query: where was ancient carthage located?

title: Chapelle Saint-Louis de Carthage

text: devastated by a storm in December 1931. The chapel was located in an enclosure. On the wall of the gallery where it abutted the garden, there were displays of ancient items recovered during the construction of the foundations and in the surrounding area. Chapelle Saint-Louis de Carthage The Chapelle Saint-Louis de Carthage was a Roman Catholic church located in Carthage, Tunisia. It was built between 1840 and 1845 as a result of a donation of land by the Bey of Tunis to the King of France in 1830. The chapel was located atop Byrsa Hill, at the heart of the

title: Hasdrubal I of Carthage

text: Western Sicily. Hasdrubal I of Carthage HasdrubalI (, "ʿAzrubaʿal", "Help of Baal") was a Magonid king of Ancient Carthage, a kingdom with its capital, Carthage, located in present-day Tunisia, from 530 to 510BC. In the mid 520sBC, Hasdrubal, along with his brother Hamilcar I, launched an expedition against Sardinia. Hasdrubal was elected as "King" eleven times, was granted a triumph four times (the only Carthaginian to receive this honour - there is no record of anyone else being honoured to that extent by Carthage) and died of his battle wounds received in Sardinia. Carthage had engaged in a 25-year struggle

title: Hasdrubal I of Carthage

text: Hasdrubal I of Carthage HasdrubalI (, "ʿAzrubaʿal", "Help of Baal") was a Magonid king of Ancient Carthage, a kingdom with its capital, Carthage, located in present-day Tunisia, from 530 to 510BC. In the mid 520sBC, Hasdrubal, along with his brother Hamilcar I, launched an expedition against Sardinia. Hasdrubal was elected as "King" eleven times, was granted a triumph four times (the only Carthaginian to receive this honour - there is no record of anyone else being honoured to that extent by Carthage) and died of his battle wounds received in Sardinia. Carthage had engaged in a 25-year struggle in Sardinia,

title: Ancient Carthage

text: the sole significant broker of tin and maker of bronze in its day. Maintaining this monopoly was one of the major sources of power and prosperity for Carthage; Carthaginian merchants strove to keep the location of the tin mines secret. In addition to its role as the sole significant distributor of tin, Carthage's central location in the Mediterranean and control of the waters between Sicily and Tunisia allowed it to control the eastern peoples' supply of tin. Carthage was also the Mediterranean's largest producer of silver, mined in Iberia and on the Northwest African coast; after the tin monopoly, this

title: History of the Jews in Carthage

text: History of the Jews in Carthage History of the Jews in Carthage refers to the history and presence of people of Jewish ancestry in ancient Carthage. Carthage (from the Phoenician "Kart-Hadasht", the "New City", written without vowels in Punic as "Qrthdst") was a city in North Africa located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis, across from the center of modern Tunis in Tunisia. It remains a popular tourist attraction. There are a number of varying opinions held by historians and scholars as to exactly when Jews came to Carthage and what role they played in the rise and subsequent

title: Acropolium of Carthage

text: only Roman Catholic cathedral operating in Tunisia is the Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul in Tunis. Hussein II Bey authorised the French consul-general to build a cathedral on the site of ancient Carthage, to determine where it would be situated and to take all the land necessary for the project. His words were: The consul charged his son Jules with this duty. The latter, having closely examined possible sites, concluded that the chapel ought to be built on Byrsa Hill, in the centre of the Punic acropolis, where the temple of Aesculapius was once located. King Louis-Philippe approved the

title: Acropolium of Carthage

text: Acropolium of Carthage The Acropolium, also known as Saint Louis Cathedral (), is a Roman Catholic church located in Carthage, Tunisia. The cathedral sits on the peak of Byrsa Hill, near the ruins of the ancient Punic and then Roman city. It was built atop the ruins of an old temple dedicated to Eshmun, the Punic god of healing. The edifice can still be accessed from the basement. Since 1993, the cathedral has been known as the "Acropolium". It is no longer used for worship, but instead hosts public events or concerts of Tunisian music and classical music. Currently, the

title: Carthage Treasure

text: Carthage Treasure The Carthage Treasure is a Roman silver hoard, which was found in Tunis, Tunisia, at the site of the ancient city of Carthage. The treasure principally consists of silver tableware and jewellery, most of which is now held at the British Museum. The hoard was unearthed in the nineteenth century at the Hill of St Louis in Carthage, which at the time of its deposition was the largest city of Africa Proconsulare. Most of the treasure was purchased by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, a senior curator at the British Museum, who bequeathed it to the museum upon his

title: Carthage

text: on agriculture written by Mago of Carthage survives only via quotations in Latin from several later Roman works. Carthage Carthage (; , "", "New City"; ; , "Qarṭāj") was the center or capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now the Tunis Governorate in Tunisia. The city developed from a Phoenician colony into the capital of a Punic empire dominating the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. The legendary Queen Dido is regarded as the founder of the city, though her historicity has been questioned. According to accounts

title: History of Carthage

text: History of Carthage Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC on the coast of Northwest Africa, in what is now Tunisia. It developed into a significant trading empire throughout the Mediterranean, and was seen as home to a wealthy and brilliant civilization. After a long conflict with the emerging civilization of Ancient Rome, known as the Punic Wars, during which advantage shifted from one side to the other and Hannibal conducted a campaign in Italy after first crossing the Alps, Rome finally destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C. A Roman Carthage was established on the ruins of the first. The

title: Carthage Treasure

text: measure 12 cm high and 12 cm in diameter. The vessels' elegant design includes a tall base that complements the knop of the bowl's lid. The bowls also incorporate subtle facets on the lids' curved surfaces. Similar bowls have been found at the Roman site of Viminacium near the modern town of Kostolac in Serbia. Carthage Treasure The Carthage Treasure is a Roman silver hoard, which was found in Tunis, Tunisia, at the site of the ancient city of Carthage. The treasure principally consists of silver tableware and jewellery, most of which is now held at the British Museum. The

title: Carthage (municipality)

text: Carthage (municipality) Carthage () is a commune in Tunis Governorate, Tunisia. It is named for, and includes in its area, the archaeological site of Carthage. Established in 1919, Carthage municipality is some 15 km to the east-northeast of Tunis, situated between the towns of Sidi Bou Said to the north and Le Kram to the south. It is reached from Tunis by the R23 road via La Goulette, or by the N9 road via Tunis-Carthage Airport. Population as of January 2013 was estimated at 21,276, mostly attracting the more wealthy residents. The Carthage Palace (the Tunisian presidential palace) is located

title: Carthage

text: Carthage Carthage (; , "", "New City"; ; , "Qarṭāj") was the center or capital city of the ancient Carthaginian civilization, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now the Tunis Governorate in Tunisia. The city developed from a Phoenician colony into the capital of a Punic empire dominating the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. The legendary Queen Dido is regarded as the founder of the city, though her historicity has been questioned. According to accounts by Timaeus of Tauromenium, she purchased from a local tribe the amount of land that could be covered

title: Ancient Carthage

text: and repairing his battered fleet. The Carthaginians marched along the coast to Himera, and made camp before engaging in the Battle of Himera. Hamilcar was either killed during the battle or committed suicide in shame. As a result, the nobility negotiated peace and replaced the old monarchy with a republic. By 410 BC, Carthage had recovered after serious defeats. It had conquered much of modern-day Tunisia, strengthened and founded new colonies in Northwest Africa; Hanno the Navigator had made his journey down the African coast, and Himilco the Navigator had explored the European Atlantic coast. Expeditions were also led into

title: Ancient Carthage

text: and Arian Christianity is the state religion. Stephen Baxter also features Carthage in his alternate history Northland trilogy; in Baxter's narrative it is Carthage that prevails and subjugates Rome. Ancient Carthage Carthage (; ; ) was the Phoenician state, including, during the 7th–3rd centuries BC, its wider sphere of influence, known as the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea. Phoenicians founded Carthage in 814 BC. Initially a dependency of the Phoenician state of Tyre, Carthage gained

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Ancient Carthage Carthage (; ; ) was the Phoenician state, including, during the 7th–3rd centuries BC, its wider sphere of influence, known as the Carthaginian Empire. The empire extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the western Mediterranean Sea. Phoenicians founded Carthage in 814 BC. Initially a dependency of the Phoenician state of Tyre, Carthage gained independence around 650 BC and established its political hegemony over other Phoenician settlements throughout the western Mediterranean, this lasting until the end of the 3rd century BC. At the

title: Ancient Carthage

text: often displacing the local manufacturing, but brought its best works to wealthier ones such as the Greeks and Etruscans. Carthage traded in almost every commodity wanted by the ancient world, including spices from Arabia, Africa and India, and slaves (the empire of Carthage temporarily held a portion of Europe and sent conquered barbarian warriors into Northern African slavery). Herodotus wrote an account about 430 BC of Carthaginian trade on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The Punic explorer and suffete of Carthage called Hanno the Navigator led an expedition to recolonise the Atlantic coast of Morocco that may have ventured as

title: Ancient Carthage

text: the site of the city. Nearly all of the other Phoenician city-states and former Carthaginian dependencies subsequently fell into Roman hands. According to Roman sources, Phoenician colonists from modern-day Lebanon, led by Dido (also known as Queen Elissa), founded Carthage "circa" 814 BC. Queen Elissa (also known as "Alissar") was an exiled princess of the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre. At its peak, the metropolis she founded, Carthage, came to be called the "shining city", ruling 300 other cities around the western Mediterranean Sea and leading the Phoenician world. Elissa's brother, Pygmalion of Tyre, had murdered Elissa's husband, the high

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Seven Hills" (2005), is set in an alternate history where Hannibal defeated Rome in the Second Punic War, and Carthage is still a major Mediterranean power in 100 BC. Mary Gentle used an alternate history version of Carthage as a setting in her novels "" and "Ilario, A Story of the First History". In these books, Carthage is dominated by Germanic tribes, and the premise is that the Visigoths conquered Carthage and set up a huge empire that repelled the Muslim conquest. In these novels, titles such as "lord-amir" and "scientist-magus" indicate a fusion of European and Northwest African cultures,

title: Ancient Carthage

text: height of the city's prominence, it served as a major hub of trade, with trading stations extending throughout the region. For much of its history, Carthage was on hostile terms with the Greeks in Sicily and with the Roman Republic; tensions led to a series of armed conflicts known as the Sicilian Wars (–265 BC) and the Punic Wars (264–146 BC) respectively. The city also had to deal with potentially hostile Berbers, the indigenous inhabitants of the area where Carthage was built. In 146 BC, after the third and final Punic War, Roman forces destroyed Carthage then redesigned and occupied

title: Ancient Carthage

text: City) is a novel written in Afrikaans by Antonie P. Roux and published in 1956. It is a fictional account of life in Carthage and included the defeat of Hannibal by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama. For several years it was prescribed reading for South African year 11 and 12 high school students studying the Afrikaans language. "Delenda Est", a short story in Poul Anderson's Time Patrol series, is an alternate history where Hannibal won the Second Punic War, and Carthage exists in the 20th century. A duology by John Maddox Roberts, comprising "Hannibal's Children" (2002) and "The

title: Ancient Carthage

text: king Cambyses and incorporation within the Persian empire. Supremacy passed to Sidon, and then to Carthage, before Tyre's eventual destruction by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. Each colony paid tribute to either Tyre or Sidon, but neither city had actual control of the colonies. This changed with the rise of Carthage, since the Carthaginians appointed their own magistrates to rule the towns and Carthage retained much direct control over the colonies. This policy resulted in a number of Iberian towns siding with the Romans during the Punic Wars. In 509 BC, a treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Hannibal narrowly avoiding being sacrificed. Giovanni Pastrone's epic silent film "Cabiria" is narrowly based on Flaubert's novel. "The Young Carthaginian" (1887) by G. A. Henty is a boys' adventure novel told from the perspective of Malchus, a fictional teenage lieutenant of Hannibal during the Second Punic War. In "The Dead Past", a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov, a leading character is a historian studying ancient times who is trying to disprove the allegation that the Carthaginians carried out child sacrifice. "The Purple Quest" by Frank G. Slaughter is about the founding of Carthage. "Die Sterwende Stad" (The Dying

title: Ancient Carthage

text: The final showdown was the battle of Zama in Africa between Scipio Africanus and Hannibal, resulting in the latter's defeat and the imposition of harsh peace conditions on Carthage, which ceased to be a major power and became a Roman client-state. The Third Punic War (149 to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars. The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars and primarily consisted of a single main action, the Battle of Carthage, but resulted in the complete destruction of the city of Carthage, the annexation of all remaining Carthaginian

title: Ancient Carthage

text: the rise of Rome. These inscriptions imply a political and commercial alliance between Carthage and the Etruscan ruler of Caere that would corroborate Aristotle's statement that the Etruscans and Carthaginians were so close as to form almost one people. The Etruscan city-states were, at times, both commercial partners of Carthage and military allies. Carthaginian religion was based on Phoenician religion (derived from the faiths of the Levant), a form of polytheism. Many of the gods the Carthaginians worshiped were localized and are now known only under their local names. Carthage also had Jewish communities. The supreme divine couple was that

title: Ancient Carthage

text: success, pushing back the Carthaginian forces, and capturing the city-fortress of Eryx, even though he was not able to capture Lilybaeum. Following these losses, Carthage sued for peace, but Pyrrhus refused unless Carthage was willing to renounce its claims on Sicily entirely. According to Plutarch, Pyrrhus set his sights on conquering Carthage itself, and to this end, began outfitting an expedition. However, his ruthless treatment of the Sicilian cities in his preparations for this expedition, and his execution of two Sicilian rulers whom he claimed were plotting against him led to such a rise in animosity towards the Greeks, that

title: Ancient Carthage

text: the Carthaginian ships. At the same time, Dionysius's ground forces stormed the besiegers' lines and routed the Carthaginians. Himilco and his chief officers abandoned their army and fled Sicily. Himilco returned to Carthage in disgrace and was very badly received; he eventually committed suicide by starving himself. Sicily by this time had become an obsession for Carthage. Over the next fifty years, Carthaginian and Greek forces engaged in a constant series of skirmishes. By 340 BC, Carthage had been pushed entirely into the southwest corner of the island, and an uneasy peace reigned over the island. In 315 BC, Agathocles,

title: History of Carthage

text: is a tourist attraction. The Carthage Palace (the Tunisian presidential palace), is located in the city. The modern Carthage, beyond its residential vocation, seems to be invested with an affirmed political role. The geographical configuration of Carthage, as an old peninsula, save Carthage, of Tunis' inconveniences and embarrassments and increase its attractiveness as a residency place toward the elites. If Carthage is not the capital, it tends to be the political pole, a " place of emblematic power " according to Sophie Bessis, leaving to Tunis the economic and administrative roles. Some ancient translations of Punic texts into Greek and

title: Carthage

text: adaptation to local African conditions. The "urban landscape" of Carthage is known in part from ancient authors, augmented by modern digs and surveys conducted by archeologists. The "first urban nucleus" dating to the seventh century, in area about , was apparently located on low-lying lands along the coast (north of the later harbors). As confirmed by archaeological excavations, Carthage was a "creation "ex nihilo"", built on 'virgin' land, and situated at what was then the end of a peninsula. Here among "mud brick walls and beaten clay floors" (recently uncovered) were also found extensive cemeteries, which yielded evocative grave goods

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Carthage in 146 BC, the Roman Senate decreed that Mago's famous treatise on agriculture be translated into Latin. Circumstantial evidence suggests that Carthage developed viticulture and wine production before the 4th century BC, and even exported its wines widely, as indicated by distinctive cigar-shaped Carthaginian amphorae found at archaeological sites around the western Mediterranean, although the contents of these vessels have not been conclusively analysed. Carthage also shipped quantities of raisin wine, the "passum" of antiquity. Fruits including figs, pears, and pomegranates, as well as nuts, grain, grapes, dates, and olives were grown in the extensive hinterland, while olive oil

title: Carthage

text: re-established around Carthage. Visitors to the several growing regions that surrounded the city wrote admiringly of the lush green gardens, orchards, fields, irrigation channels, hedgerows (as boundaries), as well as the many prosperous farming towns located across the rural landscape. Accordingly, the Greek author and compiler Diodorus Siculus (fl. 1st century BCE), who enjoyed access to ancient writings later lost, and on which he based most of his writings, described agricultural land near the city of Carthage circa 310 BC: "It was divided into market gardens and orchards of all sorts of fruit trees, with many streams of water flowing

title: Carthage

text: "Phoenician" writings, few remain and these seldom refer to Carthage. The more ancient and most informative are cuneiform tablets, ca. 1600–1185, from ancient Ugarit, located to the north of Phoenicia on the Syrian coast; it was a Canaanite city politically affiliated with the Hittites. The clay tablets tell of myths, epics, rituals, medical and administrative matters, and also correspondence. The highly valued works of Sanchuniathon, an ancient priest of Beirut, who reportedly wrote on Phoenician religion and the origins of civilization, are themselves completely lost, but some little content endures twice removed. Sanchuniathon was said to have lived in the

title: Carthage

text: into slavery, plowed it over and sowed it with salt. However, no ancient sources exist documenting the salting itself. The element of salting is therefore probably a later invention modeled on the Biblical story of Shechem. The ritual of symbolically drawing a plow over the site of a city is mentioned in ancient sources, but not in reference to Carthage specifically. When Pope Boniface VIII destroyed Palestrina in 1299, he issued a papal bull that it be plowed "following the old example of Carthage in Africa" and also salted. "I have run the plough over it, like the ancient Carthage

title: Carthage

text: Pyrrhic War over Sicily, while the Romans fought three wars against Carthage, known as the Punic Wars, "Punic" meaning "Phoenician" in Latin. The Carthaginian republic was one of the longest-lived and largest states in the ancient Mediterranean. Reports relay several wars with Syracuse and finally, Rome, which eventually resulted in the defeat and destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War. The Carthaginians were Phoenician settlers originating in the Mediterranean coast of the Near East. They spoke Canaanite, a Semitic language, and followed a local variety of the ancient Canaanite religion. The fall of Carthage came at the end of

title: Ancient Carthage

text: the tyrant (administrating governor) of Syracuse, seized the city of Messene (present-day Messina). In 311 BC he invaded the last Carthaginian holdings on Sicily, breaking the terms of the current peace treaty, and laid siege to Akragas. Hamilcar, grandson of Hanno the Great, led the Carthaginian response and met with tremendous success. By 310 BC, he controlled almost all of Sicily and had laid siege to Syracuse itself. In desperation, Agathocles secretly led an expedition of 14,000 men to the mainland, hoping to save his rule by leading a counterstrike against Carthage itself. In this, he was successful: Carthage was

title: Carthage

text: He "saw himself as the reviver of the ancient Christian Church of Africa, the Church of Cyprian of Carthage", and, on 10 November 1884, was successful in his great ambition of having the metropolitan see of Carthage restored, with himself as its first archbishop. In line with the declaration of Pope Leo IX in 1053, Pope Leo XIII acknowledged the revived Archdiocese of Carthage as the primatial see of Africa and Lavigerie as primate. The Acropolium of Carthage (Saint Louis Cathedral of Carthage) was erected on Byrsa hill in 1884. The Danish consul Christian Tuxen Falbe conducted a first survey

title: Ancient Carthage

text: was processed and exported all over the Mediterranean. Carthage also raised fine horses, the ancestor of today's Barb horses. Carthage's merchant ships, which surpassed in number even those of the cities of the Levant, visited every major port of the Mediterranean, as well as Britain and the Atlantic coast of Africa. These ships were able to carry over 100 tons of goods. Carthage also sent caravans into the interior of Africa and Persia. It traded its manufactured and agricultural goods to the coastal and interior peoples of Africa for salt, gold, timber, ivory, ebony, apes, peacocks, skins, and hides. Its

title: Ancient Carthage

text: was one of its most profitable trades. One mine in Iberia provided Hannibal with 300 Roman pounds (3.75 talents) of silver a day. Carthage's economy began as an extension of that of its parent city, Tyre. Its massive merchant fleet traversed the trade routes mapped out by Tyre, and Carthage inherited from Tyre the trade in the extremely valuable dye Tyrian purple. No evidence of purple dye manufacture has been found at Carthage, but mounds of shells of the murex marine snails from which it derived have been found in excavations of the Punic town which archaeologists call Kerkouane, at

title: Ancient Carthage

text: territory by Rome, and the death or enslavement of thousands of Carthaginians. The Third Punic War ended Carthage's independent existence. The government of Carthage changed dramatically after the total rout of the Carthaginian forces at the battle of Himera on Sicily in 483 BC. The Magonid clan was compelled to compromise and allow representative and even some democratic institutions. Carthage remained to a great extent an oligarchal republic, which relied on a system of checks and balances and ensured a form of public accountability. At the head of the Carthaginian state were now two annually elected, not hereditary, Suffets (thus

title: Carthage

text: child sacrifice. Although there has been considerable disagreement among scholars concerning whether or not child sacrifice was practiced by ancient Carthage, recent research indicates that child sacrifice was in practice. The open-air Carthage Paleo-Christian Museum has exhibits excavated under the auspices of UNESCO from 1975 to 1984. The name "Carthage" /ˈkarθɪdʒ/ is the Early Modern anglicisation of French "Carthage" /kaʁ.taʒ/, from Latin ' and ' (cf. Greek "Karkhēdōn" () and Etruscan "*Carθaza") from the Punic ' "new city", implying it was a "new Tyre". The Latin adjective "pūnicus", meaning "Phoenician", is reflected in English in some borrowings from Latin—notably the

title: Carthage

text: so associated with the city-state, the King of Carthage had to keep order among a rich variety of powerful merchants in their negotiations among themselves and over risky commerce across the Mediterranean. Under these circumstance, the office of king began to be transformed. Yet it was not until the aristocrats of Carthage became wealthy owners of agricultural lands in Africa that a council of elders was institutionalized at Carthage. Most ancient literature concerning Carthage comes from Greek and Roman sources as Carthage's own documents were destroyed by the Romans. Apart from inscriptions, hardly any Punic literature has survived, and none

title: Carthage, Indiana

text: Carthage, Indiana Carthage is a town in Ripley Township, Rush County, Indiana, United States, located along the Big Blue River. The population was 927 at the 2010 census. Carthage was platted in 1834. The town was named after Carthage, North Carolina. A post office has been in operation at Carthage since 1835. The Henry Henley Public Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. Carthage is located at (39.739189, -85.570553). According to the 2010 census, Carthage has a total area of , all land. Carthage is surrounded by farmland and woodland. The town is served by

title: Ancient Carthage

text: and in some cases the bones of fetuses and two-year-olds. There is a clear correlation between the frequency of cremation and the well-being of the city. In bad times (war, poor harvests) cremations became more frequent, but it is not known why. One explanation for this correlation is the claim that the Carthaginians prayed for divine intervention via child sacrifice; however, bad times would naturally lead to increased child mortality, and consequently, more child burials via cremation. Accounts of child sacrifice in Carthage report that beginning at the founding of Carthage in about 814 BC, mothers and fathers buried their

title: Ancient Carthage

text: merchants invented the practice of sale by auction and used it to trade with the African tribes. In other ports, they tried to establish permanent warehouses or sell their goods in open-air markets. They obtained amber from Scandinavia, and from the Celtiberians, Gauls, and Celts they got amber, tin, silver, and furs. Sardinia and Corsica produced gold and silver for Carthage, and Phoenician settlements on islands such as Malta and the Balearic Islands produced commodities that would be sent back to Carthage for large-scale distribution. The city supplied poorer civilizations with simple products such as pottery, metallic objects, and ornamentations,

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Empire. In 256-255 BC the Romans, under the command of Marcus Atilius Regulus, landed in Africa and after suffering some initial defeats the Carthaginian forces eventually repelled the Roman invasion. Shortly after the First Punic War, Carthage faced a major mercenary revolt which changed the internal political landscape of Carthage (bringing the Barcid family to prominence), and affected Carthage's international standing, as Rome used the events of the war to base a claim by which it seized Sardinia and Corsica. The Second Punic War lasted from 218 to 202 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean, with

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Wars. When Agathocles died in 288 BC, a large company of Italian mercenaries who had previously been held in his service found themselves suddenly without employment. Rather than leave Sicily, they seized the city of Messana. Naming themselves Mamertines (or "sons of Mars"), they became a law unto themselves, terrorizing the surrounding countryside. The Mamertines became a growing threat to Carthage and Syracuse alike. In 265 BC, Hiero II, former general of Pyrrhus and the new tyrant of Syracuse, took action against them. Faced with a vastly superior force, the Mamertines divided into two factions, one advocating surrender to Carthage,

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Pyrrhus withdrew from Sicily and returned to deal with events occurring in southern Italy. Pyrrhus's campaigns in Italy were inconclusive, and Pyrrhus eventually withdrew to Epirus. For Carthage, this meant a return to the status quo. For Rome, however, the failure of Pyrrhus to defend the colonies of "Magna Graecia" meant that Rome absorbed them into its "sphere of influence", bringing it closer to complete domination of the Italian peninsula. Rome's domination of Italy, and proof that Rome could pit its military strength successfully against major international powers, would pave the way to the future Rome-Carthage conflicts of the Punic

title: Ancient Carthage

text: indicating a division of influence and commercial activities. This is the first known source indicating that Carthage had gained control over Sicily and Sardinia. By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Carthage had become the commercial center of the West Mediterranean region, a position it retained until overthrown by the Roman Republic. The city had conquered most of the old Phoenician colonies (including Hadrumetum, Utica, Hippo Diarrhytus and Kerkouane), subjugated the Libyan tribes (with the Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms remaining more or less independent), and taken control of the entire Northwest African coast from modern Morocco to the borders

title: Mago I of Carthage

text: Mago I of Carthage MagoI, also known as Magon (, ), was the king of the Ancient Carthage from 550 BC to 530 BC and the founding monarch of the Magonid dynasty of Carthage. Mago I was originally a general. Under Mago, Carthage became preeminent among the Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean. Under Mago, Carthage established itself as the dominant Phoenician military power in the western Mediterranean. It remained economically dependent on Tyre, the capital of Phoenicia, but acted increasingly independent. One of Mago's political achievements was an alliance with the Etruscans against the Ancient Greece. This alliance lasted

title: Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, Missouri)

text: Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, Missouri) Carthage High School is a public high school located in Carthage, Missouri, USA. The new campus was completed in March 2009 and opened that same year in August. The building houses 9th through 12th grades and the former senior high, now the junior high, is home to 7th and 8th graders. Carthage High School is now located on the southeastern edge of town on River Street close to the facilities of the Fair Acres YMCA. In fact, the high school soccer and swim teams use the YMCA's pool and soccer fields to practice. The

title: Ancient Carthage

text: where she falls upon Aeneas' sword. As she lay dying, she predicted eternal strife between Aeneas' people and her own: "rise up from my bones, avenging spirit" (4.625, trans. Fitzgerald) she says, an invocation of Hannibal. The details of Virgil's story do not, however, form part of the original legend and are significant mainly as an indication of Rome's attitude towards the city she had founded, exemplified by Cato the Elder's much-repeated utterance, ""Carthago delenda est"", "Carthage must be destroyed". The Phoenicians established numerous colonial cities along the coasts of the Mediterranean to provide safe harbors for their merchant fleets,

title: Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District (Carthage, Missouri)

text: Drake Hotel (1920), Fire Department (1883), Leggett and Platt (1920), McNerney Block (1905), and Carthage National Bank. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District (Carthage, Missouri) Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Carthage, Jasper County, Missouri. The district encompasses 42 contributing buildings in the central business district of Carthage. It developed in the late-19th and early-20th centuries and includes representative examples of Italianate and Romanesque Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Jasper County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the

text: Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District (Carthage, Missouri) Carthage Courthouse Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Carthage, Jasper County, Missouri. The district encompasses 42 contributing buildings in the central business district of Carthage. It developed in the late-19th and early-20th centuries and includes representative examples of Italianate and Romanesque Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Jasper County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the Bank of Carthage, Ben Franklin Store (1920s), Farmers and Drovers Bank / Miller Clothing Company (1875, 1908), Belk-Simpson Building (pre-1884), Carthage Water & Electric Co. (pre-1884), Snyder Building (1901),

title: Church of Carthage

text: Church of Carthage The Church of Carthage (Church of Africa) was a local church established in the Roman province of Africa Proconsulare, with its ecclesiastical seat in ancient Carthage. It is in the Romanesque architectural style. The cathedral dissolved following the spread of Islam in the region. The church at Carthage was to the Church of Africa what the church at Rome was to the Church of Italy. Carthage was at the heart of African Christianity in the Roman world. In Christian traditions, some accounts give as the first bishop of Carthage Crescens, ordained by Saint Peter, or Speratus, one

title: Carthage Historic District (Carthage, North Carolina)

text: Carthage Historic District (Carthage, North Carolina) Carthage Historic District is a national historic district located at Carthage, Moore County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 85 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 5 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in a predominantly residential section of Carthage. It was developed between the 1850s and 1940 and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Greek Revival, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the Carthage Methodist Church (1898-1900), (former) Carthage Community House (1939-1940) built by the National Youth Administration, the "Chub" Seawell House, Edgehill, Charles Sinclair House, Dr. John Shaw House, Humber-Spencer House, Adams-Bryan

title: Carthage, South Dakota

text: population were below the poverty line, including 40.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 12.1% of those sixty five or over. Carthage is located exactly where Laura Ingalls Wilder described the "Brewster Settlement", the site where she taught her first school, in her novel "These Happy Golden Years". The actual name of the site was ""Bouchie" Settlement", however. It is unclear if Carthage grew out of the original Bouchie settlement or not. Carthage gained a small amount of attention when it was featured in the book "Into the Wild" by Jon Krakauer. The book documents the travels of

title: Carthage, Texas

text: females. The per capita income for the city was $16,332. About 11.8% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over. The City of Carthage is served by the Carthage Independent School District. Also, the two-year Panola College, a community college, is located across from Carthage City Hall. The Texas Country Music Hall of Fame is located in Carthage, which also houses the Tex Ritter Museum. The Jim Reeves Memorial is located just on the outskirts of Carthage, east on U.S. 79.

title: Carthage, Missouri

text: Carthage, Missouri Carthage is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 14,378 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Jasper County and is nicknamed "America's Maple Leaf City." Jasper County was formed in 1841. Carthage was chosen as the county seat, the area cleared and the town platted in 1842. The city was named after ancient Carthage. By the time of the American Civil War, there were over 500 residents, a brick and stone courthouse, and several businesses. The area was divided over slavery, and almost all of the African-Americans in the county

title: Carthage

text: presidential palace) is located in the coast. The suburb has six train stations of the TGM line between Le Kram and Sidi Bou Said: Carthage Salammbo (named for Salambo, the fictional daughter of Hamilcar), Carthage Byrsa (named for Byrsa hill), Carthage Dermech ("Dermèche"), Carthage Hannibal (named for Hannibal), Carthage Présidence (named for the Presidential Palace) and Carthage Amilcar (named for Hamilcar). The merchants of Carthage were in part heirs of the Mediterranean trade developed by Phoenicia, and so also heirs of the rivalry with Greek merchants. Business activity was accordingly both stimulated and challenged. Cyprus had been an early site

title: Church of Carthage

text: rulers to use force against schismatics and heretics. Although the dispute was resolved by a decision of an imperial commission in the Council of Carthage (411), Donatist communities continued to exist as late as the 6th century. Church of Carthage The Church of Carthage (Church of Africa) was a local church established in the Roman province of Africa Proconsulare, with its ecclesiastical seat in ancient Carthage. It is in the Romanesque architectural style. The cathedral dissolved following the spread of Islam in the region. The church at Carthage was to the Church of Africa what the church at Rome was

title: History of Carthage

text: city started as one of a number of Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean that were created to facilitate trade from the city of Tyre on the coast of what is now Lebanon. Most Phoenician cities had fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, but Carthage and a few others developed into large, self-sustaining, independent towns. Ancient sources concur that Carthage had become perhaps the wealthiest city in the world via its trade and commerce. The founding of Carthage is variously given in ancient sources as somewhere between 1215 BC and 1234 BC. Modern sources feel the city was founded sometime between 846

title: Ancient history

text: Wars. After the third and final Punic War, Carthage was destroyed then occupied by Roman forces. Nearly all of the territory held by Carthage fell into Roman hands. Ancient Egypt was a long-lived civilization geographically located in north-eastern Africa. It was concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River reaching its greatest extension during the 2nd millennium BC, which is referred to as the New Kingdom period. It reached broadly from the Nile Delta in the north, as far south as Jebel Barkal at the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. Extensions to the geographical range of ancient

text: House, Jenkins House, Harley-Muse House (1879), George Calvin Graves House (1882, 1897), W. T. Jones House (1897), the J. F. Cole House (1899), the Methodist Parsonage (1922), and Presbyterian Manse. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Carthage Historic District (Carthage, North Carolina) Carthage Historic District is a national historic district located at Carthage, Moore County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 85 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 5 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in a predominantly residential section of Carthage. It was developed between the 1850s and 1940 and includes notable examples of Queen

title: Pride of Carthage

text: Durham draws a complex portrait of Hannibal, both as a warrior and as a husband and father. Pride of Carthage Pride of Carthage is a 2005 novel about the Second Punic War by American author David Anthony Durham. It was first published by Doubleday, in the United States, 2005. The book was translated into Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. The novel is a retelling of the assault on the Roman Republic by the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca. It begins in Ancient Spain, where Hannibal sets out with tens of thousands of soldiers and 30 elephants. After conquering

title: Pride of Carthage

text: Pride of Carthage Pride of Carthage is a 2005 novel about the Second Punic War by American author David Anthony Durham. It was first published by Doubleday, in the United States, 2005. The book was translated into Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. The novel is a retelling of the assault on the Roman Republic by the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca. It begins in Ancient Spain, where Hannibal sets out with tens of thousands of soldiers and 30 elephants. After conquering the Roman-allied city of Saguntum, Hannibal accepts Rome's declaration of war. He befriends peoples disillusioned by Rome

title: South Carthage, Tennessee

text: South Carthage, Tennessee South Carthage is a town in Smith County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,322 at the 2010 census. The town is located along the Cumberland River opposite Carthage. South Carthage is located at (36.245584, -85.958043). The town stretches along the south bank of the Cumberland River from Goodall Island eastward to the river's confluence with the Caney Fork (river miles 306-309). South Carthage is traversed by U.S. Route 70N, and the highway's key intersection with State Route 25 and State Route 53 is located within the town's southeastern limits. The town is connected to Carthage via

title: Carthage Street Circuit

text: km) is now located on the N9 from the populated area Ain Zaghouan to the border with the populated place Les Berges du Lac. From there the course follows a second straight (2,32 km) through El Aouina, just east of La Charguia airport. The most northern point of the course is located in La Soukra, from where it follows the N10 south down to Sidi Daoud, where a hairpin and a slow chicane leads back to the main straight. The total length of the circuit is 12,9 km. Carthage Street Circuit The Carthage Street Circuit was a street circuit in

title: Carthage, Missouri

text: Electric Plant. The new Carthage High School opened in 2009. Dyno Nobel and Buckley Powder Company co-owns an explosives plant a couple miles southwest of Carthage. Carthage R-IX School District operates two elementary schools, Carthage Jr. High School and Carthage High School. The town has a lending library, the Carthage Public Library. As noted above, Carthage was the site of the Battle of Carthage, the first official engagement of the American Civil War, on July 5, 1861. Local groups stage reenactments of the battle, near the grounds of the State Historic Site which commemorates the event. Carthage is located on

title: Military of Carthage

text: where the Punic language was to persist until the 5th century AD. The idea that mercantile business and warlike spirit are contradictory dates to the Age of Enlightenment and is generally not shared by ancient sources, such as Virgil, who writes in "Aeneid" 1,444f. on Carthage: for this reason shall the people be glorious in war and acquire food easily for centuries ("sic nam fore bello / egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem"). Livy already points out that Carthage did house a body of at least 40'000 professional soldiers until sometime after the Second Punic War. Other sources can

title: Carthage

text: In the end, however, most Punic writings that survived the destruction of Carthage "did not escape the immense wreckage in which so many of Antiquity's literary works perished." Accordingly, the long and continuous interactions between Punic citizens of Carthage and the Berber communities that surrounded the city have no local historian. Their political arrangements and periodic crises, their economic and work life, the cultural ties and social relations established and nourished (infrequently as kin), are not known to us directly from ancient Punic authors in written accounts. Neither side has left us their stories about life in Punic-era Carthage. Regarding

title: Religion in Carthage

text: Religion in Carthage The religion of Carthage in North Africa was a direct continuation of the Phoenician variety of the polytheistic ancient Canaanite religion with significant local modifications. Controversy prevails regarding the possible existence and practice of propitiatory child sacrifice in the religion of Carthage. However, a recent study of archeological evidence confirms this ritual. Carthage derived the original core of its religion from Phoenicia. The Phoenician pantheon was presided over by the father of the gods, but a goddess was the principal figure in the Phoenician pantheon. The system of gods and goddesses in Phoenician religion also influenced many

title: Carthage, Mississippi

text: Carthage, Mississippi Carthage is a city in Leake County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 5,075 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Leake County. The largest chicken processing plant in the world is located in Carthage. Carthage was established in 1834, and became the county seat. The Harris family were early settlers, and named the town after their former home of Carthage, Tennessee. A courthouse and jail were built in 1836, and a post office was established the following year. Carthage was incorporated in 1876. A brick courthouse replaced the previous one in 1877, and was

title: Carthage High School (Texas)

text: Carthage High School (Texas) Carthage High School is a public high school located in the city of Carthage, Texas. It is part of the Carthage Independent School District located in central Panola County and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency. The Carthage Bulldogs compete in the following sports - Cross Country, Volleyball, Football, Basketball, Powerlifting, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track, Baseball & Softball "Carthage" (UIL) "Carthage Turner" (PVIL) "Carthage" (UIL) "Carthage Turner" (PVIL) Academic Events: UIL Academic Titles: Other State Titles: The school has a leased

title: Carthage, Mississippi

text: baseball diamond, basketball court, walking trail, and community center. The City of Carthage is served by the Leake County School District. Carthage is served by Mississippi Highway 35, Mississippi Highway 16, and Mississippi Highway 25. The Carthage-Leake County Airport is located north of the city. Carthage is protected by its own police and fire departments. The Baptist Medical Center in Carthage provides hospital services and critical care. Carthage, Mississippi Carthage is a city in Leake County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 5,075 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Leake County. The largest chicken processing plant

text: 9-1 in 2004 and 9-1 in 2005, the Tigers have made it to the Missouri state playoffs every year since including going 10-1 in 2007. The soccer team has also had a lot of success in recent years coming within a game of the state championship in three of the last four years. Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, Missouri) Carthage High School is a public high school located in Carthage, Missouri, USA. The new campus was completed in March 2009 and opened that same year in August. The building houses 9th through 12th grades and the former senior high, now

title: Carthage, Texas

text: Reeves and Ritter were from the nearby unincorporated communities of Galloway and Murvaul, respectively. The Footprints in the Sand monument is a 14-foot bronze sculpture of Jesus carrying an old man depicting the famous poem. It is located on the southwest loop in Carthage. Carthage resident Bob Harness is the sculptor. The old Panola County Jail Museum is located on North Shelby Street. Panola County Heritage Museum is located at 100 East Sabine Street across from the gazebo in downtown Anderson Park. Lake Murvaul is 15 miles west of Carthage on Murvaul Bayou. Carthage is served by two local radio

title: Mago I of Carthage

text: trial of arms against the Persian Empire when the Phoenicians refused to lend ships to Cambyses in 525 BC for an African expedition. Carthage may have paid tribute irregularly to the Great King. It is not known if Carthage had any role in the Battle of Cumae in 524 BC, after which the Etruscan power began to wane in Italy. Mago I of Carthage MagoI, also known as Magon (, ), was the king of the Ancient Carthage from 550 BC to 530 BC and the founding monarch of the Magonid dynasty of Carthage. Mago I was originally a general.

title: History of Carthage

text: Latin as well as inscriptions on monuments and buildings discovered in Northwest Africa survive. However, the majority of available primary source material about Carthaginian civilization was written by Greek and Roman historians, such as Livy, Polybius, Appian, Cornelius Nepos, Silius Italicus, Plutarch, Dio Cassius and Herodotus. These authors came from cultures nearly always in competition and often in conflict, with Carthage. The Greeks contested with Carthage for Sicily, and the Romans fought the Punic Wars against Carthage. Inevitably, the accounts of Carthage written by outsiders include significant bias. Recent excavation of ancient Carthaginian sites has brought much more primary material

title: Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, New York)

text: on Route 26, one-half mile east from the intersection of Route 26 & Route 126 in West Carthage and serves an area of about 260 square miles. It maintains a population of about 950 for grades 9-12. Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, New York) Carthage Central High School is located on a 123 acre site in a rural geographic area of northern New York State, 40 miles from the Canada–United States border, six miles south of Fort Drum, 15 miles east of Watertown, and 90 miles northeast of Syracuse. The high school serves the villages of Carthage, West Carthage, Black

title: Carthage, Cincinnati

text: in the 1830 United States Census. Carthage was incorporated as a village in 1868 and then annexed into Cincinnati in 1911. Carthage is home to a growing Hispanic community. It has several stores and restaurants such as "El Valle Verde" and others. Carthage is also the home of "Su Casa" Hispanic Ministry, which holds many events and parties. Carthage also holds the annual Hispanic Festival. Carthage, Cincinnati Carthage is a residential neighborhood located in the Mill Creek valley in Cincinnati, Ohio. It shares a border with Elmwood Place, Ohio, which, with adjacent St. Bernard, Ohio, forms a city island in

title: Carthage, Indiana

text: $31,618 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,598. About 6.0% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over. Carthage, Indiana Carthage is a town in Ripley Township, Rush County, Indiana, United States, located along the Big Blue River. The population was 927 at the 2010 census. Carthage was platted in 1834. The town was named after Carthage, North Carolina. A post office has been in operation at Carthage since 1835. The Henry Henley Public Library

title: History of Carthage

text: has spread to include the ancient site of Carthage in a modern suburb. Carthage was one of a number of Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean that were created to facilitate trade from the cities of Sidon, Tyre and others from Phoenicia, which was situated in the coast of what is now Lebanon. In the 10th century BC, the eastern Mediterranean shore was inhabited by various Semitic populations, who had built up flourishing civilizations. The people inhabiting what is now Lebanon were referred to as "Phoenicians" by the Greeks. The Phoenician language was very close to ancient Hebrew, to such

title: Ancient Carthage

text: of Tanit and Ba'al Hammon. The goddess Astarte seems to have been popular in early times. At the height of its cosmopolitan era, Carthage seems to have hosted a large array of divinities from the neighbouring civilizations of Greece, Egypt and the Etruscan city-states. A pantheon was presided over by the father of the gods, but a goddess was the principal figure in the Phoenician pantheon. Surviving Punic texts are detailed enough to give a portrait of a very well organized caste of temple priests and acolytes performing different types of functions, for a variety of prices. Priests were clean

title: Ancient Carthage

text: forced to recall Hamilcar and most of his army from Sicily to face the new and unexpected threat. Although Agathocles's army was eventually defeated in 307 BC, Agathocles himself escaped back to Sicily and was able to negotiate a peace which maintained Syracuse as a stronghold of Greek power in Sicily. Between 280 and 275 BC, Pyrrhus of Epirus waged two major campaigns in the western Mediterranean: one against the emerging power of the Roman Republic in southern Italy, the other against Carthage in Sicily. Pyrrhus sent an advance guard to Tarentum under the command of Cineaus with 3,000 infantry.

title: Ancient Carthage

text: priest. Elissa escaped the tyranny of her own country, founding the "new city" of Carthage and subsequently its later dominions. Details of her life are sketchy and confusing, but the following can be deduced from various sources. According to Justin, Princess Elissa was the daughter of King Belus II of Tyre. When he died, the throne was jointly bequeathed to her brother, Pygmalion, and her. She married her uncle Acerbas, also known as Sychaeus, the High Priest of Melqart, a man with both authority and wealth comparable to the king. This led to increased rivalry between the religious elite and

text: Carthage Senior High School (Carthage, New York) Carthage Central High School is located on a 123 acre site in a rural geographic area of northern New York State, 40 miles from the Canada–United States border, six miles south of Fort Drum, 15 miles east of Watertown, and 90 miles northeast of Syracuse. The high school serves the villages of Carthage, West Carthage, Black River, Great Bend, Felts Mills, Deferiet, Deer River, Herrings and Natural Bridge along with a portion of the housing at the Fort Drum Army base. The population within this area is approximately 22,000. The high school is

title: Carthage

text: Over generations, such activity might result in the creation of a wide-ranging network of trading operations. Ancillary would be the growth of reciprocity between different family firms, foreign and domestic. State protection was extended to its sea traders by the Phoenician city of Tyre and later likewise by the daughter city-state of Carthage. , the well-regarded French historian of ancient North Africa, summarized the major principles guiding the civic rulers of Carthage with regard to its policies for trade and commerce: Both the Phoenicians and the Cathaginians were well known in antiquity for their secrecy in general, and especially pertaining

title: Carthage High School (Texas)

text: cable channel that they broadcast programming from CISD on. Broadcasting is managed by the department's director Joanna Huckabee and produced by students including Cheston Malone, Kell Whitlock and Dylan Bullock. Programs include "CHS 360" and "The Carthage Connection". Carthage High School (Texas) Carthage High School is a public high school located in the city of Carthage, Texas. It is part of the Carthage Independent School District located in central Panola County and classified as a 4A school by the UIL. In 2013, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency. The Carthage Bulldogs compete in the following

title: History of Carthage

text: Phoenician warships out into the harbour and burned them before the city, and went from house to house, slaughtering and enslaving the people. The city was set ablaze, and in this way was razed with only ruins and rubble to field the aftermath. Since the 19th century, some historians have written that the city of Carthage was salted to ensure that no crops could be grown there, but there is no ancient evidence for this. When Carthage fell, its nearby rival Utica, a Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading centre of Punic

title: History of Carthage

text: of the ancient Mediterranean would pass to the modern world via Southern Europe instead of Northwest Africa. Shortly after the First Punic War, Carthage faced a major mercenary revolt which changed the internal political landscape of Carthage (bringing the Barcid family to prominence), and affected Carthage's international standing, as Rome used the events of the war to base a claim by which it seized Sardinia and Corsica. The emergence of the Roman Republic led to sustained rivalry with the more anciently established Carthage for dominion of the western Mediterranean. As early as 509 BC. Carthage and Rome had entered into

title: Ancient Carthage

text: a hundred were deployed. The riders of these elephants were armed with a spike and hammer to kill the elephants, in case they charged toward their own army. The Carthaginians also fielded troops such as slingers, soldiers armed with straps of cloth used to toss small stones at high speeds. The navy of Carthage was one of the largest in the Mediterranean, using serial production to maintain high numbers at moderate cost. The sailors and marines of the Carthaginian navy were predominantly recruited from the Phoenician citizenry, unlike the multiethnic allied and mercenary troops of the Carthaginian armies. The navy

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Celts and Balearics and Iberians were especially common. Later, after the Barcids conquered Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), Iberians came to form an even greater part of the Carthaginian forces. Carthage seems to have fielded a formidable cavalry force, especially in its Northwest African homeland; a significant part of it was composed of light Numidian cavalry. Other mounted troops included North African elephants (now extinct), trained for war, which, among other uses, were commonly used for frontal assaults or as anticavalry protection. An army could field up to several hundred of these animals, but on most reported occasions fewer than

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Punic War and the end of the Second Punic War, members of the Barcid family dominated in Carthaginian politics. They were given control of the Carthaginian military and all the Carthaginian territories outside of Africa. According to Polybius, Carthage relied heavily, though not exclusively, on foreign mercenaries, especially in overseas warfare. The core of its army was from its own territory in Northwest Africa (ethnic Libyans and Numidians (modern northern Algeria), as well as "Liby-Phoenicians"—i.e., Phoenicians proper). These troops were supported by mercenaries from different ethnic groups and geographic locations across the Mediterranean, who fought in their own national units;

title: Ancient Carthage

text: from the Tribunal of One Hundred and Four: they appear to have dealt with a variety of affairs of state. Although the city's administration was firmly controlled by oligarchs, democratic elements were to be found as well: Carthage had elected legislators, trade unions and town meetings in the form of a Popular Assembly. Aristotle reported in his "Politics" that unless the Suffets and the Council reached a unanimous decision, the Carthaginian popular assembly had the decisive vote — unlike the situation in Greek states with similar constitutions such as Sparta and Crete. Polybius, in his History book 6, also stated

title: Ancient Carthage

text: the participation of the Berbers on Carthage's side. The war is marked by Hannibal's surprising overland journey and his costly crossing of the Alps, followed by his reinforcement by Gaulish allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the battle of the Trebia and the giant ambush at Trasimene. Against his skill on the battlefield the Romans deployed the Fabian strategy. But because of the increasing unpopularity of this approach, the Romans resorted to a further major field battle. The result was the crushing Roman defeat at Cannae. In consequence many Roman allies went over to Carthage, prolonging the war

title: Ancient Carthage

text: Pyrrhus marched the main army across the Greek peninsula and engaged in battles with the Thessalians and the Athenian army. After his early success on the march Pyrrhus entered Tarentum to rejoin with his advance guard. In the midst of Pyrrhus's Italian campaigns, he received envoys from the Sicilian cities of Agrigentum, Syracuse, and Leontini, asking for military aid to remove the Carthaginian dominance over that island. Pyrrhus agreed, and fortified the Sicilian cities with an army of 20,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry and 20 war elephants, supported by some 200 ships. Initially, Pyrrhus's Sicilian campaign against Carthage was a

title: Ancient Carthage

text: reclaimed Motya, but also captured Messina. Finally, he laid siege to Syracuse itself. The siege was close to a success throughout 397 BC, but in 396 BC plague again ravaged the Carthaginian forces, and they collapsed. The fighting in Sicily swung in favor of Carthage in 387 BC. After winning a naval battle off the coast of Catania, Himilco laid siege to Syracuse with 50,000 Carthaginians, but yet another epidemic struck down thousands of them. Dionysius then launched a counterattack by land and sea, and the Syracusans surprised the enemy fleet while most of the crews were ashore, destroying all

title: Ancient Carthage

text: fierce resistance and ill-fortune. During the siege of Agrigentum, the Carthaginian forces were ravaged by plague, Hannibal Mago himself succumbing to it. Although his successor, Himilco, successfully extended the campaign by breaking a Greek siege - capturing the city of Gela and repeatedly defeating the army of Dionysius, the new tyrant of Syracuse - he, too, was weakened by the plague and forced to sue for peace before returning to Carthage. In 398 BC, Dionysius had regained his strength and broke the peace treaty, striking at the Carthaginian stronghold of Motya. Himilco responded decisively, leading an expedition which not only

title: Ancient Carthage

text: support from other Greek city-states, was attempting to unite the island under his rule. This imminent threat could not be ignored, and Carthage — possibly as part of an alliance with Persia — engaged military force under the leadership of the general Hamilcar. Traditional accounts, including those of Herodotus and Diodorus, give Hamilcar's army a strength of three hundred thousand men; though this is certainly exaggerated, it must nonetheless have been of formidable strength. En route to Sicily, however, Hamilcar suffered losses (possibly severe) due to poor weather. Landing at Panormus (modern-day Palermo), Hamilcar spent 3 days reorganizing his forces

title: Ancient Carthage

text: entire area later came under the leadership and protection of Carthage, which in turn dispatched its own colonists to found new cities or to reinforce those that declined with the loss of primacy of Tyre and Sidon. The first colonies were settled on the two paths to Iberia's mineral wealth — along the Northwest African coast and on Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. The centre of the Phoenician world was Tyre, which served as its economic and political hub. The power of this city waned following numerous sieges by Babylonia, and then its later voluntary submission to the Persian