Lopez." A mastered version of "What Is Love?" was included on the soundtrack to "The Back-up Plan" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. "What Is Love?" was re-titled as "(What Is) Love?" and appeared on "Love?" (2011). "(What Is) Love?" was due to be released as a promotional single from "Love?" on April 26, 2011, but was "unlocked" and released four days earlier, on April 22, 2011 by through a campaign on Lopez's Facebook page. It was released in many European countries on April 25. The song

text: Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011 The Currency Exchange Rate Oversight Reform Act of 2011 () is an international trade bill in the 112th United States Congress that would establish US tariffs on imports from countries with undervalued currencies. The bill was approved by the Senate on October 11, 2011 by a vote of 63-35, with no vote yet coming from the House of Representatives. The bill calls for the Treasury Department to identify countries whose currencies are undervalued, and then instruct the Commerce Department to impose duties on imports from those aforementioned countries. In 2010, the United

title: Currency House

text: Currency House Currency House Incorporated is an independent not-for-profit organisation based in New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 2000 by Katharine Brisbane, the organisation seeks to advocate for and support the performing arts in Australia. In addition to supporting the local community with pesticide public service announcements, Currency House's activities include the publication of "Platform Papers", a quarterly series of essays; the publication of books and other materials related to Australian culture; and organising public forums and other events. First published in 2004, "Platform Papers" is a quarterly series of essays focused on the performing arts that is intended to

title: Currency board

text: Helena continue to operate currency boards, backing their locally printed currency notes with pound sterling reserves. A gold standard is a special case of a currency board where the value of the national currency is linked to the value of gold instead of a foreign currency. For a precise definition of what constitutes a currency board, including past examples, see: Currency board A currency board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the exchange rate

title: Emissions Reduction Currency System

text: aid society within the community and we would like to make them a tool for deepening interpersonal relationships and trust." http://www.qoin.org/what-we-do/past-projects/kyoto4all/ Kyoto4All was a 2006 report written by Peter van Luttervelt, David Beatty and Edgar Kampers for the Dutch Ministry of Environment (then named VROM). The study described a series of monetary models to connect citizens-consumers to the climate change targets of the post-Kyoto period. The Maia Maia Emissions Reduction Currency System, is a scheme developed in Western Australia. The system currency is known as a "boya", named after the indigenous Nyungar people's word for rock trading tokens used by

title: Local currency

text: in Canada and over 400 in the United Kingdom. Australia, France, New Zealand, and Switzerland have similar systems. Kenya: Senegal: South Africa: Japan: Hong Kong: Indonesia: Malaysia: Bangladesh [Chandpur Chittagonj Dhaka] Australia: Canada: "See List of Canadian community currencies"<br> Mexico: United States: "See List of community currencies in the United States" Argentina: Brazil: Venezuela: Austria: Belgium: Czech Republic: Denmark: France: Germany: Hungary: Greece: Italy: Latvia: Malta: Netherlands: Russia: Slovakia: Spain: Switzerland: Ukraine: United Kingdom: [[Category:Local currencies| ]] [[Category:Freiwirtschaft]] [[Category:Localism (politics)]] [[Category:Monetary reform]] [[Category:Community building]] Local currency In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: Currency Creek wine region

text: Currency Creek wine region Currency Creek wine region is a wine region in South Australia that is located on the west side of Lake Alexandrina between Milang, the Murray Mouth, Port Elliot and just south of Ashbourne. The region received appellation as an Australian Geographical Indication (AGI) in 2001 and as of 2014, has a total planted area of and is represented by at least four wineries. The Currency Creek wine region is one of five wine zones forming the Fleurieu zone which located to the immediate south of Adelaide city centre in South Australia. The Currency Creek wine region

title: What Is Love

text: What Is Love "What Is Love" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, "The Album". The song is recognizable by its refrain "What is love? Baby don't hurt me, don't hurt me... no more." It was a massive hit in Europe, becoming a number-one hit in at least 13 countries and reaching number two in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, the song was moderately successful, reaching number 11 in the United States, number 12 in Australia, number 17 in Canada, and number 48 in New Zealand. "What Is Love" was written

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: other countries not directly involved such as Australia; if the "currency war" continues they may be exposed to harmful upwards pressure on their exchange rates. By December 2010, currency war was less of a hot topic and wasn't even on the agenda for the bilateral trade talks held between China and the US, but the issues still remain unresolved, with many emerging economies considering increased use of capital controls to cope with potentially de-stabilising capital inflows. January 2011 saw new interventions to prevent currency appreciation and volatility from Brazil, South Korea and even from Chile – a country with a

title: Australia at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics

text: record. Australia at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics Australia competed at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics from 27 August to 4 September in Daegu, South Korea. An initial Australian Flame team of 24 has been announced by Athletics Australia, with reigning World champions Steve Hooker and Dani Samuels set to lead the green and gold charge at the competition. Athletes looking to qualify but not yet announced are eligible for selection until 31 July 2011 (excluding marathon and walks). A final team of 47 athletes was announced on 2 August 2011. The following athletes appeared on the preliminary

text: Australia at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics Australia competed at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics from 27 August to 4 September in Daegu, South Korea. An initial Australian Flame team of 24 has been announced by Athletics Australia, with reigning World champions Steve Hooker and Dani Samuels set to lead the green and gold charge at the competition. Athletes looking to qualify but not yet announced are eligible for selection until 31 July 2011 (excluding marathon and walks). A final team of 47 athletes was announced on 2 August 2011. The following athletes appeared on the preliminary Entry

title: (What Is) Love?

text: (What Is) Love? "(What Is) Love?" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled "What Is Love?", the song appeared on the soundtrack to "The Back-up Plan" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. The song was later included on Lopez's seventh studio album "Love?" (2011), as the album's title track. "(What Is) Love?" is a midtempo electropop song written by Diana "Wynter" Gordon, with the song's producer Emile "D'Mile" Dernst II. The song is about "not knowing what love is," according to Gordon. A remix of "(What Is) Love?", entitled "What Is Love? Part II", was

title: Indian cricket team in Australia in 2011–12

text: finals. Australia went on to beat Sri Lanka 2–1 in the finals. For information about the tournament, including match results, see 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series. The Indian cricket team, humiliated in all forms of the game in the tour, was the subject of ridicule from the media and former cricketers. "The Australian" wrote under the headline "India's pillars of strength reduced to useless rubble" Dhoni is not the only shaky pillar of what only eight months ago was the number one cricket nation in the world. VVS Laxman, once the scourge of Australian bowlers, is being flayed himself at home

title: Currency

text: Several countries can use the same name for their own separate currencies (for example, "dollar" in Australia, Canada and the United States). By contrast, several countries can also use the same currency (for example, the euro or the CFA franc), or one country can declare the currency of another country to be legal tender. For example, Panama and El Salvador have declared US currency to be legal tender, and from 1791 to 1857, Spanish silver coins were legal tender in the United States. At various times countries have either re-stamped foreign coins, or used currency board issuing one note of

title: What Is Life

text: What Is Life "What Is Life" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album "All Things Must Pass". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts in Australia and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom, "What Is Life" appeared as the B-side to "My Sweet Lord", which was the best-selling single there of 1971. Harrison's backing musicians on the song include Eric Clapton and the entire Delaney & Bonnie Friends band,

title: Contaminated currency

text: bills led Australia to introduce a plastic currency in 1988. These notes are less prone to contamination due to lack of the fabric that can hold crystalline structures that illicit drugs often take. Australia now also prints polymer currency for almost two dozen other countries, including Israel, Malaysia, Mexico and Romania. Contaminated currency Most banknotes have traces of cocaine on them; this has been confirmed by studies done in several countries. In 1994, the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals determined that in Los Angeles, out of every four banknotes, on average more than three are tainted by cocaine or

title: Reserve currency

text: Fund's (IMF) special drawing rights (SDRs) as a reserve. China has proposed using SDRs, calculated daily from a basket of U.S. dollar, euro, Japanese yen and British pounds, for international payments. On 3 September 2009, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) issued a report calling for a new reserve currency based on the SDR, managed by a new global reserve bank. The IMF released a report in February 2011, stating that using SDRs "could help stabilize the global financial system." Reserve currency A reserve currency (or anchor currency) is a currency that is held in significant quantities

title: Currency Creek, South Australia

text: The Currency Creek Cemetery contains many historic gravestones. It is notably large compared to the township for the reason that it has serviced the entire district for well over a century. Boundaries for the locality were created on 31 August 2000 for the "long established name" and include the Government Town of Currency Creek Currency Creek lends its name to a wine region that stretches from Port Elliot in the west, to Lake Alexandrina to the east, and includes Hindmarsh Island. The main grape varieties grown are Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. Vineyards were first established in the

title: Currency House

text: raise and critically examine problems within the sector. Edited by John Golder, essays have included "Who Profits from the Arts? Taking the Measure of Culture" (2007) by Kay Ferres and David Adair, "'Your Genre is Black': Indigenous Performing Arts and Policy" (2009) by Hilary Glow and Katya Johanson, and Robert Walker's "Beethoven or Britney? The Great Divide in Music Education". Currency House Currency House Incorporated is an independent not-for-profit organisation based in New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 2000 by Katharine Brisbane, the organisation seeks to advocate for and support the performing arts in Australia. In addition to supporting the

title: Currency analytics

text: to forecasted cash flows and don’t allow hedging economic risk. Currency analytics allow companies to mitigate cash flow risk by uncovering accounting exposures to match the economic exposures so the company can hedge the accounting exposure as a proxy. Currency analytics enable what/if scenario analysis so companies can model how volatility in particular currencies could impact their revenue and expenses in the future. Currency analytics Companies that do business in more than one currency are exposed to exchange rate risk – that is, changes in the value of one currency versus another. Exchange rate risk (also known as foreign exchange

title: International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency

text: International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency The International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency () is a 1929 League of Nations treaty whereby states agree to criminalise acts of currency counterfeiting. It remains the principal international agreement on currency counterfeiting. States that ratify the Convention agree to criminalise the creation, use, and exportation or importation of counterfeit currency. Under the agreement, no distinction is to be made as to what currency is the subject of the crime. Under the treaty, currency counterfeiting is an extraditable offence. States also agree to establish a central office that will forward

title: Currency Creek Arboretum

text: Currency Creek Arboretum The Currency Creek Arboretum (CCA; or Currency Creek Arboretum Eucalypt Research Centre) is located in the Australian state of South Australia near the small town of Currency Creek and south of the state capital of Adelaide. CCA is a specialist Eucalypt arboretum and research centre, composed solely of Australian native plants. Privately owned and operated, CCA is open by appointment only and does not charge entry fees. Run by volunteers, there is no paid staff. Dr. Dean Nicolle began looking for land between Mount Compass and Strathalbyn in 1990 to create an arboretum. The specific soil type

title: Currency Creek Arboretum

text: eucalypt conservation, cultivation, ecology, physiology, systematics, and taxonomy. Additional research consists of the cut flower industry and honey production, as well as tree use, such as firewood, shade, and windbreaks. Currency Creek Arboretum The Currency Creek Arboretum (CCA; or Currency Creek Arboretum Eucalypt Research Centre) is located in the Australian state of South Australia near the small town of Currency Creek and south of the state capital of Adelaide. CCA is a specialist Eucalypt arboretum and research centre, composed solely of Australian native plants. Privately owned and operated, CCA is open by appointment only and does not charge entry fees.

title: Currency union

text: Currency union A currency union (also known as monetary union) involves two or more states sharing the same currency without them necessarily having any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market). Three types of currency unions exist: The theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency. Note: Every customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union also has a currency union. Additionally the autonomous and dependent territories,

title: Currency Act

text: the debt from King William’s War. Other colonies quickly followed suit, and by 1715 ten of the thirteen had resorted to the issuance of paper currency. Economist Stanley Finkelstein highlights the advantage of paper currency, “that unless it is backed by specie it is cost free currency.” The paper currency depreciated quickly because the colonies printed more than what was taxed out of circulation. By 1740, Rhode Island bills of exchange were only four percent of face value and those of Massachusetts were eleven percent. The money supply was growing at a much faster rate than that of the overall

title: Currency Press

text: performing arts. In 2011, Currency Press received the Dorothy Crawford Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Profession at the AWGIE Awards. Currency Press Currency Press is Australia's only specialist performing arts publisher and its oldest independent publisher still active. Their list includes plays and screenplays, professional handbooks, biographies, cultural histories, critical studies and reference works. Currency Press was founded by Katharine Brisbane, then national theatre critic for "The Australian" newspaper, and her husband Philip Parsons, a lecturer in Drama at the University of New South Wales. After Philip's death in 1993, Katharine remained at the helm of the company until

title: What Is Love

text: at number two in the United Kingdom and Germany and hit number one in 13 other countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Zimbabwe. Debuting at number 87 on 28 August 1993, the song reached number 11 on the Hot 100 in the United States. The song also peaked at number 12 in Australia. By March 1994, worldwide sales of "What Is Love" had already reached 2.6 million. When asked about the meaning of "What Is Love" in a 2015 interview, Haddaway said: "Billboard" wrote about the song: "Glorious pop/house ditty recently topped

title: Currency war

text: from forgers, whether they are simple criminals or agents of foreign governments trying to devalue a currency and cause excess inflation against the home government's wishes. Jim Rickards, in his 2011 book "Currency Wars: The Making of the Next Global Crisis," argues that the consequences of the Fed's attempts to prop up economic growth could be devastating for American national security. Although Rickard's book is largely concerned with currency war as competitive devaluation, it uses a broader definition of the term, classing policies that cause inflation as currency war. Such policies can be seen as metaphorical warfare against those who

title: Metrication in Australia

text: Metrication in Australia Metrication in Australia effectively began in 1966 with the conversion to decimal currency under the auspices of the Decimal Currency Board. The conversion of measurements—metrication—commenced subsequently in 1971, under the direction of the Metric Conversion Board and actively proceeded until the Board was disbanded in 1981. Before 1970, Australia mostly used the imperial system for measurement, which the Australian colonies had inherited from the United Kingdom. Between 1970 and 1988, imperial units were withdrawn from general legal use and replaced with SI metric units, facilitated through legislation and government agencies. SI units are now the sole legal

title: Metrication in Australia

text: Imperial units of measure. Metrication in Australia Metrication in Australia effectively began in 1966 with the conversion to decimal currency under the auspices of the Decimal Currency Board. The conversion of measurements—metrication—commenced subsequently in 1971, under the direction of the Metric Conversion Board and actively proceeded until the Board was disbanded in 1981. Before 1970, Australia mostly used the imperial system for measurement, which the Australian colonies had inherited from the United Kingdom. Between 1970 and 1988, imperial units were withdrawn from general legal use and replaced with SI metric units, facilitated through legislation and government agencies. SI units are

title: Romel Currency

text: Romel Currency Romel Kwesi Currency (born 7 May 1982) is a former West Indian cricketer who played first-class cricket and List A cricket for the Windward Islands. He was born at Mesopotamia on Saint Vincent. Currency made his debut for the Windard Islands in 2000, playing for the side until the 2014/15 season. In total he played in 71 first-class matches in his career, including 26 for Combined Campuses and Colleges (CCC) whilst he was a student. He captained the CCC side in the Caribbean T20 tournament between 2010/11 and 2011/12. As of August 2018 Currency and Devon Smith held

title: Currency swap

text: who will pass it on to the American company so it can pay its U.S. bondholders. At maturity, the American company will pay £100 million to the swap bank who will pass it on to the British company so it can pay its British bondholders. It is well recognized that traditional "textbook" theory does not price cross currency (basis) swaps correctly, because it assumes the funding cost in each currency to be equal to its floating rate, thus always giving a zero cross currency spread. This is clearly contrary to what is observed in the market. In reality, market participants

title: What Is the What

text: writes: "Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art." The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees

title: What Bird is That?

text: What Bird is That? What Bird is That? A Guide to the Birds of Australia is a book first published in 1931 by Angus & Robertson in Sydney. Authored and illustrated by Neville William Cayley, it was Australia’s first fully illustrated national field guide to birds, a function it served alone for nearly 40 years. In 1960 it was rated the all-time best seller in Australian natural history. "What Bird Is That?" was originally published in octavo format (239 x 158 mm), containing 340 pages bound in green buckram, with a dust jacket illustrated with a painting of a laughing

title: What Bird is That?

text: author Nick Earls' 1999 young adult novel "48 Shades of Brown". The 48 shades refers to the number of distinct browns used by Cayley to describe bird plumage colours. What Bird is That? What Bird is That? A Guide to the Birds of Australia is a book first published in 1931 by Angus & Robertson in Sydney. Authored and illustrated by Neville William Cayley, it was Australia’s first fully illustrated national field guide to birds, a function it served alone for nearly 40 years. In 1960 it was rated the all-time best seller in Australian natural history. "What Bird Is

title: Hard currency

text: its short history, however the European sovereign debt crisis has partially eroded that confidence. The Swiss franc (CHF) has long been considered a hard currency, and in fact was the last paper currency in the world to terminate its convertibility to gold. In the summer of 2011, the European sovereign debt crisis led to rapid flows out of the euro and into the franc by those seeking hard currency, causing the latter to appreciate rapidly. On September 6, 2011, the Swiss National Bank announced that it would buy an "unlimited" number of euros to fix an exchange rate at 1.00

text: States had a $270 billion trade deficit with China (Chinese imports totalling $360 billion compared to only $90 billion in American exports) in part to what most U.S. economists warn as an undervaluation of the Chinese currency, Yuan, which in turn gives its exporters a significant advantage in the global economy. China stated that this legislation, if passed, could spark a trade war. China has also cited Statistics that its currency has appreciated thirty percent in value relative to the dollar since 2005. Additionally, they point to Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke's "Quantitative Easing" (such as QE1 and QE2) to

title: Currency-counting machine

text: Currency-counting machine A currency-counting machine is a machine that counts money—either stacks of banknotes or loose collections of coins. Counters may be purely mechanical or use electronic components. The machines typically provide a total count of all money, or count off specific batch sizes for wrapping and storage. Currency counters are commonly used in vending machines to determine what amount of money has been deposited by customers. In some modern automated teller machines, currency counters allow for cash deposits without envelopes, since they can identify which bills have been inserted instead of just how many. The user is given the

title: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy

text: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third, consciousness is a transient quality, not a permanent quality. By itself, the soul is without consciousness; consciousness is produced in the soul only when it is conjoined with certain other entities. Hiriyanna,

text: commenting on this point, notes: Hiriyanna expresses his perplexity in reviewing the Nyaya-Vaisesika view of consciousness, and then comes out with a comment equating this view with the Charvaka view of consciousness: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third,

title: World currency unit

text: it is not practicable to introduce it in one step for political reasons and so the preferred method of introduction is for countries to gradually move their currencies closer or in some cases to adopt another country's currency as a series of steps inching closer to the SEMU. Examples could include countries that have already adopted the US Dollar as their currency or Australia and New Zealand joining forces or Pacific Islands adopting a larger country's currency. Ideally, the SEMU would coincide with trade barriers being removed and international laws moving into alignment. Today, there are two distinct products which

title: What What (In the Butt)

text: singer for Queens Of The Stone Age and guitar player for Kyuss. In 2009, the creators of the video, and Samwell himself, claimed that a feature film called "What What (In the Butt): The Movie" was in the works. On November 12, 2010, Brownmark Films filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against MTV Networks, South Park Studios, and Viacom for their use of "What What in the Butt" in a 2008 "South Park" episode. In July 2011, a federal judge decided that South Park's use of the video fell under the fair use exception to copyright law, and thus the defendants

title: Virtual currency

text: Attributes of a real currency, as defined in 2011 in the Code of Federal Regulations, such as real paper money and real coins are simply that they act as legal tender and circulate "customarily". The IRS decided in March 2014, to treat bitcoin and other virtual currencies as property for tax purposes, not as currency. Some have suggested that this makes bitcoins not fungible—that is one bitcoin is not identical to another bitcoin, unlike one gallon of crude oil being identical to another gallon of crude oil—making bitcoin unworkable as a currency. Others have stated that a measure like accounting

title: Currency

text: a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store. Trade could only reach as far as the credibility of that military. By the late Bronze Age, however, a series of treaties had established safe passage for merchants around the Eastern Mediterranean, spreading from Minoan Crete and Mycenae in the northwest to Elam and Bahrain in the southeast. It is not known what was used as a currency for these exchanges, but it is thought that ox-hide shaped ingots of copper, produced in Cyprus, may have functioned as a currency. It is thought that the

title: Currency Exchange International

text: U.S. and Canadian financial institutions and Money Services businesses. The company is based out of Orlando, Florida with its subsidiary Currency Exchange International of Canada Corp based in Toronto, Ontario. CXI is publicly traded company on the Toronto Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol TSX:CXI. Randolph W Pinna was the president and CEO at Foreign Currency Exchange Bank of Ireland Group until 2007. In 2007, Randolph became president and CEO of Currency Exchange International, Corp. Wells Fargo purchased Foreign Currency Exchange Corp from Bank of Ireland Group in 2011. In October 2012, CXI applied to the Minister of Finance in

title: Digital currency

text: addition, over 90 central banks are engaged in DLT discussions, including implications of a central bank issued digital currency. In March 2018, the Marshall Islands became the first country to issue their own cryptocurrency and certify it as legal tender; the currency is called the "sovereign". Canada The Bank of Canada have explored the possibility of creating a version of its currency on the blockchain. The Bank of Canada teamed up with the nation’s five largest banks — and the blockchain consulting firm R3 — for what was known as Project Jasper. In a simulation run in 2016, the central

title: What You Get Is What You See

text: favorite song from the album. The 12" single included three versions of the song, the Extended Dance Mix, the Extended Rock Mix and a live version recorded in London in November 1986. A different live recording of the song was later used as the opening track on Turner's 1988 album "Tina Live in Europe". She also included it in her 2009 live album "Tina Live". It was recorded during Turner's hugely successful . The track is from the March 21, 2009 live show at the GelreDome in Arnhem, Netherlands. "What You Get Is What You See" was popular in Australia,

title: Australia at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

text: Australia at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships Australia competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China from 16 to 31 July 2011. Australian athletes have competed in every FINA World Aquatics Championships. Swimming Australia sent a total of 97 athletes to the Championships to compete in all 5 sports. Australia will send 7 divers to the 2011 World Aquatics Championships. Australia qualified 47 swimmers. Men (23): Matthew Abood, Sam Ashby, Craig Calder, Ashley Delaney, Tommaso D'Orsogna, Thomas Fraser-Holmes, Jayden Hadler, Geoff Huegill, Jarrod Killey, Mitch Larkin, James Magnussen, Kenrick Monk, Ryan Napoleon, Travis Nederpelt, Kyle Richardson, Brenton Rickard,

title: 2011 Rally Australia

text: 2011 Rally Australia The 2011 Rally Australia was the 21st Rally Australia and the tenth round of the 2011 World Rally Championship season. The rally took place over 8–11 September, and was based in Coffs Harbour, a coastal city in the New South Wales state of Australia. The rally was also the fifth round of the Production World Rally Championship. Rally Australia returned to the WRC calendar after a year's hiatus, and after demonstrations marred the 2009 running of the rally, held north of Coffs Harbour in the Northern Rivers area. Residents' concerns for the event meant that the rally

title: What Bird is That?

text: Edition What Bird is That?" was published by Australia's Heritage Publishing in 2011, the latest release of Cayley’s “big bird book” complete with Lindsey’s revisions. It is 832 pages, features 769 birds and includes all 460 of Cayley’s full-colour paintings, many showing groups of related birds. New to this edition was an accompanying e-book "What Bird Call is That?", which identifies and illustrates 101 birds from "What Bird is That?", as well as providing sound files of each featured bird’s distinctive call. The sound files were provided by David Stewart. "What Bird is That?" plays a central role in Australian

title: What You See Is What You Get (book)

text: What You See Is What You Get (book) What You See Is What You Get is the autobiography of British businessman and TV personality Lord Alan Sugar. The 640-page book, which was published in May 2011, tells the story of Alan Sugar's birth and childhood in a deprived part of London, how he founded the company Amstrad aged just 21 years old, and how he eventually became a successful multi-millionaire tycoon, received a knighthood, and was appointed to the House of Lords. Sir Alan also reveals his main method of business and entrepreneurial activity: (a) observing what market leaders are

title: What Is Life

text: 'Solsbury Hill.'" In Scorsese's 2011 documentary "", "What Is Life" plays over a sequence of 1969 photos of Harrison – with, variously, Preston, Jackie Lomax, the Plastic Ono Band, Clapton and Ravi Shankar – immediately before which, archive footage shows him discussing the restrictions he felt within the Beatles and how the band "had to implode". An alternative studio version of "What Is Life" – in fact, a rough mix of the original backing track with different orchestration (in this case, piccolo trumpet and oboe) – was issued as one of five bonus tracks on the 2001 remaster of "All

title: Currency board

text: the Deutsche Mark from 1992 to 1999 when it switched to fixing to the Euro at par. The peg to the Euro was upheld until January 2011 with Estonia's adoption of the Euro. This policy is seen as a mainstay of that country's subsequent economic success (see Economy of Estonia for a detailed description of the Estonian currency board). Argentina abandoned its currency board in January 2002 after a severe recession. To some, this emphasised the fact that currency boards are not irrevocable, and hence may be abandoned in the face of speculation by foreign exchange traders. However, Argentina's system

title: New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2011–12

text: of experts. New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2011–12 The New Zealand cricket team toured Australia from 18 November – 13 December 2011. The tour consisted of two Tests played for the Trans-Tasman Trophy. The series was drawn 1–1, so the trophy was retained by Australia. New Zealand's win in the second Test in Hobart was its first Test win in Australia since 1985, and their first test match victory against Australia since 1993. </div> Three Australia players, opening batsman David Warner and fast bowlers James Pattinson and Mitchell Starc, made their Test debuts in this match, after injuries

text: New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2011–12 The New Zealand cricket team toured Australia from 18 November – 13 December 2011. The tour consisted of two Tests played for the Trans-Tasman Trophy. The series was drawn 1–1, so the trophy was retained by Australia. New Zealand's win in the second Test in Hobart was its first Test win in Australia since 1985, and their first test match victory against Australia since 1993. </div> Three Australia players, opening batsman David Warner and fast bowlers James Pattinson and Mitchell Starc, made their Test debuts in this match, after injuries to five

title: Virtual currency law in the United States

text: or statute. Virtual currency law in the United States United States virtual currency law is financial regulation as applied to transactions in virtual currency in the U.S. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission has regulated and may continue to regulate virtual currencies as commodities. The Securities and Exchange Commission also requires registration of any virtual currency traded in the U.S. if it is classified as a "security" and of any trading platform that meets its definition of an exchange. The regulatory structure also includes tax regulations and FINCEN transparency regulations between financial exchanges and the individuals and corporations with whom they

text: Virtual currency law in the United States United States virtual currency law is financial regulation as applied to transactions in virtual currency in the U.S. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission has regulated and may continue to regulate virtual currencies as commodities. The Securities and Exchange Commission also requires registration of any virtual currency traded in the U.S. if it is classified as a "security" and of any trading platform that meets its definition of an exchange. The regulatory structure also includes tax regulations and FINCEN transparency regulations between financial exchanges and the individuals and corporations with whom they conduct business.

title: Currency

text: relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are defined by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance. Other definitions of the term "currency" are discussed in their respective synonymous articles banknote, coin, and money. The latter definition, pertaining to the currency systems of nations, is the topic of this article. Currencies can be classified into two monetary systems: fiat money and commodity money, depending on what guarantees the value (the economy at large vs. the government's physical metal reserves). Some currencies are legal tender in certain political jurisdictions. Others are simply traded for their economic

title: What Women Want (2011 film)

text: What Women Want (2011 film) What Women Want is a 2011 Chinese-Hong Kong romantic action comedy film remake of the 2000 American film of the same name. The film stars Andy Lau and Gong Li. "What Women Want" was released in China on the 3 February 2011, the first day of Chinese New Year. The plot is basically a shot for shot remake of the American version with some minor changes. For instance, the big company they have to make a female power ad campaign for is Lotto instead of Nike. Lau's father also plays a minor role in the

title: What You See Is What You Get (book)

text: doing, (b) making better and cheaper products than the market leaders, and (c) not focusing on the exclusive or more expensive parts of the market, rather selling to the mass market. What You See Is What You Get (book) What You See Is What You Get is the autobiography of British businessman and TV personality Lord Alan Sugar. The 640-page book, which was published in May 2011, tells the story of Alan Sugar's birth and childhood in a deprived part of London, how he founded the company Amstrad aged just 21 years old, and how he eventually became a successful

title: Green electricity in Australia

text: Green electricity in Australia Green electricity in Australia is available from a number of green energy suppliers that supply electricity from environmentally friendly energy sources that are renewable and non-polluting. The growth and development of the green energy industry was tracked in Australia by the ALTEX-Australia alternative energy index from 2006 to 2011. In Australia green energy is accredited under the GreenPower scheme whereby all distributors are government audited bi-annually to ensure that customers are getting exactly what is described in their purchased products. In the 2009 settlement period there were 904,716 GreenPower customers Australia-wide, accounting for a total of

title: This Is What the Truth Feels Like

text: outside the top 10. The following week, "This Is What the Truth Feels Like" dipped 54 positions, the week's largest drop. In Australia, the album debuted at number six, becoming her third consecutive top-ten solo album. "This Is What the Truth Feels Like" was the week's second highest debut, and was present for two weeks before departing the chart. On France's SNEP albums chart, it entered at number 44, becoming her lowest debut behind "The Sweet Escape"s peak at number 33. The album fared moderately well on Switzerland's Hitparade, where it became her second highest performing album, peaking at number

title: Currency Creek Game Reserve

text: spp herbland. The game reserve is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area. In 1980, it was listed on the now-defunct Register of the National Estate. Currency Creek Game Reserve Currency Creek Game Reserve is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the south-western side of Lake Alexandrina in the gazetted localities of Currency Creek and Goolwa North about north-east of Goolwa. The game reserve occupies land in sections 309 and 458 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Nangkita and section 425 in the Hundred of Goolwa. It was proclaimed on 19

text: Australia. Australian players including Shane Watson and James Pattinson were to be guilty of discipline breach in the series of 2013. Indian cricket team in Australia in 2011–12 The Indian cricket team toured Australia from 15 December 2011 to 28 February 2012. The tour included four Tests to contest the Border–Gavaskar Trophy (which was held by India at the start of the tour), two Twenty20s (T20Is), and eight ODIs as part of the Commonwealth Bank Tri-Series which also involved Sri Lanka. Australian won the four Test series in a 4–0 whitewash to regain the Border-Gavaskar Trophy. Australian captain Michael Clarke

title: What Bird is That?

text: of "What Bird is That?" It was published in 1984 and incorporated all of Cayley’s paintings created over many years for his vision of releasing a “big bird book” and included a revised taxonomy. In the 53 years since its first edition, more than a hundred new bird species had been identified in Australia. Scientific names had been changed and groups of birds had been reordered. Lindsey brought "What Bird is That?" up-to-date with the latest birding conventions of the time, as well as contributing a valuable supplementary list of birds and a scholarly catalogue of Cayley’s paintings. The "Signature

title: (What Is) Love?

text: produced by Jean-Baptiste. It was considered for inclusion on "Love?" and was leaked onto the internet in April 2013. The song was due to be released as a promotional single from "Love?" on April 26, 2011, but was "unlocked" and released on April 22, 2011 by Island Records through a campaign on Lopez's Facebook page. Upon its promotional release, the song debuted at number 97 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart and at 33 on the Productores de Música de España. "(What Is) Love?" written by Diana "Wynter" Gordon and Emile "D'Mile" Dernst; the latter who also produced the

title: The World Is What It Is

text: The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in 2008 (by Picador in the UK and Knopf in the USA). The title is a quotation from Naipaul's book "A Bend in the River". "The world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow themselves to become nothing, have no place in it." French deals with Naipaul's family background and his life from his birth in 1932 until his second marriage

title: Currency Creek Game Reserve

text: Currency Creek Game Reserve Currency Creek Game Reserve is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located on the south-western side of Lake Alexandrina in the gazetted localities of Currency Creek and Goolwa North about north-east of Goolwa. The game reserve occupies land in sections 309 and 458 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Nangkita and section 425 in the Hundred of Goolwa. It was proclaimed on 19 June 1975 under the "National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972" in respect to sections 309 and 425. Section 458 was added on 27 May 1976. In 1980,

title: Currency Creek, South Australia

text: Hutchinson discovered the waterway while using a whaleboat borrowed from the Encounter Bay fishery. The whaleboat, which in September 1837 had been sold off the schooner "Currency Lass" at Adelaide, bore the same name as its mother ship, and they named the creek in honour of this boat. They reported on the good grassland in the area and its potential for agriculture. The township was surveyed in the Currency Creek Special Survey of 1840 but it never really thrived due to the nearness of Goolwa. During the later 1800s the district supported many market gardens along the fertile river flats.

title: What Happened to Us

text: the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed "What Happened to Us" on "Dancing with the Stars Australia" on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, "What Happened to Us" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part. Source: What Happened to Us "What Happened to Us" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written

text: 38.1% in 2013. This Internet growth is characterized by a consumer demand for a decentralized Internet experience that is not limited or dependent on traditional institutions and governments. This movement aims to create an Internet based on the idea of Virtual, Distributed Parallel (VDP) States, "acting as a kind of organizational counterpoint to that State's governing bodies". Crypto-currency and other virtual currencies are the VDP movements' currency alternative to traditional currency and traditional financial institutions. The current amount of VC use in the global market is unlikely to significantly affect the Federal Reserve's ability to conduct monetary policy; however, if

title: 2011 Rally Australia

text: who elected not to compete at the event – could only tie Paddon on points and lose on countback. Michał Kościuszko, Oleksandr Saliuk, Jr. and Benito Guerra also scored overall championship points by finishing in the top ten. The "Power stage" was a live, televised stage at the end of the rally, held in Clarence. 2011 Rally Australia The 2011 Rally Australia was the 21st Rally Australia and the tenth round of the 2011 World Rally Championship season. The rally took place over 8–11 September, and was based in Coffs Harbour, a coastal city in the New South Wales state

title: Currency Act

text: than what was taxed out of circulation, the currency depreciated in relation to the British pound sterling. The resultant inflation was harmful to merchants in Great Britain, who were forced to accept the depreciated currency from colonists for payment of debts. The Act limited the future issue of bills of credit to certain circumstances. It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts (i.e. paying taxes), but disallowed their use for private debts (e.g. for paying merchants). The Currency Act 1764 (4 Geo. III c. 34) extended the 1751 Act to all of the British

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: seen substantial appreciation of their currencies in 2010. However both Australia and Canada have strong economies and are rich in natural resources. According to Moody's, negative effects from New Zealand's appreciation is offset by the fact that her currency has depreciated with respect to Australia, her biggest customer. The Eurozone is a special case where some members, principally Germany, enjoy a large current account surplus and so could accept or even benefit from currency appreciation. Other countries though such as Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland have twin deficits and so to a large extent would benefit from a depreciation. While

title: What Women Want (2011 film)

text: movie, where in the American version Nick's father is absent from the story. The plot takes place mostly in an advertising company in Beijing, in which Lau plays a slick ad agency creative director who gets acquainted with his new talented competition, played by Gong. He is helped when he gets the ability to hear women's thoughts due to a freak accident. What Women Want (2011 film) What Women Want is a 2011 Chinese-Hong Kong romantic action comedy film remake of the 2000 American film of the same name. The film stars Andy Lau and Gong Li. "What Women Want"

title: Electricity sector in Australia

text: are renewable and non-polluting. The growth and development of the green energy industry was tracked in Australia by the ALTEX-Australia alternative energy index from 2006 to 2011. In Australia green energy is accredited under the GreenPower scheme whereby all distributors are government audited bi-annually to ensure that customers are getting exactly what is described in their purchased products. In the 2009 settlement period there were 904,716 GreenPower customers Australia-wide, accounting for a total of 2,194,934 MWh of electricity generation, a 10% increase over 2008. This total electricity provision was divided between residential customers who purchased 1,001,195 MWh, and business customers

title: Currency pair

text: Currency pair A currency pair is the quotation of the relative value of a currency unit against the unit of another currency in the foreign exchange market. The currency that is used as the reference is called the counter currency, quote currency or currency and the currency that is quoted in relation is called the base currency or transaction currency. Currency pairs are generally written by concatenating the ISO currency codes (ISO 4217) of the base currency and the counter currency, and then separating the two codes with a slash. Alternatively the slash may be omitted, or replaced by either

title: 2011 in BRACE

text: 2011, at Townsville Entertainment Centre, Townsville, Australia. BRACE 8 was an event held on April 30, 2011 at Mansfield Taver, n Brisbane, Australia. BRACE 7 was an event held in January 2011, at Convention Centre, Canberra, Australia. 2011 in BRACE The year 2011 is the 3rd year in the history of BRACE, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Australia. In 2011 BRACE held 2 events. BACE 13 was an event held on November 19, 2011, at Townsville Entertainment Centre, Townsville, Australia. BRACE 12 was an event held on October 15, 2011, at Derwent Entertainment Centre, Hobart, Australia. BRACE 11

text: James Roberts, Christian Sprenger, Hayden Stoeckel, Eamon Sullivan, Matthew Targett, Kenneth To, Ben Treffers Women (24): Jessica Ashwood, Angie Bainbridge, Bronte Barratt, Alicia Coutts, Merindah Dingjan, Blair Evans, Sally Foster, Katie Goldman, Melissa Gorman (pool and open water), Marieke Guehrer, Olivia Halicek, Samantha Hamill, Belinda Hocking, Leisel Jones, Rebecca Kemp, Yolane Kukla, Meagen Nay, Jade Neilsen, Kylie Palmer, Leiston Pickett, Stephanie Rice, Jessicah Schipper, Emily Seebohm, Kelly Stubbins Australia has qualified 10 athletes in synchronised swimming. Australia at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships Australia competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China from 16 to 31 July 2011.

title: British currency in the Middle East

text: by the British authorities in 1927, the Palestine pound was introduced, equal in value to the Pound sterling. The Palestine pound was also declared a legal tender in the Transjordan Emirate, which was technically a part of the British Mandate, though having an autonomous local administration. The body which governed the issue of the currency was the Palestine Currency Board, which was subject to the British Colonial Office. The Currency Board was dissolved in May 1948, as the British Mandate ended. The area in which the Palestine pound circulated was divided into several political entities: the State of Israel, the

title: British currency in the Middle East

text: until after the Indian mutiny of 1857. Hence the imperial-order-of-council of 1825 did not apply to India. As such, the already circulating silver rupee continued to be the currency of India for the entire duration of the British Raj, and afterwards into independence. The Indian rupee was not only the currency of India but also the currency of an extended region beyond, which stretched across the Indian Ocean to the east coast of Africa, up through the horn of Africa, through Aden and Muscat in Southern Arabia and Eastern Arabia, and along the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf, extending

text: Indian cricket team in Australia in 2011–12 The Indian cricket team toured Australia from 15 December 2011 to 28 February 2012. The tour included four Tests to contest the Border–Gavaskar Trophy (which was held by India at the start of the tour), two Twenty20s (T20Is), and eight ODIs as part of the Commonwealth Bank Tri-Series which also involved Sri Lanka. Australian won the four Test series in a 4–0 whitewash to regain the Border-Gavaskar Trophy. Australian captain Michael Clarke was named the player of the series, having scored 626 runs at an average of 125.20. In the second Test match,

title: Currency Wars

text: Financial Times reported as being one of the most popular books in China by late 2009. More than two million copies have been sold. In this book, Song predicted that by 2024, the world's single currency system will mature. He believes that if China can not be dominant in this system, it should not participate, but should be self-hill, have their own sphere of financial influence. This last topic is much more developed in the second sequel. In May 2011, "Currency Wars 3: Financial High Frontier" (), a second sequel was published by Yuan-Liou Publishing (). It discusses more specifically

title: Currency substitution

text: currency substitution by adopting the US dollar as legal tender in 1904. This type of currency substitution is also known as de jure currency substitution. Currency substitution can be used semiofficially (or officially bimonetary systems), where the foreign currency is legal tender alongside the domestic currency. In literature, there is a set of related definitions of currency substitution such as external liability currency substitution, domestic liability currency substitution, banking sector's liability currency substitution or deposit currency substitution, and credit dollarlization. External liability currency substitution measures total external debt (private and public) denominated in foreign currencies of the economy. Deposit currency

title: Causes of unemployment in the United States

text: dollar for a while." Economist Paul Krugman wrote in May 2011: "First, what's driving the turnaround in our manufacturing trade? The main answer is that the U.S. dollar has fallen against other currencies, helping give U.S.-based manufacturing a cost advantage. A weaker dollar, it turns out, was just what U.S. industry needed." Economists C. Fred Bergsten and Joseph E. Gagnon wrote in September 2012: "The most overlooked cause of the economic weakness in the United States and Europe is what we call the 'global currency wars.' If all currency intervention were to cease, we estimate that the US trade deficit

title: The World Is What It Is

text: in 1996. The biography has been extensively reviewed: the reviewers include Paul Theroux, who wrote an earlier book about Naipaul. The biography was selected by the editors of the "New York Times Book Review" as one of the "Times"' "10 Best Books of 2008". It won the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award in Biography, and the British literary award the Hawthornden Prize. The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in

title: What a Man (2011 film)

text:
that despite "its slavish adherence to familiar genre conventions" the film provided "reasonably fun viewing" because of its "off-kilter humor" and the "chemistry exhibited by Schweighofer and Kekilli".
 Sandrine Sahakians of "www.filmequals.com" recommended the film to "anyone looking to put a smile on their faces".
 Andy Webster of the New York Times conceded "What a Man" possibly quoted some well-known patterns but added "its sureness of tone" made Schweighöfer "a talent to watch". What a Man (2011 film) What a Man is a 2011 German comedy film directed by Matthias Schweighöfer. It was well received by German critics

title: 2011 in BRACE

text: 2011 in BRACE The year 2011 is the 3rd year in the history of BRACE, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Australia. In 2011 BRACE held 2 events. BACE 13 was an event held on November 19, 2011, at Townsville Entertainment Centre, Townsville, Australia. BRACE 12 was an event held on October 15, 2011, at Derwent Entertainment Centre, Hobart, Australia. BRACE 11 was an event held on September 17, 2011, at Chandler Theatre, Brisbane, Australia. BRACE 10 was an event held on August 27, 2011, at Convention Centre, Canberra, Australia. BACE 9 was an event held on June 4,

title: What Is the Fastest Thing in the World?

text: What Is the Fastest Thing in the World? What Is the Fastest Thing in the World? is a Greek fairy tale collected by Georgios A. Megas in "Folktales of Greece". It is Aarne-Thompson type 875 and has many Greek and Slavic variants, generally revolving about the exchange of clever answers. This type of tale is the commonest European tale dealing with witty exchanges. In ballad form, the clever answers to the riddles, and the winning of a husband by them, are found in Child ballad 1, "Riddles Wisely Expounded". A brother argue over how they should split their land, some

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: a "scapegoat" for the US's failings. China accused the US of waging the currency war and that it has "exercised financial policies characterised as 'economic egoism.'" In April 2011, the "Financial Times" reported that Chinese officials have signalled 2016 as a date when they expect to stop intervening against their currency by buying dollar assets. Brazil is a large economy which has generally allowed their currency to float freely, with the exception of some low level interventions to counter large capital inflows resulting from major stock sales. As a result, since early 2009 her currency has risen substantially against the

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: dollar float freely. While the US has taken no direct action to devalue its currency, there is close to universal consensus among analysts that its quantitative easing programmes exert downwards pressure on the dollar. According to many analysts the currency war had largely fizzled out by mid-2011, though others including Mantega disagreed. As of March 2012, outbreaks of rhetoric were still occurring, with additional measures being adopted by countries like Brazil to control the appreciation of their currency. Yet by June, there were signs that currency misalignment had been levelling out in China and across the world, with even Mantega