query: what is the bosnian language?

title: Bosnian language

text: language. Furthermore, the status of the Bosnian language is also recognized by bodies such as the United Nations, UNESCO, and translation and interpreting accreditation agencies, including internet translation services. Most English-speaking language encyclopaedias (Routledge, Glottolog, Ethnologue, etc.) register the language solely as "Bosnian" language. The Library of Congress registered the language as "Bosnian" and gave it an ISO-number. The Slavic language institutes in English-speaking countries offer courses in "Bosnian" or "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian" language, not in "Bosniak" language (e.g. Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, Washington, Kansas). The same thing in German-speaking countries, where the language is taught under the name ', not ' (e.g.

title: Bosnian language

text: only legitimate name is "Bosnian" language (""), and that that is the name that both Croats and Serbs should use. The controversy arises because the name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms. The language is called "Bosnian language" in the 1995 Dayton Accords and is concluded by observers to have received legitimacy and international recognition at the time. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN), and the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recognize the Bosnian

title: Bosnian language

text: Vienna, Graz, Trier) with very few exceptions. Some Croatian linguists (Zvonko Kovač, Ivo Pranjković, Josip Silić) support the name "Bosnian" language, whereas others (Radoslav Katičić, Dalibor Brozović, Tomislav Ladan) hold that the term "Bosnian language" is the only one appropriate and that accordingly the terms Bosnian language and Bosniak language refer to two different things. The Croatian state institutions, such as the Central Bureau of Statistics, use both terms: "Bosniak" language was used in the 2001 census, while the census in 2011 used the term "Bosnian" language. The majority of Serbian linguists hold that the term "Bosniak language" is the

title: Bosnian language

text: the Bosnian language: its 2007 Constitution specifically states that although Montenegrin is the official language, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian are also in official use. The differences between the Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian literary standards are minimal. Although Bosnian employs more Turkish, Persian, and Arabic loanwords—commonly called orientalisms—it is very similar to both Serbian and Croatian in its written and spoken form. The Bosnian language, as a new normative register of the Shtokavian dialect, was officially introduced in 1996 with the publication of ' in Sarajevo. According to that work, Bosnian differed from Serbian and Croatian on some main linguistic

title: Bosnian language

text: Bosnian language The Bosnian language (; "bosanski" / босански ) is the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian mainly used by Bosniaks. Bosnian is one of three such varieties considered official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with Croatian and Serbian, and also an officially recognized minority or regional language in Serbia, Montenegro, and the Republic of Kosovo. Bosnian uses both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets, with Latin in everyday use. It is notable among the varieties of Serbo-Croatian for a number of Arabic, Ottoman Turkish and Persian loanwords, largely due to the language's interaction with those cultures through Islamic ties. Bosnian

title: Bosnian language

text: characteristics, such as: sound formats in some words, especially "h" (' versus Serbian '); substantial and deliberate usage of Oriental ("Turkish") words; spelling of future tense (') as in Croatian but not Serbian ("") (both forms have the same pronunciation). Bosnian language The Bosnian language (; "bosanski" / босански ) is the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian mainly used by Bosniaks. Bosnian is one of three such varieties considered official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with Croatian and Serbian, and also an officially recognized minority or regional language in Serbia, Montenegro, and the Republic of Kosovo. Bosnian uses both the

title: Bosnian language

text: is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Croatian, Serbian, and Montenegrin. Until the dissolution of SFR Yugoslavia, they were treated as a unitary Serbo-Croatian language, and that term is still used in English to subsume the common base (vocabulary, grammar and syntax) of what are today officially four national standards, although this term is controversial for native speakers, and paraphrases such as "Serbo-Croato-Bosnian" (SCB) or "Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian" (BCS) are therefore sometimes used instead, especially in diplomatic circles. Although Bosnians are, at the level of colloquial idiom,

title: Bosnian language

text: mostly expelled from the territory controlled by the Serbs from 1992, but immediately after the war they demanded the restoration of their civil rights in those territories. The Bosnian Serbs refused to make reference to the Bosnian language in their constitution and as a result had constitutional amendments imposed by High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch. However, the constitution of refers to it as the "Language spoken by Bosniaks", because the Serbs were required to recognise the language officially, but wished to avoid recognition of its name. Serbia includes the Bosnian language as an elective subject in primary schools. Montenegro officially recognizes

title: Bosnian language

text: standard took shape in the 1990s and 2000s. Lexically, Islamic-Oriental loanwords are more frequent; phonetically: the phoneme /x/ (letter "h") is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of vernacular Bosniak speech and language tradition; also, there are some changes in grammar, morphology and orthography that reflect the Bosniak pre-World War I literary tradition, mainly that of the Bosniak renaissance at the beginning of the 20th century. The name "Bosnian language" is a controversial issue for some Croats and Serbs, who also refer to it as the "Bosniak" language ( / ; ). Bosniak linguists however insist that the

title: Bosnian Australians

text: around the southern suburbs including Acacia Ridge, Sunnybank, Runcorn and Kuraby. The Bosnian Islamic Centre is located at Eight Mile Plains. Perth's vibrant Bosnian community are predominantly in Mirrabooka, Beechboro, Balga and Morley. Currently in Sydney and Melbourne SBS Radio broadcasts in the Bosnian language for an hour a day. Other community stations such as 3ZZZ also broadcast in Bosnian. FC Bossy Liverpool Bosnian Australians Bosnian Australians are Australian citizens of Bosnian ancestry or Bosnia and Herzegovina-born people who reside in Australia. According to the 2011 Australian census 39,440 Australians were born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The vast majority of

title: Bosnian Canadians

text: Bosnian Canadians Bosnian Canadians are Canadian citizens whose ancestry can be traced to Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the 2011 Canadian census, 22,920 people stated that they are of Bosnian descent. The majority of Bosnian Canadians emigrated to Canada as refugees during and after the Bosnian War, which lasted from 1992-1995. The history of Bosnian arrivals to Canada, however, dates back to as far as the 19th century. The traditional centers of residence and culture for Bosnian Canadians are located in Toronto, Montreal, Edmonton and Calgary. Numerous Bosnian language newspapers and other periodicals are published in many states. The largest Bosnian

title: Bosnian Canadians

text: Muslim, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic or non-religious. Bosnian Canadians Bosnian Canadians are Canadian citizens whose ancestry can be traced to Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the 2011 Canadian census, 22,920 people stated that they are of Bosnian descent. The majority of Bosnian Canadians emigrated to Canada as refugees during and after the Bosnian War, which lasted from 1992-1995. The history of Bosnian arrivals to Canada, however, dates back to as far as the 19th century. The traditional centers of residence and culture for Bosnian Canadians are located in Toronto, Montreal, Edmonton and Calgary. Numerous Bosnian language newspapers and other periodicals are published

title: Language secessionism

text: view: it is a pluricentric language, being cultivated through four voluntarily diverging normative varieties, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian, which are sometimes considered as Ausbau languages. However, Ausbau languages must have different dialect basis, whereas Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian standard variants have the same dialect basis (Štokavian): On the contrary, the Serbo-Croatian kind of language secessionism is now a strongly consensual and institutional majority phenomenon. Still, this doesn't make it legitimate to say that such a language secessionism has led to "Ausbau languages" in the cases of Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian, because such diversion has not taken place:

title: Bosnian Cyrillic

text: Bosnian Cyrillic Bosnian Cyrillic, widely known as Bosančica is an extinct variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval Bosnia. It was widely used in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and the bordering areas of modern-day Croatia (southern and middle Dalmatia and Dubrovnik regions). It was particularly used by the Bosnian Church community. Its name in Serbo-Croatian is "bosančica" and "bosanica" the latter of which can be translated as "Bosnian script". Serbian scholars consider it as part of variant of Serbian Cyrillic because of a lot of mentions of Bosnian Cyrillic as "Serbian letters" or "Serbian characters" in sources among

title: Official language

text: the country had four official languages—Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Albanian and Macedonian. Serbo-Croatian was used as a "lingua franca" for mutual understanding and was also the language of the military. When Croatia declared independence (1991) it defined its official language as Croatian, and Serbia likewise defined its official language as Serbian. Bosnia-Herzegovina defined three official languages: Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian. From the linguistic point of view, the different names refer to national varieties of the same language, which is known under the appellation of Serbo-Croatian. It is said by some that the Bosnian government chose to define three languages to reinforce ethnic

title: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

text: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian Standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian are different national variants and official registers of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. In socialist Yugoslavia, the official policy insisted on one unitary language with two regional normative varieties—Eastern (used in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina by all ethnicities, either with the Ekavian or the Ijekavian accent) and Western (used in Croatia by all ethnicities, the Ijekavian accent only). However, due to discontent in Croatian intellectual circles, beginning in the late 1960s Croatian cultural workers started to refer to the language exclusively as 'the Croatian literary

title: Serbian language

text: of Standard Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. The other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian. Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic, using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet was designed by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1830. Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a Slavic language (Indo-European), of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian, Croatian,

text: academics in the 1990s. Serbian and Bosnian language standards tend to be inclusive, i.e. to accept a wider range of idioms and to use loanwords (German and Turkish), whereas the Croatian language policy is more purist and prefers neologisms to loan-words, as well as the re-use of neglected older words. Yet there is criticism of the puristic language policy even in Croatia, as exemplified by linguist Snježana Kordić. These approaches are, again, due to the different cultural, historical and political development of the three variants and the societies they are found in. Though all of the language variants could theoretically

title: Bosnian language

text: linguistically more homogeneous than either Serbians or Croatians, unlike those nations they failed to codify a standard language in the 19th century, with at least two factors being decisive: The literature of the so-called "Bosnian revival" at the start of the 20th century was written in an idiom that was closer to the Croatian standard than to the Serbian one: it was a western Shtokavian dialect with an Ijekavian accent and used a Latin script, but had recognizable Bosnian lexical traits. The main authors were the polymath, politician and poet Safvet-beg Bašagić and the storyteller Edhem Mulabdić. The modern Bosnian

title: Bosnian Church

text: Bosnian Church. The church left a few traditions to those who converted to Islam, one of which is having mosques built out of wood because many Bogomilian churches were primarily built of wood. Some historians reckon that the Bosnian Church had largely disappeared before the Turkish conquest in 1463. Other historians dispute a discrete terminal point. The religious centre of the Bosnian Church was located in Moštre, near Visoko, where the "house of krstjani" was founded. The Bosnian Church used Slavic language in liturgy, as did the Orthodox. The church was headed by a bishop, called "djed" ("grandfather"), and had

title: Bosnian War

text: released after ruling that Serbia's request was "politically motivated". In his decision, he characterised the Bosnian War to have been an international armed conflict as Bosnia had declared independence on 3 March 1992. Academic Mary Kaldor argues that the Bosnian War is an example of what she terms new wars, which are neither civil nor inter-state, but rather combine elements of both. The Bosnian War has been depicted in a number of films including Hollywood films such as "The Hunting Party", starring Richard Gere as journalist Simon Hunt in his bid to apprehend suspected war criminal and former Bosnian Serb

title: In What Language?

text: In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of "Piitchfork" mentioned "What might make "In What Language?" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream

title: In What Language?

text: eyes, our bodies, our hearts, our minds." In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of "Piitchfork" mentioned "What might make "In What Language?" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth

title: In What Language?

text: is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought." Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted "A concrete lesson seems to emanate from "In What Language?" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our

title: Bosnian Pot

text: Bosnian Pot Bosnian Pot (Bosanski Lonac) is a Bosnian stew, a culinary speciality appreciated for its rich taste and flexibility. Recipes for Bosanski lonac vary greatly according to personal and regional preference, but the main ingredients generally include chunked meat and vegetables. Mixed meats may be used in the dish. It has been described as a national dish of Bosnia. Bosanski lonac has been on tables of both the rich and the poor for hundreds of years. The wealthy prepared the dish with more meat and other expensive ingredients, while the poor used what was available. Typical ingredients are: beef,

title: Bosnian War

text: Regard at the 1999 Cannes Festival. The Spanish film "Territorio Comanche" shows the story of a Spanish TV crew during the siege of Sarajevo. The Polish film "Demons of War" (1998), set during the Bosnian conflict, portrays a Polish group of IFOR soldiers who come to help a pair of journalists tracked by a local warlord whose crimes they had taped. Bosnian director Danis Tanović's "No Man's Land" won the Best Foreign Language Film awards at the 2001 Academy Awards and the 2002 Golden Globes. The Bosnian film "Grbavica", about the life of a single mother in contemporary Sarajevo in

title: Bosnian Australians

text: New South Wales. The majority of Bosnians that arrived in Australia are Muslim, with a fewer number having Orthodox and Catholic backgrounds. Some Bosnians are inter-ethnic with some having interfaith marriages. The recent war in the 1990s created a situation where sensitivity is required in relation to ethnicity for self-identification and language spoken. Bosnian Australians mainly live in New South Wales and Victoria, especially in the cities of Melbourne and Sydney. In Melbourne they reside mostly in the City of Greater Dandenong. In Sydney they are concentrated in Fairfield, Liverpool, Blacktown, and Hurstville. The Bosnian community in Brisbane is centered

title: What Is History?

text: and were instead products of their own places and times, which in turn decided what "facts of the past" they determined into "facts of history". British historian Richard J. Evans said "What Is History?" caused a revolution in British historiography in the 1960s. Australian historian Keith Windschuttle, a critic of Carr, said "What Is History?" is one of the most influential books written about historiography, and that very few historians working in the English language since the 1960s had not read it. What Is History? What Is History? is a study that was written by the English historian E. H.

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: Bosnian genocide

text: homes. This was a veritable genocide and sociocide". However, such estimations have been criticized as highly inaccurate and analysts such as George Kenney have accused the Bosnian government and the international community of sensationalism and of deliberately inflating the number of fatalities to attract international support for the Muslims. While the majority of international opinion accepts the findings of the international courts, there remains some disagreement about the extent of the genocide and to what degree Serbia was involved. The Bosnian Muslim community asserts that the Srebrenica massacre was just one instance of what was a broader genocide committed by

title: Bosnian War

text: war of aggression on Bosnia by neighbouring states. Academics Steven Burg and Paul Shoup argue that: On the one hand, the war could be viewed as "a clear-cut case of civil war – that is, of internal war among groups unable to agree on arrangements for sharing power". David Campbell is critical of narratives about "civil war", which he argues often involve what he terms "moral levelling", in which all sides are "said to be equally guilty of atrocities", and "emphasise credible Serb fears as a rationale for their actions". Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats enjoyed substantial political and military

title: Montenegrin language

text: namo, za brda ona"" (accusative, instead of instrumental case "za brdima onim"), and ""Onamo namo, da viđu" (instead of "vidim") "Prizren"", and so on. Most mainstream politicians and other proponents of the Montenegrin language state that the issue is chiefly one of self-determination and the people's right to call the language what they want, rather than an attempt to artificially create a new language when there is none. The Declaration of the Montenegrin PEN Center states that the ""Montenegrin language does not mean a systemically separate language, but just one of four names (Montenegrin, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian) by which

title: What Is Literature?

text: The art of writing is deeply linked to freedom and thus ventures into the fields of politics and democracy. The poet frees himself by disassociation, and the prose writer fulfills a duty to utilize language for the end of a conceived free society. What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as "Literature and Existentialism",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals "Les Temps modernes", "Situations I" and "Situations II", essays "What is Writing?" and "Why Write?" were translated into English and

title: Political views on the Macedonian language

text: Political views on the Macedonian language The existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language is disputed among linguists and common people from Macedonia and its neighboring countries. The Eastern South Slavic varieties indigenous to the current Republic of Macedonia are part of dialectal continuum which stretches from Croatian, Bosnian and Serbian Shtokavian dialect through Torlakian on the northwest, to western and eastern Bulgarian dialects on the East, and the Macedonian language, like Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian, is a standardized form of (some of) these dialects. Bulgarian ethnos in Macedonia existed long before the earliest articulations of the idea that

title: What Is Art?

text: to justify their own tastes. Jahn notes the "often confusing use of categorisation" and the lack of definition of the key concept of emotion. Bayley writes that "the effectiveness of "What is Art?" lies not so much in its positive assertions as in its rejection of much that was taken for granted in the aesthetic theories of the time". Noyes criticises Tolstoy's dismissal of beauty, but states that, "despite its shortcomings", "What is Art?" "may be pronounced the most stimulating critical work of our time". Simmons mentions the "occasional brilliant passages" along with the "repetition, awkward language, and loose terminology".

title: Bosnian Cyrillic

text: tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first document of this type of script and is believed to date from the 10th or 11th century. Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century. Historically, Bosnian Cyrillic is prominent in the following areas: In conclusion, main traits of Bosnian Cyrillic include: The polemic about "ethnic affiliation" of Bosnian Cyrillic started in the 19th century, then reappeared in the mid-1990s. Without going into nuances and details, the polemic about attribution and affiliation of Bosnian Cyrillic texts seems to

title: What Is the What

text: writes: "Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art." The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees

title: Bosnian mujahideen

text: the phenomenon of Wahhabism in Bosnia concluded that despite Bosnian Serb and Serbian media reports of terrorist cells, the risk of a terrorist attack in Bosnia and Herzegovina 'is not higher than in other parts of the world'. Bosnian mujahideen Bosnian mujahideen (), also called El Mudžahid (from , "mujāhid"), were foreign Muslim volunteers who fought on the Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) side during the 1992–95 Bosnian War. These first arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of fighting for Islam (as mujahideen), helping their Bosnian Muslim co-religionists to defend themselves from the Serb and

title: Bosnian Church

text: then sent to the Archbishop of Ragusa solely for ordination. Although the Papacy already insisted on using Latin as the liturgical language, Bosnian Catholics retained Church Slavonic language. Vukan, ruler of Dioclea, wrote to Pope Innocent III in 1199 that Kulin, ruler of Bosnia, had become a heretic, along with his wife, sister, other relatives and 10.000 other Bosnians. The Archbishop of Spalato, vying for control over Bosnia, joined Vukan and accused the Archbishop of Ragusa of neglecting his suffragan diocese in Bosnia. Emeric, King of Hungary and supporter of Spalato, also seized this opportunity to try to extend his

text: although it is not so confusing when pronounced because of different accentuation ("bîlo" or "bílo" = white, "bı̏lo" = pulse, "bílo" = was). In Serbian and Bosnian, the word "izvanredan" (extraordinary) has only the positive meaning (excellent), "vanredan" being used for "unusual" or "out of order"; however, only "izvanredan" is used in Croatian in both contexts. Also note that in most cases Bosnian officially allows almost all of the listed variants in the name of "language richness", and ambiguities are resolved by preferring the Croatian variant. Bosnian vocabulary writers based their decisions on usage of certain words in literary works

title: Bosnian Americans

text: remained an important center for Bosnian Muslim religious activity, serving Bosnians and non-Bosnian Muslims in the Chicago metropolitan area. The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 brought the largest influx of Bosnians to St Louis, which became the most popular United States destination for Bosnian refugees. It is estimated that 40,000 refugees moved to the St. Louis area in the 1990s and early 2000s, bringing the total St. Louis Bosnian population to some 70,000. In Chicago, the Bosnian community has largely settled in the northern part of the city, between Lawrence and Howard, from Clark to Lake

title: Bosnian Church

text: in the dualism of the Bosnian Church at all. Though he represents his theory as a "new interpretation of the Bosnian Church", his view is very close to J. Šidak's early theory and that of several other scholars before him. He believes that while there could have been heretical groups alongside of the Bosnian Church, the church itself was inspired by papal overreach. Bosnian Church The Bosnian Church () was a Christian church in medieval Bosnia that was independent of and considered heretical by both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox hierarchies. Historians have traditionally connected the church with

title: Bosnian language

text: only one appropriate, which was agreed as early as 1990. The original form of The Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina called the language "Bosniac language", until 2002 when it was changed in Amendment XXIX of the Constitution of the Federation by Wolfgang Petritsch. The original text of the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed in Vienna, and was signed by Krešimir Zubak and Haris Silajdžić on March 18, 1994. The constitution of , the Serb-dominated entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina, did not recognize any language or ethnic group other than Serbian. Bosniaks were

title: Bosnian Institute

text: Simms and journalist Melanie McDonagh. Bosnian Institute The Bosnian Institute is an organisation principally devoted to providing information on, and promoting the common good of, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It publishes a quarterly online magazine. It is directed by Quintin Hoare. The Bosnian Institute was founded in July 1997 as a UK Registered Charity, with a grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. In addition to other donors, the charity continues to be funded by this foundation as well as the Friends of the Bosnian Institute. The Board of Trustees is chaired by historian Sir Noel Malcolm, alongside Dr. Bojan

title: Bosnian Institute

text: Bosnian Institute The Bosnian Institute is an organisation principally devoted to providing information on, and promoting the common good of, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It publishes a quarterly online magazine. It is directed by Quintin Hoare. The Bosnian Institute was founded in July 1997 as a UK Registered Charity, with a grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. In addition to other donors, the charity continues to be funded by this foundation as well as the Friends of the Bosnian Institute. The Board of Trustees is chaired by historian Sir Noel Malcolm, alongside Dr. Bojan Bujic, Cambridge historian Dr. Brendan

title: Bosnian genocide

text: murdered and the remainder of the population (between 25,000 and 30,000 Bosniak women, children and elderly people) was forced to leave the area. If a wider definition is used, then the number is much larger. According to the ICTY Demographic Unit, an estimated 69.8% or 25,609 of the civilians killed in the war were Bosniak (with 42,501 military deaths), with the Bosnian Serbs suffering 7,480 civilian casualties (15,299 military deaths), the Bosnian Croats suffering 1,675 civilian casualties (7,183 military deaths), amounting to a total of 104,732 casualties, spread between the Bosnian Croats (8.5%), Bosnian Serbs (21.7%), Bosniaks (65%), and others

title: Bosnian War

text: 11 bit studios, "This War of Mine", is based on the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on the civilian population surviving in the besieged city. Bosnian War The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within

title: Bosnian nationalism

text: Bosnian nationalism Bosnian nationalism or Bosniandom ( / босанство) is the nationalism that asserts the nationality of Bosniaks and promotes the cultural unity of the Bosniaks. It is often referred to as Bosniakdom ( / бошњаштво). In both the past and present, Bosnian nationalism has been largely based upon a focus to preserve the territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina and to ensure the national and cultural unity and rights of Bosniaks. The earliest vestige of a Bosnian identity initially emerged in medieval Bosnia and lacked any religious connotation. The situation remained largely unchanged throughout the Ottoman period with terms

title: Bosnian Muslim Republic

text: Bosnian Muslim Republic A Bosnian Muslim Republic, that is, consolidation of Bosniak-inhabited territories into a Bosniak nation-state, was proposed during the Bosnian War when plans for the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina were made. It would either be established as one of three ethnic states in a loose confederation, or as an independent "Muslim state" in the area controlled by the Bosnian Army, as proposed by Islamists. Thus, the Bosniak-inhabited territories or Bosnian Army-controlled area (the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) would become a Bosniak state, as Republika Srpska was for the Bosnian Serbs and Herzeg-Bosnia for the Bosnian Croats.

title: Bosnian Mountain Horse

text: Bosnian Mountain Horse The Bosnian Mountain Horse (, Босански брдски коњ), also known as "Bosnian Pony", is the only indigenous breed of domestic horse in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where it constitutes about 70% of the horse population. It is a small horse and is used both as a pack animal and for riding. Breed numbers were severely reduced during the Bosnian War of 1992–1995, and, unlike populations of other farm animals, continued to fall after the end of the war. Selective breeding of the Bosnian Mountain Horse began at the stud of Goražde in 1908. The principal centres for the

title: Bosnian Mountain Horse

title: Bosnian Americans

text: Bosnian Americans Bosnian Americans are Americans whose ancestry can be traced to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The vast majority of Bosnian Americans (especially those of Bosniak or mixed ethnic heritage) immigrated to the United States during and after the Bosnian War which lasted from 1992–95. Nevertheless, a large number of Bosnians immigrated to the United States as early as the 19th century. The largest Bosnian American population can be found in St. Louis, Missouri, which boasts the largest number of Bosnians in the world outside Europe. While official census reports from the 2001 Census indicate that there are 121,938 Bosnian-Americans in

title: Bosnian Australians

text: Bosnian Australians Bosnian Australians are Australian citizens of Bosnian ancestry or Bosnia and Herzegovina-born people who reside in Australia. According to the 2011 Australian census 39,440 Australians were born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The vast majority of Bosnian migrants began arriving in Australia during and after the Bosnian War which took place between April 1992 and December 1995. There were smaller waves after World War II and again in the 1960s and 1970s. Bosnian migrants who arrived in Australia in the 1960s made important contributions to modern-day Australia through their role in the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme in

title: Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War

text: Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War Widespread ethnic cleansing accompanied the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–95), as large numbers of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) and Bosnian Croats were forced to flee their homes and were expelled by Bosnian Serbs; some Bosnian Croats also carried out similar campaign against Bosniaks and Serbs. Also, Bosnian Muslims conducted similar acts against Croats in Central Bosnia and against Serbs in the Operation Sana Beginning in 1991, political upheavals in the Balkans displaced about 2,700,000 people by mid-1992, of which over 700,000 of them sought asylum in other European countries. The methods used during the

title: Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War

text: clear distinction must be drawn between physical destruction and mere dissolution of a group. The expulsion of a group or part of a group does not in itself suffice for genocide. — ECHR quoting the ICJ. Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War Widespread ethnic cleansing accompanied the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–95), as large numbers of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) and Bosnian Croats were forced to flee their homes and were expelled by Bosnian Serbs; some Bosnian Croats also carried out similar campaign against Bosniaks and Serbs. Also, Bosnian Muslims conducted similar acts against Croats in Central Bosnia and against

title: Bosnian mujahideen

text: that he thought "the Muslims wouldn't have survived without this" help, as at the time a U.N. arms embargo diminished the Bosnian government's fighting capabilities. In 2001, Holbrooke called the arrival of the mujahideen "a pact with the devil" from which Bosnia still is recovering. On the other hand, according to general Stjepan Šiber, the highest ranking ethnic Croat in the Bosnian Army, the key role in foreign volunteers arrival was played by Tuđman and Croatian counter-intelligence with the aim to justify the involvement of Croatia in the Bosnian War and the crimes committed by Croat forces. Although the Bosnian

title: Bosnian genocide

text: view is not supported by the findings of the ICJ or the ICTY. According to Sonja Biserko, president of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, and Edina Bećirević, the faculty of criminology and security studies of the University of Sarajevo: Bosnian genocide The term Bosnian genocide refers to either an alleged "genocide" at Srebrenica and Žepa committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995 or the wider ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska that took place during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of allegedly 8,000

title: Bosnian War

text: Bosnian War The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, which were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia, respectively. The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia.

title: Bosnian Cyrillic

text: Catholics and Muslims in Bosnia and Southern Dalmatia. Croat scholars also call it "Croatian script", "Croatian–Bosnian script", "Bosnian–Croat Cyrillic", "harvacko pismo", "arvatica" or "Western Cyrillic". For other names of Bosnian Cyrillic, see below. The use of Bosančica amongst Bosnians was replaced by Arebica upon the introduction of Islam in Bosnia Eyalet, first amongst the elite, then amongst the wider public. The first book in Bosančica was printed by Frančesko Micalović in 1512 in Venice. It is hard to ascertain when the earliest features of a characteristic Bosnian type of Cyrillic script had begun to appear, but paleographers consider the Humac

title: Bosnian Church

text: in state issues very much. Notable exceptions were when King Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia, a member of the Bosnian Church himself, had a "djed" as an advisor at the royal court between 1403 and 1405, and an occasional occurrence of a krstjan elder being a mediator or diplomat. The monumental tombstones called "Stećak" that appeared in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro, are sometime identified with the Bosnian Church. Hval's Codex, written in 1404 in Bosnian Cyrillic, is one of the most famous manuscripts belonging to the Bosnian Church in which there are some iconographic elements

title: Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War

text: Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War The Bosnian War attracted large numbers of foreign fighters and mercenaries from various countries. Volunteers came to fight for a variety of reasons including religious or ethnic loyalties and in some cases for money. As a general rule, Bosniaks received support from Islamic countries, Serbs from Eastern Orthodox countries, and Croats from Catholic countries. The presence of foreign fighters is well documented, however none of these groups comprised more than 5 percent of any of the respective armies' total manpower strength. An estimated 2,000–5,000 foreign Muslim fighters fought on the Bosnian side. The Bosnian

title: Rape during the Bosnian War

text: at Omarska. The film ends with the two women giving testimony at the Hague. "I Came to Testify" is a documentary by PBS which covers the story of sixteen women who were imprisoned by Serb forces in Foča, and who later testified against their assailants at the ICTY. Rape during the Bosnian War Violence assumed a gender-targeted form through the use of rape during the Bosnian War. While men from all ethnic groups committed rape, the great majority of rapes were perpetrated by Bosnian Serb forces of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) and Serb paramilitary units, who used

title: The World Is What It Is

text: The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in 2008 (by Picador in the UK and Knopf in the USA). The title is a quotation from Naipaul's book "A Bend in the River". "The world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow themselves to become nothing, have no place in it." French deals with Naipaul's family background and his life from his birth in 1932 until his second marriage

title: Rape during the Bosnian War

text: and long-term consequences on the mental-health" of the women. In the post-war years, Bosnian, especially Bosniak society is struggling to move past this collective tragedy of the war. Rape, in the Bosnian war, was meant not only to take the bodies of the victims, but also their souls, identity, and their existence. It was used as a "weapon of war," which did affect the communal consciousness of general Bosnian public. As Pierre Bayard puts it, "[i]n Bosnia the rapes not only accompanied the advance of the Serbian armies, they were also the result of a concerted policy of cultural eradication."

title: Bosnian War

text: story set against the mass rape of Muslim women in the Bosnian War. The Spanish/Italian 2013 film "Twice Born", starring Penélope Cruz, based on a book by Margaret Mazzantini. It tells the story of a mother who brings her teenage son to Sarajevo, where his father died in the Bosnian conflict years ago. British films include "Welcome to Sarajevo", about the life of Sarajevans during the siege. The Bosnian-British film "Beautiful People" directed by Jasmin Dizdar portrays the encounter between English families and arriving Bosnian refugees at the height of the Bosnian War. The film was awarded the Un Certain

title: Bosnian genocide

text: Bosnian genocide The term Bosnian genocide refers to either an alleged "genocide" at Srebrenica and Žepa committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995 or the wider ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska that took place during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of allegedly 8,000 Bosniak ("Bosnian Muslim") men and boys, mostly prisoners of war, as well as the expulsion of another allegedly 25,000–30,000 Bosniak civilians, in and around the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina, committed by units of the Army of the Republika Srpska

title: Bosnian War

text: Bosnian Territorial Defense, claimed in June 1992 that his forces were 70% Muslim, 18% Croat and 12% Serb. The percentage of Serb and Croat soldiers in the Bosnian Army was particularly high in Sarajevo, Mostar and Tuzla. The deputy commander of the Bosnian Army's Headquarters, was general Jovan Divjak, the highest-ranking ethnic Serb in the Bosnian Army. General Stjepan Šiber, an ethnic Croat was the second deputy commander. Izetbegović also appointed colonel Blaž Kraljević, commander of the Croatian Defence Forces in Herzegovina, to be a member of Bosnian Army's Headquarters, seven days before Kraljević's assassination, in order to assemble a

title: Bosnian mujahideen

text: Bosnian mujahideen Bosnian mujahideen (), also called El Mudžahid (from , "mujāhid"), were foreign Muslim volunteers who fought on the Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) side during the 1992–95 Bosnian War. These first arrived in central Bosnia in the second half of 1992 with the aim of fighting for Islam (as mujahideen), helping their Bosnian Muslim co-religionists to defend themselves from the Serb and Croat forces. Mostly they came from North Africa, the Near East and the Middle East. Estimates of their numbers vary from 500–5,000. In the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence. War broke out in

title: Bosnian Austrians

text: Bosnian Austrian Cultural Center as a token of appreciation and the good cooperation between Bosnian Austrians and the city administration. According to the population census for 2014 conducted by "Statistik Austria" (Austrian federal agency for statistics), the total number of people of Bosnian background in Austria was 155,050 and they comprised 1.9% of the total population. As of 2017, some 41,000 Bosnians lived in Vienna. Bosnian Austrians Bosnian Austrians (locally and colloquially known as Esterajheri) are citizens of Austria whose ancestry can be traced to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The vast majority of Bosnians emigrated to Austria during and after the

title: Bosnian nationalism

text: "Islamic Declaration" that called for an Islamic renewal amongst Bosniaks, Izetbegović was arrested by Yugoslav state authorities in 1983 on allegations that he was promoting a purely Muslim Bosnia, and served five years in prison. In 1990, Izetbegović and others founded the Party of Democratic Action, that became the main Bosniak party in the Bosnian parliament. The eruption of the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995 strengthened Bosnian Muslim identity. In 1993, "Bosniak" was officially revived as the ethnic or national designation to replace "Muslim by nationality" employed by the Yugoslav authorities. Bosnian nationalism Bosnian nationalism or Bosniandom ( /

title: Bosnian mujahideen

text: Croatia between the Croatian Army and the breakaway Serb Krajina. Meanwhile, the Bosnian Muslim leadership opted for independence. Serbs established autonomous provinces and Bosnian Croats took similar steps. The war broke out in April 1992. Muslim countries came to support the Bosnian Muslims and an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. Support came from Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and other Muslim countries. There were also Islamist organizations and Muslim non-profit organizations and charitable trusts that supported the Bosnian Muslims. Muslim foreign fighters joined the Bosnian Muslim side. ICG estimated 2,000–5,000 foreign Muslim fighters. Charles R. Shrader estimated up to 4,000. J.

title: Bosnian Muslim Republic

text: would "de facto" lead to a Bosniak entity (). In IPSOS polls, in 2005 citizens wanting a Bosniak entity were 7%, and in 2013 were 13%. Bosnian Muslim Republic A Bosnian Muslim Republic, that is, consolidation of Bosniak-inhabited territories into a Bosniak nation-state, was proposed during the Bosnian War when plans for the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina were made. It would either be established as one of three ethnic states in a loose confederation, or as an independent "Muslim state" in the area controlled by the Bosnian Army, as proposed by Islamists. Thus, the Bosniak-inhabited territories or Bosnian Army-controlled

title: Bosnian Rainbows (album)

text: 2013. Bosnian Rainbows (album) Bosnian Rainbows is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band Bosnian Rainbows, released on June 24, 2013 on Clouds Hill, Sargent House and Rodriguez-Lopez Productions. Recorded and produced by , the album was recorded at Clouds Hill Studios in Hamburg, Germany in October 2012, during a break in band's touring schedule. "Bosnian Rainbows" debuted at #2 on "Billboard" Top Heatseekers chart. "Bosnian Rainbows" was produced on analog gear, without the use of computers. The album's first single, "Torn Maps", was digitally released on January 25, 2013. The second single, "Turtle Neck" followed on February

title: Bosnian Rainbows (album)

text: Bosnian Rainbows (album) Bosnian Rainbows is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band Bosnian Rainbows, released on June 24, 2013 on Clouds Hill, Sargent House and Rodriguez-Lopez Productions. Recorded and produced by , the album was recorded at Clouds Hill Studios in Hamburg, Germany in October 2012, during a break in band's touring schedule. "Bosnian Rainbows" debuted at #2 on "Billboard" Top Heatseekers chart. "Bosnian Rainbows" was produced on analog gear, without the use of computers. The album's first single, "Torn Maps", was digitally released on January 25, 2013. The second single, "Turtle Neck" followed on February 11,

title: What Is Life

text: 16. It has since appeared on Newton-John compilation albums such as "" (1992) and "The Definitive Collection" (2002). In 1971, British easy listening pianist Ronnie Aldrich covered "What Is Life" (as well as "My Sweet Lord") on his album "Love Story". That same year, a version by the Ventures appeared on their "New Testament" album. Also in 1971, a Finnish-language version of the song, titled "Mikä Saa Ihmisen Elämään", was released as a single by local singer Oliver – better known as Veikko Laiho, of the Laiho Trio. In 1992, Nicola Sirkis covered the song on the album "Dans La

title: Foreign support in the Bosnian War

text: Foreign support in the Bosnian War Foreign support in the Bosnian War included the funding, training or military support by foreign states and organizations outside Yugoslavia to any of the belligerents in the Bosnian War (1992–95). Among foreign Islamist organizations supporting the Bosnian Muslims were Al-Qaeda (including Bosnian branch), Harkat ul-Ansar, Refah Party, Armed Islamic Group of Algeria, and others. Among foreign non-profit organizations and charitable trusts were the Saudi Benevolence International Foundation (Al-Qaeda) and al-Haramain Foundation (Al-Qaeda-associated), the Turkish IHH, and others. The Third World Relief Agency (TWRA) based in Vienna was the "main financier and mediator" in the

title: Bosnian Cyrillic

text: rest on further arguments: The irony of the contemporary status of Bosnian Cyrillic is as follows: scholars are still trying to prove that Bosnian Cyrillic is ethnically their own, while simultaneously relegating the corpus of Bosnian Cyrillic written texts to the periphery of national culture. This extinct form of Cyrillic is peripheral to Croatian paleography which focuses on Glagolitic and Latin script corpora. In 2015, a group of artists started a project called "I write to you in Bosancica" which involved art and graphic design students from Banja Luka, Sarajevo, Široki Brijeg, and Trebinje. Exhibitions of the submitted artworks will

title: Bosnian War

text: States would grant recognition to Bosnia as an independent state. What is indisputable is that Izetbegovic, that same day, withdrew his signature and renounced the agreement". In late March 1992, there was fighting between Serbs and combined Croat and Bosniak forces in and near Bosanski Brod, resulting in the killing of Serb villagers in Sijekovac. Serb paramilitaries committed the Bijeljina massacre, most of the victims of which were Bosniaks, on 1–2 April 1992. There were three factions in the Bosnian War: The three ethnic groups predominantly supported their respective ethnic or national faction. Bosniaks mainly the ARBiH, Croats the HVO,

title: What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy)

text: What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy) What Is To Be Done? (sometimes translated as What Then Must We Do?) is a non-fiction work by Leo Tolstoy, in which Tolstoy describes the social conditions of Russia in his day. Tolstoy completed the book in 1886, and the first English language publication came in 1887 as What To Do?. A revised translation with the current title was published in 1899. The English title was also used for two better-known works by Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Vladimir Lenin; Tolstoy's Russian title is similar but not identical to Chernyshevsky's (and Lenin's), both of them sharing

title: What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy)

text: the same Biblical reference (Luke 3:10–14). What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy) What Is To Be Done? (sometimes translated as What Then Must We Do?) is a non-fiction work by Leo Tolstoy, in which Tolstoy describes the social conditions of Russia in his day. Tolstoy completed the book in 1886, and the first English language publication came in 1887 as What To Do?. A revised translation with the current title was published in 1899. The English title was also used for two better-known works by Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Vladimir Lenin; Tolstoy's Russian title is similar but not identical to Chernyshevsky's

title: Bosnian Church

text: religious history and the emergence of an "independent and somewhat heretical church". Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy predominated in different parts of what is today Bosnia and Herzegovina; the followers of the former formed majority in the west, the north and in the center of Bosnia, while those of the latter were a majority in most of Zachlumia (present-day Herzegovina) and along Bosnia's eastern border. This changed in the mid-13th century, when Bosnian Church began eclipsing the Roman. While Bosnia remained nominally Catholic in the High Middle Ages, the Bishop of Bosnia was a local cleric chosen by Bosnians and

title: Bosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival

text: Bosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival The Bosnian-Herzegovinian Film Festival (BHFF) is an annual event founded in 2003 and held in New York. This Festival showcases the best of the Bosnian cinematography and also provides a platform for the international exposure for emerging Bosnian filmmakers. It showcases the best of the resurgent film production in Bosnia since the recent war, bringing the simplicity, soulfulness and the perennial dark humor of the Bosnian film to the American audiences. In addition to showcasing the Bosnian production films the festival also includes in their program films by other producers and directors that deal with historical, socio-political

title: Bosnian Muslim paramilitary units

text: Nazi Germany governed by the Ustaše. These were mostly put under the command of the Croatian Home Guard (HD). During the Bosnian War, Bosniak paramilitary forces supported an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnian Muslim paramilitary units Bosnian Muslim paramilitary units, that is, militias or paramilitary units made up of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) and espousing a Bosnian nationalist or Islamic ideology active in war. During World War II, Bosnian Muslims established numerous self-defense units. Organizers of individual groups were Muhamed Hadžiefendić, Avdaga Hasić, Hasan Gondžić, Nešad Topčić, Džemal Tanović, Omer Čengić, Avdo Ferizbegović, Ismet Bektašević, Edhem Efendić, Zulfo Dumanjić and Ibrahim

title: Rape during the Bosnian War

text: who had been apprehended on 18 December 1997 by Dutch forces who were operating with NATO, was put on trial in what was one of the shortest trials heard by the ICTY. This was the first case heard by the ICTY which dealt exclusively with charges for rape. Furundžija was a Bosnian Croat and local commander of the militia known as "The Jokers", who took part in the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing and who were under the command of the Croatian Defence Council. Furundžija was indicted for individual criminal responsibility, which included "committing, planning, instigating, ordering or otherwise aiding and

title: Rape during the Bosnian War

text: population would not return to the area. The assailants told their victims they would bear a child of the assailant's ethnicity. Pregnant women were detained until it was too late to have the fetus aborted. Victims were told they would be hunted down and killed should they report what had transpired. The commission also concluded that: "Rape has been reported to have been committed by all sides to the conflict. However, the largest number of reported victims have been Bosniaks, and the largest number of alleged perpetrators have been Bosnian Serbs. There are few reports of rape and sexual assault

title: Bosnian Church

text: dualism). The Bogomil heretics were at one point mainly centered in Bulgaria and are now known by historians as the direct progenitors of the Cathars. The Inquisition reported the existence of a dualist sect in Bosnia in the late 15th century and called them "Bosnian heretics", but this sect was according to some historians most likely not the same as the Bosnian Church. The historian Franjo Rački wrote about this in 1869 based on Latin sources but the Croatian scholar Dragutin Kniewald in 1949 established the credibility of the Latin documents in which the Bosnian Church is described as heretical.

title: Bosnian War

text: account of the Bosnian War. The Serbian film "Life Is a Miracle", produced by Emir Kusturica, depicts the romance of a pacific Serb station caretaker and a Muslim Bosniak young woman entrusted to him as a hostage in the context of Bosniak-Serb border clashes; it was nominated at the 2004 Cannes Festival. Short films such as "In the Name of the Son", about a father who murders his son during the Bosnian War, and "10 Minutes", which contrasts 10 minutes of life of a Japanese tourist in Rome with a Bosnian family during the war, received acclaim for their depiction

title: Bosnian Pot

text: stove. Due to the preference for large chunks of meat and vegetables, the meal takes about 4 hours to cook. Bosnian Pot Bosnian Pot (Bosanski Lonac) is a Bosnian stew, a culinary speciality appreciated for its rich taste and flexibility. Recipes for Bosanski lonac vary greatly according to personal and regional preference, but the main ingredients generally include chunked meat and vegetables. Mixed meats may be used in the dish. It has been described as a national dish of Bosnia. Bosanski lonac has been on tables of both the rich and the poor for hundreds of years. The wealthy prepared

title: The World Is What It Is

text: in 1996. The biography has been extensively reviewed: the reviewers include Paul Theroux, who wrote an earlier book about Naipaul. The biography was selected by the editors of the "New York Times Book Review" as one of the "Times"' "10 Best Books of 2008". It won the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award in Biography, and the British literary award the Hawthornden Prize. The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in

title: Bosnian Church

text: numbers of adherents of the two churches. Several Bosnian rulers were "Krstjani", while others adhered to Catholicism for political purposes. Stjepan Kotromanić shortly reconciled Bosnia with Rome, while ensuring at the same time the survival of the Bosnian Church. Notwithstanding the incoming Franciscan missionaries, the Bosnian Church survived, although weaker and weaker, until it disappeared after the Ottoman conquest. Outsiders accused the Bosnian Church of links to the Bogomils, a stridently dualist sect of dualist-gnostic Christians heavily influenced by the Manichaean Paulician movement and also to the Patarene heresy (itself only a variant of the same belief system of Manichean-influenced

title: Bosnian Crusade

text: only significant impact the Bosnian Crusade had was augmenting the anti-Hungarian sentiment among the Bosnians, a major factor in Bosnian politics that contributed to the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia in 1463 and lasted beyond it. Bosnian Crusade The Bosnian Crusade was fought against unspecified heretics from 1235 until 1241. It was, essentially, a Hungarian war of conquest against the Banate of Bosnia sanctioned as a crusade. Led by the Hungarian prince Coloman, the crusaders only succeeded in conquering peripheral parts of the country. They were followed by Dominicans, who erected a cathedral and put heretics to death by burning. The

title: Bosnian Americans

text: Michigan. Many refugees suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of gruesome experiences in concentration camps and the death of family and friends. The Illinois Department of Human Services founded the Bosnian Refugee Center in 1994 with the help of public and private agencies to assist the newcomers, and in 1997 it became the nonprofit Bosnian & American Community Center. Staffed by Bosnian refugees from all backgrounds, the center serves all refugees by providing community services that include educational and family programs, counseling, and cultural activities. The largest Bosnian American communities in the US are found in St. Louis

title: Bosnian War

text: in relation to the former, or any other, Yugoslavia". Jović's memoirs show that Milošević had on 5 December 1991 ordered for the JNA troops in BiH to be reorganised, its non-Bosnian personnel to be withdrawn, in case recognition would result in the perceival of the JNA as a foreign force; left would be Bosnian Serbs to form the nucleus of a Bosnian Serb army. Accordingly, by the end of the month the JNA in BiH had only 10–15% from outside the republic. Silber and Little note that Milošević secretly ordered all Bosnian-born JNA soldiers to be transferred to BiH. Jović's

title: Bosnian Austrians

text: Bosnian Austrians Bosnian Austrians (locally and colloquially known as Esterajheri) are citizens of Austria whose ancestry can be traced to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The vast majority of Bosnians emigrated to Austria during and after the Bosnian War of the 1990s, though a large number emigrated as early as the 19th century. The largest Bosnian communities in Austria are found in Graz, Linz and Wels; followed by Salzburg, Villach, and Vienna. A historic moment for the Bosnians of Austria took place on 29 June 2013 in the city of Wels. The Trg Bošnjaka (Bosniak Square) was opened in front of the

title: Bosnian nationalism

text: respectively. Nevertheless, in part due to the dominant standing held in the previous centuries by the native Muslim population in Ottoman Bosnia, a sense of Bosnian nationhood was cherished mainly by Muslim Bosnians, while fiercely opposed by nationalists from Serbia and Croatia who were instead opting to claim the Bosnian Muslim population as their own, a move that was rejected by most Bosnian Muslims. In an article of the journal "Bošnjak" ("The Bosniak"), Bosniak author and mayor of Sarajevo Mehmed-beg Kapetanović declared that Bosnian Muslims were neither Croats nor Serbs but a distinct, though related, people: Upon the founding of

title: Bosnian mujahideen

text: President Alija Izetbegović regarded them as symbolically valuable as a sign of the Muslim world's support for Bosnia, they appear to have made little military difference and became a major political liability. Sakib Mahmuljin, a top Bosnian general, has stated that the mujahideen sent 28 severed heads of POW Bosnian Serb soldiers to Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović and Iran. ICTY found that there was one battalion-sized unit called El Mudžahid (El Mujahid). It was established on 13 August 1993, by the Bosnian Army, which decided to form a unit of foreign fighters in order to impose control over them as

title: Bosnian Americans

text: (Bevo Mill's "Little Bosnia"); followed by Chicago, Detroit, New York City, Jacksonville, and Houston. Atlanta has Georgia's largest Bosnian American community with approximately 10,000 in the metro area, mainly in Gwinnett County and DeKalb County Approximately 10,000 Bosnians live in Phoenix, Arizona. Other large Bosnian American communities can be found in the San Francisco Bay Area, as well as in Indianapolis, Hackettstown, New Jersey; Seattle, Grand Rapids, Michigan; Bowling Green, Kentucky; Erie, Pennsylvania; Nashville, Hartford, Salt Lake City, Portland, Oregon; Utica, New York; Waterloo, Iowa; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Boston, Louisville, KY and Syracuse, New York. Bosnian Americans Bosnian Americans are

title: Rape during the Bosnian War

text: Rape during the Bosnian War Violence assumed a gender-targeted form through the use of rape during the Bosnian War. While men from all ethnic groups committed rape, the great majority of rapes were perpetrated by Bosnian Serb forces of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) and Serb paramilitary units, who used genocidal rape as an instrument of terror as part of their programme of ethnic cleansing. Estimates of the number of women raped during the war range between 12,000 and 50,000. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) declared that "systematic rape" and "sexual enslavement" in time

title: Bosnian mujahideen

text: "lies and cheap fabrications." The prosecutors investigating Džaferović decided to drop the investigation after examining documents sent by Kebo. An Iraqi mujahideen Abduladhim Maktouf was convicted for helping his compatriots in abducting Croat civilians of Travnik in 1993. He was ultimately handed a prison term of three years. US intelligence and phone calls intercepted by the Bosnian government show communication between Al-Qaeda commanders and Bosnian mujahideen. Several of the mujahideen were connected to Al-Qaeda. Osama Bin Laden sent resources to the Bosnian mujahideen. Two of the five 9/11 hijackers, childhood friends Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi, had been Bosnian mujahideen.