query: what is the currency name of brazil?

title: Gaucho (currency)

text: without any initial plans to establish a common currency. Later, in 1994, Brazil established the Brazilian real, still in use, putting an end to the frequent currency changes that took place in the country throughout the 1980s and the 1990s. On such panorama, the Gaucho plan has been virtually shelved. On 17 July 1987, in the city of Viedma (Río Negro, Argentina), President Raúl Alfonsín of Argentina and President José Sarney of Brazil signed Protocol Number 20 which stated the following: Considering: Viedma, 17 July 1987 Gaucho (currency) The Gaucho was the name of a currency intended to be used

title: Brazil–China relations

text: Brazil, with financing oil exploration to repairing railways.The repair of railways and infrastructure came ahead of the Rio Olympics in 2016. There is also a trade phase from raw materials to heavy equipment and industrial goods. The two countries have also signed a currency agreement that will include up to $30 billion dollars worth of Chinese Yuan and Brazilian real. This deal was signed to provide an alternative currency to the US Dollar with respect to the Chinese Yuan. China is considered Brazil's largest trading partners. Brazil and China are members of an economic organization called BRICS, also consisting of

title: Name of Brazil

text: Name of Brazil The name "Brazil" is a shortened form of "Terra do Brasil", "land of Brazil", a reference to brazilwood, given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwood for the production of wood dyes for the European textile industry. The term for the brazilwood tree in Portuguese, "pau-brasil", is derived from "brasa" ("ember"), a reference to the colour, formed from medieval Latin "brasa", from Old French "brese", "ember, glowing charcoal", in turn from a West Germanic "*brasa"). The land of what became Brazil

title: Name of Brazil

text: the name Holy Cross, which is now, (erroneously) called Brazil, because of the red wood that comes from it, which they call Brazil." Barros's call was taken up by Pedro Magalhães Gandavo, who titled his 1576 history of "Santa Cruz, vulgarly called Brazil". Gandavo opens with an explanation of the "ill-conceived" Brazil name, noting its origin in the dyewood "which was called brazil, for being red, akin to embers", but insists on using the Santa Cruz name in the rest of his book, in order to "torment the Devil, who has worked, and continues to work, so much to extinguish

title: Gaucho (currency)

text: Gaucho (currency) The Gaucho was the name of a currency intended to be used by Argentina and Brazil in the context of the Argentina-Brazil Integration and Economics Cooperation Program or PICE (Spanish: Programa de Integración y Cooperación Económica Argentina-Brasil) to make interregional payments. It was named after the gauchos typical of both Argentina and Southern Brazil. After the signing of the Protocol Number 20, in 1987, no further action was ever taken by any of the countries to effectively put the currency into use. Mercosur, an economic bloc including Brazil and Argentina, establishing broader economic integration, was created in 1991,

title: Name of Brazil

text: the 1351 Medici Atlas denotes two islands of "brasil", one placed traditionally off Ireland, and the other in the Azores archipelago, in the location of Terceira Island. The "brasil" in this case could be a reference either to the island's volcanic complex, or to dragon's blood, a valuable red resin dye found on that island. "Brasil" is also used to designate Aruba in the Cantino planisphere. Name of Brazil The name "Brazil" is a shortened form of "Terra do Brasil", "land of Brazil", a reference to brazilwood, given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant

title: Name of Brazil

text: sensation in Europe. In 1507, Vespucci's letters were reprinted in the volume "Cosmographiae Introductio" put out by a German academy, which contains the famous map by Martin Waldseemüller with the Brazilian landmass designated by the name "America". The accompanying text notes "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part, after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence". In a similar spirit, a map by the Genoese cartographer Visconte Maggiolo, dated 1504, Brazil appears designated as "Tera de Gonsalvo Coigo vocatur Santa Croxe" ("Land of Gonçalo Coelho called Santa

title: Currency of Uruguay

text: Currency of Uruguay This is an outline of Uruguay's monetary history. For the present currency of Uruguay, see Uruguayan peso. Uruguay's currency was initially that common to all of Spanish America. During the struggle over this region, initially between Spain and Portugal, then between Argentina and Brazil, the coinage of both contestants circulated. When the area was annexed to Brazil in 1821 as Provincia Cisplatina, the Portuguese (Brazilian) administration put notes of Banco do Brazil into circulation. This was the first paper money to circulate in Uruguay. Then, in 1826–1828, Argentine troops fighting against Brazil were paid in one-peso notes

title: Name of Brazil

text: more mundane. It was rather common for 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese to refer to distant lands by their commercial product rather than their proper name, e.g. Madeira island and the series of coasts of West Africa (Melegueta Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast), etc. Brazil simply followed that pattern. Brazilwood harvesting was doubtlessly the principal and often sole objective of European visitors to Brazil in the early part of the 16th century. The first hint of the new name is found in the Cantino planisphere (1502), which draws extensively on the 1501 mapping expedition. The label "Rio D Brasil"

title: Name of Brazil

text: captain of the armada "which I send to the land of Brazil" The "Santa Cruz" ("Holy Cross") name did not disappear altogether. In the 1527 map of the Visconte Maggiolo it re-appears in the dual label "Terre Sante Crusis de lo Brasil e del Portugal" ("Land of the Holy Cross of Brazil and of Portugal"). Years later, in 1552, the chronicler João de Barros grumbled at the change in name. Barros notes how, before leaving in 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral erected a huge wooden cross as the marker of the land, but that later, because brazilwood was brought from this

title: Name of Brazil

text: Cross") (hugging the coast on his return trip, the courier must have realized that Brazil was clearly not an island). Italian merchants in Lisbon, who interviewed the returning crews in 1501, recorded its name as the "Land of Parrots" ("Terra di Papaga"). The Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci joined the follow-up Portuguese expedition in 1501 to map the coast of Brazil. Shortly upon his return to Lisbon, Vespucci authored a famous letter to his former employer Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici characterizing it as a "New World". Vespucci's letter, first printed c. 1503 under the title "Mundus Novus", became a publishing

title: Name of Brazil

text: land, "this name (Brazil) became stuck in the mouth of the people, and the name Santa Cruz was lost, as if the name of some wood which tinctured cloths was more important than that wood which has tinctured all the Sacraments by which we were saved, by the blood of Jesus Christ, which was spilled upon it." Barros goes on to moan that he can do little but remind his readers of the solemnity of the original name and urge them to use it lest, on Judgment Day, "they be accused of being worshipers of brazilwood" rather than worshipers of

title: Name of Brazil

text: the Holy Cross. "For the honor of such a great land let us call it a province, and say the 'Province of Holy Cross', which sounds better among the prudent than 'Brazil', which was placed vulgarly without consideration and is an unfit name for these properties of the royal crown." Other Portuguese chroniclers confirm this reason for the transition, e.g. Fernão Lopes de Castanheda (c. 1554) notes that Cabral "named it the land of Holy Cross, and that later this name was lost and remained that of Brasil, for love of brazilwood" and Damião de Góis (1566) notes Cabral "placed

title: Name of Brazil

text: as a "Brasiliano". But uniquely among Portuguese demonyms, they are instead referred to as a "Brasileiro", an occupation. That too stemmed from Loronha's time, when a "brasileiro" was a reference to a "brazilwood cutter", a job invariably undertaken by the Tupí Indians on the coast. The name of the occupation was simply extended to refer to all the inhabitants of the country. While the brazilwood root of "Brazil" is generally accepted, it has been occasionally challenged. Among the alternative hypotheses is that it is named after the legendary island of Brasil. Many 14th-century nautical maps denoted a phantom island called

title: Name of Brazil

text: expense. Loronha is estimated to have harvested some 20,000 quintals of brazilwood on the Brazilian coast by 1506. By the 1510s, French interlopers from the Atlantic clothmaking ports of Normandy and Brittany began to also routinely visit the Brazilian coast to do their own (illegal) brazilwood harvesting. It was during Loronha's tenure that the name began to transition to "Terra do Brasil" ("Land of Brazil") and its inhabitants to "Brasileiros". Although some commentators have alleged that Loronha, as a New Christian (a converted Jew), might have been reluctant to refer to it after the Christian cross, the truth is probably

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: the currency war had ended – governments of emerging economies were increasingly deciding to accept currency appreciation so as to mitigate rising food prices, one of the causes behind civil discontent driving the Arab Spring. In April, the "Financial Times" joined Bloomberg in reporting that the currency war was beginning to fizzle out, again suggesting a key reason was the trend for emerging economies to allow currency appreciation as a means to offset inflation. Although Brazil is one of the emerging countries that has recently abandoned intervening against appreciation, her finance minister Guido Mantega disagreed with suggestions that the 'currency

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: dollar float freely. While the US has taken no direct action to devalue its currency, there is close to universal consensus among analysts that its quantitative easing programmes exert downwards pressure on the dollar. According to many analysts the currency war had largely fizzled out by mid-2011, though others including Mantega disagreed. As of March 2012, outbreaks of rhetoric were still occurring, with additional measures being adopted by countries like Brazil to control the appreciation of their currency. Yet by June, there were signs that currency misalignment had been levelling out in China and across the world, with even Mantega

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: a "scapegoat" for the US's failings. China accused the US of waging the currency war and that it has "exercised financial policies characterised as 'economic egoism.'" In April 2011, the "Financial Times" reported that Chinese officials have signalled 2016 as a date when they expect to stop intervening against their currency by buying dollar assets. Brazil is a large economy which has generally allowed their currency to float freely, with the exception of some low level interventions to counter large capital inflows resulting from major stock sales. As a result, since early 2009 her currency has risen substantially against the

title: International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency

text: International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency The International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency () is a 1929 League of Nations treaty whereby states agree to criminalise acts of currency counterfeiting. It remains the principal international agreement on currency counterfeiting. States that ratify the Convention agree to criminalise the creation, use, and exportation or importation of counterfeit currency. Under the agreement, no distinction is to be made as to what currency is the subject of the crime. Under the treaty, currency counterfeiting is an extraditable offence. States also agree to establish a central office that will forward

title: Brazil–China relations

text: policy in relation to the so-called Currency war. Brazil has called for China to allow a faster appreciation of its currency, which would help other countries to better compete against Chinese exports. Brazil also criticised US policy, saying both China and the US should seek to avoid escalating economic tension concerning trade and currency. Trade between China and Brazil was worth almost $80 US Dollars as of 2014. China is expanding economic ties into Latin America, and Brazil falls into that category. China is investing a Brazilian electric transmission line from the Amazon, as well as importing Brazilian planes and

title: Saber (sectoral currency)

text: Saber (sectoral currency) The Saber (Portuguese for "to know") currency is a proposal of an educational sectoral currency initially presented in Brazil. It would be handed out by the ministry of education. The currency is given for free to pupils, who can use it to buy education from older pupils. The currency propagates from lower grades to higher grades in schools and finally propagates to universities where it is used to buy education from the state. At this point it is collected and returned to the ministry. The duration the currency remains valid is limited in order to encourage fast

title: Saber (sectoral currency)

text: propagation of the currency, and ensure that the number of students arriving in any university doesn't exceed the capacity to handle them. Saber (sectoral currency) The Saber (Portuguese for "to know") currency is a proposal of an educational sectoral currency initially presented in Brazil. It would be handed out by the ministry of education. The currency is given for free to pupils, who can use it to buy education from older pupils. The currency propagates from lower grades to higher grades in schools and finally propagates to universities where it is used to buy education from the state. At this

title: Name of Brazil

text: the memory of the Holy Cross from the hearts of men". The connection to the brazilwood harvest is also found in the demonym for the country. In the Portuguese language, an inhabitant of Brazil is referred to as a "Brasileiro". But the common rules of the language reserves the suffix "-eiro" to denote occupations, rather than inhabitants (which are usually given the suffix "-ano"). The English equivalent is the suffix "-er" for occupations (e.g. baker, shoemaker) and the suffix "-an" for demonyms (e.g. Indian, American). If this rule was followed, an inhabitant of Brazil should have been known (in Portuguese)

title: Name of Brazil

text: ("River of Brazil") is given near Porto Seguro, just below the São Francisco River, almost certainly an indicator of a river where ample brazilwood could be found on its shores. That label is repeated on subsequent maps (e.g. Canerio map of 1505). The generalization from that river to the land as a whole followed soon enough. Already Duarte Pacheco Pereira, in his "Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis" (c. 1506-09), refers to the entire coast as the "terra do Brasil daleem do mar Ociano" ("land of Brazil beyond the Ocean sea"). The term is also found in a letter, dated April 1,

title: Currency board

text: Helena continue to operate currency boards, backing their locally printed currency notes with pound sterling reserves. A gold standard is a special case of a currency board where the value of the national currency is linked to the value of gold instead of a foreign currency. For a precise definition of what constitutes a currency board, including past examples, see: Currency board A currency board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the exchange rate

title: Currency of Uruguay

text: moneda national" (peso national currency). The economy picked up after 1876 and the 1880s were a period of prosperity and expansion. Internal peace was achieved in 1884, and there was a heavy influx of foreign capital. The Reus Law of 1887 made it easy to establish new banks (the most important of which was Banco Nacional). While Uruguay's neighbors, Argentina and Brazil, were obliged to use inconvertible paper currency, Uruguay continued to use gold. By 1889 the flow of foreign capital was drying up, and the prices paid for Uruguay's exports were falling. Gold was leaving the country, and Banco

title: Currency swap

text: in U.S. dollars to overseas markets." While central bank liquidity swaps and currency swaps are structurally the same, currency swaps are commercial transactions driven by comparative advantage, while central bank liquidity swaps are emergency loans of US Dollars to overseas markets, and it is currently unknown whether or not they will be beneficial for the Dollar or the US in the long-term. The People's Republic of China has multiple year currency swap agreements of the Renminbi with Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Hong Kong, Iceland, Indonesia, Malaysia, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, United Kingdom and Uzbekistan that perform a similar function to central

title: Local currency

text: in Canada and over 400 in the United Kingdom. Australia, France, New Zealand, and Switzerland have similar systems. Kenya: Senegal: South Africa: Japan: Hong Kong: Indonesia: Malaysia: Bangladesh [Chandpur Chittagonj Dhaka] Australia: Canada: "See List of Canadian community currencies"<br> Mexico: United States: "See List of community currencies in the United States" Argentina: Brazil: Venezuela: Austria: Belgium: Czech Republic: Denmark: France: Germany: Hungary: Greece: Italy: Latvia: Malta: Netherlands: Russia: Slovakia: Spain: Switzerland: Ukraine: United Kingdom: [[Category:Local currencies| ]] [[Category:Freiwirtschaft]] [[Category:Localism (politics)]] [[Category:Monetary reform]] [[Category:Community building]] Local currency In economics, a local currency is a currency that can be spent in a

title: Reserve currency

text: Russia and the People's Republic of China, central banks, and economic analysts and groups, such as the Gulf Cooperation Council, have expressed a desire to see an independent new currency replace the dollar as the reserve currency. On 10 July 2009, Russian President Medvedev proposed a new 'world currency' at the G8 meeting in London as an alternative reserve currency to replace the dollar. China, Russia, India, Turkey, Brazil, Venezuela and other oil-producing countries have recently agreed "to transact all of their mutual trade and investment in their own currencies" effectively minimizing the need, at least in the short term,

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: reputation for avoiding government intervention in favour of free market policies. Brazil's finance minister Guido Mantega who had raised the alarm about a currency war back in September, warned that matters were beginning to escalate into a trade war. He expressed concerns about the economic policies of both China and the US. By February, the US had stepped up diplomatic efforts to persuade emerging economies such as Brazil and India that China's intervention was the root cause of the currency war. However the US once again refrained from labelling China a currency manipulator. A Treasury report said that allowing for

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: other countries not directly involved such as Australia; if the "currency war" continues they may be exposed to harmful upwards pressure on their exchange rates. By December 2010, currency war was less of a hot topic and wasn't even on the agenda for the bilateral trade talks held between China and the US, but the issues still remain unresolved, with many emerging economies considering increased use of capital controls to cope with potentially de-stabilising capital inflows. January 2011 saw new interventions to prevent currency appreciation and volatility from Brazil, South Korea and even from Chile – a country with a

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: Currency of Uruguay

text: issued by Banco Nacional of Buenos Aires for Provincia Oriental ("Eastern Province", i.e., Uruguay). All parties to the conflict used the Spanish dollar (Spanish "peso", Portuguese " patacão"), which circulated with a value of 8 Spanish reales or 960 Brazilian reis. Circulation consisted of coins from mints in Mexico, Potosí, Brazil, and Buenos Aires. During the turbulent period of conflict preceding independence, a considerable amount of poor-quality copper coin from both Buenos Aires and Brazil came into circulation. Peso (Patacón) = 8 Reales = 800 Centésimos de real (centavos) Onza de oro = 16 Pesos In 1828, Uruguay's currency was

title: What a Beautiful Name

text: What a Beautiful Name "What a Beautiful Name" is a song by Australian praise and worship group Hillsong Worship. The song, written and led by Brooke Ligertwood and co-written with Ben Fielding, refers to the promise of salvation through Jesus Christ as represented by His Holy Name. The "genre-smashing single" contributed to Hillsong being named "Billboard"s Top Christian Artist of 2017. "What a Beautiful Name" won two Dove Awards for Song of the Year and Worship Song of the Year in 2017. It won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. "What a Beautiful Name" was released

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: a source of contention, concerns over currency war had receded, along with signs that major currencies such as the Renminbi were now much less undervalued than they had been a year previously. Brazil currency had fallen substantially from its peak value against the dollar, allowing Mantega to begin rolling back anti-appreciation measures. In July, the IMF downgraded its assessment of the degree to which the Renminbi is undervalued from "substantially" to "moderately". However, Chinese officials were not pleased, suggesting that their exchange rate is no longer undervalued at all. Whereas in the US, presidential candidate Mitt Romney retains his pledge

title: What Yo Name Iz?

text: What Yo Name Iz? "What Yo Name Iz?" is the debut single by American rapper Kirko Bangz. The Sound M.O.B. produced song was featured on his mixtape "Procrastination Kills 3" (2011). It's also Kirko Bangz's first song to chart on the US "Billboard" charts. The official remix to "What Yo Name Iz?" features Wale, Big Sean, and Bun B. The remix was released on , before the original version. Maxrank also made a remix for this song. "What Yo Name Iz?" was the first song by Kirko Bangz to chart on the billboard charts. It debuted at number 97 on

title: Khaleeji (currency)

text: Khaleeji (currency) The Khaleeji ( ) was a proposed name for the common currency of the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council for the Arab States (GCC). The term 'Khaleeji' is Arabic for "of the Gulf", and is traditionally associated with Eastern Arabia's Gulf states. The proposed name was turned down in late 2009, and no official name was later agreed prior to the withdrawal of an agreement for a GCC common currency. Although the name "Dinar" (, from Latin, denarius) has been suggested since it is already used in the Arab world and is mentioned in the Quran

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: dollar, with Goldman Sachs saying the real is the most over valued currency in the world. In October 2010, Brazil began increasing her capital controls, doubling a tax on foreign purchases of fixed-income assets to 4 percent so as to curb the real's appreciation to a two-year. On 18 October, Brazil sought to curb the real's gains by raising taxed capital inflow on fixed-income assets by 2% to 6% and taxed inflows for margin deposits on futures to 6% from 0.38%. Chile said it would implement capital controls to curb gains in the Chilean peso, which had strengthened the most

title: History of Brazil since 1985

text: price freezes and ultimately a change in the national currency. During Sarney's presidency, Brazil had three currency units: the cruzeiro, the cruzado and the cruzado novo. Economic domestic troubles led to default on Brazil's international debt in 1988. This closed international financial markets for Brazil and its economic situation worsened. Despite the initial decrease, inflation returned higher than before the economic plans, reaching 84% a month in 1990. The government's inability to deal with inflation ultimately led parties that had led the political transition to lose the 1989 elections, the first elections under the new Constitution and the first presidential

title: What Yo Name Iz?

text: the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs on the week of October 23, 2010. It spent 27 weeks on the chart and peaked at number 41. What Yo Name Iz? "What Yo Name Iz?" is the debut single by American rapper Kirko Bangz. The Sound M.O.B. produced song was featured on his mixtape "Procrastination Kills 3" (2011). It's also Kirko Bangz's first song to chart on the US "Billboard" charts. The official remix to "What Yo Name Iz?" features Wale, Big Sean, and Bun B. The remix was released on , before the original version. Maxrank also made a remix for

title: Currency analytics

text: to forecasted cash flows and don’t allow hedging economic risk. Currency analytics allow companies to mitigate cash flow risk by uncovering accounting exposures to match the economic exposures so the company can hedge the accounting exposure as a proxy. Currency analytics enable what/if scenario analysis so companies can model how volatility in particular currencies could impact their revenue and expenses in the future. Currency analytics Companies that do business in more than one currency are exposed to exchange rate risk – that is, changes in the value of one currency versus another. Exchange rate risk (also known as foreign exchange

title: Currency Act

text: the debt from King William’s War. Other colonies quickly followed suit, and by 1715 ten of the thirteen had resorted to the issuance of paper currency. Economist Stanley Finkelstein highlights the advantage of paper currency, “that unless it is backed by specie it is cost free currency.” The paper currency depreciated quickly because the colonies printed more than what was taxed out of circulation. By 1740, Rhode Island bills of exchange were only four percent of face value and those of Massachusetts were eleven percent. The money supply was growing at a much faster rate than that of the overall

title: Ora (currency)

text: Efficient Group, a South African financial services company, is currently tasked with developing the digital currency in order to reduce costs that are incurred by printing notes. Ora (currency) The Ora (symbol:Φ, ) is the local currency of Orania, an Afrikaner enclave in South Africa. It is pegged at par with the South African rand. The name, recalling that of the town where it circulates, derives from Latin "aurum", meaning "gold". The currency is not sanctioned by the South African Reserve Bank. The first notes were issued in April 2004 to provide an internal currency for Orania as part of

title: Currency union

text: Currency union A currency union (also known as monetary union) involves two or more states sharing the same currency without them necessarily having any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market). Three types of currency unions exist: The theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency. Note: Every customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union also has a currency union. Additionally the autonomous and dependent territories,

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: 2010, Russian Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin said it was too early too make "a decision regarding currency exchange rates. Such measures aren’t yet sufficiently formulated." He also stated other BRIC countries support Russia in opposing any US push to limit the ability of governments to control their currencies. India has largely taken a neutral position on the currency war, advocating a balanced solution with give and take by both China and the US, though along with Brazil she has been one of the few emerging economies to occasionally criticise China's holding down of the Yuan. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh suggested

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: ever. In May, Alan Beatie for the "Financial Times" suggested that the Currency War was not over, it had merely entered a lull, with the underlying tensions still unresolved. In July 2011, Guido Mantega told the "Financial Times" that the struggle between China and the US was still ongoing, suggesting that several emerging economies including Brazil were still experiencing undesirable upwards pressure on their exchange rates. As investor confidence in the global economic outlook fell in early August, Bloomberg suggested the currency war had entered a new phase. This followed renewed talk of a possible third round of quantitative easing

title: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

text: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is an independent bureau within the United States Department of the Treasury that was established by the National Currency Act of 1863 and serves to charter, regulate, and supervise all national banks and thrift institutions and the federally licensed branches and agencies of foreign banks in the United States. The Comptroller of the Currency is Joseph Otting. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., it has four district offices located in New York City, Chicago, Dallas and Denver. It has an additional 48 field offices throughout the

title: Community currency

text: have been written supporting the management of community currencies. In 1998, Richard Kay, a Senior Lecturer at Birmingham City University, wrote a "Multi-registry System" specification for routing and processing community currency transactions using an approach designed to be decentralized, with no single point of control or failure, using the Domain Name System for server discovery. Community currency A community currency is a type of complementary currency that is used by groups with a common bond, like members of a locality, or association, and designed to meet their needs. A community currency may be geography-based, making it a type of local

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: US, and Financial Times journalists have suggested that if China returned to a fixed peg against the dollar this could re-ignite the Currency War, especially if the move coincided with the US presidential election campaign. Also in March 2012, Brazil's president Rousseff said her country was still experiencing undesirable upwards pressure on her currency, with her Finance Minister Guido Mantega saying Brazil will no longer "play the fool" and allow others to get away with competitive devaluation, announcing new measures aimed at limiting further appreciation for the Real. In June 2012, the "Financial Times" reported that while international trade remained

title: Terra (currency)

text: Terra (currency) Terra (The Trade Reference Currency, TRC) is the name of a possible "world currency". The concept was proposed by Belgian economist and expert on monetary systems Bernard A. Lietaer in 2001, based on a similar proposal from the 1930s. The currency is meant to be based on a basket of the 9-12 most important commodities (according to their importance in worldwide trade). Lietaer opines this would provide a currency that wouldn't suffer from inflation: The basic principle emerged from early concepts presented in an article in the French newspaper "Le Fédériste" on 1 January 1933. The idea to

title: What Love Is Made Of

text: performed "What Love Is Made Of". She also performed it during her headline set at the Yahoo! Wireless Festival 2013. What Love Is Made Of "What Love Is Made Of" is a song recorded by British recording artist Katy B. Written by Katy alongside Goldon Warren, who also produced it under the name Geeneus, the track was released as a standalone single via digital retailers on 8 July 2013 by Rinse and Columbia Records. It was composed after Katy had been listening to dance genres. The theme conveyed in the lyrics is love while musically, the song has been described

title: What a Beautiful Name

text: on the chart. What a Beautiful Name also leads the CCLI, the international licensing service for 250,000 churches. The YouTube video has more than 220 million views as of 23 April 2018. "What a Beautiful Name" is a track from Hillsong Worship's 25th live album, "Let There Be Light". The album was released on 14 October 2016, and debuted as No. 1 on the Top Christian Albums chart. For 2017, "Let There be Light" was ranked the No. 9 of the year. Hillsong Worship was named Billboard's Top Christian Artist of 2017, as well as Top Christian Duo/Group. "What a

title: Brazil, Indiana

text: As of now, Brazil is a part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area. Clay county, which was formed in 1825, originally had Bowling Green as its county seat; the county seat was relocated to Brazil in 1876, following the city's incredible development. The Chafariz dos Contos (from "contos de réis", a former Brazilian currency) was given by the country of Brazil as a gift to the city, as a symbol of friendship, and was assembled in Forest Park in 1956. It is a replica of the original fountain located in Ouro Preto, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, built in

title: Brazil

text: papayas. The industry – from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft and consumer durables – accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product. Industry is highly concentrated in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte. Brazil has become the fourth largest car market in the world. Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coffee, orange juice, soybeans and corned beef. In total, Brazil ranks 23rd worldwide in value of exports. Brazil pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian

title: Eco (currency)

text: economy. But this stability has a blow, the limitation of public deficits which moderates the possibilities of state investment. It is this balance to be found, with the help of the European Union, which is at the heart of the reflections on enlargement and the possible reform of the CFA and the project, dating from the 80s, of a common currency to all of West Africa (the enlarged CFA franc or another currency) Eco (currency) The Eco is the proposed name for the common currency that the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) plans to introduce in the framework of Economic

title: Pound (currency)

text: formerly belonging to the Ottoman Empire, are called "pound" in English, while in the local languages their official name is "lira". The pound sterling is also the currency of the British Overseas Territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, British Antarctic Territory and British Indian Ocean Territory. All of the following currencies have been replaced by the US dollar. Pound (currency) The pound is a unit of currency in some nations. The term originated in the Frankish Empire as a result of Charlemagne's currency reform ("pound" from Latin "pondus", a unity of weight) and was subsequently taken to

title: Ora (currency)

text: Ora (currency) The Ora (symbol:Φ, ) is the local currency of Orania, an Afrikaner enclave in South Africa. It is pegged at par with the South African rand. The name, recalling that of the town where it circulates, derives from Latin "aurum", meaning "gold". The currency is not sanctioned by the South African Reserve Bank. The first notes were issued in April 2004 to provide an internal currency for Orania as part of its quest for self-determination. The idea of the Ora originated in 2002, when Professor Johan van Zyl argued that a community that intended to empower itself should

title: What Is the What

text: writes: "Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art." The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees

title: Eco (currency)

text: Eco (currency) The Eco is the proposed name for the common currency that the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) plans to introduce in the framework of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). After its introduction, the goal is to merge the new currency with the West African CFA franc (used by the French-speaking members of ECOWAS since 1945) at a later date. This will create a common currency for much of West Africa. For the Eco to be implemented, ten convergence criteria, set out by the West African Monetary Institute (WAMI), must be met. These criteria are divided into

title: Currency war

text: The term "currency war" is sometimes used with meanings that are not related to competitive devaluation. In the 2007 book, "Currency Wars" by Chinese economist Song Hongbing, the term is sometimes used in a somewhat contrary sense, to refer to an alleged practice where unscrupulous bankers lend to emerging market countries and then speculate against the emerging state's currency by trying to force it down in value against the wishes of that states' government. In another book of the same name, John Cooley uses the term to refer to the efforts of a state's monetary authorities to protect its currency

title: Terra (currency)

text: establish a "L'Europa – monnaie de la paix", in English "Europe - Money of peace", was given birth. The idea was enthusiastically picked up by Lietaer during an educational journey. Terra (currency) Terra (The Trade Reference Currency, TRC) is the name of a possible "world currency". The concept was proposed by Belgian economist and expert on monetary systems Bernard A. Lietaer in 2001, based on a similar proposal from the 1930s. The currency is meant to be based on a basket of the 9-12 most important commodities (according to their importance in worldwide trade). Lietaer opines this would provide a

title: Currency War of 2009–11

text: very hard to make sure they’re not at an unfair disadvantage with China." "Bloomberg" pointed out at that countries such as Brazil, South Korea and Thailand sold their respective currencies in the weeks preceding the report to curb gains and support export. South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Colombia and Russia were also tightening rules to limit capital flows and avoid swings in their currencies. However, the Obama administration decided to postpone the decision to label China a "currency manipulator" until after the G20 summit in South Korea and the United States elections, 2010. China issued its own "warning" against being made

title: What a Beautiful Name

text: on 6 January 2017, as the lead single from their 25th live album, "Let There Be Light" (2016). "What a Beautiful Name" was composed in December 2015 in Sydney, Australia, for the upcoming Hillsong Conference, the annual church gathering. The scriptural foundation of the song can be found in , and . According to sheet music published at Sheetmusicdirect.com by Hillsong Publishing, "What a Beautiful Name" is a slow tempo of 68 beats per minute. Written in common time, the song is in the key of D major. Brooke Ligertwood's vocal range spans from A to B during the song.

title: Currency swap

text: who will pass it on to the American company so it can pay its U.S. bondholders. At maturity, the American company will pay £100 million to the swap bank who will pass it on to the British company so it can pay its British bondholders. It is well recognized that traditional "textbook" theory does not price cross currency (basis) swaps correctly, because it assumes the funding cost in each currency to be equal to its floating rate, thus always giving a zero cross currency spread. This is clearly contrary to what is observed in the market. In reality, market participants

title: Currency war

text: Debate, and also in an article for the "Financial Times", Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff called for the currency war to be ended by increased use of floating currencies and greater cooperation and solidarity among major economies, with exchange rate policies set for the good of all rather than having individual nations striving to gain an advantage for themselves. In March 2012, Rousseff said Brazil was still experiencing undesirable upwards pressure on its currency, with its Finance Minister Guido Mantega saying his country will no longer "play the fool" and allow others to get away with competitive devaluation, announcing new measures

title: Economy of Brazil

text: compared to only US$2 billion per year last decade, remarkable growth. The agricultural sector, locally called the "agronegócio" (agro-business), has also been remarkably dynamic: for two decades this sector has kept Brazil among the most highly productive countries in areas related to the rural sector. The agricultural sector and the mining sector also supported trade surpluses which allowed for massive currency gains (rebound) and external debt paydown. Due to a downturn in Western economies, Brazil found itself in 2010 trying to halt the appreciation of the real. Data from the Asian Development Bank and the Tax Justice Network show the

title: Currency-counting machine

text: Currency-counting machine A currency-counting machine is a machine that counts money—either stacks of banknotes or loose collections of coins. Counters may be purely mechanical or use electronic components. The machines typically provide a total count of all money, or count off specific batch sizes for wrapping and storage. Currency counters are commonly used in vending machines to determine what amount of money has been deposited by customers. In some modern automated teller machines, currency counters allow for cash deposits without envelopes, since they can identify which bills have been inserted instead of just how many. The user is given the

title: Currency

text: Several countries can use the same name for their own separate currencies (for example, "dollar" in Australia, Canada and the United States). By contrast, several countries can also use the same currency (for example, the euro or the CFA franc), or one country can declare the currency of another country to be legal tender. For example, Panama and El Salvador have declared US currency to be legal tender, and from 1791 to 1857, Spanish silver coins were legal tender in the United States. At various times countries have either re-stamped foreign coins, or used currency board issuing one note of

title: Currency symbol

text: Currency symbol A currency symbol is a graphic symbol used as a shorthand for a currency's name, especially in reference to amounts of money. Although several former currency symbols were rendered obsolete by the adoption of the euro, having a new and unique currency symbol implementation of which requires the adoption of new Unicode and type formats has now become a status symbol for international currencies. The European Commission considers the global recognition of the euro sign part of its success. In 2009, India launched a public competition to replace the ₨ ligature it shared with neighbouring countries. It finalised

title: Currency symbol

text: fonts. The original design was also exceptionally wide. These two factors have led to most typefaces employing customized, font-specific versions, usually with reduced width. Currency symbol A currency symbol is a graphic symbol used as a shorthand for a currency's name, especially in reference to amounts of money. Although several former currency symbols were rendered obsolete by the adoption of the euro, having a new and unique currency symbol implementation of which requires the adoption of new Unicode and type formats has now become a status symbol for international currencies. The European Commission considers the global recognition of the euro

title: Currency

text: a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store. Trade could only reach as far as the credibility of that military. By the late Bronze Age, however, a series of treaties had established safe passage for merchants around the Eastern Mediterranean, spreading from Minoan Crete and Mycenae in the northwest to Elam and Bahrain in the southeast. It is not known what was used as a currency for these exchanges, but it is thought that ox-hide shaped ingots of copper, produced in Cyprus, may have functioned as a currency. It is thought that the

title: Smoking in Brazil

text: with a fine. Public sites can be punished with a maximum fine of R$ 1,585 (Brazilian currency, ~$USD 478). If there is a second infraction the site is closed. According to surveys, 88% of São Paulo’s inhabitants support the smoke-free law. Smoking in Brazil Brazil has some of the strictest smoking laws in the Americas. Smoking in Brazil is forbidden in all enclosed public spaces except for specifically designated smoking areas. Since 15 December 2011, Federal Law 12546 (article 49) forbids smoking in enclosed spaces in the entire country, including restaurants and bars. In Brazil, the legal age for sale

title: History of the Jews in Brazil

text: The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates that there are more than 120,000 Jews in Brazil. There have been Jews in what is now Brazil since the first Portuguese arrived in the country in 1500, notably Mestre João and Gaspar da Gama who arrived in the first ships. A number of Sephardic Jews immigrated to Brazil during its early settlements. They were known as "New Christians" ("Conversos" or "Marranos" — Jews obliged to convert to Roman Catholicism by the Portuguese crown). The Jews from Portugal avoided immigrating to Brazil, because they would also be persecuted by the Inquisition. Most of

title: What a Beautiful Name

text: Asker, Ligertwood said about the audience: Finally, she said about performing the song: In July 2017, the Voices of Lee, the "elite" a cappella singing group, posted a video of the song to their Facebook page. The cover was an instant hit and reached the so-called viral threshold of 5 million views in two days. As of October 2017, it had amassed 33 million views. The group represents Lee University in Tennessee; the video was filmed in the school's chapel. What a Beautiful Name "What a Beautiful Name" is a song by Australian praise and worship group Hillsong Worship. The

title: What Love Is Made Of

text: What Love Is Made Of "What Love Is Made Of" is a song recorded by British recording artist Katy B. Written by Katy alongside Goldon Warren, who also produced it under the name Geeneus, the track was released as a standalone single via digital retailers on 8 July 2013 by Rinse and Columbia Records. It was composed after Katy had been listening to dance genres. The theme conveyed in the lyrics is love while musically, the song has been described as a "trance-y" and "rave-y" dance song with its production containing synthesizers and piano. Katy later decided to not include

title: Digital currency

text: addition, over 90 central banks are engaged in DLT discussions, including implications of a central bank issued digital currency. In March 2018, the Marshall Islands became the first country to issue their own cryptocurrency and certify it as legal tender; the currency is called the "sovereign". Canada The Bank of Canada have explored the possibility of creating a version of its currency on the blockchain. The Bank of Canada teamed up with the nation’s five largest banks — and the blockchain consulting firm R3 — for what was known as Project Jasper. In a simulation run in 2016, the central

title: Gulden (digital currency)

text: this currency came from Rijk Plasman with the first working implementation released on the 4th April 2014. Initially called the “Guldencoin”, this was subsequently abbreviated in October 2015 to “Gulden”. The name Gulden comes from the German and Dutch term for “gold coin” and is the Dutch name of the Dutch guilder, the pre-euro currency of the Netherlands. The Gulden currency can be mined which is a means of creating new Gulden by using software, quite often on specially designed computers. It can also be traded on a financial market or exchange in the same way as common commodities and

title: What Is This?

text: What Is This? What Is This (known prior to 1980 as Anthym) was a rock band that originated in Fairfax High School in California and would play numerous shows along the coast of California. It was formed by guitarist Hillel Slovak, drummer Jack Irons, vocalist Alain Johannes, and bassist Todd Strassman. Originally named Chain Reaction, the band would later change its name to Anthem, then later to Anthym (as there was already a band using the former moniker), and then finally to What Is This, which was a tongue-in-cheek reference to the reaction they usually received from first-time listeners. During

title: What Is This?

text: following week. The group decided to change their name to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, played several more shows at various L.A. clubs and musical venues, and eventually recorded a demo tape, all while Slovak and Irons were still playing with What Is This?. A few months later, What Is This received a record deal with MCA Records and the Red Hot Chili Peppers received a joint deal with EMI America and Enigma Records. Hillel Slovak and Jack Irons decided to leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers and stay with What Is This? as the latter was their primary musical

title: Tumin (currency)

text: Tumin (currency) Túmin is an alternative currency used in the municipality of Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico. Its name means "money" in the Totonac language. (Note that this word in Totonac is borrowed from the old Spanish coin the "tomín" [www.rae.es]). Espinal is a municipality of some 2600 inhabitants, 19% of whom are indigenous Totonac people. Used as a complementary currency, the Tumin was first put in circulation in 2010 as a student project at the Intercultural University of Veracruz, where students were trying to find ways of strengthening the local economy. In Espinal the access to cash is scarce as most

title: Tumin (currency)

text: improvement of the community's economy, but that it has been successful in promoting mutuality and solidarity within the community. Tumin (currency) Túmin is an alternative currency used in the municipality of Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico. Its name means "money" in the Totonac language. (Note that this word in Totonac is borrowed from the old Spanish coin the "tomín" [www.rae.es]). Espinal is a municipality of some 2600 inhabitants, 19% of whom are indigenous Totonac people. Used as a complementary currency, the Tumin was first put in circulation in 2010 as a student project at the Intercultural University of Veracruz, where students were

title: Currency

text: relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are defined by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance. Other definitions of the term "currency" are discussed in their respective synonymous articles banknote, coin, and money. The latter definition, pertaining to the currency systems of nations, is the topic of this article. Currencies can be classified into two monetary systems: fiat money and commodity money, depending on what guarantees the value (the economy at large vs. the government's physical metal reserves). Some currencies are legal tender in certain political jurisdictions. Others are simply traded for their economic

title: Fractional currency

text: were employed: experimental paper, adding surcharges, overprints, blue end paper, silk fibers, and watermarks to name a few. Fractional currency shields which had single sided specimens were sold to banks to provide a standard for comparison for detecting counterfeits. Postage and fractional currency remained in use until 1876, when Congress authorized the minting of fractional silver coins to redeem the outstanding fractional currency. Three people were depicted on fractional currency during their lifetime: Francis E. Spinner (Treasurer of the United States), William P. Fessenden (U.S. Senator and Secretary of the Treasury), and Spencer M. Clark (Superintendent of the National Currency

title: Brazil

text: financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998 and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Central Bank of Brazil temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999. Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion, then a record sum. Brazil's central bank paid back the IMF loan in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006. One of the issues the Central Bank of Brazil recently dealt with was an excess of

title: Khaleeji (currency)

text: would not be met on time due to the financial crisis and a lack of sufficient cooperation between the GCC member states. In 2010, it was believed that a GCC common currency between the four states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar could proceed for a number of reasons, including: However, as of 2018, no significant developments had been announced. Khaleeji (currency) The Khaleeji ( ) was a proposed name for the common currency of the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council for the Arab States (GCC). The term 'Khaleeji' is Arabic for "of the Gulf", and is

title: Name of Brazil

text: 1512, from Afonso de Albuquerque to the king, referring to a map of a Javanese pilot, which contained a depiction of the ""terra do brasyll"". The 1516 map of Martin Waldseemüller drops his earlier "America" designation and refers to it now as "Brasilia sive Terra Papagalli" ("Brasilia, or the Land of Parrots"). The first "official" use of the term appears in 1516, when King Manuel I of Portugal invested the Portuguese captain Cristóvão Jacques as "governador das partes do Brasil" ("governor of the parts of Brazil"), and again in 1530, when King John III designated Martim Afonso de Sousa as

title: Name of Brazil

text: Cruz"), a reference to Gonçalo Coelho, presumed to be the captain of the aforementioned 1501 mapping expedition (and certainly of its 1503-04 follow-up). From 1502 to 1512, the Portuguese claim on Brazil was leased by the crown to a Lisbon merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation. Loronha set up an extensive enterprise along the coast focusing on the harvesting of brazilwood. A dyewood that produces a deep red dye, reminiscent of the color of glowing embers, brazilwood was much in demand by the European cloth industry and previously had to be imported from India at great

title: Currency lads and lasses

text: the colony which specifically set out to protect the interests of the native-born". "The currency" as a whole were usually separated according to gender as "currency lads" and "currency lasses." In 1849, J. P. Townsend wrote: "whites born in the colony...are...called 'the currency;' and thus the 'Currency Lass' is a favourite name for colonial vessels," and, according to Edward E. Morris, also for hotels. In 1852, the term was still being used: "A singular disinclination to finish any work completely, is a striking characteristic of colonial craftsmen, at least of the 'currency' or native-born portion." However, when Morris published his

title: The Name of This Band Is Talking Heads

text: vinyl edition – this track has been included on the subsequent CD release. The title of the album is a reference both to the group's preference for having no expressed definite article within the band name (as opposed to "The Talking Heads") and to David Byrne's minimalist introductions to songs. The album opens with one such introduction: "The name of this song is "New Feeling". That's what it's about." An expanded version of the record, on CD in the United States for the first time, was released in 2004 by Sire/Warner Bros./Rhino. It duplicated the pattern of the original with

title: Demographics of Brazil

text: but also other many indigenous Brazilian ethnic groups). Starting in the late 19th century, Brazil received substantial post-colonial immigration from several other regions, mainly from peoples of what are now the countries of Italy, Germany, Spain, Poland, as well as Arabic-speaking Christians from the Levant (mostly from what is now Lebanon, and less so from what is today Syria), Ukraine, Japan, the People's Republic of China and Korea. Jews in Brazil are a small but sizable population, and they include mostly Ashkenazi Jews (who also arrived with the post-colonial contingent of European migration), a smaller proportion of Sephardi Jews (mostly

title: What Is Love? (EP)

text: What Is Love? (EP) What Is Love? (stylized as What is Love?) is the fifth extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Twice. The EP was released on April 9, 2018 by JYP Entertainment and is distributed by Iriver. It includes the lead single of the same name produced by Park Jin-young. Twice members Jeongyeon, Chaeyoung, and Jihyo also took part in writing lyrics for two songs on the EP. The reissue of "What Is Love?", titled "Summer Nights", was released on July 9, 2018. On February 26, 2018, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Twice planned to release a new

title: History of Brazil

text: History of Brazil The history of Brazil starts with indigenous people in Brazil. Europeans arrived in Brazil at the opening of the 16th century. The first European to colonize what is now the Federation Republic of Brazil on the continent of South America was Pedro Álvares Cabral (c.1467/1468-c.1520) on April 22, 1500 under the sponsorship of the Kingdom of Portugal. From the 16th to the early 19th century, Brazil was a colony and a part of the Portuguese Empire. The country expanded south along the coast and west along the Amazon and other inland rivers from the original 15 donatary

title: History of Brazil

text: a Catholic country?" General: from 1930 to 1985 it was under populist military government History of Brazil The history of Brazil starts with indigenous people in Brazil. Europeans arrived in Brazil at the opening of the 16th century. The first European to colonize what is now the Federation Republic of Brazil on the continent of South America was Pedro Álvares Cabral (c.1467/1468-c.1520) on April 22, 1500 under the sponsorship of the Kingdom of Portugal. From the 16th to the early 19th century, Brazil was a colony and a part of the Portuguese Empire. The country expanded south along the coast

title: Commodity currency

text: Commodity currency A commodity currency is a name given to some currencies that co-move with the world prices of primary commodity products, due to these countries' heavy dependency on the export of certain raw materials for income. Commodity currencies are most popular in developing countries (eg. Burundi, Tanzania, Papua New Guinea). However developed countries like Canada and Australia can also have this type of currency. For example, the Canadian Dollar grows stronger, the higher the price of soybeans and oil because these are Canada's two major commodities. In the foreign exchange market, commodity currencies generally refer to the Australian dollar,

title: Power reverse dual-currency note

text: Power reverse dual-currency note A "dual-currency note" (DC) pays coupons in the investor's domestic currency with the notional in the issuer’s domestic currency. A "reverse dual-currency note" (RDC) is a note which pays a foreign interest rate in the investor's domestic currency. A power reverse dual-currency note (PRDC) is a structured product where an investor is seeking a better return and a borrower a lower rate by taking advantage of the interest rate differential between two economies. The power component of the name denotes higher initial coupons and the fact that coupons rise as the foreign exchange rate depreciates. The

title: Currency

text: order to remove the confusion that there are dozens of currencies called the dollar and many called the franc. Even the pound is used in nearly a dozen different countries; most of these are tied to the Pound Sterling, while the remainder have varying values. In general, the three-letter code uses the ISO 3166-1 country code for the first two letters and the first letter of the name of the currency (D for dollar, for instance) as the third letter. United States currency, for instance is globally referred to as USD. The International Monetary Fund uses a variant system when

title: The World Is What It Is

text: The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in 2008 (by Picador in the UK and Knopf in the USA). The title is a quotation from Naipaul's book "A Bend in the River". "The world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow themselves to become nothing, have no place in it." French deals with Naipaul's family background and his life from his birth in 1932 until his second marriage

title: Phoenix (currency)

text: additional 300,000 phoenixes as paper currency with no underlying assets to back them. As a result, the paper notes were universally rejected by the public. In 1832, with the arrival of King Otto as monarch, the currency system was reformed and the "drachma" was introduced to replace the "phoenix" at par. Phoenix (currency) The phoenix (, "foinix") was the first currency of the modern Greek state. It was introduced in 1828 by Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias and was subdivided into 100 "lepta". The name was that of the mythical phoenix bird and was meant to symbolize the rebirth of Greece during

title: Currency Act

text: than what was taxed out of circulation, the currency depreciated in relation to the British pound sterling. The resultant inflation was harmful to merchants in Great Britain, who were forced to accept the depreciated currency from colonists for payment of debts. The Act limited the future issue of bills of credit to certain circumstances. It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts (i.e. paying taxes), but disallowed their use for private debts (e.g. for paying merchants). The Currency Act 1764 (4 Geo. III c. 34) extended the 1751 Act to all of the British