query: what other countries share a border with china?

title: China–Kazakhstan border

text: by joint commissions. According to the commissions' protocols and maps, the two countries' border line is 1782.75 km long, including 1215.86 km of land border and 566.89 km of border line run along (or across) rivers or lakes. The commissions' work was documented by several joint protocols, finalized with the Protocol signed in Beijing on May 10, 2002. In 2011 a cross-border free trade area opened on the border at Khorgos in an effort to boost Chinese-Kazakh trade. The two countries' border protection authorities carry out regular meetings, and on occasions even joint border patrols. China–Kazakhstan border The China–Kazakhstan border,

title: China–Kyrgyzstan border

text: USSR-China frontier. The two countries delimited their border in 1996. Formal demarcation was hampered by opposition to the border treaty by elements of the Kyrgyz opposition, centred on Azimbek Beknazarov, as part of a wider movement against then-President Askar Akayev culminating in the Tulip Revolution. The border agreement was finalised in 2009, with China giving up part of the Khan Tengri Peak while Kyrgyzstan ceded the Uzengi-Kush, a mountainous area located south of the Issyk Kul region. Historically the Bedel Pass, further east along the Tian Shan mountains, has also been used. China–Kyrgyzstan border The China-Kyrgyzstan border is 1,063km (660m)

title: China–Pakistan border

text: China–Pakistan border The China-Pakistan border is 438km (272m) and runs west-east from the tripoint with Afghanistan to the disputed tripoint with India in the vicinity of the Siachen Glacier. It traverses the Karakorum Mountains, one of the world's tallest mountain ranges. The modern border dates from the period of the Raj when Britain controlled India, including what is now Pakistan. In 1899 the British, via its envoy to China Sir Claude MacDonald, proposed what became known as the MacDonald Line to the Chinese government, however the Chinese never responded to the proposal and thus the border was never formalised. Over

title: Bhutan–China border

text: Bhutan–China border The border between Bhutan and China is a sinuous line of 470 km long, north-south-east direction, which separates Bhutan to the south from Tibet, an autonomous region of China, to the north. It lies between two tripoints formed by the two countries with India. It is nearby the parallels 28° and 29° N, in the eastern part of the Himalayas. The Kingdom of Bhutan and the People's Republic of China do not maintain official diplomatic relations, and relations are historically tense. Bhutan's border with Tibet has never been officially recognised and demarcated. For a brief period, the Republic

title: Afghanistan–China border

text: Afghanistan–China border The border between China and Afghanistan is a long boundary, beginning at the tripoint of both countries with Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan and ending at the tripoint with Tajikistan. This short border is in the far northeast of Afghanistan, distant from much of the country or urban areas, at the end of the Wakhan Corridor. The Chinese side of the border is located in the Chalachigu Valley. Both sides of the border are nature reserves: Wakhan Corridor Nature Refuge on the Afghan side and Taxkorgan Nature Reserve on the Chinese side. The border is crossed by Wakhjir Pass. The border

title: Bhutan–China border

text: of disputed tracts of land; after negotiations, an interim agreement was reached. Bhutan–China border The border between Bhutan and China is a sinuous line of 470 km long, north-south-east direction, which separates Bhutan to the south from Tibet, an autonomous region of China, to the north. It lies between two tripoints formed by the two countries with India. It is nearby the parallels 28° and 29° N, in the eastern part of the Himalayas. The Kingdom of Bhutan and the People's Republic of China do not maintain official diplomatic relations, and relations are historically tense. Bhutan's border with Tibet has

title: China–Vietnam border

text: China–Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Whilst both sides agree on land borders, the territorial dispute over the Spratly and Paracel Islands has left maritime borders between the two nations undefined. In several areas, the land border between the two countries runs along rivers. In particular, the border follows the Red River on its section from

title: China–Laos border

text: China–Laos border The border between China and Laos is a 423 km long line separating the northern Laotian provinces of Luang Namtha , Oudomxai and Phongsali from the southern Chinese province of Yunnan . On the east begins in the triple border as Vietnam , heading west, go south and follow west to triple border of the two countries with Myanmar. Laos obtained a partial independence from France in 1949, around the time when Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China after defeating Chiang Kai Shek's nationalist government in the Chinese Civil War. Consequently, China's adaptation of Stalinist principles

title: China–Kazakhstan border

text: China–Kazakhstan border The China–Kazakhstan border, or the Sino-Kazakhstan border (, , ) is the international border between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The border line between the two countries has been largely inherited from the border existing between the USSR and the PRC, and, earlier, between the Russian Empire and the Qing Empire; however, it has been fully demarcated only in the late 20th and early 21st century. According to the international boundary commissions that have carried out the border demarcation, the border is 1782.75 km long. The origins of the border date from the

title: Bhutan–China border

text: 6,000 Tibetans fled to Bhutan and were granted asylum, although Bhutan subsequently closed its border to China, fearing more refugees. In 1998, China and Bhutan signed a bilateral agreement for maintaining peace on the border. In the agreement, China affirmed its respect for Bhutan's sovereignty and territorial integrity and both sides sought to build ties based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence. However, China's building of roads on what Bhutan asserts to be Bhutanese territory, allegedly in violation of the 1998 agreement, has provoked tensions. In 2002, however, China presented what it claimed to be 'evidence', asserting its ownership

title: China–Myanmar relations

text: China–Myanmar relations China–Myanmar relations (; ) refers to the international relations between the People's Republic of China and Myanmar. China and Myanmar have active bilateral relations with each other. However, recently, the relations between China and Myanmar have faced some problems due to recent ongoing conflicts with ethnic Chinese rebels and Tatmadaw near the border, as well as Burmese recent hostilities against Chinese. The relationship between China and Myanmar, while much closer and warmer than with China's other Southeast Asian neighbor, Vietnam; also faces difficulties. Both two countries share a close blood and linguistic link, when the Burmese and Chinese

title: China–Russia border

text: flows into the Pacific Ocean, the other end of the North Korea–Russia border. The much shorter (less than ) western border section is between Russia's Altai Republic and China's Xinjiang. It runs in the mostly snow-covered high elevation area of the Altai Mountains. Its western end point is the China–Kazakhstan–Russia tripoint, whose location is defined by the trilateral agreement as , elevation, 3327 m. Its eastern end is the western China–Mongolia–Russia tripoint, at the top of the peak Tavan Bogd Uul (Mt Kuitun), at the coordinates Today's Sino-Russian border line is mostly inherited by Russia (with minor adjustments) from the

title: China–Pakistan border

text: 6 of the 1963 Sino-Pakistan treaty provides for a renegotiation of the China-Pakistan boundary if the Kashmir dispute is resolved. However, with Indian relations still cool with China, and poor-to-hostile with Pakistan, it is unlikely the boundary dispute will be resolved soon. The Khunjerab Pass is the only modern day border crossing between China and Pakistan, accessed via the Karakorum Highway. Historically the Mintaka Pass and Kilik Pass have also been used; however those crossings do not have vehicle access and are closed. China–Pakistan border The China-Pakistan border is 438km (272m) and runs west-east from the tripoint with Afghanistan to

title: China–Laos border

text: in the form of Maoism influenced Laotian politics, fuelling demands for total independence from France, which was granted in 1953. Along with China, Laos was involved in the Vietnam War from 1964. The border between the country and the People's Republic of China at that time was officially set. China–Laos border The border between China and Laos is a 423 km long line separating the northern Laotian provinces of Luang Namtha , Oudomxai and Phongsali from the southern Chinese province of Yunnan . On the east begins in the triple border as Vietnam , heading west, go south and follow

title: China–Russia border

text: China–Russia border The Chinese–Russian border or the Sino–Russian border is the international border between China and Russia (CIS member). After the final demarcation carried out in the early 2000s, it measures , and is the world's sixth-longest international border. The China–Russian border consists of two non-contiguous sections: the long eastern section and the much shorter western section. The eastern border section is over in length. According to a joint estimate published in 1999, it measured at . It starts at the eastern China–Mongolia–Russia tripoint (), marked by the border monument called Tarbagan-Dakh (Ta'erbagan Dahu, Tarvagan Dakh). From the tripoint, the

title: China–Tajikistan border

text: frontier. In 2011, Tajikistan ratified a 1999 deal to cede of land in the Pamir Mountains to the People's Republic of China, ending a 130-year dispute. In the treaty, China also relinquished claims to over of Tajikistani territory. The Kulma Pass () is the only modern day border crossing between China and Tajikistan. Historically, two passes further south, Beyik Pass and Nezatash Pass, have also been traversed. China–Tajikistan border The China-Tajikistan border is 477km (296m) in length and runs from the tripoint with Kyrgyzstan following a roughly north-south line across various mountain ridges and peaks of the Pamir range down

title: China–Vietnam border

text: of crossing points for vehicular and pedestrian traffic operate on the border. There are two railway crossings: between Hekou and Lào Cai (where the narrow-gauge Kunming–Hai Phong Railway crosses the Nanxi River over a bridge), and between Pingxiang and Đồng Đăng (Friendship Pass), where standard-gauge trains can cross the border on the Nanning-Hanoi line. China–Vietnam border The border between China and Vietnam is the line that limits the territories of China and Vietnam. The land border measures about . It starts at the Tripoint with Laos , and goes to the Gulf of Tonkin , passing in essentially mountainous areas

title: China–Nepal border

text: China–Nepal border The border between China and Nepal is in length, along the mountain range the Himalayas, extends northwest-southeast direction, separating the south of Tibet Autonomous Region of China and the territory of Nepal. This border passes through the highest peak in the world, Mount Everest. The line extends between two tripoints China–Nepal–India. The tripoint in the west is in the Nepalese district of Mahakali Zone. The tripoint in the east is in the region of Mechi. Throughout history, Nepalis traded with the Tibetans via the many border crossings. One of the most important goods traded was salt from the

title: Afghanistan–China border

text: marks the greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan's UTC+4:30 and China's UTC+08:00. The border area was a thoroughfare on the Silk Road. It is believed that the famous Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang traveled this pass on his return trip back to China around 649 AD. The border was established between China and Afghanistan in an agreement between the British and the Russians in 1895 as part of the Great Game, although the Chinese and Afghans did not finally agree on the border until 1963. China and Afghanistan demarcated their border in 1963.

title: China–Kazakhstan border

text: eventually the two agreed that Afghanistan would remain an independent buffer state between them, with Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor being created in 1895. China was not a party to these agreement and hence the southern-most section of the China-Russia boundary remained undefined. After the Xinhai Revolution and the Chinese Civil War in China and the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War in Russia, the Sino-Russian border became the PRC-USSR border. However, the Chinese and Soviet authorities were not always in agreement where the border line ran on the ground, which led, in particular to a border conflict east of Lake

title: China–Kyrgyzstan border

text: China–Kyrgyzstan border The China-Kyrgyzstan border is 1,063km (660m) in length and runs from the tripoint with Kazakhstan following a roughly south-west line across various mountain ridges and peaks of the Tian Shan range down to the tripoint with Tajikistan. The origins of the border date from the mid-19th century, when the Russian Empire expanded into Central Asia and was able to establish its control over the Lake Zaysan region. The establishment of the border between the Russian Empire and the Qing Empire, not too different from today's Sino-Kazakh/Kyrgyz/Tajik border was provided for in the Convention of Peking of 1860; the

title: China–Tajikistan border

text: China–Tajikistan border The China-Tajikistan border is 477km (296m) in length and runs from the tripoint with Kyrgyzstan following a roughly north-south line across various mountain ridges and peaks of the Pamir range down to the tripoint with Afghanistan. The origins of the border date from the mid-19th century, when the Russian empire expanded into Central Asia and was able to establish its control over the Lake Zaysan region. The establishment of the border between the Russian Empire and the Qing Empire, not too different from today's Sino-Kazakh/Kyrgyz/Tajik border was provided for in the Convention of Peking of 1860; the actual

title: Comparison of United States incarceration rate with other countries

text: similar percentages of immigrants, Germany has a rate of 78 per 100,000 (as of 2017), Italy is 96 per 100,000 (as of 2018), and Saudi Arabia is 197 per 100,000 (as of 2017). Comparing other countries with a zero tolerance policy for illegal drugs, the rate of Russia is 411 per 100,000 (as of 2018), Kazakhstan is 194 per 100,000 (as of 2018), Singapore is 201 per 100,000 (as of 2017), and Sweden is 57 per 100,000 (as of 2016). The incarceration rate of the People's Republic of China varies depending on sources and measures. According to the World Prison

title: Border control

text: a border area. For example, the relaxed border controls maintained by Bhutan for those not proceeding past Phuentsholing and certain other border cities enable travellers to enter without going through any document check whatsoever. The American Border Crossing Card () issued to Mexican nationals enables Mexicans to enter border areas without a passport. Both America and Bhutan maintain interior checkposts to enforce compliance. Similarly, Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of

title: China–Kazakhstan border

text: Zhalanashkol in August 1969. After Kazakhstan became an independent country, it negotiated a border treaty with China, which was signed in Almaty on April 26, 1994, and ratified by the President of Kazakhstan on June 15, 1995. According to the treaty, a narrow strip of hilly terrain east of Zhalanashkol which the USSR and China had contested in 1969 has become recognized as part of China. To delineate certain small sections of the border more precisely, additional agreements were signed on 24 September 1997 and 4 July 1998. Over the next several years, the border was demarcated on the ground

title: China–Pakistan border

text: reaches its southeastern extremity at the Karakoram Pass." The border is not recognised by India, which claims the whole of Jammu and Kashmir state, a claim which negates any Sino-Pakistani border and indeed would give India a common border with Afghanistan. India refuses to recognise the legality of the 1963 Sino-Pakistan treaty or the cession of the Trans-Karakorum Tract (Shaksgam Valley) to China, a position further complicated by the fact that large sections of the rest of the China-India boundary are also disputed. In 1984 India occupied the Siachen glacier in Kashmir, thereby altering the de facto China-Inda-Pakistan tripoint. Article

title: Bhutan–China border

text: of China officially maintained a territorial claim on parts of Bhutan. The territorial claim was maintained by the People's Republic of China after the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War. With the increase in soldiers on the Chinese side of the Sino-Bhutanese border after the 17-point agreement between the local Tibetan government and the central government of the PRC, Bhutan withdrew its representative from Lhasa. The 1959 Tibetan Rebellion and the 14th Dalai Lama's arrival in neighbouring ally India made the security of Bhutan's border with China a necessity for Bhutan. An estimated

title: China–Tajikistan border

text: border the Ili Valley and Dzungarian Alatau region. The southern-most section of the frontier (i.e. roughly the southern half of the modern China-Tajikistan border) remained undemarcated, owing partly to the ongoing rivalry between Britain and Russia for dominance in Central Asia known as the Great Game; eventually the two agreed that Afghanistan would remain an independent buffer state between them, with Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor being created in 1895. China was not a party to these agreement and hence the southern-most section of the China-Russia boundary remained undefined. When Tajikistan became independent in 1991 it inherited a section of the USSR-China

title: 2017 China–India border standoff

text: 2017 China–India border standoff The 2017 China India border standoff or Doklam standoff refers to the military border standoff between the Indian Armed Forces and the People's Liberation Army of China over Chinese construction of a road in Doklam near a trijunction border area, known as Donglang, or Donglang Caochang (meaning Donglang pasture or grazing field), in Chinese. On 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building equipment began extending an existing road southward in Doklam, a territory which is claimed by both China as well as India's ally Bhutan. On 18 June 2017, around 270 Indian troops,

title: China–Kyrgyzstan border

text: the border the Ili Valley and Dzungarian Alatau region. The southern-most section of the frontier (i.e. roughly the southern half of the modern China-Tajikistan border) remained undemarcated, owing partly to the ongoing rivalry between Britain and Russia for dominance in Central Asia known as the Great Game; eventually the two agreed that Afghanistan would remain an independent buffer state between them, with Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor being created in 1895. China was not a party to these agreement and hence the southern-most section of the China-Russia boundary remained undefined. When Kyrgyzstan became independent in 1991 it inherited a section of the

title: 2017 China–India border standoff

text: 7 September, some media reports claimed that both nation's troops still were patrolling the area at the face-off site, simply having moved 150 meters back from their previous position. 2017 China–India border standoff The 2017 China India border standoff or Doklam standoff refers to the military border standoff between the Indian Armed Forces and the People's Liberation Army of China over Chinese construction of a road in Doklam near a trijunction border area, known as Donglang, or Donglang Caochang (meaning Donglang pasture or grazing field), in Chinese. On 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building equipment began

title: China–India relations

text: Japan. Relations between contemporary China and India have been characterised by border disputes, resulting in three military conflicts — the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Chola incident in 1967, and the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish. In early 2017, the two countries clashed at the Doklam plateau along the disputed Sino-Bhutanese border. However, since the late 1980s, both countries have successfully rebuilt diplomatic and economic ties. In 2008, China became India's largest trading partner and the two countries have also extended their strategic and military relations. Apart from trade and commerce, there are some other areas of mutual interest on which China

title: Afghanistan–China border

text: asked China to open the corridor. Historically, the main crossing between the two sides was Wakhjir Pass. Wakhjir Pass has been in use for at least a millennium since the Silk Road. In addition to Wakhjir Pass, there is also Tegermansu Pass which is located on the far eastern end from Little Pamir. The passes are closed as Chalachigu Valley, the valley on the Chinese side, is closed to visitors; however, local residents and herders from the area are permitted to access. Afghanistan–China border The border between China and Afghanistan is a long boundary, beginning at the tripoint of both

title: 2017 China–India border standoff

text: "Seven Sins of India" portrayed a stereotypical Indian with a turban and beard and a typical Indian accent, the segment spoke of Indians having "thick skin" and "pretending to sleep" on the matter of the border standoff between the two countries. The video went on to claim India was physically threatening Bhutan, and compared India to a "robber who breaks into a house and does not leave". The content of the video were factually incorrect. The video has received strong backlash on Twitter as well as from the international media. On 9 October 2017 China announced that it is ready

title: China–Russia border

text: the USSR was dissolved, and four former Soviet republics — Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan — inherited various sections of the former Sino–Soviet border. Now it was up to them to continue the border regularization work. It took more than a decade for Russia and China to fully resolve the border issues and to demarcate the border. On May 29, 1994, during Prime Minister Chernomyrdin's visit to Beijing, an "Agreement on the Sino-Russian Border Management System intended to facilitate border trade and hinder criminal activity" was signed. On September 3, a demarcation agreement was signed for the short () western

title: Politics of China

text: signed the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation, which ended the conflict. Other territorial disputes include islands in the East and South China Seas, and undefined or disputed borders with India, Bhutan and North Korea. The following territories are claimed by both China and one or more other countries: In addition, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) share the 1992 Consensus that there is only "One China"; thus, each claims sovereignty over the entire territory of the other. AfDB, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CDB (non-regional), ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

title: 2017 China–India border standoff

text: and concern that an escalation of the border conflict would hurt trade and diplomatic relations with China. ENODO did not corroborate these observations. Rather it said that hundreds of Twitter hashtags were created to rally support for India over China and that there was a significant blowback over the "Xinhua" video "7 sins". Scholar Rudra Chaudhuri, having toured the country, noted that Doklam is not as important an issue for the Bhutanese as it might have been ten years ago. Rather the Bhutanese view a border settlement with China as the top priority for the country. While he noticed terms

title: Bhutan–India border

text: The border between Bhutan and India is the only land access into entering Bhutan, as the border with China is completely closed. The single entry point for foreign nationals is between the towns of Jaigaon in the Indian state of West Bengal and Phuntsholing, in South West Bhutan. The Indian government deploys 12 battalions of Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), and 132 border posts, to guard the border on its side. The bilateral Indian-Bhutan Group Border Management and Security has been established to collaboratively assess and secure the border between the two countries. Following the 2017 China–India border standoff, the Indian

title: 2017 China–India border standoff

text: Indian troops, with weapons and two bulldozers, entered Doklam to stop the Chinese troops from constructing the road. On 29 June 2017, Bhutan protested to China against the construction of a road in the disputed territory. According to the Bhutanese government, China attempted to extend a road that previously terminated at Doka La towards the Bhutan Army camp at Zornpelri near the Jampheri Ridge 2 km to the south; that ridge, viewed as the border by China but as wholly within Bhutan by both Bhutan and India, extends eastward approaching India's highly-strategic Siliguri Corridor. The Bhutanese border was reportedly put

title: Sino-Indian border dispute

text: the list of China's "border countries and regions". However, the Sikkim-China border's northernmost point, "The Finger", continues to be the subject of dispute and military activity. Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said in 2005 that "Sikkim is no longer the problem between China and India." Sino-Indian border dispute Sovereignty over two separated pieces of territory have been contested between China and India. Aksai Chin is located either in the Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir, or the Chinese province of Xinjiang, in the west. It is a virtually uninhabited high-altitude wasteland crossed by the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway. The other disputed territory

title: Border barrier

text: located along the Mainland China side of the border. China, in October 2006, is also building a security barrier along its border with North Korea to prevent illegal immigrants. Egypt began construction of a formidable barrier between Egypt and Gaza in 2009 prompted by concern that militant Islamist factions were making use of the Gaza Strip smuggling tunnels to move weapons and personnel between Gaza and Egypt. Since the mid-1990s, India has been involved in the construction of some of the lengthiest border barriers along its international borders. Six of the nine countries neighboring India are classified as Least Developed

title: Border barrier

text: zone to stop Iraq from re-invading Kuwait; Kuwait plans to install a new border barrier as well. In September 2005, Pakistan stated it has plans to build a fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent Islamic insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf has subsequently offered to mine the border as well. There is an electronic security barrier (ex-"Iron Curtain") along the old Soviet border. Also, a is on the border of Russia with Norway, Finland, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. There is no barrier on Russian territory along the border with

title: China–Pakistan border

text: agreed in principle to demarcate their common border; negotiations commenced the following year, with the final Sino-Pakistan Agreement being signed in 1963. Both sides made concessions in the treaty, including Pakistani giving China the area known around the Shaksgam Valley known as the Trans-Karakoram Tract. Following the treaty a series of maps and aerial surveys of the border area were made and boundary pillars were installed. The 1963 Sino-Pakistani agreement delimited the boundary as follows: "Article Two … (1) Commencing from its northwestern extremity at height 5,630 metres (a peak, the reference co-ordinates of which are approximately Longitude 74° 34'

title: 1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border

text: 1960–61 campaign at the China–Burma border The Campaign at the China–Burma border () was a series of battles fought between the Chinese nationalists and the communists at or around the China–Myanmar border, after the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era. It is known officially in China as the Burmese border Surveying and Security Operation (). After the communist revolution in China, some surviving nationalist forces withdrew to Burma and continued to fight. Under international pressure, the Nationalist government in Taiwan withdrew the surviving force in the China–Myanmar border totaling over 6,500 in May 1954. However, many

title: China–Kazakhstan border

text: the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by Zuo Zongtang, the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Ili River basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia's favour, by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) and a series of later protocols. In 1915 an agreement was signed more precisely delimiting the border the Ili Valley and Dzungarian Alatau region. The southern-most section of the frontier (i.e. roughly the southern half of the modern China-Tajikistan border) remained undemarcated, owing partly to the ongoing rivalry between Britain and Russia for dominance in Central Asia known as the Great Game;

title: Afghanistan–China relations

text: Afghanistan–China relations Afghanistan – People's Republic of China relations were mostly warm and friendly during most of the 20th Century but after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, relations severely deteriorated. In the 21st century relations have improved significantly. Throughout history, the relations between Afghanistan and China mostly involved trade of fruit and tea via caravans through Xinjiang and the Wakhan Corridor on the border between the two countries. Buddhist monks from the area of what is now Afghanistan were involved in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to Han dynasty China. The Han dynasty's Protectorate of the Western

title: Afghanistan–China border

text: Afghanistan was at the time the Kingdom of Afghanistan. It is believed that in more recent times, the main pass, Wakhjir Pass, is sometimes used as a low intensity drug smuggling route, and is used to transport opium made in Afghanistan, to China. Afghanistan has asked China on several occasions to open the border in the Wakhan Corridor for economic reasons or as an alternative supply route for fighting the Taliban insurgency. However, China has resisted, largely due to unrest in its far western province of Xinjiang, which borders the corridor. , it was reported that the United States had

title: 2017 China–India border standoff

text: months a basic consensus with Bhutan that Doklam belongs to China, and there was no dispute between the two countries. On 19 July 2017, China renewed its call for India to withdraw its troops from Doklam. On 24 July 2017, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi told reporters that it is very clear who is right and who is wrong in the standoff in Doklam, and that even senior Indian officials have publicly said that Chinese troops have not intruded into Indian territory. "In other words, India admitted that it has entered Chinese territory. The solution to this issue is simple,

title: Border control

text: arrive by air at the country's sole international airport in Paro (), which has flights from India and other countries in the Greater India region such as Thailand, Singapore, and Nepal. Internal border controls in the Chinese Special Administrative Regions have also meant that immigrants from the mainland require a One Way Travel Permit (), the issuance of which is controlled by the mainland government, thus giving that region of China greater control over emigration rather than by Hong Kong or Macau as would be expected of border controls aimed at curtailing immigration. Israeli checkpoints (, "mahsom", , "hajez") also

title: 2017 China–India border standoff

text: such as "pro-Chinese" and "anti-Indian" often used, he says that what they mean is not well-understood. On 28 August 2017, India and China announced that they had agreed to pull their troops back from the face-off in Doklam. By the end of the day, it was reported that the withdrawal was completed. The Indian troops withdrew back to their original positions at their outpost at Doka La, located in a militarily advantageous position on the Bhutanese border, less than 500 meters away down the ridge slope. "The Times of India", citing a source, reported: "Our soldiers sit on the top,

title: China–North Korea border

text: China–North Korea border The China–North Korea border is the international border separating the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). The border is long. From west to east, the Amnokgang, Paektu Mountain, and the Tumen River divide the two countries. Dandong, in the Liaoning Province of China, on the Amnokgang delta, is the largest city on the border. On the other side of the river is the city of Sinuiju in North Pyongan Province, North Korea. The two cities are situated on the Yalu river delta at the western end of the border,

title: China–Nepal border

text: operation since 1968. In 2014, the border crossing at Rasuwa Fort (Rasuwagadhi) was opened for commerce. However, this crossing is not open to foreigners until 2017. In addition, this border crossing is being considered for a future rail crossing between the two countries. Other crossings like the one at Burang-Hilsa near the western tripoint while not widely accessible has been used for local trade between China and Nepal for many years. Some of those crossings has gotten so important for local trade that in 2008 when Chinese tightened its border control during the Olympics, villages like Kimathanka faced food shortages

title: China–Russia border

text: section of the binational border; the demarcation of this section was completed in 1998. In November 1997, at a meeting in Beijing, Russian President Boris Yeltsin and General Secretary and President Jiang Zemin signed an agreement for the demarcation of the much longer (over ) eastern section of the border, in accordance with the provisions of the 1991 Sino-Soviet agreement. The last unresolved territorial issue between the two countries was settled by the 2004 Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China–Russia Boundary Pursuant to that agreement, Russia transferred

title: China–North Korea border

text: near the Yellow Sea. Their waterfronts face each other and are connected by the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge. There are 205 islands on the Yalu. A 1962 border treaty between North Korea and China split the islands according to which ethnic group were living on each island. North Korea possesses 127 and China 78. Due to the division criteria, some islands such as Hwanggumpyong Island belong to North Korea even though they are on the Chinese side of the river. Both countries have navigation rights on the river, including in the delta. The source of the Yalu is Heaven Lake on

title: Sino-Soviet border conflict

text: Chinese-Russian border in Beijing, China. An additional protocol with a map affiliated on the eastern part of the borders both countries share was signed. The agreement also includes the PRC gaining ownership of Yinlong/Tarabarov Island and half of Heixiazi/Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island. In the 21st century, the Chinese Communist Party's version of the conflict, present on many official websites, describes the events of March 1969 as a Soviet aggression against China. "" features a hypothetical war between these two powers based on this border conflict. "" features a historically accurate depiction of the combat in its DLC Zhalanaskol 1969 Sino-Soviet border

title: China–Russia border

text: to China a part of Abagaitu Islet, the entire Yinlong (Tarabarov) Island, about a half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, and some adjacent river islets. This resolved a border dispute between Russia and China, standing since Japanese invasion of Manchuria of 1931. These Amur River islands were until then administered by Russia and claimed by China. The event was meant to foster feelings of reconciliation and cooperation between the two countries by their leaders. The transfer has been ratified by both the Chinese National People's Congress and the Russian State Duma in 2005. The official transfer ceremony was held on-site October

title: Brunei–Malaysia border

text: asset and in PETRONAS’ proposed Canadian liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility. As part of the transaction, PetroleumBRUNEI has agreed to buy a 3% share of the LNG facility's production for a minimum of 20 years. The following are major border crossings into Sarawak, Malaysia, with the names of the Brunei checkpoints followed by the Malaysian checkpoints: Brunei–Malaysia border The border between Brunei and Malaysia consist of a 481.3 km land border and substantial lengths of maritime borders stretching from the coastline of the two countries to the edge of the continental shelf in the South China Sea. Except for its

title: China–Russia border

text: border line runs north-east, until it reaches the Argun River. The border follows the Argun and Amur river to the confluence of the latter with the Ussuri River. It divides the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island at the confluence of the two rivers, and then runs south along the Ussuri. The border crosses Lake Khanka, and finally runs to the south-west. The China–Russia border ends when it reaches the Tumen River, which is the northern border of North Korea. The end point of the China–Russia border, and the China–North Korea–Russia tripoint, at (), is located only a few kilometers before the river

title: China–Russia border

text: 14, 2008. As with many other international borders, a bilateral treaty exists concerning the physical modalities of managing the China–Russia border. The currently valid agreement was signed in Beijing in 2006. The treaty requires the two states to clear trees in a -wide strip along the border (i.e. within from the border line on each side of it) (Article 6). Civil navigation is allowed on the border rivers and lakes, provided the vessels of each country stay on the appropriate side of the dividing line (Article 9); similar rules apply to fishing in these waters (Article 10). Each country's authorities

title: China–Nepal border

text: Tibetan areas. The border between Nepal and China is one of the most natural boundaries of the earth, due to the barrier Himalayas. People's Republic of China and Kingdom of Nepal had a brief border dispute shortly before 1960. They resolved this by officially signing border agreement in 1961. In 2012, Nepal and China agreed to open new ports of entry, to a total of 6 official ports. Three of the ports are designated as international ports, while three others are only designated for bilateral trade. The border crossing between Zhangmu and Kodari on the Friendship Highway has been in

title: China–Russia border

text: the first exchange of goods between the two countries. Between 1988 and 1992 the cross-border commerce between Russia and the Heilongjiang province increased threefold, with the number of legal Chinese workers in Russia increasing from 1286 to 18905. The waning years of the Soviet Union saw a reduction of the tensions on the then heavily fortified Sino-Soviet border. In 1990–91, the two countries agreed to significantly reduce their military forces stationed along the border. To this day one can find numerous abandoned military facilities in Russia's border districts. Even though the Sino-Soviet border trade resumed as early as 1983–85, it

title: China–Nepal border

text: due to disruption of local trade. Historically, there are even more border crossings. The crossing at Kora La between Upper Mustang and Tibet for example was a major salt trade route. However, this crossing was closed due to Tibetan guerrillas in the 1960s. It remain closed for most of the year to this day, except when opening for limited local trade during the semiannual cross-border trade fairs. China–Nepal border The border between China and Nepal is in length, along the mountain range the Himalayas, extends northwest-southeast direction, separating the south of Tibet Autonomous Region of China and the territory of

title: China–Russia border

text: section of the border are the Betsu-Kanas Pass (перевал Бетсу-Канас), elevation . and Kanas (перевал Канас), elevation . No roads suitable for wheeled vehicles exist over these two passes, although a difficult dirt road approaches from the Russian side to within from the Kanas Pass. Until the Soviet authorities closed the border in 1936, Kazakh nomads would occasionally use these passes. Proposals exist for the construction of a cross-border highway and the Altai gas pipeline from China to Russia, which would cross the western section of the Sino-Russian border. China–Russia border The Chinese–Russian border or the Sino–Russian border is the

title: China–Russia border

text: accelerated in 1990–91; the rate of cross-border trade continue increasing as the USSR's former republics became separate states. To accommodate increasing volume of travel and private trade, a number of border crossings were re-opened. In early 1992, China announced border trade incentives and the creation of special economic zones along the Sino-Russian border. The largest of these was in Hunchun. In 1991, China and USSR signed the 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, which intended to start the process of resolving the border disputes held in abeyance since the 1960s, and fully demarcating the Sino-Soviet border. However, just a few months later

title: 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement

text: it to be set at 24 km, and the Chinese at 15 km. The final position was set at 18.3 km (11.3 mi) above the mouth of the river. The final position of the triangular border, where China, Russia, and North Korea meet, was successfully demarcated in 1998 after trilateral negotiations from all three countries, and went into effect 1999. The Republic of China now based in Taiwan does not recognize any Chinese territorial changes based on any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries, including this 1991 one, due to the requirements in

title: China–North Korea border

text: A leaked China Mobile document that went viral on Chinese social media on 7 December 2017 allegedly revealed Chinese government plans to construct five "refugee settlement points" along the border to North Korea in Changbai county and Jilin province. This was apparently in preparation for a large influx of North Korean refugees if the Kim regime collapsed in a potential conflict with the United States. "The Guardian" quoted the document: "Due to cross-border tensions … the [Communist] party committee and government of Changbai county has proposed setting up five refugee camps in the county." China–North Korea border The China–North Korea

title: China–North Korea border

text: crossings along the border at Dandong, Ji'an, and Tumen. The Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge, between Dandong in China and Sinuiju in North Korea, is the most heavily used rail connection between the two countries. Ji'an, upstream on the Yalu in Jilin Province and by rail from Siping, connects to Manpo in Chagang Province. Tumen, also in Jilin and east of Changchun is located across the Tumen River from Namyang, North Hamgyong Province. There are four weekly trains with hard and soft sleepers from Beijing to Pyongyang, as well as a weekly carriage attached to the Vladivostok train from Moscow, via Harbin,

title: China–North Korea border

text: Shenyang, and Dandong. The 1,420 km border between North Korea and China has been described as "porous". Many North Korean defectors cross into China. The Chinese government transferred responsibility for managing the border to the army from the police in 2003. Chinese authorities began building wire fences "on major defection routes along the Tumen River" in 2003. Beginning in September 2006, China erected a fence on the border near Dandong, along stretches of the Yalu River delta with lower banks and narrower width. The concrete and barbed wire fence ranged in height from to . In 2007, a U.S. official

title: China–Vietnam relations

text: over territorial issues in the South China Sea. China and Vietnam share a 1,281-kilometre border. A 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 84% of Vietnamese were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict. China and Vietnam had contact since the Chinese Warring States period and the Vietnamese Thục Dynasty of the 3rd century BC, as noted in the Vietnamese historical record "Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư". Between the 1st century BC and 15th century AD, Vietnam was subject to four separate periods of imperial Chinese domination, although it

title: China–North Korea border

text: cross the Yalu when it was frozen. The same report noted friendly contact between people on opposite sides of the border. In 2018, a photojournalist drove along the border and described it as "mile after mile of nothing, guarded by no-one". In 2015, a single rogue North Korean soldier killed four ethnic Korean citizens of China who lived along the border of China with North Korea. Rumors of Chinese troop mobilizations on the border frequently circulate in times of heightened tension on the Korean peninsula. According to scholar Adam Cathcart, these rumors are hard to substantiate and hard to interpret.

title: China–Russia border

text: Soviet Union, while the Sino-Soviet border line was essentially the same as the border between the Russian and Qing Empires, settled by a number of treaties in 17th through 19th century. Below is the list of important border treaties, along with the indication as to which sections today's Sino-Russian border were largely set by them: Post-1917, territorial and political expansion of Russia, as well as China, have been the occasion for mutual territorial claims: Heavily militarised following the Sino-Soviet split of the 1950s and 60s, culminating in the Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969, the border slowly opened after 1982 allowing

title: China–Nepal relations

text: China–Nepal relations The bilateral relation between Nepal and China has been friendly and is defined by the Sino-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed on April 28, 1960 by the two countries. The government of Nepal, though initially unenthusiastic about its ties with People's Republic of China, has been of late making efforts to increase trade and connectivity with China. Relations between Nepal and China got a boost when both countries solved all border disputes along the China–Nepal border by signing the Sino-Nepal boundary agreement on March 21, 1960. The government of both Nepal and China ratified the border agreement

title: China–Vietnam border

text: the mouth of the Longbao River (near Wudaokou village in Hekou County) to the mouth of the Nanxi River (between downtown Hekou and Lào Cai. The lower sections of the Longbao and Nanxi are border rivers as well. The border between China and Vietnam (which then part of French Indochina) was demarcated pursuant to the Treaty of Tientsin (1885), after the end of the Sino-French War. During the Chinese Civil War, China used the border near Vietnam as a refueling station while also giving aid to the Vietnamese who were fighting the French in the First Indochina War. A number

title: Japan–Russia border

text: Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the "de facto" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire, and, later, the USSR, did have a land border with Japan in Sakhalin Island. The border between Russia and Japan has changed several times over the last 200 years. The Treaty of Shimoda (1855) divided the Kuril Islands, creating a maritime boundary between the Japanese Etorofu (Iturup) in the south and the Russian

title: China–North Korea border

text: Paektu Mountain, which is considered the birthplace of the Korean and Manchu peoples. This lake is also the source of the Tumen River which forms the eastern portion of the border. There are a significant number of ethnic Koreans in Northeast China, particularly in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. Its border with China has been described as North Korea's "lifeline to the outside world." Much of the China-North Korea trade goes through the port of Dandong. Chinese cell phone service has been known to extend as far as into Korean territory, which has led to the development of a black

title: B-share (mainland China)

text: Shenzhen they are traded in Hong Kong dollars. B-share (mainland China) B shares (, officially Domestically Listed Foreign Investment Shares) on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges refers to those that are traded in foreign currencies. Shares that are traded on the two mainland Chinese stock exchanges in Renminbi, the currency in mainland China, are called A shares. B shares were limited to foreign investment until , when the China Securities Regulatory Commission began permitting the exchange of B shares via the secondary market to domestic citizens. The face values of B shares are set in Renminbi. In Shanghai, B

title: B-share (mainland China)

text: B-share (mainland China) B shares (, officially Domestically Listed Foreign Investment Shares) on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges refers to those that are traded in foreign currencies. Shares that are traded on the two mainland Chinese stock exchanges in Renminbi, the currency in mainland China, are called A shares. B shares were limited to foreign investment until , when the China Securities Regulatory Commission began permitting the exchange of B shares via the secondary market to domestic citizens. The face values of B shares are set in Renminbi. In Shanghai, B shares are traded in US dollars, whereas in

title: Tanks in China

text: share almost identical hulls and turrets with the older Type 59. The only difference is that the two more recent tank models have been upgraded with better technologies that were either captured or bought from more advanced countries. By the 1970s, over 1.5 million troops from both sides were stationed along the Sino-Soviet border. At the time the best Chinese tanks were hopelessly out-matched by newer Soviet designs like the T-62, T-64, and T-72. Relations between China and the West warmed in the 1980s, and China was able to import some western technologies to improve its weapon systems. The Type

title: Border control

text: in members of the European Union such as Austria, and elsewhere in western Europe such as Switzerland and Ukraine. Saudi Arabia issues a special category visa for people on religious pilgrimage. Similar policies are in force in other countries with significant religious sites. Certain jurisdictions impose special visa requirements on journalists in order to curtail the freedom of foreign reporters and news organisations to report on controversial topics. Countries that impose such visas include Cuba, China, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, America and Zimbabwe. Many countries let individuals clear border controls using foreign visas. For instance, the following countries accept American

title: Border control

text: subjects them to immediate deportation if caught. The China-DPRK border is fortified and both sides aim to deter refugees from crossing. This aspect of Chinese border control policy has been criticised by human rights organisations. As a result of Northern Cyprus's sovereignty dispute with Southern Cyprus, the South (a member of the European Union) has imposed restrictions on the North's airports, and pressure from the European Union has resulted in all countries other than Turkey recognising the South's ability to impose a border shutdown on the North, thus negating the right to self determination of the predominantly Turkish Northern Cypriot

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: which is located within Vietnamese waters and not within the border dispute area. The northern fields consist of the Bunga Orkid and Bunga Pakma fields. The operator for PM3 CAA is Talisman Energy. An extension to the Production Sharing Contract between Petronas and Petrovietnam on one part and Talisman on the other was extended on 6 April 2017 by the former until 2027. Malaysia–Vietnam border Malaysia and Vietnam are two Southeast Asian countries with maritime boundaries which meet in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. The two countries have overlapping claims over the continental shelf in the Gulf

title: Croatia–Slovenia border disputes

text: Croatia–Slovenia border disputes Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became independent countries. As the border between the countries had not been determined in detail prior to independence, several parts of the border were disputed, both on land and at the sea, namely in the Gulf of Piran. According to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, the two countries share about of border. According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, the border spans . The border runs in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. The countries have attempted to resolve the dispute, most

text: developed countries, whereas the incarceration rate of the US is 655 per 100,000 population of all ages, the incarceration rate of Canada is 114 per 100,000 (as of 2015), England and Wales is 146 per 100,000 (as of 2016), and Australia is 160 per 100,000 (as of 2016). Comparing other developed countries, the rate of Spain is 133 per 100,000 (as of 2016), Greece is 89 per 100,000 (as of 2016), Norway is 73 per 100,000 (as of 2016), Netherlands is 69 per 100,000 (as of 2014), and Japan is 48 per 100,000 (as of 2014). Comparing other countries with

title: Japan–Russia border

text: into the Soviet Union in 1945. Russia treats the islands as an integral part of the country. There are no border crossing points on the Russian-Japanese border, as it is a purely maritime boundary. During the existence of the land border in Sakhalin (1905-1945), it was crossed by one road. Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Japan–Russia border The Japan–Russia border is the "de facto" maritime boundary that separates the territorial waters of the two countries. According to the Russia border agency, the border's length is 194.3 km. The two countries do not share a terrestrial border, although in 1905-1945 the Russian Empire,

title: Brunei–Malaysia border

text: Brunei–Malaysia border The border between Brunei and Malaysia consist of a 481.3 km land border and substantial lengths of maritime borders stretching from the coastline of the two countries to the edge of the continental shelf in the South China Sea. Except for its South China Sea coastline, Brunei is entirely surrounded by Malaysia's Sarawak state and the country only shares a land boundary with Malaysia. Brunei's unique shape where its territory consists of two non-contiguous portions results in its border with Malaysia being broken into two segments. Brunei's 200 nautical mile continental shelfclaim makes it a claimant of a

title: China–Russia border

text: over a century old, brought into existence by the original design of Russia's Transsiberian Railway that took a shortcut across Manchuria (the Chinese Eastern Railway). The third railway crossing, near Hunchun/Makhalino, operated between 2000 and 2004, was then closed for a few years, and only recently reopened. Construction has started on a cross-border Amur River railway bridge near Tongjiang/Nizhneleninskoye, which will become the fourth railway border crossing. As of 2018, there were no border crossings of any kind on the two countries' short and remote western border section. According to Russian topographic maps, the lowest mountain passes on the western

title: Australia–Indonesia border

text: Australia–Indonesia border The Australia–Indonesia border is a maritime boundary running west from the two countries' tripoint maritime boundary with Papua New Guinea in the western entrance to the Torres Straits through the Arafura Sea and Timor Sea and terminating in the Indian Ocean. The boundary is, however, broken by the "Timor Gap", where Australian and East Timorese territorial waters meet and where the two countries have overlapping claims to the seabed. Australia and Indonesia also share a common maritime border in the Indian Ocean between Australia's oversea territory of Christmas Island and the Indonesian island of Java. An interesting characteristic

title: China–Russia border

text: the China–Russia border; all of them are located on the eastern section of the border. Twenty-five of them are provided for by the bilateral agreement of January 27, 1994, and one more is designated by an additional special order of the Russian government. The 25 crossing points established by the treaty include four railway crossings (at one of them, at Tongjiang/Nizhneleninskoye, the railway bridge is still under construction), eleven as highway crossings, one as river crossing, and nine as "mixed" (mostly ferry crossings). Presently, three railway lines cross the border. The two railway border crossings at Zabaikalsk/Manzhouli and Suifenhe/Grodekovo are

title: Nordic countries

text: year since 1995 Denmark, Norway and Sweden have all had greater exports than imports. The trade between the Nordic countries is especially considerable as about one fifth of the countries’ foreign trade is trade with other Nordic countries. The total population of the Nordic countries of around 26 million people makes them to a far greater extent dependent on each other with respect to exports and imports, compared to for example Germany with a population of 82 million people. Swedish exports to the other Nordic countries account for a considerably higher share than combined Swedish exports to Germany and France

title: Nordic countries

text: Ministers. Nordic countries share certain traditions in music, many of which have diverged significantly. In folk music, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and the Faroe Islands share many common aspects. Greenland's Inuit culture has its own musical traditions, influenced by Scandinavian culture. Finland shares many cultural similarities with both the other Nordic countries as well as with the Baltic states, especially Estonia. The Sami have their own unique culture, with ties to the neighboring cultures. Art music has a strong position in Nordic countries. Apart from state-owned opera houses, there are symphony orchestras in most major cities. The most prominent historical

title: Economic history of China (1949–present)

text: from an insignificant size in 2008 to around RMB 4 trillion (US$660 billion) in 2012. Alipay has the biggest market share in China with 300 million users and control of just under half of China's online payment market in February 2014, while Tenpay's share is around 20 percent, and China UnionPay's share is slightly greater than 10 percent. According to the 2013 Corruption Perception Index, compiled by global coalition Transparency International, China is ranked 80 out of 177 countries, with a score of 40. The Index scores countries on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very low corruption)

title: Border guard

text: The agency considers itself a direct successor of the Soviet Border Troops, and regularly celebrates the anniversary of the founding of the latter (May 28, 1918). This annual event, known as the Border Guards Day, is celebrated every year by the guards in active service as well as former servicemen in Moscow and throughout the country. Future world champion and Olympic sport shooter Boris Polak served as a border guard in the Red Army on a mountain top near China, attaining the rank of Colonel. As an island, Singapore is surrounded by water and does not share land borders with

title: Border barrier

text: border with Zhuhai City in Guangdong with a crossing available at the Border Gate (built in 1870). The border crossing is equipped with 54 counters for travelers and 8 for vehicular traffic. Opened in 1999, Macau's Lotus Bridge supplemented what has been the only border crossing into mainland China through Border Gate. Both border crossings allow access to Zhuhai. Canal dos Patos, a former canal forms part of the border area along with Sun Yat-sen Municipal Park located to west of Border Gate area. Fencing along both sides of the canal restricts access to either side. Pagoda-like sentry towers are

title: Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries

text: southwestern city of Chengdu. Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries (China-CEE, China-CEEC, also 16+1) is a Chinese government's (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) initiative to promote business and investment relations between China and 16 countries of CEE (CEEC) – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. The China-CEE secretariat is in Beijing, with 16 "national coordinators" in each of the partner CEE country. The 16+1 meet annually; summits were held in Sofia (2018), Budapest (2017), Riga

text: Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries (China-CEE, China-CEEC, also 16+1) is a Chinese government's (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) initiative to promote business and investment relations between China and 16 countries of CEE (CEEC) – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. The China-CEE secretariat is in Beijing, with 16 "national coordinators" in each of the partner CEE country. The 16+1 meet annually; summits were held in Sofia (2018), Budapest (2017), Riga (2016), Suzhou (2015), Belgrade

title: Indonesia–Vietnam border

text: in Hanoi, Vietnam, by Indonesia's Foreign Minister Hasan Wirajuda and his Vietnamese counterpart Nguyen Dy Nien. The agreement defined the continental shelf boundary of the two countries as the imaginary straight line located between the two terminal points - namely Point 20 and Point 25 - of the 1969 continental shelf agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia with four turning points in between. Indonesia–Vietnam border The border between Indonesia and Vietnam is a maritime border located in the South China Sea to the north of Indonesia's Natuna Islands. The two countries signed an agreement to determine their continental shelf boundary on

title: North Korea–Russia border

text: and China–North Korea borders run along the middle of the Tumen River, while the China–Russia border approaches the junction point overland from the north. Because the theoretical tripoint is in the middle of the river, where it would be impractical to install a border monument, the agreement provides instead that the three countries install border monuments on the riverbank, and that the position of the tripoint be determined with respect to those monuments. The administrative unit on the Russian side of the border is the Khasansky District of Primorsky Krai; on the Korean side, it is the city of Rason.

title: Malaysia–Vietnam border

text: Spratly group. Both Malaysia and Vietnam are two of several countries asserting claims over the islands and waters of the area. Because of the uncertainty, no maritime border agreement exists for the area. Malaysia claims a portion of the South China Sea together with 11 islands and other marine features in the Spratly group on the basis that they are within its continental shelf. Brunei, China, the Philippines and Vietnam also have overlapping claims over the entire or a portion of the area claimed by Malaysia. Malaysia currently occupies one island - Swallow Reef or Pulau Layang-Layang - five reefs

title: Textile industry in China

text: following economic reforms begun in 1978–79, the low cost of labor was an important component of advantage in gaining export market share over other exporting countries. Wages for blue collar workers have risen rapidly since that period, leading to predictions that textile products from China would no longer be competitive due to loss of low wage advantage. However, other advantages held by China over developing countries including "more efficient supply chain management, more modern infrastructure, and workers’ higher productivity", have allowed Chinese textile producers to keep costs low relative to other producers. American trade statistics show from 2006 to 2014,

title: Foreign relations of China

text: China has border and maritime disputes, including with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin and with Japan. Beijing has resolved many of these disputes. Notably on 21 July 2008, Russia finally resolved the last remaining border dispute along the 4300 km border between the two countries by ceding a small amount of territory to China. China also reached a 2000 agreement with Vietnam to resolve some differences over their maritime borders, though disagreements remain over some islands in the South China Sea. During the late 1990s and early 21st century, Chinese foreign policy appeared to be focused on improving relations