query: what countries include western europe?

title: Western Europe

text: Atlantic Current. Western European languages mostly fall within two Indo-European language families: the Romance languages, descended from the Latin of the Roman Empire; and the Germanic languages, whose ancestor language (Proto-Germanic) came from southern Scandinavia. Romance languages are spoken primarily in the southern and central part of Western Europe, Germanic languages in the northern part (the British Isles and the Low Countries), as well as a large part of Northern and Central Europe. Other Indo-European languages include the Celtic group (that is, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton). Basque is the only currently living Western European language isolate.

title: Western Europe

text: since the 11th century, divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. With certain simplifications, Western Europe is thus Catholic or Protestant and uses the Latin alphabet. Eastern Europe is Orthodox and uses the Greek alphabet or Cyrillic script. According to this definition, Western Europe is formed by countries with dominant Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, including countries which are considered part of Central Europe now: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

title: Western Europe

text: and Luxembourg have the highest average wage in the world, in nominal and PPP respectively. Denmark ranks highest in the world on the Social Progress Index. Western Europe Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe. Below, some different geographic, geopolitical and cultural definitions of the term are outlined. Significant historical events that have shaped the concept of Western Europe include the rise of Rome, the adoption of Greek culture during the Roman Republic, the adoption of Christianity by Roman Emperors, the division of the Latin West and Greek East, the Fall of the Western Roman Empire,

title: Western Europe

text: Western Europe Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe. Below, some different geographic, geopolitical and cultural definitions of the term are outlined. Significant historical events that have shaped the concept of Western Europe include the rise of Rome, the adoption of Greek culture during the Roman Republic, the adoption of Christianity by Roman Emperors, the division of the Latin West and Greek East, the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the reign of Charlemagne, the Viking Invasions, the East-West schism, the Black Death, the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, the Protestant Reformation as well as the

title: Western Europe

text: Schwerin von Krosigk in the last days of the war; however, its use was hugely popularised by Winston Churchill, who used it in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address on 5 March 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri: Although some countries were officially neutral, they were classified according to the nature of their political and economic systems. This division largely defines the popular perception and understanding of Western Europe and its borders with Eastern Europe. The world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. West Germany peacefully absorbed East Germany, in the German reunification. Comecon

title: United States presidential visits to Western Europe

text: Berlin), 19 to Belgium, nine to Switzerland, six to Austria, and five to the Netherlands. No president has yet visited Liechtenstein, Luxembourg or Monaco. United States presidential visits to Western Europe Thirteen United States presidents have made presidential visits to Western Europe. The first visits by an incumbent President to countries in Western Europe were made in 1918 and 19 by Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peacemaking efforts. Visits occurring during the 1940s through 1980s were offshoots of American diplomatic interactions following World War II and

text: United States presidential visits to Western Europe Thirteen United States presidents have made presidential visits to Western Europe. The first visits by an incumbent President to countries in Western Europe were made in 1918 and 19 by Woodrow Wilson in the aftermath of World War I. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peacemaking efforts. Visits occurring during the 1940s through 1980s were offshoots of American diplomatic interactions following World War II and during the Cold War. To date, 38 visits have been made to France, 31 to Germany (including 10 specifically to West Germany or West

title: Medieval medicine of Western Europe

text: of blisters. The burn was prevented from becoming dry by using anointments placed on the burn. These anointments typically consisted of vinegar, egg, rose oil, opium, and a multitude of different herbs. The ointment was applied to affected area, and then reapplied as needed. Medieval medicine of Western Europe Medieval medicine in Western Europe was composed of a mixture of existing ideas from antiquity, spiritual influences and what Claude Lévi-Strauss identifies as the "shamanistic complex" and "social consensus." In the Early Middle Ages, following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, standard medical knowledge was based chiefly upon surviving Greek

title: Medieval medicine of Western Europe

text: Medieval medicine of Western Europe Medieval medicine in Western Europe was composed of a mixture of existing ideas from antiquity, spiritual influences and what Claude Lévi-Strauss identifies as the "shamanistic complex" and "social consensus." In the Early Middle Ages, following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, standard medical knowledge was based chiefly upon surviving Greek and Roman texts, preserved in monasteries and elsewhere. Many simply placed their hopes in the church and God to heal all their sicknesses. Ideas about the origin and cure of disease were not purely secular, but were also based on a world view in

title: Western Europe

text: Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognized political goals in Western Europe today. The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe. Western Europe is one of the richest regions of the world. Germany has the highest GDP in Europe and the largest financial surplus of any country, Luxembourg has the world's highest GDP per capita, and the United Kingdom has the highest Net National Wealth of any European state. Switzerland

title: Western Europe

text: and the Warsaw Pact were dissolved, and in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Several countries which had been part of the Soviet Union regained full independence. In 1948 the Treaty of Brussels was signed between Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. It was further revisited in 1954 at the Paris Conference, when the Western European Union was established. It was declared defunct in 2011 after the Treaty of Lisbon, and the Treaty of Brussels was terminated. When the Western European Union was dissolved, it had 10 member countries, six associate member countries, five observer countries

title: Eastern Europe

text: most importantly, have undergone historical fluctuations, which make a precise definition of the western geographic boundaries of Eastern Europe and the geographical midpoint of Europe somewhat difficult. The East–West Schism (which began in the 11th century and lasts until the present) divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently, the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. "Western Europe" according to this point of view is formed by countries with dominant Roman Catholic and Protestant churches (including Central European countries like Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). "Eastern Europe" is formed by countries with dominant Eastern Orthodox churches, like

title: Northern Europe

text: Northern Europe Northern Europe is the general term for the geographical region in Europe that is approximately north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea. Nations usually included within this region are Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden, and less often the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, northern Germany, northern Belarus and northwest Russia. Narrower definitions may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology. A broader definition would include the area north of the Alps. Countries which are central-western (such as Belgium), central (such as Austria) or central-eastern

title: Low Countries

text: that nowadays some parts of the Low Countries are actually hilly, like Luxembourg and the south of Belgium. Within the European Union the region's political grouping is still referred to as the Benelux (short for Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg). During the Roman empire the region contained a militarised frontier and contact point between Rome and Germanic tribes. With the collapse of the empire, the Low Countries were the scene of the early independent trading centres, that marked the reawakening of Europe in the 12th century. In that period, they rivalled northern Italy as one of the most densely populated regions of Western Europe.

title: Central Europe

text: Austria can be referred to as Central European, as well as Eastern European or Western European. Some sources also add neighbouring countries for historical reasons (the former Austro-Hungarian and German Empires, and modern Baltic states), or based on geographical and/or cultural reasons: The Baltic states, geographically in Northern Europe, have been considered part of Central Europe in the German tradition of the term, "Mitteleuropa". Benelux countries are generally considered a part of Western Europe, rather than Central Europe. Nevertheless, they are occasionally mentioned in the Central European context due to cultural, historical and linguistic ties. The following states or some

title: Central Europe

text: broader sense Romania too, occasionally also Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The comprehension of the concept of "Central Europe" is an ongoing source of controversy, though the Visegrád Group constituents are almost always included as "de facto" C.E. countries. Although views on which countries belong to Central Europe are vastly varied, according to many sources (see section Current views on Central Europe) the region includes the states listed in the sections below. Depending on context, Central European countries are sometimes grouped as Eastern or Western European countries, collectively or individually but some place them in Eastern Europe instead: for instance

title: Low Countries

text: and Germanic polytheism in this time period. The earliest examples of written literature include the Wachtendonck Psalms, a collection of twenty five psalms that originated in the Moselle-Frankish region around the middle of the 9th century. Low Countries The Low Countries, the Low Lands (, ), or historically also the Netherlands (), is a coastal lowland region in northwestern Europe, forming the lower basin of the Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt rivers, divided in the Middle Ages into numerous semi-independent principalities that consolidated in the countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, as well as today's French Flanders. Historically, the regions

title: Western European Nuclear Regulators' Association

text: Western European Nuclear Regulators' Association The Association of Regulators of Western Europe (WENRA), created February 4, 1999, is an association of agencies or regulatory agencies in the field of nuclear countries of Western Europe (including Switzerland). WENRA want to be a European network of chief regulators of EU countries with nuclear power plants (and Switzerland as well as of other interested European countries which have been granted observer status) to improve nuclear safety. The main purpose of WENRA are to develop : They are the representatives of authorities or nuclear regulators from 10 countries (in 1999) brought to 17 countries

title: Central Europe

text: architecture has been shaped by major European styles including but not limited to: Brick Gothic, Rococo, Secession (art) and Modern architecture. Six Central European countries are amongst those countries with higher numbers of World Heritage Sites: Central European countries are mostly Roman Catholic (Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) or mixed Catholic and Protestant, (Germany and Switzerland). Large Protestant groups include Lutheran and Calvinist. Significant populations of Eastern Catholicism and Old Catholicism are also prevalent throughout Central Europe. Central Europe has been a centre of Protestantism in the past; however, it has been mostly eradicated by

title: Central Europe

text: members of the Eurozone include Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland use their currencies (Croatian kuna, Czech koruna, Hungarian forint, Polish złoty), but are obliged to adopt the Euro. Switzerland uses its own currency, Swiss franc. Countries in descending order of Human Development Index (2014 data): The index of globalization in Central European countries (2015 data): Legatum Prosperity Index demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in Central Europe (2016 data): Most countries in Central Europe score tend to score above the average in the Corruption Perceptions Index (2015 data): According to

title: Central Europe

text: It includes countries of varied sizes, ranging from tiny Liechtenstein to Germany, the largest European country by population (that is entirely placed in Europe). Demographic figures for countries entirely located within notion of Central Europe ("the core countries") number around 165 million people, out of which around 83 million are residents of Germany. Other populations include: Poland with around 38.5 million residents, Czech Republic at 10.5 million, Hungary at 10 million, Austria with 8.9 million, Switzerland with its 8.5 million inhabitants, Slovakia at 5.4 million, Croatia with its 4.3 million residents, Slovenia at 2 million (2014 estimate) and Liechtenstein at

title: Terminology of the Low Countries

text: Terminology of the Low Countries The Low Countries is the coastal Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta region in Western Europe whose definition usually includes the modern countries of Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. Both Belgium and the Netherlands derived their names from earlier names for the region, due to "nether" meaning "low" and "Belgica" being the Latinized name for all the Low Countries, a nomenclature that went obsolete after Belgium's secession in 1830. The Low Countries—and the Netherlands and Belgium—had in their history exceptionally many and widely varying names, resulting in equally varying names in different languages. There is diversity even within languages:

title: Southern Europe

text: Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent. Most definitions of Southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include Gibraltar, Spain, Italy, Malta, Greece, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Slovenia, the East Thrace of European Turkey and Cyprus. Portugal, Andorra, Vatican City, San Marino, Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia are also often included despite not having a coast in the Mediterranean. Some definitions may also include mainland Southern France, Corsica and Monaco, which are otherwise considered parts of Western Europe. Different methods can be used to define Southern Europe, including its political, economic, and

text: (March 2003), including at least : And three more "observers invited" (Armenia, Russian Federation and Ukraine) in 2009 Western European Nuclear Regulators' Association The Association of Regulators of Western Europe (WENRA), created February 4, 1999, is an association of agencies or regulatory agencies in the field of nuclear countries of Western Europe (including Switzerland). WENRA want to be a European network of chief regulators of EU countries with nuclear power plants (and Switzerland as well as of other interested European countries which have been granted observer status) to improve nuclear safety. The main purpose of WENRA are to develop :

title: Northwestern Europe

text: Europe. Due to its geographically eastern position and unique status as a Finnic language country, Finland is sometimes geographically and culturally excluded from Northwestern Europe. Similarly, the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, although considered part of Northern Europe, are excluded due to their geographically eastern positions and connections to the rest of Eastern Europe . The term is helpful when discussing issues of climate or biology. Germanic languages are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe, although other languages are also present, including Romance languages in Northern France, Wallonia and Luxembourg, and Celtic languages along the western fringes

title: Avis Europe

text: by licence in 99 nations, while Avis Europe has directly owned and operated subsidiaries in the remaining thirteen (mostly in Western Europe). The group has Budget-branded operations at over 900 sites in 66 countries across EMEA (Avis Budget Group operates Budget in Asia). All of these are franchised except for those in Austria, Switzerland, France and the United Kingdom. Avis Europe Avis Europe plc is a United Kingdom-based company which holds the licence to operate the two main vehicle rental brands of Avis Budget Group (Avis Rent a Car System and Budget Rent a Car) in Europe, the Middle East

title: African immigration to Europe

text: Switzerland in 2017, in thousands. Source: Pew Research Center. African immigration to Europe African immigrants in Europe are either born in Africa or are of African descent but live in Europe. The Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was born in North Africa, in what is now modern day Libya. North Africans moved to Britain during Roman rule. Some white British men have a Y chromosome haplogroup originating from Sub-Saharan African males. Since the 1960s, the main source countries of migration from Africa to Europe have been Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, resulting in large diasporas with origins in these countries by the

title: Sport in Europe

text: bullfighting in Spain. Europe was the birthplace of the Olympic Movement that has become so central to modern individual sport, with the International Olympic Committee founded in Switzerland in 1894 and Rome being the first country to hold the First Olympic Games. Europe has hosted a total of 30 Olympic Games (16 Summer and 14 Winter), more than any other region in the world. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union, East Germany and other communist countries had a fierce rivalry in the Olympic Games with West Europe countries and the United States. Notable events include the Blood in the

title: Europe

text: Europe, they are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Romance languages are spoken primarily in south-western Europe as well as in Romania and Moldova, in Eastern Europe. Germanic languages are spoken in Northern Europe, the British Isles and some parts of Central Europe. Other Indo-European languages outside the three main groups include the Baltic group (that is, Latvian and Lithuanian), the Celtic group (that is, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton), Greek, Armenian, and Albanian. A distinct non-Indo-European family of Uralic languages (Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Erzya, Komi, Mari, Moksha, and Udmurt) is spoken mainly in Estonia, Finland,

title: Federation of Western Thrace Turks in Europe

text: be declared as having lost Greek nationality...” The Turkish minority was forced to migrate. While the vast majority of migration wave was towards Turkey, some groups chose to migrate to other European countries, in particular to Germany. Today, the population of Western Thrace Turks in Germany amounts to 30,000. A considerable number of Western Thrace Turks live in other EU Member States, such as the Netherlands, England, Sweden, France, Belgium and Austria. The need to keep alive their cultural values and maintain solidarity in their host countries led the Western Thrace Turks to create collectively created associations. In Germany, the

title: Western Europe

text: and United Kingdom. Eastern Europe, meanwhile is formed by countries with dominant Eastern Orthodox churches, including Greece, Belarus, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine for instance. The schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic from the 11th century, as well as from the 16th century also Protestant) churches. This division dominated Europe for centuries, in opposition to the rather short-lived Cold War division of 4 decades. Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West and the Eastern

title: Western Europe

text: and seven associate partner countries. The CIA classifies seven countries as belonging to "Western Europe": The CIA also classifies three countries as belonging to "Southwestern Europe": The Western European and Others Group is one of several unofficial Regional Groups in the United Nations that act as voting blocs and negotiation forums. Regional voting blocs were formed in 1961 to encourage voting to various UN bodies from different regional groups. The European members of the group are: In addition, Australia, Canada, Israel and New Zealand are members of the group, with the United States as observer. Using the CIA classification strictly

title: The Radical Right in Western Europe

text: The Radical Right in Western Europe The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis is a book written by Herbert Kitschelt in collaboration with Anthony J. McGann. It is a political science study of far right political party experiences in seven countries of Western Europe. In the book, Kitschelt explores the rise of the new radical right parties in Western Europe. He claims that this phenomenon has taken place due to the shift in the political spectra in these countries. Kitschelt further distinguishes between three forms of new radical right parties: "Neo-Fascists", which resemble the old Fascist parties and

title: Big Four (Western Europe)

text: Big Four (Western Europe) The Big Four, also known as G4 or EU4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. These countries are considered major European powers and they are the Western European countries individually represented as full members of the G7, the G8, the G-10 and the G20. France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom have been referred to as the "Big Four of Europe" since the interwar period. The term G4 was used for the first time when French President Nicolas Sarkozy called for a meeting in Paris with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister

title: Western Europe

text: Orthodox Christian (many times incorrectly labeled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons. During the four decades of the Cold War, the definition of East and West was rather simplified by the existence of the Eastern Bloc. Historians and social scientists generally view the Cold War definition of Western and Eastern Europe as outdated or relegating. During the final

title: Western culture

text: a geographical area is unclear and undefined. More often a country's ideology is what will be used to categorize it as a Western society. There is some disagreement about what nations should or should not be included in the category and at what times. Many parts of the Eastern Roman Empire are considered Western today but were Eastern in the past. Geographically, the "West" of today would include Europe (especially the European Union countries) together with extra-European territories belonging to the English-speaking world, the Hispanidad, the Lusosphere; and the Francophonie in the wider context. Since the context is highly biased

title: Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century

text: suggests that trade was the only way of communication between Western Europe and the Mughal empire. The trade was carried out by the same countries, only there were variations of the proportion of import for those countries, depending on what was going on at that time in Europe and on the alliances the countries tight themselves into. The pattern of Globalization and World entanglement was traced in 17th century through trade. This way the European countries found their place in the Mughal empire, gradually gaining more power over the trade and, consequently, over the empire until the British colonized the

title: The Radical Right in Western Europe

text: appeal to workers, "NRR" or new radical right such as the Vlaams Belang and the "populist" parties such as the radical parties of Italy. It was published by University of Michigan Press in 1995; it was reprinted in paperback in 1997. The Radical Right in Western Europe The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis is a book written by Herbert Kitschelt in collaboration with Anthony J. McGann. It is a political science study of far right political party experiences in seven countries of Western Europe. In the book, Kitschelt explores the rise of the new radical right parties

title: March 2013 Western Europe winter storm

text: March 2013 Western Europe winter storm The Western European winter storm March 2013 was a late season snow event that affected Southern England, Belgium, Northern France and Germany on March 12th 2013. It was notable for its effects particularly in Northern France where snowfall totals reached . Heavy snow and high winds were experienced in many northern and western countries in Europe. In Germany, up to of snow was reported to have fallen on Frankfort Airport on the 12th. This was enough to close the airport for a time during the day and more than 200 flights were scrapped by

title: Core countries

text: feudal crisis lead to the development of the world economic system. The world economic system came about during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. The most dominant of Northwestern Europe were England, France, and the Netherlands (see map of Western Europe on the right). These countries took on the definition of a core country. They developed a strong central government, bureaucracies, and grew their military power. These countries were then able to control the international commerce and create a profit for themselves. All of western Europe attempted bureaucratization, homogenization of the local population, development of a stronger military, and

title: Former countries in Europe after 1815

text: present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country’s autonomy. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but as independent countries.) This is a list of all the independent countries that could or would have existed between 1815 and the present day that for some reason or another never did. General: Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country

title: Western Europe

text: Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, enhanced the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. After the conquest of the Byzantine Empire, center of the Eastern Orthodox Church, by the Muslim Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (which had replaced the Carolingian Empire), the division between Roman Catholic and Protestant became more important in Europe than that with Eastern Orthodoxy. In East Asia, Western Europe was historically known as "taixi" in China and "taisei" in Japan, which literally translates as the "Far West". The term Far West became synonymous with Western

title: Western Europe

text: would give the following calculation of Western Europe's population. All figures based on the projections for 2018 by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Using the CIA classification a little more liberally and including "South-Western Europe", would give the following calculation of Western Europe's population. The climate of Western Europe varies from subtropical and semi-arid in the southern coast of Italy and Spain to alpine in the Pyrenees. The Mediterranean climate of the south is dry and warm. The western and northwestern parts have a mild, generally humid climate, influenced by the North

title: VSNL Western Europe

text: Madrid, Spain. Highbridge is connected via a pair of cables to London, United Kingdom VSNL Western Europe VSNL Western Europe (previously TGN Western Europe) is a telecommunications cable system with both submarine and terrestrial parts linking several counties in western Europe. The cable system is constructed from cables with 4 fibre pairs per cable, and each fibre pair supports 96 10Gbit/s waves at construction, allowing for a total lit capacity (at construction) of 4 fibre pairs x 96 10 Gbit/s waves = 3,840 Gbit/s. It has two submarine cables, one with landing points in: and the other with landing points

title: VSNL Western Europe

text: VSNL Western Europe VSNL Western Europe (previously TGN Western Europe) is a telecommunications cable system with both submarine and terrestrial parts linking several counties in western Europe. The cable system is constructed from cables with 4 fibre pairs per cable, and each fibre pair supports 96 10Gbit/s waves at construction, allowing for a total lit capacity (at construction) of 4 fibre pairs x 96 10 Gbit/s waves = 3,840 Gbit/s. It has two submarine cables, one with landing points in: and the other with landing points in The Seixal and Bilbao landing points are interconnected terrestrially via Lisbon, Portugal and

title: Women migrant workers from developing countries

text: and half being male. According to censuses carried out in 1990, the United Nations Population Division estimated that women constitute 48% of all migrants. In 2000, 52% of the 56 million migrants in Europe were female. The number of immigrants in Europe has continually increased, due to a higher demand for care work for multi-income families, among other things. The major sites for female labor include GCC countries in Western Asia as well as Pacific Rim countries in Eastern and Southeastern Asia. By 2000, there were 5 million female migrants compared to 4.9 million male migrants in Eastern and Southeastern

title: Former countries in Europe after 1815

text: of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, including restoring or reorganising many of the states which had previously been removed from Europe's political map. This is a list of all the independent countries or puppet states that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's sovereignty. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but not under full independence.) This is a list of all the dependencies of countries that existed between 1815 and the

title: Former countries in Europe after 1815

text: Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country has information separated into columns: name of the distinct country, its lifespan, the country or countries that hold all or some of the territory it once did, and further information about it. The scope of this article begins in 1815, after a round of negotiations about European borders and spheres of influence were agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of

title: Religion in Europe

text: membership rolls, mainly among Indian immigrants in Belgium and the United Kingdom, as well as several converts from western and northern Europe. Sikhism has nearly 1 million adherents in Europe. Most of the community live in United Kingdom (750,000) and Italy (70,000). Around 10,000 in Belgium and France. The Netherlands and Germany have a Sikh population of 12,000. All other countries have 5,000 or fewer Sikhs such as Greece. Other religions represented in Europe include: Religion in Europe Religion in Europe has been a major influence on today's society, art, culture, philosophy and law. The largest religion in Europe is

title: Western Europe

text: Europe in China during the Ming dynasty. The Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci was one of the first writers in China to use the Far West as an Asian counterpart to the European concept of the Far East. In Ricci's writings, Ricci referred to himself as "Matteo of the Far West". The term was still in use in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Christianity is still the largest religion in Western Europe, according to a 2018 study by the Pew Research Center, 71.0% of the Western European population identified themselves as Christians. The East–West Schism, which has lasted

title: Western culture

text: Western culture Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, and European civilization, is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe. The term also applies beyond Europe to countries and cultures whose histories are strongly connected to Europe by immigration, colonization, or influence. For example, Western culture includes countries in the Americas and Australasia, whose language and demographic ethnicity majorities are European. The development of western culture

title: Core countries

text: creating a bipolar world order. The heart of civilisation consists of Western Europe, North America, Australasia and Japan. The population of the core is by far the wealthiest and best educated on the planet. Core countries control and profit the most from the world system, and thus they are the "core" of the world system. These countries possess the ability to exercise control over other countries or groups of countries with several kinds of power such as military, economic, and political power. The United States, Canada, the countries of the European Union, Australia, South Korea and Japan are examples of

title: Central Europe

text: parts of Europe that were culturally and historically Western became part of the Eastern bloc. Czech author Milan Kundera (emigrant to France) thus wrote in 1984 about the "Tragedy of Central Europe" in the New York Review of Books. Consequently, the English term "Central Europe" was increasingly applied only to the westernmost former Warsaw Pact countries (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) to specify them as communist states that were culturally tied to Western Europe. This usage continued after the end of the Warsaw Pact when these countries started to undergo transition. The post-World War II period brought blocking of the

title: Western Europe

text: stages of World War II, the future of Europe was decided between the Allies in the 1945 Yalta Conference, between the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, the U.S. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Premier of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin. Post-war Europe would be divided into two major spheres: the Western Bloc, influenced by the United States, and the Eastern Bloc, influenced by the Soviet Union. With the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. This term had been used during World War II by German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and later Count Lutz

title: Tropical cyclone effects in Europe

text: in the number of cyclones with hurricane-force winds in the waters offshore western Europe. The study suggested that conditions favorable for tropical cyclones would expand 1,100 km (700 mi) to the east. A separate study based out of University of Castile-La Mancha predicted that hurricanes would develop in the Mediterranean Sea in Septembers by the year 2100, which would threaten countries in southern Europe. Tropical cyclone effects in Europe The effects of tropical cyclones in Europe and their extra-tropical remnants include strong winds, heavy rainfall, and in rare instances, tornadoes. There is only one modern tropical cyclone officially regarded as

title: Alcohol belts of Europe

text: Alcohol belts of Europe The alcohol belts of Europe are regions in Europe which are considered to be divided by association with either beer, wine, or spirits. The alcohol belts refer to the traditional beverages of countries rather than what is most commonly drunk by the populace today, as in terms of drinking habits beer has become the most popular alcoholic drink in the whole world, including various parts of the wine and vodka belts. Being an informal term, the "vodka belt" has no established definition. However, the general definition tends to include the following states as significant producers and

title: Central Europe

text: Central Europe Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe. It is said to occupy continuous territory that are otherwise conventionally Western Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe. The concept of Central Europe is based on a common historical, social and cultural identity. Central Europe is going through a phase of "strategic awakening", with initiatives such as the CEI, Centrope and the Visegrád Four. While the region's economy shows high disparities with regard to income, all Central European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as very highly developed. Elements of unity for Western and Central

title: Europe

text: and 17 million people who perished during the Holocaust. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people (mostly civilians) during the war, about half of all World War II casualties. By the end of World War II, Europe had more than 40 million refugees. Several post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20 million people. World War I and especially World War II diminished the eminence of Western Europe in world affairs. After World War II the map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided into two blocs, the Western countries and

title: Western Europe

text: Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church, the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the two World Wars, the Cold War, the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the expansion of the European Union. Prior to the Roman conquest, a large part of Western Europe had adopted the newly developed La Tène culture. As the Roman domain expanded, a cultural and linguistic division appeared between the mainly Greek-speaking eastern provinces, which had formed the highly urbanized Hellenistic civilization, and the western territories, which in contrast largely adopted the Latin language. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually

title: Southern Europe

text: Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Eastern Orthodox. European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are: Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent.

title: To the Youth in Western Countries

text: To the Youth in Western Countries On 29 November 2015, Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, published an open letter addressed to the youth in western countries. It is the second letter of its kind, the first one having been published in January 2015. Both were distributed via his accounts on various social media, including Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, using the hashtag #CommonWorry. The second letter deals with Khamenei's views on the causes of recent terrorism. It was written in response to the November 2015 Paris attacks and other contemporary terrorist actions, such as the Metrojet Flight 9268 crash

title: The Witch-Cult in Western Europe

text: The Witch-Cult in Western Europe The Witch-Cult in Western Europe is a 1921 anthropological book by Margaret Murray, published at the height of success of "The Golden Bough" by anthropologist James George Frazer. For the book, university circles celebrated Margaret Murray as the expert on western witchcraft. For the period 1929-1968, she wrote the "Witchcraft" article in the successive editions of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". In 1962, "The Witch-Cult in Western Europe" was reprinted by Oxford University Press. Her theory, also known as the "witch-cult hypothesis" suggests that the things told about witches in Europe were in fact based on a

title: Medieval medicine of Western Europe

text: that afflicted Medieval Western Europe. Benjamin Gordon supports the theory that the hospital – as we know it - is a French invention, but that it was originally developed for isolating lepers and plague victims, and only later undergoing modification to serve the pilgrim. Owing to a well-preserved 12th-century account of the monk Eadmer of the Canterbury cathedral, there is an excellent account of Bishop Lanfranc's aim to establish and maintain examples of these early hospitals: But I must not conclude my work by omitting what he did for the poor outside the walls of the city Canterbury. In brief,

title: Eastern Europe

text: was mostly behind the Western European countries in economic rebuilding and progress. Winston Churchill, in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address of March 5, 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, stressed the geopolitical impact of the "iron curtain": Eastern Europe after 1945 usually meant all the European countries liberated and then occupied by the Soviet army. It included the German Democratic Republic (also known as East Germany), formed by the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe adopted communist modes of control. These countries were officially independent from the Soviet Union, but the practical extent

title: Discovery Networks Northern Europe

text: Europe (DNWE) and Discovery Networks CEEMEA (Central & Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa). DNEW is located in London and DNCEMEA in Warsaw. In November 2014, Discovery Networks Western Europe was split into Discovery Networks Northern Europe and Discovery Networks Southern Europe. Its previous Discovery Networks Western Europe served 30 different countries including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, France, the Netherlands and other territories, comprising 18 brands. It was previously called Discovery Networks Western Europe. This network opera in six European languages: a pan-European English speaking channel and channels in Danish, Dutch, English for UK, Ireland and

title: Informatics Europe

text: for Computing Machinery and the Computing Research Association in North America. Informatics Europe Informatics Europe is the European association of academic and industrial research institutes in the field of information and computer sciences. Founded in 2006, Informatics Europe has grown to represent over 110 members from 28 countries, including industrial research labs such as Google and Intel. Members are institutes rather than individuals and include PhD-granting university departments of Informatics, computer science, computing etc. as well as public and industrial research institutes in information and software technology in Europe and neighbouring countries. Informatics Europe liaises with scientific organisations such as

title: Informatics Europe

text: Informatics Europe Informatics Europe is the European association of academic and industrial research institutes in the field of information and computer sciences. Founded in 2006, Informatics Europe has grown to represent over 110 members from 28 countries, including industrial research labs such as Google and Intel. Members are institutes rather than individuals and include PhD-granting university departments of Informatics, computer science, computing etc. as well as public and industrial research institutes in information and software technology in Europe and neighbouring countries. Informatics Europe liaises with scientific organisations such as the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM), the Association

title: Nordic countries

text: shares executive authority with the Prime Minister. The Nordic economies are among the countries in the Western world with the best macroeconomic performance in the recent ten years. Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have for example experienced constant and large excess exports in recent years. Iceland is the only country which has balance of payments deficits as of 2011. At the same time, unemployment is low in most of the Nordic countries compared with the rest of Europe. As a result of the cyclical down-turn, the public balance is now in deficit, except for Norway. Over the past ten years,

title: Central Europe

text: writing." There is a whole spectrum of media active in the region: newspapers, television and internet channels, radio channels, internet websites etc. Central European media are regarded as free, according to the Press Freedom Index, although the situation in Poland, Hungary and Croatia is described as "problematic". Some of the top scoring countries are in Central Europe include: There is a number of Central European Sport events and leagues. They include: Football is one of the most popular sports. Countries of Central Europe had many great national teams throughout history and hosted several major competitions. Yugoslavia hosted UEFA Euro 1976

title: Europe

text: established a parliament, court and central bank and introduced the euro as a unified currency. Between 2004 and 2013, more Central and Eastern European countries began joining, expanding the EU to its current size of 28 European countries, and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power. However, in June 2016 the people of the United Kingdom, in a non-binding referendum on EU membership voted to leave the European Union. Europe makes up the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass. It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent. Its

title: Medieval medicine of Western Europe

text: the books supplied. Monastic translations of texts continued to influence medicine as many Greek medical works were translated into Arabic. Once these Arabic texts were available, monasteries in western Europe were able to translate them, which in turn would help shape and redirect Western medicine in the later Middle Ages. The ability for these texts to spread from one monastery or school in adjoining regions created a rapid diffusion of medical texts throughout western Europe. The influence of Christianity continued into the later periods of the Middle Ages as medical training and practice moved out of the monasteries and into

title: Western media

text: Western media Western media is the mass media of the Western world. During the Cold War, Western media contrasted with Soviet media. Western media has gradually expanded into developing countries (non-Western countries). The roots of the Western media can be traced back to the late 15th century, when printing presses began to operate throughout Western Europe. The emergence of news media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press, from which the publishing press derives its name. In Britain, newspapers developed during a period of political upheaval that challenged the

title: Regions of Europe

text: Roman Europe as they were only partly and relatively briefly part of the Empire—or were the countries of the former communist Yugoslavia part of the Eastern Bloc, since it was not in the Warsaw Pact). Regions of Europe Europe is often divided into regions based on geographical, cultural or historical criteria. Many European structures currently exist, some are cultural, economic, or political - examples include the Council of Europe, the European Broadcasting Union with the Eurovision Song Contest, and the European Olympic Committees with the European Games. Several transcontinental countries which border mainland Europe, are often included as belonging to

title: Central Europe

text: in Central Europe and region's musical tastes Central Europe Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe. It is said to occupy continuous territory that are otherwise conventionally Western Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe. The concept of Central Europe is based on a common historical, social and cultural identity. Central Europe is going through a phase of "strategic awakening", with initiatives such as the CEI, Centrope and the Visegrád Four. While the region's economy shows high disparities with regard to income, all Central European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as very highly developed.

title: Old Europe and New Europe

text: opposed to a newer historical period. Before Rumsfeld’s use, the term had been used in various historical contexts to refer to Europe as the "Old World" as opposed to America as the "New World"; or, in Marxist usage, to Europe in the expectation of Communist revolutions. On January 22, 2003 Rumsfeld answered a question from Charles Groenhuijsen, a Dutch journalist, about the potential US invasion of Iraq: The expression was interpreted as a dig against a "sclerotic" and old-fashioned Western Europe. Those countries, Rumsfeld added on the same occasion, were "of no importance." It became a potent symbol, especially after

title: Region (Europe)

text: Region (Europe) The European Union created a Committee of the Regions to represent Regions of Europe as the layer of EU government administration directly below the nation-state level. The Committee has its headquarters in Brussels. Reasons given for this include: The term 'region' as used here includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which are non-sovereign countries, referred to as separate countries, even though collectively they form the country known as the United Kingdom they are recognised as countries by the UK Government and are not referred to as regions. Some nation states which have historically had a strong centralized

title: Islamic dress in Europe

text: Islamic dress in Europe Islamic dress in Europe, especially the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women, has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe. In several countries the adherence to "hijab" (an Arabic noun meaning "to cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. Some countries already have laws banning the wearing of masks in public, which can be applied to veils that conceal the face. Other countries are debating similar legislation, or have more limited prohibitions. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the "burqa", "boushiya",

title: What Is Love

text: What Is Love "What Is Love" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, "The Album". The song is recognizable by its refrain "What is love? Baby don't hurt me, don't hurt me... no more." It was a massive hit in Europe, becoming a number-one hit in at least 13 countries and reaching number two in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, the song was moderately successful, reaching number 11 in the United States, number 12 in Australia, number 17 in Canada, and number 48 in New Zealand. "What Is Love" was written

title: Central Europe

text: research on Central Europe in the Eastern Bloc countries, as its every result proved the dissimilarity of Central Europe, which was inconsistent with the Stalinist doctrine. On the other hand, the topic became popular in Western Europe and the United States, much of the research being carried out by immigrants from Central Europe. At the end of the communism, publicists and historians in Central Europe, especially anti-communist opposition, came back to their research. According to Karl A. Sinnhuber ("Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An Analysis of a Geographical Term") most Central European states were unable to preserve their political independence

title: Religion in Europe

text: Religion in Europe Religion in Europe has been a major influence on today's society, art, culture, philosophy and law. The largest religion in Europe is Christianity, but irreligion and practical secularization are strong. Two countries in Southeastern Europe have Muslim majorities. Ancient European religions included veneration for deities such as Zeus. Modern revival movements of these religions include Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, Druidry, Wicca, and others. Smaller religions include Indian religions, Judaism, and some East Asian religions, which are found in their largest groups in Britain, France, and Kalmykia. Little is known about the prehistoric religion of Neolithic Europe. Bronze and

title: Immigration to Europe

text: Immigration to Europe Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially in the later 20th century. Western European countries, especially, saw a high growth in immigration after World War II and many European nations today (particularly those of the EU-15) have sizeable immigrant populations, both of European and non-European origin. In contemporary globalization, migrations to Europe have accelerated in speed and scale. Over the last decades, there has been an increase in negative attitudes towards immigration, and many studies have emphasized marked differences in the strength of anti-immigrant attitudes among European countries. Beginning in 2004, the European Union

title: Central Europe

text: European perspective. It was established in 1991 by the Hungarian philanthropist George Soros, who has provided an endowment of US$880 million, making the university one of the wealthiest in Europe. In the academic year 2013/2014, the CEU had 1,381 students from 93 countries and 388 faculty members from 58 countries. Central European Exchange Program for University Studies (CEEPUS) is an international exchange program for students and teachers teaching or studying in participating countries. Its current members include (year it joined for the first time in brackets): Research centres of Central European literature include Harvard (Cambridge, MA), Purdue University Central European

title: Western Aviation

text: Western Aviation Western Aviation is Aircraft Charter Company based in Dubai. It provides charter flights for corporates and leisure travelers between the Middle East, Europe, Asia, Africa, Russia, CIS Countries and other famous destinations like Maldives, Mauritius and Seychelles. Western Aviation was started in the year 2005 with the vision of making it world class Private Jet Charter company. Western Aviation is part of Western Group of Companies whose parent company is Dubai based multinational business conglomerate ETA Ascon Star Group of companies, which has around 150 associated offices and branches in 22 countries, employing over 72,000 people with an

title: The Witch-Cult in Western Europe

text: surviving pagan cult would inspire subsequent 20th century modern witchcraft movements like Wicca, and heavily influenced writers such as Robert Graves, whose book "The White Goddess" also influenced Wicca. feminist scholars have also taken up a variant on Murray's thesis about persecuted witches in Medieval Europe as members of a religion; not one centering on a Horned God, but rather a cult of the Mother Goddess which supposedly originated in the Paleolithic era. The Witch-Cult in Western Europe The Witch-Cult in Western Europe is a 1921 anthropological book by Margaret Murray, published at the height of success of "The Golden

title: Culture of Europe

text: very much been influenced by Christian philosophers such as St Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus. And throughout most of its history, Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, The Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity. The most popular religions of Europe are the following (by dominant religion): The cuisines of European countries are diverse by themselves,

title: Central Europe

text: Europe as a way station in a Europeanization process that marks the transformation process of the Visegrád Group countries in different, though comparable ways. According to him, in Germany's contemporary public discourse "Central European identity" refers to the civilizational divide between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. He says there's no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether the Baltic states, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, and Bulgaria are parts of Central Europe or not. Lonnie R. Johnson points out criteria to distinguish Central Europe from Western, Eastern and Southeast Europe: He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamic historical concept, not

title: Western culture

text: or codified in Britain during the 19th Century and obtained global prominence—these include ping pong, modern tennis, association football, netball and rugby. Football (also known as soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe, but has grown from its origins to be known as the "world game". Similarly, sports such as cricket, rugby, and netball were exported around the world, particularly among countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, thus India and Australia are among the strongest cricketing nations, while victory in the Rugby World Cup has been shared among the Western nations of New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and England. Australian Rules

title: African immigration to Europe

text: African immigration to Europe African immigrants in Europe are either born in Africa or are of African descent but live in Europe. The Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was born in North Africa, in what is now modern day Libya. North Africans moved to Britain during Roman rule. Some white British men have a Y chromosome haplogroup originating from Sub-Saharan African males. Since the 1960s, the main source countries of migration from Africa to Europe have been Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, resulting in large diasporas with origins in these countries by the end of the 20th century. In the period following

title: Turks in Europe

text: Turks in Europe The Turks in Europe (sometimes called Euro-Turks; or "Avrupa Türkleri") refers to ethnic Turks living in Europe. Most Turks in Europe live in European Turkey, but there is also a sizeable Turkish diaspora in countries such as Germany. This diaspora includes two groups: guest workers who migrated to western Europe in recent decades, and historic Turkish minorities in southeastern Europe who trace their origin back to the Ottoman era. Turks have had a long history in Europe dating back to the Ottoman era when they began to conquer and migrate to Eastern Europe during the Ottoman conquests

title: Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe

text: Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe The Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe (officially the Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of the Russian Tradition in Western Europe) was a patriarchal exarchate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, following the Russian Orthodox tradition, based in Paris, and having parishes throughout Europe, mainly centered in France. The Exarchate was sometimes known as "Rue Daru" from the where its cathedral is located. In November 2018, the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople declared that it was dissolving the archdiocese and that its parishes would be transferred to

title: Discovery Channel Europe

text: Discovery Channel Europe Discovery Channel Europe is the Pan-European version of the Discovery Channel. Over the years, the Discovery Channel has been split into many different channels for specific regions. Most language regions in Western Europe now have their own versions of the channel, and the Pan-European is therefore now mostly available in countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The channel is broadcast from the United Kingdom and holds an Ofcom licence. The channel was registered as "Discovery Channel Europe" until August 2006, when it changed its name to "Discovery (Central & Eastern Europe inc. Russia)". Discovery Channel Europe was

title: Central Europe

text: Central European initiative. In the Middle Ages, countries in Central Europe adopted Magdeburg rights. Before 1870, the industrialization that had developed in Western and Central Europe and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the world. Even in Eastern Europe, industrialization lagged far behind. Russia, for example, remained largely rural and agricultural, and its autocratic rulers kept the peasants in serfdom. The concept of Central Europe was already known at the beginning of the 19th century, but its real life began in the 20th century and immediately became an object of intensive interest.

title: Big Four (Western Europe)

text: overall vote to leave the EU, by 51.9%. The British government have triggered Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to start the process to leave the EU, which is expected to take several years. The G4 now consists of the UK and the new EU big three (Germany, France and Italy), the large founding members of the European Community that have retaken a leading role in Europe following the decision of the UK to leave the EU. Big Four (Western Europe) The Big Four, also known as G4 or EU4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United

title: ARC Europe

text: ARC Europe Show your Card! partners include companies such as Hertz, Hard Rock Cafe, Best Western and many more. There are over 25,000 outlets in Europe offering Show your Card! discounts to club members. ARC Europe Group provides different services: ARC Europe ARC Europe Group is the association of major European motoring clubs, principally active in the area of roadside assistance. ARC Transistance - the initial name for ARC Europe - was founded in 1991 by 8 major automobile clubs in Europe: The Group institutionally consists of ARC Europe SA (Belgium) and its subsidiaries: In 1998 the brand ARC Europe

title: Climate of the Nordic countries

text: climate experts have estimated that Greenland could be losing of ice each year. The 2008 Environmental Performance Index ranked countries based on the environmental performance of the country's policies. On the list, Norway was ranked 2nd, Sweden was 3rd, 4th was Finland, Iceland was ranked as 11th, and Denmark came in 26th. Climate of the Nordic countries The climate of the Nordic countries is that of a region in Northern Europe that consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and their associated territories, which include the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Stockholm, Sweden has on average the warmest summer

title: Climate of the Nordic countries

text: Climate of the Nordic countries The climate of the Nordic countries is that of a region in Northern Europe that consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and their associated territories, which include the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. Stockholm, Sweden has on average the warmest summer of the Nordic countries, with an average maximum temperature of in July; Copenhagen, Oslo and Helsinki have an average July maximum temperature of . In Denmark, January temperatures average between and . Denmark's coldest month, however, is February, where the mean temperature is . The number of hours of sunlight per day

title: Road safety in Europe

text: in 2014. To obtain this figure all countries of the EU needed to align on a common standardized medical definition of what constitutes a serious road injury. In Europe, for every person killed in traffic crashes, many more suffer serious injuries with life-changing consequences. Serious injuries are more costly to society because of the long-term rehabilitation and healthcare needed. Vulnerable road users, such us pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists or elderly road users, are especially concerned. The level of transport-related air pollution is also a major public health concern in most countries of Europe. Many differences between countries are linked to demography,

title: Alcohol belts of Europe

text: is also important in countries such as Australia and South Africa, which while settled by European beer-belt peoples, also have warmer Mediterranean climates better suited for wine production. Alcohol belts of Europe The alcohol belts of Europe are regions in Europe which are considered to be divided by association with either beer, wine, or spirits. The alcohol belts refer to the traditional beverages of countries rather than what is most commonly drunk by the populace today, as in terms of drinking habits beer has become the most popular alcoholic drink in the whole world, including various parts of the wine

title: Rugby Europe

text: for a one-year cycle, with promotion and relegation between levels and the end of the season. As of 2018, the top division Rugby Europe Championship is contested by six countries - Romania, Georgia, Russia, Spain, Germany and Belgium. Of these countries, all but Germany and Belgium have played in a Rugby World Cup and are routinely ranked in the Top 30 in the world. Other countries that have participated in past editions include Portugal, Ukraine, Czech Republic and the Netherlands. Men Women Youth The following table shows the professional rugby union competitions in various European countries. Notes: . Not all

title: Economy of Europe

text: movement of people since the industrial revolution, has led to a high level of cooperation between European countries in developing and maintaining transport networks. Supranational and intergovernmental organisations such as the European Union (EU), Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe have led to the development of international standards and agreements that allow people and freight to cross the borders of Europe, largely with unique levels of freedom and ease. Rail networks in Western and Central Europe are often well maintained and well developed, whilst Eastern, Northern and Southern Europe often have less coverage and/or