query: where was the roman colosseum located?

title: Colosseum

text: prisoners were brought back to Rome after the war, and many contributed to the massive workforce needed for construction. The slaves undertook manual labor such as working in the quarries at Tivoli where the travertine was quarried, along with lifting and transporting the quarried stones 20 miles from Tivoli to Rome. Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum. The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials: wood, limestone, tuff, tiles, cement, and mortar. Construction of the Colosseum began under

title: Colosseum

text: tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year entering to view the interior arena. There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010. The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural

title: Colosseum

text: rather than at the Colosseum, citing a lack of still-intact physical evidence or historical records. These scholars assert that "some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum—their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods", but most Christian martyrs of the early Church were executed for their faith at the Circus Maximus. According to Irenæus (died about 202), Ignatius of Antioch was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum, tradition ascribes it to that place. In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was not regarded as

title: Colosseum

text: Colosseum The Colosseum or Coliseum ( ), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: "Amphitheatrum Flavium"; Italian: "Anfiteatro Flavio" or "Colosseo" ), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine, tuff, and brick-faced concrete, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72, and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and

title: Colosseum

text: housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine. Although partially ruined because of damage caused by earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum. The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro

title: Colosseum: Rome's Arena of Death

text: Colosseum: Rome's Arena of Death Colosseum: Rome's Arena of Death aka Colosseum: A Gladiator's Story is a 2003 BBC Television docudrama which tells the true story of Verus a gladiator who fought at the Colosseum in Rome. The opening scene in A.D. 80 shows preparations for gladiatorial battle in the Flavian Amphitheater with Verus walking out toward the arena, as a voice-over narrator states that the contest of Verus in the Colosseum is the only one recorded in detail. Details of gladiator life are contained in documents from that period. This is Verus' story. Flashback to 79, when Roman forces

title: Colosseum

text: beginning November 1, 2017, the top two levels have been opened for guided visits. The fourth level held the marketplace, and the top fifth tier is where the poorest citizens, the plebians, gathered and watched the show, bringing picnics for the day-long event. The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, as evidenced by Church history and tradition. On the other hand, other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome,

title: Colosseum: Rome's Arena of Death

text: a Wooden Sword, granting them both their freedom. The crowd is jubilant. A poet memorializes their battle. As Verus is seen returning on the road to his village in Moesia, the narrator says that when Titus died 6 months later from a mystery illness, he had become the most popular emperor in Roman history. The film was produced by the BBC in co-production with the Discovery Channel, France 2 and NDR. BBC History commissioned the online-game "Gladiator: Dressed to Kill" and the animation "Colosseum: Building the Arena of Death" to tie-in with the series. Colosseum: Rome's Arena of Death Colosseum:

title: Colosseum

text: a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned. In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there ("see Significance in Christianity").

title: Colosseum (train)

text: Colosseum (train) The Colosseum was an express train initially linking Rome and Milan, later Frankfurt am Main. The train was named after the Amphitheatrum Flavium, renowned as the Colosseum. The "Colosseum" was the successor to the TEE "Settebello" on the same route and schedule. The ETR 300 rolling stock was replaced by locomotive-hauled coaches of the Gran Conforto class. Because the name "Settebello" was widely associated with the ETR 300 stock, the name of the Milan – Rome service was changed as well. On 3 June 1984 the service continued as TEE "Colosseum" (or Colosseo in Italian). The train was

title: London Colosseum

text: spent, was £20,000. London Colosseum The London Colosseum was a building to the east of Regent's Park, London. It was built in 1827 to exhibit Thomas Hornor's "Panoramic view of London", the largest painting ever created. The design of the Colosseum was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. It was demolished in 1874. The Colosseum was a venture of English artist and surveyor, Thomas Hornor, built to exhibit a vast panoramic view of London. The panorama was based on drawings Hornor had made from the vantage point of a temporary hut placed at the top of the dome of St

title: London Colosseum

text: London Colosseum The London Colosseum was a building to the east of Regent's Park, London. It was built in 1827 to exhibit Thomas Hornor's "Panoramic view of London", the largest painting ever created. The design of the Colosseum was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. It was demolished in 1874. The Colosseum was a venture of English artist and surveyor, Thomas Hornor, built to exhibit a vast panoramic view of London. The panorama was based on drawings Hornor had made from the vantage point of a temporary hut placed at the top of the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, while

title: Colosseum

text: the centuries. Additionally, bird migration, flower blooming, and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city, as well as deliberate transport of species, are also contributing causes. Another reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported either on the fur or in the feces of animals brought there from all corners of the empire. The Colosseum was featured in the 2010 video game "". The Colosseum is of great importance to the entire "Assassin's Creed" series as a whole: first, it was

title: Colosseum (train)

text: as well. Travellers to Frankfurt could use the ICE north of Basel, but the Rhine valley farther north did not yet have a high-speed service, and the number of EuroCitys there was increased. Travellers from Milan to Germany could use the EC "Verdi" but this train did not operate south of Milan. The "Colosseum" was shortened to the Rome – Basel portion, which continued in operation until 31 May 1997. On 1 June 1997 Cisalpino introduced ETR 470 tilting trains between Milan and Basel, which replaced the EC "Colosseum". Colosseum (train) The Colosseum was an express train initially linking Rome

title: Self-portrait with the Colosseum

text: Self-portrait with the Colosseum Self-portrait with the Colosseum is a 1533 painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Maarten van Heemskerck in the Fitzwilliam Museum. This painting shows the artist in the role of "Grand tourist" with the Colosseum in the background. It is signed and dated lower center "MARTYN VAN HEMSKER AO AETATUS SUA LV 1553". It shows the artist twice; once in bust form looking at the viewer as if to say "Behold the wonders of Rome!" and again as an artist sketching the Colosseum. Heemskerck painted it upon his arrival in Italy whereupon it came into the

title: Colosseum

text: appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome. Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the Great Jewish Revolt in 70 AD led to the Siege of Jerusalem. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." Along with the spoils, estimated 100,000 Jewish

title: Colosseum

text: a monument, and was used as what some modern sources label a "quarry," which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites. This fact is used to support the idea that, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century "Mirabilia Urbis Romae" ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius – but not the

title: Colosseum

text: and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s. The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty

title: Colosseum

text: a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle. Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvial terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into

title: Colosseum

text: demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released, or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of Connecticut in April 2012. Because of the ruined state of the interior, it

title: Roman amphitheatre

text: Flavian Amphitheatre in Rome, more generally known as the Colosseum, is the archetypal and the largest amphitheatre. Built from 72 to 80 AD, it remains as an icon of ancient Rome. Its building and arena dimensions are 188 × 156 and 86 × 54 meters respectively. It was commissioned by the Emperor Vespasian for the capital city of the ancient Roman Empire from 70-80 AD but was not completed and opened until 80 AD by his son Titus, as a gift for the people of Rome. The Amphitheatre of Pompeii is the oldest surviving Roman amphitheatre. It is located in

title: Roman Amphitheatre of Florence

text: Roman Amphitheatre of Florence The Roman Amphitheatre of Florence was an ancient Roman structure in Florence, central Italy. It was located between Piazza dei Peruzzi, Via De' Bentaccordi and Via Torta; in these streets, you can see its remains. Remains in When it was built between 124 and 130 AD, it was well outside the walls of Florence and the amphitheatre marked the point of maximum expansion east. The amphitheatre had an elliptical shape with a diameter of 126 meters, with a capacity of about 20,000 seats, compared to 87,000 in the Colosseum in Rome. It was incorporated into other

title: The Colosseum at Caesars Palace

text: brought his Red Piano show to the theatre from 2004, until 2009. Additional entertainers include Kylie Minogue, Diana Ross, Romina Arena, Faith Hill, Ricky Martin and Luis Miguel. The venue has also hosted numerous comedy shows by Kathy Griffin, Jerry Seinfeld, Chelsea Handler, Dave Chappelle and Ellen DeGeneres. The premiere of the 11th season of Hell's Kitchen was filmed in front of a live audience at The Colosseum. The design for the theatre was based on the ancient Colosseum in Rome. It is connected to the casino near the Forum Shops. The venue is in diameter with the rotunda above

title: Colosseum

text: same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli). The name "Colosseum" is believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios ("Sol") or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome. In the 8th century, an epigram attributed to

title: Colosseum

text: to the amphitheater. The Colosseum has a wide and well-documented history of flora ever since Domenico Panaroli made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643. Since then, 684 species have been identified there. The peak was in 1855 (420 species). Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation, because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry, but much of it has returned. 242 species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli, 200 remain. The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through

title: Colosseum

text: the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: "Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus" ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world"). This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage"). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun "coliseus" was applied to the statue rather than to

title: Roman art

text: the last great building programs in Rome took place, including the erection of the Arch of Constantine built near the Colosseum, which recycled some stone work from the forum nearby, to produce an eclectic mix of styles. Roman aqueducts, also based on the arch, were commonplace in the empire and essential transporters of water to large urban areas. Their standing masonry remains are especially impressive, such as the Pont du Gard (featuring three tiers of arches) and the aqueduct of Segovia, serving as mute testimony to their quality of their design and construction. Roman art Roman art refers to the

title: Self-portrait with the Colosseum

text: collection of Anton Perrenot de Granvella (d. 1586). Unlike what the arrangement would have the observer believe, this was not painted 'en plein air' because all paintings were created in the studio until well into the 18th-century. The image of the Colosseum has been identified with an undated sketch currently in Berlin that itself was a model for Pieter Jansz. Saenredam for his 1631 painting. Saenredam is known to have had in his possession many sketches by Heemskerck that he used as models. A description of the sketches of ruins that Heemskerck made while in Rome was documented by Karel

title: The Colosseum at Caesars Palace

text: the floor. The stage measures and has a proscenium arch with a height of and a width of (one of the world's largest stage openings). It was designed with 180,000 watts of amplification and 139 speakers. It also includes a by LED screen manufactured by Mitsubishi Diamond Vision, adding $10 million to the construction budget. The video screen provides the illusion of 3D stage scenery, being the largest LED screen in North America. The stage itself includes ten motorized stage lifts which compose 75 percent of the stage. Unlike the Colosseum in Rome, the theatre was built in an intimate

title: Colosseum

text: glyph at the top. In addition, the Colosseum is elliptical (oval-shaped) in reality, but it was made circular for "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood", since devising shadows for different sides of the buildings would have "driven game designers nuts". The iconic status of the Colosseum has led it to be featured in numerous films, such as "Roman Holiday", "Demetrius and the Gladiators", "20 Million Miles to Earth", "Way of the Dragon", "Gladiator" (in which it was re-created via CGI), "", "The Core", "The Lizzie McGuire Movie", "Jumper", and the animated movie "". Colosseum The Colosseum or Coliseum ( ), also known as

title: London Colosseum

text: the cross and ball were being replaced in 1821-2. Initial plans to sell panoramic views came to nothing, but an elaborate scheme to create a 360-degree panorama on the inside of a dome of the Colosseum, specially built in Regents Park (and resembling the Roman Pantheon rather than the Roman Colosseum), came to fruition, but at such expense that its principal backer, Rowland Stephenson MP, had to flee to America in 1828, soon followed by Hornor. The Colosseum was built on the east side of Regent's Park, between Chester Terrace and Cambridge Terrace. Designed by Decimus Burton, with the assistance

title: Colosseum

text: is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002), Paul McCartney (May 2003), Elton John (September 2005), and Billy Joel (July 2006). Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is

title: The Colosseum (Manhattan)

text: was later acquired by Columbia University. Among the distinguished members of the Columbia faculty who have lived here are David Weiss Halivni and Edward Said. The Colosseum (Manhattan) The Colosseum is an apartment building located at 116th Street and Riverside Drive in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York City. The building is noted for its curved façade (which isn't a style specific to New York buildings) and impressive marble lobby. Across 116th Street, The Colosseum faces The Paterno, another building with a similar curved facade. "The New York Times" has said that the "opposing curves, (form) a gateway as impressive as

title: The Colosseum (Manhattan)

text: The Colosseum (Manhattan) The Colosseum is an apartment building located at 116th Street and Riverside Drive in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York City. The building is noted for its curved façade (which isn't a style specific to New York buildings) and impressive marble lobby. Across 116th Street, The Colosseum faces The Paterno, another building with a similar curved facade. "The New York Times" has said that the "opposing curves, (form) a gateway as impressive as any publicly built arch or plaza in New York." The unusual curved facades are the result of an 1897 plan to make the land between

title: Colosseum

text: also to naval battles, early in the Colosseum's existence. The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the "Ludus Magnus", a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The "Ludus Magnus" had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the "Ludus Matutinus" (Morning

title: Colosseum: Road to Freedom

text: Colosseum: Road to Freedom Colosseum: Road to Freedom (originally Gladiator: Road to Freedom in Japan) is a video game for the PlayStation 2. It is a hybrid fighting role-playing video game loosely based on the Roman Empire around the time of the Emperor Commodus. "Colosseum: Road to Freedom" has the player take on the role of a slave that must partake gladiatorial games in order to earn enough money to purchase his freedom. The majority of the game is spent training the player's character and fighting in arena battles. The story in Colosseum takes a backseat in order to allow

title: Colosseum (band)

text: Music", with Chris Farlowe, which was also included on the final Colosseum CD. Colosseum (band) Colosseum were a pioneering English progressive jazz-rock band, mixing blues, rock and jazz-based improvisation. Colosseum, one of the first bands to fuse jazz, rock & blues were formed in Spring 1968 by drummer Jon Hiseman with tenor sax player Dick Heckstall-Smith, who had previously worked together in the New Jazz Orchestra and in The Graham Bond Organisation, where Hiseman had replaced Ginger Baker in 1966. They met up again early in 1968 when they both played in John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, during which time they played

title: Colosseum: Road to Freedom

text: eight, and two sevens, for a total of 31 out of 40. On September 1, 2005, Ertain and Koei released "Gladiator: Road to Freedom Remix" which contains a few updates to the game. A sequel called "Gladiator Begins" was released in 2010, and a second one called "Clan of Champions" was released in late 2011. Colosseum: Road to Freedom Colosseum: Road to Freedom (originally Gladiator: Road to Freedom in Japan) is a video game for the PlayStation 2. It is a hybrid fighting role-playing video game loosely based on the Roman Empire around the time of the Emperor Commodus. "Colosseum:

title: Colosseum (band)

text: Colosseum (band) Colosseum were a pioneering English progressive jazz-rock band, mixing blues, rock and jazz-based improvisation. Colosseum, one of the first bands to fuse jazz, rock & blues were formed in Spring 1968 by drummer Jon Hiseman with tenor sax player Dick Heckstall-Smith, who had previously worked together in the New Jazz Orchestra and in The Graham Bond Organisation, where Hiseman had replaced Ginger Baker in 1966. They met up again early in 1968 when they both played in John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, during which time they played on the "Bare Wires" album. Childhood friend Dave Greenslade was quickly recruited on

title: The Colosseum (Manhattan)

text: Claremont Avenue and Riverside Drive into a public park in order to give veterans' parades a large park adjacent to Grant's Tomb as a terminus. The street was redesigned to enter the proposed park in a gracious curve, but the city never appropriated funds to buy the land. The Colosseum was designed by Schwartz & Gross and built by the Paterno Brothers, Charles and Joseph, in 1910. The luxury four-bedroom apartments with sweeping views of the Hudson River rented for $150 to $175 a month. Harlan Fiske Stone lived in the Colosseum when it was a private building. The Colosseum

title: Colosseum

text: an entrance site to a Lair of Romulus, second, the Lair beneath the Colosseum led directly to the Temple of Juno Moneta which housed the Apple of Eden, third, it was used in a Passion Play depicting Jesus Christ's crucifixion where an assassination attempt was unfoiled by the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze, fourth, in the 21st century, Desmond Miles freeran through the maze in the Colosseum in order to find the Temple of Juno Moneta below the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and the Apple kept in it by Ezio in 1506 and fifth, it has a

title: Colosseum

text: coin. The Colosseum's original Latin name was "Amphitheatrum Flavium", often anglicized as "Flavian Amphitheatre". The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, following the reign of Nero. This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name "Amphitheatrum Caesareum" (with "Caesareum" an adjective pertaining to the title "Caesar"), but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the

title: The Colosseum at Caesars Palace

text: setting, with the furthest seating being from the stage. To reinforce its intimacy, the venue is equipped with 200 acoustical panels to control the amplified sound. Source: The Colosseum at Caesars Palace The Colosseum at Caesars Palace is a theatre located on the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada. The theatre is the main entertainment venue for Caesars Palace. Deemed the "Home of the Greatest Entertainers in the World", the theatre hosts numerous concert residencies by Celine Dion, Elton John, Rod Stewart, Cher, Bette Midler, Shania Twain, and Mariah Carey. Celine Dion has had the longest residency (1,110 shows

title: The Colosseum at Caesars Palace

text: The Colosseum at Caesars Palace The Colosseum at Caesars Palace is a theatre located on the Las Vegas Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada. The theatre is the main entertainment venue for Caesars Palace. Deemed the "Home of the Greatest Entertainers in the World", the theatre hosts numerous concert residencies by Celine Dion, Elton John, Rod Stewart, Cher, Bette Midler, Shania Twain, and Mariah Carey. Celine Dion has had the longest residency (1,110 shows as of June 2, 2018) at the venue grossing a total of $650 million since her arrival in 2003. She also performed her record-breaking 1000th show at

title: Tempest in the Colosseum

text: the trans-Pacific flight". Tempest in the Colosseum Tempest in the Colosseum was recorded on July 23, 1977 in the Den-En Colosseum in Tokyo, Japan. Musicians for this performance were Herbie Hancock on keyboards, Freddie Hubbard on trumpet, Tony Williams on drums, Ron Carter on double bass, and Wayne Shorter on tenor and soprano saxophones. The album was released in late 1977 only in Japan by Columbia. The Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 4 stars stating ""Tempest" is a good description, for this CD contains more volatile ensemble playing than its Columbia predecessor; clearly some tighter bonding

title: Tempest in the Colosseum

text: Tempest in the Colosseum Tempest in the Colosseum was recorded on July 23, 1977 in the Den-En Colosseum in Tokyo, Japan. Musicians for this performance were Herbie Hancock on keyboards, Freddie Hubbard on trumpet, Tony Williams on drums, Ron Carter on double bass, and Wayne Shorter on tenor and soprano saxophones. The album was released in late 1977 only in Japan by Columbia. The Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 4 stars stating ""Tempest" is a good description, for this CD contains more volatile ensemble playing than its Columbia predecessor; clearly some tighter bonding took place since

title: Colosseum

text: Colosseum – as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian religious order, but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs, although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction. A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653

title: Colosseum II

text: Colosseum II Colosseum II was a British progressive jazz-rock band formed in 1975 by former Colosseum drummer and bandleader Jon Hiseman, which featured guitarist Gary Moore. Following the demise of his previous band, Tempest, Hiseman announced his plan for a new, as yet unnamed, outfit in November 1974, but only Moore was named as a member. Rehearsals were due to begin on January 1, 1975, but a permanent line-up was not finalised until May 1975. Among the musicians considered were singer Graham Bell, keyboardist Duncan Mackay and former Colosseum and Tempest bassist Mark Clarke. The line-up was eventually completed by

title: Colosseum

text: tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity. In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair

title: Colosseum Live

text: made note of the performances of all the players except Dave Greenslade, and commented that the band arrangements, duets during the fills, and the way solos flow from one to the other are all interesting and effective. Colosseum Live Colosseum Live is a live album by Colosseum, released in 1971. It was one of the band's most commercially successful albums, remaining in the UK Albums Chart for six weeks and peaking at number 17. This album was recorded at Manchester University (March 18, 1971) and the Big Apple, Brighton (March 27, 1971), on the "Daughter of Time" tour. After "Colosseum

title: Colosseum Live

text: Colosseum Live Colosseum Live is a live album by Colosseum, released in 1971. It was one of the band's most commercially successful albums, remaining in the UK Albums Chart for six weeks and peaking at number 17. This album was recorded at Manchester University (March 18, 1971) and the Big Apple, Brighton (March 27, 1971), on the "Daughter of Time" tour. After "Colosseum Live", the band broke up for 23 years and reunited in 1994. Allmusic wrote that "With good material, some towering performances, and a powerful atmosphere, this is everything you could hope for from a live album." They

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: Rui asks him to join forces with her in finding and snagging Shadow Pokémon. As the game progresses, Wes becomes a target of a powerful organization known as Team Cipher. After leaving Phenac, he visits Pyrite Town, where Rui was kidnapped. In Pyrite, Shadow Pokémon are openly offered to winners of the town's Colosseum tournament. The local police force is powerless to stop the practice, so Duking, an influential man in Pyrite, asks Wes to enter the tournament and investigate. Wes enters the Colosseum challenge and defeats four trainers to win. Inside a nearby building, a Cipher Peon is about

title: Colosseum

text: spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, before he died in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains its Christian connection today. A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum, with a plaque, stating: The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions. Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession

title: Colosseum LiveS – The Reunion Concerts

text: Colosseum LiveS – The Reunion Concerts LiveS The Reunion Concerts 1994 is a live album by English progressive jazz-rock band Colosseum. It includes two tracks from their reunion concert at the Zelt-Musik-Festival in Freiburg, Germany and six tracks from the second reunion concert at the E-Werk in Cologne, Germany. In 2003 Live Cologne 1994 was released, which contains the rest of the titles played in Reunion Concerts 1994 in Cologne. In the same year a DVD with the complete Cologne concert was released under the title "The Complete Reunion Concert Cologne 1994" (including a 90-minute documentary "The Story of Colosseum").

title: Colosseum

text: School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools. Also nearby were the "Armamentarium", comprising an armory to store weapons; the "Summum Choragium", where machinery was stored; the "Sanitarium", which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the "Spoliarium", where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of. Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: a 2005 sequel entitled "". Set in Orre five years after "Colosseum", it features a new protagonist snagging Shadow Pokémon from Team Cipher. Shadow Lugia is the game's mascot, and serves as an antagonist whom the player can snag. The game alludes to Wes, Rui, and The Under, though they do not appear. Pokémon Colosseum Pokémon Colosseum is a role-playing video game developed by Genius Sonority, published by The Pokémon Company and distributed by Nintendo as part of the "Pokémon" series. It was released for the GameCube on November 21, 2003, in Japan; March 22, 2004, in North America; and

title: Self-portrait with the Colosseum

text: van Mander in his "Schilder-boeck", who mentioned the patronage of a Cardinal (presumably Cardinal Granvelle). Many of these were later engraved and published by Philips Galle in 1569 as the "Clades" series, or "Inventiones Heemskerkianiae Ex Utroque Testamento". Self-portrait with the Colosseum Self-portrait with the Colosseum is a 1533 painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Maarten van Heemskerck in the Fitzwilliam Museum. This painting shows the artist in the role of "Grand tourist" with the Colosseum in the background. It is signed and dated lower center "MARTYN VAN HEMSKER AO AETATUS SUA LV 1553". It shows the artist twice;

title: Roman Capriccio: The Pantheon and Other Monuments

text: reorganization led to a better comprehension of the ideal, rather than current, conditions of the monuments and the civilization that made them. The IMA received "Roman Capriccio: The Pantheon and Other Monuments" and its pendant, "The Colosseum and Other Monuments" in 1950, as gifts of Lila Allison Lilly in memory of her husband, Josiah Kirby Lilly. Both are currently on view in the Jane H. Fortune Gallery. It has the accession number 50.5. Roman Capriccio: The Pantheon and Other Monuments Roman Capriccio: The Pantheon and Other Monuments is a 1735 oil painting by Italian artist Giovanni Paolo Panini, located in

title: Colosseum (board game)

text: Colosseum (board game) Colosseum is a board game by Markus Lübke and Wolfgang Kramer, published in 2007 by Days of Wonder and illustrated by Julien Delval and Cyrille Daujean. In the game, players attempt to attract the most spectators to the events in their arena. The game is played in rounds, each round consisting of five phases (except the last round, when phase 5 is not played). In each round, one player is the first player, who does every phase first. The first player changes every round. Each player has an arena where the events are performed, and starts with

title: Colosseum

text: the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime. The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today. During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into

title: Colosseum

text: Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays. In 2011 Diego Della Valle, head of the shoe firm Tod's, entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a €25 million restoration of the Colosseum. Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011, taking up to two and a half years. Due to the controversial nature of using a public–private partnership to fund the restoration, work was delayed and began in 2013. The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum's history. The first stage is to clean

title: Colosseum

text: what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre. The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma. The name further evolved to "Coliseum" during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as "il Colosseo", and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as "Coloseumul" (Romanian), "le Colisée" (French), "el Coliseo" (Spanish) and

title: Colosseum

text: religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the "velarium" or awning. Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine. The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called "munera", were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or "venatio". This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: called the music as a whole "a bit too low-tech and synthetic". GameZone, in contrast, stated that the sound effects evoke nostalgia for "Pokémon Red" and "Blue", and that the music tracks "have more depth than any of the songs from the previous games." John K. said that the music is neither annoying nor entertaining. Retronauts described "Colosseum" as "terrible", citing the reuse of graphics from the "Pokémon Stadium" games. In 2006, "Nintendo Power" listed "Colosseum" as the 121st greatest video game to appear on a Nintendo console. Three weeks before its release, pre-orders of "Pokémon Colosseum" made it the

title: Colosseum (band)

text: formed Tempest with bassist Mark Clarke; Dave Greenslade formed Greenslade together with Tony Reeves. Chris Farlowe joined Atomic Rooster; and Dick Heckstall-Smith embarked on a solo career. Clem Clempson joined the hit group Humble Pie. Hiseman formed another group called Colosseum II in 1975, with a stronger orientation towards jazz-fusion rock, which featured guitarist Gary Moore and Don Airey on keyboards. They released three albums before disbanding in 1978. Colosseum reunited in 1994 with the same line-up as when they split in 1971. Colosseum reunited on 24 June 1994 at the Freiburg Zelt Musik Festival, then, a few months later,

title: Greco-Roman world

text: and Latin. "Greco-Roman" architecture is the architecture of the Roman world that followed the principles and style established in ancient Greece. The most representative building of that era was the temple. Other prominent structures that represented the style included government buildings, like the Roman Senate, and cultural structures, like the Colosseum. The three primary styles of column design used in temples in classical Greece were Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Some examples of Doric architecture are the Parthenon and the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, while the Erechtheum, which is located right next to the Parthenon is Ionic. The Romans made

title: Colosseum

text: book "Roma ex ethnica sacra". Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary. At the insistence of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. Benedict Joseph Labre

title: Colosseum LiveS – The Reunion Concerts

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> live at Zelt-Musik-Festival, Freiburg, Germany, June 24, 1994. Colosseum LiveS – The Reunion Concerts LiveS The Reunion Concerts 1994 is a live album by English progressive jazz-rock band Colosseum. It includes two tracks from their reunion concert at the Zelt-Musik-Festival in Freiburg, Germany and six tracks from the second reunion concert at the E-Werk in Cologne, Germany. In 2003 Live Cologne 1994 was released, which contains the rest of the titles played in Reunion Concerts 1994 in Cologne. In the same year a DVD with the complete Cologne concert was released under the title "The Complete Reunion Concert Cologne

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: Colosseum Battlemaster 2004". The first round of battles was held at Toys "R" Us locations, with later battles taking place in movie theaters. Across Europe, the game was bundled with GameCube consoles shortly after its release. Special editions of this set also included a copy of "" —a game that allows players to organize and store up to 1,500 Pokémon from their games—as well as a memory card and a Game Boy Advance–GameCube link cable. A manga adaptation of "Colosseum"s plot was printed in 2004 issues of the Japanese magazine "CoroCoro Comic" and titled . The game was followed by

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: instead and requires a completed save file of Pokémon Colosseum. The disc also updates the software in "Ruby" and "Sapphire" to remove a "berry glitch" discovered in 2003. Despite public anticipation the Bonus Disc was not released in PAL territories, prompting Nintendo to issue an official apology. However a Jirachi was later included in the PAL version of the game Pokémon Channel. In Japan, scannable cards for the Nintendo e-Reader were available for purchase that featured additional trainers to battle and Shadow Pokémon. "Pokémon Colosseum" was generally well-received upon release, with respective scores of 73/100 and 73.46% from aggregators Metacritic

title: Colosseum (band)

text: were based on Barbara's worsening Parkinson's condition preventing her from playing. However, with the arrival of new medication, her ability to play was renewed, so those announcements proved to be premature and the band continued to record and play until 2015. More studio releases followed, as expanded editions of "Valentyne Suite" and "Colosseum Live", and several compilation sets of earlier work. From 2011 to 2014, Colosseum gradually recorded their final album, titled "Time on our Side", which was eventually released late in 2014, to coincide with their final flurry of dates in Germany and the UK. These included 24 concerts

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: Pokémon Colosseum Pokémon Colosseum is a role-playing video game developed by Genius Sonority, published by The Pokémon Company and distributed by Nintendo as part of the "Pokémon" series. It was released for the GameCube on November 21, 2003, in Japan; March 22, 2004, in North America; and May 14, 2004, in Europe. Unlike previous titles, the game does not feature random encounters with Pokémon; instead, the player can steal ("snag") the Pokémon of other Pokémon Trainers. The game also features several battle modes for single-player and multiplayer gameplay. The game is set in the desertous region of Orre. The player

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: role for the third generation. The new concept for "Pokémon Colosseum" was influenced by RPGs such as "Final Fantasy VII" and "Persona 2" over the "Pokémon" mold. When asked in an interview with Prima Games why the gameplay of "Colosseum" did not mirror that of the handheld "Pokémon" games, "Pokémon" director Junichi Masuda explained: "How players communicate with each other has been key to the "Pokémon" games – it is the backbone of all "Pokémon" game designs. I feel that the handheld systems work better than the home-based consoles. It's certainly possible to come up with concepts for home-based consoles,

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: leave, only to be interrupted by Es Cade. Es Cade reveals that he is really none other than Evice, the head of Cipher, and battles Wes. When Wes defeats him, Evice attempts to escape by helicopter, but the legendary Pokémon Ho-Oh swoops in and blasts it out of the sky. Evice and Nascour are sent to jail. "Pokémon Colosseum" was developed by the Japanese game developer Genius Sonority, and published by Nintendo. Just as Nintendo 64 predecessors "Pokémon Stadium" and "Pokémon Stadium 2" had served as home console counterparts to the first- and second-generation handheld titles, "Colosseum" had a similar

title: Colosseum II

text: 1 tracks 7-9: Previously unreleased demos recorded August 1975. Disc 2 tracks 1-4: Previously unreleased demos recorded mid-1976. Disc 2 tracks 5-7: Previously unreleased demos recorded July 1976. Disc 2 tracks 8-10: BBC "In Concert", recorded June 1976. Released June 1977 on MCA Records. Produced by Jon Hiseman. All tracks are instrumental except track 3 which is sung by Gary Moore. Released November 1977 on MCA Records. Produced by Martin Levan and Jon Hiseman. All tracks are instrumental except track 4 which is sung by Gary Moore. Colosseum II Colosseum II was a British progressive jazz-rock band formed in 1975

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: Pokémon at one time, so once a Pokémon is defeated, his or her Trainer must switch out another one unless no more are left. Battles are also conducted at "Colosseums" in several cities. Unlike most "Pokémon" games, "Colosseum" does not feature random encounters. The player begins the game with two Pokémon. More are obtained throughout the game by "Snagging" them from other Trainers using Poké Balls of various strengths. Only specifically designated "Shadow Pokémon", whose hearts have been artificially closed, can be Snagged. Pokémon can be traded between "Colosseum" and the Game Boy Advance games "Pokémon Ruby", "Sapphire", "FireRed", "LeafGreen",

title: Where Was Spring?

text: Beatles' "Revolver" album. These were accompanied by songs specially commissioned from Ray Davies of the Kinks. One of these, Where Did My Spring Go?, echoed the series title. One other distinctive feature of the show's style were stylised photographs of both Bron and Fortune shown between sketches where the couple are dressed as Graeco-Roman Gods (Jupiter/Venus), perhaps illustrative of the perfection or imperfection of classic male-female relationships. Recordings of the show are believed to have been wiped by the BBC as part of an economy measure. Many of the sketches were reproduced in the book Is Your Marriage Really Necessary?

title: Fate/tiger colosseum

text: would make. "Fate/tiger colosseum" was the 4th best-selling game during its week of release in Japan according to sources from the Media Create Weekly Ranking, selling 54,880 copies. It then rose to 3rd place with 64,530 copies sold. Its final sales figure was 68,677 units sold in Japan. The game received scores of 70/70/70/60 from "Dengeki" and 25 out of 40 (7/6/6/6) from "Famitsu". Fate/tiger colosseum Playable characters in the game include Archer, Rin Tōsaka, Shirō Emiya, Sakura Matō, Saber, and Taiga Fujimura. All characters from the Fate/stay night series, as well as the main characters of "Fate/hollow ataraxia", Bazett

title: Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)

text: in 1947. Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli) The Flavian Amphitheater ( ), located in Pozzuoli, is the third largest Roman amphitheater in Italy. Only the Roman Colosseum and the Capuan Amphitheater are larger. It was likely built by the same architects who previously constructed the Roman Colosseum. The name "Flavian Amphitheater" is primarily associated with the Roman Colosseum. It was begun under the reign of the emperor Vespasian and probably finished under the reign of his son Titus. The arena can hold up to 50,000 spectators. The interior is mostly intact and one can still see parts of gears which were used

title: Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli)

text: Flavian Amphitheater (Pozzuoli) The Flavian Amphitheater ( ), located in Pozzuoli, is the third largest Roman amphitheater in Italy. Only the Roman Colosseum and the Capuan Amphitheater are larger. It was likely built by the same architects who previously constructed the Roman Colosseum. The name "Flavian Amphitheater" is primarily associated with the Roman Colosseum. It was begun under the reign of the emperor Vespasian and probably finished under the reign of his son Titus. The arena can hold up to 50,000 spectators. The interior is mostly intact and one can still see parts of gears which were used to lift

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: where Pokémon are transformed into Shadow Pokémon. After defeating numerous Cipher peons, Wes faces Ein, the final Cipher administrator and the owner of the final legendary beast Raikou. Wes and Rui then go to Realgam Tower. All four administrators are there and ready to face Wes again. After doing so, he is granted access to the Colosseum at the top of the building. There, he is greeted by a large crowd. A Cipher man named Nascour tells Wes that he will have to face four trainers. After Wes defeats all four trainers, Nascour fights him. Once defeated, Nascour tries to

title: Pokémon Colosseum

text: "Pokémon Colosseum" is a 3D role-playing game viewed from a third-person perspective. The player, controlling a Pokémon Trainer named Wes (default name), moves through various towns and other locations (traversed using a type of one-wheeled motorcycle), battling enemy Trainers and completing quests. Items are purchased at "Pokémon Mart" locations using the game's currency, "Pokémon Dollars" (). When a battle starts, the screen switches to a turn-based interface where the player's and enemies' Pokémon fight. Most battles are of the "double battle" format, which means two Pokémon on each side at one time. However, each Trainer can carry up to six

title: Colosseum (board game)

text: number of spectators attracted to one event. Every player must discard one asset token used in the last event. The leading player earns a podium, worth three additional spectators in every later round. The losing player requests from the winning player one asset token. Colosseum (board game) Colosseum is a board game by Markus Lübke and Wolfgang Kramer, published in 2007 by Days of Wonder and illustrated by Julien Delval and Cyrille Daujean. In the game, players attempt to attract the most spectators to the events in their arena. The game is played in rounds, each round consisting of five

title: Roman art

text: first and several added later, with the Forum Romanum being the most famous. The greatest arena in the Roman world, the Colosseum, was completed around 80 AD at the far end of that forum. It held over 50,000 spectators, had retractable fabric coverings for shade, and could stage massive spectacles including huge gladiatorial contests and mock naval battles. This masterpiece of Roman architecture epitomizes Roman engineering efficiency and incorporates all three architectural orders – Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Less celebrated but just as important if not more so for most Roman citizens, was the five-story "insula" or city block, the

title: Roman amphitheatre

text: dwindled away, many amphitheatres fell into disrepair and were gradually dismantled for building material, razed to make way for newer buildings, or vandalized. Others were transformed into fortifications or fortified settlements, such as at Leptis Magna, Sabratha, Arles and Pola, and in the 12th century the Frangipani fortified even the Colosseum to help them in Roman power struggles. Yet others were repurposed as Christian churches, including the arenas at Arles, Nîmes, Tarragona and Salona; the Colosseum became a Christian shrine in the 18th century. Of the surviving amphitheatres, many are now protected as historic monuments; several are tourist attractions. The

title: Roman Fever

text: partial bibliography provided below. Barrett, Dorothea. “Lions, Christians, and Gladiators: Colosseum Imagery in Henry James's "Daisy Miller" and Edith Wharton's ‘Roman Fever.’” Remember Henry James Conference, March 2014, Florence, Italy. Conference Presentation. Bauer, Dale M. “‘Roman Fever’: A Rune of History.” "Edith Wharton’s Brave New Politics". Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1994. 145-164. Berkove, Lawrence I. “‘Roman Fever’: A Mortal Malady.” "The CEA Critic" 56.2 (Winter 1994): 56-60. Bowlby, Rachel. "Edith Wharton's 'Roman Fever,'" University College, London, England, 12 April 2005. Lecture. ---. “‘I had Barbara’: Women’s Ties and Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever.’” "Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies" 17.3

title: Colosseum

text: to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea. Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had

title: Colosseum

text: the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name "(Flavius)". The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles (for only a short time as the "hypogeum" was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as

title: Colosseum

text: the rule of Vespasian in around 70–72 AD (73–75 AD according to some sources) The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished by his son, Titus, in 80, and the inaugural games were held in AD 80 or 81. Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the "hypogeum", a series of underground

title: Roman art

text: were used for propaganda, and in the later Empire the army joined the emperor as the beneficiary. It was in the area of architecture that Roman art produced its greatest innovations. Because the Roman Empire extended over so great of an area and included so many urbanized areas, Roman engineers developed methods for city building on a grand scale, including the use of concrete. Massive buildings like the Pantheon and the Colosseum could never have been constructed with previous materials and methods. Though concrete had been invented a thousand years earlier in the Near East, the Romans extended its use

title: Colosseum

text: and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called "hegmata", provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen. The "hypogeum" was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the

title: Colosseum

text: very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators. Each tier was divided into sections ("maeniana") by curved passages and low walls ("praecinctiones" or "baltei"), and were subdivided into "cunei", or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row ("gradus") of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus,

title: Colosseum

text: and restore the Colosseum's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground-level arches. Taking three years, the final product of this work was unveiled July 1, 2016, when the Italian minister of culture, Dario Franceschini, also announced that the funds have been committed to replace the floors by the end of 2018. These will provide a stage that Franceschini says will be used for "cultural events of the highest level." The project also plans to create a services center and to restore the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum. New to tours of the restored marvel

title: Colosseum

text: Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds. Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the "hypogeum". Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct. However, the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian's behest put an end to the practise of flooding, and thus

title: Colosseum

text: damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some "venationes", criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost. The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use. By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into

title: Colosseum

text: the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces. Other performances would also take place by acrobats and magicians, typically during the intervals. During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for "naumachiae" (more properly known as "navalia proelia") or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians.

title: Colosseum

text: simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor, and animals would then be introduced. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story – played by a condemned person – was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death. The Colosseum today is now a major

title: Colosseum

text: stone which were set without mortar; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps. However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall. The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a

title: Colosseum

text: This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum). "Sylvae" or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a

title: Colosseum

text: row. They accessed their seats via "vomitoria" (singular "vomitorium"), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name "vomitoria" derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit. According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified