query: where did the columbia river begin?

title: Columbia River Treaty

text: treaty have been mixed: while the dams have provided enormous economic benefits to British Columbia and the U.S. Pacific Northwest through hydroelectric generation and flood control, there are longstanding concerns regarding social and economic impacts to the local communities, and the environmental effects associated with the construction and operation of large dams. In 1944, the Canadian and U.S. governments agreed to begin studying the potential for joint development of dams in the Columbia River basin. Planning efforts were slow until a 1948 Columbia River flood caused extensive damage from Trail, British Columbia, to near Astoria, Oregon, completely destroying Vanport, the

title: Kettle River (Columbia River tributary)

text: loops south, crossing the Canada–US border into the United States, through Ferry County, Washington, before flowing north back into Canada, passing by Grand Forks, British Columbia, where the Granby River joins. After flowing east for about , the river turns south again, just south of Christina Lake, entering the United States again. It then flows south, forming part of the Ferry-Stevens County line, before joining the Columbia River near Kettle Falls, Washington. The Columbia River at this point is a large reservoir impounded behind Grand Coulee Dam, called Lake Roosevelt. The Kettle enters the lake at the Columbia's river mile

title: Columbia River

text: Divide, and small portions of Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada; the total area is similar to the size of France. Roughly of the river's length and 85 percent of its drainage basin are in the US. The Columbia is the twelfth-longest river and has the sixth-largest drainage basin in the United States. In Canada, where the Columbia flows for and drains , the river ranks 23rd in length, and the Canadian part of its basin ranks 13th in size among Canadian basins. The Columbia shares its name with nearby places, such as British Columbia, as well as with landforms and bodies

title: Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition

text: 1846. Upon Gray’s return, though, little was thought of his discovery. He did not publish it, and the long-term consequences to which it contributed were unforeseen. Gray's Harbor, somewhat north along the coast from Columbia's mouth, is named for Robert Gray. Present day Astoria, Oregon, where John Jacob Astor would establish his trading post less than 20 years after Gray’s discovery, is situated on the south shore of the Columbia estuary. Due to Gray’s naming the river for his ship, the name Columbia has been attached to several names in the Pacific Northwest such as: Columbia County, Oregon; British Columbia;

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: of the North"). Others include the M.V. "Columbia Gorge", the "Willamette Queen", and the "Queen of the West". Steamboats of the Columbia River Many steamboats operated on the Columbia River and its tributaries, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, from about 1850 to 1981. Major tributaries of the Columbia that formed steamboat routes included the Willamette and Snake rivers. Navigation was impractical between the Snake River and the Canada–US border, due to several rapids, but steamboats also operated along the Wenatchee Reach of the Columbia, in northern Washington, and on the Arrow Lakes of southern British Columbia. The

title: Kettle River (Columbia River tributary)

text: Kettle River (Columbia River tributary) The Kettle River is a tributary of the Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia in Canada and northeastern Washington in the United States. Its drainage basin is large, of which are in Canada and in the United States. The indigenous name of the river in the Okanagan language is nxʷyaʔłpítkʷ (Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu.) From its source at the outlet of Holmes Lake in the Monashee Mountains of British Columbia, the Kettle River flows south to Midway, British Columbia. Along the way it is joined by many tributaries, most notably the West Kettle River. Below Midway, the river

title: Columbia River

text: a border with the Columbia watershed include Harney Basin, Humboldt River, and Great Salt Lake. The associated triple divide points are Commissary Ridge North, Wyoming, and Sproats Meadow Northwest, Oregon. To the north, mostly in British Columbia, the Columbia watershed borders the Fraser River watershed. To the west and southwest the Columbia watershed borders a number of smaller watersheds that drain to the Pacific Ocean, such as the Klamath River in Oregon and California and the Puget Sound Basin in Washington. The Columbia receives more than 60 significant tributaries. The four largest that empty directly into the Columbia (measured either

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: Steamboats of the Columbia River Many steamboats operated on the Columbia River and its tributaries, in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, from about 1850 to 1981. Major tributaries of the Columbia that formed steamboat routes included the Willamette and Snake rivers. Navigation was impractical between the Snake River and the Canada–US border, due to several rapids, but steamboats also operated along the Wenatchee Reach of the Columbia, in northern Washington, and on the Arrow Lakes of southern British Columbia. The paddle-wheel steamboat has been described as an economic "invasion craft" which allowed the rapid exploitation of the Oregon

title: Beaver River (Columbia River tributary)

text: Beaver River and the Duncan River forms the dividing line between the Selkirks and the Purcell Mountains. Beaver River (Columbia River tributary) The Beaver River, also known as the Beavermouth Creek or Beaver Creek, is a tributary of the Columbia River in British Columbia, Canada, joining that river in the Rocky Mountain Trench northwest of the town of Golden. It enters the Columbia via Kinbasket Lake. The Beaver River is the eastern egress from the Rogers Pass and its valley is the route of the Trans-Canada Highway and Canadian Pacific Railway on that side of the pass, and it is

title: Kettle River (Columbia River tributary)

text: 706. The Kettle River is undammed, making it one of the extremely few rivers with constant flow in the Pacific Northwest. The Kettle River once supported salmon and other anadromous fish. The construction of Grand Coulee Dam, along with Chief Joseph Dam, blocked fish migration up the Columbia and its upper tributaries, including the Kettle River. In addition, Grand Coulee Dam's reservoir, Lake Roosevelt, flooded traditional fishery sites, including Kettle Falls near the mouth of the Kettle River. Kettle River (Columbia River tributary) The Kettle River is a tributary of the Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia in Canada and

title: Columbia River

text: Columbia River The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States

title: Beaver River (Columbia River tributary)

text: Beaver River (Columbia River tributary) The Beaver River, also known as the Beavermouth Creek or Beaver Creek, is a tributary of the Columbia River in British Columbia, Canada, joining that river in the Rocky Mountain Trench northwest of the town of Golden. It enters the Columbia via Kinbasket Lake. The Beaver River is the eastern egress from the Rogers Pass and its valley is the route of the Trans-Canada Highway and Canadian Pacific Railway on that side of the pass, and it is located in Glacier National Park. Its lower reaches are officially named Beaver Canyon. The pass between the

title: Columbia River Treaty

text: Rivers Policy". This policy outlined the hydroelectric development of two major rivers within the province of British Columbia: the Peace River and the Columbia River. Bennett wanted to develop the Peace River to fuel northern expansion and development, while using the Columbia River to provide power to growing industries throughout the province. The ongoing negotiations of the Columbia River Treaty provided a unique opportunity for W.A.C. Bennett to fulfil his Two Rivers Policy by working around British Columbia's monetary issues. During the 1950s, the government of British Columbia lacked the funds necessary to develop both the Columbia and Peace rivers

title: Columbia River Gorge

text: and the only water connection between the Columbia River Plateau and the Pacific Ocean. It is thus the route of Washington State Route 14, Interstate 84, U.S. Route 30, and a railroad. The gorge holds federally protected status as a National Scenic Area called the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area and is managed by the Columbia River Gorge Commission and the US Forest Service. The gorge is a popular recreational destination. The Columbia River, Klamath River in Northern California, Pit River in Northern California, and Fraser River in Southern British Columbia are the only four rivers connecting the east-side watersheds

title: Canoe River (British Columbia)

text: and the lucrative Columbia District fur region headquartered at Fort Vancouver on the north bank of thelower Columbia River. Canoe River (British Columbia) Canoe River is the most northern tributary of the Columbia River in British Columbia, Canada. Its lower reach is flooded by Mica Dam. The lower Canoe River is called Canoe Reach, part of the Mica Dam's reservoir, Kinbasket Lake. The Canoe River begins in the Cariboo Mountains, west of Valemount, British Columbia, and flows east to the vicinity of Valemount, then southeast to join the Columbia River at the "Big Bend" of the Columbia, just upriver from

title: Wood River (British Columbia)

text: Divide. The Wood River flows generally southwest to join the Canoe and Columbia rivers in Kinbasket Lake. In 1811 David Thompson crossed the Continental Divide at Athabasca Pass and descended the Wood River to reach the Columbia River. His party built a boat at Boat Encampment, located near the confluences of the Wood, Canoe, and Columbia rivers. Wood River (British Columbia) The Wood River is a tributary of the Columbia River in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The river's lower reach is flooded by Mica Dam on the Columbia River, until its inundation the river was formerly a tributary

title: Canoe River (British Columbia)

text: Canoe River (British Columbia) Canoe River is the most northern tributary of the Columbia River in British Columbia, Canada. Its lower reach is flooded by Mica Dam. The lower Canoe River is called Canoe Reach, part of the Mica Dam's reservoir, Kinbasket Lake. The Canoe River begins in the Cariboo Mountains, west of Valemount, British Columbia, and flows east to the vicinity of Valemount, then southeast to join the Columbia River at the "Big Bend" of the Columbia, just upriver from Mica Dam. The reservoir created by Mica Dam, Kinbasket Lake, extends up the Canoe River nearly to Valemount. This

title: Cross River (British Columbia)

text: of uncultivated Country and over such impracticable Mountains would appear to Us quite unfeasible." The Cross River originates in Kootenay National Park on the west slopes of the Continental Divide near White Man Pass, in British Columbia. It flows generally south and west, picking up the waters of Mitchell River from the north, before emptying into the Kootenay River. Cross River (British Columbia) The Cross River is a tributary of the Kootenay River in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Columbia River basin, as the Kootenay River is tributary to the Columbia River. The history

title: Columbia River

text: Washington and the Cowlitz River confluence, the river turns west again. The Columbia empties into the Pacific Ocean just west of Astoria, Oregon, over the Columbia Bar, a shifting sandbar that makes the river's mouth one of the most hazardous stretches of water to navigate in the world. Because of the danger and the many shipwrecks near the mouth, it acquired a reputation as the "Graveyard of Ships". The Columbia drains an area of about . Its drainage basin covers nearly all of Idaho, large portions of British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington, ultimately all of Montana west of the Continental

title: Columbia River Treaty

text: with periods of high demand. This is a dramatic change from the snowmelt-driven summer peak flows of the river prior to its development. Columbia River Treaty The Columbia River Treaty is a 1964 agreement between Canada and the United States on the development and operation of dams in the upper Columbia River basin for power and flood control benefits in both countries. Four dams were constructed under this treaty: three in British Columbia, Canada (Duncan Dam, Mica Dam, Keenleyside Dam) and one in Montana in the United States (Libby Dam). The treaty provided for the sharing with Canada of one-half

title: Columbia River Treaty

text: by the Columbia River Treaty entitlement were the only affordable way for British Columbia to develop both rivers, thus the Treaty became integral to Bennett's vision of power in British Columbia. With the cash received from the sale of the additional power generation of the Canadian Entitlement (approximately C$274.8 million in Sept. 1964 for the first 30 years) the BC government proceeded to develop power facilities on both the Columbia and Peace Rivers, fulfilling Bennett's 'Two River Policy'. In short, BC pursued the Columbia River Treaty because it provided a unique opportunity for hydroelectric development that otherwise would not have

title: Bull River (British Columbia)

text: $95-million redevelopment was completed in 2009 increasing capacity from 5MW to 24MW. Bull River (British Columbia) The Bull River is a long tributary of the Kootenay River in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Columbia River basin, as the Kootenay River is a tributary of the Columbia River. The Bull River originates in the Rocky Mountains near the Continental Divide. It flows generally south and west, joining the Kootenay River east of Cranbrook. Aberfeldie Dam is a run of the river powerhouse that was built on the Bull River in 1922. A new dam 27M

title: Bull River (British Columbia)

text: Bull River (British Columbia) The Bull River is a long tributary of the Kootenay River in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Columbia River basin, as the Kootenay River is a tributary of the Columbia River. The Bull River originates in the Rocky Mountains near the Continental Divide. It flows generally south and west, joining the Kootenay River east of Cranbrook. Aberfeldie Dam is a run of the river powerhouse that was built on the Bull River in 1922. A new dam 27M tall was built in 1953. It is operated by BC Hydro. A

title: Bush River (British Columbia)

text: Bush River (British Columbia) The Bush River is a tributary of the Columbia River in the Columbia Country of southeastern British Columbia, Canada, entering that river via the Bush Arm of Kinbasket Lake. Named for the dense vegetation lining its banks, its headwaters are at , in the Rocky Mountains. Its former confluence with the Columbia was at , now beneath the waters of Bush Arm; a few miles above the river's new mouth is the confluence of the Valenciennes River. The Bush has also been designated the North Fork Bush River, while the Valenciennes was known as the South

title: Wood River (British Columbia)

text: Wood River (British Columbia) The Wood River is a tributary of the Columbia River in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The river's lower reach is flooded by Mica Dam on the Columbia River, until its inundation the river was formerly a tributary of the Canoe River. The lower Wood River is called Wood Reach, which is connected to Canoe Reach, the flooded lower portion of the Canoe River. Both are part of the Mica Dam's reservoir, Kinbasket Lake. The Wood River originates in Fortress Lake in Hamber Provincial Park. Its headwater streams drain the western slope of the Continental

title: Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin

text: River estuary exports high rates of nutrients into the Pacific Ocean; with the exception of nitrogen, which is delivered into the estuary by ocean upwelling sources. The Columbia River basin is a major watershed and the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Extending from southern British Columbia to northern Nevada, the watershed includes seven American states and two Canadian provinces and drains an area of about 260,000 square miles. The Columbia River stretches 1,620 miles in length until its discharge into the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon. The average annual discharge rate of the Columbia River

title: Cross River (British Columbia)

text: Cross River (British Columbia) The Cross River is a tributary of the Kootenay River in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Columbia River basin, as the Kootenay River is tributary to the Columbia River. The history regarding this river and Whiteman's Pass across the Continental Divide begins with James Sinclair leading a party of Red River immigrants through the pass in 1841. They left Fort Garry (now the city of Winnipeg) in 1841 with 23 families, including a 75-year-old woman, with an aim to settle in the Oregon Country to reinforce British claims to the

title: Bush River (British Columbia)

text: Fork Bush River (renamed in 1918); — Bush Pass is at the head of the Valenciennes, rather than the Bush. Bush River (British Columbia) The Bush River is a tributary of the Columbia River in the Columbia Country of southeastern British Columbia, Canada, entering that river via the Bush Arm of Kinbasket Lake. Named for the dense vegetation lining its banks, its headwaters are at , in the Rocky Mountains. Its former confluence with the Columbia was at , now beneath the waters of Bush Arm; a few miles above the river's new mouth is the confluence of the Valenciennes

title: Columbia River

text: by discharge or by size of watershed) are the Snake River (mostly in Idaho), the Willamette River (in northwest Oregon), the Kootenay River (mostly in British Columbia), and the Pend Oreille River (mostly in northern Washington and Idaho, also known as the lower part of the Clark Fork). Each of these four averages more than and drains an area of more than . The Snake is by far the largest tributary. Its watershed of is larger than the state of Idaho. Its discharge is roughly a third of the Columbia's at the rivers' confluence but compared to the Columbia upstream

title: Columbia River Treaty

text: Columbia River Treaty The Columbia River Treaty is a 1964 agreement between Canada and the United States on the development and operation of dams in the upper Columbia River basin for power and flood control benefits in both countries. Four dams were constructed under this treaty: three in British Columbia, Canada (Duncan Dam, Mica Dam, Keenleyside Dam) and one in Montana in the United States (Libby Dam). The treaty provided for the sharing with Canada of one-half of the downstream U.S. power and flood benefits, and allows the operation of Treaty storage for other benefits. The long-term impacts of the

title: Columbia River-Revelstoke

text: colspan="3"|Turnout !align="right"|14,531 !align="right"|62.47 Result: NDP gain from BC Liberal Result: BC Liberal gain from NDP Columbia River-Revelstoke Columbia River-Revelstoke is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada. The riding was created for the 1991 election from Columbia River and part of Shuswap-Revelstoke. Its MLA is Doug Clovechok, former Campus Manager of the College of the Rockies in Invermere and former Calgary schoolteacher. He was first elected in 2017. He represents the British Columbia Liberal Party. ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Valid Votes !align="right"|13,419 !align="right"|100% ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Rejected Ballots !align="right"|101 !align="right"|0.75% ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Turnout !align="right"|13,520 !align="right"|56.17%% !

title: Columbia River drainage basin

text: Columbia River drainage basin The Columbia River drainage basin is the drainage basin of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It covers . In common usage, the term often refers to a smaller area, generally the portion of the drainage basin that lies within eastern Washington. Usage of the term "Columbia Basin" in British Columbia generally refers only to the immediate basins of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers and excludes that of the Okanagan, Kettle and Similkameen Rivers. The Columbia Basin includes the southeastern portion of the Canadian province of British Columbia, most of the

title: Columbia River-Revelstoke

text: Columbia River-Revelstoke Columbia River-Revelstoke is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada. The riding was created for the 1991 election from Columbia River and part of Shuswap-Revelstoke. Its MLA is Doug Clovechok, former Campus Manager of the College of the Rockies in Invermere and former Calgary schoolteacher. He was first elected in 2017. He represents the British Columbia Liberal Party. ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Valid Votes !align="right"|13,419 !align="right"|100% ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Rejected Ballots !align="right"|101 !align="right"|0.75% ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Turnout !align="right"|13,520 !align="right"|56.17%% ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Valid Votes !align="right"|14,427 !align="right"|100 ! style="text-align:right;" colspan="3"|Total Rejected Ballots !align="right"|104 !align="right"|0.72 ! style="text-align:right;"

title: Columbia River

text: site in the US. These developments have greatly altered river environments in the watershed, mainly through industrial pollution and barriers to fish migration. The Columbia begins its journey in the southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia (BC). Columbia Lake – above sea level – and the adjoining Columbia Wetlands form the river's headwaters. The trench is a broad, deep, and long glacial valley between the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia Mountains in BC. For its first , the Columbia flows northwest along the trench through Windermere Lake and the town of Invermere, a region known in British Columbia as

title: Columbia River (electoral district)

text: !align="right"|127 !align="right"| !align="right"| !align="right" colspan=3|Turnout !align="right"|% !align="right"| !align="right"| After the 1986 election, the riding was merged with part of the Shuswap-Revelstoke riding to form Columbia River-Revelstoke, which is the current riding for this region. Elections BC Historical Returns Columbia River (electoral district) Columbia River was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia from 1966 to 1986. The riding's predecessor, which was named Columbia, appeared on the hustings from 1903 to 1963. The successor riding in this region is the current Columbia River-Revelstoke riding. For other historical and current ridings in the region see Kootenay (electoral districts)

title: Raft River (British Columbia)

text: Raft River (British Columbia) The Raft River is a tributary of the North Thompson River, one of the main tributaries of the Fraser River, in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It flows through the Shuswap Highland region southeast of Wells Gray Provincial Park. Most of the Raft River's watershed lies outside the boundaries of Wells Gray, except for some of the headwaters of the West Raft River tributary. The Raft River originates in the Columbia Mountains between Wells Gray Provincial Park and the North Thompson River, south of the Blue River and southwest of the town of Blue River.

title: Columbia River Treaty

text: Washington as part of the Columbia Basin Project. Dam construction on the American side of the border thus began prior to the entry into force of the Columbia River Treaty. There were various plans put forward in the early 20th century for major dams on the Columbia, many focused on irrigation, but development did not begin in earnest until the 1930s. During the Great Depression, the US Federal Government provided the impetus for construction, as part of the New Deal make-work program. Construction on the Bonneville and Grand Coulee Dams began during this period, but government involvement in Columbia dam

title: Columbia River and Oregon Central Railroad

text: Columbia River and Oregon Central Railroad The Columbia River and Oregon Central Railroad built a branch of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company (OR&N) from that company's main line at Arlington (on the Columbia River) south to Condon, Oregon, United States. The company was incorporated on August 22, 1903, and finished construction in 1905. A predecessor, Oregon Southern Railway, made surveys and acquired right-of-way, but did not begin construction. Always operated by the OR&N, the property of the Columbia River and Oregon Central Railroad, along with that of the OR&N, was sold to new Union Pacific Railroad (UP) subsidiary Oregon–Washington

title: Historic Columbia River Highway

text: 23, 2018 for restoration and reconstruction work. Although the city of Troutdale has named the old highway "Columbia River Highway" west to 244th Avenue, where it is cut by I-84, signs for the scenic byway begin at exit 17 of I-84, and point south on Graham Road to the west end of downtown Troutdale. Modern milepoint zero of the Historic Columbia River Highway No. 100 is located at the west end of the Sandy River bridge, historic milepost 14.2. Modern highways, including I-84, and other developments have resulted in the abandonment of major sections of the historic original highway. In

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: on the upper Columbia and Snake rivers carried wheat. Originally, the Columbia River was not considered navigable beyond its confluence with the Snake River just north of the Wallula Gap. This led to the somewhat misleading designations of stretch of the Columbia River from Wallula to its mouth as the lower, middle and upper river, generally defined as: The Willamette River flows northwards down the Willamette Valley until it meets the Columbia River at a point from the mouth of the Columbia. In the natural condition of the river, Portland was the farthest point on the river where the water

title: Begin (The Millennium album)

text: specifically Antônio Carlos Jobim. Prior to the release of "Begin" a single for "It's You" backed with "I Just Want To Be Your Friend" was released as the album's first single in June 1968 on Columbia Records. "Begin" was released in July 1968 on Columbia Records where it received favourable reviews from music critics but described as a "commercial disaster" and failed to chart in the United Kingdom or United States. This led to the group not recording any follow-up records. Following the release, Boettcher created Together Records in order to secure greater artistic freedom. In 1990, "Begin" was re-issued

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: May 17, 1836. In the 1840s and 1850s, ocean-going ships equipped with auxiliary steam engines were able to and did come up the lower river as far as Portland, Oregon and Fort Vancouver. However, no other riverine steamboat worked in the region until the side-wheeler "Columbia" was launched in early June 1850, at Astoria. "Columbia" was a basic vessel, built with no frills of any kind, not even a passenger cabin or a galley. Her dimensions were in length, beam, of draft and 75 gross tons. On July 3, 1850, "Columbia" began her first run from Astoria to Portland and

title: The Columbia River Collection

text: role. The United States Department of the Interior hired him for one month to write songs about the Columbia River and the construction of the federal dams for the documentary's soundtrack. Guthrie toured the Columbia River and the Pacific Northwest. Guthrie said he "couldn't believe it, it's a paradise", which appeared to inspire him creatively. In one month Guthrie wrote 26 songs, including three of his most famous: "Roll On, Columbia, Roll On", "Pastures of Plenty", and "Grand Coulee Dam". The surviving songs were released as "Columbia River Songs". The film "Columbia" was not completed until 1949. Track Listing of

title: Columbia River

text: of water. With an average flow at the mouth of about , the Columbia is the largest river by discharge flowing into the Pacific from North America and is the fourth-largest by volume in the US. The average flow where the river crosses the international border between Canada and the United States is from a drainage basin of . This amounts to about 15 percent of the entire Columbia watershed. The Columbia's highest recorded flow, measured at The Dalles, was in June 1894, before the river was dammed. The lowest flow recorded at The Dalles was on April 16, 1968,

title: Columbia River

text: in which they were born to spawn; where dams prevent their return, entire populations of salmon die. Some of the Columbia and Snake River dams employ fish ladders, which are effective to varying degrees at allowing these fish to travel upstream. Another problem exists for the juvenile salmon headed downstream to the ocean. Previously, this journey would have taken two to three weeks. With river currents slowed by the dams, and the Columbia converted from wild river to a series of slackwater pools, the journey can take several months, which increases the mortality rate. In some cases, the Army Corps

title: Columbia River Crossing

text: Columbia River Crossing The Columbia River Crossing (CRC) was a joint freeway megaproject from 2005 to 2013 between Oregon and Washington, which proposed to widen and modernize Interstate 5 where it crossed the Columbia River. Central to this was the replacement of the Interstate Bridge, a pair of through-truss bridges. The northbound bridge dates to 1917, and its nearly identical companion was opened in 1958 to carry southbound traffic. The bridges, the earlier of which pre-dates the U.S. Highway System by nine years, served as the crossing for U.S. Route 99 before the establishment of the Interstate Highway System and

title: The End Is Where We Begin (album)

text: remix album in response to the positive feedback they received from their TFK Remixes EP songs. The name of the album, "", was announced on November 1. On January 19, 2013, McNevan announced that they will be releasing another remix album in 2013. The End Is Where We Begin (album) The End Is Where We Begin is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Thousand Foot Krutch. It was released on April 17, 2012 in the United States, and was released in Canada on May 8, 2012. Vocalist Trevor McNevan has stated "the record is some of the heaviest

title: The End Is Where We Begin (album)

text: The End Is Where We Begin (album) The End Is Where We Begin is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Thousand Foot Krutch. It was released on April 17, 2012 in the United States, and was released in Canada on May 8, 2012. Vocalist Trevor McNevan has stated "the record is some of the heaviest stuff we've done and some of the lightest". On November 29, 2011 they announced that they would be leaving Tooth & Nail Records to release the album independently. The band has set up a webpage offering various fans pre-release packages in exchange for

title: Shipwrecks of the inland Columbia River

text: Shipwrecks of the inland Columbia River Steamboats on the Columbia River system were wrecked for many reasons, including striking rocks or logs ("snags"), fire, boiler explosion, or puncture or crushing by ice. Sometimes boats could be salvaged, and sometimes not. Collision could occur between steamboats, and probably did on many occasions near landings without serious loss. One instance of collision between boats causing the loss of one was in 1905, when "Boneta" was struck by "Idaho" near St. Joe, Idaho, and sank as a result. "Gwendoline" and "Ruth" were both sunk in narrow Jennings Canyon in 1897 when "Ruth" spun

title: Columbia River

text: America) and the Pacific Ocean. Many ships in the area, especially those under Spanish and British command, searched the northwest coast for a large river that might connect to Hudson Bay or the Missouri River. The first documented European discovery of the Columbia River was that of Bruno de Heceta, who in 1775 sighted the river's mouth. On the advice of his officers, he did not explore it, as he was short-staffed and the current was strong. He considered it a bay, and called it "Ensenada de Asunción". Later Spanish maps based on his discovery showed a river, labeled "Rio

title: Columbia River

text: and not a tidal estuary. The Snake River and Yakima River join the Columbia in the Tri‑Cities population center. The Columbia makes a sharp bend to the west at the Washington–Oregon border. The river defines that border for the final of its journey. The Deschutes River joins the Columbia near The Dalles. Between The Dalles and Portland, the river cuts through the Cascade Range, forming the dramatic Columbia River Gorge. No other rivers except for the Klamath and Pit River completely breaches the Cascades—the other rivers that flow through the range also originate in or very near the mountains. The

title: Columbia River

text: of the confluence the Snake is longer (113%) and has a larger drainage basin (104%). The Pend Oreille River system (including its main tributaries, the Clark Fork and Flathead rivers) is also similar in size to the Columbia at their confluence. Compared to the Columbia River above the two rivers' confluence, the Pend Oreille-Clark-Flathead is nearly as long (about 86%), its basin about three-fourths as large (76%), and its discharge over a third (37%). Columbia River The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British

title: Begin (The Millennium album)

text: Begin (The Millennium album) Begin is the sole studio album released by the American music group The Millennium released in July 1968 on Columbia Records. The group first appeared after members from various Los Angeles pop groups such as The Ballroom, Sagittarius and The Music Machine decided to collaborate on an album. Along with adapting previously recorded material, the band began recording and writing the music of "Begin" in early 1968 at Columbia Studios. "Begin" was the second album to use sixteen-track recording technology following Simon & Garfunkel's album "Bookends". The group wrote songs in a style later described as

title: The Columbia River Collection

text: the Album from Woodyguthrie.org Woody Guthrie.org Retrieved on April 24, 2008 The Columbia River Collection The Columbia River Collection, originally released as the Columbia River Ballads, is a compilation album of songs folksinger Woody Guthrie wrote during his visit to the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington in 1941. Guthrie traveled to these states on the promise of a part narrating a documentary about the construction of public works dams and other projects in the Pacific Northwest. The documentary never came to fruition, but 17 of the 26 songs he wrote during this period were compiled and released as this

title: The Columbia River Collection

text: The Columbia River Collection The Columbia River Collection, originally released as the Columbia River Ballads, is a compilation album of songs folksinger Woody Guthrie wrote during his visit to the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington in 1941. Guthrie traveled to these states on the promise of a part narrating a documentary about the construction of public works dams and other projects in the Pacific Northwest. The documentary never came to fruition, but 17 of the 26 songs he wrote during this period were compiled and released as this collection, including some of his most famous songs, such as "Roll

title: Where Do I Begin (song)

text: Where Do I Begin (song) "Where Do I Begin" is a song by English big beat musical duo the Chemical Brothers, released as a promotional single in 1997 from their second album, "Dig Your Own Hole". As a promo release, copies are difficult to get hold of. The version appearing on the single is the radio edit and is shorter than the version on the album. Beth Orton sings the vocals on the song. It was featured in the Cameron Crowe film "Vanilla Sky" (2001) and was included on the released original soundtrack. The song was also featured in the

title: Where Do I Begin (song)

text: film "Monster" (2003) starring Charlize Theron, as well as in the 2003 season three finale of the Showtime television series "Queer as Folk" during a scene in which the character Ted checks himself into rehab. The song was featured again in the film "Accepted" (2006) starring Justin Long. Where Do I Begin (song) "Where Do I Begin" is a song by English big beat musical duo the Chemical Brothers, released as a promotional single in 1997 from their second album, "Dig Your Own Hole". As a promo release, copies are difficult to get hold of. The version appearing on the

title: Columbia River

text: years ago, huge outpourings of flood basalt lava covered the Columbia River Plateau and forced the lower Columbia into its present course. The modern Cascade Range began to uplift 5 to 4 million years ago. Cutting through the uplifting mountains, the Columbia River significantly deepened the Columbia River Gorge. The river and its drainage basin experienced some of the world's greatest known catastrophic floods toward the end of the last ice age. The periodic rupturing of ice dams at Glacial Lake Missoula resulted in the Missoula Floods, with discharges exceeding the combined flow of all the other rivers in the

title: Columbia River

text: the Columbia Valley, then northwest to Golden and into Kinbasket Lake. Rounding the northern end of the Selkirk Mountains, the river turns sharply south through a region known as the Big Bend Country, passing through Revelstoke Lake and the Arrow Lakes. Revelstoke, the Big Bend, and the Columbia Valley combined are referred to in BC parlance as the Columbia Country. Below the Arrow Lakes, the Columbia passes the cities of Castlegar, located at the Columbia's confluence with the Kootenay River, and Trail, two major population centers of the West Kootenay region. The Pend Oreille River joins the Columbia about north

text: that of nitrogen and phosphorus, to the system. The Columbia River Estuary is the most downstream portion of the river that experiences ocean tides, generally defined as the furthest reach of the Columbia River plume to the Bonneville Dam. Here, a transition zone occurs where freshwater discharge from the river meets and mixes with Pacific Ocean saltwater. In this region, physical processes that affect nutrients are the circulation (entrance/exit, movement) of specific water masses with their nutrient load, the magnitude of tidal flow distributing ocean waters inland, and bottom sediment exchange affecting nutrient particle mobility. With the exception of nitrogen,

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: was deep enough to allow ocean-going ships. Rapids further upstream at Clackamas were a hazard to navigation, and all river traffic had to portage around Willamette Falls, where Oregon City had been established as the first major town inland from Astoria. The Snake River was navigable by steamboat from Wallula up to Lewiston, Idaho. Boats on this run included "Lewiston", "Spokane", and "J.M. Hannaford". "Imnaha" and "Mountain Gem" were able to proceed upriver from Lewiston, through the Snake River Canyon, to the Eureka Bar, to haul ore from a mine that had been established there. Far inland, the Columbia river

title: Columbia River

text: May 18. Gray spent nine days trading near the mouth of the Columbia, then left without having gone beyond upstream. The farthest point reached was Grays Bay at the mouth of Grays River. Gray's discovery of the Columbia River was later used by the United States to support its claim to the Oregon Country, which was also claimed by Russia, Great Britain, Spain and other nations. In October 1792, Vancouver sent Lieutenant William Robert Broughton, his second-in-command, up the river. Broughton got as far as the Sandy River at the western end of the Columbia River Gorge, about upstream, sighting

title: Columbia River Estuary

text: mouth of the Columbia River. Settlements on the estuary include Astoria and Warrenton in Oregon, and Ilwaco in Washington. The gathering and retail/wholesale distribution of seafood is a prominent local industry and producer of jobs in the estuary. Columbia River Estuary The Columbia River Estuary is an estuary and a bay on the Oregon–Washington border and the Pacific Coast of the United States. If the Columbia River Estuary is defined by the region that experiences ocean tides, then the estuary extends up the Columbia River to Bonneville Dam and up the Willamette River to Willamette Falls (south of Portland at

title: Columbia River Knife & Tool

text: Columbia River Knife & Tool Columbia River Knife & Tool, Inc. (CRKT) is an American knife company established in 1994, and currently based in Tualatin, Oregon, United States. The company's president and sales executive is Rod Bremer and the finance executive is Peggy Bremer. CRKT was founded in 1994 by Paul Gillespi and Rod Bremer. Both individuals were formerly employed with Kershaw Knives. The company did not truly take off until the 1997 Shot Show when the K.I.S.S (Keep It Super Simple) knife was introduced. The small folder, designed by Ed Halligan was a success. Within the opening days of

title: Columbia River Knife & Tool

title: Columbia River

text: the Federal Columbia River Power System, which includes 31 dams on the Columbia and its tributaries. The system has altered the seasonal flow of the river in order to meet higher electricity demands during the winter. At the beginning of the 20th century, roughly 75 percent of the Columbia's flow occurred in the summer, between April and September. By 1980, the summer proportion had been lowered to about 50 percent, essentially eliminating the seasonal pattern. The installation of dams dramatically altered the landscape and ecosystem of the river. At one time, the Columbia was one of the top salmon-producing river

title: Haiti: Where Did the Money Go

text: Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. "Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. "Haiti: Where Did the Money Go" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking

title: Columbia River

text: systems in the world. Previously active fishing sites, such as Celilo Falls in the eastern Columbia River Gorge, have exhibited a sharp decline in fishing along the Columbia in the last century, and salmon populations have been dramatically reduced. Fish ladders have been installed at some dam sites to help the fish journey to spawning waters. Chief Joseph Dam has no fish ladders and completely blocks fish migration to the upper half of the Columbia River system. The Bureau of Reclamation's Columbia Basin Project focused on the generally dry region of central Washington known as the Columbia Basin, which features

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: was brought down to the Columbia river, thus becoming (although it was not known at the time) the last survivor of the wooden steamboat fleets of both Puget Sound and of the Columbia River. The "Georgie Burton" was one of the last surviving steamboats on the Columbia River. She had been launched in 1906, on the same day as the San Francisco earthquake. Her last commercial run came on March 20, 1947. The trip was described in McCurdy as follows: Mills, an English professor when he was not writing books on history, used his full talent with the language to

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: Oregon City. "Columbia's" first captain was Jim Frost, who had been a pilot on the Mississippi river. It took two days to get to Portland, largely because of the captain's lack of familiarity with the river channel and his resulting caution. After that, "Columbia" made the Oregon City-Portland-Astoria run twice a month at four miles per hour, charging $25 per passenger and $25 per ton of freight. "Columbia" held a monopoly on the river until December 25, 1850, when the side-wheeler "Lot Whitcomb" was launched at Milwaukie, Oregon. "Lot Whitcomb" was much larger than the "Columbia" ( long, beam, of

title: Haiti: Where Did the Money Go

text: Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. "Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. "Haiti: Where Did the Money Go" seeks

title: Begin (The Millennium album)

text: from "Begin" in their lives shows decades after the album's release. Credits adapted from "Begin" reissue back cover and vinyl sticker from Sundazed. Credits adapted from "Begin" reissue back cover from Sundazed. Begin (The Millennium album) Begin is the sole studio album released by the American music group The Millennium released in July 1968 on Columbia Records. The group first appeared after members from various Los Angeles pop groups such as The Ballroom, Sagittarius and The Music Machine decided to collaborate on an album. Along with adapting previously recorded material, the band began recording and writing the music of "Begin"

title: Columbia River Gorge

text: Columbia River Gorge The Columbia River Gorge is a canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Up to deep, the canyon stretches for over as the river winds westward through the Cascade Range forming the boundary between the State of Washington to the north and Oregon to the south. Extending roughly from the confluence of the Columbia with the Deschutes River (and the towns of Roosevelt, Washington, and Arlington, Oregon) in the east down to the eastern reaches of the Portland metropolitan area, the water gap furnishes the only navigable route through the Cascades

title: Columbia River Gorge

text: months, consuming almost . It reached 100% containment on November 30, 2017, but was not yet completely out. Columbia River Gorge The Columbia River Gorge is a canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Up to deep, the canyon stretches for over as the river winds westward through the Cascade Range forming the boundary between the State of Washington to the north and Oregon to the south. Extending roughly from the confluence of the Columbia with the Deschutes River (and the towns of Roosevelt, Washington, and Arlington, Oregon) in the east down to the

title: Columbia River Estuary

text: Columbia River Estuary The Columbia River Estuary is an estuary and a bay on the Oregon–Washington border and the Pacific Coast of the United States. If the Columbia River Estuary is defined by the region that experiences ocean tides, then the estuary extends up the Columbia River to Bonneville Dam and up the Willamette River to Willamette Falls (south of Portland at Oregon City, Oregon). If the estuary is defined by the geographic land form or by the inland extent of salinity, then the estuary extends only as far as Welch Island. The downstream end of the estuary is the

title: Columbia River

text: few years he explored much of the river and its northern tributaries. In 1811 he traveled down the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean, arriving at the mouth just after John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company had founded Astoria. On his return to the north, Thompson explored the one remaining part of the river he had not yet seen, becoming the first European-American to travel the entire length of the river. In 1825 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established Fort Vancouver on the bank of the Columbia, in what is now Vancouver, Washington, as the headquarters of the company's Columbia District,

title: (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story

text: Technique. (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story" is a popular song published in 1970, with music by Francis Lai and lyrics by Carl Sigman. The song was first introduced as an instrumental theme in the 1970 film "Love Story" after the film's distributor, Paramount Pictures, rejected the first set of lyrics that were written. Andy Williams eventually recorded the new lyrics and took the song to number nine on "Billboard" magazine's Hot 100 and number one on their Easy Listening chart. The score for "Love Story" was written by Francis Lai, and the company

title: (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story

text: (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story" is a popular song published in 1970, with music by Francis Lai and lyrics by Carl Sigman. The song was first introduced as an instrumental theme in the 1970 film "Love Story" after the film's distributor, Paramount Pictures, rejected the first set of lyrics that were written. Andy Williams eventually recorded the new lyrics and took the song to number nine on "Billboard" magazine's Hot 100 and number one on their Easy Listening chart. The score for "Love Story" was written by Francis Lai, and the company that

title: Columbia River High School

text: a whole, Columbia River students are more white, more likely to speak English at home and less likely to be eligible for subsidized lunches. The boys' 1965 (Fall season of 1964) and 1971 (Fall season of 1970) cross country teams won the State Cross Country Championships. The Columbia River Girls track team won the 3A state championship in 2010. Columbia River won the 1984 and 1989 Washington State 3A championship. Columbia River won the 1992 and went back-to-back in the 1996 and 1997 Washington State 4A championships. Columbia River won the 1969 and 1986 Washington State 3A championship. Columbia River

title: Columbia River

text: Continental Divide at Snow Dome (also known as Dome), near the northernmost bend of the Columbia River. To the southeast, in western Wyoming, another divide separates the Columbia watershed from the Colorado–Green watershed, which empties into the Gulf of California. The Columbia, Colorado, and Mississippi watersheds meet at Three Waters Mountain in the Wind River Range of . To the south, in Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, the Columbia watershed is divided from the Great Basin, whose several watersheds are endorheic, not emptying into any ocean but rather drying up or sinking into sumps. Great Basin watersheds that share

title: Cascade and Columbia River Railroad

text: to the Okanogan River Valley and north to Oroville, just north of where the Smilkameen River joins the Okanogan River. Commodities hauled on the railroad consist mainly of timber products, as well as limestone. CSCD moved around 5,200 carloads in 2008. Cascade and Columbia River Railroad The Cascade and Columbia River Railroad is a short line railroad that interchanges with BNSF Railway in Wenatchee, Washington and runs north to Oroville. The former Burlington Northern W-O Branch was purchased by the RailAmerica Corporation in September 1996. Genesee & Wyoming later acquired the railroad in late 2012. This line from Wenatchee to

title: Shipwrecks of the inland Columbia River

text: out of control after a log became jammed in her sternwheel, she struck the trailing boat "Gwendoline" and both went down. "Oregona" hit an anchored barge on the Willamette on December 26, 1913 and sank. Collision between steamboats and seagoing vessels did occur in the lower Columbia river. Such collisions would have been much more serious because of the generally much larger size and tough construction of the ocean-going vessel. Thus, on December 30, 1907, "Annie Comings" was rammed by the barque "Europe" in the Willamette River near St. Johns, and sank in three minutes, fortunately with no loss of

title: Columbia River

text: the El Nino Southern Oscillation (both climatic cycles that affect the amount of regional snowpack and river discharge). Natural sources of nutrients in the Columbia River include weathering, leaf litter, salmon carcasses, runoff from its tributaries, and ocean estuary exchange. Major anthropogenic impacts to nutrients in the basin are due to fertilizers from agriculture, sewage systems, logging, and the construction of dams. Nutrients dynamics vary in the river basin from the headwaters to the main river and dams, to finally reaching the Columbia River estuary and ocean. Upstream in the headwaters, salmon runs are the main source of nutrients. Dams

title: Where Did the Feeling Go?

text: Where Did the Feeling Go? "Where Did the Feeling Go?" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film "Selena" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on the "20 Years of Music" version of

title: Where Did the Night Fall

text: the original photo shoot with Warren Du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones. Adapted from AllMusic. Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official "UNKLE Blog". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, "Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)", was made

title: Where Did the Night Fall

text: Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official "UNKLE Blog". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, "Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)", was made available digitally via Beatport and iTunes. On the download was followed by a remix EP

title: Where Did the Feeling Go?

text: her 1992 album "Entre a Mi Mundo". Where Did the Feeling Go? "Where Did the Feeling Go?" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film "Selena" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on

title: Where Did the Night Fall

text: UNKLE revealed that "Where Did the Night Fall" would be re-released as "Where Did the Night Fall – Another Night Out". The first disc will contain the same songs that are on the original album but the second disc contains material from two of UNKLE's previous EPs, plus a number of exclusive and rare tracks. It was released on 11 April 2011. The standard edition comes packaged as a double jewel case with a 16-page booklet. The limited edition comes in a gold outer slipcase featuring a fully re-worked 16-page board book and 32-page booklet with new exclusive shots from

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River, Wenatchee Reach

text: river was that even far inland, such as at Arrow and Kootenay Lakes, vast areas remained navigable, but separated by rapids and shoals from the rest of the river. The rapids and shoals separating the Wenatchee Reach from the lower Columbia were practically unnavigable, although Captain William Gray did try to establish a steamboat route up the river by taking "City of Ellensburg" up through Priest and Rock Islands Rapids, with the aid of a cable anchored to the bank and then wrapped around the capstan. The boat, and one other, "Thomas L. Nixon", (this one lined up over the

text: silicate transport through rivers and into the estuary. Since mid twentieth-century dam construction on the Columbia river, seasonal silicate transport out of the Columbia River Estuary has shifted in magnitude since the historical, pre-alteration of the river hydrology. Outside the estuary, the Columbia river is a source of silicate for the sub-arctic Northeast Pacific coast. Silicate is a required nutrient for diatoms, which form siliceous shells, within the surface waters of this coastal region. The observed shift in silicate transport out of the Columbia River estuary since 1970 has resulted in the development of seasonal silicate limited regions of diatom

title: Columbia River High School

text: Columbia River High School Columbia River High School is a public high school in Vancouver, Washington, United States. It is part of the Vancouver School District (VSD). The school was opened to students in 1962. Columbia River has over 1,200 students. Columbia River is a magnet school in the VSD for the International Baccalaureate Program. As of 1 October 2006, 1317 students attend Columbia River High School. Of all students enrolled, 1183, or 85 percent identify themselves as White; 80, or 6 percent identify themselves as Asian; 56, or 4 percent identify themselves as Hispanic; 31, or 2 percent identify

title: Columbia River

text: it was followed by a British explorer, who navigated past the Oregon Coast Range into the Willamette Valley. In the following decades, fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route. Overland explorers entered the Willamette Valley through the scenic but treacherous Columbia River Gorge, and pioneers began to settle the valley in increasing numbers. Steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade; the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century, many running along the river, supplemented these links. Since the late 19th century, public and private sectors have heavily developed the river. To aid ship

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: that would restore their competitive position relative to the railroads. The two main improvements on the Columbia were the Cascade Locks and Canal, completed in 1896, and the Celilo Canal and Locks, completed in 1915. While these projects did open the river first to The Dalles, and then all the way to Wallula, there was no long-term improvement for the steamboats' position in their losing competition against the railroads. By 1899, although rail competition had become severe, new steamboats continued to be built, including some of the fastest and most well-designed vessels. In that year, "Altona" was rebuilt for the

title: Columbia River

text: he accepted Meares' report and continued on his journey northward. Later that month, Vancouver encountered the American captain Robert Gray at the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Gray reported that he had seen the entrance to the Columbia and had spent nine days trying but failing to enter. On May 12, 1792, Gray returned south and crossed the Columbia Bar, becoming the first known explorer of European descent to enter the river. Gray's fur trading mission had been financed by Boston merchants, who outfitted him with a private vessel named "Columbia Rediviva"; he named the river after the ship on

text: rapids) operated above Wenatchee for a while as the only two boats on that stretch of the river. From about 1891 to 1915, steamboats operated on the far inland Columbia river out of Wenatchee, Washington, a part of the river which this article will refer to as the Wenatchee Reach. Navigation was never continuous from the Wenatchee Reach to the downriver parts of the Columbia. See Steamboats of the Columbia River for a discussion of the boats operating on the lower routes. By the 1890s the railroad had reached Wenatchee, but there was no transportation any further up the Columbia

title: Columbia River Washington Temple

text: Before the temple was dedicated it was opened to the public. Nearly 65,000 people visited the temple during the open house period. LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated the Columbia River Washington Temple on November 18, 2001. Allan D. Alder and his wife, Roma, of Hermiston, Oregon were the first temple president and matron (2001–2004). The Columbia River Washington Temple has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms. Columbia River Washington Temple The Columbia River Washington Temple is the 107th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The Columbia

title: Steamboats of the Columbia River

text: was interrupted by rapids and falls, so much that it was never made freely navigable once Priest Rapids was reached above Pasco, Washington. There were important steamboat operations on many lakes that ultimately were tributary to the Columbia River, both in the United States and in Canada. These routes included Okanagan Lake, Arrow Lakes, Kootenay Lake and Kootenay River, and lakes Coeur d'Alene and Pend Oreille. Early operations on the Columbia were almost exclusively confined to the lower river. The first steamboat to arrive in Oregon was the "Beaver", which was built in England and arrived at Oregon City on

title: Columbia River

text: while above that the Shuswap people (Secwepemc in their own language) reckon the whole of the upper Columbia east to the Rockies as part of their territory. The Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin outlines the traditional homelands of the Canadian Kootenay–Ktunaxa. The Chinook tribe, which is not federally recognized, who live near the lower Columbia River, call it "Wimahl" in the Chinookan language, and it is "Nch’i-Wàna" to the Sahaptin-speaking peoples of its middle course in present-day Washington. The river is known as "swah'netk'qhu" by the Sinixt people, who live in the area of the Arrow Lakes in the

text: River. Dams have been shown to directly impact nutrient cycling within the Columbia river basin through the formation of reservoirs which dramatically alter river hydrology and discharge rates and as a result constitute a major anthroprogenic impact on nutrient cycling in the river. Due to its size and the large number of dams within the basin, the Columbia River basin is often used as representative case study on how dams an impact nutrient cycling of watersheds in general. Notably, dam construction in the Columbia River Basin has impacted relative nutrient ratios, methane production, and salmon migration. To provide context for

title: Columbia River Shipbuilding Company

text: Columbia River Shipbuilding Company The Columbia River Shipbuilding Company was a small shipyard in Portland, Oregon, United States, located on the west bank of the Willamette River. The shipyard was located at the foot of SW Sheridan Street, just upstream of the Interstate 5 Marquam Bridge. The owners of Columbia River Shipbuilding were A. F. Smith and J. Frank Watson, who were also owners of the Smith and Watson Iron Works. The shipyard was managed by Charles D. Bowles, who was also associated with J. F. Duthie Shipbuilding of Seattle, Washington. Columbia River Shipbuilding was established in 1918 to build