query: which countries share land border with vietnam?

title: China–Vietnam border

text: China–Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Whilst both sides agree on land borders, the territorial dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands has left maritime borders between the two nations undefined. In several areas, the land border between the two countries runs along rivers. In particular, the border follows the Red River on its section from

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: Malaysia–Vietnam border Malaysia and Vietnam are two Southeast Asian countries with maritime boundaries which meet in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. The two countries have overlapping claims over the continental shelf in the Gulf of Thailand. Both countries have, however, come to an agreement to jointly exploit the natural resources in the disputed area pending resolution of the dispute over sovereignty. In the South China Sea, Malaysia and Vietnam are involved in the multi-national claims over some of the Spratly Islands and adjacent waters. Both Malaysia and Vietnam have overlapping claims over the seabed in the Gulf

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: which is located within Vietnamese waters and not within the border dispute area. The northern fields consist of the Bunga Orkid and Bunga Pakma fields. The operator for PM3 CAA is Talisman Energy. An extension to the Production Sharing Contract between Petronas and Petrovietnam on one part and Talisman on the other was extended on 6 April 2017 by the former until 2027. Malaysia–Vietnam border Malaysia and Vietnam are two Southeast Asian countries with maritime boundaries which meet in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. The two countries have overlapping claims over the continental shelf in the Gulf

title: Indonesia–Vietnam border

text: in Hanoi, Vietnam, by Indonesia's Foreign Minister Hasan Wirajuda and his Vietnamese counterpart Nguyen Dy Nien. The agreement defined the continental shelf boundary of the two countries as the imaginary straight line located between the two terminal points - namely Point 20 and Point 25 - of the 1969 continental shelf agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia with four turning points in between. Indonesia–Vietnam border The border between Indonesia and Vietnam is a maritime border located in the South China Sea to the north of Indonesia's Natuna Islands. The two countries signed an agreement to determine their continental shelf boundary on

title: Cambodia–Vietnam relations

text: Cambodia–Vietnam relations Cambodia–Vietnam relations take place in the form of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The countries have shared a land border for the last 1,000 years and share more recent historical links through being part of the French colonial empire. Both countries are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Southern Vietnamese and Khmer are both decedent from the Proto-Mon–Khmer language. Vietnamese society, which began in the Red River Delta south of China, was heavily Sinicized while Khmer society, which was centered around the lower reaches of the

title: Indonesia–Vietnam border

text: Indonesia–Vietnam border The border between Indonesia and Vietnam is a maritime border located in the South China Sea to the north of Indonesia's Natuna Islands. The two countries signed an agreement to determine their continental shelf boundary on 26 June 2003 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Although located near, the border is not located in the Spratly Islands area and Indonesia does not have any claims over the islands. The Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam concerning the delimitation of the Continental Shelf Boundary was signed on 26 June 2003

title: China–Vietnam border

text: of crossing points for vehicular and pedestrian traffic operate on the border. There are two railway crossings: between Hekou and Lào Cai (where the narrow-gauge Kunming–Hai Phong Railway crosses the Nanxi River over a bridge), and between Pingxiang and Đồng Đăng (Friendship Pass), where standard-gauge trains can cross the border on the Nanning-Hanoi line. China–Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: Spratly group. Both Malaysia and Vietnam are two of several countries asserting claims over the islands and waters of the area. Because of the uncertainty, no maritime border agreement exists for the area. Malaysia claims a portion of the South China Sea together with 11 islands and other marine features in the Spratly group on the basis that they are within its continental shelf. Brunei, China, the Philippines and Vietnam also have overlapping claims over the entire or a portion of the area claimed by Malaysia. Malaysia currently occupies one island - Swallow Reef or Pulau Layang-Layang - five reefs

title: Laos–Vietnam relations

text: the Vietnamese. Since Laos passed the foreign investment promotion law in 1989 until 2012, Vietnam has invested in total 429 projects with a combined value of US$4.9 billion, and currently the largest foreign investor in Laos. The two countries' bilateral trade was about US$725 million at the end of 2012. Laos–Vietnam relations Laos–Vietnam relations () refers to the current and historical relationship between the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Laos and Vietnam share a common border and consequently have had a very complicated relationship. Laotian kingdoms often clashed with Vietnamese dynasties and sometimes these clashes would

title: China–Vietnam border

text: the mouth of the Longbao River (near Wudaokou village in Hekou County) to the mouth of the Nanxi River (between downtown Hekou and Lào Cai. The lower sections of the Longbao and Nanxi are border rivers as well. The border between China and Vietnam (which then part of French Indochina) was demarcated pursuant to the Treaty of Tientsin (1885), after the end of the Sino-French War. During the Chinese Civil War, China used the border near Vietnam as a refueling station while also giving aid to the Vietnamese who were fighting the French in the First Indochina War. A number

title: Vietnam

text: of civil war, the neighbouring Chinese government also has removed 53,000 land mines and explosives from the legacy of war between the two countries in an area of 18.4 square kilometres in neighbouring province of Yunnan between the China–Vietnam border in 2017. Vietnam is a unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic, one of the two communist states (the other being Laos) in Southeast Asia. Although Vietnam remains officially committed to socialism as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly capitalist, with "The Economist" characterising its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists". Under the constitution, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)

title: Foreign relations of Vietnam

text: the Soviet Union and conducted most of its trade with the U.S.S.R. and Comecon countries. Soviet and Eastern bloc economic aid, however, ceased after the break-up of the Soviet Union. Vietnam did not begin to emerge from international isolation until it withdrew its troops from Cambodia in 1989. Within months of the 1991 Paris Agreements, Vietnam established diplomatic and economic relations with Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states and also with most countries of Western Europe and Asia's Far East. China re-established full diplomatic ties with Vietnam in 1991. The two nations concluded a land border demarcation agreement

title: China–Vietnam relations

text: over territorial issues in the South China Sea. China and Vietnam share a 1,281-kilometre border. A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84% of Vietnamese were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict. China and Vietnam had contact since the Chinese Warring States period and the Vietnamese Thục Dynasty of the 3rd century BC, as noted in the Vietnamese historical record "Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư". Between the 1st century BC and 15th century AD, Vietnam was subject to four separate periods of imperial Chinese domination, although it

title: Brunei–Malaysia border

text: asset and in PETRONAS’ proposed Canadian liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility. As part of the transaction, PetroleumBRUNEI has agreed to buy a 3% share of the LNG facility's production for a minimum of 20 years. The following are major border crossings into Sarawak, Malaysia, with the names of the Brunei checkpoints followed by the Malaysian checkpoints: Brunei–Malaysia border The border between Brunei and Malaysia consist of a 481.3 km land border and substantial lengths of maritime borders stretching from the coastline of the two countries to the edge of the continental shelf in the South China Sea. Except for its

title: Laos–Vietnam relations

text: Laos–Vietnam relations Laos–Vietnam relations () refers to the current and historical relationship between the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Laos and Vietnam share a common border and consequently have had a very complicated relationship. Laotian kingdoms often clashed with Vietnamese dynasties and sometimes these clashes would evolve into wars. Several border conflicts and territorial disputes would arise, but the most notable of these was the Vietnamese invasion of Laos in the late 15th century. The Vietnamese Later Lê dynasty invaded and devastated Laos for nearly two years. The Vietnamese subsequently retreated over a span of 10

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: Sea. Vietnam responded to China's note the following day, stating in a note that it had legal rights to claim the area defined in the joint submission. It also disputed China's claim over the area. Malaysia also responded with a note asserting its legal right to claim the area and stating that it recognised the overlapping claims by various countries over the area. During a state visit to China in June, Malaysian prime minister Najib Abdul Razak said China and Malaysia had reached an understanding and agreed to continue negotiations over all territorial disputes. Another objection to the Malaysia–Vietnam joint

title: Indonesia–Vietnam relations

text: Indonesia–Vietnam relations Indonesia–Vietnam relations are foreign bilateral relations between Indonesia and Vietnam. Indonesia and Vietnam are neighboring nations that have a maritime border which lies on the South China Sea. Both countries are the member of ASEAN and APEC. The relations between ancient Indonesia and Vietnam, particularly Southern Vietnam, began around the 7th century, since the era of the Champa, Srivijaya, and later Majapahit kingdoms. A Majapahit epic poem called Nagarakretagama mentioned several states that is today Vietnam, "Champa" and "Yawana" (Annam). Indonesian 15th century records mentioned Princess Darawati, a Cham princess, married to King Kertawijaya, Majapahit's seventh ruler. The

title: History of Vietnam

text: villages at the common border. To neutralize the threat, PAVN invaded Cambodia in 1978 and overran its capital of Phnom Penh, driving out the incumbent Khmer Rouge regime. In response, as an action to support the pro-Beijing Khmer Rouge regime, China increased its pressure on Vietnam, and sent troops into Northern Vietnam in 1979 to "punish" Vietnam. Relations between the two countries had been deteriorating for some time. Territorial disagreements along the border and in the South China Sea that had remained dormant during the Vietnam War were revived at the war's end, and a postwar campaign engineered by Hanoi

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: which the agreement called the Defined Area. The area is also known as Block PM3 Commercial Arrangement Area or CAA (see below). The western portion of the overlapping claim area is also claimed by Thailand and that area is currently included in the Malaysia–Thailand joint development area. The Defined Area established under the 1992 MOU does not include this area. In 1999, all three countries agreed in principle to jointly develop this area using joint development principles. Malaysia and Vietnam both have overlapping claims in the South China Sea involving the continental shelf as well as the islands of the

title: Foreign relations of Vietnam

text: the two countries is being definitively mapped pursuant to a Land Border Agreement signed in December 1999, and an Agreement on Borders in the Gulf of Tonkin signed in December 2000. Vietnam and Russia declared a strategic partnership in March 2001 during the first visit ever to Hanoi of a Russian head of state, largely as an attempt to counterbalance China's growing profile in Southeast Asia. Disputes – international: maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with the People's Republic of China (PRC), Malaysia, Philippines, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary with Thailand

title: Demographics of Vietnam

text: economic activity following reunification in 1975 and the subsequent but unrelated general deterioration in Vietnamese-Chinese relations sent chills through the Chinese-Vietnamese community. The relation between China and Vietnam also declined in this period, with Vietnam siding with the Soviet Union against China in the Chinese-Soviet split. Tensions peaked when Vietnam invaded Cambodia, an ally of China, to depose Pol Pot, resulting in a Chinese invasion of Vietnam in 1979. In 1978-79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. In recent years the government

title: Indonesia–Malaysia border

text: located at 109° 38' 43" E 02° 05' 10" N. From this point, the border proceeds in a general northerly direction to Point 25 at 109° 38'.6E 06° 18'.2N which is at the 100 fathom point or the edge of the continental shelf. Point 25 is also the eastern terminus of the Indonesia-Vietnam continental shelf boundary which was agreed to by the two countries in 2003, making it the common tripoint of Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. This is also the western terminus of the Malysian continental shelf boundary in South China Sea as asserted in the country's 1979 territorial sea

title: China–Vietnam relations

text: China–Vietnam relations The bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ) have been turbulent, despite their common Sinospheric and socialist background. Centuries of conquest by modern China's imperial predecessor have given Vietnam an entrenched suspicion of Chinese attempts to dominate it. Though the PRC assisted North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, relations between the two nations soured following Vietnam's reunification in 1975. China and Vietnam fought a prolonged border war from 1979 to 1990, but have since worked to improve their diplomatic and economic ties. However, the two countries remain in dispute

title: Vietnam War

text: and the belief that they were responsible for the disappearance of 500 Vietnamese natives on Tho Chu, Vietnam launched a counterattack to take back these islands. After several failed attempts to negotiate by both sides, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) in 1978 and ousted the Khmer Rouge, who were being supported by China, in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. In response, China invaded Vietnam in 1979. The two countries fought a brief border war, known as the Sino-Vietnamese War. From 1978 to 1979, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees or were expelled. The Pathet Lao overthrew the monarchy

title: China–Kazakhstan border

text: by joint commissions. According to the commissions' protocols and maps, the two countries' border line is 1782.75 km long, including 1215.86 km of land border and 566.89 km of border line run along (or across) rivers or lakes. The commissions' work was documented by several joint protocols, finalized with the Protocol signed in Beijing on May 10, 2002. In 2011 a cross-border free trade area opened on the border at Khorgos in an effort to boost Chinese-Kazakh trade. The two countries' border protection authorities carry out regular meetings, and on occasions even joint border patrols. China–Kazakhstan border The China–Kazakhstan border,

title: China–Laos border

text: China–Laos border The border between China and Laos is a 423 km long line separating the northern Laotian provinces of Luang Namtha , Oudomxai and Phongsali from the southern Chinese province of Yunnan . On the east begins in the triple border as Vietnam , heading west, go south and follow west to triple border of the two countries with Myanmar. Laos obtained a partial independence from France in 1949, around the time when Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China after defeating Chiang Kai Shek's nationalist government in the Chinese Civil War. Consequently, China's adaptation of Stalinist principles

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: development Defined Area (see below) virtually set Point 20 as the common tripoint for the three countries. The western terminus of the Malaysia–Vietnam border, which should also be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, has not been determined as the borders between the three countries are subject to dispute. The determination of the tripoint would require the disputes involving the Malaysia–Thailand and Malaysia–Vietnam borders to be settled. Thailand and Vietnam has agreed to a continental shelf boundary, with "Point C" as the eastern terminus of their common continental shelf border. This point (with coordinates 07° 48' 00" N,

title: Cambodia–Vietnam relations

text: trade by 27% to US$2.3 billion by 2010 and to $6.5 billion by 2015. Viet Nam exported USD 1.2 billion worth of goods to Cambodia in 2007. While Cambodia is only the 16th largest importer of Vietnamese goods, Vietnam is Cambodia's third-largest export market. Cambodia–Vietnam relations Cambodia–Vietnam relations take place in the form of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The countries have shared a land border for the last 1,000 years and share more recent historical links through being part of the French colonial empire. Both countries are members of the Association

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: 103° 02' 30" E) coincides with Point 43 in the 1979 map produced by Malaysia's Mapping and Survey Department depicting the country's territorial sea and continental shelf claims. In Malaysia's perspective, Point 43/Point C would be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and thus the westernmost terminus of the Malaysia-Vietnam common border. Thailand and Vietnam do not recognise this position as they does not recognise Malaysia's continental shelf boundary asserted in the 1979 map. Both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on 5 June 1992 to allow joint exploitation of natural resources in the area of overlapping claims,

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: especially in the important rice-growing area of the Mekong Delta. The ordinance remained in effect until 1970, but was largely unutilized after 1960 as the Viet Cong insurgents took control or disputed government control of most of the rural areas of South Vietnam. Land-to-the-Tiller. In 1967, land reform expert Roy Prosterman revived the idea of land reform in South Vietnam. Drawing on experience in other countries, Prosterman proposed a "land-to-the-tiller" program to compete "with the Viet Cong for the allegiance of the peasants." The plan had two main features: (1) all agricultural land in South Vietnam was to be owned

title: Vietnam Border Defence Force

text: Border Command of the Provinces and Municipalities of Vietnam Border posts Vietnam Border Defence Force Vietnam Border Defence Force () is branch of the Vietnam People's Army, as the core, responsible management and protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, order and national boundaries on the mainland, islands, sea and at the gate as shall by law and is a force members in provincial areas of defence, border districts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. On 19 November 1958, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam decided to unite national defence forces and army units whose missions were domestic

title: Border control

text: a border area. For example, the relaxed border controls maintained by Bhutan for those not proceeding past Phuentsholing and certain other border cities enable travellers to enter without going through any document check whatsoever. The American Border Crossing Card () issued to Mexican nationals enables Mexicans to enter border areas without a passport. Both America and Bhutan maintain interior checkposts to enforce compliance. Similarly, Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: against Viet Cong in South Vietnam. Drawing on experiences in other countries (particularly in Latin America), Prosterman proposed a "land-to-the-tiller" program to compete with the Viet Cong for the allegiance of the peasants. The plan mimicked the communists' land expropriation strategy, coupled with monetary compensation to the former landowners. On 26 March 1970, with the war still underway, the government of South Vietnam began implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller program following Prosterman's model. In total, the United States financed 339 million US dollars of the reform's 441 million dollars of expenses. Individual land holding was limited to 15 hectares. Legal titles

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: showing the boundary, drawn as the equidistant line between Malaysia's Redang Island and the Vietnamese shore, ignoring islands off its coast. The eastern terminus of any future Malaysia–Vietnam border seems to have been established at northern terminus of the 1969 Indonesia–Malaysia continental shelf border at a point designated as Point 20, with the coordinates 6° 05.8' N 105° 49.2' E. Point 20 is the equidistant point from the baselines of Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Although not determined by any tripartite agreement, bilateral agreements governing the Indonesia–Malaysia and Indonesia–Vietnam maritime borders as well as the agreement to establish the Malaysia–Vietnam joint

title: Vietnam Border Defence Force

text: Vietnam Border Defence Force Vietnam Border Defence Force () is branch of the Vietnam People's Army, as the core, responsible management and protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, order and national boundaries on the mainland, islands, sea and at the gate as shall by law and is a force members in provincial areas of defence, border districts of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. On 19 November 1958, the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam decided to unite national defence forces and army units whose missions were domestic protection, border protection, beach defence, boundary security, and other forces in

title: Vietnam Border Defence Force

text: force in charge, in co-ordination with other armed forces, localities and departments concerned and depend on people to manage, protect borders, maintaining security political, social order and safety in the border areas, maintaining the external border. Border Defence Force operates under the laws of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the international treaties relating to the sovereignty, national security and border on the mainland, islands, seas and border gates that the Socialist Republic of Vietnam has signed or acceded to. The organisational system of Border Defence Force includes three levels: Command (Central), Command provinces; Border posts. Command of Border Defence Force

title: Koreans in Vietnam

text: student by her South Korean boyfriend. As both two countries also share common heritages and over 1/4 Koreans have Vietnamese descent, South Korean investors soon take a strong influence in Vietnam. South Koreans have established a number of community organisations in Vietnam, including Koviet, a group for second-generation Korean youth raised in Vietnam, founded in 1995 Before 2004, thousands of North Korean defectors had crossed Vietnam's northern border to find the way to reach South Korea. Until 2004, Vietnam was described as the "preferred Southeast Asian escape route" for North Korean defectors, largely due to its less-mountainous terrain. Though Vietnam

title: Japan–Russia border

text: Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the "de facto" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire, and, later, the USSR, did have a land border with Japan in Sakhalin Island. The border between Russia and Japan has changed several times over the last 200 years. The Treaty of Shimoda (1855) divided the Kuril Islands, creating a maritime boundary between the Japanese Etorofu (Iturup) in the south and the Russian

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: from the government for up to 20 years, thus providing security of tenure. In 1993, the government further liberalized the agricultural sector with the adoption of the Land Law which gave land holders the rights of "exchange, transfer, inheritance, lease, and mortgage" of their leased land, The reforms were successful. Rice production in Vietnam rose from 15,103,000 metric tons in 1987 to 32,554,000 metric tons in 2000. In 1989, Vietnam became a net exporter of rice and later became one of the largest rice exporters in the world. Land reform in Vietnam Land reform in Vietnam began in the political

title: Croatia–Slovenia border disputes

text: Croatia–Slovenia border disputes Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries. As the border between the countries had not been determined in detail prior to independence, several parts of the border were disputed, both on land and at the sea, namely in the Gulf of Piran. According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the two countries share about of border. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, the border spans . The border runs in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. The countries have attempted to resolve the dispute, most

title: Vietnam Border Defence Force

text: leadership of the Ministry of Public Security. This date is taken as the date of establishment of the Vietnam Border Defence Force. Ceremony set up the People's Armed Police was held on the evening of 28 March 1959, at 19 hours, at the Military Club, Hanoi. By the end of 1979 the People's Armed Police was renamed Border Defence Force and transferred under the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). In 1988, the Border Defence Force moved to directly under the Ministry of Interior until late in 1995, then moved to the Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). Border Defence Force is the core

title: Japan–Russia border

text: into the Soviet Union in 1945. Russia treats the islands as an integral part of the country. There are no border crossing points on the Russian-Japanese border, as it is a purely maritime boundary. During the existence of the land border in Sakhalin (1905-1945), it was crossed by one road. Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the "de facto" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire,

title: Share the Land

text: Share the Land Share the Land is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band The Guess Who. After the departure of Randy Bachman, the band brought in two guitarists, Kurt Winter and Greg Leskiw. First released on CD by RCA in 1994, "Share the Land" was remastered and released on CD by Buddha Records in 2000, including two bonus tracks from post-American Woman sessions featuring Bachman, previously released on the 1976 collection "The Way They Were". In 2015, the album was again remastered, this time by Vic Anesini at Iconoclassic Records, including bonus tracks from the time period of

title: Indonesia–Malaysia border

text: between the two countries for this segment of their maritime border. The border follows the equidistant line between the baselines of Indonesia and Malaysia and Point 20 is the equidistant point between Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam (see table below). Point 20 is the western terminus of the Indonesia-Vietnam continental shelf boundary which the two countries agreed to in 2003 and the easternmost point of the area of overlapping claims between Malaysia and Vietnam. The southern termninus of the continental shelf boundary lies to the east of Pedra Branca which was disputed between Malaysia and Singapore and eventually awarded to Singapore

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: into collectives. Capitalistic South Vietnam failed in several land reform endeavors before finally achieving some success with a "Land to the Tiller" program in the early 1970s. The conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam in 1975 ended that program. Vietnam expert Bernard Fall said land reform in South Vietnam was as essential to success in the Vietnam War as "ammunition for howitzers." South Vietnam's ally and financial supporter, the United States, either failed to realize the importance of land reform or failed to persuade the South Vietnamese government of its importance. In the words of an American official, "The

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: Land reform in Vietnam Land reform in Vietnam began in the political turmoil following World War II in which a civil war pitted the communist Viet Minh against the French colonists and their supporters. At that time a large percentage of agricultural land was owned by large landowners and the majority of the rural population of Vietnam owned only small plots of land or was landless. The early success of the land reform program of the Viet Minh (and their successors, the Viet Cong), gave the communists a strong base of support among the 80 percent of the Vietnamese people

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: Accord of 1954. The land reforms carried out in North and South Vietnam bifurcate after 1954. Landlords and rich peasants owned a greater percentage of land in South Vietnam, especially in the rich agricultural land of the Mekong Delta, than in North Vietnam. Prior to the provisional separation of North and South Vietnam, emperor Bao Dai in 1953 responded to the Viet Minh program of land redistribution and rent reduction with a decree declaring that rents for land should not exceed 15 percent of the crop. The decree was unenforceable and rendered null by a failing colonial government and, in

title: Land Reform in Developing Countries

text: Land Reform in Developing Countries Land Reform in Developing Countries: Property Rights and Property Wrongs is a 2009 book by the Leontief Prize–winning economist Michael Lipton. It is a comprehensive review of land reform issues in developing countries and focuses on the evidence of which land reforms have worked and which have not. The introduction defines land reform as comprising "laws with the main goal of reducing poverty by substantially increasing the proportion of farmland controlled by the poor, and thereby their income, power or status"(the appendix gives a more precise definition). It then expands on what is meant by

title: Land Reform in Developing Countries

title: Share the Land (song)

text: where the world's land is to be given away and everyone will live together. Share the Land (song) "Share the Land" is a song written by Burton Cummings and performed by The Guess Who. It reached #2 in Canada, #10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and #63 in Australia in 1970. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song is featured on their 1970 album, "Share the Land". The song has recently appeared as the theme music in a Honda commercial. The song was produced by Jack Richardson and

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: by the farmers actually tilling the land, including land previously distributed by the Viet Cong and (2) landlords would be compensated fully for the land taken from them with payment guaranteed by the United States. Prosterman estimated that the land-to-the-tiller program could be accomplished at a cost of $900 million—less than the Vietnam War was costing the United States each month. On 26 March 1970, with the Vietnam War still underway, the government of South Vietnam began implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller program, similar to what Prosterman had proposed. The reform aimed to expropriate land from landlords not personally cultivating the

title: Algeria–Vietnam relations

text: oldest relationship between Vietnam and an Arab nation , Algeria and Vietnam share common political similarities and interests. Both two countries support the cause of Western Sahara, and have established tie with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. There is also a military cooperation between them, dated back on Algerian War. Algeria–Vietnam relations Algeria–Vietnam relations refers to bilateral relations between Algeria and Vietnam. The two countries established relations in 1962, although the link between Algeria and Vietnam has been recorded much longer than modern history. Algeria has an embassy in Hanoi while Vietnam has an embassy in Algiers. Both countries are

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: land reform in Vietnam was pursued on two separate channels and regions as the country was provisionally divided into two parts: South Vietnam (The Republic of Vietnam) and North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam), resembling the current partition of Korea. Communist North Vietnam and its southern supporters, the Viet Cong, adopted a policy of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants by force and redistributing it to poor and landless peasants, thus organizing the rural population into collectives. Capitalist South Vietnam failed in several land reform endeavors before finally achieving some success with the "Land to the Tiller"

title: Share the Land (song)

text: Share the Land (song) "Share the Land" is a song written by Burton Cummings and performed by The Guess Who. It reached #2 in Canada, #10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and #63 in Australia in 1970. The song was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but it did not chart. The song is featured on their 1970 album, "Share the Land". The song has recently appeared as the theme music in a Honda commercial. The song was produced by Jack Richardson and arranged by The Guess Who. The song's lyrics looks forward to a future point

title: Thailand–Vietnam relations

text: Thailand–Vietnam relations Thailand and Vietnam share current and historical bilateral relations. Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok. Both countries are members of ASEAN. Both two countries were, at least, under influence of India during historical past, as Siam and Southern part of Vietnam, Champa, were heavily Indianized by culture. However, the first real contact between Siam and Vietnam was recorded at 16th century. At least in historical records , Thailand (as Siam) and Vietnamese state had fought together in a massive war series which would begin in the early 18th century. However, the

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: Americans offered the peasant a constitution; the Viet Cong offered him his land and with it the right to survive." Land reform in North Vietnam was accomplished from 1954 to 1956 by confiscating and redistributing land owned by landlords to poor and landless peasants. This program resulted in executions of "landlords and reactionaries," estimated most reliably at 13,500 killed, and resistance, including rioting, in the countryside. The North Vietnamese government apologized for the excesses and attempted to rectify errors. The communist government of North Vietnam (and after 1975 all of Vietnam) followed up land redistribution by establishing collective farms, but

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: words of one scholar. By the end of 1973, 953,000 land titles had been distributed to poor or landless farmers and 1,198,000 hectares of land—nearly 40 percent of cultivated land in South Vietnam—had been distributed. By the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the U.S. estimated that land tenancy had practically disappeared in South Vietnam and that the living standard of farmers had increased by 30 to 50 percent. However, the Land-to-the-Tiller program "failed to have a decisive impact [on the Vietnam War] because it was too little, too late." The rectification campaign begun by the Viet Minh revolutionaries

title: Border guard

text: U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the U.S. Coast Guard are analogous to the uniformed division while U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement would represent the detective division. Vietnam Border Defence Force (Biên phòng Việt Nam) is a branch of Vietnam People's Army and is under command of Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). It has important roles in protecting Vietnam's sovereignty, maintaining security at land and sea borders. Vietnam Border Defence Force is established on 3 March 1959. It is organised into three levels: National Command, Provincial Command, and Local Post. Border guard A border guard of a country is a national

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: of the land reform program of the North Vietnamese government, which became the government of all Vietnam in 1975, was not to achieve equitable distribution of farmland but rather the organization of all farmers into co-operatives in which land and other factors of agricultural production would be owned and used collectively. Farmers to whom land given in the land reform program did not receive title to the land. The ultimate ownership of the land remained with the State. The first steps after the 1953-1956 land reform were the encouragement by the government of labor exchanges in which farmers would unite

title: Share the Land

text: its original form, and play just as well as it did when first opened. All songs written by "Burton Cummings/Kurt Winter" except as noted. 9."Palmyra" "(Bachman, Cummings)" – 5:44 10."The Answer" "(Bachman, Cummings)" – 4:05 9."Runnin' Down the Street" "(Kale/Peterson)" (B-side Of Hand Me Down World) – 4:20 10. "Hang On to Your Life" (Single Version) – 3:25 11. "Moan for You Joe" (Take 3) "(Cummings/Leskiw)" – 2:24 Album Singles Share the Land Share the Land is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band The Guess Who. After the departure of Randy Bachman, the band brought in two guitarists,

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: Vietnamese supporters of the French (mostly Roman Catholics), were granted large tracts of land, confiscated or obtained in some manner from its traditional occupants and owners. In southern Vietnam, the production of industrial crops for export, notably rubber, began on a large scale. Vietnam was managed by the French primarily to produce revenue which was attained by exports, taxation and government monopolies. By the 1930s, one result of French economic exploitation was a serious problem of unequal land distribution. Approximately 80 percent of the population of Vietnam was rural and depended upon agriculture for a livelihood. About one million families—40

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: or rented land to supplement their small holding, "Rentals were as heavy as any to be found in Asia -- 50 percent of the crop. The tenant had to provide his own hut, tools, and livestock, and hire supplementary labor at the height of the season...By the time the tenant had discharged all his obligations, his share of the crop was roughly a third of the total." The Viet Minh—Vietnamese independence movement—fought to gain independence from France after World War II. They were the dominant political force in many of the rural areas of Vietnam, especially in the north where

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: eliminating land-based exploitation, it created a new strata of exploiters in the form of local officials that abused their power to secure land for themselves and their relatives instead of impoverished peasants. Land reform in South Vietnam Land reform in South Vietnam refers to reforms proposed by the United States and implemented by South Vietnam. Seeking to undermine the popularity of the communist Việt Minh's policies of land redistribution to poor peasants, the government of South Vietnam implemented their own land-redistribution policies during the Vietnam War. Early reforms enacted by the South Vietnamese government in the 1950s largely failed, as

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: Land reform in South Vietnam Land reform in South Vietnam refers to reforms proposed by the United States and implemented by South Vietnam. Seeking to undermine the popularity of the communist Việt Minh's policies of land redistribution to poor peasants, the government of South Vietnam implemented their own land-redistribution policies during the Vietnam War. Early reforms enacted by the South Vietnamese government in the 1950s largely failed, as the ordinances prescribed by the government often attempted to directly undo the already-popular land reforms of the Việt Minh, requiring poor peasants to pay to acquire land that the communists had already

title: Land reform in North Vietnam

text: Land reform in North Vietnam Land reform in North Vietnam (Vietnamese: "Cải cách ruộng đất tại miền Bắc Việt Nam") can be understood as an agrarian reform in northern Vietnam throughout different periods, but in many cases it only refers to the one within the regime of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the 1950s. Land reform in North Vietnam is one of the most important economic and political programs launched by Viet Minh government during the years 1953-1956. The project of land reform in North Vietnam was a product of the interplay of complex internal and external factors. On

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: who lived in rural areas. The support of the communists by a large number of rural dwellers was an important factor in determining the outcome of the Vietnam War. From 1954 to 1975 land reform was on two separate tracks as the country was provisionally divided into two parts: South Vietnam (The Republic of Vietnam) and North Vietnam (the Democratic Republic of Vietnam). Communist North Vietnam and its southern supporters, the Viet Cong, early adopted a policy of confiscating the land of landlords and rich peasants and distributing it to poor and landless peasants and later organizing the rural population

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: continued under the communist government of North Vietnam from 1954 to 1956. In characteristic communist fashion, the government divided the farmers into social classes: landlords, rich peasants, middle peasants, poor peasants, and landless or nearly landless laborers. In North Vietnam about one-fourth of agricultural land was owned communally and allocated by the village or hamlet leaders to individual farmers. The Land Reform Law of 4 December 1953 called for (1) confiscation of land belonging to landlords who were enemies of the regime; (2) requisition of land from landlords not judged to be enemies; and (3) purchase with payment in bonds.

title: Beer in Vietnam

text: Viet, which is the only commercial brewery in Vietnam that produces black beer. Popular international breweries include Tiger, Carlsberg, and Heineken. Heineken and Tiger beers together dominate the Vietnam premium beer segment with approximately 85% of the market share. Vietnam is the largest market in the world for Tiger and Heineken Asia Pacific. The country aims to raise beer output by 18% to 25%, up from 3.4 billion litres in 2015 to between 4 billion and 4.25 billion litres by 2020. Vietnam imports beers from various countries. Belgian bottled beers include Trappiste, Chimay, Leffe, Hoegaarden. Some examples of German/Austrian bottled

title: Thailand–Vietnam relations

text: strategic cooperation and alliance. In 2015, Thailand was the 10th largest investor in Vietnam worth nearly USD7 billion. Thailand was also Vietnam's fifth biggest trading partner. Thailand–Vietnam relations Thailand and Vietnam share current and historical bilateral relations. Thailand has an embassy in Hanoi and Vietnam has an embassy in Bangkok. Both countries are members of ASEAN. Both two countries were, at least, under influence of India during historical past, as Siam and Southern part of Vietnam, Champa, were heavily Indianized by culture. However, the first real contact between Siam and Vietnam was recorded at 16th century. At least in historical

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: one Mekong Delta province, said that "no other [Communist] Party activities had such an immediate and profound impact...the promise of land being one of the principal means of obtaining a core of activists in each village to drive out the government authorities." In 1953, the Viet Minh, now in control of 60 to 90 percent of the rural areas of Vietnam, took a bolder approach to expand the land redistribution programs in what was called the rectification movement. They continued the rectification movement after Vietnam was provisionally divided into South Vietnam and North Vietnam as a result of the Geneva

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: given to them. During the 1960s, such programs were rendered defunct and unenforceable due to the South Vietnamese army's inability to control farmland territories against the Viet Cong. In the 1970s, South Vietnam implemented the "Land to the Tiller" reform with the aid of the United States. This program was more successful than earlier programs, and was almost entirely underwritten by the United States. The reform program was discontinued in 1975 following South Vietnam's defeat in the Vietnam War and the unification of Vietnam. Following the unification, the government of Vietnam attempted to carry out further land reform in the

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: the Continental Shelf involving the Two Countries" to enable joint exploitation of petroleum in the Defined Area, which is better known as Block PM3 Commercial Arrangement Area (CAA). The defined area is about 2,008 km square. Oil production began in 1997 from the Bunga Kekwa field. Other producing fields are the East Bunga Kekwa-Cai Nuoc, East Bunga Raya, West Bunga Raya, Northwest Bunga Raya and Bunga Seroja fields, all of which are located in the southeast portion of the block. The East Bunga Kekwa-Cai Nuoc is a unitized field and a portion of which extends onto Vietnam Block 46-Cai Nuoc,

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: any case, contained loopholes that could have been exploited by landlords. in 1954, South Vietnam's ally, the United States, advised the new government of South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem, to undertake "indispensable reforms" including land reform. In response on 8 January 1955, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 2, which capped rental of land at 25 percent of production. In 1956, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 57 which forbade ownership by an individual of more than of rice land and prescribed the conditions and terms under which the excess land expropriated from the rich could be transferred to less-wealthy farmers. Under

title: Vietnam Border Defence Force

text: charge of guarding domestic international borders, under the management of the Police Department, and named them the "Guard forces". Guard forces including Border Guard and Homeland Guard. According to the resolution of the Politburo, Border Guard is responsible for: Homeland Guard is responsible for (this task transferred to police protection under the General Department of Police, Ministry of Public Security): On 3 March 1959, the Prime Minister of Vietnam signed Decision No. 100 - TTg on the establishment of an armed force in charge of border protection and domestic, to be known as the People's Armed Police, set under the

title: Military history of Vietnam

text: Military history of Vietnam Army and warfare made their first appearance in Vietnamese history during the 3rd millennium BC. Throughout thousands of years, wars played a great role in shaping the identity and culture of people inhabited the land which is modern day Vietnam. Along with Myanmar, and a lesser extent, Thailand, Vietnam is regarded as one of the most militaristic countries in Southeast Asia. There is even a higher level belief Vietnam might be the most militaristic nation in Southeast Asia, and one of Asia and the world's most militaristic countries. The military history of the Socialist Republic of

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: shares were computed only on the basis of hours worked, with no benefit accruing to farmers on the basis of the quality of their work. By 1971, the great majority of farmers in North Vietnam were organized into high-level cooperatives. In former South Vietnam after 1975, however, the collectivization movement was much slower to be implemented. By 1986, more than 90 percent of farmers in former North Vietnam were organized into cooperatives; by contrast only 5. 9 percent of farmers in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam's "rice bowl") of former South Vietnam were members of cooperatives. Redistribution of land, begun under

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: the program the government acquired from 1958 to 1961 and distributed . The land redistributed thus comprised less than 10 percent of the 7.5 million acres of cultivated land in South Vietnam. The land reform program implemented under Ordinance 57 was unpopular in the countryside. The Viet Minh had already divided up the land -- "fairly," in the words of one official. The government's program was less generous to the majority of farmers than had been the Viet Minh redistribution of land in areas which it controlled. The amount of land that individuals were permitted to retain was large, farmers

title: Indonesia–Malaysia border

text: dispute originated in 1969 when the two countries negotiated to delimit the common border of their continental shelf. As the two countries could not agree on the soveignty of the two islands, the continental shelf border was left off the 1969 agreement between the two countries. Indonesia claimed that the islands were theirs by virtue of the fact that they were located south of 4° 10" North which it said formed the maritime border between it and Malaysia by virtue of a straight line extension of the land border which ended on the east coast Sebatik island. Malaysia however, claimed

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: executed or imprisoned and too many mistakes had been made in redistributing land. Severe rioting protesting the excesses of the land reform program broke out in November 1956 in one largely-Catholic rural district. About 1,000 people were killed or injured and several thousand imprisoned. North Vietnam initiated a "correction campaign" which by 1958 had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by the land reform. Many of those imprisoned were released. Executions. Executions and imprisonment of persons classified as "landlords" or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program. A

title: Bangladesh–India border

text: flood lights for 277 kilometers in the West Bengal sector. Sometimes between 2001 and 2006 Bangladesh Border security troops (BDR) clashed with the Indian Border Security Force when the fence was built beyond the no man's land. Bangladesh–India border The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states. Bangladesh and India share a -long international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya, and in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: the South Vietnamese government, continued with each adult receiving 0.1 to 0.15 hectares and each minor child or elder person receiving .08 to .1 hectare of land. Collectivization efforts notwithstanding, the family farm remained the basis of agriculture in the Mekong Delta. Rice production per capita under collectivization remained stagnant in northern Vietnam and declined in southern Vietnam. This decline was attributed by scholars to uncertainty and opposition to the attempted collectivization of the South. Rice production usually comprises more than 90 percent of total grain production in Vietnam and in 1978 rice production bottomed out at 9,790,000 metric tons.

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: of land in areas which it controlled. The amount of land that individuals were permitted to retain was large, farmers were required to pay for land they acquired under the program, and the program was riddled with corruption and inefficiency. Many rural people believed that the United States army and the government of South Vietnam were on the side of the landlords. Military operations by the U.S. and South Vietnamese armies to clear communist insurgents from an area would often result in landlords reclaiming land previously abandoned or confiscated and redistributed by the Viet Minh or Viet Cong. Ordinance 57

title: Air transport in Vietnam

text: of the domestic market share. Vietjet Air is the first low-cost airlines in Vietnam. Launched at the end of 2009, now Vietjet Air is even larger than Jeststar Pacific Airlines. Vietjet Air operates flights to 17 airports in Vietnam and to 13 airports in other countries. Established in 2011, Hai Au Aviation operates Cessna 208 Caravan seaplanes on scenic flights. There are 22 airports in operations throughout Vietnam, of which 9 are international. Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Noi Bai International Airport and Da Nang International Airport are the major gateways, handling most of international flights. Air transport in Vietnam

title: Vietnam Coast Guard

text: Coast Guard collaborates with several countries for networking exercises. A contract was signed between Vietnam and the United States for the United States Coast Guard to help train Vietnam Coast Guard beginning in 2009. The United States Coast Guard kicked off its partnership program with the Vietnam Coast Guard under the Export Control and Related Border Security program by conducting two sessions of the Maritime Law Enforcement Boarding Officer course in Hai Phong and Phu Quoc, 12–23 October 2009. This was the first United States Coast Guard engagement with the Vietnam Coast Guard under their new partnership program. Its positive

title: France–Spain border

text: with the signing of the Bayonne Treaties between 1856 and 1868. During the mandates of the Queen of Spain Isabel II and French emperor Napoleon III between the two countries were signed several agreements by which the border was established: Later both countries concluded agreements under the same point. In 1980 an agreement was signed to define the border into the Bielsa-Aragnouet tunnel, and 1984, during the construction of the road linking the Roncal Valley with Arette, it was agreed a mutual transfer of land of 2710 m. In 1995, with the entry into force of Schengen Agreement, border controls

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: The land reform was carried out from 1953 to 1956 in five "waves," each larger that the previous and extending to most of the good agricultural land of North Vietnam. Some farming areas did not undergo land reform but only rent reduction and the highland areas occupied by minority peoples were not substantially impacted. Some land was retained by the government but most was distributed without payment with priority given to Viet Minh fighters and their families. The total number of rural people impacted by the land reform program was more than 4 million. The rent reduction program impacted nearly

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: program in the early 1970s that was almost fully devised and supported by the United States, which considered it to be part of their policy of the Vietnamization of the war. In 1954, South Vietnam's ally, the United States, advised the new government of South Vietnam, headed by Ngo Dinh Diem, to undertake "indispensable reforms" including land reform. In response on 8 January 1955, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 2, which capped rental of land at 25 percent of production. In 1956, Diem adopted Ordinance No. 57 which forbade ownership by an individual of more than of rice land and prescribed

title: Australia–Indonesia border

text: Australia–Indonesia border The Australia–Indonesia border is a maritime boundary running west from the two countries' tripoint maritime boundary with Papua New Guinea in the western entrance to the Torres Straits through the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea and terminating in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is, however, broken by the "Timor Gap", where Australian and East Timorese territorial waters meet and where the two countries have overlapping claims to the seabed. Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian Ocean between Australia's oversea territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesian island of Java. An interesting characteristic

title: Land reform in North Vietnam

text: the most significant of which was the Chinese advisory group, which was later sent to North Vietnam in the same year. Basically, Chinese advisory groups had a double mission. The most important one was to provide advice on military affairs. After winning military victories in a series of military campaigns with considerable help from August 1950 onward, the DRV not only gradually turned around the war situation but also expanded its controlling areas. This conducive environment facilitated the DRV to carry out its land reform plan. As a government dominated by the communists, land reform was an integral part of

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: the conditions and terms under which the excess land expropriated from the rich could be transferred to less-wealthy farmers. Under the program the government acquired from 1958 to 1961 and distributed . The land redistributed thus comprised less than 10 percent of the 7.5 million acres of cultivated land in South Vietnam. The land reform program implemented under Ordinance 57 was unpopular in the countryside. The Viet Minh had already divided up the land -- "fairly," in the words of one official. The government's program was less generous to the majority of farmers than had been the Viet Minh redistribution

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: 8 million people. North Vietnam had a total population of approximately 15 million people in 1955. Results.The land reform program was a success in terms of distributing much land to poor and landless peasants and reducing or eliminating the land holdings of landlords and rich peasants. However it was carried out with violence and repression primarily directed against large landowners identified, sometimes incorrectly, as landlords. On 18 August 1956, North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform program. Too many farmers, he said, had been incorrectly classified as "landlords" and

title: Bangladesh–India border

text: Bangladesh–India border The Bangladesh–India border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is an international border running between Bangladesh and India that demarcates the eight divisions of Bangladesh and the Indian states. Bangladesh and India share a -long international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including in Assam, in Tripura, in Mizoram, in Meghalaya, and in West Bengal. The Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet and Chittagong are situated along the border. A number of pillars mark the border between the two states. Small demarcated portions of the border are fenced on both sides. The Land

title: Border

text: on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place. In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers, and institute formal border control procedures. These can extend inland, as in the United States where the U.S. Customs and Border Protection service has jurisdiction to operate up to 100 miles from any land or sea boundary. On the other hand, some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada–United States border. Borders may even be completely

title: Masnaa Border Crossing

text: April 29, 2010, a US security delegation visited the crossing, causing concern from the Lebanese Government and Hezbollah militants operating out of Lebanon. Masnaa Border Crossing The Masnaa Border Crossing is an international border crossing between the countries of Lebanon and Syria. It is completely land-based and links the customs checkpoints of Masnaa, Lebanon, and Jdeidat Yabous, Syria. An 8 km no man's land of desolate neutral territory buffers the distance between the border stations. It is the primary crossing point between the countries, linking the capital cities of Beirut and Damascus. The border has been closed many times in

title: Masnaa Border Crossing

text: Masnaa Border Crossing The Masnaa Border Crossing is an international border crossing between the countries of Lebanon and Syria. It is completely land-based and links the customs checkpoints of Masnaa, Lebanon, and Jdeidat Yabous, Syria. An 8 km no man's land of desolate neutral territory buffers the distance between the border stations. It is the primary crossing point between the countries, linking the capital cities of Beirut and Damascus. The border has been closed many times in its history and has been an ongoing subject of controversy, mostly due to its minor role in Middle Eastern hostilities. Most recently, on

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: were extended to peasants in areas under control of the South Vietnamese government to whom land had previously been distributed by the Viet Cong. Bernard B. Fall a prominent war correspondent, historian, political scientist, and expert on Indochina during the 1950s and 1960s, claimed that delayed land reform in South Vietnam had played such a fundamental role in the Vietnam War that it was as important as "ammunition for howitzers." South Vietnam's ally and financial supporter, the United States, either failed to realise the importance of land reform in a timely fashion or was not able to persuade the South

title: Land reform in South Vietnam

text: resulted in the reverse of what was the objective of land reform advocates: large landowners and landlords increased their influence, especially in the important rice-growing area of the Mekong Delta. The ordinance remained in effect until 1970, but was largely unutilized after 1960 as the Viet Cong insurgents took control or disputed government control of most of the rural areas of South Vietnam. The Land to the Tiller project carried out in Vietnam from 1970 to 1973 was based on a proposal by Roy Prosterman, a prominent American "land-rights-activist", who the US government of the time recruited within its efforts

title: Border checkpoint

text: crosses an internal Schengen border is legally not a "border crossing point". Border checkpoint A border checkpoint is a place, generally between two countries, where travelers or goods are inspected. Authorization often is required to enter a country through its borders. Access-controlled borders often have a limited number of checkpoints where they can be crossed without legal sanctions. Arrangements or treaties may be formed to allow or mandate less restrained crossings (e.g. the Schengen Agreement). Land border checkpoints (land ports of entry) can be contrasted with the customs and immigration facilities at seaports, international airports, and other ports of entry.

title: Land reform in Vietnam

text: percent of the rural population of southern Vietnam—were landless tenants. In Northern Vietnam about 21 percent of the rural population was landless and another 35 percent owned only very small parcels of land. Out of a total population of Vietnam of around 25 million in 1940, 7 or 8 million people were probably landless peasants. The country's richest agriculture region, the Mekong delta, was considered one of the five worst areas in the world for the prevalence of landlessness and tenancy among its inhabitants. For the more than 70 percent of the population in the Mekong Delta who were landless

title: Malaysia–Thailand border

text: other stretches. As both countries constructed their walls on their own territory, a strip of "no man's-land" about 10 m wide was created and this strip of land became a convenient refuge for smugglers (not all smuggling was deterred by the wall) and drug runners. In 2001, the two countries agreed to construct just one wall along the border which would be just inside Thai territory. The new border wall is 2.5 m high and made up of a concrete lower half and steel fencing on the upper half. At the base, barbed wire runs along the length of the