query: what language do native american indians speak?

title: Do You Speak American?

text: States, the documentary was broadcast in several parts on PBS. The companion book () was co-authored by MacNeil and William Cran. Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way of speaking from the English language to various ways of speaking in regions throughout the country. Divisions of ethnicity, geography and social status and how they affect how Americans communicate are addressed. As part of the project,

title: Do You Speak American?

text: Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way of speaking from the English language to various ways of speaking in regions throughout the country. Divisions of ethnicity, geography and social status and how they affect how Americans communicate are addressed. As part of the project, MacNeil traveled across the country conducting interviews with ordinary people as well as experts such as William Labov. In the United

title: Native Hawaiians

text: primary language of the native Hawaiian people; today, native Hawaiians predominantly speak the English language. A major factor for this change was an 1896 law that required that English "be the only medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools". This law prevented the Hawaiian language from being taught as a second language. In spite of this, some native Hawaiians (as well as non-native Hawaiians) have learned ʻŌlelo as a second language. As with others local to Hawaii, native Hawaiians often speak Hawaiian Creole English (referred to in Hawai'i as Pidgin), a creole which developed during Hawaiʻi's

title: Native American name controversy

text: Native American name controversy The Native American name controversy is an ongoing discussion about the changing terminology used by indigenous peoples of the Americas to describe themselves, as well as how they prefer to be referred to by others. Preferred terms vary primarily by region and age. As indigenous people and communities are diverse, there is no consensus on naming, aside from the fact that most people prefer to be referred to by their specific nation. Negative views of Native Americans (or Indians) are especially evident in numerous American English words and phrases. Early general examples refer to them as

title: Contemporary Native American issues in the United States

text: humanity and nature, internal self-discipline, and appreciation of the present while the future is received in its own time. These are partly in response to the varied degrees of acculturation Native American individuals present. Garrett describes some possible degrees of acculturation: "marginal" where Native Americans may speak English with their native language and do not identify totally with neither mainstream American ideals or tribal customs or "assimilated" where Native American individuals have embraced mainstream American ideals and renounced their tribal familial connections. Additional solutions, as proposed by the Klamath tribe, are government restoration of land rights and the following of

title: Crow language

text: language." Many of the younger population who do not speak Crow are able to understand it. Almost all of those who do speak Crow are also bilingual in English. Graczyk cites the reservation community as the reason for both the high level of bilingual Crow-English speakers and the continued use and prevalence of the Crow language. Daily contact with non-American Indians on the reservation for over one hundred years has led to high usage of English. Traditional culture within the community, however, has preserved the language via religious ceremonies and the traditional clan system. Currently, most speakers of Crow are

title: Guaymí language

text: in the year 2000 was 5,090, with a total ethnic population of 5,360. It must be kept in mind that the number of speakers of Ngäbere is somewhat lower than the ethnic population, given the fact that many younger people today are not learning the language. Oftentimes people of indigenous descent who do not speak the indigenous language do not consider themselves to be “Indians” but rather identify themselves as Latino or campesino. Before the formation of the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, census figures for Ngäbe population were based on whether or not they spoke the native language. The Ngäbe people and

title: Handbook of North American Indians

text: Topics General Prehistory Coastal Region Saint Lawrence Lowlands Region Great Lakes-Riverine Region The map "Native Languages and Language Families of North America" compiled by Ives Goddard is included in a pocket in the inside cover along with a small photographic reproduction of John Wesley Powell's 1891 map, "Linguistic Stocks of American Indians North of Mexico". A wall size version of the former is available separately (). Grammatical Sketches With the suspension of publication, the following volumes remain unpublished. Handbook of North American Indians The Handbook of North American Indians is a monographic series of edited scholarly and reference volumes in

title: Native American rhetoric

text: ---, Scott Richard. “There's No Translation for It: The Rhetorical Sovereignty of Indigenous Languages.” "Cross-Language Relations in Composition". Ed. Bruce Horner, Min-Zhan Lu, and Paul Kei Matsuda. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2010. ---, Scott Richard. "X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent". Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2010. Print. Mihesuah, Devon Abott, and Angela Cavender Wilson, eds. "Indigenizing the Academy: Transforming Scholarship and Empowering Communities". Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2004. Print. ---. "American Indians: Stereotypes & Realities". Atlanta: Clarity P, 1996. Print. ---. "So You Want to Write about American Indians?: a Guide for Writers, Students, and Scholars". Lincoln: U of

title: National Congress of American Indians

text: National Congress of American Indians The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized American Indian tribes. Historically the Indian peoples of the North American continent rarely joined forces across tribal lines, which were divisions related to distinct language and cultural groups. One

title: Native American identity in the United States

text: groups over time. Means said, "We might speak our language, we might look like Indians and sound like Indians, but we won’t be Indians." There are various ways in which Indian identity has been defined. Some definitions seek universal applicability, while others only seek definitions for particular purposes, such as for tribal membership or for the purposes of legal jurisdiction. The individual seeks to have a personal identity that matches social and legal definitions, although perhaps any definition will fail to categorize correctly the identity of everyone. American Indians were perhaps clearly identifiable at the turn of the 20th century,

title: Tribe (Native American)

text: comfortable with the word "Indian," others believe it is pejorative by nature because it erases indigenous cultures by homogenizing the ethnic "Other" in mistaking Indians from India and Native Americans. "Native American" refers to indigenous peoples of the United States and includes non-US Indian groups, such as the Iñupiat, Aleut, and Yupik peoples. Aboriginal peoples of Canada include the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. Tribe (Native American) In the United States, an Indian tribe, Native American tribe, tribal nation or similar concept is any extant or historical clan, tribe, band, nation, or other group or community of American Indians in

title: Native American self-determination

text: the Government has been doing things for us and telling us what is best for Indians . . . of course there has been no progress . . ." Progress in education was just one area in which Native Americans were gaining more independence. As tribes began to have more control over their own affairs and have more infrastructure entitled to them, they were able to be in much more command of their space, make more money, which led to power and progress. Native American self-determination Native American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the

title: Native American Languages Act of 1990

text: for American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Native American Pacific Islanders through programs and projects that: (1) Advance locally developed social and economic development strategies (SEDS) and strengthen local governance capabilities as authorized by Sec. 803(a); (2) preserve Native American languages authorized by Sec. 803C; (3) improve the capability of the governing body of the Indian tribe to regulate environmental quality authorized by Sec. 803(d); and (4) mitigate the environmental impacts to Indian lands due to Department of Defense activities. Communities who were re-establishing their cultures sought support through these programs. In response to the language decline in Native

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: people who have nothing to do with Indians". Individuals claiming to be Native American when they are not is well known in academic research, and people claiming Indian identity specifically to gain authority in the debate over sports mascots has been criticised. At the Center for Indigenous Peoples Studies at California State University, San Bernardino a survey has conducted of 400 individuals whose identity as Native American was verified, finding that 67% agreed with the statement that "Redskins" is offensive and racist. The response from non-natives was almost the opposite, with 68% responding that the name is not offensive. While

text: Housing Authorities, with a block-grant program. It provides funds to be administered by the Tribes to develop their own housing. Native Americans are also commonly known as "Indians" or "American Indians". A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred "American Indian" to "Native American". Most American Indians are comfortable with "Indian", "American Indian", and "Native American", and the terms are often used interchangeably. They have also been known as "Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, Colored, First Americans, Native Indians, Indigenous, Original Americans, Red Indians, Redskins" or "Red Men". The term "Native American" was

title: In What Language?

text: is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought." Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted "A concrete lesson seems to emanate from "In What Language?" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our

title: Native American flute

text: controversy. Native American names for the flute include: Alternative English-language names include: "American Indian courting flute", "courting flute", "Grandfather's flute", "Indian flute", "love flute", "Native American courting flute", "Native American love flute", "Native American style flute" (see the Indian Arts And Crafts Act), "North American flute", "Plains flute", and "Plains Indian courting flute". Names in other languages include: By convention, English-language uses of the name of the instrument are capitalized as "Native American flute". This is in keeping with the English-language capitalization of other musical instruments that use a cultural name, such as "French horn". The use of abbreviations (e.g.

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: was discussion about the "Indians" name at El Reno High School, El Reno, Oklahoma when a Native American student was not allowed to wear a beaded mortarboard at graduation. The result was the signing of a Spirit Charter with the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes to retain the name while agreeing to avoid any derogatory or disrespectful Native American references, including the wearing of Native American regalia by non-natives. Local controversy may continue after a name change. Park High School, in Cottage Grove, Minnesota changed from the Indians to the Wolfpack in 1994. An "Indian Head" mosaic in the main hallway

title: Native American self-determination

text: other Native American organizations to shape the laws that will help assure the civil and religious rights of all Native Americans." Since its inception, NARF has provided legal expertise at the national level. NARF has trained many young attorneys, both Indians and non-Indians, who intend to specialize in Native American legal issues. "NARF has successfully argued every Supreme Court case involving Native Americans since 1973." NARF has affected tens of thousands of Indian people in its work for more than 250 tribes in all fifty states to develop strong self-governance, sound economic development, prudent natural resources management and positive social

title: Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts Point Rancheria

text: the Kashaya Pomo is Lorin Smith, (born 1935). As a Kashaya Pomo elder and medicine man, Lorin has welcomed non-Indians to visit the round house and take part in the ceremonies. Stewarts Point Rancheria has 78 residents. The reservation is 92.3% Native American, 2.3% white, 1.3% Asian, and 3.8% were two or more races. 14.1% of its residents are Hispanic or Latino (10.3% Mexican, 2.6% Puerto Rican). There are 20 housing units. The tribe traditionally speaks the Kashaya language, also known as Southwestern Pomo. It belongs to the Pomoan language family of Northern California. Several dozen elders speak the language,

title: Society of American Indians

text: to two suspicions: First that my race prevents me understanding the situation. Second, that I may have some ulterior motive." "I am always embarrassed by doubt in my mind as to whether I shall act and speak, or whether I shall contribute most by silence. Everyone who says anything to me tells me to proceed and that the Indians have confidence in me and I am glad and believe that is so, even though doubtful as to what extent that confidence involves action." While Parker was determined that the Society should be run by Indians, it did not diminish his

title: Native American religion

text: Kotiakan (of the Yakama nation) and Homli (of the Walla Walla). Their messages were carried along the Columbia River to other communities. It is unclear exactly how it started or when Christianity influenced the earlier form, but it is thought to have something to do with the arrival of non-Indians or an epidemic and a prophet with an apocalyptic vision. The Waashat Dance involves seven drummers, a salmon feast, use of eagle and swan feathers and a sacred song sung every seventh day. The sun dance is a religious ceremony practiced by a number of Native American and First Nations

title: Native American Day

text: designed to promote greater understanding and brotherhood between American Indians and the non-Indian people of the state of Tennessee". Native American Day Native American Day is a holiday in the U.S. states of California and Nevada celebrated annually on the fourth Friday of September, as well as in South Dakota on the second Monday in October in lieu of Columbus Day. It honors Native American cultures and contributions to their respective states and the United States. The state of Tennessee observes a similar American Indian Day each year on the fourth Monday of September. In 1968, Governor Ronald Reagan signed

title: Native American rhetoric

text: [1]Adamson, Joni. “Cultural Critique and Local Pedagogy: A Reading of Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” "American Indian Literature, Environmental Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place". Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2001. 89-115. Print. Deloria, Philip J. "Playing Indian". New Haven: Yale UP, 1998. Print. Kovach, Margaret. "Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts". Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2009. Print. LaDuke, Winona. "The Winona LaDuke Reader: A Collection of Essential Writings". Stillwater: Voyageur, 2002. Print. Lyons, Scott Richard. “Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?” "College Composition and Communication" 51.3 (Feb. 2000): 447-468. JSTOR. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. PDF File. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/358744>

title: Native American studies

text: Native American studies Two key concepts shape Native American studies, according to Crow Creek Lakota scholar Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, indigenousness (as defined in culture, geography, and philosophy) and sovereignty (as legally and historically defined). Practitioners advocate for decolonization of indigenous peoples, political autonomy, and the establishment of a discipline dedicated to alleviating contemporary problems facing indigenous peoples. The Native historical experience in the Americas is marked by forcible and sometimes willing attempts at assimilation into mainstream European American culture (Americanization). Beginning with missionaries and leading up to federally controlled schools, the aim was to educate American Indians so that they could

title: Native American religion

text: American Indian Religious Freedom Act is a United States Federal Law and a joint resolution of Congress that provides protection for tribal culture and traditional religious rights such as access to sacred sites, freedom to worship through traditional ceremony, and use and possession of sacred objects for American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians. It was passed on August 11, 1978. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), Pub.L. 101-601, 104 Stat. 3048, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding[1] to return Native American cultural

title: Teyas Indians

text: not recognized as the people Coronado encountered. Teyas Indians Teyas were a Native American people living near Lubbock, Texas who first made contact with Europeans in 1541 when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled to them. The tribal affiliation and language of the Teyas is unknown, although many scholars believe they spoke a Caddoan language and were related to the Wichita tribe, whom Coronado encountered in Quivira. Apparently, Teyas was the name they were called by the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians. Scholars differ in their guesses as to the identity of the Teyas and their language. Some anthropologists and historians speculate

title: Teyas Indians

text: Teyas Indians Teyas were a Native American people living near Lubbock, Texas who first made contact with Europeans in 1541 when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled to them. The tribal affiliation and language of the Teyas is unknown, although many scholars believe they spoke a Caddoan language and were related to the Wichita tribe, whom Coronado encountered in Quivira. Apparently, Teyas was the name they were called by the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians. Scholars differ in their guesses as to the identity of the Teyas and their language. Some anthropologists and historians speculate that they were Apache. Other scholars believe

title: Status of the Cherokee language

text: Center in Muscogee, Oklahoma provide Cherokee language translation services. The Cherokee Nation sponsors a language preservation project, offering online classes for Cherokee language levels I, II, and III. Participants can test their knowledge of the language online at the Cherokee Learning Center, also sponsored by the Cherokee Nation. Classes for adults who do not yet speak the language are offered in many locations. On the national level, the federal election voter guide is now available in the four most commonly spoken Native American/Alaska Native languages, of which Cherokee is one. In August 2002, the Cherokee Nation conducted a language survey

title: Native American reservation politics

text: Native American reservation politics Native American politics remain divided over different issues such as assimilation, education, healthcare, and economic factors that affect reservations. As a nation living within the United States of America, the Native American people face conflicting opinions within their tribes, essentially those living on federally approved reservations. Interactions with the federal government and the overall American culture surrounding them influence day-to-day tribal life. Native American culture as a whole rests between the divide of the traditionalists and those who wish to trade the "old ways" for improved conditions. "Approximately 14 percent of all American Indians in 1980

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: tells us more about the depicters than about the depicted." In the 1940s, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media. Over time, the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports. The NCAI maintains that teams with mascots such as the Braves and the Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native American people, and demean their native traditions and rituals: "Often citing a long held myth by non-Native people that "Indian" mascots "honor Native people," American sports businesses such as the NFL's Washington 'Redskins'

title: Black Indians in the United States

text: what brought the two groups together, what drove them apart and the challenges they face today. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf Black Indians in the United States Black Indians are people of mixed Native American and African American heritage, who have strong ties to Native American culture. Many Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, such as the Narragansett, Pequot, Wampanoag, Shinnecock, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek and Cherokee, have a significant degree of African ancestry. Historically, certain Native American tribes have had close relations with African Americans, especially in regions where slavery was prevalent, or where free people of color have historically resided. Members of the

title: Cape Fear Indians

text: Cape Fear Indians The Cape Fear Indians were a small, coastal tribe of Native American who lived on the Cape Fear River in North Carolina (now Carolina Beach State Park). The autonym of the Cape Fear Indians may have been Daw-hee, as recorded in 1717. Their name for the area was "Chicora". Of their villages, only one, Necoes, is known by name. The colonists noted Necoes as located about 20 miles from the mouth of the Cape Fear River, in present-day Brunswick County. Their language is unknown and may have been a Siouan language. Smallpox spread from Spanish colonies in

text: non-Indians) argue that "Native American" is problematic because "native of" literally means "born in," so any person born in the Americas could be considered "native". Others point out that anyone born in the United States is technically native to America, so "native" is sometimes substituted for "indigenous." The compound "Native American" is generally capitalized to differentiate the reference to the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, Russell Means, an American Indian activist, opposes the term "Native American" because he believes it was imposed by the government without the consent of American Indians. He has also argued that the use of the word "Indian"

title: Nobody Knows What You Do

text: for those who can't get enough of those heady days of the early- to mid-'70s when an artist could still go into the studio and make an album like this, Nobody Knows What You Do will speak to the inner hippie-hillbilly." All tracks composed by John Hartford; except where indicated Nobody Knows What You Do Nobody Knows What You Do is an album by John Hartford, released in 1976. After recording the minimalist "Mark Twang", Hartford returned to the studio with a band. The new material leaned more toward country-rock than bluegrass, which he would continue with 1977's Dillard Hartford

title: Seneca language

text: recognition for her work with students at Silver Creek School and in language documentation, presenting "Documenting the Seneca Language' using a Recursive Bilingual Education Framework" at the International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC). As of summer 2012, The fewer than 50 native speakers of the Seneca Nation of Indians' language would agree that it is in danger of becoming extinct. Fortunately, a $200,000 federal grant for the Seneca Language Revitalization Program has further solidified a partnership with Rochester Institute of Technology that will help develop a user-friendly computer catalogue allowing future generations to study and speak the language.

text: introduced in the United States by academics in preference to the older term "Indian" to distinguish the indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India. Some academics believe that the term "Indian" should be considered outdated or offensive while many indigenous Americans, however, prefer the term "American Indian". Criticism of the neologism "Native American" comes from diverse sources. Some American Indians question the term "Native American" because, they argue, it serves to ease the conscience of "white America" with regard to past injustices done to American Indians by effectively eliminating "Indians" from the present. Others (both Indians and

title: Native American rhetoric

text: Native American rhetoric A history of Native American rhetorics. 1823 - Johnson v. McIntosh 1830s - William Appess 1827 and 1839 - Cherokee constitutions 1879 - Thomas Tibbles 1879 - Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins 1881 - Constitution of the Osage Nation 1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor 1928 – Meriam Report 1946 - Indian Claims Commission created 1953 – Thomas Banyacya 1955 - Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 1961 - The American Indian Chicago Conference 1966-1995 - Blackbird Bend litigation 1969 - Alcatraz Occupation 1970 - N. Scott Momaday 1973 - Maria Campbell 1977 - Charles Aubid 1980

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: language family. Most of them still live in Central California today on “Rancherias”, which are similar to reservations. However, some do not live on the Rancherias, but in intertribal communities where there are members of other tribes, while others reside in Northern California towns. Today, the Miwok people speak English, but in the past they spoke their native “Miwok language”, also known as Moquelumnan. Some elders still remember words from the language and younger people also take an interest in learning/speaking their native language again. However, overall, it is an endangered language. Traditionally, each Miwok band was led by a

title: Native American Health Center

text: 2011, the Native American Health Center serves roughly 11,265 patients in the Bay Area per year. While healthcare services are provided to everyone regardless of their relationship to any native communities, the center does have specialized services and events specifically for native people. As stated in their mission, their goal is to ""provide comprehensive services to improve the health and wellbeing of American Indians, Alaska Natives, and residents of the surrounding communities, with respect for cultural and linguistic differences."" The Native American Health Center has roughly 225 employees ranging from HR administrators to practicing dentists. The majority of employees at

title: Language power

text: numerous attempts at language instruction policy and practice reform. Language Power consists of two key components: 1) an ability to speak and be understood, and 2) an ability to listen and understand. Individuals with strong language power possess the ability to communicate effectively in a social environment. When non-native speakers engage in oral communication, native speakers of that language recognize sufficiently well-formed speech, in that it is satisfactorily ‘native’ or sufficiently close to what they know as ‘their language’ in order to be completely understood. When non-native speakers listen to a econdary language, they need to be capable of interpreting

title: Native American tribes in Virginia

text: for membership, as well as what they consider its obligations. Generally, members must pay dues; attend tribal meetings (which are usually monthly in the "home" areas); volunteer to serve as a tribal officer when asked; help to put on tribal events; belong to the tribal church (if one exists and they are able); teach their children their people's history and pass on traditional crafts; volunteer to represent the tribe at the Virginia Council on Indians, the United Indians of Virginia, or at other tribes' powwows; speak at engagements for civic or school groups; and live in a good way, so

title: Ukrainian language

text: often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data approximately 75% of Kiev's population responded "Ukrainian" to the "native language" ("ridna mova") census question, and roughly 25% responded "Russian". On the other hand, when the question "What language do you use in everyday life?" was asked in the sociological survey, the Kievans' answers were distributed as follows: "mostly Russian": 52%, "both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure": 32%, "mostly Ukrainian": 14%, "exclusively Ukrainian": 4.3%. Ethnic minorities, such as Romanians, Tatars and Jews usually use Russian as their lingua franca. But there are tendencies within these minority groups to use

title: Native American cultures in the United States

text: married American Indian women. There was fear on both sides, as the different peoples realized how different their societies were. The whites regarded the Indians as "savage" because they were not Christian. They were suspicious of cultures which they did not understand. The Native American author, Andrew J. Blackbird, wrote in his "History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan," (1897), that white settlers introduced some immoralities into Native American tribes. Many Indians suffered because the Europeans introduced alcohol and the whiskey trade resulted in alcoholism among the people, who were alcohol-intolerant. As European-American women started working independently at

title: Native American women in the arts

text: of Native Americans during a speech in a 1911 proceeding of the Society of American Indians. Though the history of Dat So La Lee is slightly of a mythic quality, what is known of her is her discovery as a washerwoman by Amy and Abe Cohn in 1895, who found her baskets incredibly intriguing. The Cohns began selling her baskets in their shop in 1899 to tourists of Lake Tahoe. Though her basketry was revered, like many Native Americans of the day Dat So La Lee was presented by Amy Cohn as the noble savage through her lectures. "To the

title: Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy

text: Shapiro was asked by an interviewer about "the official position of the club on the, on the whole, you know, Chief Wahoo thing". He explained: "I think you always want to be sensitive to anybody that finds it offensive, that, you know ultimately the Indians name and the team, ah, is in recognition of our pride and affiliation with the first Native American baseball player. So I think what we choose to do is celebrate, you know, Louis Sockalexis and his history and tradition with the Indians and, and not to focus on uh anything that we would view, that,

title: Native American Day

text: as Native American Day in South Dakota. On Oct 3, 2017, The Proclamation of Native American day was announced by the Mayor of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Accepting the Proclamation would be the Lakota-Dakota-Nakota representatives of Sioux Falls. South Dakota and Vermont, which celebrates Indigenous Peoples' Day, are the only states to practice non-observance of the federal holiday of Columbus Day. In 1994 the state General Assembly established the "fourth Monday in September of each year" to be especially observed in Tennessee as "American Indian Day" (TCA 15-2-106), "to recognize the contributions of American Indians with suitable ceremony and fellowship

title: Native American civil rights

text: still had anti-peyote laws, only five did not provide exemptions for Indians to use peyote ritually." These were amended under the pressure from the Native American Church member if the members showed proof that they were at least 25 percent Native American. The states laws were generally similar to those of South Dakota, which says that "when used as a sacrament in services of the Native American Church in a natural state which is unaltered except for drying or curing or slicing", peyote use is permitted. In 1978 the American Indian Religious Freedom Act there was mention of protection for

title: American Indians of Iowa

text: in the 19th century from east of the Mississippi led to some eastern tribes living in and near Iowa. Their former territory had been around the Great Lakes. Potawatomi Chief Sauganash founded the village that eventually grew into Council Bluffs. American Indians of Iowa American Indians of Iowa include numerous Native American tribes and prehistoric cultures that have lived in this territory for thousands of years. There has been movement both within the territory, by prehistoric cultures that descended into historic tribes, and by other historic tribes that migrated into the territory from eastern territories. In some cases they were

title: American Indians of Iowa

text: American Indians of Iowa American Indians of Iowa include numerous Native American tribes and prehistoric cultures that have lived in this territory for thousands of years. There has been movement both within the territory, by prehistoric cultures that descended into historic tribes, and by other historic tribes that migrated into the territory from eastern territories. In some cases they were pushed by development pressure and warfare. The Chiwere-speaking tribes are descended from the prehistoric Oneota culture. At the time of contact with European explorers, their range covered most of Iowa. The Ho-Chunk ranged primarily east of the Mississippi in southern

title: Maori Indians

text: the Bhana whanau from Ngati Whakaue. Responses to the 2001 New Zealand Census indicated that 1.5% of Indian women and 2% of Indian men in New Zealand were in inter-ethnic unions with a Māori partner. About 18% of children of these unions can converse in the Maori language, while less than 10% could speak an Indian language. The first Hui (Māori assembly) for people of mixed Māori and Indian descent was held in 2012 in Rotorua. A second assembly was held in 2014, with over 200 mixed Maori Indians in attendance. Maori Indians Māori Indians (or Indo-Māori) are an ethnic

title: Native American Renaissance

text: several universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles; Dartmouth College, and Eastern Washington University, led to the founding of scholarly journals, such as "SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literature)" and "Wíčazo Ša Review" (1985). With the heightened interest in Native American writing, publishers established specialized imprints, such as Harper and Row's Native American Publishing Programme, which had the goal of promoting new voices and publication opportunities. Although the primary use of the term has been literary, it has been used in a wider sense to describe "an increasing prosperity and sense of achievement among Indians [...] a widespread

title: Tribe (Native American)

text: Tribe (Native American) In the United States, an Indian tribe, Native American tribe, tribal nation or similar concept is any extant or historical clan, tribe, band, nation, or other group or community of American Indians in the United States. Modern forms of these entities are often associated with land or territory of an Indian reservation. "Federally recognized Indian tribe" is a legal term of art in United States law with a specific meaning. An Indian tribe recognized by the United States government usually possesses tribal sovereignty, a "dependent sovereign nation" status with the Federal Government that is similar to that

title: Speak Your Language

text: Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song "Who" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by "NME", giving it a 2/10 rating.

title: Speak Your Language

text: society. Related to the remembrance and practice of traditions is the residence on tribal lands and Indian reservations. Peroff (2002) emphasizes the role that proximity to other Native Americans (and ultimately proximity to tribal lands) plays in one's identity as a Native American. European conceptions of "Indianness" are notable both for how they influence how American Indians see themselves and for how they have persisted as stereotypes which may negatively affect treatment of Indians. The noble savage stereotype is famous, but American colonists held other stereotypes as well. For example, some colonists imagined Indians as living in a state similar

title: Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act

text:
such a language and proficient in mathematics, reading, and science; (3) provide teacher training; and (4) be located in areas having high concentrations of Native American students. Requires applicants for language survival school funding to have at least three years of experience in running such a school, a Native American language nest, or any other educational program in which instruction is conducted in a Native American language.

 Requires that Native American language restoration programs: (1) operate at least one Native American language program for the community they serve; (2) train teachers of such languages; and (3) develop Native American

text: Native American identity in the United States Native American identity in the United States is an evolving topic based on the struggle to define "Native American" or "(American) Indian" both for people who consider themselves Native American and for people who do not. Some people seek an identity that will provide for a stable definition for legal, social, and personal purposes. There are a number of different factors which have been used to define "Indianness," and the source and potential use of the definition play a role in what definition is used. Facets which characterize "Indianness" include culture, society, genes/biology,

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: Native American hobbyists often associated with the popularity of the stories written by German author Karl May. Native American mascot controversy The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters. The protests target the prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Indians (in

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: the growing unpopularity of Native American mascots is a financial drain for professional teams, losing money compared to more popular animal mascots. A survey conducted in 2002 by The Harris Poll for Sports Illustrated (SI) found that 81 percent of Native Americans who live outside traditional Indian reservations and 53 percent of Indians on reservations did not find the images discriminatory. The authors of the article concluded that "Although most Native American activists and tribal leaders consider Indian team names and mascots offensive, neither Native Americans in general nor a cross section of U.S. sports fans agree". According to the

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: and racism of any group increasing the likelihood of stereotyping others was made by Native Americans opposing the "Indians" mascot in Skowhegan, Maine when fliers promoting the KKK were distributed in that town. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) passed a resolution calling for the end of the use of Native American names, images, and mascots in 1999. In 2001, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights released an advisory opinion calling for an end to the use of Native American images and team names by non-Native schools. While recognizing the right to freedom of expression, the

title: United American Indians of New England

text: United American Indians of New England The United American Indians of New England (UAINE) is a Native American activist organization founded by Frank James. Also known as Wamsutta, Frank James was the leader of the Wampanoag people. He founded the United American Indians of New England after being “uninvited” to make a speech at a celebration hosted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Commonwealth wanted to celebrate the friendly relations of their forefathers and the Wampanoag people; however, when the speech that James was going to give was reviewed, it was deemed inappropriate for the celebration because it focused on

title: United American Indians of New England

title: Native American tribes in Virginia

text: Native American tribes in Virginia The Native American tribes in Virginia are the indigenous tribes who currently live or have historically lived in what is now the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States of America. All of the Commonwealth of Virginia used to be Virginia Indian territory. Indigenous peoples have occupied the region for at least 12,000 years. Their population has been estimated to have been about 50,000 at the time of European colonization. At contact, Virginian tribes spoke languages belonging to three major language families: roughly, Algonquian along the coast, Iroquoian in the southern Tidewater region, and Siouan

title: What Do I Do with Me

text: covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, "Read My Mind." As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: "(Without You) What Do I Do with Me" and "Down to My Last Teardrop" both at number two, "Some Kind of Trouble" at number three, and "If

title: What Do I Do with Me

text: What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: "(Without You) What Do I Do with Me" and "Down to My Last Teardrop" both at number two, "Some Kind of Trouble" at number three, and "If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight" at number four. The track "Everything That You Want" was later

title: Native American weaponry

text: the swords that the Europeans used at the time. Piercing weapons consisted of both short and long range weapons. They were used for hunting and combat. Some Native American tribes carried shields into battle for extra protection. These shields were mostly made from leather stretched across a round wooden frame. Many of the weapons that the Native Americans used served a more symbolic purpose. Native American weaponry Native American weaponry was used by Native Americans to hunt and to do battle with other Native American tribes. Native American weaponry can be grouped into 5 types of weapons: Striking Weapons, Cutting

title: In What Language?

text: In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of "Piitchfork" mentioned "What might make "In What Language?" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream

title: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art

text: called the Eiteljorg Fellowship for Native American Fine Art) biennially to recognize some of the most innovative and influential contemporary Native artists active today. Eiteljorg fellows include: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art is located in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana and houses an extensive collection of visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas, as well as Western American paintings and sculptures collected by businessman and philanthropist Harrison Eiteljorg (1903–1997). The museum houses one of the finest collections of Native contemporary art in the world. The museum is currently part

title: Native American civil rights

text: rolls. When the Native Territory (what is now Oklahoma) was abolished in 1907, all Natives who lived in that territory were made citizens through the Oklahoma Enabling Act. Furthermore, after World War I, any Native who had fought with honorable discharge was also considered a citizen through the Act of November 6, 1919. As Native Vote states, "The underlying assumption of this act was that these particular Indians had demonstrated that they had become part of the larger Anglo culture and were no longer wholly Indian". By the early 1920s, Congress was considering a bill to make the remainder of

title: Native Silence

text: in Minnesota the issues facing Native American women and girls were so deep-rooted and complex that she should make a film about it. While Mrs. Wells did spend time with young, at-risk Native girls she also realized it would not be ethical to film them because of their fragile family structures. She instead, at the suggestion of a social worker, filmed the girl’s mothers who had been forced into prostitution as a young girl. This film allows Native women to speak out on Native American issues, something they are seldom given the opportunity to do. Reviews for "Native Silence" have

title: Native American weaponry

text: Native American weaponry Native American weaponry was used by Native Americans to hunt and to do battle with other Native American tribes. Native American weaponry can be grouped into 5 types of weapons: Striking Weapons, Cutting Weapons, Piercing Weapons, Defensive Weapons, and Symbolic Weapons. Native Americans used many variations of striking weapons. These weapons were mainly used for melee combat with other tribes. In some cases these weapons were thrown for long range attacks. Cutting weapons were used by the Native Americans for combat as well as hunting. They preferred shorter blades, and did not use long cutting weapons, like

title: Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation of Washington

text: speak Swinomish (also known as Skagit), a Lushootseed language that is part of the Central Salish language family. Some also spoke Samish, another Central Salish language. The Swinomish Tribe owns and operates the Swinomish Casino & Lodge, overlooking Padilla Bay; Swinomish Golf Links, nearby on Highway 20; Swinomish RV Park, on Swinomish Channel; Swinomish Fish Co., which processes and cans salmon marketed worldwide under the "Native Catch" label; and two Chevron stations and convenient stores. The gaming complex generates revenues that help support Tribal services, such as health and education. Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation of Washington The Swinomish

title: Do What You Gotta Do

text: & Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do "Do What You Gotta Do" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album "Friday Night in America". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, "Sevens". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian "RPM"

title: Do What You Gotta Do

text: Do What You Gotta Do "Do What You Gotta Do" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album "Friday Night in America". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, "Sevens". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian "RPM" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years

text: but today the concept is contested. Malcolm Margolin, co-editor of "News From Native California" muses, "I don’t know what an Indian is... [but] Some people are clearly Indian, and some are clearly not." Cherokee Chief (from 1985–1995) Wilma Mankiller echoes: "An Indian is an Indian regardless of the degree of Indian blood or which little government card they do or do not possess." Further, it is difficult to know what might be meant by any Native American "racial" identity. Race is a disputed term, but is often said to be a social (or political) rather than biological construct. The issue

title: Native American reservation politics

text: highest unemployment and disease rates. Drug and alcohol abuse is common among the youth as well as teenage pregnancy and suicide. One native says, "Indians don't want to be dependent, but when it's either that or starve, the choice is clear." In a 2008 study by the Prevention Research Center, "Native American youth were more likely to have consumed alcohol in their lifetime and been intoxicated in the [time period of the test] than Whites. Native American drinkers were almost twice as likely to have gotten alcohol from an adult and twice as likely to have obtained alcohol from someone

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: Native American mascot controversy The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters. The protests target the prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Indians (in particular their "Chief Wahoo" logo); and the Washington Redskins (the term "redskins" being defined in most American

title: Native American drama

text: their stories while they were oppressed. “The rise of the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s and the 1970s also contributed to this reawakening of Native cultures since it appeared as a movement in which minorities demanded an end to discrimination and the right to speak for themselves.” This gave pride and encouraged many to seek inspiration from history and ancestral roots. Today there are many theater productions performing Native American works. According to Rolland Meinholtz, who is an “instructor and artistic director of drama and dance at the Institute of American Indian Arts,” youth must understand the struggles of

title: Native American self-determination

text: each tribe's future. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) "...recognized the integrity of native cultures." It ended the persecution of American Indians for such practices as the use of peyote in religion. Since 1980, administrations have issued Presidential Memoranda on Indian affairs to indicate direction for increased tribal sovereignty. A 1994 Presidential Memorandum issued by Bill Clinton changed the way the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development supported housing programs. The Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 consolidated grant programs for housing funding into a single block grant specifically available to recognized governments of American

title: Native-language identification

text: Native-language identification Native-language identification (NLI) is the task of determining an author's native language (L1) based only on their writings in a second language (L2). NLI works through identifying language-usage patterns that are common to specific L1 groups and then applying this knowledge to predict the native language of previously unseen texts. This is motivated in part by applications in second-language acquisition, language teaching and forensic linguistics, amongst others. NLI works under the assumption that an author's L1 will dispose them towards particular language production patterns in their L2, as influenced by their native language. This relates to cross-linguistic influence

title: Language immersion

text: in preserving Hawaiian as a heritage language, with students in the program being able to speak the Hawaiian language fluently while learning reading, writing, and math skills taught in that language. Partial immersion programs do not have an initial lag in achievement like Canada's and Hawaii's programs do, but it must be noted that partial immersion programs are not as effective as complete immersion programs and students generally do not achieve native-like proficiency in their L2. The first issue is about the allocation of time given to each language. Educators thought that more exposure to the students’ L2 will lead

title: National Congress of American Indians

text: NCAI website, other current issues and topics include: In 2001, the advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created an advertising campaign and poster for the NCAI to highlight offensive and racist sports team images and mascots. In October 2013, the NCAI published a report on sports teams using harmful and racial "Indian" mascots. National Congress of American Indians The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in

title: Spanish language

text: Union of South American Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the African Union and by many other international organizations. It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language—including speakers with limited competence—and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language. Spanish is the official or national language

title: Native American mascot laws and regulations

text: Siletz Valley Charter School in the town adjacent to the Siletz Reservation to remain the Warriors. Rogue River High School has eliminated their image of a Native American, using instead a spear. In exchange for retaining their Chieftains mascot, Rogue River will add a curriculum on true Native American history, and specifically, the Siletz tribal history. Roseburg High School would remain the Indians with the agreement of the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians. The Reedsport Community Charter School Braves sought tribal approval. However, three local tribes; the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw, the Coquille, and the Siletz

title: Native American Music Awards

text: Native American Music Awards The Native American Music Awards (also known as the NAMAs or "Nammys") are an awards program presented annually by Elbel Productions, Inc., The Native American Music Awards Inc., and The Native American Music Association, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization incorporated in 1998, which recognizes outstanding musical achievement in styles associated with Native Americans, predominantly in the United States and Canada. While Native American performers in a variety of genres are also recognized, nominees do not have to be Native American themselves. The awards were created in 1998 to offer Native American musicians greater recognition from the American

title: Native American self-determination

text: given to President John F. Kennedy by the National Congress of American Indians. The tribal governments started to bypass the BIA and focus on self-determination plans. John Echohawk (Pawnee) is a founder and leader of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF). He is a lawyer who has worked to protect Indian land and sovereignty. In 1970 Echohawk was the first Native American to graduate from the University of New Mexico's school of law. After law school, Echohawk worked for some time with California Indian Legal Services. Echohawk joined together with other lawyers and tribal members to form the NARF, which

title: Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act

text: attendance rates above the norm for their peers.'" The bill "would amend the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to provide increased federal financial support to Native American language programs at American Indian-focused schools." In 2015, the bill would provide $5 million in funding. Support among Native Americans includes Oglala Sioux Tribal president Bryan Brewer and Rosebud Sioux Tribal president Cyril Scott. Congressional supporters include Senator John Walsh (D-MT). Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act The Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act, S. 1948 was introduced on Jan 16, 2014. Its sponsor is Sen. Jon Tester [D-MT]. Cosponsors were

title: Native American tribes in Nebraska

text: Native American tribes in Nebraska Native American tribes in the U.S. state of Nebraska have been Plains Indians, descendants of succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples who have occupied the area for thousands of years. More than 15 historic tribes have been identified as having lived in, hunted in, or otherwise occupied territory within the current state boundaries. The 19th-century history of the state included the establishment of eight Indian reservations, including a half-breed tract. Today six tribes, (Omaha, Winnebago, Ponca, Iowa, Santee Sioux, Sac and Fox), have reservations in Nebraska. In 2006 American Indian and Alaska Native persons comprised one

title: What I Do

text: What I Do What I Do is the twelfth studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 7, 2004, and produced four singles for Jackson on the Hot Country Songs charts: "Too Much of a Good Thing" and "Monday Morning Church" both reached #5, while "The Talkin' Song Repair Blues" and "USA Today" both reached #18. "What I Do", however, was the first album of his career not to produce any #1 hits. The Wrights, a duo composed of Adam and Shannon Wright (the former of whom is Jackson's nephew) are featured as background

title: Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do

text: 1972 studio album "See All Her Faces". Yellowman covered it for "King Yellowman" (1984). "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do" is sampled in "Upgrade U" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, from Beyoncé's album "B'Day" (2006) and in "No Homo Outro", a track from "Turtleneck & Chain" (2011) by The Lonely Island. Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album "My First Time Around" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records.

title: Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do

text: Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album "My First Time Around" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records. It reached number thirty-three on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. It has been covered and sampled by several artists. "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do" is a song written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. It was arranged by

text: of Native American racial identity was discussed by Steve Russell (2002, p68), "American Indians have always had the theoretical option of removing themselves from a tribal community and becoming legally white. American law has made it easy for Indians to disappear because that disappearance has always been necessary to the 'Manifest Destiny' that the United States span the continent that was, after all, occupied." Russell contrasts this with the reminder that Native Americans are "members of communities before members of a race." Traditional definitions of "Indianness" are also important. There is a sense of "peoplehood" which links Indianness to sacred

title: Manteo (Native American leader)

text: was also a mediating figure between the English people and the Native Americans. Because of his status among the English people and because he was in peaceful communication with them, some of the Croatan considered Manteo to be disloyal to them and a traitor at times of conflict. Although Manteo is the best example of relations between the English and the Indians, there were other Native Americans who were friendly toward the English as well. Wanchese and other Native Americans such as Towaye shared relationships with Manteo and the English people. Manteo is recognized as being the first Native American

title: Native American mascot controversy

text: treatment, and social positions. The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights call for an end to the use of Native American mascots was only for non-native schools. In cases where universities were founded to educate Native Americans, such mascots may not be examples of cultural appropriation or stereotyping. Examples include the Fighting Indians of the Haskell Indian Nations University and the University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNCP), which continues to have a substantial number of native students, and close ties to the Lumbee tribe. The UNCP nickname is the Braves, but the mascot is a red-tailed hawk. Pembroke Middle School,

title: What Ya Wanna Do

text: In the "What Ya Wanna Do" music video, all the featured rappers spit verses by turn, recording their posse cut in the studio. The song contains a sample from "Do You Wanna Go Party" as written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and performed by KC and the Sunshine Band on their sixth studio album "Do You Wanna Go Party". Adapted from Discogs What Ya Wanna Do "What Ya Wanna Do?" is a single by American recording artist Ice-T from his third studio album "The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say". It was released in 1989 via Sire

title: Language proficiency

text: Language proficiency Language proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in a language. As theories among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiency go, there is little consistency as to how different organizations classify it. Additionally, fluency and language competence are generally recognized as being related, but separate controversial subjects. In predominant frameworks in the United States, proficient speakers demonstrate both accuracy and fluency, and use a variety of discourse strategies. Thus, native speakers of a language can be fluent without being considered proficient. Native-level fluency is estimated to be between 20,000 and 40,000

title: Sterilization of Native American women

text: is still used within the USA today and is a blend of various organizations created to combat specific health problems for Native American and Alaskan Natives. Today the organization is still responsible for providing federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. The IHS's website states that “the IHS is the principal federal health care provider and health advocate for Indian people, and its goal is to raise their health status to the highest possible level. The IHS provides a comprehensive health service delivery system for approximately 2.2 million American Indians and Alaska Natives who belong to 573 federally

title: Konkani language

text: Sopara and Virar regions to the north of Mumbai in the Vasai Taluka Uran Panvel, Thane District of Maharashtra. The name of this language suggests that its origins lie with the Samvedi Brahmins native to this region. Majority of East Indians speak this dialect. Kadodis language: Kadodi community people were originally Brahmins, they converted to Christianity at the time of Portuguese reign, 30 years ago. There is little difference between Samvedi and Kadodi. Thakri (Spoken by the Adivasi and Katkari community found in Raigad district). Kadodi, Samvedi, Vadvali, Koli and Agri resembles each other very closely. Both Vadvali and Samavedi