query: where was the gallipoli campaign waged?

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Canakkale"." Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign, also known as the Dardanelles Campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli, or the Battle of Çanakkale (), was a long unsuccessful campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey). The Allied powers Britain and France, sought to greatly weaken the Ottoman Empire by capturing control of the straits that provided a supply route to their ally Russia. The invaders launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula. They hoped to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. The naval attack was repelled and

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign, also known as the Dardanelles Campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli, or the Battle of Çanakkale (), was a long unsuccessful campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey). The Allied powers Britain and France, sought to greatly weaken the Ottoman Empire by capturing control of the straits that provided a supply route to their ally Russia. The invaders launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula. They hoped to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. The naval attack was repelled and after

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre on 31 October. The Allies subsequently occupied Gallipoli and Istanbul and partitioned the Ottoman Empire. The occupation ended in 1923. The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign is felt strongly in both Australia and New Zealand, despite their being only a portion of the Allied forces; the campaign is regarded in both nations as a "baptism of fire" and had been linked to their emergence as independent states. Approximately 50,000 Australians served at Gallipoli and from 14,000 to 17,000 New Zealanders. It has been argued that the campaign proved significant in

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" which consisted of an account from a young Australian soldier who was maimed during the Gallipoli Campaign. The song has been praised for its imagery, evoking the devastation at the Gallipoli landings. It remains widely popular and is considered by some to be the iconic anti-war song. In Turkey, the battle is thought of as a significant event in the state's emergence, although it is primarily remembered for the fighting that took place around the port of Çanakkale, where the Royal Navy was repulsed in March 1915. For the Turks, 18 March has a similar

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: evacuated for sickness during the campaign. A total of troops fell sick during the campaign, not counting troops from the Dominions or India; of these, exclusive of those evacuated. The sick were transported from Gallipoli to hospitals in Egypt and Malta as quickly as possible as bases in the area of operations were insufficient. Approximately of men removed as non-battle casualties died, against in France and Flanders. The proportion of disease casualties to battle casualties was considerably higher in the Gallipoli Campaign than it was on the campaigns of the Western Front. The number of Ottoman troops evacuated sick is

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: and obtain leaks from the deliberations of the Commission; Hamilton was never given another army appointment. Casualty figures for the campaign vary between sources but in 2001, Edward J. Erickson wrote that in the Gallipoli Campaign over were killed, including and around and French soldiers. Using the Ottoman Archives, Erickson estimated that Ottoman casualties in the Gallipoli Campaign were died from all causes, were wounded or injured and went missing or were captured. In 2000, McGibbon wrote that had been killed, about a quarter of those who had initially landed on the peninsula. In 2001, Carlyon gave figures of killed

title: Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign

text: First Army. Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign This is an order of battle listing the Allied and Ottoman forces involved in the Gallipoli Campaign during 1915. Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 29th Division Royal Naval Division Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 1st Australian Division New Zealand and Australian Division ANZAC Corps Troops Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient 1er Division Note: When the campaign commenced, the Fifth Army comprised two army Corps; the III Corps was defending the Gallipoli peninsula and the XV Corps was defending the Asian shore. In addition, the 5th Division was positioned north of the peninsula under the

text: Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign This is an order of battle listing the Allied and Ottoman forces involved in the Gallipoli Campaign during 1915. Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 29th Division Royal Naval Division Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 1st Australian Division New Zealand and Australian Division ANZAC Corps Troops Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient 1er Division Note: When the campaign commenced, the Fifth Army comprised two army Corps; the III Corps was defending the Gallipoli peninsula and the XV Corps was defending the Asian shore. In addition, the 5th Division was positioned north of the peninsula under the command of

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day). Along with memorials and monuments established in towns and cities, many streets, public places and buildings were named after aspects of the campaign, especially in Australia and New Zealand. Some examples include Gallipoli Barracks at Enoggera in Queensland, and the Armed Forces Armoury in Corner Brook, Newfoundland which is named the Gallipoli Armouries. Gallipoli also had a significant impact on popular culture, including in film, television and song. In 1971, Scottish-born Australian folk singer-songwriter Eric Bogle wrote a song called "And

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay with the 29th Division. On 25 September, Kitchener detached two British and one French division for service in Salonika in Greece, which was the beginning of the end of the Allied campaign at Gallipoli. Alan Moorehead wrote that during the stalemate, an old Ottoman batman was regularly permitted to hang his platoon's washing on the barbed wire undisturbed and that there was a "constant traffic" of gifts being thrown across no-man's land, dates and sweets from the Ottoman side and cans of beef and packs of cigarettes from the Allied side. Conditions at Gallipoli

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: arguably this perception continued until Normandy in June 1944. Hart wrote that despite the pessimistic analyses after 1918, the situation after 1940 meant that landings from the sea were unavoidable, and it was only after Normandy that the belief that opposed landings were futile was overcome. The memory of Gallipoli weighed heavily upon the Australians during the planning of the Huon Peninsula campaign in late 1943. In September, the Australians made their first opposed amphibious landing since Gallipoli at the Battle of Finschhafen in New Guinea. The landing was hampered by navigational errors and troops came ashore on the wrong

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: eight months' fighting, with many casualties on both sides, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn. It was a costly and humiliating defeat for the Allies and for the sponsors, especially Winston Churchill. The campaign was the only major Ottoman victory of the war. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation's history, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. Arabs formed a substantial force in the Gallipoli Peninsula being part of the Seventy Second and Seventy Seventh regiments. According to several sources Arabs made

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: formerly German warships, now the Ottoman and , still under German officers, conducted the Black Sea Raid, in which they bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several ships. In early November the various powers declared war. Turkey opened the Caucasus Campaign against Russia. The British briefly bombarded forts in Gallipoli, began the Mesopotamian Campaign, and studied the possibility of forcing the Dardanelles. Before the Dardanelles operation was conceived, the British had planned to conduct an amphibious invasion near Alexandretta on the Mediterranean, an idea originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914. This plan was developed by the Secretary

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: and other reporters. Stopford and other dissident officers also contributed to the air of gloom and the possibility of evacuation was raised on 11 October 1915. Hamilton resisted the suggestion, fearing the damage to British prestige but was sacked shortly afterwards and replaced by Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro. Autumn and winter brought relief from the heat but also led to gales, blizzards and flooding, resulting in men drowning and freezing to death, while thousands suffered frostbite. The Serbian defeat in the Serbian Campaign in autumn 1915 prompted France and Britain to transfer troops from the Gallipoli Campaign to Greek

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: the Battle of Romani, however, and lack of the materials to complete the military railway necessary for such an operation, marked the end of that ambition. The optimism gained from the victory at Gallipoli was replaced by a gathering sense of despair, and the British remained on the offensive in the Middle East for the rest of the war. The lessons of the campaign were studied by military planners prior to amphibious operations such as the Normandy Landings in 1944 and during the Falklands War in 1982. The lessons of the campaign influenced US Marine Corps amphibious operations during the

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: "soft underbelly", its allies in the east. British and French submarine operations in the Sea of Marmara were the one significant area of success of the Gallipoli Campaign, forcing the Ottomans to abandon the sea as a transport route. Between April and December 1915, nine British and four French submarines carried out 15 patrols, sinking one battleship, one destroyer, five gunboats, 11 troop transports, 44 supply ships and 148 sailing vessels at a cost of eight Allied submarines sunk in the strait or in the Sea of Marmara. During the campaign there was always one British submarine in the Sea

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Pacific War and continue to influence US amphibious doctrine. In 1996, Theodore Gatchel wrote that between the wars, the campaign "became a focal point for the study of amphibious warfare" in Britain and United States. In 2008, Glenn Wahlert wrote that Gallipoli involved "all four types of amphibious operations: the raid, demonstration, assault and withdrawal". Russell Weigley wrote that analysis of the campaign before the Second World War led to "a belief among most of the armed forces of the world" that amphibious assaults could not succeed against modern defences and that despite landings in Italy, Tarawa and the Gilberts,

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: infantry and sailors at the 'V' Beach landing and three more were awarded the following day as they fought their way inland. Five squads of Ottoman infantry led by Sergeant Yahya distinguished themselves by repulsing several attacks on their hilltop position, the defenders eventually disengaging under cover of darkness. After the landings, so few men remained from the Dublin and Munster Fusiliers that they were amalgamated into The Dubsters. Only one Dubliner officer survived the landing, while of the who landed, just the Gallipoli campaign unscathed. After the landings, little was done by the Allies to exploit the situation, apart

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: accidental. Russia in turn claimed that the Ottomans had attacked two of their hospital ships, and "Vperiod" but the Ottoman Government responded that the vessels had been the victims of mines. No chemical weapons were used at Gallipoli, although the Allies debated their use throughout the campaign and transported quantities of gas to the theatre, which was used against Ottoman troops in the Middle Eastern theatre two years later, during the Second and Third battles of Gaza in 1917. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is responsible for permanent cemeteries for all Commonwealth of Nations forces. There are 31 CWGC

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: up two thirds of the 19th division under Colonel Mustafa Kemal. The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later, with Mustafa Kemal (Kemal Atatürk) as President, who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness; 25 April, the anniversary of the landings, is known as "ANZAC Day", the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day). On 27 October 1914, two

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: grew worse for everyone as summer heat and poor sanitation resulted in an explosion in the fly population. Eating became extremely difficult as unburied corpses became bloated and putrid. The precarious Allied lodgements were poorly situated, which caused supply and shelter problems. A dysentery epidemic spread through the Allied trenches at Anzac and Helles, while the Ottomans also suffered heavily from disease which resulted in many deaths. After the failure of the August Offensive, the Gallipoli campaign drifted. Ottoman success began to affect public opinion in Britain, with criticism of Hamilton's performance being smuggled out by Keith Murdoch, Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Army. This force, which initially consisted of five divisions with another en route, was a conscript force, commanded by von Sanders. Many of the senior officers in the 5th Army were also German. Ottoman commanders and senior German officers debated the best means of defending the peninsula. All agreed that the best defence was to hold the high ground on the ridges of the peninsula. There was disagreement as to where the enemy would land and hence where to concentrate forces. Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal was familiar with the Gallipoli peninsula from his operations against Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars

title: Gallipoli (1981 film)

text: Gallipoli (1981 film) Gallipoli is a 1981 Australian war drama film directed by Peter Weir and produced by Patricia Lovell and Robert Stigwood, starring Mel Gibson and Mark Lee, about several rural Western Australian young men who enlist in the Australian Army during the First World War. They are sent to the peninsula of Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire (in modern-day Turkey), where they take part in the Gallipoli Campaign. During the course of the movie, the young men slowly lose their innocence about the purpose of war. The climax of the movie occurs on the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: aground beneath a fort and was captured intact. The crew of 25 were taken prisoner and documents detailing planned Allied operations were discovered, including a scheduled rendezvous with on 6 November. The rendezvous was kept by the German U-boat instead, which torpedoed and sank "E20", killing all but nine of the crew. The situation at Gallipoli was complicated by Bulgaria joining the Central Powers. In early October 1915, the British and French opened a second Mediterranean front at Salonika, by moving three divisions from Gallipoli and reducing the flow of reinforcements. A land route between Germany and the Ottoman Empire

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: faced catastrophe. As it was these operations were a source of significant anxiety, posing a constant threat to shipping and causing heavy losses, effectively dislocating Ottoman attempts to reinforce their forces at Gallipoli and shelling troop concentrations and railways. Gallipoli marked the end for Hamilton and Stopford, but Hunter-Weston went on to lead VIII Corps on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. The competence of Australian brigade commanders, John Monash (4th Infantry Brigade) and Harry Chauvel (1st Light Horse Brigade, New Zealand and Australian Division), was recognised by promotion to divisional and corps command. The influence of

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: subsequently placed under Hamilton's command. Over the following month, Hamilton prepared his plan and the British and French divisions joined the Australians in Egypt. Hamilton chose to concentrate on the southern part of the Gallipoli peninsula at Cape Helles and Seddülbahir, where an unopposed landing was expected. The Allies initially discounted the fighting ability of the Ottoman soldiers. The "naïveté" of the Allied planners was illustrated by a leaflet that was issued to the British and Australians while they were still in Egypt, The underestimation of Ottoman military potential stemmed from a "sense of superiority" among the Allies, because of

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May, to bury the dead lying in no man's land, which led to a camaraderie between the armies, much like the Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front. The truce was not repeated formally. The British advantage in naval artillery diminished after the battleship was torpedoed on 13 May by . A German submarine, , sank on 25 May and on 27 May. More British reconnaissance patrols were flown around Gallipoli and "U-21" was forced to leave the area but ignorant of this, the Allies withdrew most of their warships to Imbros, where

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: began in 1925, in the same year a service was held on the beach at Gallipoli; two years later the first official dawn service took place at the Sydney Cenotaph. During the 1980s, it became popular for Australian and New Zealand tourists to visit Gallipoli to attend the dawn service there and since then thousands have attended. Over 10,000 people attended the 75th anniversary along with political leaders from Turkey, New Zealand, Britain and Australia. Dawn services are also held in Australia; in New Zealand, dawn services are the most popular form of observance of this day. Anzac Day remains

title: Gallipoli (miniseries)

text: people and was expected to generate an estimated $14.6 million in production expenditure, with Film Victoria providing significant financing for the project through its Production Incentive Attraction Fund (PIAF). "Gallipoli" is distributed internationally by Endemol Worldwide Distribution. All seven episodes of "Gallipoli" were also made available on the streaming service Stan during the television premiere as part of a promotion deal. Gallipoli (miniseries) Gallipoli is a seven-part Australian television drama miniseries that was telecast on the Nine Network in 2015, the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign. The series premiered on 9 February 2015, and concluded four weeks later. It

title: Gallipoli (miniseries)

text: Gallipoli (miniseries) Gallipoli is a seven-part Australian television drama miniseries that was telecast on the Nine Network in 2015, the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign. The series premiered on 9 February 2015, and concluded four weeks later. It is adapted from the best-selling book "Gallipoli" by Les Carlyon. "Gallipoli" was produced by Endemol Australia and was shot over a three-month period commencing on 17 March 2014. Rehearsals began in early March 2014 and cast-members also undertook some military training in Melbourne before filming began. Filming took place in Melbourne and surrounding areas, including Bacchus Marsh and Werribee. The 25

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: beaches, but they had been trained according to the lessons of Gallipoli and quickly reorganised to push inland. Political repercussions in Britain had begun during the battle, Fisher resigned in May after bitter conflict with Churchill. The crisis that followed after the Conservatives learned that Churchill would be staying, forced the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to end his Liberal Government and form a Coalition Government with the Conservative Party. The Asquith government responded to the disappointment and outrage over Gallipoli and Kut by establishing commissions of inquiry into both episodes, which had done much to "destroy its faltering reputation

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: were to land north of Gaba Tepe on the Aegean coast, from where they could advance across the peninsula, cutting off the Ottoman troops in Kilitbahir. The small cove in and around which they landed became known as "Anzac Cove". This sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula became known as Anzac; the area held by the British and French became known as the Helles sector or Helles. The French made a diversionary landing at Kum Kale on the Asian shore before re-embarking, to hold the eastern area of the Helles sector. The Royal Naval Division simulated landing preparations at Bulair as

title: Gallipoli (miniseries)

text: April 1915 landing was recreated on the Mornington Peninsula. The series centres on 17-year-old Thomas "Tolly" Johnson (Kodi Smit-McPhee) who lies about his age so he may enlist with his brother Bevan (Harry Greenwood) and ends up fighting at Gallipoli in the campaign that helped create the Anzac legend. The story depicts the ten-month campaign in Turkey, highlighting the landing on 25 April 1915 by ANZAC troops who go into battle on the Gallipoli Peninsula. Landing in the dark, Tolly, Bevan, and their fellow soldiers of the 4th Battalion endeavor to establish a defensible foothold beneath the treacherous slopes of

title: Gallipoli

text: property. The Thracian Chersonese was part of the Eastern Roman Empire from its foundation in 330 AD. In 443 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus. Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the Republic of Venice, the Byzantine Empire ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses. After the devastating 1354 earthquake,

title: Gallipoli

text: Turkey eight years later under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. The Gallipoli Star was a military decoration created by the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and awarded for the duration of World War I. The campaign was the first major military action of Australia and New Zealand as independent dominions, and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in those nations. The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "Anzac Day". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand. On

title: Gallipoli Games

text: Gallipoli Games The inaugural Gallipoli Games is being held in 2015 under the patronage of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. It is being held to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign and is intended to be held every two years. The Games have the motto: "On the land their ancestors sacrificed their lives 100 years ago, they are now competing for peace." University students from seven countries - Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, India, Germany, France and the Great Britain are eligible to compete. Torch relay commenced in March 2015 and it visited the seven participating

title: Auburn Gallipoli Mosque

text: Auburn Gallipoli Mosque The Auburn Gallipoli Mosque is an Ottoman-style mosque in Auburn, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. More than 500 worshippers attend every day and around 2000 worshippers attend the weekly special Friday prayer at the Auburn Gallipoli Mosque, which is primarily used by Turkish Australians. The mosque's name invokes the legacy of the Gallipoli Campaign during World War I, which played a pivotal role in the history of both Australia and the Republic of Turkey. According to mosque officials, the name is meant to signify "the shared legacy of the Australian society and the main

title: Gallipoli (1981 film)

text: visited Gallipoli briefly in September 1915 and became an influential agitator against the conduct of the campaign by the British. "Gallipoli" was filmed primarily in South Australia. The cattle station scenes were shot in Beltana, the salt lake at Lake Torrens, the station at Adelaide railway station, and the coastline near Port Lincoln was transformed into the Gallipoli Peninsula. The pyramid and bazaar scenes were filmed on location in Egypt. The farewell ball scene was not in the original script but was an idea of Weir's during shooting. It cost an extra $60,000 to make. Peter Weir cast Mel Gibson

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: which was carrying and a field battery to Gallipoli. While the quantity and value of the shipping sunk was minor, the effect on Ottoman communications and morale was significant; Boyle was awarded the Victoria Cross. Following the success of "AE2" and "E14", the French submarine attempted the passage on 1 May but struck a mine and was lost with all hands. (Several weeks earlier another French boat, , had been lost after running aground near Nagara Point.) On 5 May, the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division was dispatched from Egypt. Believing Anzac to be secure, Hamilton moved the Australian 2nd Infantry

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: he commanded an infantry battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers early in 1916. Asquith was partly blamed for Gallipoli and other disasters and was overthrown in December 1916, when David Lloyd George proposed a war council under his authority, with the Conservatives in the coalition threatening to resign unless the plan was implemented. After failure to reach agreement, Lloyd George and then Asquith resigned, followed by Lloyd George becoming Prime Minister. Lloyd George formed a new government, from which Churchill, active again in the House of Commons from June 1916, was excluded because of Conservative opposition. In the summer of

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: the Force in Egypt to become the strategic reserve for the British Empire, consisting of 13 infantry and mounted divisions with . In March 1916, Murray took command of both these forces, forming them into the new Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and reorganising the units for service in Europe, Egypt and elsewhere in the Middle East. While the ANZAC was disbanded, the AIF was expanded with three new Australian divisions being raised and a New Zealand Division was also formed. These units moved to the Western Front in mid-1916. The British yeomanry units that had fought dismounted at Gallipoli were

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: naval force and an airfield was established near Gallipoli. The Allies planned to land and secure the northern shore; to capture the Ottoman forts and artillery batteries so that a naval force could advance through the Narrows and the Sea of Marmara towards Istanbul. Scheduled for 23 April but postponed until 25 April due to bad weather, landings were to be made at six beaches on the peninsula. The 29th Division was to land at Helles on the tip of the peninsula and then advance upon the forts at Kilitbahir. The Anzacs, with the 3rd Infantry Brigade spearheading the assault,

title: Gallipoli

text: finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. In 1920, after the defeat of the Russian White army of General Pyotr Wrangel, a significant number of emigre soldiers and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the Crimean Peninsula. From there, many went to European countries, such as Yugoslavia, where they found refuge. A stone monument was erected and a special "Gallipoli cross" was created to commemorate the soldiers, who stayed in Gallipoli. The stone monument was destroyed during an earthquake, but in January 2008 reconstruction of the monument had begun with the consent of the Turkish government. Between 1923

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: most important Ottoman batteries guarding the straits and a third of the 5th Army was assembled there. Two divisions were concentrated at Bulair at the north end of the Gallipoli peninsula, to protect supply and communication lines to the defences further down the peninsula. The 19th Division (Kemal) and the 9th Division were placed along the Aegean coast and at Cape Helles on the tip of the peninsula. Von Sanders kept the bulk of the Ottoman forces inland in reserve, leaving a minimum of troops guarding the coast. The 3rd Division and a cavalry brigade arrived from Istanbul in early

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: and 56 Turkish soldiers). Lemnos was the hospital base for the Allied forces and most of the buried were among the men who died of their wounds. There is a French cemetery on the Gallipoli Peninsula, located at Seddülbahir. There are no large Ottoman/Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula but there are numerous memorials, the main ones being the Çanakkale Martyrs' Memorial at Morto Bay, Cape Helles (near 'S' Beach), the Turkish Soldier's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open-air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn's Post (Bomba Sirt). There are a number of memorials and cemeteries

title: Gallipoli (2005 film)

text: Gallipoli (2005 film) Gallipoli (Turkish title Gelibolu) is a 2005 film by Turkish filmmaker Tolga Örnek. It is a documentary about the 1915 Gallipoli campaign, narrated by both sides, the Turks on one side and the British soldiers and Anzacs (soldiers of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) on the other side. Through the use of surviving diaries, letters and photographs from both sides, the film shows the bravery and the suffering on both sides. The film also contains: interviews with international experts, location landscape, underwater and aerial photography, 3-D computer animations and re-enactments of trenches. When the film

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: cemeteries on the Gallipoli peninsula: six at Helles (plus the only solitary grave, that of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie VC, Royal Welch Fusiliers), four at Suvla and For many of those killed or died on hospital ships and were buried at sea, there is no known grave; their names are recorded on one of five "memorials to the missing". The Lone Pine Memorial commemorates Australians killed in the Anzac sector, as well as New Zealanders with no known grave or who were buried at sea, while the Lone Pine, Hill 60 and Chunuk Bair memorials commemorate New Zealanders killed at

title: Gallipoli (Beirut album)

text: "No No No", and also features Condon playing the Farfisa organ. The album was announced in a statement on the band's Facebook page that also explained the timeline of its creation. The following people contributed to "Gallipoli": Beirut Additional personnel Gallipoli (Beirut album) Gallipoli is the fifth studio album by indie folk band Beirut. It is expected to be released on February 1, 2019. The album is named after the Italian town where the title track was written. It is supported by the singles "Gallipoli" and "Corfu". The band will tour in support of the album in 2019. Work on

title: Gallipoli (Beirut album)

text: Gallipoli (Beirut album) Gallipoli is the fifth studio album by indie folk band Beirut. It is expected to be released on February 1, 2019. The album is named after the Italian town where the title track was written. It is supported by the singles "Gallipoli" and "Corfu". The band will tour in support of the album in 2019. Work on the album began in late 2016, with Condon holding recording sessions in various cities, including New York City, Apulia, Italy, and Berlin (where Condon lives). The album is produced by Gabe Wax, who also produced the band's previous album, 2015's

title: Gallipoli

text: to be sent no one knows where ...". In addition many Greeks died from hunger and there were frequent cases of rape among women and young girls, as well as their conversion to Islam. Gallipoli was occupied by Greek troops on 4 August 1920 during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22, considered part of the Turkish War of Independence, and after the Armistice of Mudros it became a Greek prefecture centre as "Kallipolis". However, Greece was forced to withdraw from Eastern Thrace after the Armistice of Mudanya. Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but was

title: Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)

text: the Anzac front were evacuated from Gallipoli. After the war, the peace treaty with Turkey included a provision for "full and exclusive rights of ownership over the land in which are situated the graves of those who fell in action, for the purpose of laying out cemeteries or erecting memorials". In 1920, the Central Graves unit handed over the cemetery to the Imperial War Graves Commission. Today, the hill is the location of the Hill 60 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery. Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli) The Battle of Hill 60 was the last major assault of the Gallipoli Campaign.

title: Gallipoli (1981 film)

text: of the nation. Peter Weir had wanted to make a film about the Gallipoli campaign since visiting Gallipoli in 1976 and discovering an empty Eno bottle on the beach. He wrote an outline of the script and gave it to David Williamson to turn into a screenplay. The script went through many variations, the South Australian Film Corporation did not like an early draft and said they did not want to fund the film, which then had a proposed budget of A$4.5 million. In May 1979 Weir asked Patricia Lovell to produce. The script then began to focus on the

title: Gallipoli

text: the town of Gallipoli was besieged and captured by the Ottomans, making Gallipoli the first Ottoman stronghold in Europe, and the staging area for their expansion across the Balkans. It was recaptured for Byzantium by the Savoyard Crusade in 1366, but the beleaguered Byzantines were forced to hand it back in September 1376. The Greeks living there were allowed to continue their everyday life. In the 19th century, Gallipoli () was a district (kaymakamlik) in the Vilayet of Adrianople, with about thirty thousand inhabitants: comprising Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews. Gallipoli became a major encampment for British and French forces

title: Gallipoli

text: and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, Eceabat, Keşan and Şarköy. After the dissolution of the province, it became a district centre in Çanakkale Province. Gallipoli The Gallipoli peninsula (; ; , "Chersónisos tis Kallípolis") is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name "Καλλίπολις" ("Kallípolis"), meaning "Beautiful City", the original name of the modern town of Gelibolu. In antiquity, the peninsula was known as

title: The Spirit of Gallipoli

text: army in peace time. Army co-operation meant enabled several scenes to be shot at Liverpool camp. The footage of the Gallipoli dream sequence is taken from the silent movie "The Hero of the Dardanelles" (1915). Commercial reception appears to have been limited. The Spirit of Gallipoli The Spirit of Gallipoli is a 1928 silent Australian film. Originally running at 5,000 feet length only 1,554 feet survive. A rebellious young man, Billy Austin, is conscripted into the Australian Army. Initially an unwilling soldier, he eventually becomes a good one, and dreams of serving with the ANZACs at Gallipoli. He eventually leaves

title: The Spirit of Gallipoli

text: The Spirit of Gallipoli The Spirit of Gallipoli is a 1928 silent Australian film. Originally running at 5,000 feet length only 1,554 feet survive. A rebellious young man, Billy Austin, is conscripted into the Australian Army. Initially an unwilling soldier, he eventually becomes a good one, and dreams of serving with the ANZACs at Gallipoli. He eventually leaves the army, gets married and settles down on a farm. The film was made by two young army trainees of the 55th Battalion with a cast of amateurs in early 1928. It was a propaganda piece to promote the role of the

title: Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)

text: Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli) The Battle of Hill 60 was the last major assault of the Gallipoli Campaign. It was launched on 21 August 1915 to coincide with the attack on Scimitar Hill made from the Suvla front by Major-General H. de B. De Lisle's British IX Corps, Frederick Stopford having been replaced in the few days previous. Hill 60 was a low knoll at the northern end of the Sari Bair range which dominated the Suvla landing. Capturing this hill along with Scimitar Hill would have allowed the Anzac and Suvla landings to be securely linked. Two major

title: Gallipoli

text: Gallipoli The Gallipoli peninsula (; ; , "Chersónisos tis Kallípolis") is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name "Καλλίπολις" ("Kallípolis"), meaning "Beautiful City", the original name of the modern town of Gelibolu. In antiquity, the peninsula was known as the Thracian Chersonese (, "Thrakiké Chersónesos"; ). The peninsula runs in a south-westerly direction into the Aegean Sea, between the Dardanelles (formally known as the Hellespont), and the Gulf of Saros (formally

title: Gallipoli Star

text: took lower precedence to their own Iron Cross 2nd class, and the ribbon of the Iron Crescent was placed beneath that of the Iron Cross. The ribbon could also be fashioned into a chest riband for placement on a ribbon bar when in undress. The campaign bar was usually not worn. Gallipoli Star The Gallipolli Star is a military decoration awarded by the Ottoman Empire. It was known as the Ottoman War Medal () or the Iron Crescent (from German "Eiserner Halbmond", in allusion to the Iron Cross). It was instituted by Sultan Mehmed V on 1 March 1915 for

title: Gallipoli Star

text: Gallipoli Star The Gallipolli Star is a military decoration awarded by the Ottoman Empire. It was known as the Ottoman War Medal () or the Iron Crescent (from German "Eiserner Halbmond", in allusion to the Iron Cross). It was instituted by Sultan Mehmed V on 1 March 1915 for gallantry in battle. This decoration was awarded for the duration of World War I to Ottoman and other Central Powers troops, primarily in Ottoman areas of engagement. The award includes a badge, ribbon and campaign bar. The medal, made of nickel-plated brass, has a vaulted star-shaped badge, 56 mm across the

title: Diocesan Museum of Gallipoli

text: Diocesan Museum of Gallipoli The diocesan museum of Gallipoli is located in Gallipoli and is run by the Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli. The diocesan museum of Gallipoli was officially inaugurated on July 12, 2004 through an initiative by the Italian Episcopal Conference "(Conferenza Episcopale Italiana, CEI)", the Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli, and the community of the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Agatha of Gallipoli, with assistance from the European Union and the Italian region of Apulia. The idea to open a diocesan museum originated with then-bishop, Aldo Garzia, and was developed by his successors. The impressive architecture is found at the historic center

title: Gallipoli (1981 film)

text: the popularity of the Gallipoli battlefields as a tourist destination, the film is shown each night in a number of hostels and hotels in Eceabat and Çanakkale on the Dardanelles. In the "20 to 1" episode "Great Aussie Films", "Gallipoli" was listed as Number 1. Gallipoli (1981 film) Gallipoli is a 1981 Australian war drama film directed by Peter Weir and produced by Patricia Lovell and Robert Stigwood, starring Mel Gibson and Mark Lee, about several rural Western Australian young men who enlist in the Australian Army during the First World War. They are sent to the peninsula of Gallipoli

title: Diocesan Museum of Gallipoli

text: destroyed by the Venetians in the historic battle of 1484. The archives include manuscripts related to pastoral visits, diocesan synods, bishops, excommunications, criminal trials, marriages, curial legislation, parishes, confraternities and monasteries, ordinations, patrimonies, charity, and private oratories. Diocesan Museum of Gallipoli The diocesan museum of Gallipoli is located in Gallipoli and is run by the Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli. The diocesan museum of Gallipoli was officially inaugurated on July 12, 2004 through an initiative by the Italian Episcopal Conference "(Conferenza Episcopale Italiana, CEI)", the Diocese of Nardò-Gallipoli, and the community of the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Agatha of Gallipoli, with assistance

title: A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909

text: A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 S.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 is an Italian association football club, based in Gallipoli, Apulia. The club was founded in 1999 as Associazione Calcio Gallipoli to represent the town of Gallipoli from the province of Lecce. The club quickly rose up the Italian football system, being one of the two who were promoted from Eccellenza Apulia in 2003–04. After gaining a promotion during their first ever season in Serie D, the club changed its name to Gallipoli Calcio in 2005. Gallipoli then completed it by winning a third consecutive promotion to Serie C1, and making their absolute

title: Limnai (Gallipoli)

text: the surface since the architectural remnants of the city are underground. However, these pieces give us information about the field the city covered, as well as when the city was established and when it was desolated." Limnai (Gallipoli) Limnai or Limnae (), was an ancient Greek city dating back to 7th century B.C. at the Gallipoli peninsula. The city was founded by migrants coming from Ionia. The city was one of the richest and most busy seaports of the Gallipoli region in its time and maintained its existence until the Roman era. Until 2018, the existence of the ancient city

title: Limnai (Gallipoli)

text: Limnai (Gallipoli) Limnai or Limnae (), was an ancient Greek city dating back to 7th century B.C. at the Gallipoli peninsula. The city was founded by migrants coming from Ionia. The city was one of the richest and most busy seaports of the Gallipoli region in its time and maintained its existence until the Roman era. Until 2018, the existence of the ancient city was known from ancient texts, but the exact location was not certain. In 2018, the city discovered near the Beşyol plain. According to the archaeologists: "Only pieces of bowls, crockery and tiles can be seen on

title: Gallipoli, Apulia

text: won the 2005–06 Serie C2/C championship. They have now been promoted to Serie B for the first time in the club's short history after winning the 2008–09 Serie C1/B championship. Gallipoli is twinned with: Gallipoli, Apulia Gallipoli (; ) is a southern Italian town and "comune" in the province of Lecce, in Apulia. In 2014, it had a population of 31,862. The town is located by the Ionian Sea, on the west coast of the Salentina Peninsula. The town of Gallipoli is divided into two parts, the modern and the old city. The new town includes all the newest buildings

title: Gallipoli Serbs

text: Gallipoli Serbs Gallipoli Serbs ( / "galipoljski Srbi") were a group of Serbs from Serbian region named Srem that were forcefully relocated to Gallipoli by the Ottoman Empire some time after 1692, then returned to the Niš region in the beginning of the 18th century, and finally settled by the Yugoslav authorities in Pehčevo in the beginning of the 20th century. With the Austro-Turkish War, a group of "Šumadinci" from around Jagodina (present-day Central Serbia) were deported to Gallipoli sometime after 1692. In their epic stories, Jagodina is described as an ancient seat. In the beginning of the 18th century,

title: Gallipoli, Apulia

text: tried to occupy it, but without results. King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies started the construction of the port, which in the 18th century became the largest olive oil market in the Mediterranean. After the unification of Italy (1861), Gallipoli was capital of a "circondario", together with Lecce and Taranto. Nearest airports are Brindisi, , and Bari, . Gallipoli can be reached from both of them via a modern freeway, the state road 101. By train, it is connected to Lecce by the Ferrovie Sud-Est. In past times the economy of Gallipoli was based on the international wine and

title: Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign

text: Gallipoli Campaign, an attempt to occupy the Gallipoli peninsula with land forces supported by the navies, to open the sea route to Constantinople. The Allies also tried to pass submarines through the Dardanelles to attack Ottoman shipping in the Sea of Marmara. The mouth of the strait is wide with a rapid current emptying from the Black Sea into the Aegean. The distance from Cape Helles to the Sea of Marmora is about , overlooked by the heights on the Gallipoli peninsula and lower hills on the Asiatic shore. The passage widens for to Eren Keui Bay, the widest point

title: Fall of Gallipoli

text: Fall of Gallipoli The Fall of Gallipoli ( Conquest of Gallipoli) was the siege and capture of the Gallipoli fortress and peninsula, until then under Byzantine rule, by the Ottoman Turks in March 1354. After suffering a half-century of defeats at the hands of the Ottomans, the Byzantine Empire had lost nearly all of their possessions in Anatolia, except Alaşehir. Access to the Aegean and Marmara seas meant that the Ottomans could now implement the conquest of the southern Balkans, and could advance further north into Serbia and Hungary. During the Byzantine civil war of 1352–57, Turkish mercenaries allied with

title: Gallipoli

text: and burned all the Greek villages near Gallipoli’. Many villages were sacked and destroyed completely and also, some Greeks killed. The cause of this savagery of the Turks was their fear that if Thrace was declared autonomous the Greek population may be found numerically superior to the Muslims. The Turkish Government, under pre-text that a village was within the firing line, ordered its evacuation within three hours. The residents abandoned everything they possessed, left their village and went to Gallipoli. Seven of the Greek villagers who were two minutes late behind the three hours limit allowed for the evacuation were

title: A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909

text: lost promotion play-offs. But the club admitted to Eccellenza Apulia later. Gallipoli finished 7th in 2012–13 season. Finally Gallipoli won Eccellenza Apulia in 2013–14 season and promoted to Group H of Serie D. After two seasons in italian Serie D and after many societary changes, the team downgrades again in Eccellenza Apulia in 2015–16. Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 1 Supercoppa di Lega Pro Prima Divisione: 1 Serie C2: 1 Coppa Italia Serie C: 1 Serie D: Eccellenza Apulia: 2 A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 S.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 is an Italian association football club, based in Gallipoli, Apulia. The club was

title: Gallipoli

text: the Allied side one of Ryder's promoters of the expedition was Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, whose reputation took years to recover. Prior to the Allied landings in April 1915, Ottoman Empire deported Greek residents from Gallipoli and surrounding region and from the islands in the sea of Marmara, to the interior where they were at the mercy of hostile Turks. The Greeks had little time to pack and the Ottoman authorities permitted them to take only some bedding and the rest was handed over to the Government. Also, Greek houses and properties were plundered by the

title: Gallipoli, Apulia

text: Gallipoli, Apulia Gallipoli (; ) is a southern Italian town and "comune" in the province of Lecce, in Apulia. In 2014, it had a population of 31,862. The town is located by the Ionian Sea, on the west coast of the Salentina Peninsula. The town of Gallipoli is divided into two parts, the modern and the old city. The new town includes all the newest buildings including a skyscraper. The old town is located on a limestone island, linked to the mainland by a bridge built in the 16th century. The municipality borders with Alezio, Galatone, Matino, Sannicola and Taviano.

title: Gallipoli Serbs

text: long distance from the Serbian core has resulted in a unique dialect (Old Shtokavian), with significant influence from the adjacent Greek and Turkish dialects, as well as other cultural traits. Gallipoli Serbs Gallipoli Serbs ( / "galipoljski Srbi") were a group of Serbs from Serbian region named Srem that were forcefully relocated to Gallipoli by the Ottoman Empire some time after 1692, then returned to the Niš region in the beginning of the 18th century, and finally settled by the Yugoslav authorities in Pehčevo in the beginning of the 20th century. With the Austro-Turkish War, a group of "Šumadinci" from

title: Requiem & Gallipoli

text: loss and release." Requiem & Gallipoli Requiem & Gallipoli is the seventh album by Astrid Williamson and contains her first full classic composition. Williamson first performed "Requiem & Gallipoli" at Requiem for the Fallen, a D-Day Remembrance event at All Saints' Church, Hessle, Yorkshire on 6 June 2015. The event raised funds for a local Hull veterans' charity and Operation Warrior Wellness, a process to address post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans using transcendental mediation in collaboration with the David Lynch Foundation. Williamson explained the writing process: "I would translate each movement from Latin, then start writing the music at the

title: Requiem & Gallipoli

text: Requiem & Gallipoli Requiem & Gallipoli is the seventh album by Astrid Williamson and contains her first full classic composition. Williamson first performed "Requiem & Gallipoli" at Requiem for the Fallen, a D-Day Remembrance event at All Saints' Church, Hessle, Yorkshire on 6 June 2015. The event raised funds for a local Hull veterans' charity and Operation Warrior Wellness, a process to address post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans using transcendental mediation in collaboration with the David Lynch Foundation. Williamson explained the writing process: "I would translate each movement from Latin, then start writing the music at the piano, later orchestrating

title: Gallipoli (1981 film)

text: reading from "The Jungle Book" about how Mowgli has reached manhood and now must leave the family of wolves that raised him. Actor Mel Gibson commented, “Gallipoli was the birth of a nation. It was the shattering of a dream for Australia. They had banded together to fight the Hun and died by the thousands in a dirty little trench war." In an examination of "Gallipoli"'s enduring legacy, SBS Movies notes "The soldiers of "Gallipoli" head to war because it is expected of them, just as Australia headed to war because, as part of the British Empire, it was expected

title: Fall of Gallipoli

text: he had not taken the city by force and could not give up something which had been "granted to him by Allah". Panic spread throughout Constantinople as many believed that the Turks would soon be coming for the city itself. Because of this, Kantakouzenos's position became unstable, and he was overthrown in November 1354. Gallipoli was to become the major bridgehead into Europe through which the Ottomans would facilitate further expansion into Europe. In less than ten years, nearly all of Byzantine Thrace had fallen to the Turks, including Adrianople. Fall of Gallipoli The Fall of Gallipoli ( Conquest of

title: The Desert Column

text: The Desert Column The Desert Column; leaves from the diary of an Australian trooper in Gallipoli, Sinai and Palestine is a book by Ion Idriess based on a diary he kept of his service during World War I. Idriess kept a diary from the time he arrived in Gallipoli on 18 May 1915 until March 1918. He participated in the Gallipoli Campaign where he was wounded, then later fought in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign including the Battle of Beersheeba. When Idriess returned from the war he put his diaries with his sister in Grafton. In 1929, when he was

title: Gallipoli, Apulia

text: the early Middle Ages, it was most likely sacked by the Vandals and the Goths. Rebuilt by the Byzantines, Gallipoli lived an economically and socially flourishing period due to its geographical position. Later it was owned by the Roman Popes, and was a centre of fighting against the Greek monastic orders. In the 11th century Gallipoli was conquered by the Normans and, in 1268, it was besieged by Charles I of Anjou, causing numerous inhabitants to flee to the nearby Alezio. The city was repopulated around 1300, under the feudal rule of the principality of Taranto. In 1484 the Venetians

title: Battle of Gallipoli (1416)

text: Battle of Gallipoli (1416) The Battle of Gallipoli occurred on 29 May 1416 between a squadron of the Venetian navy and the fleet of the Ottoman Empire off the Ottoman naval base of Gallipoli. The battle was the main episode of a brief conflict between the two powers, resulting from Ottoman attacks against Venetian possessions and shipping in the Aegean Sea in late 1415. The Venetian fleet, under Pietro Loredan, was charged with transporting Venetian envoys to the Sultan, but was authorized to attack if the Ottomans refused to negotiate. The subsequent events are known chiefly from a letter written

title: Gallipoli (1981 film)

text: he wanted me for "Gallipoli" a couple of years later because I wasn't the archetypal Australian. He had Mark Lee, the angelic-looking, ideal Australian kid, and he wanted something of a modern sensibility. He thought the audience needed someone to relate to of their own time." "Gallipoli" proved to be a success domestically, grossing AUD 11,740,000 at the box office in Australia. It won eight AFI Awards, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Cinematography. Although critically praised by many, the international releases were not quite as successful financially. "Gallipoli" only earned USD

title: Battle of Gallipoli (1312)

text: Battle of Gallipoli (1312) The Battle of Gallipoli was fought at the end of 1312 or in 1313, between the Byzantines and the Turcopoles (also called Turks) led by Halil Pasha. For two years, Thrace was occupied by Halil Pasha (or Halil Edje). Earlier, Byzantine Emperor Michael IX Palaiologos had raised an army which defeated the Turcopoles, and confined them to a fortified camp in the Gallipoli peninsula. These Turcopoles numbered less than 2,000. Michael next asked assistance from his son-in-law, Serbian King Stefan Milutin, and received a 2,000-strong Serbian cavalry troops (possibly Cumans). Milutin had earlier subdued the Turcopoles

title: Battle of Gallipoli (1416)

text: beliefs that they were vastly superior to the Turks in naval warfare". During the long Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) and subsequent conflicts over the course of the century, however, "the Venetians would learn to their discomfiture that naval superiority alone could not guarantee an everlasting position of strength in the eastern Mediterranean". Battle of Gallipoli (1416) The Battle of Gallipoli occurred on 29 May 1416 between a squadron of the Venetian navy and the fleet of the Ottoman Empire off the Ottoman naval base of Gallipoli. The battle was the main episode of a brief conflict between the two powers,

title: A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909

text: owed Luca Pasqualin of P.D.P. srl for agent fee of €12,000 for signing Piergiuseppe Maritato and upheld by "Tribunale Nazionale di Arbitrato per lo Sport" of CONI. Then, in July 2010, a court in Lecce declared the club bankrupt. A new club called A.S.D. Gallipoli Football 1909 was founded on 13 July 2010. Its goal is entering Promozione, the 7th tier of Italian football. The first season (2010–2011) finished with Gallipoli that reached the 3° place in graduatory, and then they lose the play-off to be promoted in Eccellenza Apulia. Gallipoli finished 3rd Group B of Promozione Apulia and again

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: couple of days after the evacuation of Helles, when three Fokker "Eindeckers" shot down two RNAS aircraft. Historians are divided about how they summarise the campaign's result. Broadbent describes the campaign as "a close-fought affair" that was a defeat for the Allies, while Carlyon views the overall result as a stalemate. Peter Hart disagrees, arguing that the Ottoman forces "held the Allies back from their real objectives with relative ease", while Haythornthwaite calls it a "disaster for the Allies". The campaign did cause "enormous damage to ... [Ottoman] national resources", and at that stage of the war the Allies were

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: in a better position to replace their losses than the Ottomans, but ultimately the Allied attempt at securing a passage through the Dardanelles proved unsuccessful. While it diverted Ottoman forces away from other areas of conflict in the Middle East, the campaign also consumed resources the Allies could have employed on the Western Front, and also resulted in heavy losses on the Allied side. The Allied campaign was plagued by ill-defined goals, poor planning, insufficient artillery, inexperienced troops, inaccurate maps, poor intelligence, overconfidence, inadequate equipment, and logistical and tactical deficiencies at all levels. Geography also proved a significant factor. While

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: given in the British Official History The largest cause of non-battle admissions to hospital for British troops was dysentery, with infected and another having diarrhoea. Other notable conditions were frostbite with gonorrhea and rheumatic fever Allegations were made that Allied forces had attacked or bombarded Ottoman hospitals and hospital ships on several occasions between the start of the campaign and September 1915. By July 1915, hospitals had been built with and three hospital ships were in the area. The French Government disputed these complaints through the Red Cross and the British response was that if it happened then it was

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: diving depth, then broke the surface again at the stern. "Sultanhisar" immediately fired on the submarine, puncturing the pressure hull. Stoker ordered the company to abandon ship, scuttled the submarine and the crew was taken prisoner. "AE2"s achievements showed that it was possible to force the Straits and soon Ottoman communications were badly disrupted by British and French submarine operations. On 27 April, (Lieutenant Commander Edward Boyle), entered the Sea of Marmara on a three-week patrol, which became one of the most successful Allied naval actions of the campaign, in which four ships were sunk, including the transport "Gul Djemal"

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: Kitchener waned after the coalition government was formed in May 1915, partly because of the growing sense of failure in the Dardanelles and culminated in Kitchener being over-ruled on support for the French at Salonika in early December 1915, when his influence on the Cabinet was at its lowest. The campaign gave confidence to the Ottomans in their ability to defeat the Allies. In Mesopotamia, the Turks surrounded a British expedition at Kut Al Amara, forcing their surrender in April 1916. Ottoman forces in southern Palestine were poised to launch an attack against the Suez Canal and Egypt. Defeat at

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: reinforced and reorganised, forming the 74th (Yeomanry) Division and a portion of the 75th Division. Along with the Australian Light Horsemen and New Zealand Mounted Rifles remounted and reorganised into the Anzac Mounted Division, infantry from the 52nd (Lowland) Division, 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, 53rd (Welsh) Division and 54th (East Anglian) Division, later joined by additional remounted Australian Light Horsemen and British yeomanry from the Australian Mounted Division, participated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The Egyptian Sinai was reoccupied in 1916, while Palestine and the northern Levant were captured from the Ottoman Empire during 1917 and 1918, before the

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: the emergence of a unique Australian identity following the war, which has been closely linked to popular conceptualisations of the qualities of the soldiers that fought during the campaign, which became embodied in the notion of an "Anzac spirit". The landing on 25 April is commemorated every year in both countries as "Anzac Day". The first iteration was celebrated unofficially in 1916, at churches in Melbourne, Brisbane and London, before being officially recognised as a public holiday in all Australian states in 1923. The day also became a national holiday in New Zealand in the 1920s. Organised marches by veterans

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: of artillery and ammunition, the Ottomans intended to rely on surprise and weight of numbers but on 18 May, the crews of a flight of British aircraft spotted the Ottoman preparations. The Ottomans suffered in the attack, of which were killed; Australian and New Zealand casualties were and . The dead included a stretcher bearer, John Simpson Kirkpatrick, whose efforts to evacuate wounded men on a donkey while under fire became famous amongst the Australians at Anzac; afterwards, his story becoming part of the Australian narrative of the campaign. Ottoman losses were so severe that a truce was organised by

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: with smashed wheels. As at Anzac, large amounts of supplies (including 15 British and six French unserviceable artillery pieces which were destroyed), gun carriages and ammunition were left behind; hundreds of horses were slaughtered to deny them to the Ottomans. A sailor was killed by debris from a magazine that exploded prematurely and a lighter and a picket boat were lost. Shortly after dawn, the Ottomans retook Helles. In the final days of the campaign, Ottoman air defences had been increased by a German–Ottoman fighter squadron, which began operations over the peninsula and inflicted the first British flying losses a

title: The Tale of Igor's Campaign

text: The Tale of Igor's Campaign The Tale of Igor's Campaign (Old East Slavic: , "Slovo o plŭku Igorevě") is an anonymous epic poem written in the Old East Slavic language. The title is occasionally translated as "The Tale of the Campaign of Igor", "The Song of Igor's Campaign", "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", "The Lay of the Host of Igor", and "The Lay of the Warfare Waged by Igor". The poem gives an account of a failed raid of Igor Svyatoslavich (d. 1202) against the Polovtsians of the Don River region. While some have disputed the authenticity of the poem,

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: the decline of the Ottoman Empire and its poor performance in Libya in 1911 and the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. Allied intelligence failed to adequately prepare for the campaign, in some cases relying on information gained from Egyptian travel guides. The troops for the assault were loaded on transports in the order they were to disembark, causing a long delay which meant that many troops, including the French at Mudros, were forced to detour to Alexandria to embark on the ships that would take them into battle. A five-week delay until the end of April ensued, during which

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: battleships and sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by the Ottoman minelayer "Nusret" ten days before and were also damaged. The losses forced de Robeck to sound the "general recall" to protect what remained of his force. During the planning of the campaign, naval losses had been anticipated and mainly obsolete battleships, unfit to face the German fleet, had been sent. Some of the senior naval officers like the commander of "Queen Elizabeth", Commodore Roger Keyes, felt that they had come close to victory, believing that the Ottoman guns had almost run out of ammunition but the

title: Gallipoli Campaign

text: or missing, including There were nearly during the campaign, with the British Official History listing losses including sick as and troops (with some Turkish (sic) sources referring to Ottoman casualties have been disputed and in 2001, Travers gave casualty figures of and ranks (battle and non-battle); included among this may be The New Zealand official history contained an estimate of battle casualties including Sanders estimated that the Ottomans had casualties, including and that returned to duty. Many soldiers became sick due to insanitary conditions, especially from typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea. The British Official History estimated that Empire soldiers and were