query: what language did the miwok indians speak?

title: Southern Sierra Miwok

text: Southern Sierra Miwok language is nearly extinct with only a few speakers existing today. However, as of 2012, an active revitalization program is underway. The name "Miwok" comes from the Sierra Miwok word "miwwik" meaning "people" or "Indians". It was originally used in 1877 for the Plains and Sierra Miwok people, but was later reassigned to its current usage in 1908 to describe the set of Utian languages distinct from the western Coastanoan (Ohlone) languages. Below are the 15 consonants of the Southern Sierra Miwok written in IPA (the common orthography is noted within There is considerable variation within the

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: land in Amador County in trust. In 2015, two court cases were settled in favor of the Ione Band of Miwok Indians allowing the 228.04-acre transfer to proceed. The Miwok people lived peacefully for thousand of years throughout large portions of Northern and Central California. Originally, they were constituted of three main groups, which included: the Sierra Miwok, Lake Miwok, and Coast Miwok. Traditional territory of their ancestors included the Sierra Nevada foothills and Central California. The languages they have been classified as speaking are the Nisean language. Northern Miwok and Plains Miwok languages have been grouped in the Penutian

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: language family. Most of them still live in Central California today on “Rancherias”, which are similar to reservations. However, some do not live on the Rancherias, but in intertribal communities where there are members of other tribes, while others reside in Northern California towns. Today, the Miwok people speak English, but in the past they spoke their native “Miwok language”, also known as Moquelumnan. Some elders still remember words from the language and younger people also take an interest in learning/speaking their native language again. However, overall, it is an endangered language. Traditionally, each Miwok band was led by a

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: Ione Band of Miwok Indians The Ione Band of Miwok Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok people in Amador County, California. As of the 2010 census the population was only 5. The Ione Band conducts business from Plymouth, California. The tribe is led by an elected council. The current tribal administration is as follows. Miwok people lived in over a hundred villages along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, as well as north of the San Francisco Bay area east into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Ione Miwok oral history says the tribe comes from the Buena

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: with the revenue from the casino. Furthermore, The Ione Band is actively searching for future economic development to help the tribe. Ione Band of Miwok Indians The Ione Band of Miwok Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok people in Amador County, California. As of the 2010 census the population was only 5. The Ione Band conducts business from Plymouth, California. The tribe is led by an elected council. The current tribal administration is as follows. Miwok people lived in over a hundred villages along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, as well as north of the San Francisco

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: Vista Peaks, south of Ione, California, when the Sacramento Valley was covered by water. European contact came in the 19th century, when Spanish explorers descended upon Miwok lands. They enslaved thousands of Indians during the mission system period. Smallpox and other epidemics hit the Miwok between 1820 and 1840, which drastically reduced the Indian population. Before the Spanish first landed on California soil, there were about 22,00 Miwok Indians within the region; today there are about 750. John Sutter built his fort in 1839 and continued enslaving Indians. He raided around Ione. The 1848–50 California Gold Rush brought an onslaught

title: Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians

text: Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians The Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), California is a federally recognized tribe of Maidu and Miwok people in El Dorado County, California. The Shingle Springs Miwok are Sierra Miwok, an indigenous people of California. As of the 2010 Census the population was 102. The Shingle Springs Band conducts business from Shingle Springs and Sacramento, California. The Tribe is led by an elected council: Shingle Springs Rancheria has a tribal court, which was established in November 2010. The chief judge is Christine Williams The Shingle Springs Rancheria () is

title: Lake Miwok language

text: Lake Miwok language The Lake Miwok language is a moribund (or possibly extinct) language of Northern California, traditionally spoken in an area adjacent to the Clear Lake. It is one of the languages of the Clear Lake Linguistic Area, along with Patwin, East and Southeastern Pomo, and Wappo. The consonant inventory of Lake Miwok differs substantially from the inventories found in the other Miwok languages. Where the other languages only have one series of plosives, Lake Miwok has four: plain, aspirated, ejective and voiced. Lake Miwok has also added the affricates č, c, čʼ, ƛʼ and the liquids r and

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: or protection. This forced the Miwok people into homelessness, forced to develop a new lifestyle with means to survive. Some were able to survive by relocating and uniting with neighboring tribes in the Sierra foothills, which created amalgamated (merged groups of Native Americans) or by working as laborers on ranches. A 1915 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) census revealed 101 homeless Miwok people living around Ione. These would become the Jackson Rancheria, Buena Vista Rancheria, and Ione Band of Miwok Indians. The US tried and failed to create a 40-acre Indian rancheria for the Ione Miwok. Families settled on the

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: land, and finally in 1972, the land was awarded to 12 individuals and other members of the Ione Miwok, but not collectively to the tribe. Negotiations and legal struggles over land ownership and tribal recognition continued for decades. In 1994, Ada Deer wrote that the Ione Band of Miwok Indians was in fact recognized by the federal government. The Ione Miwok elected a tribal council in 1996. They ratified a constitution that was approved by the BIA in 2002 and held another election in 2003. In 2012, the BIA approved an application by the tribe to put 228 acres of

title: Lake Miwok language

text: Except for the 3d person singular, they have the same shape as the nominative pronominal clitics, but show no allomorphy. The reflexive "hana" forms have the same referent as the subject of the same clause, whereas the non-reflexive forms have a different referent, e.g.: Lake Miwok language The Lake Miwok language is a moribund (or possibly extinct) language of Northern California, traditionally spoken in an area adjacent to the Clear Lake. It is one of the languages of the Clear Lake Linguistic Area, along with Patwin, East and Southeastern Pomo, and Wappo. The consonant inventory of Lake Miwok differs substantially

title: Miwok

text: Miwok The Miwok (also spelled Miwuk, Mi-Wuk, or Me-Wuk) are members of four linguistically related Native American groups indigenous to what is now Northern California, who traditionally spoke one of the Miwok languages in the Utian family. The word "Miwok" means "people" in their native language. Anthropologists commonly divide the Miwok into four geographically and culturally diverse ethnic subgroups. These distinctions were not used among the Miwok before European contact. The United States Bureau of Indian Affairs officially recognizes eleven tribes of Miwok descent in California. They are as follows: The predominant theory regarding the settlement of the Americas date

title: Miwok

title: Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians

text: the Sacramento-Verona Band of Miwok Indians. Today's members of the Shingle Springs Rancheria are descendants of the Miwok and Maidu Indians who once lived in this region. Currently, there are approximately 500 enrolled members of the Tribe, with about 140 living on the Rancheria.The tribe has expressed an interest in expanding the Rancheria by adding adjacent BLM-managed lands for improved access and additional residential housing for the tribe." The Tribe owns Red Hawk Casino, located near Placerville, California. The casino has won more than 100 awards. There are 70 table games and about 2,200 slot machines. Restaurants include Henry's Steakhouse,

title: Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians

text: 160-acre parcel of land, located in El Dorado County. It lies in the heart of Nisenan or southern Maidu territory and was purchased by the US Federal Government on 16 December 1916 on behalf of the Sacramento-Verona Band of Miwok Indians. Nearby communities are Shingle Springs and Diamond Springs. On June 14, 2013, Rep. Tom McClintock introduced into the United States House of Representatives the bill To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to take certain Federal lands located in El Dorado County, California, into trust for the benefit of the Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians (H.R. 2388; 113th

title: Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians

text: Pearl Asian Cuisine, Koto Grille, Waterfall Buffet, and Two Rivers Café. Kids Quest provides childcare and CyberQuest is a video arcade. Red Hawk Traders is a gift shop and gallery. The Tribe's Shingle Springs Health & Wellness offers medical, dental and behavioral health for the entire family. It is located off of Red Hawk Parkway and is open to the public. The Health & Wellness Center accepts most major insurance, Medicare and Covered CA. Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians The Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians, Shingle Springs Rancheria (Verona Tract), California is a federally recognized tribe of Maidu

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: of non-Native people into the region. This massive inflow of people seeking fortune lead to settlers invading their land in the Sierra foothills; many of their hunting and gathering areas were then occupied. This led to extremely violent and even deadly clashes between the immigrants and the Indians. Spurred by the violence created by the newcomers onto indigenous Californians' lands, the United States federal government negotiated three treaties with the Ione Miwok. The US Congress never ratified the treaties, and the public did not learn about them until 1905. They were pushed off their ancestral lands and denied human rights

title: Central Sierra Miwok

text: Central Sierra Miwok Central Sierra Miwok is a Miwok language spoken in California, in the upper Stanislaus and Tuolumne valleys. Today it is spoken by the Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California, a federally recognized tribe of Central Sierra Miwoks. Miwok uses the following 28 letter alphabet: Aa Čĉ Ee Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Pp Ss Šš Tt Uu Ww Yy ˀ ˀAˀa ˀEˀe ˀIˀi ˀOˀo ˀUˀu ˀWˀw ˀYˀy ˀ' Øø this is in addition to using · - á í ṭ ý as accents or pronunciation markers Aa=a Čč=tʃ Ee=e Hh=h Ii=i Jj=j

title: Lake Miwok

text: Lake Miwok The Lake Miwok are a branch of the Miwok, a Native American people of Northern California. The Lake Miwok lived in the Clear Lake basin of what is now called Lake County. The Lake Miwok spoke their own Lake language in the Utian linguistic group. They lived by hunting and gathering, and lived in small bands without centralized political authority. They were skilled at basketry. The original Lake Miwok people world view included Shamanism, one form this took was the Kuksu religion that was evident in Central and Northern California, which included elaborate acting and dancing ceremonies in

title: Central Sierra Miwok

text: Kk=k Ll=l Mm=m Nn=n Ŋŋ=ŋ Oo=o Pp=p Ss=s Šš=ʃ Tt=t̪ (Ṭṭ=t̥) Uu=u Ww=w Yy=ɨ ˀ=ʔ ˀAˀa=ʔa ˀEˀe=ʔe ˀIˀi=ʔi ˀOˀo=ʔo ˀUˀu=ʔu ˀWˀw=ʔw ˀYˀy=ʔɨ Central Sierra Miwok Central Sierra Miwok is a Miwok language spoken in California, in the upper Stanislaus and Tuolumne valleys. Today it is spoken by the Chicken Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California, a federally recognized tribe of Central Sierra Miwoks. Miwok uses the following 28 letter alphabet: Aa Čĉ Ee Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Pp Ss Šš Tt Uu Ww Yy ˀ ˀAˀa ˀEˀe ˀIˀi ˀOˀo ˀUˀu ˀWˀw ˀYˀy ˀ' Øø this

title: Southern Sierra Miwok

text: Southern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok (also known as Meewoc, Mewoc, Me-Wuk, Miwoc, Miwokan, Mokélumne, Moquelumnan, San Raphael, Talatui, Talutui, and Yosemite) is an Utian language spoken by the Native American people called the Southern Sierra Miwok of Northern California. Southern Sierra Miwok is a member of the Miwok language family along with Lake Miwok, Coast Miwok (extinct), Saclan (extinct), Plains Miwok (extinct), Northern Sierra Miwok and Central Sierra Miwok. The Miwok languages are a part of the larger Penutian language stock. The original territory of the Southern Sierra Miwok people is similar to modern day Mariposa County, California. The

title: Southern Sierra Miwok

text: made in the 1950s by linguist Sylvia M. Broadbent, and several speakers, especially Chris Brown, Castro Johnson, and Alice Wilson. Southern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok (also known as Meewoc, Mewoc, Me-Wuk, Miwoc, Miwokan, Mokélumne, Moquelumnan, San Raphael, Talatui, Talutui, and Yosemite) is an Utian language spoken by the Native American people called the Southern Sierra Miwok of Northern California. Southern Sierra Miwok is a member of the Miwok language family along with Lake Miwok, Coast Miwok (extinct), Saclan (extinct), Plains Miwok (extinct), Northern Sierra Miwok and Central Sierra Miwok. The Miwok languages are a part of the larger Penutian

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: similar to the game “jacks”. Miwok girls also played with dolls, just like young girls commonly do today. Their culture heavily ties with their sacred ceremonies and beliefs. They commonly prayed and offered thanks to their spirits. They believed everything in the world obtained a spiritual power, such as plants, animals, rocks, and trees. Therefore, they often only took what they needed and did not like to waste anything from their sacred land. They held high respects for animals and showed this through their imitation dances and mythical legends about the animals and their people’s connection. Dancing was very important

title: Coast Miwok

text: and Sonoma counties. The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, formerly the Federated Coast Miwok, gained federal recognition of their tribal status in December 2000. The new tribe consists of people of both Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo descent. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. "(See Population of Native California.)" Alfred L. Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Coast Miwok at 1,500. Sherburne F. Cook raised this figure to 2,000. The population in 1848 was estimated as 300, and it had dropped to 60 in 1880. Coast Miwok The Coast Miwok are

title: Bay Miwok

text: presumed that they spoke an Ohlone ( Costanoan) language. In 1955 linguist Madison Beeler recognized an 1821 vocabulary taken from a Saclan man at Mission San Francisco as representative of a Miwok language. The language was named "Bay Miwok" and its territorial extent was rediscovered during the 1960s (see "Landholding Groups or Local Tribes" section below). The Bay Miwok lived by hunting and gathering, and lived in small bands without centralized political authority. They spoke "Bay Miwok" also known as "Saclan". They were skilled at basketry. The original Bay Miwok people's world view was a form of Shamanism. As they

title: Coast Miwok

text: Coast Miwok The Coast Miwok are an indigenous people that was the second largest group of Miwok people. The Coast Miwok inhabited the general area of modern Marin County and southern Sonoma County in Northern California, from the Golden Gate north to Duncans Point and eastward to Sonoma Creek. The Coast Miwok included the Bodega Bay Miwok, from authenticated Miwok villages around Bodega Bay, and the Marin Miwok. The Coast Miwok spoke their own Coast Miwok language in the Utian linguistic group. They lived by hunting and gathering, and lived in small bands without centralized political authority. In the springtime

title: Coast Miwok

text: Miwok had been converted. Mission San Rafael was founded by the Spanish Franciscans in Coast Miwok territory in the late fall of 1817. By that time the only Coast Miwok people still on their land were those on the Pacific Coast of the Marin Peninsula, from Point Reyes north to Bodega Bay. The Spanish authorities brought most of the Coast Miwoks who had been at Missions San Francisco and San Jose back north to form a founding population for Mission San Rafael. But some who had married Ohlone or Bay Miwok-speaking Mission Indians remained south of the Golden Gate. Over

title: Miwok

text: it. The boys were only allowed to use their feet, but if a girl was holding it he could pick her up and carry her towards his goal. In 1770, there were an estimated 500 Lake Miwok, 1,500 Coast Miwok, and 9,000 Plains and Sierra Miwok, totaling about 11,000 people, according to historian Alfred L. Kroeber, although this may be a serious undercount; for example, he did not identify the Bay Miwok. The 1910 Census reported only 671 Miwok total, and the 1930 Census, 491. See history of each Miwok group for more information. Today there are about 3,500 Miwok

title: Lake Miwok language

text: ł. These sounds appear to have been borrowed through loanwords from other, unrelated languages in the Clear Lake area, after which they spread to some native Lake Miwok words. The word order of Lake Miwok is relatively free, but SOV (subject–object–verb) is the most common order. In her Lake Miwok grammar, Callaghan reports that one speaker distinguishes between 1st person dual inclusive ʔoc and exclusive ʔic. Another speaker also remembers that this distinction used to be made by older speakers. Nouns can be inflected for ten different cases: Lake Miwok uses pronominal clitics to indicate the possessor of a noun.

title: Bay Miwok

text: Bay Miwok The Bay Miwok are a cultural and linguistic group of Miwok, a Native American people in Northern California who live in Contra Costa County. They joined the Franciscan mission system during the early nineteenth century, suffered a devastating population decline, and lost their language as they intermarried with other native California ethnic groups and learned the Spanish language. The Bay Miwok were not recognized by modern anthropologists or linguists until the mid-twentieth century. In fact, Alfred L. Kroeber, father of California anthropology, who knew of one of their constituent local groups, the Saklan (Saclan), from nineteenth-century manuscript sources,

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: spirits, and see the animal spirits as their ancestors. Coyote is seen as their ancestor and creator god. There were four definite regional and linguistic sub-divisions: Plains Miwok, Northern Sierra Miwok, Central Sierra Miwok, and Southern Sierra Miwok. The Plains Miwok inhabited a portion of the Central Valley's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and adjacent plains in modern southern Sacramento County, eastern Solano County, and northern San Joaquin County. They spoke Plains Miwok, a language of the Miwokan branch of the Utian language family. Classical anthropologists recorded a number of specific Plains Miwok villages, but it remained for work by Bennyhoff in

title: Coast Miwok

text: time in the 1820s Mission San Rafael became a mission for Coast Miwok and Pomo speakers. Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in 1823 in the Sonoma Valley (the easternmost traditional Coast Miwok region), came to be predominately a mission for Indians that spoke the Wappo or Patwin languages. At the end of the Mission period (1769–1834) the Coast Miwoks were freed from the control of the Franciscan missionaries. At the same time the Mission lands were secularized and ceded to Californios. Most Coast Miwok began to live in servitude on the ranchos for the new California land grant owners, such

title: Coast Miwok

text: as those who went to work for General Mariano G. Vallejo at Rancho Petaluma Adobe. The ranch owners were dependent upon the labor pool of Indians with agricultural and ranching skills. Other Miwok chose to live independently in bands like those at Rancho Olompali and Rancho Nicasio. In 1837, a smallpox epidemic decimated all the native populations of the Sonoma region, and the Coast Miwok population continued to decline rapidly from other diseases brought in from the Spaniards as well as the Russians at Fort Ross. By the beginning of California statehood (1850), many Miwok of Marin and Sonoma Counties

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: with Ohlone, Patwin, and Yokuts peoples, and found work on local Mexican ranchos. The Northern Miwok inhabited the upper watersheds of the Mokelumne River and the Calaveras River. One settlement site is within the present day Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park near Volcano. They spoke Northern Sierra Miwok, a language in the Utian linguistic group. The authenticated Northern Sierra Miwok villages are: The Central Sierra Miwok inhabited the upper watersheds of the Stanislaus River and the Tuolumne River. They spoke "Central Sierra Miwok", a language in the Utian linguistic group. The authenticated Central Sierra Miwok villages are: The Southern

title: Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians

text: Congress). The bill would take specified federal land in El Dorado County, California, into trust for the Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians. The United States Secretary of the Interior would be responsible for carrying this out. The United States Department of the Interior provided the following background information about the situation when it testified about the bill before the Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native Affairs of the House Natural Resources Committee: "On December 16, 1916, the Secretary of the Interior purchased the 160-acre Shingle Springs Rancheria east of Sacramento in El Dorado County, California at the request of

title: Bay Miwok

text: California have varied substantially. "(See Population of Native California.)" Alfred L. Kroeber put the 1770 population of the Plains and Sierra Miwok (but excluding the Bay Miwok, about whom he was not aware) at 9,000. Sherburne Cook carried out a more specific analysis of contact-period population in Alameda and Contra Costa counties west of the San Joaquin Valley, without regard to the Ohlone-Bay Miwok language boundary; he suggested a total population of 2,248. Richard Levy estimated 19,500 people for all five Eastern Miwok groups as a whole (Bay, Plains, Northern Sierra, Central Sierra, and Southern Sierra) prior to Spanish contact,

title: Coast Miwok

text: "kotcha" were constructed with slabs of tule grass or redwood bark in a cone-shaped form. Miwok people are skilled at basketry. A recreated Coast Miwok village called Kule Loklo is located at the Point Reyes National Seashore. The Coast Miwok language is no longer natively spoken, but the Bodega dialect is documented in Callaghan (1970). The original Coast Miwok people world view included animism, and one form of this took was the Kuksu religion that was evident in Central and Northern California. This included elaborate acting and dancing ceremonies in traditional costume, an annual mourning ceremony, puberty rites of passage,

title: Southern Sierra Miwok

text: of the 6 vowels of the Southern Sierra Miwok language written in IPA (the common orthography is noted within ): Since vowel and consonant length is contrastive, length (represented as is considered to be a separate (archi-)phoneme.) There are two types of syllables in Southern Sierra Miwok: light, CV, and heavy, CV: or CVC. In each word, one of the first two syllables is always heavy, so therefore every Southern Sierra Miwok word contains at least one heavy syllable. Because of this preference towards heavy syllables, consonant clusters are usually separated to form codas of preceding syllables. Southern Sierra Miwok

title: Bay Miwok

text: than Bay Miwok name endings. Yet they were so highly intermarried with the Jalquin that it seems possible that they and the Jalquin formed a single bilingual local tribe. Documentation of Miwok peoples dates back as early as 1579 by a priest on a ship under the command of Francis Drake. Identification and references to the Bay Miwok tribes exists from California Mission records as early as 1794. Spanish-American Franciscans set up Catholic missions in the Bay Area in the 1770s, but did not reach the Bay Miwok territory until 1794. Beginning in 1794, the Bay Miwoks began to migrate

title: Coast Miwok

text: were making the best of a difficult situation by earning their livelihoods through farm labor or fishing within their traditional homelands. Others chose to work as seasonal or year-round laborers on the ranches that were rapidly passing from Mexican ownership into Anglo-American ownership. After Mission San Rafael closed during the 1834-1836 period, the Mexican government deeded most of the land to Californios, but allowed the Indians ex-neophytes to own land at two locations within traditional Coast Miwok territory: Olompali and Nicasio. The Coast Miwok leader Camilo Ynitia, secured a land grant of 2 sq. leagues known as "Rancho Olompali", from

title: Bay Miwok

text: and 1,700 specifically for the Bay Miwok. A total of 859 Bay Miwok speakers were baptized at the Franciscan missions (479 at Mission San Francisco and 380 at Mission San Jose), most between 1794 and 1812. By the end of 1823, only 52 of the Mission San Francisco Bay Miwoks were still alive, along with 11 of their Mission-born children. No comparable data are available for Mission San Jose that year, but by 1840 only 20 Bay Miwok people were alive there. Late nineteenth century survivors from both missions intermarried with people from other language groups. Descendants are alive today

title: What the Ancients Did for Us

text: What the Ancients Did for Us What the Ancients Did for Us is a 2005 BBC documentary series presented by Adam Hart-Davis that examines the impact of ancient civilizations on modern society. The series was produced in conjunction with the Open University and is a departure from the previous series not only in that each episode is an hour long rather than half an hour (though heavily edited half-hour versions have also been shown), but also in that it does not concentrate on a single period of history but rather one ancient civilization per episode including the Chinese, the Indians

title: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria

text: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, formerly known as the Federated Coast Miwok, is a federally recognized American Indian tribe of Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo Indians. The tribe was officially restored to federal recognition by the U.S. government pursuant to the Graton Rancheria Restoration Act, Pub. L. No. 106-568, Title XIV (114 Stat. 2939), 25 U.S.C. § 1300n et. seq. (2000). Prior to European contact, the residents of Marin and Sonoma Counties were bands of Native Californians belonging to two linguistic and cultural groups: the Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo, living in close proximity

title: Coast Miwok

text: they would head to the coasts to hunt salmon and other seafood, including seaweed. Otherwise their staple foods were primarily acorns—particularly from black and tan oak–nuts and wild game, such as deer and cottontail rabbits and black-tailed deer, "Odocoileus hemionus columbianus", a coastal subspecies of the California mule deer, "Odocoileus hemionus". When hunting deer, Miwok hunters traditionally used Brewer's angelica, "Angelica breweri" to eliminate their own scent. Miwok did not typically hunt bears. Yerba buena tea leaf were used medicinally. Tattooing was a traditional practice among Coast Miwok, and they burned poison oak for a pigment. Their traditional houses, called

title: In What Language?

text: is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought." Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted "A concrete lesson seems to emanate from "In What Language?" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: Miwok inhabited the lower banks of the Merced River and the Chowchilla River, as well as Mariposa Creek. They spoke Southern Sierra Miwok, a language in the Utian linguistic group. The Merced River flows from the High Sierras, through Yosemite Valley, and into the San Joaquin Valley near present-day near Livingston. The Mono tribe people (considered Northern Paiute) occupied the higher eastern Sierras and the Mono Lake Basin, and entered Yosemite from the east. The Mono name for the Southern Miwok was qohsoo?moho. Miwoks occupied the lower western foothills of the Sierras and entered from the west. Disputes between the

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: hundreds of Plains Miwok survivors of the Central Valley's 1833 malaria epidemic were baptized at Mission San José. By the end of 1835, Plains Miwok was the native language of 60% of the Indian people at the mission. Between 1834 and 1838 the Alta California missions were secularized (closed as religious and agricultural communes). Many Plains Miwoks moved back to their home areas, where between 1839 and 1841 John Sutter played the local groups off against one another in order to gain control of the lower Sacramento Valley. Other Plains Miwok families remained in the San Francisco Bay area, intermarried

title: Bay Miwok

text: Creek, eastern Contra Costa County. One might suspect that the full corpus of Bay Miwok mythology and sacred narrative shared the motifs that the linguistically related and better-documented ethnographic Coast Miwok and Sierra Miwok held in common. All Miwok peoples believed in animal and human spirits, and saw the animal spirits as their ancestors. Coyote was seen as the representation of their creator god. The Sierra and Plains Miwok, as well as the Bay Miwok, believed this world began at Mount Diablo, following a flood. The names and general territorial areas of seven Bay Miwok-speaking land-holding groups have been inferred

title: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria

text: by a seven-member Tribal Council who are elected to two-year terms by the adult tribal membership. The current administration includes: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria The Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, formerly known as the Federated Coast Miwok, is a federally recognized American Indian tribe of Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo Indians. The tribe was officially restored to federal recognition by the U.S. government pursuant to the Graton Rancheria Restoration Act, Pub. L. No. 106-568, Title XIV (114 Stat. 2939), 25 U.S.C. § 1300n et. seq. (2000). Prior to European contact, the residents of Marin and Sonoma Counties were bands

title: Lake Miwok

text: mythology and narratives were similar to other natives of Central and Northern California. The Lake Miwok believed in animal and human spirits, and saw the animal spirits as their ancestors. Coyote was seen as their ancestor and creator god. The authenticated Lake Miwok villages are: The Lake Miwok were neighbors with the Pomo, Coast Miwok and Wappo people. A percentage of the Lake Miwok were coaxed circa 1800-1840 into the Spanish Missions along with their neighbors the Coast Miwok, particularly to the Mission San Francisco Solano in Sonoma once it was built. "The mission records show 21 baptism records exist

title: Southern Sierra Miwok

text: definite sequence. In addition, all postfixes are invariable in form and therefore do not contain more than one allomorph. Below is an example of a typical postfix: Southern Sierra Miwok also has a class of monomorphemic words called particles. These are the only words that can stand alone as roots without suffixes and usually follow the word that they modify. "hane:" "maybe", "hy:ʔy:" "yes" and "jej" "hey!" are a few examples of typical particles. Personal pronominal suffixes are separated into four series in the Southern Sierra Miwok language. As discussed in the morphology section, Series 1 and 2 pronominal suffixes

title: Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California

text: Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California The Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok in Amador County, California. The Buena Vista Miwok are Sierra Miwok, an indigenous people of California. The tribe conducts business from Sacramento, California. The tribe is led by an elected council. The current tribal chairperson is Rhonda Morningstar Pope. Tribal staff includes Dr. Roselynn Lwenya, the environmental resources director, and Arnold Samuel, the General Counsel. Tribal enrollment is based in lineal descent from original tribal members; that is, the tribe has no minimum blood quantum requirements.

text: 1958. The tribe has been federally recognized since 1985. In 1970, President Richard Nixon declared the Rancheria Act a failure. The Buena Vista Rancheria tribe joined 16 other native California tribes in a class action lawsuit, "Hardwick v. United States" to restore their sovereignty, and in 1987, the tribes won their lawsuit. On 22 December 1983 the Buena Vista Rancheria tribe ratified its constitution. Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California The Buena Vista Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indians of California is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok in Amador County, California. The Buena Vista Miwok are Sierra Miwok, an

title: Coast Miwok

text: 36 Indian people at Nicasio. The population was persuaded to leave in the 1880s when Marin County curtailed funds to all Indians (except those at Marshall) who were not living at the Poor Farm, a place for "indigent" peoples. By the early 20th century, a few Miwok families pursued fishing for their livelihoods; one family continued commercial fishing into the 1970s, while another family maintained an oyster harvesting business. When this activity was neither in season nor profitable, Indian people of this area sought agricultural employment, which required an itinerant lifestyle. The preferred locality for such work was within Marin

title: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria

text: fished to supplement their incomes. The Graton Rancheria was a Indian rancheria near Sebastopol in Sonoma County. The rancheria was established for Coast Miwok, Southern Pomo, and other Indians living in the region. In 1920, when Indians began to settle the land, they discovered that all but were inhospitable. The US government terminated the trust agreement (federal recognition) of the Graton Rancheria in 1958. Gloria Armstrong (Miwok) privately owned a lot of the previous rancheria. In 1992, the tribe initiated the procedure to regain federal recognition. Recognition was achieved on December 27, 2000 through the Graton Rancheria Restoration Act passed

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: two tribes were violent, and the residents of the valley, in defense of their territory, were considered to be among the most aggressive of any tribes in the area. When encountered by immigrants of European descent, the neighboring Southern Sierra Miwok tribe referred to the Yosemite Valley residents as "killers". It is from this reference and a confusion over the word for "grizzly bear" that Bunnell named the valley Yosemite. The native residents called the valley "awahni". Today, there is some debate about the original meaning of the word, since the Southern Miwok language is virtually extinct, but recent Southern

title: Miwok

text: in total. The "Star Wars" films feature a fictional species of forest-dwelling creatures known as Ewoks, who are ostensibly named after the Miwok. However, the historical Northern-California footprint of the Miwok people (where George Lucas's home and corporate headquarters were located) may have caused the Ewoks' name to be retconned to enhance the marketability of the 1983 film. The Miwok people are encountered in Kim Stanley Robinson's book, "The Years of Rice and Salt". In an alternate history scenario depicted in the book they are the first group of Native Americans encountered by the first Chinese to discover the continent.

title: Miwok

text: the original migrations from Asia to around 20,000 years ago across the Bering Strait land bridge, but one anthropologist claims that the Miwok and some other northern California tribes descend from Siberians who arrived in California by sea around 3,000 years ago. The Miwok lived in small bands without centralized political authority before contact with European Americans in 1769. They had domesticated dogs and cultivated tobacco, but were otherwise hunter-gatherers. The Sierra Miwok harvested acorns from the California Black Oak. In fact, the modern-day extent of the California Black Oak forests in some areas of Yosemite National Park is partially

title: Miwok

text: due to cultivation by Miwok tribes. They burned understory vegetation to reduce the fraction of Ponderosa Pine. Nearly every other kind of edible vegetable matter was used as a food source, including bulbs, seeds, and fungi. Animals were hunted with arrows, clubs or snares, depending on the species and the situation. Grasshoppers were a highly prized food source, as were mussels for those groups adjacent to the Stanislaus River. The Miwok ate meals according to appetite rather than at regular times. They stored food for later consumption, primarily in flat-bottomed baskets. Miwok mythology and narratives tend to be similar to

title: Maori Indians

text: the Bhana whanau from Ngati Whakaue. Responses to the 2001 New Zealand Census indicated that 1.5% of Indian women and 2% of Indian men in New Zealand were in inter-ethnic unions with a Māori partner. About 18% of children of these unions can converse in the Maori language, while less than 10% could speak an Indian language. The first Hui (Māori assembly) for people of mixed Māori and Indian descent was held in 2012 in Rotorua. A second assembly was held in 2014, with over 200 mixed Maori Indians in attendance. Maori Indians Māori Indians (or Indo-Māori) are an ethnic

title: Miwok mythology

text: ancestor, creator god, and a trickster god. The Miwok mythology is similar to other Native American myths of Northern California. The Miwok believed there existed a "people who lived before real people" who in some tales have died out, in others are the same as the supernatural animal spirits. Several creation fragments exist detailing Coyote's place in the family of the "first spirits" on earth. According to the Coast Miwok, Coyote was the declared grandfather of the Falcon. There existed animal spirits and a few star-people spirits. From the Sacramento river area the Miwok gave the following names of the

title: Bay Miwok

text: were centrally located along an arc of Miwok-speaking groups across Central California, the Bay Miwok probably shared the Kuksu religion ceremonial motifs common to both the Coast Miwok to the west and Plains Miwok to the east. The Kuksu religion (dubbed the "Kuksu Cult" by early historians) included a cycle of elaborate dancing ceremonies, each with its own group of actors and distinctive feather-decorated regalia, an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms, puberty rites of passage, shamanic intervention with the spirit world, and, in some areas, an annual mourning ceremony. Varying forms of the Kuksu Cult were shared

title: Miwok mythology

text: Yokuts mythology, Ohlone mythology and Pomo mythology. The myths of "First People" dying out to be replaced with the Miwok people is a "deeply impressed conception" shared by Natives in Northwestern California. Miwok mythology The mythology of the Miwok Native Americans are myths of their world order, their creation stories and 'how things came to be' created. Miwok myths suggest their spiritual and philosophical world view. In several different creation stories collected from Miwokan people, Coyote was seen as their ancestor and creator god, sometimes with the help of other animals, forming the earth and making people out of humble

title: Miwok mythology

text: Miwok mythology The mythology of the Miwok Native Americans are myths of their world order, their creation stories and 'how things came to be' created. Miwok myths suggest their spiritual and philosophical world view. In several different creation stories collected from Miwokan people, Coyote was seen as their ancestor and creator god, sometimes with the help of other animals, forming the earth and making people out of humble materials like feathers or twigs. According to Miwok mythology, the people believed in animal and human spirits, and spoke of animal spirits as their ancestors. Coyote in many tales figures as their

title: Lake Miwok

text: from "Tuyeome and Oleyome indicating definite (mission) penetration by 1835 as far as the shores of Clear Lake, but not indicating wholesome conversion in that region." The natives of Clear Lake suffered tremendous loss of life and were virtually decimated during the regional smallpox epidemic of 1837 that came from Fort Ross. In 1770 there about 400-500 Lake Miwok. In 1848 population estimated at 200, In 1850 it dropped to 100. In 1880 and 1920 it was estimated at 20. Little documentation exists. </div> Lake Miwok The Lake Miwok are a branch of the Miwok, a Native American people of

title: Speak Your Language

text: Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song "Who" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by "NME", giving it a 2/10 rating.

title: Speak Your Language

title: Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria

text: aboard Sir Francis Drake’s ship. In 1595, The Coast Miwok came into contact with the crew of the "San Agustin", a Manila Galleon, captained by Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho and crewed by Filipino mariners. During the Mission Period of 1779–1823, Mission San Francisco de Asís (also called "Mission Dolores"), Mission San Rafael Arcángel and Mission San Francisco Solano used Indians, including the Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo people, as a key source of labor. As early as 1830, a Filipino married a Coast Miwok wife, starting a family who later settled in Lairds Landing. The family who descended from this multiracial

title: Bay Miwok

text: with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the northern Ohlone, Maidu, Patwin, Pomo, and Wappo. However Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony" in the Miwok, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the Maidu and other northern California tribes. The specific myths, legends, tales, and histories of the Bay Miwok are not well documented. C. Hart Merriam published a creation story, "The Birth of Wek-Wek and the Creation of Man", centered on Mt. Diablo, that was told by a "Hool-poom'-ne" Miwok, perhaps a descendent of the Julpun Bay Miwok of Marsh

title: Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians

text: Tuolumne area, including the Black Oak Casino Resort, the Black Oak Hotel, the Bear Creek Gas Station, the Native Plant Nursery, and the Westside Event Venue. The Casino Resort facility includes restaurants and attractions including the Black Oak Cafe, Seven Sisters Restaurant, the Mill bar, Kingpins, the Willow Creek Lounge, the Manzanita Bar, the Underground Arcade, and the Brunswick Bowling Center. Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians The Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Yokuts and Miwok people in Tuolumne County, California. The Tuolumne Band are central Sierra Miwok people. Annually, in September, the tribe holds

title: Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians

text: Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians The Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Yokuts and Miwok people in Tuolumne County, California. The Tuolumne Band are central Sierra Miwok people. Annually, in September, the tribe holds an acorn festival and intertribal gathering. The Tuolumne Band is headquartered in Tuolumne, California. The governing body for the tribe is a legislative body referred to as the "Community Council". Council Officers of the Tuolumne Me-Wuk Tribal Council (TMTC) are democratically elected from among the tribal members; the current tribal chairman is Kevin Day. The Governmental structure for the executive aspects

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: feathers. The colors were dark pink or yellow and sewn together with darker brown feathers to create the headband that would be tied from the back. Their styles also included body adornments; most of them wore ear and nose embellishments. They also practiced tattooing and developed the white paint from chalk deposits and the black from charcoal. This resulted in the black and white face and body painting that was often applied in horizontal lines. These tattoos and body adornments made the Miwok tribe very unique and distinctive. In the past, the Miwoks lived in tule houses that were usually

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: to them and they performed in many occasions: when giving thanks, celebrating, and also in hopes of curing for the sick as well as prayers for the dead. They had musical instruments that consisted of elderberry flutes, drums, cocoon rattles, clappers, and whistles. As for economics, Coast and Lake Miwok used clamshell beads. They often traveled west to gather marine sources such as clamshells and seaweed. Today, the Ione Band is still seeking future establishment of a gambling facility (casino) near Plymouth, California. The Ione Band’s casino is in support of the tribe’s government operations, programs, and general tribal members

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: made up of cone-shaped frames of wooden poles placed over a hold that is dug into the ground. The frame would be covered by mats woven by tule reeds and were kept insulated by packing dirt over it. Today, they live in modern houses/apartments. The children of the Miwok used to have lots of chores and little time to play. Today they commonly go hunting or fishing with their fathers. Back then, a popular game for free time was “shinny”. This is an athletic game much like rugby and lacrosse. The younger children played a “skipping stone” game, which is

title: Ione Band of Miwok Indians

text: chief, who was typically a male. In some bands, chiefdom was hereditary and other clans elders would choose who would be the preceding chief. The Miwok tribe was made up of hunters, gatherers, and fishers. Their diets included acorns that could be made into various dishes such as soups, cakes, and bread. They hunted deer, black bear, elk, fowl, and small game such as rabbits, fish or quail. They also collected a number of foods available to them such as buckeye nuts, berries, mushrooms, and other greens. The weapons they used included spears, slings, knives, clubs, and bows and arrows.

title: Miwok 100K Trail Race

text: Tia Bodington, has been held every year since 1996, when it was known as the "What? Mi-Wok? Trail 100K", its name through 1999. The event was shortened to 60K for 2013 due to fire restriction trail closures in the Mount Tamalpais area. 300 to 400 runners have started the race each year since 2008. The course record (Rodeo Beach course) of 7 hours, 53 minutes, 19 seconds was set by Dave Mackey in 2008. The women's course record of 8 hours, 55 minutes, 49 seconds was set by Ann Trason in 2001. Miwok 100K Trail Race The Miwok 100K Trail

title: Society of American Indians

text: to two suspicions: First that my race prevents me understanding the situation. Second, that I may have some ulterior motive." "I am always embarrassed by doubt in my mind as to whether I shall act and speak, or whether I shall contribute most by silence. Everyone who says anything to me tells me to proceed and that the Indians have confidence in me and I am glad and believe that is so, even though doubtful as to what extent that confidence involves action." While Parker was determined that the Society should be run by Indians, it did not diminish his

title: Southern Sierra Miwok

text: is included in "us/we". The following table expresses the personal pronominal suffixes of Southern Sierra Miwok for singular subjects: The following table expresses personal pronominal suffixes for plural subjects in Southern Sierra Miwok: Below is a table that lists the various pronominal suffix morphemes for Southern Sierra Miwok organized by series number: Southern Sierra Miwok is unique among Native American languages as it has nine case suffixes. For the purposes of discussion, Broadbent (1964) has separated the case suffixes into two categories, autonomous, which appear in the absolute final position of a word, and subordinate, which must be followed by

title: Bay Miwok

text: (see "Present Day" section below). Some descendents of the Bay Miwok from the Mission San Francisco and Mission San Jose, are members of the "Muwekma Ohlone Tribe" of the San Francisco Bay Area. (Mission records have assisted in substantiating native genealogical persistence.) The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe states that : "all of the known surviving Native American lineages aboriginal to the San Francisco Bay region who trace their ancestry through the Missions Dolores, Santa Clara and San Jose" and who descend from members of the historic Federally Recognized Verona Band of Alameda County. Bay Miwok The Bay Miwok are a cultural

title: Coast Miwok

text: in Southern Sonoma County - some dating back 4000 years. The lake was thought to be a sacred site and ceremonial gathering and healing place for the Miwok and others in the region. Coast Miwok would travel and camp on the coast and bays at peak fishing seasons. After the Europeans arrived in California, the population declined from diseases introduced by the Europeans. Beginning in 1783, mission ecclesiastical records show that Coast Miwok individuals began to join Mission San Francisco de Asis, now known as Mission Dolores. They started joining that mission in large numbers in 1803, when the marriages

title: Lake Miwok

text: traditional costume, an annual mourning ceremony, puberty rites of passage, shamanic intervention with the spirit world and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms. Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the Lake Pomo, also Maidu, Ohlone, Esselen, and northernmost Yokuts. However Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony" in the Miwok, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the Maidu and other northern California tribes. In their myths, legends, tales, and histories, the Lake Miwok participated in the general cultural pattern of Central California. Lake Miwok

title: Coast Miwok

text: shamanic intervention with the spirit world and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms. Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the Pomo, also Maidu, Ohlone, Esselen, and northernmost Yokuts. However Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony" in the Miwok, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the Maidu and other northern California tribes. Coast Miwok mythology and narratives were similar to those of other natives of Central and Northern California. The Coast Miwok believed in animal and human spirits, and saw the animal spirits as

title: Coast Miwok

text: their ancestors. Coyote was seen as their ancestor and creator god. In their case the earth began with land formed out of the Pacific Ocean. In their myths, legends, tales, and histories, the Coast Miwok participated in the general cultural pattern of Central California. The authenticated Coast Miwok villages are: Documentation of Miwok peoples dates back as early as 1579 by a priest on a ship under the command of Sir Francis Drake. Other verification of occupancy exists from Spanish and Russian voyagers between 1595 and 1808. Over 1000 prehistoric charmstones and numerous arrowheads have been unearthed at Tolay Lake

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: Plains and Sierra Miwok The Plains and Sierra Miwok were once the largest group of Native American Miwok people, indigenous to California. Their homeland included regions of the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley, and the Sierra Nevada. The Plains and Sierra Miwok traditionally lived in the western Sierra Nevada between the Fresno River and Cosumnes River, in the eastern Central Valley of California, and in the northern Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta region at the confluences of the Cosumnes River, Mokelumne River, and Sacramento River. In the present day, many Sierra Miwok live in or close to their traditional territories and

title: California Valley Miwok Tribe

text: californiavalleymiwok.us and an additional informative site at californiavalleymiwoktribe.us. The opposing side (Everone) has a web presence at CaliforniaValleyMiwok.com. Both sites contain both tribal announcements and news releases supporting the legal position of the relevant faction. California Valley Miwok Tribe The California Valley Miwok Tribe is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok people in San Joaquin County and Calaveras County, California. They were previously known as the Sheep Ranch Rancheria or the Sheep Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indian of California. The California Valley Miwok are Sierra Miwok, an indigenous people of California. The tribe conducts business from Stockton, California. The current

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: Plains and Sierra Miwok combined in 1770, but this is an arguably low estimate. Richard Levy estimated there were 17,800. In 1848 their population was estimated at 6,000, in 1852 at 4,500, in 1880 at 100, and in 1910 the population was estimated at 670. Plains and Sierra Miwok The Plains and Sierra Miwok were once the largest group of Native American Miwok people, indigenous to California. Their homeland included regions of the Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley, and the Sierra Nevada. The Plains and Sierra Miwok traditionally lived in the western Sierra Nevada between the Fresno River and Cosumnes

title: California Valley Miwok Tribe

text: California Valley Miwok Tribe The California Valley Miwok Tribe is a federally recognized tribe of Miwok people in San Joaquin County and Calaveras County, California. They were previously known as the Sheep Ranch Rancheria or the Sheep Ranch Rancheria of Me-Wuk Indian of California. The California Valley Miwok are Sierra Miwok, an indigenous people of California. The tribe conducts business from Stockton, California. The current tribal administration is: According to the tribe's website, it is currently governed by a tribal/general council that meets monthly. Officers are elected for six-year terms, with the tribe electing a vice chairperson in 2015 and

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok traditional narratives

text: Miwok narrative, on the other hand, is quite limited (see the Merriam [1910] citation in the "Sources" section below). Plains and Sierra Miwok traditional narratives Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Miwok people of the central California, specifically those of Sacramento Valley and Sierra Mountains. These Miwoks are the linguistically related speakers of the Plains and Sierra Miwok languages and their descendents. At the time of European entry, local groups that spoke these languages participated in the general cultural pattern of central California. The record of Sierra Miwok oral

title: What Kate Did

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as the Pomo, Maidu, Ohlone, Esselen, and northernmost Yokuts. However, Kroeber observed less "specialized cosmogony" in the Miwok, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the Maidu and other northern California tribes. The record of myths, legends, tales, and histories from the Plains and Sierra Miwok is one of the most extensive in the state. These groups participate in the general cultural pattern of Central California. Miwok mythology is similar to other natives of Central and Northern California. The Plains and Sierra Miwok believe in animal and human

title: Plains and Sierra Miwok

text: Miwok speakers defined it as "place like a gaping mouth." Those living in "awahni" were known as the Awahnichi (also spelled Ahwahnechee and similar variants), meaning "people who live in awahni". The naming of the Ahwahnee Hotel was derived from the Miwok word. The authenticated Southern Sierra Miwok villages are: After Euro-Americans entered Yosemite Valley and the adjacent Sierras, and established Yosemite National Park, the residents were of both Paiute-Mono and Miwok origin. They had either fought to a stalemate or agreed to peaceful coexistence and had intermixed to a limited extent. Alfred L. Kroeber estimated there to be 9,000

title: Miwok

text: those of other natives of Northern California. Miwok had totem animals, identified with one of two moieties, which were in turn associated respectively with land and water. These totem animals were not thought of as literal ancestors of humans, but rather as predecessors. Miwok people played athletic games on a 110-yard playing field called poscoi a we’a. A unique game was played with young men and women. Similarly to soccer, the object was to put an elk hide ball through the goalpost. The girls were allowed to do anything, including kicking the ball and picking it up and running with

title: Bay Miwok

text: through indirect methods, based for the most part on information in the ecclesiastical records of missions San Francisco and San Jose. In a 1961 Ph.D. dissertation, James Bennyhoff used data from the Alphonse Pinart transcripts of the mission records to identify four more East Bay local territorial groups, in addition to the Saclan, as members of this unique Miwok language group. "The major clues to the linguistic affiliation of these river mouth tribelets are provided by the personal names of female neophytes recorded in the baptismal registers ... Ompin, Chupcan, Julpun, and Wolwon [Volvon-ed.] are linked together by the use

title: What Katy Did

title: What We Did

title: What We Did

text: Plains and Sierra Miwok traditional narratives Plains Miwok and Sierra Miwok traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Miwok people of the central California, specifically those of Sacramento Valley and Sierra Mountains. These Miwoks are the linguistically related speakers of the Plains and Sierra Miwok languages and their descendents. At the time of European entry, local groups that spoke these languages participated in the general cultural pattern of central California. The record of Sierra Miwok oral literature is one of the most extensive in the state (see the "Sources" section below). The record of Plains

title: Southern Sierra Miwok

text: uses the following three stress levels: Every Southern Sierra Miwok word consists of a root and (usually) one to two suffixes. Below are definitions of common terms used to describe the basic structure of a Southern Sierra Miwok word: Below is a list of frequently occurring morphophonemic rules which Broadbent (1964) defines as "a rule of phonologically conditioned variation which applies to all morphemes, or allomorphs, of suitable morphophonemic shape.". Verbal Themes are morpheme sequences followed immediately by pronominal (final) suffixes. Below is a chart of allomorphs of common Southern Sierra Miwok irregular verbal bases. Verbal suffixes occur before the

title: What Katy Did

text: School (set in Hanover, New Hampshire); "What Katy Did Next", in which a new friend of Katy's takes her on a once-in-a-lifetime trip to Europe; "Clover", in which Katy is married and Clover accompanies her brother Phil to Colorado after he falls ill; and "In the High Valley", which shows the lives of a handful of young people living in the High Valley in Colorado, including Clover, Elsie and their husbands. What Katy Did What Katy Did is an 1872 children's book written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey under her pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old

title: Pivot language

text: the language B and the pivot P), rather than needing a different translator for every possible combination of A and B. The disadvantage of a pivot language is that each step of retranslation introduces possible mistakes and ambiguities – using a pivot language involves two steps, rather than one. For example, when Hernán Cortés communicated with Mesoamerican Indians, he would speak Spanish to Gerónimo de Aguilar, who would speak Mayan to Malintzin, who would speak Nahuatl to the locals. English, French, Russian, and Arabic are often used as pivot languages. Interlingua has been used as a pivot language in international