query: what type of political system does north korea have?

title: History of North Korea

text: People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) was proclaimed on September 9, with Kim as Premier. On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea". By 1949, North Korea was a full-fledged Communist state. All parties and mass organizations joined the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, ostensibly a popular front but in reality dominated by the Communists. The government moved rapidly to establish a political system that was partly styled on the Soviet system, with political power monopolised by the

title: Government of North Korea

text: conclusion of most cases is foregone; experts outside North Korea and numerous defectors confirm this to be a widespread problem. Freedom House states that, "North Korea does not have an independent judiciary and does not acknowledge individual rights...reports of arbitrary detentions, 'disappearances,' and extrajudicial killings are common; torture is widespread and severe" North Korea's fifth and current constitution was approved and adopted in September 1998, replacing the one previously adopted in 1972. The former constitution had last been amended in 1992. Under the new constitution, North Korea is a socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people. Criminal

title: Politics of North Korea

text: Politics of North Korea The politics of North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) takes place within the framework of the official state philosophy, "Juche", a concept created by Hwang Jang-yop and later attributed to Kim Il-sung. The "Juche" theory is the belief that through self-reliance and a strong independent state, true socialism can be achieved. North Korea's political system is built upon the principle of centralization. While the North Korean constitution formally guarantees protection of human rights, in practice there are severe limits on freedom of expression, and the government closely supervises the lives of North Korean

title: Politics of North Korea

text: later internal issues. Politics of North Korea The politics of North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) takes place within the framework of the official state philosophy, "Juche", a concept created by Hwang Jang-yop and later attributed to Kim Il-sung. The "Juche" theory is the belief that through self-reliance and a strong independent state, true socialism can be achieved. North Korea's political system is built upon the principle of centralization. While the North Korean constitution formally guarantees protection of human rights, in practice there are severe limits on freedom of expression, and the government closely supervises the lives

title: Photojournalism in North Korea

text: Photojournalism in North Korea Photojournalism in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (better known as North Korea) is heavily regulated by the government. Due to the extremely limited flow of information out of the country, there is no consensus over what rules are actually in place to govern photojournalism by members of foreign press services. Individual foreign photographers have been banned from North Korea for displaying photos that portray the country in an unfavorable light. North Korean leaders believe that their rules and censorship system is necessary in order to keep people under control, “to prevent the rise of criticism

title: Photojournalism in North Korea

text: about the government." Photojournalism in North Korea Photojournalism in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (better known as North Korea) is heavily regulated by the government. Due to the extremely limited flow of information out of the country, there is no consensus over what rules are actually in place to govern photojournalism by members of foreign press services. Individual foreign photographers have been banned from North Korea for displaying photos that portray the country in an unfavorable light. North Korean leaders believe that their rules and censorship system is necessary in order to keep people under control, “to prevent the

title: Workers' Party of Korea

text: familial succession and the appointment of family members to high office, the Kim family has been called a dynasty and a royal family. Suh Dae-sook, the author of "Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader", notes that "What he [Kim Il-sung] has built in the North however, resembles more a political system to accommodate his personal rule than a communist or socialist state in Korea. It is not the political system he built that will survive him; it is his son [Kim Jong-il], whom he has designated heir, who will succeed his reign." The ruling Kim family in North Korea

title: Constitution of North Korea

text: Constitution of North Korea The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the constitution of North Korea. It states that the country is socialist and lays out the framework of the national government and the functions of the ruling state party, the Workers' Party of Korea in relation to the Cabinet and Supreme People's Assembly (the country's parliament). The constitution is divided into 166 articles, split between three sections. North Korea is also governed by the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System, which some claim have come to supersede the constitution and in

title: Government of North Korea

text: the Supreme Court of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, which consists of a Chief Justice and two People's Assessors; three judges may be present in some cases. Their terms of office coincide with those of the members of the Supreme People's Assembly. Every court in North Korea has the same composition as the Central Court. The judicial system is theoretically held accountable to the SPA and the Presidium of the SPA when the legislature is not in session. The judiciary does not practice judicial review. The security forces so often interfere with the actions of the judiciary that the

title: North Korea

text: initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War (1950–1953). The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire, but no peace treaty was signed. North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state, and formally holds elections. Various media outlets have called it Stalinist, particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around Kim Il-sung and his family. The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), led by a member of the ruling family, holds power in the state and leads the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland of which all political officers are required to be members. "Juche", an

title: North Korea

text: is headed by Premier Pak Pong-ju. The Premier represents the government and functions independently. His authority extends over two vice-premiers, 30 ministers, two cabinet commission chairmen, the cabinet chief secretary, the president of the Central Bank, the director of the Central Bureau of Statistics and the president of the Academy of Sciences. A 31st ministry, the Ministry of People's Armed Forces, is under the jurisdiction of the State Affairs Commission. Despite its official title as the 'Democratic People's Republic of Korea' (DPRK) some observers have described North Korea's political system as an absolute monarchy or a "hereditary dictatorship". The "Juche"

title: Politics of North Korea

text: hoping to develop the capability to reunify Korea by force if possible and also preparing to repel any attack by South Korea or the United States. Following the doctrine of "Juche", North Korea aimed for a high degree of economic independence and the mobilization of all the resources of the nation to defend Korean sovereignty against foreign powers. In the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and the loss of Soviet aid, North Korea faced a long period of economic crisis, including severe agricultural and industrial shortages. North Korea's main political issue has been

title: Constitution of North Korea

text: which the constitution previously assigned to the Cabinet. Constitution of North Korea The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the constitution of North Korea. It states that the country is socialist and lays out the framework of the national government and the functions of the ruling state party, the Workers' Party of Korea in relation to the Cabinet and Supreme People's Assembly (the country's parliament). The constitution is divided into 166 articles, split between three sections. North Korea is also governed by the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System, which some claim

title: Judiciary of North Korea

text: requests and then assigns cases and pays remunerations to the assignee. However, attorneys do not have a monopoly on providing legal services as anyone might provide representation in civil or criminal proceedings. The Law College at Kim Il Sung University is the only university-level institution that provides legal education. Judiciary of North Korea The North Korean judicial system is based on the Soviet model. It includes the Supreme Court of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Provincial and special-city level Courts, local People's Courts, and Special Courts. The Central Court is the highest court, with its judges appointed by the

title: History of North Korea

text: Party of Korea in the 1950s, North Korea, like all the postwar communist states, undertook massive state investment in heavy industry, state infrastructure and military strength, neglecting the production of consumer goods. The first Three Year Plan (1954–1956) introduced the concept of "Juche" or self-reliance. The first Five Year Plan (1957-1961) consolidated the collectivization of agriculture and initiated mass mobilizations campaigns: the Chollima Movement, the Chongsan-ni system in agriculture and the Taean Work System in industry. The Chollima Movement was influenced by China's Great Leap Forward, but did not have its disastrous results. Industry was fully nationalized by 1959. Taxation

title: Judiciary of North Korea

text: Judiciary of North Korea The North Korean judicial system is based on the Soviet model. It includes the Supreme Court of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Provincial and special-city level Courts, local People's Courts, and Special Courts. The Central Court is the highest court, with its judges appointed by the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA). According to the Constitution of North Korea, the Central Court is accountable to the SPA, and the Criminal Code subjects judges to criminal liability for handing down "unjust sentences". The Supreme Court of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the highest court and court

title: History of North Korea

text: shown its weakness and that reunification of Korea under his regime was possible. Kim visited Beijing in May 1975 in the hope of gaining political and military support for this plan to invade South Korea again, but Mao Zedong refused. Despite public proclamations of support, Mao privately told Kim that China would be unable to assist North Korea because of the lingering after-effects of the Cultural Revolution throughout China, and because Mao had recently decided to restore diplomatic relations with the US. Meanwhile, North Korea emphasized its independent orientation by joining the Non-Aligned Movement in 1975. It promoted "Juche" as

title: Time in North Korea

text: step in unifying Korea and eliminating differences between the South and North. The time change was applied at 23:30 on 4 May 2018 (). The IANA time zone database contains one zone for North Korea in the file zone.tab, named Asia/Pyongyang. Time in North Korea Time in North Korea, called Pyongyang Time (Chosŏn'gŭl: , Hancha: or PYT) or Standard Time of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Chosŏn'gŭl: , Hancha: ), is since May 2018 equal to Korea Standard Time: 9 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+9). Like South Korea, North Korea does not currently observe daylight saving time. Time keeping

title: Time in North Korea

text: Time in North Korea Time in North Korea, called Pyongyang Time (Chosŏn'gŭl: , Hancha: or PYT) or Standard Time of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Chosŏn'gŭl: , Hancha: ), is since May 2018 equal to Korea Standard Time: 9 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+9). Like South Korea, North Korea does not currently observe daylight saving time. Time keeping in North Korea is under the State Commission for Science and Technology. Before modern clocks were introduced into Korea, Koreans kept time with the help of a sundial during the daylight time and a water clock at night. In 1434, Jang

title: Provinces of North Korea

text: Provinces of North Korea Provinces are the first-level division within North Korea. There are 9 provinces in North Korea: Chagang, North Hamgyong, South Hamgyong, North Hwanghae, South Hwanghae, Kangwon, North Pyongan, South Pyongan and Ryanggang. Although the details of local administration have changed dramatically over time, the basic outline of the current three-tiered system was implemented under the reign of Gojong in 1895. A similar system also remains in use in South Korea. A province () are the highest-ranked administrative divisions in North Korea. Provinces have equal status to the special cities. The populations listed for each province are from

title: Law of North Korea

text: civil laws do not bind the party. Law of North Korea The specific hierarchy of authority in North Korea is the words or personal directives of Kim Jong-un, followed by the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System, WPK directives —particularly the policy guidance of the WPK Secretariat’s Organization and Guidance Department, the WPK Charter and domestic civil laws, and finally the North Korean Constitution. The WPK, while maintaining the dominant political role within the North Korean party-state, came to serve the leader in primacy above all other political entities. As in other communist political systems, the

title: Law of North Korea

text: Law of North Korea The specific hierarchy of authority in North Korea is the words or personal directives of Kim Jong-un, followed by the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System, WPK directives —particularly the policy guidance of the WPK Secretariat’s Organization and Guidance Department, the WPK Charter and domestic civil laws, and finally the North Korean Constitution. The WPK, while maintaining the dominant political role within the North Korean party-state, came to serve the leader in primacy above all other political entities. As in other communist political systems, the state and society serve the party, and

title: The purpose of a system is what it does

text: The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment,

title: The purpose of a system is what it does

text: be balanced by a more straightforwardly descriptive view. The term is used in many fields including biology and management. The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said "According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes

title: North Korea

text: core of North Korean diplomacy and have seen numerous shifts in the last few decades. North Korea's policy is to seek reunification without what it sees as outside interference, through a federal structure retaining each side's leadership and systems. In 1972, the two Koreas agreed in principle to achieve reunification through peaceful means and without foreign interference. On 10 October 1980 then North Korean president Kim Il-sung proposed a federation between North and South Korea named the Democratic Federal Republic of Korea in which the respective political systems would initially remain. However, relations remained cool well until the early 1990s,

title: Provinces of North Korea

text: the 2008 North Korea Census. From this census, there are an additional 702,372 people living in military camps. Provinces of North Korea Provinces are the first-level division within North Korea. There are 9 provinces in North Korea: Chagang, North Hamgyong, South Hamgyong, North Hwanghae, South Hwanghae, Kangwon, North Pyongan, South Pyongan and Ryanggang. Although the details of local administration have changed dramatically over time, the basic outline of the current three-tiered system was implemented under the reign of Gojong in 1895. A similar system also remains in use in South Korea. A province () are the highest-ranked administrative divisions in

title: 2017–18 North Korea crisis

text: Crisis. On August 14, Ukraine's Chairman of the National Security and Defense Council, Oleksandr Turchynov denied that it had ever supplied defense technology to North Korea, responding to an article in the "New York Times" that said North Korea might have purchased rocket engines from Ukrainian factory Yuzhmash, who have also denied the report. On August 15, the North Korean leader said he was delaying a decision on firing missiles towards the US Pacific territory of Guam while he waits to see what Trump does next. From August 21–31, the U.S. and South Korea conducted the 2017 Ulchi-Freedom Guardian exercise

title: Foreign relations of North Korea

text: North Korea Syria Nonproliferation Act in 2000. In 2016, there were reports that DPRK troops were fighting to defend the Syrian government in the Syrian Civil War. The Republic of China (Taiwan) does not recognise North Korea as a state. Taiwanese Premier Lai Ching-te approved a total ban on trade between Taiwan and North Korea in September 2017. Taiwanese businessmen have been accused of selling coal, oil and gas to North Korea, as well as importing North Korean textiles and employing North Koreans in Taiwanese fishing vessels. Tanzania and the DPRK have a long history of military cooperation, going back

title: Tanks of North Korea

text: the T-62, T-72, Type 88 and Ch'onma-ho MBTs. Outside parties codename the tank M-2002 because the tank went through performance trials on February 16, 2002 (therefore being officially confirmed by outside sources), although the tank may have been in existence since 1992. The P'okp'ung-ho is only known to be used in North Korea. Tanks of North Korea The history and development of the tank in North Korea spans the period from their adoption after World War II with the foundation of the Korean People's Army, into the Cold War and the present. Over this period North Korea has moved from

title: Vehicle registration plates of North Korea

text: Vehicle registration plates of North Korea North Korea has issued registration plates for all government and privately owned vehicles since 1947. The system is loosely based on that found in Japan insofar as numerical prefixes are applied to denote a particular type or class of vehicle. Privately owned vehicles display orange plates with black characters. The first two denote the place of registration in the Hangul script. The remainder are the vehicle's actual registration number. Early examples contained up to 4 digits. Those issued since 1992 can have up to 5 digits split into two groups by a hyphen. Example

title: History of North Korea

text: son, Kim Jong-il, who had already assumed key positions in the government, succeeded as General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party. At that time, North Korea had no secretary-general in the party nor a president. What minimal legal procedure had been established was summarily ignored. Although a new constitution appeared to end the wartime political system, it did not completely terminate the transitional military rule. Rather it legitimized and institutionalized military rule by making the National Defense Commission (NDC) the most important state organization and its chairman the highest authority. After three years of consolidating his power, Kim Jong-il became

title: Taxation in North Korea

text: Taxation in North Korea Officially, there are no taxes in North Korea. The date of 1 April is the North Korean "Tax Abolition Day". North Korean propaganda claims that North Korea is the world's only tax-free country. The North Korean state, however, still collects revenue from its citizens in the form of hidden taxation through various sales taxes. In particular, the turnover tax from consumption provides for the majority of the state revenue in North Korea. The North Korean state does, therefore, collect revenues, which internationally has been compared to a taxation system, but inside North Korea the word tax

title: Administrative divisions of North Korea

text: also have workers' districts ("Rodongjagu", ). Administrative divisions of North Korea The administrative divisions of North Korea are organized into three hierarchical levels. These divisions were discovered in 2002. Many of the units have equivalents in the system of South Korea. At the highest level are nine provinces, two directly governed cities, and three special administrative divisions. The second-level divisions are cities, counties, wards, and districts. These are further subdivided into third-level entities: towns, neighborhoods, villages, and "workers' districts". The three-level administrative system used in North Korea was first inaugurated by Kim Il-sung in 1952, as part of a massive

title: North Korea–South Korea relations

text: North Korea–South Korea relations The political, commercial, diplomatic, and military interactions between North Korea and South Korea began in 1945 with the division of Korea at the end of World War II. Since then, North and South Korea have been locked in a conflict which erupted into open warfare in 1950 with the Korean War. In 2018, beginning with North Korea's participation in the Winter Olympics in South Korea, the relationship has seen a major diplomatic breakthrough and become significantly warmer. In April 2018, the two countries signed the Panmunjeom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula.

title: Human rights in North Korea

text: were spending only a third of their income on food. These disparities show that North Korea does not have safety net mechanisms to protect the vulnerable people in society, such as housewives and the elderly. When the food crisis began, access to food came through a public distribution system (PDS) controlled by the regime, and entitlements were partly a function of political status. As the socialist economy crumbled and markets developed in response to the state's inability to fulfill its obligations under the old social compact, the character of the crisis changed. Current shortages bear a closer resemblance to food

title: Media coverage of North Korea

text: was in fact the source of some of the most unreliable coverage. Journalists operated according to a wartime mindset, which moderated in times of detente. Overall, reporting was strongly influenced by the political climate in South Korea. South Korean journalists were generally prohibited from accessing North Korean media and few have been to the North. Reports were shallow and poorly researched. Corrections to reports about North Korea were practically unknown in South Korea. North Korean authorities have attributed erroneous reporting on the country to disinformation spread by South Korea and the United States. Specifically, the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification

title: Media of North Korea

text: jointly publishes a New Year editorial, also broadcast by KCNA, which regularly attracts the attention of the international news media. Newspapers include: Several newspaper journalists from North Korea were secretly trained in China to covertly report on events inside North Korea. November 2007 marked the first publication of the "Rimjingang" magazine, which is distributed secretly in North Korea and in neighbouring countries. The magazine covers the economic and political situation in the country. The journalists have also provided footage of public executions to South Korean and Japanese media. The television broadcasting is managed by the Central Broadcasting Committee of Korea

title: North Korea

text: they are appointed by the Workers' Party of Korea. The penal code is based on the principle of "nullum crimen sine lege" (no crime without a law), but remains a tool for political control despite several amendments reducing ideological influence. Courts carry out legal procedures related to not only criminal and civil matters, but also political cases as well. Political prisoners are sent to labor camps, while criminal offenders are incarcerated in a separate system. The Ministry of People's Security (MPS) maintains most law enforcement activities. It is one of the most powerful state institutions in North Korea and oversees

title: Administrative divisions of North Korea

text: Administrative divisions of North Korea The administrative divisions of North Korea are organized into three hierarchical levels. These divisions were discovered in 2002. Many of the units have equivalents in the system of South Korea. At the highest level are nine provinces, two directly governed cities, and three special administrative divisions. The second-level divisions are cities, counties, wards, and districts. These are further subdivided into third-level entities: towns, neighborhoods, villages, and "workers' districts". The three-level administrative system used in North Korea was first inaugurated by Kim Il-sung in 1952, as part of a massive restructuring of local government. Previously, the

title: 2017–18 North Korea crisis

text: Olympics. North and South Korea marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony and fielded a united women's ice hockey team. As well as the athletes, North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and President Kim Yong-nam, and including performers like the Samjiyon Orchestra. The delegation passed along an invitation to President Moon to visit North Korea. According to North Korea expert Sung-Yoon Lee, North Korea's policy toward the Olympics is to enhance North Korea's status: "One doesn't need to be a genius to see that this is what North Korea does: After

title: Foreign relations of North Korea

text: weapons capability. The program is supported by North Korean training and equipment. Although the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms have led to the cancellation or downgrading of military ties, reports on suspicious activities have continued . Namibia's ruling party, the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) has had a longstanding historical relationship with North Korea, dating back to the South African Border War. Beginning in 1964, North Korea provided training and arms to SWAPO's armed wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), which was engaged in an insurgency against the South African government. Following Namibian independence, North Korea established an

title: Government of North Korea

text: penalties can be stiff; one of the basic functions of the system is to uphold the power of the regime. Because so little information is available concerning what actually occurs inside of the country, the extent to which there is any rule of law is uncertain. In any case, North Korea is known for its poor human rights situation and regularly detains thousands of dissidents without trial or benefit of legal advice. According to a US Department of State report on human rights practices, the government of North Korea often punishes the family of a criminal along with the perpetrator.

title: Administrative divisions of North Korea

text: country had used a multi-level system similar to that still used in South Korea. (The English translations are not official, but approximations. Names are romanized according to the McCune-Reischauer system as officially used in North Korea; the editor was also guided by the spellings used on the 2003 National Geographic map of Korea). The nine provinces ("To"; , ) derive from the traditional provinces of Korea, but have been further subdivided since the division of Korea. They are large areas including cities, rural and mountainous regions. The two special cities ("T'ŭkpyŏlsi"; , ) are large metropolitan cities that have been

title: Media coverage of North Korea

text: she had been pressured into fabricating stories detrimental to North Korea. The South Korean broadcaster denied her claims, and some observers suggested she was speaking under duress. Since the Korean War (1950-1953), North and South Korea have confronted each other over the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with a permanent American garrison force situated in the south. Factual reporting can be a casualty of this cold war. Journalists and media experts in South Korea have concluded that political hostility distorts media coverage. According to Damin Jung of "NK News" writing in 2017, South Korea had the potential to deliver accurate reportage, but

title: Tanks of North Korea

text: forces, for example in the Battle of Kapyong, had blunted the impetus of the Chinese offensive and allowed UN forces to retreat to prepared defensive positions north of Seoul, where the Chinese were halted. The PT-76 (Not to be confused with Ob'yekt 906 or PT-85) is a Soviet amphibious light tank that was introduced in the early 1950s and soon became the standard reconnaissance tank of the Soviet Army and the other Warsaw Pact armed forces. Ordered in 1965, North Korea is believed to have around 500 in reserve. The Norinco Type 63 () tanks which North Korea has, is

title: Women in North Korea

text: Women in North Korea The status of women in North Korea is not fully understood outside the country, due to the political isolation of North Korea, the unwillingness of the North Korean authorities to allow foreign investigators access in the country, and the existence of conflicting reports. The official position of the North Korean government is that women have equal rights with men. North Korea has enacted laws such as the Law on Sex Equality, the Labor Law, and the Law on Nationalization of Essential Industries. Although these social systems have not entirely been successful, they have been integrated into

title: North Korea

text: Visual arts are generally produced in the aesthetics of Socialist realism. North Korean painting combines the influence of Soviet and Japanese visual expression to instill a sentimental loyalty to the system. All artists in North Korea are required to join the Artists' Union, and the best among them can receive an official licence to portray the leaders. Portraits and sculptures depicting Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un are classed as "Number One works". Most aspects of art have been dominated by Mansudae Art Studio since its establishment in 1959. It employs around 1,000 artists in what is likely the

title: North Korea

text: have provided detailed testimonies on the existence of the total control zones where abuses such as torture, starvation, rape, murder, medical experimentation, forced labor, and forced abortions have been reported. On the basis of these abuses, as well as persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, forcible transfer of populations, enforced disappearance of persons and forced starvation, the United Nations Commission of Inquiry has accused North Korea of crimes against humanity. The International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea (ICNK) estimates that over 10,000 people die in North Korean prison camps every year. According to Human

title: Tanks of North Korea

text: and Type 59s in 2004; and more than 3500 in 2006 through 2014. Some 2000 T-55 and Type 59 Tanks are thought to currently be in service these can be equipped with spaced armor to defeat HEAT warheads. North Korea also received 1000 T62M tanks (Ob'yekt 166M) which is an extensive modernization of the T-62 with protection and mobility improvements and the "Volna" fire control system. It is fitted with a BDD appliqué armour package, an additional belly armour plate for anti-mine protection, 10 mm thick reinforced rubber side skirts and 10 mm thick anti-neutron liner. The BDD appliqué armour

title: Type system

text: or an "effect system", which enables even more program specifications to be verified by a type checker. Beyond simple value-type pairs, a virtual "region" of code is associated with an "effect" component describing "what" is being done "with what", and enabling for example to "throw" an error report. Thus the symbolic system may be a "type and effect system", which endows it with more safety checking than type checking alone. Whether automated by the compiler or specified by a programmer, a type system makes program behavior illegal if outside the type-system rules. Advantages provided by programmer-specified type systems include: Advantages

text: with white characters bearing the word 'Kŭmgangsan' in Hangul, followed by four digits. Vehicles used by U.N. delegates display black plates which feature the word 'UNICEF' ('유니쎄프') rendered in Hangul, followed by a hyphen and a serial number, in white. Vehicle registration plates of North Korea North Korea has issued registration plates for all government and privately owned vehicles since 1947. The system is loosely based on that found in Japan insofar as numerical prefixes are applied to denote a particular type or class of vehicle. Privately owned vehicles display orange plates with black characters. The first two denote the

title: Media of North Korea

text: Jong-un, who replaced his father as leader, has given every indication he will largely follow in his father's footsteps. However, new technologies are being made more freely available in the country. State-run media outlets are setting up websites, while mobile phone ownership in the country has escalated rapidly. “There is no country which monopolizes and controls successfully the internet and information as North Korea does,” said Kang Shin-sam, an expert on North Korean technology and co-head of the International Solidarity for Freedom of Information in North Korea, a nonprofit based in South Korea. North Korea now has about four million

title: North Korea–United States relations

text: North Korea–United States relations North Korea–United States relations refers to international relations between North Korea and the United States. The political and diplomatic relations between North Korea and the United States have been historically hostile, developing primarily during the Korean War. In recent years relations have been largely defined by North Korea's nuclear program – six tests of nuclear weapons, its development of long-range missiles capable of striking targets thousands of miles away, and its ongoing threats to strike the United States and South Korea with nuclear weapons and conventional forces. During his presidency, George W. Bush referred to North

title: Type system

text: consistent way. This checking can happen statically (at compile time), dynamically (at run time), or as a combination of static and dynamic checking. Type systems have other purposes as well, such as expressing business rules, enabling certain compiler optimizations, allowing for multiple dispatch, providing a form of documentation, etc. A type system associates a type with each computed value and, by examining the flow of these values, attempts to ensure or prove that no type errors can occur. The given type system in question determines exactly what constitutes a type error, but in general the aim is to prevent operations

title: Economy of North Korea

text: North Korea's economy contracted by 50% and many (possibly up to 3.5 million) people died of starvation. In December 1991, North Korea established a "zone of free economy and trade" to include the northeastern port cities of Unggi (Sŏnbong), Ch'ŏngjin, and Najin. The establishment of this zone also had ramifications on the questions of how far North Korea would go in opening its economy to the West and to South Korea, the future of the development scheme for the Tumen River area, and, more important, how much North Korea would reform its economic system. North Korea announced in December 1993

title: Music of North Korea

text: traditional and modern musical forms. Military music, in contrast, often makes extensive use of Western brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments, often omitting the Korean ones entirely. Although usually original compositions, the melodies are not easily distinguishable from Western ones in the absence of their lyrics, which heavily feature the customary ideologically oriented content. Music of North Korea Music of North Korea is heavily influenced by the political situation in the country. Many songs are related to the North Korean cult of personality. After the division of Korea in 1945 and the establishment of North Korea in 1948, revolutionary song-writing traditions

title: Music of North Korea

text: Music of North Korea Music of North Korea is heavily influenced by the political situation in the country. Many songs are related to the North Korean cult of personality. After the division of Korea in 1945 and the establishment of North Korea in 1948, revolutionary song-writing traditions were channeled into support for the state, eventually becoming a style of patriotic song called "taejung kayo" in the 1980s combining classical Western symphonic music and Korean traditional musical forms. The songs are generally sung by female performers with accompanying bands or choirs accompanied by a large orchestra (either Western style or a

title: Politics of North Korea

text: citizens. The constitution defines North Korea as "a dictatorship of people's democracy" under the leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), which is given legal supremacy over other political parties. The WPK is the ruling party of North Korea. It has been in power since its creation in 1948. Two minor political parties also exist, but are legally bound to accept the ruling role of the WPK. They, with the WPK, comprise the popular front Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland (DFRF). Elections occur only in single-candidate races where the candidate is effectively selected beforehand by the

title: Economy of North Korea

text: North Korea claims that it is the only state in the world that does not levy taxes. Taxes were abolished beginning on April 1, 1974. Since 2003, North Korean authorities issue government bonds called The "People's Life Bonds". North Korea sold bonds internationally in the late 1970s for 680 million Deutsche marks and 455 million Swiss francs. North Korea defaulted on these bonds by 1984, although the bonds remain traded internationally on speculation that the country would eventually perform on the obligations. North Korea's self-reliant development strategy assigned top priority to developing heavy industry, with parallel development in agriculture and

title: Ghana–North Korea relations

text: become one of a limited number of countries that have relations with both North and South Korea. There was a North Korean embassy in Ghana until it was closed down in 1998. The North Korean ambassador to Ghana since January 2001 is Kil Mun-yong. In 2006, Ghana voted as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in favor of its Resolution 1718 which imposed sanctions against North Korea. In 2018, Ghana expressed its support for the political process to improve relations between North and South Korea in the midst of the 2017–18 North Korea crisis. Ghana has mostly

title: North Korea–United States relations

text: Pacific allies (particularly Japan and South Korea) were to come into military conflict with North Korea. In contrast, the survey points to how 30% of Americans are opposed to such interventionism. In both a parallel and comparative perspective, a majority of South Korean and Japanese citizens (91% and 82% respectively) also expect U.S. military intervention if their country was attacked by North Korea. North Korea–United States relations North Korea–United States relations refers to international relations between North Korea and the United States. The political and diplomatic relations between North Korea and the United States have been historically hostile, developing primarily

title: Women in North Korea

text: university system, however, women majoring in medicine, biology, and foreign languages and literature seem especially numerous. Women in North Korea, just like men, are severely restricted in everyday life: freedom of speech, freedom of movement and similar rights are tightly controlled by the state. Even personal decisions such as one’s hairstyle are not free. North Korean women have played an important role in society, politics, and economics, especially during the 20th and 21st Centuries. Their significant involvement in social and political organizations helped to shape North Korean communism and spread the regime's socialist ideals. Women's organizations like the Korean Women's

title: Economy of North Korea

text: produce. Also enterprise managers would be allowed to hire and fire workers, decide who they do business with and where they buy raw materials and spare parts. Some reports suggest that these measures would allow nominally state-run enterprises to be run on capitalist lines like those on China. North Korea, one of the world's most centrally planned and isolated economies, faces desperate economic conditions. Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment and shortages of spare parts. Industrial and power output have declined in parallel. During what North Korea called the "peaceful construction" period

title: Economy of North Korea

text: Economy of North Korea The economy of North Korea is a centrally planned system, where the role of market allocation schemes is limited, though increasing. North Korea continues its basic adherence to a centrally planned command economy. There has been some economic liberalisation, particularly after Kim Jong-un assumed the leadership in 2012, but reports conflict over particular legislation and enactment. The collapse of the Eastern Bloc from 1989 to 1991, particularly North Korea's principal source of support, the Soviet Union, forced the North Korean economy to realign its foreign economic relations, including increased economic exchanges with South Korea. China is

title: Political system

text: and its people and how the government’s power is used. There are three types of political systems that sociologists consider: Political system A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems. However, this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the questions of who should have authority and what the government's influence on its people and economy should be. Anthropologists generally recognize four kinds of political systems, two of which are uncentralized and two of which

title: Political system

text: Political system A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems. However, this is a very simplified view of a much more complex system of categories involving the questions of who should have authority and what the government's influence on its people and economy should be. Anthropologists generally recognize four kinds of political systems, two of which are uncentralized and two of which are centralized. The sociological interest in political systems is figuring out who holds power within the relationship of the government

title: North Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea)

text: North Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea) "North Hamgyeong Province" or "Hamgyeongbuk-do" () is, according to South Korean law, a province of the Republic of Korea, as the South Korean government formally claims to be the legitimate government of whole of Korea. The area constituting the province is under the "de facto" jurisdiction of North Korea. As South Korea does not recognize changes in administrative divisions made by North Korea, official maps of the South Korean government shows North Hamgyeong Province in its pre-1945 borders. The area corresponds to North Korea's North Hamgyong Province, Rason Special City and part of Ryanggang

title: North Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea)

text: North Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea) "North Pyeongan Province" or "Pyeonganbuk-do" () is, according to South Korean law, a province of the Republic of Korea, as the South Korean government formally claims to be the legitimate government of the whole of Korea. The area constituting the province is under the "de facto" jurisdiction of North Korea. As South Korea does not recognize changes in administrative divisions made by North Korea, official maps of the South Korean government shows North Pyeongan Province in its pre-1945 borders. The area corresponds to North Korea's North Pyongan Province and part of Chagang Province. To

title: Propaganda in North Korea

text: blouses, despite the way it would have made them visible to attack. In contrast to Stalinist depictions of people steeling themselves, preparing themselves intellectually, and so growing up and becoming fit to create Communism, the usual image in North Korean literature is of a spontaneous virtue that revolts against intellectualism but naturally does what is right. Stories often have only mildly flawed Korean characters, who are easily reformed because of their inherently pure nature. This device has resulted in problems such as lack of conflict and hence dullness. South Korea is often depicted as a place of dangerous racial contamination.

title: Women's rights in North Korea

text: Women's rights in North Korea Women's rights in North Korea have varied throughout history. In recent history, major events of the 20th century, such as the Division of Korea and later the 1990s North Korean famine have played an important role in shaping sex relations. Before 1945, in North Korea, women had very few rights. They were expected to give birth to male heirs and rear for them; to assure the continuation of the family line. Women had few opportunities to participate in the social, economic, or political life of society. In traditional Korean society, academic education was not considered

title: Myanmar–North Korea relations

text: nuclear cooperation because it is worried about ties with Russia. In the eventuality that its relationship with Russia deteriorates, North Korea will remain an important ally in nuclear matters. China, friendly with both Myanmar and North Korea, has not commented negatively on the possible nuclear cooperation between the two states. With the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms, military ties have been either downgraded or cut. In 2018, however, the UN found that North Korea is selling ballistic and surface-to-air missiles and other weapons to Myanmar through its weapons export arm Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation. There is a North Korean

title: Geography of North Korea

text: Sea are demarcated between North Korea and South Korea by the disputed Northern Limit Line drawn by the United Nations Command (Korea) in early 1950s and not officially recognized by North Korea. Disputes between North and South Korean naval vessels have occurred in this area. A total of five disputes were noteworthy enough to have been reported in the news (three in 2009 and two in 2010). Natural resources include coal, petroleum, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar and hydropower. Lists: Geography of North Korea North Korea is located in east Asia on the

title: North Korea

text: most severe persecution of Christians in the world occurs in North Korea. Four state-sanctioned churches exist, but critics claim these are showcases for foreigners. According to North Korean documents and refugee testimonies, all North Koreans are sorted into groups according to their Songbun, an ascribed status system based on a citizen's assessed loyalty to the government. Based on their own behavior and the political, social, and economic background of their family for three generations as well as behavior by relatives within that range, Songbun is allegedly used to determine whether an individual is trusted with responsibility, given opportunities, or even

title: North Korea

text: thrown into turmoil with the collapse of the Soviet bloc. Suffering an economic crisis, it closed a number of its embassies. At the same time, North Korea sought to build relations with developed free market countries. , North Korea had diplomatic relations with 166 countries and embassies in 47 countries. However, owing to the human rights and political situation, the DPRK is not recognised by Argentina, Botswana, Estonia, France, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States. This means that in September 2017, France and Estonia are the last two European countries that do not have an official relationship with

title: Citizenship in North Korea

text: of a child's parents. Any child born to two North Korean nationals becomes a North Korean citizen. However, if a child is born abroad to one North Korean national and one parent of a different nationality, the citizenship is to be determined by the parents. "Jus soli", or the "right of the soil," is better known as birthright citizenship. This type of citizenship or nationality is awarded to citizens who are born within the jurisdiction of a given state. In North Korea, birth within the country's borders does not automatically grant a child citizenship, with the exception of a child

title: Economy of North Korea

text: were first broadcast on June 11, 2006. Trade with South Korea declined after Lee Myung-bak was elected President of South Korea in 2008, who reduced trade to put pressure on North Korea over nuclear matters. Trade with South Korea fell from $1.8 billion to $1.1 billion between 2007 and 2013, most of the remaining trade being through the Kaesŏng Industrial Park. The Park has been subject to frequent shutdowns due to political tensions. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, China has been North Korea's primary trading partner. Bilateral trade rose sharply after 2007. In 2007 trade between the two

title: Politics of North Korea

text: through North Korea-China border, and new sources of information about the outside world for ordinary North Koreans as factors pointing to an imminent collapse of the regime. However, North Korea has remained stable in spite of more than a decade of such predictions. The Workers' Party of Korea maintains a monopoly on political power and Kim Jong-il remained the leader of the country until 2011, ever since he first gained power following the death of his father. After the death of Kim Il-Sung in 1994, his son, Kim Jong-Il reigned as the new leader, which marked the closure of one

title: Japanese people in North Korea

text: Airlines Flight 351 are known to have received political asylum in Pyongyang in 1970; of those, two were later arrested by Japanese police in Thailand, two died in North Korea, and five are still believed to reside in Pyongyang. Four were confirmed to be alive in 2004 when they were interviewed and photographed by Kyodo News. North Korea is also believed to have kidnapped between 70 and 80 Japanese citizens between 1977 and 1983 in order to teach the Japanese language to North Korean intelligence operatives; however, the government of North Korea officially admits to only 16 such kidnappings. In

title: North Korea–South Korea relations

text: South Korea said the budget allocated for cooperation and exchange projects with North Korea has exceeded one trillion won (about 900 mil dollars) for the first time in three years. Of the total budget for inter-Korean cooperation, some 500 billion has been earmarked to implement cross-border summit agreements, including the rail connection project, and to lay the groundwork for South-North economic cooperation. Over 572 billion won is set aside for efforts to resolve humanitarian issues. In particular, over 39 billion won will go towards exchanges involving separated families, up from this year's 12 billion. North Korea–South Korea relations The political,

title: Censorship in North Korea

text: to guard, defend, and advocate for and defend both the party and party leaders. Since the role is defined as being a political activist and a fighter who can mobilize a crowd, a journalist in North Korea should be a true Kim Il-sung-ist and a fervent political activist, with a war correspondent spirit and political qualification. Journalists in North Korea are reeducated continuously. The organization that takes charge of the reeducation of journalists in North Korea is the 'Chosen Reporter Alliance.' It is the strongest and the most systematized organization among the reporters and journalists' political idea education organizations. The

title: Economy of North Korea

text: of 5.37 MMT. In 2014 North Korea had an exceptionally good harvest, 5.08 million tonnes of cereal equivalent, almost sufficient to feed the entire population. While food production had recovered significantly since the hardest years of 1996 and 1997, the recovery was fragile, subject to adverse weather and year to year economic shortages. Distribution was uneven with the Public Distribution System largely ineffective. Any shortfall between production and need could be easily met by government funded imports, should the decision to make those purchases be made. According to a 2012 report by South Korea-based North Korea Resource Institute (NKRI), North

title: Flora of North Korea

text: sole member. From Korea it has been introduced to horticulture in England and North America, as well as being cultivated in North Korea. "Sophora koreenis" was also classified in its own genus, "Echinosophora" but has since been found to lie within the genus "Sophora" genetically. Flora of North Korea The flora of North Korea has much in common with that of other areas of the northern hemisphere. 2898 species have been recorded, of which 14% are endemic. Four are classified as threatened. The native plant communities in the lowlands have largely disappeared with cultivation and urbanisation, and the native conifer

title: Flora of North Korea

text: Flora of North Korea The flora of North Korea has much in common with that of other areas of the northern hemisphere. 2898 species have been recorded, of which 14% are endemic. Four are classified as threatened. The native plant communities in the lowlands have largely disappeared with cultivation and urbanisation, and the native conifer forest communities are located in the highlands. The forest types are mainly subarctic (boreal) and cool-temperate forest. "Pinus densiflora" dominates coniferous forests across North Korea, and has also increased in abundance in areas altered by human impact. The main botanic garden in North Korea is

title: Television in North Korea

text: issued Samjiyon tablet computers. Television sets sold in North Korea are only able to operate on the PAL system, to prevent them from being able to pick up broadcasts from the south. Imported TV sets that are able to operate on both PAL and NTSC, such as those from Japan, have their NTSC abilities disabled by the government on import. As of August 16, 2016, there are four television channels in North Korea. All are state-owned. This is the oldest television channel in North Korea, and it started regular broadcasting in 1963. As of 2017, it's the only North Korean

title: Geology of North Korea

text: Geology of North Korea The geology of North Korea remains relatively poorly studied outside of North Korea itself due to the country's isolation and many geologic features are inferred from South Korea. Some international dating work around 1973 indicated that most basement rock in North Korea dates to the Proterozoic or the earlier Archean. The North Kyangsong Province gneiss samples indicated ages to 2.12 billion years ago and in 1985, the Sangni Metamorphic Supergroup and the Sangni Revolution were proposed as names for the gneiss-schist and gneiss formation. These groupings have been used to make sense of the 2.1 billion

title: Myanmar–North Korea relations

text: Korea and Myanmar deepened into cooperation with nuclear issues. Myanmar is believed to operate a nuclear weapons program that seeks to emulate the success of North Korea's nuclear weapons capability. The program is supported by North Korean training and equipment. Although the 2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms have led to the cancellation or downgrading of military ties, reports on suspicious activities have continued . Burma (Myanmar) and North Korea already had some contacts in 1948 when Burma became independent. U Nu's government, however, voted in favor of the motion in the UN that recognized Syngman Rhee's government as the legitimate government

title: Nuclear power in North Korea

text: to the city of Pyonsong, from the capital, and combined into a single scientific center. Nuclear power in North Korea North Korea (DPRK) has been active in developing nuclear technology since the 1950s. Although the country currently has no operational power-generating nuclear reactor, efforts at developing its nuclear power sector continue. Moreover, North Korea has developed nuclear weapons. It conducted what are widely accepted to have been nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017. Since the 1950s, North Korea has been interested in nuclear technology and has pursued the use of nuclear technology by transferring knowledge and technology

title: Nuclear power in North Korea

text: Nuclear power in North Korea North Korea (DPRK) has been active in developing nuclear technology since the 1950s. Although the country currently has no operational power-generating nuclear reactor, efforts at developing its nuclear power sector continue. Moreover, North Korea has developed nuclear weapons. It conducted what are widely accepted to have been nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017. Since the 1950s, North Korea has been interested in nuclear technology and has pursued the use of nuclear technology by transferring knowledge and technology related to nuclear energy from the Soviet Union. In April 1955, it decided to establish

title: Peace Village (North Korea)

text: vast cultivated farm-fields which are clearly visible, not only to visitors to the North Korean side of the DMZ, but to visitors to the South Korean side as well. In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a flagpole with a flag of South Korea in Daeseong-dong (). The North Korean government responded by building an even taller one, the Panmunjom flagpole, at with a flag of North Korea in Kijŏng-dong, across the demarcation line from South Korea (), in what some have called the "flagpole war". For over a decade, the flagpole was the tallest in the world. In

title: North Korea–South Korea football rivalry

text: North Korea–South Korea football rivalry This article is about matches between the North Korean and South Korean national teams in association football. It covers women's football as well as men's. Despite tensions between the two states, a sense of shared Korean nationhood has resulted in Koreans in both countries supporting the other state's football teams, except of course when the two teams meet. Football commentators on the Seoul Broadcasting System have "excitedly" supported the North's team in its matches against other countries, and North Korean players such as Hong Yong-Jo, Mun In-Guk or Jong Tae-Se "are stars south of the

title: Media of North Korea

text: A few of the government elite with state approval are connected to the internet via a link to China. The general population of North Korea do not have internet access, however the people do have access to Kwangmyong, an intranet set up by the government. North Korea itself has a limited presence on the internet, with several sites on their national .kp domain. The "Mosquito Net" filtering model used in North Korea attempts to attract foreign investment, while the filter simultaneously blocks foreign ideas. Despite extremely strict regulations and draconian penalties, North Koreans, particularly elite citizens, have increasing access to

title: Economy of North Korea

text: compost and other organic fertilizer has been encouraged. North Korean fisheries export seafood, primarily crab, to Dandong, Liaoning, illicitly. Crabs, clams and conches from the Yellow Sea waters of North Korea are popular in China, possibly because the less salty water improves taste. Since the 1950s, a majority of North Koreans have received their food through the public distribution system (PDS). The PDS requires farmers in agricultural regions to hand over a portion of their production to the government and then reallocates the surplus to urban regions, which cannot grow their own foods. About 70% of the North Korean population,

title: Citizenship in North Korea

text: born in North Korea with "unknown or stateless parents." The process of naturalization involves formal proceedings for acquiring citizenship of a country. It is not guaranteed and can involve a wide variety of stipulations. In North Korea, the status of naturalization is unclear. It can only be granted by the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, and further specific requirements are unknown. The government of North Korea does not recognize dual nationality. However, North Korean citizens who flee to South Korea automatically become South Korean citizens. Also, North Korean citizens who defect to South Korea and become South Korean citizens

title: Japan–North Korea relations

text: given. There have been several confrontations between the two nations over North Korean clandestine activity in Japan besides the abductions including drug smuggling, marine poaching, and spying. North Korean missile tests are a concern for Japan because the missiles sometimes travel through Japanese airspace and territory. In 1998, North Korea successfully fired a Taepodong-1 ballistic missile that crossed over Japan and landed in the Pacific Ocean. This test launch was viewed as an act of political defiance as negotiations on the future of North Korea's nuclear program development were taking place between North Korea and the United States in New

title: Politics of North Korea

text: to find a way to sustain its economy without compromising the internal stability of its government or its ability to respond to perceived external threats. Recently, North Korean efforts to improve relations with South Korea to increase trade and to receive development assistance have been mildly successful. North Korea has tried to improve its relations with South Korea by participating in the Pyeongchang Olympics (North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics), when Kim Jong-un sent his band and a few officials to visit South Korea. But North Korea's determination to develop nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles has prevented stable relations

title: North Korea–Singapore relations

text: development and its political stability. Choson Exchange is a Singapore-based NGO focused on supporting entrepreneurship in North Korea. From 2011 to 2016, the organization brought over 100 North Koreans to the country. Choson Exchange was founded by a Singaporean, Geoffrey See. Singapore-based disaster relief group Mercy Relief has conducted relief work in North Korea in 2012, following flooding in the country. The organization donated US$200,000 worth of relief supplies following an appeal from the North Korean Ambassador to Singapore. Various businesspeople from Singapore have expressed interest in North Korea's economy and the country's market if it becomes more liberalised and

title: Nominal type system

text: all primarily use both nominal typing and nominal subtyping. Some nominally-subtyped languages, such as Java and C#, allow classes to be declared "final" (or "sealed" in C# terminology), indicating that no further subtyping is permitted. Nominal typing is useful at preventing accidental type equivalence, which allows better type-safety than structural typing. The cost is a reduced flexibility, as, for example, nominal typing does not allow new super-types to be created without modification of the existing subtypes. Nominal type system In computer science, a nominal or nominative type system (or name-based type system) is a major class of type system, in

title: Media coverage of North Korea

text: been circulating since North Korea was founded, repeated endlessly like the footage of military parades. Overall, the media portrayal of North Korea has been described as a "cartoon caricature". Some defectors have commented that the media depiction of North Korea is sometimes ridiculously different from the country that they lived in. Several visitors have reported that the North Korea that they experienced was worlds away from the barren landscapes, starving people, and goose-stepping troops portrayed in the media. Over several years, many international news outlets have reported that North Korean media claimed that Kim Jong-il shot five holes in one

title: Crime in North Korea

text: upholding these principles, is another serious political crime. This category of offence includes anything which threatens the communist system – for example, running a private business, or stealing agricultural goods such as corn, rice or potatoes. A small number of American citizens have been charged in North Korea for alleged crimes against the nation. This encompasses illegally trespassing into the country or displaying signs of hostility towards the country. Two reporters from the United States were sentenced to penal labour after being found guilty of crimes against the nation. They were freed later the same year, when Bill Clinton visited

title: North Korea

text: idea". In addition to the constitution, North Korea is governed by the Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System (also known as the "Ten Principles of the One-Ideology System") which establishes standards for governance and a guide for the behaviours of North Koreans. The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) has an estimated 3,000,000 members and dominates every aspect of North Korean politics. It has two satellite organizations, the Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party which participate in the WPK-led Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. Kim Jong-un of the Kim dynasty is