query: what type of voting system does australia have?

title: Maori voting rights in Australia

text: Maori voting rights in Australia Maori voting rights in Australia have an unusual history compared to voting rights for other non-white minorities. Māori were first given the vote through the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902, which specifically limited voting enrolment to persons of European descent, and "aboriginal native(s)" of New Zealand, in an effort to allay New Zealand's concerns about joining the Federation. During the parliamentary debates over the Act, leading Labor Party member King O'Malley supported the inclusion of Maori, and the exclusion of Australian Aboriginals, in the franchise, arguing that "An aboriginal is not as intelligent as a Maori."

title: The purpose of a system is what it does

text: The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment,

title: The purpose of a system is what it does

text: be balanced by a more straightforwardly descriptive view. The term is used in many fields including biology and management. The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: voting election officials have to guess at the numbers of voters who might turn out – this often depends on the vagaries of the weather. Often voters are disenfranchied in those countries when voting officials err and not enough voting booths are provided. Long queues can result with voters being turned away at the close of polling not having had their chance to exercise their democratic right to vote. Australia uses various forms of preferential voting for almost all elections. Under this system, voters number the candidates on the ballot paper in the order of their preference. The preferential system

title: Voting

text: station; it is voluntary in some countries, compulsory in others, such as Australia. Different voting systems use different types of votes. Plurality voting does not require the winner to achieve a vote majority, or more than fifty percent of the total votes cast. In a voting system that uses a single vote per race, when more than two candidates run, the winner may commonly have less than fifty percent of the vote. A side effect of a single vote per race is vote splitting, which tends to elect candidates that do not support centrism, and tends to produce a two-party

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: Australia (1877). Colonial (soon to become States) electoral laws, including the secret ballot, applied for the first election of the Australian Parliament in 1901, and the system has continued to be a feature of all elections in Australia and also applies to referendums. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 does not explicitly set out the secret ballot but a reading of sections 206, 207, 325 and 327 of the Act would imply its assumption. Sections 323 and 226(4) do however, apply the principle of a secret ballot to polling staff and would also support the assumption. Proxy voting is not permitted

title: Type system

text: or an "effect system", which enables even more program specifications to be verified by a type checker. Beyond simple value-type pairs, a virtual "region" of code is associated with an "effect" component describing "what" is being done "with what", and enabling for example to "throw" an error report. Thus the symbolic system may be a "type and effect system", which endows it with more safety checking than type checking alone. Whether automated by the compiler or specified by a programmer, a type system makes program behavior illegal if outside the type-system rules. Advantages provided by programmer-specified type systems include: Advantages

title: Type system

text: consistent way. This checking can happen statically (at compile time), dynamically (at run time), or as a combination of static and dynamic checking. Type systems have other purposes as well, such as expressing business rules, enabling certain compiler optimizations, allowing for multiple dispatch, providing a form of documentation, etc. A type system associates a type with each computed value and, by examining the flow of these values, attempts to ensure or prove that no type errors can occur. The given type system in question determines exactly what constitutes a type error, but in general the aim is to prevent operations

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: really are voting for." Following the 2013 election, the Abbott Liberal government announced it would investigate changing the electoral system for the Senate in order to prevent the preference system being abused. On 22 February 2016, the Turnbull Liberal government announced several proposed changes. The changes had the support of the Liberal/National Coalition, the Australian Greens, and Nick Xenophon − a three-vote majority. The Senate reform legislation passed both houses of the Parliament of Australia on 18 March 2016 after the Senate sat all night debating the bill. The changes abolished group voting tickets and introduced "optional" preferential voting, along

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: and then it is sent by the voting official to the voter's home district to be counted there. Other alternatives are postal voting and early voting, known as "pre-poll voting", which are also available to voters who would not be in their registered electoral districts on an election day. A form of postal voting was introduced in Western Australia in 1877, followed by an improved method in South Australia in 1890. On the other hand, concerns about postal voting have been raised as to whether it complies with the requirements of a secret ballot, in that people cast their vote

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: Electoral system of Australia The Australian electoral system comprises the laws and processes used for the election of members of the Australian Parliament. The system presently has a number of distinctive features including compulsory enrolment, compulsory voting, majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house, the House of Representatives, and the use of the single transferable vote proportional representation system to elect the upper house, the Senate. The timing of elections is governed by the Constitution and political conventions. Generally, elections are held approximately every three years and are conducted by the independent Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: an election in which every seat in the Parliament is contested. The Governor-General would usually take such action only on the advice of the Prime Minister. Electoral system of Australia The Australian electoral system comprises the laws and processes used for the election of members of the Australian Parliament. The system presently has a number of distinctive features including compulsory enrolment, compulsory voting, majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house, the House of Representatives, and the use of the single transferable vote proportional representation system to elect the upper house, the Senate. The timing of elections

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: some savings in pork-barrelling because of this targeting. Chong et al. also argue that denial is a significant aspect of the debate about compulsory voting. A counter argument to opponents of compulsory voting is that in these systems the individual still has the practical ability to abstain at the polls by voting informally if they so choose, due to the secrecy of the ballot. A spoilt vote does not count towards any political party and effectively is the same as choosing not to vote under a non-compulsory voting system. However, Singer argues that even the appearance of voluntary participation is

title: Electronic voting

text: 2002, in the United States, the Help America Vote Act mandated that one handicapped accessible voting system be provided per polling place, which most jurisdictions have chosen to satisfy with the use of DRE voting machines, some switching entirely over to DRE. In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996. In 2004, India adopted Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) for its elections to its parliament with 380 million voters casting their ballots using more than one million voting machines. The Indian EVMs are designed

title: Nominal type system

text: all primarily use both nominal typing and nominal subtyping. Some nominally-subtyped languages, such as Java and C#, allow classes to be declared "final" (or "sealed" in C# terminology), indicating that no further subtyping is permitted. Nominal typing is useful at preventing accidental type equivalence, which allows better type-safety than structural typing. The cost is a reduced flexibility, as, for example, nominal typing does not allow new super-types to be created without modification of the existing subtypes. Nominal type system In computer science, a nominal or nominative type system (or name-based type system) is a major class of type system, in

title: Maori voting rights in Australia

text: This anomalous condition remained in some jurisdictions (such as the Northern Territory) until 1962, when the "Commonwealth Electoral Act" superseded the earlier act. Prior to universal Australian Indigenous franchise, organisations such as the Australian Aborigines' League highlighted the inconsistencies in Australian law that allowed Maori voting rights (as well as old age and disability pensions, maternity bonuses and unemployment relief) but denied them to Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders. Maori voting rights in Australia Maori voting rights in Australia have an unusual history compared to voting rights for other non-white minorities. Māori were first given the vote through the Commonwealth

title: Hindley–Milner type system

text: implicitly all-quantified. The presence of both bound and unbound type variables is a bit uncommon in programming languages. Often, all type variables are implicitly treated all-quantified. For instance, one does not have clauses with free variables in Prolog. Likely in Haskell, in the absence of the ScopedTypeVariables language extension, all type variables implicitly occur quantified, i.e. a Haskell type codice_4 means formula_12 here. Polymorphism means that one and the same expression can have (perhaps infinitely) many types. But in this type system, these types are not completely unrelated, but rather orchestrated by the parametric polymorphism. As an example, the identity

title: Type system

text: expecting a certain kind of value from being used with values for which that operation does not make sense (logic errors). Type systems are often specified as part of programming languages, and built into the interpreters and compilers for them; although the type system of a language can be extended by optional tools that perform added kinds of checks using the language's original type syntax and grammar. An example of a simple type system is that of the C language. The portions of a C program are the function definitions. One function is invoked by another function. The interface of

title: Plurality voting

text: FPTP in United Kingdom general elections, however). Nations which have undergone democratic reforms since 1990 but have not adopted the FPTP system include South Africa, almost all of the former Eastern bloc nations, Russia, Afghanistan and Iraq. Countries that use plurality voting to elect the lower or only house of their legislature include: The fatal flaws of Plurality (first-past-the-post) electoral systems - Proportional Representation Society of Australia Plurality voting Plurality voting is an electoral system in which each voter is allowed to vote for only one candidate, and the candidate who polls the most among their counterparts (a plurality) is

title: Type system

text: Haskell's type system, a version of Hindley–Milner, is a restriction of System Fω to so-called rank-1 polymorphic types, in which type inference is decidable. Most Haskell compilers allow arbitrary-rank polymorphism as an extension, but this makes type inference undecidable. (Type checking is decidable, however, and rank-1 programs still have type inference; higher rank polymorphic programs are rejected unless given explicit type annotations.) Some languages like Perl 6 or C# have a unified type system. This means that all C# types including primitive types inherit from a single root object. Every type in C# inherits from the Object class. Java has

title: Optical scan voting system

text: a potential attacker were to gain access to the voting system configuration files, they would be able to "credit one candidate with votes intended for another." He found these files are exposed in the computer system used to prepare the election, making them vulnerable to anyone setting up the election. The files are then transferred to the voting system using removable media, and "anyone with access to these media could potentially attack the system." Another form of wholesale fraud is during tabulation. Possible attacks have been demonstrated by Harri Hursti and the University of Connecticut. If an attacker is able

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: and additional costs. About 5% of enrolled voters fail to vote at most elections. In South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia voting at local elections is not compulsory. Compulsory voting was introduced for the Queensland state election in 1915, for federal elections since the 1925 federal election, and Victoria introduced it for the Legislative Assembly at the 1927 state election and for Legislative Council elections in 1935. New South Wales and Tasmania introduced compulsory voting in 1928, Western Australia in 1936 and South Australia in 1942. The immediate justification for compulsory voting at the federal level was the low voter

title: Score voting

text: Score voting Score voting or range voting is an electoral system for single-seat elections, in which voters give each candidate a score, the scores are added (or averaged), and the candidate with the highest total is elected. It has been described by various other names including evaluative voting, utilitarian voting, the point system, ratings summation, 0-99 voting, average voting, and utility voting. It is a type of cardinal voting electoral system. A crude form of score voting was apparently used in some elections in ancient Sparta, by measuring how loudly the crowd shouted for different candidates. This has a modern-day

title: Weighted voting

text: coalition. Weighted voting Weighted voting is an electoral system in which not all voters have the same amount of influence over the outcome of an election. Instead votes of different voters are given different weight. This type of electoral system is used in shareholder meetings, where votes are weighted by the number of shares that each shareholder owns. Other examples are the United States Electoral College and the European council, where the number of votes of each member state is proportional to the size of that state's population. The Roman assemblies provided for weighted voting after the person's tribal affiliation

title: Weighted voting

text: Weighted voting Weighted voting is an electoral system in which not all voters have the same amount of influence over the outcome of an election. Instead votes of different voters are given different weight. This type of electoral system is used in shareholder meetings, where votes are weighted by the number of shares that each shareholder owns. Other examples are the United States Electoral College and the European council, where the number of votes of each member state is proportional to the size of that state's population. The Roman assemblies provided for weighted voting after the person's tribal affiliation and

title: Compulsory voting

text: of Canada study on World income inequality — also relying on the Gini index — shows that income inequality is lowest in the Scandinavian countries, where compulsory voting has never existed, while Australia, and to a lesser extent Belgium, which strictly enforces their compulsory voting legislation, have a higher income inequality level than a number of other Western countries, such as Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, where compulsory voting does not exist. Monash University political scientist Waleed Aly argues that whether compulsory voting favors the right or the left is beside the point, because the most beneficial aspect

title: What Kate Does

text: week." VanDerWerff of the "LA Times", Ryan of the "Chicago Tribune", Sepinwall of "The Star-Ledger", Jensen of "Entertainment Weekly" and Mark Medley of the "National Post" also found the episode to contain humorous lines. This episode was watched by 11 million American viewers and 1.57 million Canadian viewers. What Kate Does "What Kate Does" is the 106th television episode of the American Broadcasting Company's "Lost" and third episode of the sixth season. It was written by executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed in September 2009 by Paul Edwards. "What Kate Does" was first aired February 9, 2010,

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: of party-listed candidates and party-determined orders of voting preference, known as 'group voting tickets' or 'above the line voting' which involves placing the number '1' in a single box and the vote is then allocated in accordance with the party's registered voting preferences. The AEC automatically allocates preferences, or votes, in the predetermined order outlined in the group voting ticket. Each party or group can register up to three group voting tickets. This highly complex system has potential for unexpected outcomes, including the possible election of a candidate who may have initially received an insignificant primary vote tally (see, for

title: What Kate Does

text: What Kate Does "What Kate Does" is the 106th television episode of the American Broadcasting Company's "Lost" and third episode of the sixth season. It was written by executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed in September 2009 by Paul Edwards. "What Kate Does" was first aired February 9, 2010, on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada. Kate Austen is the character on whom the episode is centered. In December 2007, Kate Austen chases after James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway), who escapes from the Others' captivity in the island's temple and is grieving over

title: Type system

text: accessed as if it were valid memory of any type. For more information, see memory safety. Some languages allow different levels of checking to apply to different regions of code. Examples include: Additional tools such as lint and IBM Rational Purify can also be used to achieve a higher level of strictness. It has been proposed, chiefly by Gilad Bracha, that the choice of type system be made independent of choice of language; that a type system should be a module that can be "plugged" into a language as needed. He believes this is advantageous, because what he calls mandatory

title: Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

text: Voluntary Voting System Guidelines The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG) are guidelines adopted by the United States Election Assistance Commission (EAC) for the certification of voting systems. The National Institute of Standards and Technology's Technical Guidelines Development Committee drafts the VVSG and gives them to the EAC in draft form for their adoption. The Help America Vote Act instructed Election Assistance Commission (EAC) to develop voluntary voting system guidelines—a set of specifications and requirements against which voting systems can be tested to determine if the systems provide all of the basic functionality, accessibility and security capabilities required of these systems.

title: 2003 Sammarinese voting system referendum

text: 2003 Sammarinese voting system referendum A referendum on the voting system was held in San Marino on 3 August 2003. The proposed change would have reduced the number of preferential votes from three to one. Although it was approved by 80.72% of voters, the number voting in favour (8,755) did not pass the required quorum of 32% of all registered voters (10,105). The original proposal was to only reduce the number of preferential votes for overseas voters. However, the Electoral Tribunal ruled on 10 June 2003, that this was inadmissible, as it differentiated between voters in the country and abroad.

title: 2011 New Zealand voting system referendum

text: on 26 November, would have to occur on or before 31 January 2015). This second referendum, like in 1993, would allow voters to choose between the MMP system, and the alternative system that received the most votes in the 2011 referendum. The system that received the majority in the second referendum would become the voting system for the following general elections. The Electoral Commission started its information campaign in late May 2011, sending out information on the voting process with its enrollment update campaign. It has launched a website, with information on the five voting systems. On the decision for

title: Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

text: in the summer of 2009. There are also efforts in parallel to develop a rewrite of these guidelines, known as the VVSG 2.0 or the VVSG Next Iteration, though these efforts are still underway. Three iterations of federal voting system standards have been issued by the federal government. The first set of standards was created in 1990 by the Federal Election Commission (FEC.) In 2002, the FEC updated the standards by adopting a second iteration, known as the 2002 Voting System Standards (VSS). The VSS consists of two volumes: Volume 1 and Volume 2. The Help America Vote Act of

title: Optical scan voting system

text: the use of special ink to mark the ballot. The Votronic, from 1965, was the first optical mark vote tabulator able to sense marks made with a graphite pencil. The oldest optical-scan voting systems scan ballots using optical mark recognition scanners. Voters mark their choice in a voting response location, usually filling a rectangle, circle or oval, or by completing an arrow. Various mark-sense voting systems have used a variety of different approaches to determining what marks are counted as votes. Early systems, such as the Votronic, introduced in 1965, had a single photosensor per column of marks on the

title: What She Does Best

text: What She Does Best What She Does Best is a studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1988. It was her only album with Mercury records. Notable due to featuring her last charting single, "What She Does Best" did not chart and was commercially unsuccessful. It would be her last album for four years, as Anderson went into a brief retirement and officially retired from releasing singles. The singles from this disc were "Under the Boardwalk" (a cover version of The Drifters' hit), "What He Does Best", and "How Many Hearts". "Under the Boardwalk" reached No. 24; the

title: STAR voting

text: STAR voting STAR voting is an electoral system for single-seat elections. The name (an allusion to star ratings) stands for "Score then Automatic Runoff", referring to the fact that this system is a combination of score voting, to pick two frontrunners with the highest total scores, followed by a "virtual runoff" in which the frontrunner who is preferred on more ballots wins. It is a type of cardinal voting electoral system. The concept was first proposed in October 2014 by Mark Frohnmayer, and was initially called score plus top two or score runoff voting (SRV). The runoff step was introduced

title: Optical scan voting system

text: replaced with a spare. This also allow many more people to simultaneously vote than would be the case with fully computerized voting. Using more than 80,000 optical scanners during its last two elections (2010 and 2013), the Philippines has reduced the time to process votes and announce results. The Philippine elections constitute the largest deployment of optical scanners in the world. Optical scan voting system An optical scan voting system is an electronic voting system and uses an optical scanner to read marked paper ballots and tally the results. While mark sense technology dates back to the 1930s and optical

title: Type system

text: a language may also have implications for type compatibility. Type system In programming languages, a type system is a set of rules that assigns a property called type to the various constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions or modules. These types formalize and enforce the otherwise implicit categories the programmer uses for algebraic data types, data structures, or other components (e.g. "string", "array of float", "function returning boolean"). The main purpose of a type system is to reduce possibilities for bugs in computer programs by defining interfaces between different parts of a computer program, and then

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: and for obstacles to be put in the way of classes of individuals (ethnic/coloured; either registration requirements or placement of voting booths) as often happens under other voting systems. The compulsion requirement also needs to be kept in proportion: jury duty and compulsory military service are vastly more onerous citizen's compulsions than attending a local voting booth once every few years. Perhaps the most compelling reason to use a system of compulsory voting is a simple matter of logistics, that is, to facilitate the smooth and orderly process of an election. Every year in countries that do not have compulsory

text: 2011 New Zealand voting system referendum The New Zealand voting system referendum, 2011, was a referendum on whether to keep the existing mixed member proportional (MMP) voting system, or to change to another voting system, for electing Members of Parliament to New Zealand's House of Representatives. It was held on Saturday 26 November 2011, in conjunction with the 2011 general election, The referendum was indicative (non-binding), and asked two questions. The first question asked voters if they wished to keep the existing MMP voting system, or change to a different voting system. The second question asked which alternative voting system

title: What Kate Does

text: reviews"; however, this was down significantly from the previous episode's 89 and Bonnie Covel of About.com noted that " 'What Kate Does' brought us a bit of negativity. In general, fans just didn't like the episode". "What Kate Does" was largely considered to be a step down from the season premiere in pacing, revelations and writing; Mike Hale of "The New York Times" described the episode as "contemplative", "anticlimactic" and "subdued" and the flash sideways as "kind of boring and seemingly pointless." Chris Carabott of IGN, who gave the episode a score of 7.3 summed up that " 'What Kate

title: Electronic voting

text: identity of a voter remotely, and that the introduction of public networks become more vulnerable and complex. Whether the total cost of ownership with electronic voting is lower than other systems is not yet clear. Polling place electronic voting or Internet voting examples have taken place in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Namibia, the Netherlands (Rijnland Internet Election System), Norway, Peru, Switzerland, the UK, Venezuela, and the Philippines. In 1996, after tests conducted on more than 50 municipalities, the Brazilian Electoral Justice has launched their "voting machine". Since 2000, all Brazilian voters are able to use

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: is conflict. Federal elections have been held on a Saturday since the 1913 federal election. In Victoria elections have been held on a Saturday since the 1927 state election. Voting is compulsory at federal elections, by-elections and referendums for those on the electoral roll, as well as for State and Territory elections. Australia enforces compulsory voting. People in this situation are asked to explain their failure to vote. If no satisfactory reason is provided (for example, illness or religious prohibition), a fine of up to $170 is imposed, and failure to pay the fine may result in a court hearing

title: Type system

text: incorrectly yet be safely typed, and produce no compiler errors. Division by zero is an unsafe and incorrect operation, but a type checker running at compile time only does not scan for division by zero in most languages, and then it is left as a runtime error. To prove the absence of these more-general-than-types defects, other kinds of formal methods, collectively known as program analyses, are in common use. Alternatively, a sufficiently expressive type system, such as in dependently typed languages, can prevent these kinds of errors (for example, expressing "the type of non-zero numbers"). In addition software testing is

title: Voting machine

text: used to process absentee ballots. Central counting can be done by hand, and in some jurisdictions, central counting is done using the same type of voting machine deployed at polling places, but since the introduction of the Votomatic punched-card voting system and the Norden Electronic Vote Tallying System in the 1960s, high speed ballot tabulators have been in widespread use, particularly in large metropolitan jurisdictions. Today, commodity high-speed scanners sometimes serve this purpose, but special-purpose ballot scanners are also available that incorporate sorting mechanisms to separate tabulated ballots from those requiring human interpretation. Voted ballots are typically placed into secure

title: Optical scan voting system

text: Optical scan voting system An optical scan voting system is an electronic voting system and uses an optical scanner to read marked paper ballots and tally the results. While mark sense technology dates back to the 1930s and optical mark recognition dates to the 1950s, these technologies were first explored in the context of standardized tests such as college entrance exams. The first suggestion to use mark sense technology to count ballots came in 1953, but practical optical scanners did not emerge until the 1960s. The Norden Electronic Vote Tallying System was the first to be deployed, but it required

title: Type system

text: Type system In programming languages, a type system is a set of rules that assigns a property called type to the various constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions or modules. These types formalize and enforce the otherwise implicit categories the programmer uses for algebraic data types, data structures, or other components (e.g. "string", "array of float", "function returning boolean"). The main purpose of a type system is to reduce possibilities for bugs in computer programs by defining interfaces between different parts of a computer program, and then checking that the parts have been connected in a

title: Results of the 2011 New Zealand voting system referendum

text: change to another voting system, which voting system would you choose? Advance votes (votes cast before election day) will be progressively released after polling closes at 7:00 pm on 26 November (NZDT; UTC+13). Official results for the referendum will be released on 10 December 2011. Source: Results of the 2011 New Zealand voting system referendum The New Zealand voting system referendum, 2011 is a referendum being held to decide whether to retain the existing mixed member proportional (MMP) voting system, or to change to another voting system, in electing members of parliament to New Zealand's House of Representatives. It will

title: Plurality voting

text: votes (42%). Note that this system does not require that the winner have a majority but only a plurality. Memphis wins because it has the most votes, even though 58% of the voters in this example preferred Memphis least. Notice that this problem does not hold anymore in the two-round system, in which Nashville would have won. (In practice, with FPTP, many voters in Chattanooga and Knoxville are likely to vote tactically for Nashville: see below.) To a much greater extent than many other electoral methods, plurality electoral systems encourage tactical voting techniques, like "compromising". Voters are pressured to vote

title: Voting

text: voter can vote for any subset of the alternatives. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. Approval voting uses such multiple votes. In a voting system that uses a "ranked vote", the voter has to rank the alternatives in order of preference. For example, they might vote for Bob in first place, then Emily, then Alice, then Daniel, and finally Charlie. Ranked voting systems, such as those famously used in Australia, use a ranked vote. In a voting system that uses a "scored vote" (or "range vote"), the voter gives each alternative a

title: Data type

text: built from primitive types. A type system associates types with computed values. By examining the flow of these values, a type system attempts to prove that no "type errors" can occur. The type system in question determines what constitutes a type error, but a type system generally seeks to guarantee that operations expecting a certain kind of value are not used with values for which that operation does not make sense. A compiler may use the static type of a value to optimize the storage it needs and the choice of algorithms for operations on the value. In many C

title: Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

text: a testing method designed to bring greater security to voting systems in the polling place. The TGDC draft is divided into three main parts. It also includes an introduction and a glossary. The glossary can be found at the end of the document as "Appendix A" (Definition of Words with Special Meanings), and it indicates that the definitions provided there are special to the VVSG and may not conform to local or traditional usage. Voluntary Voting System Guidelines The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG) are guidelines adopted by the United States Election Assistance Commission (EAC) for the certification of voting

title: Binomial voting

text: of the binomial system, as it provides a representation to the big minority that first-past-the-post systems don't. Critics of this system argue that it makes for a flawed democracy, as it does not necessarily elect the candidate who received the most votes. Furthermore, it effectively excludes the smaller political forces that are not a part of either of the two big electoral alliances. Binomial voting The binomial system () is a voting system that was used in the parliamentary elections of Chile between 1989 and 2013. From a voting system point of view, it is a multiple-winner method of proportional

title: Parliament of Australia

text: to elect members of the House of Representatives but since the 1918 Swan by-election which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote due to vote splitting amongst the conservative parties, the Nationalist Party of Australia government, a predecessor of the modern-day Liberal Party of Australia, changed the lower house voting system to Instant-runoff voting, which in Australia is known as full preferential voting, as of the subsequent 1919 election. This system has remained in place ever since, allowing the Coalition parties to safely contest the same seats. Full-preference preferential voting re-elected the Bob Hawke government at the 1990 election,

title: DRE voting machine

text: precincts at the central location. The device started to be massively used in 1996, in Brazil, where 100% of the elections voting system is carried out using machines. In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996. The idea of voting by push button, with electrical technology used to total the votes, dates back to the 19th century, when Frank Wood of Boston was granted a patent on a direct-recording electrical voting machine. (Thomas Edison's electrical voting system patent is sometimes cited in this

title: What She Does Best

text: other singles charted far outside the Top 40. "How Many Hearts" was the last single Anderson released, and it peaked at No. 69 on the country charts in 1989. The album's cover shows Anderson leaning on a fancy sports car, wearing a classic 1980s outfit. What She Does Best What She Does Best is a studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1988. It was her only album with Mercury records. Notable due to featuring her last charting single, "What She Does Best" did not chart and was commercially unsuccessful. It would be her last album for four

title: Electronic voting

text: notion that people cannot trust any programming they did not author. Critics of electronic voting, including security analyst Bruce Schneier, note that "computer security experts are unanimous on what to do (some voting experts disagree, but it is the computer security experts who need to be listened to; the problems here are with the computer, not with the fact that the computer is being used in a voting application)... DRE machines must have a voter-verifiable paper audit trails... Software used on DRE machines must be open to public scrutiny" to ensure the accuracy of the voting system. Verifiable ballots are

title: Type system

text: Gordon Plotkin established the formal theory under the slogan: "Abstract [data] types have existential type". The theory is a second-order typed lambda calculus similar to System F, but with existential instead of universal quantification. Gradual typing is a type system in which variables may be typed either at compile-time (which is static typing) or at run-time (which is dynamic typing), allowing software developers to choose either type paradigm as appropriate, from within a single language. In particular, gradual typing uses a special type named "dynamic" to represent statically-unknown types, and gradual typing replaces the notion of type equality with a

text: Results of the 2011 New Zealand voting system referendum The New Zealand voting system referendum, 2011 is a referendum being held to decide whether to retain the existing mixed member proportional (MMP) voting system, or to change to another voting system, in electing members of parliament to New Zealand's House of Representatives. It will be held in conjunction with the 2011 general election, which is set down to be held on Saturday 26 November 2011. The questions being asked are: Part A Should New Zealand keep the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system? Part B If New Zealand were to

title: Group voting ticket

text: in the group. Voters wishing to preference multiple parties with an "above the line" vote can use lower preferences ("2", "3", and so on) in those parties' "above the line" boxes. Other changes to party registration processes have also resulted in many fewer parties contesting NSW Legislative Council elections. Group voting tickets for the Senate were abolished as part of the voting reforms prior to the 2016 election in favour of optional preferential voting. The government proposed reform of the Senate voting system in February 2016. The Senate reform legislation passed both houses of the Parliament of Australia in March

title: Type system

text: a programming language uses the safety of typed operations and conversions. Computer scientists consider a language "type-safe" if it does not allow operations or conversions that violate the rules of the type system. Some observers use the term "memory-safe language" (or just "safe language") to describe languages that do not allow programs to access memory that has not been assigned for their use. For example, a memory-safe language will check array bounds, or else statically guarantee (i.e., at compile time before execution) that array accesses out of the array boundaries will cause compile-time and perhaps runtime errors. Consider the following

title: What Kate Does

text: doesn't quite know how to write a woman of action who's also in love … many of the show's Kate flashbacks are just plain silly … there have been a lot of pretty dire Kate episodes." Whitney Matheson of "USA Today" said that she "wanted to stab Kate with a hot poker" after watching "What Kate Does". Josh Holloway's supporting performance as a grieving Sawyer was commended by Carabott of IGN, who said that his acting on the dock as he cried and revealed to Kate that he was going to ask Juliet to marry him was "one of Josh

title: What Does the K Stand For?

text: feel less like real people than excuses to weave in a few good dad jokes". Overall, Elan found, "What lifts the show are the elements of diaspora life weaved throughout, as when Aunty Princess visits from Nigeria and accuses Virginia [Stephen's mother] of cultural betrayal ('You have adopted too many fine and fancy British ways'). Stephen defends the family by suggesting she should 'go back home', prompting him to reflect that he has turned into his own racist enemy. It's unexpectedly thoughtful stuff, suggesting the third series may be even better." What Does the K Stand For? What Does the

title: Optical scan voting system

text: to the shape of the mark as well as the total overall darkness, as illustrated by the ES&S Model 100, introduced in the mid 1990s. The ballot can be immediately tabulated at polling stations allowing for voters to be notified by the voting system of voting errors such as an overvote and can prevent residual votes. One such method can display a digital image of the ballot being submitted and allows the voter to review how their ballots are being read. This is known as a precinct-count voting system. Alternately the ballots can be collected in the polling station and

title: Optional preferential voting

text: a third choice, but not a second choice). In that case, the next ranking would be advanced to the next highest ranking. Optional preferential voting Optional preferential voting (OPV) is a type of preferential voting system under which voters may choose to mark a preference for one candidate (effectively voting as though it were a first-past-the-post election), all candidates or any number of candidates in between. Although complete numbering is not required under the OPV system (effectively full-preferential voting, also known as Instant-runoff voting (IRV)), single-preference voters may be required to use a '1' rather than a tick or cross.

title: Optional preferential voting

text: Optional preferential voting Optional preferential voting (OPV) is a type of preferential voting system under which voters may choose to mark a preference for one candidate (effectively voting as though it were a first-past-the-post election), all candidates or any number of candidates in between. Although complete numbering is not required under the OPV system (effectively full-preferential voting, also known as Instant-runoff voting (IRV)), single-preference voters may be required to use a '1' rather than a tick or cross. Some jurisdictions allow ticks or crosses as the voter's intention is clear. OPV is used in elections in New South Wales and

text: electorates, 56 voted in majority to keep MMP while 14 voted in majority to change system. The seven Maori electorates had the largest votes in favour of keeping MMP, with Waiariki having the highest percentage in favour - 85.5 percent. Clutha-Southland had the highest percentage in favour of change - 55.4 percent. 2011 New Zealand voting system referendum The New Zealand voting system referendum, 2011, was a referendum on whether to keep the existing mixed member proportional (MMP) voting system, or to change to another voting system, for electing Members of Parliament to New Zealand's House of Representatives. It was

title: Type system of the Royal Navy

text: were Aircraft-Direction (ADW) Frigates. Type 8X were Multi-Role ships. An Admiralty Fleet Order defined these ships as "Destroyers" if they could achieve "fleet speed" or as "Sloops" if they could not. The following Type numbers are known to have been used, or proposed; Type system of the Royal Navy The Type system is a classification system used by the British Royal Navy to classify surface escorts by function. The system evolved in the early 1950s, when the Royal Navy was experimenting with building single-purpose escort vessels with specific roles in light of experience gained in World War II. The original

text: the voter would prefer if New Zealand were to change voting system: first past the post, preferential voting, single transferable vote, or supplementary member. The official results were returned on 10 December 2011, with voters voting by majority to keep the MMP voting system. First Past The Post received the plurality of the alternative system vote. New Zealand's electoral system was reformed during the year 1996. A Royal Commission on the Electoral System was established in 1985 by the Fourth Labour Government, after the Labour Party had received more votes, yet won fewer seats than the National Party in both

title: Voting behavior

text: peer effects, as originating from family and friends, also play an important role in elections and voting behavior. An important question in this context is how to disentangle the social contagion by peers from external influences. The degree to which voting decision is affected by internal processes and external influences alters the quality of making truly democratic decisions. The existing literature does not provide an explicit classification of voting behavior types. However, research following the Cypriot referendum of 2004, identified four distinct voting behaviors depending on the election type. Citizens use different decision criteria if they are called to exercise

title: Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

text: On December 13, 2005, the Election Assistance Commission unanimously adopted the 2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG), which significantly increase security requirements for voting systems and expand access, including opportunities to vote privately and independently, for individuals with disabilities. The guidelines update and augment the 2002 Voting System Standards, as required by HAVA, to address advancements in election practices and computer technologies. These guidelines are voluntary. States may decide to adopt them entirely or in part prior to the effective date. A proposed revision to these guidelines, known as the VVSG 1.1, was offered during a 120-day public comment period

title: Joint Electronics Type Designation System

text: and space), recognition and identification, communications, aids to navigation, weapons control and evaluation, flight control, and electronics countermeasures. Nomenclature is assigned to: In the JETDS system, complete equipment sets or systems are designated with a sequence of letters and digits prefixed by AN/, then three letters, a hyphen, a number, and (occasionally) some optional letters (AN/AAA-nnn suffixed by (Vn){hardware/software version} or (T){training equipment} . The three letters tell where the equipment is used, what it does and its purpose. For example, the AN/PRC-77 is a Portable Radio used for two way Communications. The model numbers for any given type of

title: We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes

text: Seattle to visit a girlfriend. Death Cab for Cutie Additional personnel We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes is the second studio album by indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie, released March 21, 2000, on Barsuk Records. Death Cab for Cutie's first concept album, the album features a story about a ruined relationship. No singles were released for the album. In 2011, guitarist Chris Walla reflected upon the album stating: "That second record, especially, for years and years has been my favorite ... As I try to figure out what

title: We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes

text: We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes is the second studio album by indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie, released March 21, 2000, on Barsuk Records. Death Cab for Cutie's first concept album, the album features a story about a ruined relationship. No singles were released for the album. In 2011, guitarist Chris Walla reflected upon the album stating: "That second record, especially, for years and years has been my favorite ... As I try to figure out what it is about that record that I react to so strongly

title: Type system

text: be used e.g. to generate new types and behaviors on the fly, based on run-time data. Such advanced constructs are often provided by dynamic programming languages; many of these are dynamically typed, although "dynamic typing" need not be related to "dynamic programming languages". Languages are often colloquially referred to as "strongly typed" or "weakly typed". In fact, there is no universally accepted definition of what these terms mean. In general, there are more precise terms to represent the differences between type systems that lead people to call them "strong" or "weak". A third way of categorizing the type system of

title: Proportional Representation Society of Australia

text: Act 1934 requires a referendum before either House can be abolished, but does not specify or entrench the electoral system. The Society advocates the use of Hare-Clark proportional voting, a form of the Single Transferable Vote method (STV) that is currently in use for elections in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory. It has published a quarterly newsletter entitled "Quota Notes". The Society has also published educational documents and aids such as The Society has raised issues in relation to the conduct of public elections in Australia, which include: The Proportional Representation Society has made submissions to governments which have

title: Electoral system of Australia

text: preferential voting, which is known outside Australia by names such as "instant runoff voting" (IRV) and "alternative voting". When the polls close at 6 pm on election day, the votes are counted. The count is conducted by officers of the Australian Electoral Commission, watched by nominated volunteer observers from the political parties, called "scrutineers", who are entitled to observe the whole voting process from the opening of the booth. The votes from each polling booth in the electorate are tallied at the office of the returning officer for the electorate. If one of the candidates has more than 50% of

title: Type system

text: verifies what it can, and dynamic checks verify the rest. Many languages with static type checking provide a way to bypass the type checker. Some languages allow programmers to choose between static and dynamic type safety. For example, C# distinguishes between "statically-typed" and "dynamically-typed" variables. Uses of the former are checked statically, whereas uses of the latter are checked dynamically. Other languages allow writing code that is not type-safe; for example, in C, programmers can freely cast a value between any two types that have the same size, effectively subverting the type concept. For a list of languages with static

title: Optical scan voting system

text: scanning voting system tabulation and report is accurate by doing a hand count against the machine's results. By performing such an audit, election officials can confirm the system is in good standing. Or, if an error in the counting is discovered during a random audit of the machine(s), a full recount can be conducted, and the system evaluated for the source of failure or fraud. An advantage compared to DRE voting machines is that even if the optical scanner fails, voters can still fill out their paper ballot, and leave it to be scanned when the machine is fixed or

title: Plural voting

text: Plural voting Plural voting is the practice whereby one person might be able to vote multiple times in an election. It is not to be confused with a plurality voting system which does not necessarily involve plural voting. Weighted voting is a generalisation of plural voting. In the United Kingdom, up to 1948, people affiliated with a university were allowed a vote in both a university constituency and their home constituency, and property owners could vote both in the constituency where their property lay and that in which they lived, if the two were different. Therefore some university-educated property owners

title: Plural voting

title: Substructural type system

text: Substructural type system Substructural type systems are a family of type systems analogous to substructural logics where one or more of the structural rules are absent or only allowed under controlled circumstances. Such systems are useful for constraining access to system resources such as files, locks and memory by keeping track of changes of state that occur and preventing invalid states. Several type systems have emerged by discarding some of the structural rules of exchange, weakening, and contraction: The explanation for affine type systems is best understood if rephrased as “every "occurrence" of a variable is used at most once”.

title: P.S.K. What Does It Mean?

text: P.S.K. What Does It Mean? "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" (also written as "P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was affiliated. The highly influential song is considered the first hardcore rap song and features incidents of graphic sex, gunplay, drug references and one of the first uses of the word "nigga" in a rap song (earlier uses include "Scoopy Rap" and "Family Rap" in 1979, and "New York

title: What Difference Does It Make?

text: What Difference Does It Make? "What Difference Does It Make?" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut album, "The Smiths". A different version, recorded for the John Peel Show on BBC Radio 1, is included in the compilation album "Hatful of Hollow". The song was one of the band's first significant chart hits, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Chart. However, Morrissey has said "What Difference Does It Make?" is among his least favourite songs

title: Optical scan voting system

text: but eventually was decided against due to controversy surrounding the accuracy of voting tallies. The technology was first used by the town of Menstrie, Clackmannanshire Scotland in their 2006 local community council elections. Optical scan voting systems are a form of document ballot voting system, meaning that there is a tangible record of the voter's intent (a paper ballot). Like traditional paper ballots these are subject to electoral fraud and ballot stuffing. One form of wholesale fraud possible with optical scan voting systems is during the recording of votes. Douglas W. Jones of the University of Iowa states that if

title: What Does Anything Mean? Basically

text: of its icy church keyboards and delay-ridden guitars". Chris Jenkins, in the book "The Rough Guide to Rock", however, called it "as half-baked as its title". What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: "Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)". "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, "Singing Rule Britannia

title: What Does Anything Mean? Basically

text: What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: "Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)". "What Does Anything Mean? Basically" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, "Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)", was released on 1 August 1985. This song used uncredited Lennon-McCartney lyrics, with the final passage of the song quoting key

title: What Difference Does It Make?

text: and the covers featuring Morrissey are now very rare and collectible. "What Difference Does It Make?" was released without an accompanying music video. Speaking to Tony Fletcher on "The Tube" in 1984, Morrissey remarked that he felt that the video market was something that was going to "die very quickly", and that he wanted to "herald the death" of it. What Difference Does It Make? "What Difference Does It Make?" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut

title: Type system

text: that are coded that would be caught by appropriately representing the designed types in code. Static typing advocates believe programs are more reliable when they have been well type-checked, whereas dynamic-typing advocates point to distributed code that has proven reliable and to small bug databases. The value of static typing, then, presumably increases as the strength of the type system is increased. Advocates of dependent typing, implemented in languages such as Dependent ML and Epigram, have suggested that almost all bugs can be considered type errors, if the types used in a program are properly declared by the programmer or

title: P.S.K. What Does It Mean?

text: was first used on the song "Rock 'N' Roll" which later became "You'll Be Under My Wheels". The second time they used it is from a song called "Lyrical Terrorist" which later became "Serial Thrilla", but it was soon used on the album "The Day Is My Enemy". P.S.K. What Does It Mean? "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" (also written as "P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was

text: which voting system to vote for, the Electoral Commission said that no voting system is perfect, each system has its advantages and disadvantages, and it is up to the voters to decide. It did pose five questions for people to consider answers to on selecting a voting system: The Campaign for MMP group has been established to mobilise support for the mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation electoral system leading up to the 2011 referendum. It is headed by three spokespeople: New Zealand Tertiary Education Union president Sandra Grey, chair of the Republican Movement of Aotearoa New Zealand Lewis Holden and Dunedin

title: Vision Australia

text: the organization's goal is to have its library available as online downloads for its community. A win for Vision Australia's Policy and Advocacy department was the introduction of Electronic voting (or E-voting) at the Victoria State Elections in 2007. For the first time in Australian history, people who were blind were able to vote in secrecy and independently. The Victorian Electoral Commission's e-voting system was set up in response to submissions for electoral reform by Vision Australia and Blind Citizens Australia. Vision Australia's Information Library Service is listed in the National Library of Australia Catalogue. Vision Australia is also a

title: Type system

text: when called, at run-time. Duck typing differs from structural typing in that, if the "part" (of the whole module structure) needed for a given local computation is present "at runtime", the duck type system is satisfied in its type identity analysis. On the other hand, a structural type system would require the analysis of the whole module structure at compile time to determine type identity or type dependence. Duck typing differs from a nominative type system in a number of aspects. The most prominent ones are that for duck typing, type information is determined at runtime (as contrasted to compile

title: Type system

text: "type of a type", or metatype). These are the abstractions that typing can go through, on a hierarchy of levels contained in a system. When a programming language evolves a more elaborate type system, it gains a more finely grained rule set than basic type checking, but this comes at a price when the type inferences (and other properties) become undecidable, and when more attention must be paid by the programmer to annotate code or to consider computer-related operations and functioning. It is challenging to find a sufficiently expressive type system that satisfies all programming practices in a type safe

title: STAR voting

text: cause a more-preferred candidate to lose. It does not satisfy the later-no-help criterion, meaning that giving a positive rating to a less-preferred candidate can cause a more-preferred candidate to win. These criteria are not considered important by STAR advocates, as some are mutually exclusive, and no voting system can ever meet all such criteria simultaneously. Advocates claim that STAR strikes a balance between such competing criteria, and performs better than other systems in voter satisfaction simulations. STAR voting STAR voting is an electoral system for single-seat elections. The name (an allusion to star ratings) stands for "Score then Automatic Runoff",

title: Voting

text: in Australia, Ireland and the USA. Voters rank each candidate in order of preference (1,2,3 etc.). Votes are distributed to each candidate according to the preferences allocated. If no single candidate has 50% or more votes than the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded and their votes redistributed according to the voters nominated order of preference. The process repeating itself until a candidate has 50% or more votes. The system is designed to produce the same result as an exhaustive ballot but using only a single round of voting. In a voting system that uses a "multiple vote", the

title: Hindley–Milner type system

text: same reason as in functional languages, methods like HM cannot be made going for this purpose. It is not difficult to setup a type system with subtyping enabling object-oriented style, as e.g. Cardelli Such objects would be immutual in a functional language context, but the type system would enable object-oriented programming style and the type inference method could be reused in imperative languages. The subtyping rule for the record types is: Syntatically, record expressions would have form and have a type rule leading to the above type. Such record values could then be used the same way as objects in

title: What Kate Does

text: the death of his love Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) just hours earlier. In flash sideways to September 22, 2004, Kate assists a pregnant Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) while on the run as a fugitive. The title alludes to the second season episode "What Kate Did". "What Kate Does" was watched by eleven million Americans and received mixed reviews by audiences and critics alike. In flash sideways, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) flees LAX in a taxicab she has hijacked, in which a pregnant Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) is a passenger. The cab driver (David H. Lawrence XVII) bails and