query: what is currency in panama?

title: Panama

text: in 2012 to promote foreign investment in tourism. Law 80 replaced an older Law 8 of 1994. Law 80 provides 100 percent exemption from income tax and real estate taxes for 15 years, duty-free imports for construction materials and equipment for five years, and a capital gains tax exemption for five years. The Panamanian currency is officially the balboa, fixed at a rate of 1:1 with the United States dollar since Panamanian independence in 1903. In practice, Panama is dollarized: US dollars are legal tender and used for all paper currency, while Panama has its own coinage. Because of the

title: Currency substitution

text: currency substitution happens when a country adopts a foreign currency as its sole legal tender, and ceases to issue the domestic currency. Another effect of a country adopting a foreign currency as its own is that the country gives up all power to vary its exchange rate. There are a small number of countries adopting a foreign currency as legal tender. Full currency substitution has mostly occurred in Latin America, the Caribbean and the Pacific, as many countries in those regions see the United States Dollar as a stable currency compared to the national one. For example, Panama underwent full

title: World currency

text: Currency). Some of the world's currencies are still pegged to the dollar. Some countries, such as Ecuador, El Salvador, and Panama, have gone even further and eliminated their own currency (see dollarization) in favor of the United States dollar. Only two serious challengers to the status of the United States dollar as a world currency have arisen. During the 1980s, the Japanese yen became increasingly used as an international currency, but that usage diminished with the Japanese recession in the 1990s. More recently, the euro has increasingly competed with the United States dollar in international finance. The euro inherited its

title: Hard currency

text: Fiat money as legal tender in a process known as dollarization. Examples include the adoption of the US dollar in Panama, Ecuador, El Salvador and Zimbabwe and the adoption of the German mark and later the euro in Kosovo and Montenegro. Hard currency Hard currency, safe-haven currency or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value. Factors contributing to a currency's "hard" status might include the long-term stability of its purchasing power, the associated country's political and fiscal condition and outlook, and the policy posture of the issuing central bank. Safe

title: Currency

text: Several countries can use the same name for their own separate currencies (for example, "dollar" in Australia, Canada and the United States). By contrast, several countries can also use the same currency (for example, the euro or the CFA franc), or one country can declare the currency of another country to be legal tender. For example, Panama and El Salvador have declared US currency to be legal tender, and from 1791 to 1857, Spanish silver coins were legal tender in the United States. At various times countries have either re-stamped foreign coins, or used currency board issuing one note of

title: Currency substitution

text: political and historical factors. In all long-standing currency substitution cases, historical and political reasons have been more influential than an evaluation of the economic effects of currency substitution. Panama adopted the US dollar as legal tender after independence as the result of a constitutional ruling. Ecuador and El Salvador became fully dollarized economies in 2000 and 2001 respectively, for different reasons. Ecuador underwent currency substitution to deal with a widespread political and financial crisis resulting from massive loss of confidence in its political and monetary institutions. By contrast, El Salvador's official currency substitution was a result of internal debates and

title: De facto currency

text: Dominican Republic where it is acceptable in many places, including airports to pay temporary visa fees for non-US/Dominican visits; Iraq, where United States commercial, governmental and military involvement due to the Iraq War and the Iraqi Dinar's low value has made the US dollar highly preferred; East Timor, Lebanon, El Salvador, Ecuador and Panama. The disputed territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia have the Russian ruble as their de facto currency. Due to hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in 2006 to 2008, the government of Zimbabwe has allowed circulation of foreign currency since September 2008 and local currency became obsolete since 12

title: Currency of Spanish America

text: Currency of Spanish America This article provides an outline of the currency of Spanish America ("las Indias", the Indies) from Spanish colonization in the 15th century until Spanish American independencies in the 19th. This great realm was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain (capital: Mexico City), which came to include all Spanish territory north of Panama, the West Indies, Venezuela, and the Philippines, and the Viceroyalty of Peru (capital: Lima), which included Panama and all Spanish territory in South America except Venezuela. The monetary system of Spanish America, originally identical to that of Spain, soon diverged and took on

title: Currency of Spanish America

title: Currency board

text: Helena continue to operate currency boards, backing their locally printed currency notes with pound sterling reserves. A gold standard is a special case of a currency board where the value of the national currency is linked to the value of gold instead of a foreign currency. For a precise definition of what constitutes a currency board, including past examples, see: Currency board A currency board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the exchange rate

title: Real estate in Panama

text: in Panama's Colon Free Zone. According to The Economist, "Panama's income distribution is among the least equal in the world." 2010 Panama's 29 banks were offering up to 98% financing for 30-year mortgages with preferential interest rates including free appraisals and commission waivers in 2010. The new residential and business park complex, Panama Pacifico, was expected to invest $345 million USD in the next five years. Panama's real estate market grew in 2010 due to increase in tourism, having U.S. Dollar currency, growing economy, good medical care, and low cost of living. Tourism grew by 6% and it was estimated

title: Islam in Panama

text: colonizers. They formed councils, and mosques in the areas now known as Darién Province, Bay of San Miguel, San Blas Islands and the area along the Bayano River, named after Bayano. Bayano gained truces with Panama's colonial governor, but the well known Commander Pedro de Ursúa successfully captured the guerrilla leader, who was sent to Peru and then Spain where he died. After Bayano's death, efforts were made to destroy any trace of Islam during that period in Panama. There is no history as what happened to the Muslims who remained in Panama. The second wave of Muslims were single-male

title: Panama scandals

text: Panama scandals The Panama scandals (also known as the Panama Canal Scandal or Panama Affair) was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to the building of the Panama Canal. Close to half a billion francs were lost when the French government took bribes to keep quiet about the Panama Canal Company's financial troubles in what is regarded as the largest monetary corruption scandal of the 19th century. On 4 February 1889, the "Tribunal Civil de la Seine" ordered the winding up of the Panama Canal Company in Paris. Work on the isthmus

title: Currency analytics

text: to forecasted cash flows and don’t allow hedging economic risk. Currency analytics allow companies to mitigate cash flow risk by uncovering accounting exposures to match the economic exposures so the company can hedge the accounting exposure as a proxy. Currency analytics enable what/if scenario analysis so companies can model how volatility in particular currencies could impact their revenue and expenses in the future. Currency analytics Companies that do business in more than one currency are exposed to exchange rate risk – that is, changes in the value of one currency versus another. Exchange rate risk (also known as foreign exchange

title: Panama scandals

text: at the same time. Although off by two years the Panama Scandals were the only scandals involving France and South America at this time period. Panama scandals The Panama scandals (also known as the Panama Canal Scandal or Panama Affair) was a corruption affair that broke out in the French Third Republic in 1892, linked to the building of the Panama Canal. Close to half a billion francs were lost when the French government took bribes to keep quiet about the Panama Canal Company's financial troubles in what is regarded as the largest monetary corruption scandal of the 19th century.

title: Digital gold currency

text: e-Bullion, resulting in the complete closure of the company. In June 2011 a California jury found Fayed guilty of murder and sentenced him to death. Pecunix was a gold based digital currency (or e-currency) in which accounts had balances in GAU (gold grams). Pecunix was founded by Simon "Sidd" Davis in 2002, and was registered and incorporated in Panama. All gold bullion was originally stored with Mat Securitas Express AG in Zürich, Switzerland, but in 2008 the Pecunix directors transferred the bullion to an undisclosed location. In a 2012 interview with DGCMagazine, Mr. Davis described the development of the Voucher-Safe

title: Trams in Panama

text: a contract with a Colombian company to build what would have been the first street railway in Panama City. That first company failed to complete the tramway line. The contract was then bought out by foreign investors, who formed the United Electric Tramways Company in London on 22 October 1892. On 1 October 1893, the service was inaugurated on a Panama City line that was built with English financing and Siemens electrical technology along Avenida Central. It was not the very first, but was among the first few electric tramway systems built in Latin America. The United Electric Tramway line

title: Currency union

text: Currency union A currency union (also known as monetary union) involves two or more states sharing the same currency without them necessarily having any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market). Three types of currency unions exist: The theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency. Note: Every customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union also has a currency union. Additionally the autonomous and dependent territories,

title: Marijuana Smoking in Panama

text: as opiates and cocaine" and military delinquencies due to its use were "negligible in number" compared to alcohol. The 1933 report has been cited by other reports and research including the Surgeon General's 1988 "Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction", the Department of Health, Education and Welfare's 1972 report to Congress, "Licit and Illicit Drugs" by Consumers Union (1972), medical studies on human appetite, and others. In 1964, Lowell Eggemeier's legal defense cited the 1933 government report, in the nation's first protest against what was called irrational drug control policy. Marijuana Smoking in Panama Marijuana Smoking in Panama is the

title: Currency Act

text: the debt from King William’s War. Other colonies quickly followed suit, and by 1715 ten of the thirteen had resorted to the issuance of paper currency. Economist Stanley Finkelstein highlights the advantage of paper currency, “that unless it is backed by specie it is cost free currency.” The paper currency depreciated quickly because the colonies printed more than what was taxed out of circulation. By 1740, Rhode Island bills of exchange were only four percent of face value and those of Massachusetts were eleven percent. The money supply was growing at a much faster rate than that of the overall

title: Agriculture in Panama

text: livestock products in Panama are beef, veal, chicken, and pork. Panama has the highest rate of chicken consumption per capita in Latin America. As of 1997, there were 1,362,000 head of cattle in Panama. That year, Panama slaughtered 320,803 head and exported 5,280 head. Panama only imported 40 head of breeding cattle during 1997. Panama exported $7.8 million of beef products in 1997 and imported $1.4 million. Average annual poultry slaughter is 41 million birds, which yield approximately 48,000 MT of poultry meat. Panama imported $2.2 million worth of poultry meat during 1997, while exporting $0.4 million. Panama imported over

title: Hinduism in Panama

text: Sathya Sai Baba Organization, and International Society of Transcendental Meditation are also present in Panama. Panama Hindu Temple is the only Hindu Temple in Panama, and stands on top of a hill in Tumba Muerto. Hinduism in Panama Hinduism in Panama is a minority religion. There are about 10,000-14,000 Hindus in Panama. The Hindus initially arrived by way of the British colonies of Guyana and Trinidad-Tobago, first came as canal workers between 1904 and 1913. Most of the Hindus trace their roots back to the states of Gujarat and Sindh, in India and Pakistan respectively. The main association of Hindus

title: Telecommunications in Panama

text: Telecommunications in Panama Telecommunications in Panama includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. The media of Panama has been highly influenced by that of the United States, since the construction of the Panama Canal. Radio broadcasting in Panama began in 1922, and television broadcasting in 1956. Panama's official broadcaster is the National Television of Panama, which was founded in 1961. NTP started Panama's first color television service in 1972. A famous military broadcast network, the Southern Command Network (SCN), broadcast in Panama until the United States withdrew from the canal in 1999. The broadcast media were under

title: Currency swap

text: who will pass it on to the American company so it can pay its U.S. bondholders. At maturity, the American company will pay £100 million to the swap bank who will pass it on to the British company so it can pay its British bondholders. It is well recognized that traditional "textbook" theory does not price cross currency (basis) swaps correctly, because it assumes the funding cost in each currency to be equal to its floating rate, thus always giving a zero cross currency spread. This is clearly contrary to what is observed in the market. In reality, market participants

title: Rugby union in Panama

text: Rugby union in Panama Rugby union in Panama is a minor, but growing sport. The governing body is the Union de Rugby de Panama, which is not affiliated to the IRB. It is uncertain when rugby was first introduced to Panama, but it may have been brought in by either Americans, or British and French sailors. In December 2006, Panama, represented now by an official rugby club named Diablos Rojos Rugby Club of Panama (D.R.R.C of Panama), played against the Law School Veterans team of Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Madrid, Spain) at Balboa Stadium, located in Ancon, Ciudad de Panama.

title: Currency-counting machine

text: Currency-counting machine A currency-counting machine is a machine that counts money—either stacks of banknotes or loose collections of coins. Counters may be purely mechanical or use electronic components. The machines typically provide a total count of all money, or count off specific batch sizes for wrapping and storage. Currency counters are commonly used in vending machines to determine what amount of money has been deposited by customers. In some modern automated teller machines, currency counters allow for cash deposits without envelopes, since they can identify which bills have been inserted instead of just how many. The user is given the

title: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy

text: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third, consciousness is a transient quality, not a permanent quality. By itself, the soul is without consciousness; consciousness is produced in the soul only when it is conjoined with certain other entities. Hiriyanna,

title: Transport in Panama

text: Transport in Panama Transport in Panama is fairly well developed. The majority of the trips are done by car while a great part in public transport. The public transportation system is in need of modernization and other improvements. There are 355 km of railway track in Panama: Highways are well developed for Central American standards. In Panama there are 4 expressways working, all of them requiring toll payment: Furthermore, the Pan-American highway, has been upgraded to a 4-lane, dual carriageway highway on its stretch from Panama City to Santiago de Veraguas, counting for 248 km of freeway. Also, a small

title: Crime in Panama

text: issued to the legal guardians if the youth is apprehended for the first time. Curfews consist of special strategic checkpoints around the main streets in Panama. Each person inside a vehicle must carry an identification card or be accompanied by their legal guardians. Authorities have helped slowly decrease the amount of unattended youth loitering around the streets. Most thefts and kidnappings are carried out by minors. Crime in Panama Crime in Panama is investigated by the Panamanian police. In 2012, Panama had a murder rate of 17.2 per 100,000 population. There were a total of 654 murders in Panama in

title: Religion in Panama

text: Religion in Panama Christianity is the main religion in Panama. The government of Panama does not collect statistics on the religious affiliation of citizens, but various sources estimate that 55 to 85 percent of the population identifies itself as Roman Catholic, 69.7 percent in a 2017 report, and 15 to 25 percent as evangelical Protestant. The Bahá'í Faith community of Panama is estimated at 2.00% of the national population, or about 60,000 including about 10% of the Guaymí population; the Bahá'ís maintain one of the world's eight Baha'i Houses of Worship in Panama. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day

text: commenting on this point, notes: Hiriyanna expresses his perplexity in reviewing the Nyaya-Vaisesika view of consciousness, and then comes out with a comment equating this view with the Charvaka view of consciousness: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third,

title: Currency

text: a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store. Trade could only reach as far as the credibility of that military. By the late Bronze Age, however, a series of treaties had established safe passage for merchants around the Eastern Mediterranean, spreading from Minoan Crete and Mycenae in the northwest to Elam and Bahrain in the southeast. It is not known what was used as a currency for these exchanges, but it is thought that ox-hide shaped ingots of copper, produced in Cyprus, may have functioned as a currency. It is thought that the

title: Rugby union in Panama

text: & B sides participated in the First Central American Rugby cup. The other competing teams were Panama and Guatemala. Costa Rica A came first in this tournament, Panama 2nd, Guatemala 3rd, and Costa Rica B 4th. Rugby union in Panama Rugby union in Panama is a minor, but growing sport. The governing body is the Union de Rugby de Panama, which is not affiliated to the IRB. It is uncertain when rugby was first introduced to Panama, but it may have been brought in by either Americans, or British and French sailors. In December 2006, Panama, represented now by an

title: Digital currency

text: addition, over 90 central banks are engaged in DLT discussions, including implications of a central bank issued digital currency. In March 2018, the Marshall Islands became the first country to issue their own cryptocurrency and certify it as legal tender; the currency is called the "sovereign". Canada The Bank of Canada have explored the possibility of creating a version of its currency on the blockchain. The Bank of Canada teamed up with the nation’s five largest banks — and the blockchain consulting firm R3 — for what was known as Project Jasper. In a simulation run in 2016, the central

title: Liberalism in Panama

text: Liberalism in Panama This article gives an overview of liberalism in Panama. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party. Liberalism in Panama derived from liberalism in Colombia. The liberal current is one of the main political currents in Panama. The National Liberal Party ("Partido Liberal Nacional"), observer LI) is a right of center liberal party, as is the Nationalist Republican

title: Hinduism in Panama

text: Hinduism in Panama Hinduism in Panama is a minority religion. There are about 10,000-14,000 Hindus in Panama. The Hindus initially arrived by way of the British colonies of Guyana and Trinidad-Tobago, first came as canal workers between 1904 and 1913. Most of the Hindus trace their roots back to the states of Gujarat and Sindh, in India and Pakistan respectively. The main association of Hindus in Panama are the Panamanian Hindu Civic Association, the Krishna Radha Temple Society, the Hindustani Society of Panama (Templo Hindu de Tumba Muerto), the Hindustani Society of Colón.The International Society for Krishna Consciousness, International Sri

title: Education in Panama

text: Education in Panama Education in Panama is compulsory for the first seven years of primary education and the three years of middle school. As of the 2004/2005 school year there were about 430,000 students enrolled in grades one through six (95% attendance). The total enrollment in the six secondary grades for the same period was 253,900 (60% attendance). More than 91% of Panamanians are literate. As of 2004, more than 92,500 Panamanian students attended the University of Panama, the Technological University of Panama, West Coast University – Panama, Polytechnic University of Central America and the University of Santa Maria La

title: Agriculture in Panama

text: Chiriqui Land Company, which operates under the brand name Chiquita, is one of the largest landowners in Panama, as well as the main banana exporter. Other major foreign agricultural companies include Del Monte Corporation and Dole Foods. Agriculture in Panama Agriculture in Panama is an important sector of the Panamanian economy. Major agricultural products include bananas, cocoa beans, coffee, coconuts, timber, beef, chicken, shrimp, corn, potatoes, rice, soybeans, and sugar cane. In 2009 agriculture and fisheries made up 7.4% of Panama's GDP. Panama is a net food importer and the U.S. is its main supplier. Agriculture employs a large number

title: Healthcare in Panama

text: See also List of hospitals in Panama. Prices are significantly cheaper than in the United States or other highly developed nations, but in comparison to the average Panamanian wage is proportionally equal. Some doctors are highly trained in the United States but few are board-certified. However, many are trained in high quality medical schools in Spain, Mexico, Panama, and a few in Cuba. Healthcare in Panama Healthcare in Panama is provided through a system through the government and a private sector. The public sector is funded through the Ministerio de Salud, (MINSA) and the Social Security Fund (Caja de Seguro

title: Liberalism in Panama

text: Liberal Movement ("Partido Movimiento Liberal Republicano Nacionalista"). Liberalism in Panama This article gives an overview of liberalism in Panama. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it isn't necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party. Liberalism in Panama derived from liberalism in Colombia. The liberal current is one of the main political currents in Panama. The National Liberal Party ("Partido Liberal Nacional"), observer LI) is a right of center

title: Italians in Panama

text: Italians in Panama The Italians in Panama are Italians resident (3,688 in 2011) in Panama and Panamanian citizens who are mainly descendant of Italians attracted by the construction of the Panama Canal, between the 19th and twentieth century. The history of Italian immigrants in Panama begins from 1510, when several Italian citizens decided to emigrate to Panama City founded by Pedrarias Davila. From 1520 some Genovese merchants ruled the commerce of Old Panama (Panamá Viejo) on the Pacific Ocean for a century. Between 1596 and 1597 already there were 11 Italians in Panama, for naturalization and the right to stay

title: Agriculture in Panama

text: Agriculture in Panama Agriculture in Panama is an important sector of the Panamanian economy. Major agricultural products include bananas, cocoa beans, coffee, coconuts, timber, beef, chicken, shrimp, corn, potatoes, rice, soybeans, and sugar cane. In 2009 agriculture and fisheries made up 7.4% of Panama's GDP. Panama is a net food importer and the U.S. is its main supplier. Agriculture employs a large number of Panamanians (in relation to agriculture's percentage of Panamanian GDP) because many farmers are engaged in subsistence farming. Major agricultural products in Panama include bananas and other fruit, corn, sugar, rice, coffee, shrimp, timber, vegetables, livestock. As

title: Catholic Church in Panama

text: Catholic Church in Panama The Catholic Church in Panama is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Panama Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Pope in Rome. There are around 2.59 million Catholics in Panama, representing 69.7% of the population and the country is divided into six dioceses, including one archdiocese. In addition, there is a Territorial Prelature and an Apostolic Vicariate. The Diocese of Panama is thought to be the oldest in the Americas. It was set up in 1514, with the arrival of Franciscan missionaries. The Catholic Church in Panama has favoured status,

title: Rail transport in Panama

text: United States government handed over control of the Canal Zone and railway to the government of Panama. On 19 June 1998, the government of Panama turned over control to the private Panama Canal Railway Company ("PCRC"). The Panama Railway was originally broad gauge broad gauge, but when it was rebuilt in 2000, the gauge was changed to standard gauge . The route is long across the Isthmus of Panama from Colón (Atlantic) to Balboa (Pacific, near Panama City). As of 2015, Panama Canal Railway Company runs both passenger and freight trains between Panama City and Colón. Passenger service consists of

title: Tourism in Panama

text: tourist spending in Central America, while the average tourist in Panama stays for between 6 and 7 days. In 2011, Panama was visited by more than 2 million tourists, an increase of 18% compared to 2010. "The New York Times Magazine" placed Panama as the best place to visit in 2012 as the country's economy is working well, with Panama having regained the control of the Canal 12 years ago. For the daily the hallmark of the country is the inter-oceanic way and its extension, which must end in 2014, with an investment of billions of dollars. This also include

title: Prostitution in Panama

text: knowingly being HIV positive. Panama is listed as a Tier 2 country by the US Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Panama is a source, transit, and destination country for men and women subjected to sex trafficking. Child victims of trafficking are typically Panamanian nationals subjected to commercial sex acts inside Panama. Panamanian women are subjected to sex trafficking in other countries, including The Bahamas and Guyana. In Panama, most identified trafficking victims are foreign adults exploited in sex trafficking, especially women from Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Nicaragua. In 2016,

title: Women in Panama

text: Women in Panama Women in Panama are the women who live in or are from Panama. Panamanian women, by tradition, are Hispanic and they are treated as equal to men, accorded with "deference and respect". Young women in Panama, particularly those who are single, are regarded as persons with "very high symbolic status", including giving them roles as Carnaval Queens. One particular example of this type of reverence of female adolescents is the celebration of the "inna suid" by the Kuna Indians, which is a three-day celebration of the adolescent girls' coming of age. Some Panamanian women occupy high positions

title: Religion in Panama

text: or discrimination based on religious belief or practice in 2007. Religion in Panama Christianity is the main religion in Panama. The government of Panama does not collect statistics on the religious affiliation of citizens, but various sources estimate that 55 to 85 percent of the population identifies itself as Roman Catholic, 69.7 percent in a 2017 report, and 15 to 25 percent as evangelical Protestant. The Bahá'í Faith community of Panama is estimated at 2.00% of the national population, or about 60,000 including about 10% of the Guaymí population; the Bahá'ís maintain one of the world's eight Baha'i Houses of

title: Currency

text: relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are defined by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance. Other definitions of the term "currency" are discussed in their respective synonymous articles banknote, coin, and money. The latter definition, pertaining to the currency systems of nations, is the topic of this article. Currencies can be classified into two monetary systems: fiat money and commodity money, depending on what guarantees the value (the economy at large vs. the government's physical metal reserves). Some currencies are legal tender in certain political jurisdictions. Others are simply traded for their economic

title: Italians in Panama

text: now richer than most Latin Americans." Indeed, Martinelli -during his five-year presidential mandate- promoted a huge urban development of Panama city, with the construction of some of the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America. Another Italo-panamanian, Alberto Motta, has successfully created companies in Panama and with a "Fundacion" is helping the poorest Panamanians. Actually there it is an agreement/treaty between the Italian and Panamanian governments, that facilitates since 1966 the Italian immigration to Panama for investments In 2017 the Italians residents are nearly 3900, while about 10% of Panama inhabitants are white (of whom nearly one fourth are descendants of Italians).

title: Agriculture in Panama

text: year, as Panama has gradually shifted its trade policies to more open markets, local importers have started bringing in increasing quantities of produce, particularly from the United States. Panama has been a traditional importer of lentils, dry beans and kidney beans. There is some domestic kidney bean production that supplies much of the market when international prices climb and compete for the market the rest of the time. There is no lentil production in Panama and no demand for black beans. Panama has significant stocks of timber, mainly mahogany. There are also 61,000 hectares of planted forests, mainly teak and

title: Trams in Panama

text: Trams in Panama Trams in Panama began with an electric tramway in Panama City in 1893 and remained in service, with interruptions, until 1941. Passenger rail transport in Panama dates back to the 1850s, when the first transisthmian railroad line across Panama was beginning to be built to supply an alternate route to California in search of gold and wealth. The Panama Railroad was operating between Colón and Panama City by 1855. An attempt to build a battery operated tram network in Colón in 1910 was not successful. On 16 May 1889, the Ministry of Public Works in Bogotá let

title: Trams in Panama

text: French consulting firm on the feasibility of building a new two-line light rail transit system in the city. But in 2010, the government of Panama announced it planned to proceed with the construction of the new Panama Metro in Panama City instead. Unlike a tramway or a light rail line, a metro uses fully grade separated tracks as opposed to the street running of a tramway. The Panama Metro opened for operation in April 2014. Trams in Panama Trams in Panama began with an electric tramway in Panama City in 1893 and remained in service, with interruptions, until 1941. Passenger

title: Italians in Panama

text: In other words: of the total population of Panama that was of about 4 millions in that year, approximately 400,000 are white and the descendants of Italians are nearly 100,000. Italians in Panama The Italians in Panama are Italians resident (3,688 in 2011) in Panama and Panamanian citizens who are mainly descendant of Italians attracted by the construction of the Panama Canal, between the 19th and twentieth century. The history of Italian immigrants in Panama begins from 1510, when several Italian citizens decided to emigrate to Panama City founded by Pedrarias Davila. From 1520 some Genovese merchants ruled the commerce

title: Catholic Church in Panama

text: though all religions are free. Catholic Church in Panama The Catholic Church in Panama is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Panama Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Pope in Rome. There are around 2.59 million Catholics in Panama, representing 69.7% of the population and the country is divided into six dioceses, including one archdiocese. In addition, there is a Territorial Prelature and an Apostolic Vicariate. The Diocese of Panama is thought to be the oldest in the Americas. It was set up in 1514, with the arrival of Franciscan missionaries. The Catholic Church

title: Education in Panama

text: Antigua, a private Catholic institution. Including smaller colleges, there are 88 institutions of higher education in Panama. Public education began in Panama soon after separating from Colombia in 1903. In 1906 the Panama College was found by Methodists. Nowadays it is called the Panamerican Institute, one of the best private colleges in Panama. The first efforts were guided by a paternalistic view of the goals of education, as evidenced in comments made in a 1913 meeting of the First Panamanian Educational Assembly: "The cultural heritage given to the child should be determined by the social position he will or should

title: Crime in Panama

text: Crime in Panama Crime in Panama is investigated by the Panamanian police. In 2012, Panama had a murder rate of 17.2 per 100,000 population. There were a total of 654 murders in Panama in 2012. Panamanian authorities conducted a study which indicates that almost 90 percent of express kidnappings are unreported due to the threat that thieves impose on the victim and relatives of the victim. The procedure of express kidnapping consist of abducting the victim and taking possession of valuables such as cellphones, watches, credit cards, cash and jewelry. Besides taking all of the victim's valuables, the kidnappers make

title: Education in Panama

text: 24 years were in institutions of higher education. Currently Panama has an overall literacy rate of more than 94%. Education in Panama Education in Panama is compulsory for the first seven years of primary education and the three years of middle school. As of the 2004/2005 school year there were about 430,000 students enrolled in grades one through six (95% attendance). The total enrollment in the six secondary grades for the same period was 253,900 (60% attendance). More than 91% of Panamanians are literate. As of 2004, more than 92,500 Panamanian students attended the University of Panama, the Technological University

title: Trams in Panama

text: new Panama Tramways Company on 9 November 1911. The Panama Tramways Company was incorporated in New Jersey, and began building a new tramway line in 1912. The new narrow gauge line opened for service on 1 August 1913, one year before the opening of the Panama Canal. In 1914 the Panama Tramways Company was reorganized as the Panama Electric Company and the latter company was acquired by the Electric Bond and Share Company (Ebasco) on 27 September 1917. At the time, Ebasco was a holding company subsidiary of General Electric. In 1916 an author noted that Panama City: Tramway service

title: Agriculture in Panama

text: $900,000 eggs for incubation during 1997, mainly from the United States. The poultry industry continues growing at a strong pace, covering local demand and allowing exports to Central America and the Caribbean. Panama depends on imported corn to feed its flocks and thereby the competitiveness of its poultry production is dependent on the world price of feed grains. In 1997, Panama exported mainly to Curazao and a smaller quantity to San Andres (Colombia). The total, including whole, parts, and offal, amounted to approximately $418,000. Panama exported $3,089 worth of turkeys to Curazao. Panama produces approximately 500,000 commercial eggs per day.

title: Coffee production in Panama

text: Coffee production in Panama Coffee production in Panama was occurring in the Boquete Valley by the early 20th century, although coffee was growing wild all over the Pacific coast region of Panama by this time, when production did not match domestic consumption. The International Coffee Organization (ICO) has grouped mild "arabica" as the variety of coffee that is grown in Panama. The best quality of coffee in Panama is grown in Boquete. In the "Coffee Review" of 2008, two Panamanian coffees have received higher rating and fetched record prices than the coffee from Costa Rica. The coffee varieties grown are

title: Charlie Chan in Panama

text: Charlie Chan in Panama Charlie Chan in Panama is a 1940 mystery film starring Sidney Toler. It is an unaccredited remake of Jacques Deval's novel "Marie Galante", produced by 20th Century Fox in 1934, directed by Henry King. Charlie Chan must stop a spy from destroying the Panama Canal, trapping a Navy fleet on its way to the Pacific after maneuvers in the Atlantic. As the U.S. fleet prepares to navigate the waters of the Panama Canal, Panama City becomes rife with spies. A new group of suspects appears with the arrival of a sea plane bound for Balboa. Among

title: Panama City Panama Temple

text: Panama City Panama Temple The Panama City Panama Temple is the 127th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It was announced in 2002 and was dedicated on August 10, 2008 by church president Thomas S. Monson. Located in Cárdenas, a suburb of Panama City, it is the first church temple in Panama. The plans to build a temple in Panama City were announced by the LDS Church on August 23, 2002. Ground was broken and the site was dedicated on October 30, 2005, by Spencer V. Jones, a member of the church's Second

title: Currency Act

text: than what was taxed out of circulation, the currency depreciated in relation to the British pound sterling. The resultant inflation was harmful to merchants in Great Britain, who were forced to accept the depreciated currency from colonists for payment of debts. The Act limited the future issue of bills of credit to certain circumstances. It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts (i.e. paying taxes), but disallowed their use for private debts (e.g. for paying merchants). The Currency Act 1764 (4 Geo. III c. 34) extended the 1751 Act to all of the British

title: Transport in Panama

text: driving habits, poorly maintained streets, and a lack of effective signs and traffic signals. On roads where poor lighting and driving conditions prevail, night driving is difficult. Night driving is particularly hazardous on the old Panama City – Colon highway. Buses and taxis are not always maintained in a safe operating condition due to lack of regulatory enforcement. Since 2007, auto insurance is mandatory in Panama. Traffic in Panama moves on the right, and Panamanian law requires that drivers and passengers wear seat belts. Flooding during the April to December rainy season occasionally makes city streets impassable and washes out

title: Telecommunications in Panama

text: numerous searches were approved during 2012. The law also sets forth requirements for conducting wiretap surveillance. It denies prosecutors authority to order wiretaps on their own and requires judicial oversight. During the year several citizens claimed to have been wiretapping targets after making statements critical of the government. Telecommunications in Panama Telecommunications in Panama includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. The media of Panama has been highly influenced by that of the United States, since the construction of the Panama Canal. Radio broadcasting in Panama began in 1922, and television broadcasting in 1956. Panama's official broadcaster

title: Islam in Panama

text: a Muslim cemetery. As of March 1997, there were four mosques Panama. Islam in Panama According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, there are 24,000 Muslims in Panama who constitute 0.7 percent of the population. The first Muslims in Panama were Mandinka slaves, brought by the Spaniards to work the gold mines in 1552. The Mandinka were mainly animist and Muslims at that time, and their importation was prohibited by Spanish Laws but was violated nonetheless. A group of about 500 that arrived on the Atlantic coast of Panama in 1552, escaped from a sinking ship. They elected a

title: Tourism in Panama

text: the construction of the Waldorf Astoria Panama, the first Waldorf Astoria hotel in Latin America, which opened in March 2013; Trump Ocean Club, which opened in 2010, and BioMuseo, a center of natural history that is expected to open in early 2013, the old part of the city, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997, and the archipelago of Bocas del Toro, which is used by backpackers. Tourism in Panama Tourism represents one of the main activities of Panama. The main areas of tourism in the country focus on business tourism, beaches, and trade. Most of the tourists come from

title: Women in Panama

text: partner). But unlike other countries in the region, births outside of marriage have been the majority for decades: in the 1970s only 30,4% of children were born inside of marriage. The total fertility rate (TFR) is 2.38/children born per woman (as of 2014). Domestic violence is a problem in the country. Panama enacted "Ley No.38 del 2001" against domestic violence. In 2013, the country enacted Law 82 - Typifying Femicide and Violence Against Women ("Ley 82 - Tipifica el Femicidio y la Violencia contra las Mujeres") a comprehensive law against violence against women. Women in Panama Women in Panama are

title: Prostitution in Panama

text: Prostitution in Panama Prostitution in Panama is legal and regulated. Prostitutes are required to register and carry identification cards. However, the majority of prostitutes are not registered. 2,650 sex workers were registered with the government in 2008, but there was no accurate information regarding the total number of persons practising prostitution in the country. Some estimate put the number of unregistered prostitutes at 4,000. The main area of prostitution in Panama City is El Cangrejo. Street prostitution also occurs on Avenida Mexico, Central Avenue and Avenida Perú, There are many foreign prostitutes in the country, especially from Cuba and Colombia

title: Healthcare in Panama

text: from 1949. The law entitles retirees to a 20-25% discount on medical services. A medical franchise, MiniMed, started in 2011 and has seven walk-in primary care facilities. Emergency medical services are primarily in Panama City where 911 service is available. Outside Panama City and David, they drop off dramatically. Boquete, Chiriquí has limited capability despite a large ex-pat population. In the indigenous comarcas MINSA is the only provider and there are very limited hospital facilities. From 2009 to 2014 a medical city, Ciudad Hospitalaria in Panama City, a network of smaller health care facilities and five regional hospitals were initiated:

title: Prostitution in Panama

text: (Panama was part of Columbia until 1903). To work as a prostitute, foreign prostitutes need an "alternadora" visa. As this is stamped into their passport, many work unofficially on tourist visas to avoid effectively having "prostitute" stamped in their passport. Working without the correct visa and being unregistered is an administrative offence not a criminal offence and usually punished with a small fine if caught. Unregisted prostitutes can still access health servives at clinics such as the one in Santa Ana, Panama City. During the construction of the Panama Canal (1904-1914), many prostitutes came to the canal zone to service

title: Bahá'í Faith in Panama

text: registration was completed in June 2007. Further accreditation is being sought as a university program in 2008 but already has had students taking college work, among them commercial artist Jessica Mizrachi Diaz. The World Council of Churches estimates the Bahá'í population at 2.00%, or about 60,000 in 2006. The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were some 41000 Bahá'ís in 2005. It is the largest religious minority in Panama. There is an estimate of some 8,000 Guaymi Bahá'is, about 10% of the population of Guaymi in Panama. Bahá'í Faith in Panama The history of the Bahá'í Faith in Panama

title: Currency pair

text: Currency pair A currency pair is the quotation of the relative value of a currency unit against the unit of another currency in the foreign exchange market. The currency that is used as the reference is called the counter currency, quote currency or currency and the currency that is quoted in relation is called the base currency or transaction currency. Currency pairs are generally written by concatenating the ISO currency codes (ISO 4217) of the base currency and the counter currency, and then separating the two codes with a slash. Alternatively the slash may be omitted, or replaced by either

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: Medical education in Panama

text: have a Premedical Degree in an approved University. A 4 year Bachelor’s degree is required. Medical education in Panama Medical education in Panama is principally offered and developed by accredited and government recognized medical schools in the country. There are 5 medical schools in Panama, typically offering the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degrees. In Panama medical programs are divided into two types: undergraduate entry and graduate entry. Undergraduate entry degrees are typically 6 years in duration and commonly tend to draw students entering directly from high school; while graduate entry degrees are typically 4 years in length, and draw

title: Rail transport in Panama

text: with other railways to the United States and Canada, but as at 2010 appears to have been abandoned. Contracts were awarded in 2010 for line 1 of the Panama Metro in Panama City, with 14 stations. Service began in April 2014, and a second line is under construction and due to open at the end of 2018. The government of Panama and China Tiesiju Civil Engineering Group are working to have a new high-speed railway between Panama City and David constructed, following the formalization of Panamanian-Chinese relations since June 2017. A design is planned to be ready in the second

title: Law enforcement in Panama

text: are released to their legal guardians. A fine around $50.00 is issued to the legal guardians if the youth is apprehended for the first time. Curfews consist of special strategic checkpoints around the main streets in Panama. Each person inside a vehicle must carry their identification cards or be accompanied by their legal guardians. Authorities have helped slowly decrease the amount of unattended youths loitering around the streets. Most thefts and kidnappings are carried out by minors. Law enforcement in Panama Panama abolished its army in 1990, confirmed by a unanimous vote by the National Assembly of Panama for constitutional

title: Copyright law of Panama

text: moment it passed its legislation, and not subject to any significant public debate. The activists have criticized the US government for giving in to the entertainment industry by putting pressure on Panama and other Latin American countries, forcing them to adopt what they see as less progressive copyright bills, infringing on free speech in detriment to the public interest. Copyright law of Panama The copyright law of Panama is primarily based on 1994 legislation, known as Law 15. The history of Panamanian intellectual property legislation dates to the 19th century. Only recently has copyright in Panama became seriously enforced, with

title: Bahá'í Faith in Panama

text: Bahá'í Faith in Panama The history of the Bahá'í Faith in Panama begins with a mention by `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the Bahá'í Faith, in the book "Tablets of the Divine Plan", published in 1919; the same year, Martha Root made a trip around South America and included Panama on the return leg of the trip up the west coast. The first pioneers began to settle in Panama in 1940. The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Panama, in Panama City, was elected in 1946, and the National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961. The Bahá'ís of Panama raised

title: Mexicans in Panama

text: of his country. He lived in Santiago de Chile (1941–1943) and Buenos Aires where he was influenced by notable personalities in American cultural sphere. Legendary Panamanian boxer Roberto Duran is also of Mexican descent; his father, Margarito Duran, being a Mexican-American soldier from Arizona, United States. Mexicans in Panama Mexican Panamanians are people born in Mexico who live in Panama. Carlos Fuentes was born of Mexican parents in Panama, on November 11, 1928 and died at age of 83 in Mexico City, on May 15, 2012. His father was a diplomat, and he spent his childhood in various capitals of

title: Real estate in Panama

text: growth with visible prosperity in Panama City, but Panama still suffered from widespread poverty. While Panama prospered over the last 10 years, the benefits were not shared by all where the country's welfare still needed to be lifted. 2015 In 2015, international investors were said to fuel Panama City's real estate growth. Foreign investments in Panama of $1.7 billion in the first quarter of 2015 increased by 32% over the same period in 2014 according to the National Institute of Statistics and Census. Panama City's real estate market was experiencing substantial rising sales and prices. Like Miami, Panama City relied

title: Rail transport in Panama

text: half of 2018. Rail transport in Panama Since 2008, the only functioning railroad in Panama has been the Panama Canal Railway, operated by the Panama Canal Railway Company, successor of Panama Railway, which provides passenger and freight service between Panama City (on the Pacific coast) and Colón (on the Atlantic coast). Historically, there were also narrow gauge railroads in Chiriquí Province (Ferrocarril de Chiriquí), which were been abandoned in the late 20th century. During the first half of the 19th century, travel across the Isthmus of Panama was difficult and dangerous. The need for a more reliable interoceanic communication grew

title: Rail transport in Panama

text: Rail transport in Panama Since 2008, the only functioning railroad in Panama has been the Panama Canal Railway, operated by the Panama Canal Railway Company, successor of Panama Railway, which provides passenger and freight service between Panama City (on the Pacific coast) and Colón (on the Atlantic coast). Historically, there were also narrow gauge railroads in Chiriquí Province (Ferrocarril de Chiriquí), which were been abandoned in the late 20th century. During the first half of the 19th century, travel across the Isthmus of Panama was difficult and dangerous. The need for a more reliable interoceanic communication grew stronger after the

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: Crime in Panama

text: 1960s Panama’s involvement with drug trade was its production of cannabis, but by the 1980s it became one of the transit points for the drug trafficking of cocaine from South America to the United States thanks to its shared border with Columbia. Robberies prevalent in Panama include armed robberies and muggings. Domestic violence in Panama is a serious problem and remains underreported. Domestic violence, including spousal rape, psychological, physical, and economic abuse, are criminalized. Panama enacted "Ley No.38 del 2001" against domestic violence. In 2013, the country enacted Law 82 - Typifying Femicide and Violence Against Women ("Ley 82 -

title: Panama City Panama Temple

text: it has been dedicated only members of the church in good standing can enter. The temple's dedication was held on August 10, 2008 in four sessions. Prior to the dedication, a cultural celebration was held including performances by Panamanian youth members of the church. Panama City Panama Temple The Panama City Panama Temple is the 127th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It was announced in 2002 and was dedicated on August 10, 2008 by church president Thomas S. Monson. Located in Cárdenas, a suburb of Panama City, it is the first church

title: Currency substitution

text: currency substitution by adopting the US dollar as legal tender in 1904. This type of currency substitution is also known as de jure currency substitution. Currency substitution can be used semiofficially (or officially bimonetary systems), where the foreign currency is legal tender alongside the domestic currency. In literature, there is a set of related definitions of currency substitution such as external liability currency substitution, domestic liability currency substitution, banking sector's liability currency substitution or deposit currency substitution, and credit dollarlization. External liability currency substitution measures total external debt (private and public) denominated in foreign currencies of the economy. Deposit currency

title: International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency

text: International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency The International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency () is a 1929 League of Nations treaty whereby states agree to criminalise acts of currency counterfeiting. It remains the principal international agreement on currency counterfeiting. States that ratify the Convention agree to criminalise the creation, use, and exportation or importation of counterfeit currency. Under the agreement, no distinction is to be made as to what currency is the subject of the crime. Under the treaty, currency counterfeiting is an extraditable offence. States also agree to establish a central office that will forward

title: Islam in Panama

text: Islam in Panama According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, there are 24,000 Muslims in Panama who constitute 0.7 percent of the population. The first Muslims in Panama were Mandinka slaves, brought by the Spaniards to work the gold mines in 1552. The Mandinka were mainly animist and Muslims at that time, and their importation was prohibited by Spanish Laws but was violated nonetheless. A group of about 500 that arrived on the Atlantic coast of Panama in 1552, escaped from a sinking ship. They elected a man called Bayano (Vaino) as their leader in the fight against the

title: Tourism in Panama

text: Tourism in Panama Tourism represents one of the main activities of Panama. The main areas of tourism in the country focus on business tourism, beaches, and trade. Most of the tourists come from United States, Canada, Europe, Central America, and South America. Annual tourism generates profits of approximately 1,400 million USD. This figure has increased rapidly since the "million tourist" arrived in 2004. 2011 saw the arrival of 2 million tourists. Panama was in 2013 visited by about 1,527,228 tourists at the airport of Tocumen. In Panama a tourist, on average, spends 365-385 USD per day, the highest per capita

title: Indians in Panama

text: Indians in Panama There are an estimated 15,000 people of Indian origin in Panama. They are employed in the shipping industry while others are mainly engaged in commerce. A majority are Hindu with a substantial Muslim and Sikh minority; and they maintain Hindu temples, Gurdwaras and mosques in Panama City and Colón. Panama's Indian community originates from Punjab, Gujarat, and Sindh (now a part of Pakistan). The first significant immigration was during the US phase of the building of the Panama Canal, and were primarily from the Caribbean (islands and British Guiana, now Guyana) under British rule. Many of the

title: Italians in Panama

text: route for the construction of the Canal and in his studies recommended the route of the isthmus of Panama over the routes suggested by the isthmus of Tehuantepec and Nicaragua. During the isthmus canal project and construction continued to arrive eminent Italians from scientists, artists, priests and merchants, to craftsmen and laborers. They founded families whose descendants were quickly integrated the dynamic process of formation of the Panamanian nationality. One was elected President of Panama in 1949 and 1960: Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón (March 2, 1905 in Panama City – March 1, 1981) was the President of Panama in 1949

title: Trams in Panama

text: Republic of Panama declared its separation from Colombia, having previously been the Isthmus Department of Colombia. In 1904 the United States took over operations of the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama and expanded the effort, eventually completing the Panama Canal. While canal construction was underway, on 29 October 1906 the new Panamanian government let a contract for a new tramway in Panama City. The initial attempt to build the new line failed and the contract was put up for bid once more. The contract was taken up by a person working for the United Fruit Company, who formed a

title: Medical education in Panama

text: Medical education in Panama Medical education in Panama is principally offered and developed by accredited and government recognized medical schools in the country. There are 5 medical schools in Panama, typically offering the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degrees. In Panama medical programs are divided into two types: undergraduate entry and graduate entry. Undergraduate entry degrees are typically 6 years in duration and commonly tend to draw students entering directly from high school; while graduate entry degrees are typically 4 years in length, and draw a university graduate with a current 4 years Bachelor's degree required for entry. These entries

title: Real estate in Panama

text: democratic republic with a multi-party system. Since the Panama Canal opened in 1914, The Economy of Panama has depended on banking, transportation, and the service industry. According to a 2012 report by the U.S. State Department, Panama is open to foreign investment with a generally positive investment climate and "sterling economic success" enjoying high economic growth with expected continuing "strong growth in the years ahead". The World Bank reported Panama has experienced the fastest economic growth in Latin America for the past ten years. In spite of its growing economy, nearly 25% of Panama's population lives in poverty in 2015.

title: Marijuana Smoking in Panama

text: Marijuana Smoking in Panama Marijuana Smoking in Panama is the title of a 1933 report created by United States Army Medical Corps Colonel Joseph Franklin Siler (J.F. Siler) for the Commanding General of the Army's Panama Canal Department concerning cannabis (marijuana) use by U.S. military members. Use at that time in the Panama Canal Zone, then a U.S. territory, was a concern for military discipline and health. The report has been called "one of the earliest semi-experimental studies" of cannabis. The report on Siler's research, going back to 1925, found that cannabis was "not habit forming in the same way

title: Real estate in Panama

text: (ACOBIR) and then apply to be a member of the National Association of Realtors (NAR). Law governing real estate brokers in English Here is a link to the translation from Spanish to English of The Law Governing Real Estate Agents in Panama: http://www.panama-guide.com/article.php/20070303100422247 Multiple listing service in Panama Not until 2014 did Panama start its first Multiple Listing Service (MLS) for real estate offices and agents to share their listings with each other and to have a system for sharing a commission (remuneration) when sales occur. The MLS was created by the Panama Association of Brokers and Real Estate Developers

title: Panama City Panama Temple

text: Quorum of the Seventy and the president of the church's Central America Area. On May 4, 2007, a statue of the angel Moroni was added to the temple's spire. The temple is adjacent to the LDS Church's Cárdenas Ward meetinghouse, close to the Panama Canal. The Panama City Panama Temple serves Latter-day Saints in all of Panama. There are 39,000 Latter-day Saints in Panama in seven stakes and eight mission districts. The open house for the temple began on the July 11 and ended on July 26, 2008. During the open house, the temple was open to everyone; however, since

title: Currency substitution

text: the share of all foreign currency deposits held by domestic residents at home and abroad in their total monetary assets. Unofficial currency substitution or de facto currency substitution is the most common type of currency substitution. Unofficial currency substitution occurs when residents of a country choose to hold a significant share of their financial assets in foreign currency, even though the foreign currency is not legal tender there. They hold deposits in the foreign currency because of a bad track record of the local currency, or as a hedge against inflation of the domestic currency. Official currency substitution or full