query: who was the president of pakistan in 1980?

title: Minorities in Pakistan

text: climate of vigilante violence. Hindus have suffered from the climate of violence and hundreds have fled Pakistan for India." Farahnaz Ispahani who was the media advisor to the President of Pakistan from 2008 to 2012, has blamed the successive Pakistani governments of pursuing a "slow genocide" against minorities to shore up their political base, especially accusing Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of creating a militant group to target them, the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan whose sole job was to harass Shias. A BBC FAQ notes that "Beginning in 1980, a slew of clauses was added to the chapter of religious offences in the Pakistan Penal

title: Freedom of religion in Pakistan

text: conversions. The bill was tabled by a faction of the Pakistan Muslim League which in Sindh is led by Sufi leader Pir Pagara, called PML-F, Pakistan Muslim League functional. Pakistan is 96% Muslim, and most provinces are overwhelmingly Muslim, Pakistan's most religiously diverse province is Sindh with an 8% religious minority population (predominantly Hindus and also Christians) and there is significant protection within Sindh province against forced conversions against one's will. The original Constitution of Pakistan did not discriminate between Muslims and non-Muslims. However, the amendments made during President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization led to the controversial Hudood Ordinance and Shariat

title: President of Pakistan

text: with great hopes of governmental stability in the future. President of Pakistan The President of Pakistan ( — , ), is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the civilian Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces, per the Constitution of Pakistan. The office-holder represents the "unity of the Republic". The current President of Pakistan is Arif Alvi. The President is kept informed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan on all matters of internal and foreign policy, as well as all legislative proposals. The Constitution vests the President with the powers of granting pardons, reprieves, and the

title: President of Pakistan

text: President of Pakistan The President of Pakistan ( — , ), is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the civilian Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces, per the Constitution of Pakistan. The office-holder represents the "unity of the Republic". The current President of Pakistan is Arif Alvi. The President is kept informed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan on all matters of internal and foreign policy, as well as all legislative proposals. The Constitution vests the President with the powers of granting pardons, reprieves, and the control of the military; however, all appointments at higher

title: President of Pakistan

text: violating the Constitution or of gross misconduct, then the President shall cease to hold office immediately on the passing of the resolution. No president has faced impeachment proceedings. However, the proceedings have been used in 2008 in an attempt to impeach former president Pervez Musharraf who tendered the resignation after the proceedings above were used. From 1947 until 1956, the Governor-General of Pakistan acted for the head of state: King George VI (until 1952) and Queen Elizabeth II (from 1952). With the promulgation of the first Constitution, Pakistan became an Islamic republic in 1956, and the Governor-General was replaced with

title: President of Pakistan

text: the Awami League gaining a majority in East Pakistan (current day Bangladesh). After he was unable to reach a compromise between the PPP and the Awami League, President Yahya Khan invited Nurul Amin of the Pakistan Muslim League to become the Prime Minister, and also appointed him as the first Vice President. The growing instigated violence against Pakistanis in East Pakistan forced President Yahya Khan to use force in order to maintain order there, which further escalated Bengali resistance (1970). Preemptive strikes against India led to another war in 1971, which freed East Pakistan and created Bangladesh. Taking personal responsibility

title: Acting President of Pakistan

text: Acting President of Pakistan The Acting President of Pakistan () is a temporary post provided for by the Constitution of Pakistan. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the Chairman of the Senate assumes the office, as per the line of succession to the President of Pakistan. The Speaker of the National Assembly is second in the line of succession. Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry acted as president periodically during his tenure as Speaker of the National Assembly, whenever Ayub Khan was out of the country. In addition, two acting

title: President of Pakistan

text: for the political isolation and devastation of Pakistan after the fall of East Pakistan, President Yahya Khan stepped down and ceded power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. President Bhutto created the current Constitution of Pakistan in 1973, transforming Pakistan into a parliamentary democracy, and reducing presidential powers to that of a ceremonial figurehead. The general elections held in 1977 resulted in an atmosphere of civil unrest instigated by the right-wing alliance, the Pakistan National Alliance. The events leading to it resulted in military intervention by chief of army staff General Zia-ul-Haq and Chairman Joint Chiefs Admiral Mohammad Shariff. Suspending the Constitution

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: documents to the Election Commission. Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) Mohammad Ayub Khan (; 14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974), , was a Pakistani military dictator and the second President of Pakistan who forcibly assumed the presidency from the first President Iskander Mirza through coup in 1958, the first successful coup d'état of the country. The popular demonstrations and labour strikes which were supported by the protests in East Pakistan ultimately led to his forced resignation in 1969. Trained at the British Royal Military College, Ayub Khan fought in the World War II as a Colonel in the British

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) Mohammad Ayub Khan (; 14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974), , was a Pakistani military dictator and the second President of Pakistan who forcibly assumed the presidency from the first President Iskander Mirza through coup in 1958, the first successful coup d'état of the country. The popular demonstrations and labour strikes which were supported by the protests in East Pakistan ultimately led to his forced resignation in 1969. Trained at the British Royal Military College, Ayub Khan fought in the World War II as a Colonel in the British Indian Army before deciding to

title: Line of succession to the President of Pakistan

text: is not available, the speaker of the National Assembly performs the duties of the president of Pakistan. The Electoral College of Pakistan is responsible for electing a new president. The Amendment XVIII, Article 49 of the Constitution of Pakistan covers this matter. Chairman or Speaker to act as, or perform functions of, President In this article, the Chairman refers to the Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan. Line of succession to the President of Pakistan Line of succession to the President of Pakistan: Pakistan, by law, has a parliamentary democratic system of government that has been modified several times since

text: Line of succession to the President of Pakistan Line of succession to the President of Pakistan: Pakistan, by law, has a parliamentary democratic system of government that has been modified several times since its inception. The prime minister of Pakistan is the head of the government, while the president of Pakistan, by law and by statute, is a constitutional figurehead. The constitution does not allow a vice president, but the chairman of the Senate of Pakistan officiates in the absence of the President and takes over on the President's death or removal from office. If the chairman of the Senate

title: Acting President of Pakistan

text: presidents have been in office in recent history for short periods of time: Wasim Sajjad and Muhammad Mian Soomro. Sajjad served as acting president on two non-consecutive occasions in 1993 and 1997–98 respectively. Acting President of Pakistan The Acting President of Pakistan () is a temporary post provided for by the Constitution of Pakistan. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the Chairman of the Senate assumes the office, as per the line of succession to the President of Pakistan. The Speaker of the National Assembly is second

title: Principal Secretary to the President of Pakistan

text: Principal Secretary to the President of Pakistan The Principal Secretary to the President of Pakistan is the senior most bureaucratic aide to the President of Pakistan. The position holder is a BPS-22 grade officer, usually belonging to the Pakistan Administrative Service. The Principal Secretary is the administrative head as well as the highest-ranking official of Aiwan-e-Sadr. The Principal Secretary advises and assists the President on all the official business routed through the Aiwan-e-Sadr, and because of this the PS to President is generally regarded as the most crucial aide to the President. The duties of the Principal Secretary includes, but

text: are not limited to; dealing with official paperwork in the Aiwan-e-Sadr, placing before the President critical files of importance for approval, coordinating activities in the Aiwan-e-Sadr, and preparing notes on issues to be discussed by the President with senior politicians, bureaucrats and other dignitaries. Principal Secretary to the President of Pakistan The Principal Secretary to the President of Pakistan is the senior most bureaucratic aide to the President of Pakistan. The position holder is a BPS-22 grade officer, usually belonging to the Pakistan Administrative Service. The Principal Secretary is the administrative head as well as the highest-ranking official of Aiwan-e-Sadr.

title: President of Pakistan

text: of the National Security Council who had authority and control over the nuclear and strategic arsenals; however, the chairmanship and the powers transferred back to Prime Minister. Furthermore, the presidential powers have significantly declined with Pakistan's government reversed to a parliamentary democratic republic. The Constitution of Pakistan sets the principle qualifications that the candidate must meet to be eligible to the office of the President. A President has to be: Whenever the "Aiwan-e-Sadr" becomes vacant, the selection of president is done by the electoral college, which consists of both houses of Parliament (the Senate and National Assembly) and the four

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: elections to be held. The conservative Pakistan Muslim League, led under its President A.Q. Khan, was also gaining momentum in West Pakistan and threatened for the "Dharna" movement. These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage. On the midnight of 7 and 8 October 1958, President Mirza ordered a mass mobilization of Pakistan Armed Forces and abrogated the Constitution after sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroze and the Constituent Assembly about the coup d'état. Most of the politicians became only aware of coup the next morning; only the

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: Peshawar in 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency's spy activities grew immensely during his presidency but such activities were exposed in 1960 when the Soviet Union's air defence intercept and shot down the U-2 plane by the S-75 missile, and captured its pilot. This incident severely compromised the national security of Pakistan that brought the Soviet ire on Pakistan but President Ayub had all knowledge of the operation and full aware of what happened in the Soviet Union. While in United Kingdom to pay state visit, the CIA station chief told President Ayub who shrugged his shoulders and said that he

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: Bhutto convinced the President and the Finance Minister Muhammad Shoaib that India would not attack Pakistan due to Kashmir being a disputed territory, and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistan’s incursion into Indian-occupied Kashmir, at [A]khnoor, would not provide [India] with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary because Kashmir was a disputed territory". This theory proved wrong when India launched a full-scale war against West-Pakistan in 1965. His army chief General Musa Khan did not order the Pakistan Army without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister Bhutto's urging However, after the Indian Army advanced towards the

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: led him to announce the presidential elections in 1965. He earned the nomination from Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and was shocked to see when Fatima Jinnah earned the nomination from the Combined Opposition Parties. Fatima Jinnah had gained a lot of support from Karachi, Lahore, and various parts in West Pakistan and East Pakistan as opposed to President Ayub Khan. Jinnah targeted the Indus Waters Treaty and his over-reliance on the United States and troubled relations with the Soviet Union. During the elections, President Ayub earned notoriety when his son, Gohar Ayub Khan, was named in media for his involvement

title: President of Pakistan

text: commands of the military must be made by the President on a "required and necessary" basis, upon consultation and approval from the Prime Minister. In addition, the Constitution prohibits the President from exercising the authority of running the government. The president is indirectly elected by the Parliament of Pakistan through the Electoral College for a five-year term. The Constitution requires the President to be a "Muslim of not less than forty five (45) years of age". The President resides in an estate in Islamabad known as Aiwan-e-Sadar (Presidential Palace). There have been a total of 13 Presidents. In the absence

title: President of Pakistan

text: preserve and defend the Constitution as follows: The Constitution discusses the possibility of an acting president. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates in case of vacancy as the constitution does not allow for a vice president: The President may be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment. The President can be removed for violation of the Constitution of Pakistan. The impeachment process may start in either of the two houses of the Parliament. The house initiates the process by leveling the charges against the President. The charges are contained in a notice that has

title: Socialism in Pakistan

text: Peoples Party struggled hard against the ruthless dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq, which was sponsored by the United States. The left-wing parties and socialism in the country met with harsh political opposition from the conservative Pakistan Muslim League and the hard-line religious bloc Clergy Coalition. The Soviet Union's intervention in Afghanistan further declined the popular support of socialism in the country. The ultra-conservative President Zia-ul-Haq dealt with socialists, communists and the Marxist mass with harsh political oppression. The seeds of the genuine Marxist politics was planted in 1980 in Netherlands, when a number of leftist Pakistani activists who had fled Pakistan

title: President of Pakistan

text: Controversy regarding the U-2 incident (1960), privatization (1963), and war with India (1965), fueled a fierce left-wing opposition movement led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of the PPP and Bengali nationalist Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who, with the support of demonstrators, aimed to further weaken the presidency. Suffering from paralysis and declining health, Ayub Khan handed over the presidency to army chief General Yahya Khan, who imposed martial law and announced that nationwide elections would be held in 1970. Eventually, general elections were held in 1970 which saw the PPP gaining a majority of seats in West Pakistan (current day Pakistan) and

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: out with him was the future chief of army staff of the Indian Army, General J. N. Chaudhri who served as chief when Ayub was the President of Pakistan. After the standard probationary period of service in the British Army, he was appointed to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab Regiment "Sherdils", now known as 5th Punjab Regiment. He was promoted to Lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to Captain on 2 February 1937. During World War II, he was promoted to the temporary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1942 and was posted in Burma

title: Pakistan and the Iran–Iraq War

text: of Islamic insurgence". Reciprocating President Zia's sentiments, Imam Khomeini, in his letter, called for Muslim unity. He declared, "Ties with Pakistan are based on Islam." By 1981, Pakistan under President Zia-ul-Haq was close allies again with the United States, and came under its sphere of influence; a position Pakistan has remained in since. In 1980, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein went on to the proposal which invaded Iran. Pakistan immediately deployed its military contingent to protect the Gulf states against the Iranian threat, placing ~40,000 military personnel in Saudi Arabia for security and training purposes. Reportedly, Pakistan also began to supply

title: The Struggle Pakistan

text: The Struggle Pakistan The Struggle () is a "Trotskyite", Left-wing organization in Pakistan whose main theoretician is Lal Khan. The seeds of the genuine Marxist politics was planted in 1980 in Netherlands, when a number of leftist Pakistani activists who had fled Pakistan to escape Zia’s repression found themselves in Amsterdam in the cold November of 1980. The country was ruled by the notorious General Zia. These leftist Pakistani activists were Farooq Tariq, Tanvir Gondal (now better known as Lal Khan), Muhammed Amjad and Ayub Gorya who Brainstormed ideas and strategies to oppose Zia while in exile and came up

title: The Struggle Pakistan

text: in Pakistani general election, 2018 its prominent leader Ali Wazir has been elected as member of National Assembly of Pakistan. The Struggle Pakistan The Struggle () is a "Trotskyite", Left-wing organization in Pakistan whose main theoretician is Lal Khan. The seeds of the genuine Marxist politics was planted in 1980 in Netherlands, when a number of leftist Pakistani activists who had fled Pakistan to escape Zia’s repression found themselves in Amsterdam in the cold November of 1980. The country was ruled by the notorious General Zia. These leftist Pakistani activists were Farooq Tariq, Tanvir Gondal (now better known as Lal

title: The Who Tour 1980

text: The Who Tour 1980 The Who Tour 1980 was The Who's second concert tour since the death of original drummer Keith Moon, supporting their 1978 album "Who Are You". Aside from six warm-up shows in Europe, the tour focused primarily on the areas of North America not covered in the band's previous tour, which had focused on the northeastern United States. The set list was very similar to what they played on that tour, save the omission of "The Punk and the Godfather", which was only performed once in 1980. "The Relay" was played for the first time since their

title: Minister of Defence (Pakistan)

text: Minister of Defence (Pakistan) The Minister of Defence heads the Ministry of Defence and Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, and Pakistan Navy. The minister serves in the cabinet of the Prime Minister, and is required to be a member of Parliament. In the history of the country, the defence portfolio has usually been headed by the head of the government, be that the President or Prime Minister of the country. The first defence minister, not also to be the head of the government, was General Ayub Khan, then Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army. From the 1980 onwards, the defence minister

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: transfer to join the Pakistan Army as an aftermath of partition of British India in 1947. His command assignment included his role as chief of staff of Eastern Command in East-Bengal and elevated as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1951 by then-Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in a controversial promotion over several senior officers. From 1953–58, he served in the civilian government as Defence and Home Minister and supported President Iskander Mirza's decision to impose martial law against Prime Minister Feroze Khan's administration in 1958. Two weeks later, he took over the presidency from Mirza after

title: Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1959–60

text: Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1959–60 The Australian national cricket team visited Pakistan in November and December 1959 and played a three-match Test series against the Pakistani national cricket team. Australia won the Test series 2–0. Australia were captained by Richie Benaud and Pakistan by Fazal Mahmood. Day four of the third test in Karachi was notably attended by U.S. president Dwight Eisenhower, who was visiting Pakistan at the time. Eisenhower, who was accompanied by Pakistan's president Ayub Khan, became the "first American President to watch Test cricket". According to Arunabha Sengupta, the day proved challenging for Pakistan who

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: U.S. Ambassador James Langley was kept aware of the political development in the country. President Mirza appointed General Ayub as its chief martial law administrator (CMLA) to enforce the martial law in both exclave–West and East Pakistan. However, President Mirza soon realized his mistake by making Ayub as the CMLA and repented his actions in news media about the delicate position he had gotten himself into. He regretted his decision and said: "I did not mean to do it," while offering assurances that the martial law would be for the shortest possible duration. In an attempt to consolidate the powers

title: History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

text: 1957. Within two months Chundrigar was dismissed. He was followed by Sir Feroz Noon, who proved to be an incapable prime minister. Public support for the Muslim League led by Nurul Amin began to threaten President Mirza who was becoming unpopular, especially in West Pakistan. In less than two years, Mirza dismissed four elected prime ministers, and was increasingly under pressure to call new elections in 1958. In October 1958 President Iskandar Mirza issued orders for a massive mobilisation of the Pakistan Armed Forces and appointed Chief of Army Staff General Ayub Khan as Commander-in-chief. President Mirza declared a state

title: The Who Tour 1980

text: otherwise specified): Encores (variations of the following list): There were some set list substitutions, variations, and order switches during the tour. "Dreaming from the Waist" was played in place of "Music Must Change" in the first two shows of this leg and "See Me, Feel Me" occasionally followed "Sparks" instead of "Pinball Wizard". The Who Tour 1980 The Who Tour 1980 was The Who's second concert tour since the death of original drummer Keith Moon, supporting their 1978 album "Who Are You". Aside from six warm-up shows in Europe, the tour focused primarily on the areas of North America not

title: History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan

text: Chief Justice Shahabuddin bench heard "The State vs. Dosso & anor.", under which the majority of Chief Justice Shahabuddin bench provided the legal validation of the martial law imposed by President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza. In further, President Mirza was dismissed in two weeks by Chief of Army Staff General Ayub Khan whose actions was also to be held valid by Chief Justice Shahabuddin's court. The first ever Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) was declared by General Zia ul Haq on 25 March 1981. Established by General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq in 1980, the Shariat Appellate Bench is composed of three Muslim

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: of the time and many saw the results with great suspicions. The controversial winning over Fatima Jinnah in presidential elections and the outcomes of war with India in 1965 brought devastating results for Ayub Khan's image and his presidency. Upon returning from Tashkent, Foreign Minister Bhutto went to the television media and criticized President Ayub for selling nation's honor and sacrifice which promoted President Ayub to deposed Bhutto. In Karachi, the public resentment towards Ayub had been rising since the 1965 elections and his policies were widely disapproved. In 1967, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto formed the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party and

title: Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1979–80

text: series win as test captain of Pakistan. It was a notable personal success for Allan Border who scored over 600 runs, and a disappointment for David Hookes, who only scored 10 runs for the whole tour. Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1979–80 The Australian cricket team toured Pakistan in February to March 1980 to play a three-match Test series against Pakistan. Pakistan won the test series 1-0. There was some original doubt whether the tour would go ahead due to financial problems. Eventually the tour guarantee was increased and the amount of games played cut from eight matches to

title: Russians in Pakistan

text: Russians in Pakistan Russians in Pakistan are a small expatriate community and consist entirely of students, employees, families and diplomats stationed inside the country. During the nine-year Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, Moscow had attempted to establish a commercial and industrial presence in Pakistan, by opening an Aeroflot office and setting up subsidiaries of steel and oil industries as well as a tractor factory. With only 56 Soviets in Pakistan in 1972, their numbers had suddenly jumped to 1,374 by 1980. In his book, the French political expert Roland Jacquard mentions that Pakistani authorities, who were already opposed to the Soviet

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: Brigade in mountainous South Waziristan. When the United Kingdom announced the partition British India into India and Pakistan, he was one of the most senior serving officers in the British Indian Army who decided to opt for Pakistan in 1947. At the time of his joining, the Indian Army sent the military seniority list to Pakistan's Ministry of Defence (MoD) where he was the 10th ranking officer in terms of seniority with Service No. PA-010. In the early part of 1948, he was given the command of the 14th Infantry Division as its GOC, (still ranked Brigadier) stationed in Dacca,

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: American pressure and a lack of understanding of Foreign affairs Upon hearing this proposal, India's Prime Minister Nehru reportedly counter-ask "Defence Minister Ayub: Joint Defence on what?." India remained uninterested with such proposal and Prime Minister Nehru decided to push his country's role in the Non-Aligned Movement In 1960, President Ayub signed the water treaty with Prime Minister Nehru that was facilitated by the World Bank as its witness. In 1964, the Pakistan Army engaged with Indian Army in several skirmishes, and a secretive operations began to place around that time. The war with India in 1965 was a turning

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: the meltdown of civil-military relations between the military and the civilian President. After appointing General Musa Khan as an army chief in 1958, the policy inclination towards the alliance with the United States was pursued that saw the allowance of American access to facilities inside Pakistan, most notably the airbase outside of Peshawar, from which spy missions over the Soviet Union were launched. Relations with neighboring China were strengthened but deteriorated with Soviet Union in 1962, and with India in 1965. His presidency saw the war with India in 1965 which ended with Soviet Union facilitating the Tashkent Declaration between

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: had expected this would happen at some point. Ayub Khan had to publicly offer his apologies to the Soviet Union after USSR Secretary General Nikita Khrushchev made a threat to bomb Peshawar. President Ayub directed initiatives to Foreign Office to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union by facilitating state visits of Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and Soviet Foreign minister Gromyko in Pakistan on a condition of downplaying relations with the United States. In 1960, he signed the historic frontier agreement with China despite the US urgings and was a significant event in history of Cold war where a non-communist country

title: Television in Pakistan

text: Television in Pakistan Television in Pakistan started in 1964, and the first live transmission of Pakistan Television began on November 26, 1964, in Lahore. Originally a private sector project in 1961 by prominent industrialist Syed Wajjid Ali who signed a joint venture agreement with Nipon Electric Company (NEC), leading Pakistani engineer Ubaidur Rahman was appointed by Wajjid Ali to head the television project. By 1962, after a series of pilot transmission tests, the project was quickly taken over by the Ayub Khan Government in 1963 for the "greater national interest of Pakistan". President Ayub Khan re-appointed Ubaidur Rahman in 1963

title: Madrassas in Pakistan

text: funds from his compulsory zakat collection which began in 1980. Another benefactor was Saudi Arabia who, starting in the mid-1980s, sought to counteract help the Islamist Islamic Republic of Iran was giving to the assertive Shia minority in Pakistan, with "substantial funds" to expand conservative Sunni madrassas. According to The News International, in 1947 there were only 189 madrassas in Pakistan but "over 40,000" by 2008. According to David Commins their number grew from around 900 in 1971 to over 8000 official ones and another 25,000 unofficial ones in 1988. In 2002 the country had 10,000-13,000 unregistered madrassas with an

title: Filipinos in Pakistan

text: including Philippines illegally studying in the Pakistani Madrasahs. Some Filipinos are also nurses in Pakistan. In 2007, following a state of emergency declared by Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, about 200 Filipinos gathered in Islamabad on the advice of Ambassador Jimmy Yambao to call for protest. However, there have no direct threats to safety of Filipinos in Pakistan reported. Filipinos in Pakistan Filipinos in Pakistan () consist of migrants from the Philippines. In 2008, an estimated 3,000 work as domestic workers, according to the statistics of the Philippine government. Many Filipino women came to Pakistan for work and those who later

title: First Families of Pakistan

text: Party (PPP) for most of Pakistan's history since independence. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was the founder of PPP and served as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto, also served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from 1988 until 1990 and 1993 until 1996. She was married to Asif Ali Zardari, the who became President of Pakistan after her death. Her daughters alternately served as the First Lady of Pakistan. Notable members of Bhutto family

title: Poliomyelitis in Pakistan

text: number of polio cases in 2014, and as of October 2015, it has maintained this record. However, the number of cases in 2015 are a fraction of those recorded in 2014. The country has announced a goal of eradication by 2016. The Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) was begun in Pakistan by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1970s to combat deaths from six vaccine-preventable diseases. In 1980, the EPI had vaccinated just 2% of the population against polio; by 1990, the coverage had increased to 54%. In a 1994 interview, CDC officials predicted total polio eradication in Pakistan

title: Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan

text: less than two-thirds of the total membership of the Parliament in a joint sitting of the two Houses, convened for the purpose. In case the office of the president becomes vacant for any reason, the chairman, or if he is unable to perform the functions of the office of the president, the Speaker, acts as president till such time that a president is elected. Same is the case when the president by reason of absence from Pakistan or any other cause is unable to perform his functions. Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan The Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: his villa near Islamabad. His presidency was characterised by an increasing dependency on East Pakistan for export revenues, coupled with an exclusion of East Pakistan from political influence. This laid the foundation for breaking up of the nation's unity in 1971. Ayub Khan's presidency allied Pakistan with the American-led military alliance against the Soviet Union which helped Pakistan developed its strong economic background, long-term political and strategic relations with the United States. Major economic aid and trade from the United States and European Communities ultimately led Pakistan's industrial sector developed rapidly but the consequences of cartelization included increased inequality in

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: army had not shared the plans with other forces." Ayub Khan's main sponsor, the United States, did not welcome the move and the Kennedy administration placed an economic embargo that caused Pakistan to lose $500 million in aid and grants that had been received through consortium. Ayub Khan could not politically survive in the aftermath of 1965 war with India and fell from the presidency after surrendering the presidential power to Army Commander General Yahya in 1969. In 1964, President Ayub Khan had been confident in his apparent popularity and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately

title: Parliament of Pakistan

text: who were directly responsible to him. The electoral system was made indirect, and the `Basic Democrats', for both wings were declared Electoral College for the purpose of electing the assemblies and the president. Basic democrats were 80,000 in number (40,000 from each East and West Pakistan). The total membership of the National Assembly was 156, one half of whom were to be elected from East Pakistan and other half from West Pakistan, also three seats were reserved for women from each province. The term of this Assembly was three years. The norm was established that if the president was from

title: Conservatism in Pakistan

text: The basis of Pakistan were Muslims in South Asia are a separate culture. It was the Two-Nation Theory that lead to the independence of Pakistan." The university curriculum in the country was upgraded by President Zia-ul-Haq, that includes the teaching of Islamic Studies and Arabic languages courses, which were made compulsory for students to get their degrees in arts and social sciences. The Pakistan Studies were made compulsorily for engineering, medical education, commerce, law and nursing education. Extra educational certificates and diplomas were given to people who were "Hafiz". On national priorities, the atomic bomb project was aggressively put forwarded

title: Trade Unions in Pakistan

text: alliances. Labour laws relating to trade unions or the Industrial Relations Act 2012 do not enable workers to form unions. There is also very little room for those who are already organized in trade unions to bargain for the collective rights of workers. Major confederation Pakistan Labour organization "'major federations" Major unions Trade Unions in Pakistan Trade unions in Pakistan are regulated under provincial industrial relations acts. Under the Constitution of Pakistan, labour is considered a shared responsibility of the federal and provincial governments. The latest Industrial Relation Act was promulgated on 12 March 2012 by President of Pakistan. National

title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: Prime Minister who was also the Vice-President. Negotiations that fall apart between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Mujibur Rehman, and Yahya Khan that prompted to liberation movement in the East Pakistan. With India intervening in East Pakistan and Pakistan conceding defeat to end the war led to the collapse of the presidential system in 1971. As the comprehensive Constitution reinstated in 1973, the post was reestablished with more central powers as the constitution provided a parliamentary system with President of Pakistan as figurehead. Amid agitation instigated by the right-wing alliance invited the military intervention in 1977 which suspended the post. The general

title: Provincial Government of East Pakistan

text: Provincial Government of East Pakistan The Provincial Government of East Pakistan governed the East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) province and was centered in its provincial capital Dhaka. The head of the province was the Governor, who was nominated by the President of Pakistan. While the head of the province of East Pakistan was the Chief Minister who was elected by the East Pakistan Assembly. The East Pakistani government was dominated by the Awami League. It was succeeded by the Government of Bangladesh following the province's secession in 1971. After absorption into the Dominion of Pakistan, the province of East Pakistan (former

title: Feminism in Pakistan

text: during the transfer of power, which evolved into the All Pakistan Women s Association. Later on Fatima Jinnah set up a secret radio station to running for president when it was perceived to be a man's role. These are some of the empowering stories that are often left untold and very few people talk about this effort of empowering women in Pakistan. Begum Ra'na Liaquat Ali Khan helped the refugees who fled India during partition and also organized the All Pakistan Women s Association in 1949, two years after the creation of her country. Noticing that there were not many

title: Catholic Church in Pakistan

text: to education. Sister John Berchmans Conway - On 15 February 2012, the President of Pakistan approved conferment of Sitara Quaid-e-Azam on Sister Berchmans for her services towards education and promoting interfaith harmony in Pakistan. Father Robert McCulloch - On 15 February 2012, the President of Pakistan approved conferment of Sitara Quaid-e-Azam on McCulloch for his services to Pakistan in health and education. Brother Emmanuel Nicholas - The President of Pakistan conferred the civil award of Tamgha-i-Pakistan (Medal of Pakistan) on Bro. Emmanuel Nicholas in recognition of his outstanding and meritorious services to the education sector in Pakistan. Norma Fernandes -

title: Military coups in Pakistan

text: the Chief martial law administrator. Thirteen days later, Mirza himself was exiled by Ayub Khan, who appointed himself president. Operation Fair Play was the code name for the coup d'etat conducted at midnight on July 4, 1977 by the Pakistan military, led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq, against the government of then-Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. General Zia ordered the arrest of Bhutto, his ministers and other leaders of both the Pakistan People's Party and the Pakistan National Alliance. In a nationally televised address, General Zia announced that the National Assembly of Pakistan and all provincial assemblies were

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. He oversaw the development and completion of mega projects such as hydroelectric dams, power stations, and barrages in all over the country. During 1960–66, the annual GDP growth was recorded at 6.8%. Several energy conservation programs were completed such as World's one of the largest dam, the Mangla Dam and several small dams and water reservoirs in West Pakistan while completing one dam in East Pakistan: Kaptai Dam. Plans toward harnessing energy from nuclear sources were

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: East-Pakistan. In 1949, he was appointed as army commander of Eastern Command and decorated with the Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan for non-combatant service and called back to Army GHQ as an adjutant-general on November of same year. Lieutenant General Sir Douglas Gracey relinquished the command of the Pakistan Army on 23 January 1951, under pressure of calls for "nationalisation" of the army. The Pakistan government already called for appointing native commanders-in-chief of army, air force, navy and dismissed deputation appointments from the British military. The Army GHQ sent the nomination papers to Prime Minister's Secretariat for

title: Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan

text: Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan The Speaker of the National Assembly (Urdu: اسپیکر قومی اسمبلی); informally as Speaker National Assembly, is the presiding official of the National Assembly of Pakistan– a lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan. The office has its roots in 1947 and was reestablished in 1973 in accordance to the Constitution; the speaker presides over the chamber composed of people's representatives elected on the basis of universal franchise. The Speaker is Second in the line of succession to the President of Pakistan and occupies fourth position in the Warrant of Precedence, after the President,

title: Provincial Government of East Pakistan

text: East Bengal) was administered by a ceremonial Governor and an indirectly elected Chief Minister. During the year from May 1954 to August 1955, executive powers were exercised by the Governor and there was no Chief Minister. Provincial Government of East Pakistan The Provincial Government of East Pakistan governed the East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) province and was centered in its provincial capital Dhaka. The head of the province was the Governor, who was nominated by the President of Pakistan. While the head of the province of East Pakistan was the Chief Minister who was elected by the East Pakistan Assembly. The

title: Government of Balochistan, Pakistan

text: Government of Balochistan, Pakistan The Government of Balochistan () is based in the largest province of Pakistan in Quetta. The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan. The chief executive of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly and the administrative boss of the province is the Chief Secretary of Balochistan who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The province of Balochistan in Pakistan contains most of historical Balochistan and is named after the Baloch. Neighbouring regions are Iranian Balochistan to the

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Wisconsin

text: B. Anderson ran with the 38th Governor of Wisconsin Patrick Lucey. 1980 United States presidential election in Wisconsin The 1980 United States presidential election in Wisconsin took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and The District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Wisconsin voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Wisconsin was won by Ronald Reagan of California, who was running against incumbent United States President Jimmy Carter of Georgia. Reagan ran with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, Carter ran for

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Wisconsin The 1980 United States presidential election in Wisconsin took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and The District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Wisconsin voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Wisconsin was won by Ronald Reagan of California, who was running against incumbent United States President Jimmy Carter of Georgia. Reagan ran with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, Carter ran for a second time with Representative Walter Mondale of Minnesota and John

text: managed just 104 runs at a loss of 5 wickets, with Hanif Mohammed putting up the lone resistance against Australian bowlers. The U.S. president, who was seen "cheering the rare attacking strokes" and applauding every "decent effort in the field", used the occasion for cricket diplomacy – signing a cricket bat and sporting a Pakistan blazer. When Australian captain Riche Benaud saw Eisenhower wearing the blazer, he jokingly remarked: "Mr President… you have joined the other camp." Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1959–60 The Australian national cricket team visited Pakistan in November and December 1959 and played a three-match

title: President of Pakistan

text: Musharraf's rule was found dubious. A populist constitutional movement eventually resulted in Musharraf's departure. On 22 August 2008, the electoral commission called for presidential nominations to be delivered by 26 August 2008 and for elections to be held on 6 September 2008. After the presidential election held in 2008, Asif Ali Zardari lobbied for constitutional amendment to restore the Constitution as it was in 1973. In 2010, the Parliament unanimously and with a large majority, passed the eighteenth amendment of the constitution. It revoked the presidential powers and changed Pakistan from a semi-presidential system of government to a parliamentary republic,

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: Andrew Skeen; he did not complete his degree and departed for Great Britain. Ayub Khan was fluent in Urdu, English and his regional Hindko dialect as well as Pashto. According to some accounts, Ayub Khan's performance at the Sandhurst Military Academy in the United Kingdom was good, earning him awards and scholarships. He was commissioned as a 2nd Lt. on 2 February 1928 in the 1/14th Punjab Regiment (1st Battalion of the 14th Punjab Regiment) of the British Indian Army — it is now known as the 5th battalion of the Punjab Regiment of Pakistan Army. Amongst those who passed

title: Diocese of Hyderabad (Church of Pakistan)

text: Diocese of Hyderabad (Church of Pakistan) The Diocese of Hyderabad is one of the 8 dioceses of the Church of Pakistan. The diocese was formed in 1980 and serves the entirety of the Sindh province of Pakistan, with the exception of Karachi. Most of its parishes exist in the rural areas of the province. The current bishop of the diocese is Rt Rev Kaleem John. There are about 26 parishes that under the purview of the diocese. Most of them have a core urban congregation of Punjabi and Indian families who had converted to Christianity at the turn of the

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Texas

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Texas The 1980 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose 26 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States. Texas was won by Ronald Reagan of California, who was running against incumbent President Jimmy Carter of Georgia. Reagan ran with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, and Carter ran with Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota. Despite Texas‘

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Alaska

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Alaska The 1980 United States presidential election in Alaska took place on November 4, 1980, as part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Alaska was won by Ronald Reagan (R–California) with 54.3% of the popular vote against incumbent President Jimmy Carter (D–Georgia) with 26.4%. Reagan ultimately won the national vote, defeating Carter and becoming the next President. Alaska has only voted Democratic once, and that was in 1964 for Lyndon B. Johnson. Libertarian candidate Ed Clark

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: spending on nuclear technology and was against of establishing a nuclear power plant in Karachi over on cost. It was Dr. Abdus Salam who had personally approved the project against the wishes of his own government. After the Sino-Indian war in 1962, the military appointments in civilian institutions grew further and defence spending on budget hiked. The physical size of the Pakistan Army's ground troops exponentially grew and the size of military budget grew from 5.79% (1960s) to 9.78% (1966) until being brought down to 6.1% (1967). The foreign relations with the United States and European Union were prioritized and

title: Terrorism in Pakistan

text: of the 8 June attack on Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, for which the TTP and the IMU claimed responsibility. Terrorism in Pakistan Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent years. The annual death toll from terrorist attacks has risen from 164 in 2003 to 3318 in 2009, with a total of 35,000 Pakistanis killed between 11 September 2001 and May 2011. According to the government of Pakistan, the direct and indirect economic costs of terrorism from 2000–2010 total $68 billion. President Asif Ali Zardari, along with former President ex-Pakistan Army head Pervez Musharraf,

title: Terrorism in Pakistan

text: Terrorism in Pakistan Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent years. The annual death toll from terrorist attacks has risen from 164 in 2003 to 3318 in 2009, with a total of 35,000 Pakistanis killed between 11 September 2001 and May 2011. According to the government of Pakistan, the direct and indirect economic costs of terrorism from 2000–2010 total $68 billion. President Asif Ali Zardari, along with former President ex-Pakistan Army head Pervez Musharraf, have admitted that terrorist outfits were "deliberately created and nurtured" by past governments "as a policy to achieve some short-term

title: Socialism in Pakistan

text: members of Communist Party in West, eventually banning the Communist Party in West as well. Uncomfortable with the workings of democratic system, unruliness in the East Pakistan parliamentary elections and the threat of Baloch separatism in West-Pakistan, Bengali President Iskandar Ali Mirza issued a proclamation that abolished all political parties in both West and East Pakistan, abrogated the two-year-old constitution, and imposed the first martial law in the country on 7 October 1958. The Communist leader, Hassan Nasir, was repeatedly arrested by the police and died in prison in November 1960. After the martial law in 1958, President Ayub Khan

title: Pakistan at the 1984 Summer Olympics

text: Forward Saleem Sherwani is not the same player as his namesake, Saleem Sherwani (field hockey goalkeeper) who was the Pakistan goalkeeper at the Munich Olympics in 1972 and in the Montreal Olympiad in 1976. Men's 74 kg Group A Men's 90 kg Group A Soling Class Finn Class 470 Class Pakistan at the 1984 Summer Olympics Pakistan competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. The nation returned to the Games after participating in the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Pakistan won the gold medal in the men's hockey team competition. Gold medal in the

title: Drone strikes in Pakistan

text: we want to keep those weapons classified? If the American government insists on our true cooperation, then they should also be helping us in fighting those terrorists", said Said Nadeem. Pakistan President Zardari has also requested that Pakistan be given control over the drones, but this has been rejected by the US who are worried that Pakistanis will leak information about targets to militants. In December 2009 Pakistan's Defence minister Ahmad Mukhtar acknowledged that Americans were using Shamsi Airfield but stated that Pakistan was not satisfied with payments for using the facility. In December 2010 the CIA's Station Chief in

title: Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)

text: in 1969 estimated Gohar Ayub's personal wealth at the time at $4 million, while his family's wealth was put in the range of $10–20 million. Ayub Khan is critiqued for the growth in income inequality 5 million people fell below the poverty line. He is also blamed for not doing enough to tackle the significant economic disparity between East and West Pakistan whilst he was aware of the acute grievances of East Pakistan he did try to address the situation. However, the Ayub Khan regime was so highly centralized that, in the absence of democratic institutions, densely populated and politicized

title: Foreign Secretary of Pakistan

text: the Secretary. Such was the case in the United States opening of relations with China, in which Pakistan acted an important role. It was the then Foreign Secretary Sultan M. Khan who was to arrange the secret visit of U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to China via Pakistan. This visit paved the way to opening of Sino-U.S. relations under President Richard Nixon. Some of other foreign secretaries, Agha Shahi, Abdul Sattar, Inamulhaque later rose to be Foreign Minister of Pakistan. The 26th Foreign Secretary was Salman Bashir, who was nominated by the ruling coalition in April 2008. He served

title: History of Pakistan

text: 12 March 1949, the second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan passed the Objectives Resolution which proclaimed that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah alone. The promulgation of the Constitution in 1956 led to Pakistan declaring itself an Islamic republic (official name) with the adoption of a parliamentary democratic system of government. The constitution transformed the Governor-General of Pakistan into President of Pakistan (as head of state). Subsequently, Iskander Mirza became the first Bengali president in 1956, but the democratic system was stalled after President Mirza imposed a military coup d'état and appointed Ayub Khan as an enforcer of martial

title: Economic liberalisation in Pakistan

text: neighboring India who started the economic liberalisation later than a year in Pakistan. In 1980–89, the economic reforms gained momentum and hard efforts were put to liberalise the economy before the Fall of communism in the Soviet Union, as country had realized long ago. Pakistan's economic liberalisation reforms and policies were followed by India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Nepal, however, in all of these countries, the index of imports and economical GDP growth rates increased, except Pakistan where its economic rates were either stagnated and stagflated. As compared to Indian economic liberalisation where growth rate of employment increased, on the

title: Gallup Pakistan

text: Gallup Pakistan Gallup Pakistan, affiliated to Gallup International Association, is a research organization located in Pakistan. It was established in 1980 by experts trained at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford University and Wharton School of Business. It is now considered the country’s largest and oldest research institution. It is not related to The Gallup Organization. Each year Gallup Pakistan conducts several high profile studies for the Government of Pakistan and international agencies. It has worked for a number of UN agencies in Pakistan, and has occasionally provided research support for projects conducted by academic institutions, World Bank, WHO, UNICEF,

text: History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan The history of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan began on 14August 1947 when Pakistan gained independence from Great Britain, following the Pakistan Movement and the partition of British India. At the time Pakistan consisted of West Pakistan, today's Pakistan, and East Pakistan, today's Bangladesh. The President of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, became Governor-General, and the secretary general of the Muslim League, Liaquat Ali Khan became Prime Minister.Later Imran Khan became prime minister in 2018. Important leaders in the Muslim League highlighted that Pakistan would be a "New Medina", in other words

title: Sword of Honour (Pakistan)

text: place twice in an year at the parade grounds of the respective Academies. Usually, the President of Pakistan confers this honour. On 22 September 2006, aviation cadet Saira Amin was presented with the Sword of Honour at the Passing-Out Parade of the 117th GD Pilot Course. Sword of Honour (Pakistan) The Sword of Honour is an honorary sword awarded to that “Gentleman Cadet”, "Officer Cadet", "Aviation Cadet" or “Lady Cadet” who achieves an overall best performance during his or her entire training period at the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul, the Pakistan Air Force Academy at Risalpur, or the Pakistan

title: President of Pakistan

text: of the military, with Chairman joint chiefs being its chief military adviser to maintain the control of the military. After a thorough confirmation comes from the Prime Minister, the President confirms the judicial appointments in the national court system. In addition, the Constitution allows the President to grant pardons, reprieves, and clemency in cases recommended to him by the executive and the judiciary. The President himself has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during the term of his office. From 2000 until 2009, the President was the chairman

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Maryland

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Maryland The 1980 United States presidential election in Maryland took place on November 4, 1980, as part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. On election night, several news outlets actually incorrectly called the state for Ronald Reagan. In a similar vein, many of the same news outlets also called Massachusetts for President Carter, despite the fact that Reagan would ultimately end up winning that state by a very close margin. Maryland was won by incumbent President

title: Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

text: Constitution of Pakistan over several decades by its military rulers. The amendment bill was passed by the Senate of Pakistan on April 15, 2010 and it became an act of parliament when President Asif Ali Zardari put his signature on the bill on April 19, 2010. It was the first time in Pakistan's history that a president relinquished a significant part of his powers willingly and transferred them to parliament and the office of the prime minister. The power of the President to dissolve the Parliament was enacted by the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan during the presidency

title: Gang of Four (Pakistan)

text: coup against Nawaz Sharif in 1999. Gang of Four (Pakistan) The Gang of Four was a quantified and common colloquial implicit term for a set of four military leaders in the Pakistan military who were central figures in the military dictatorship in Pakistan wherein generals and admirals of the Pakistan Armed Forces had control over the country. This specific quantified set was briefed in the classified intelligence matters by the executive branches of the government. It was first related to the President General Zia-ul-Haq, and staffers of his administration including General Akhtar Rahman, Rahimuddin Khan, and Zahid Ali Akbar. According

title: Gang of Four (Pakistan)

text: Gang of Four (Pakistan) The Gang of Four was a quantified and common colloquial implicit term for a set of four military leaders in the Pakistan military who were central figures in the military dictatorship in Pakistan wherein generals and admirals of the Pakistan Armed Forces had control over the country. This specific quantified set was briefed in the classified intelligence matters by the executive branches of the government. It was first related to the President General Zia-ul-Haq, and staffers of his administration including General Akhtar Rahman, Rahimuddin Khan, and Zahid Ali Akbar. According to the military authors, these four

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Virginia

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Virginia The 1980 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1980. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States. Virginia was won by former California Governor Ronald Reagan of California with 53.03 percent of the vote, who was running against incumbent United States President Jimmy Carter of Georgia and Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois. The national election was ultimately won

title: History of Pakistan

text: 1972 the leftist Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto came to power and in 1973 Pakistan's elected parliament promulgated the 1973 Constitution which proclaimed that no Pakistani law could contradict Islamic laws from the Quran and Sunnah. Bhutto faced vigorous opposition which united under the banner of Nizam e Mustafa (Rule of the Prophet) and demanded the establishment of an Islamic state. In 1977 Bhutto was deposed in a bloodless coup by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to the establishment of Sharia law in Pakistan. With the death of President

title: History of Pakistan

text: Zia-ul-Haq in 1988, new general elections saw the victory of PPP led by Benazir Bhutto who was elevated as the country's first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she alternated power with the conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML(N)) led by Nawaz Sharif, as the country's political and economic situation deteriorated. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India were followed by yet another coup d'état in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed executive powers. Appointing himself President after the resignation of President Rafiq Tarar, Musharraf held nationwide general elections in 2002 to transfer the executive powers

title: Politics of Pakistan

text: Pakistan joined Non-Aligned Movement in 1979. Politics of Pakistan The politics of Pakistan takes place within the framework established by the constitution. The country is a federal parliamentary republic in which provincial governments enjoy a high degree of autonomy and residuary powers. Executive power is vested with the national cabinet which is headed by the prime minister, who works coherently along with the bicameral parliament and the judicature. Stipulations set by the constitution provide a delicate check and balance of sharing powers between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. The head of state is the president who is

title: President of Pakistan

text: from the state voting in the electoral college. The constitution further states that election to the office of President will not be held earlier than sixty days and not later than thirty days before the expiration of the term of the President in office. The president is elected indirectly for a term of five years. The incumbent president is eligible for re-election to that office, but cannot hold that office for more than two consecutive terms. The president is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice—, an oath or affirmation that the president shall protect,

title: Presidential Standard of Pakistan

text: Presidential Standard of Pakistan The Presidential Standard of Pakistan is the official flag of the President of Pakistan. The Presidential Standard consists of the background of the Flag of Pakistan with the gold Presidential Crest replacing the white crescent and star found in the Flag of Pakistan. The Presidential Crest consists of a smaller crescent and star flanked by wheat branches with the words "Pakistan" written in Urdu underneath. The Presidential Standard is displayed only in the presence of the President of Pakistan, particularly in the office and official residence of the President of Pakistan. It is always displayed alongside

title: President of Pakistan

text: of the President, the Senate Chairman takes over as the Acting President until the President resumes office, or the election for the next President is held. The official residence and principal workplace of the president is Aiwan-e-Sadr— the presidential palace located in northeastern Islamabad. The presidency forms the vital institutional organ of state and is part of the bicameral Parliament. Powers to exercise the authority are limited to the ceremonial figurehead, and required to address the Parliament to give a direction for national policies before being informed of its key decisions. In addition, the President is also a civil commander-in-chief

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Utah

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Utah The 1980 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Utah voters chose four electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States. Utah was won by former Governor of California Ronald Reagan, the Republican nominee, who was running against incumbent President and former Governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter, the Democratic nominee. Reagan ran with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, and

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Massachusetts

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Massachusetts The 1980 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 4, 1980, as part of the 1980 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all fifty states and D.C. Voters chose 14 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Massachusetts was very narrowly carried by the Republican nominee, former Governor Ronald Reagan of California, over incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter of Georgia and Independent candidate Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois. On election day, Reagan won a plurality of 41.90 percent of the

title: 1980 United States presidential election in Illinois

text: 1980 United States presidential election in Illinois The 1980 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and The District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Illinois voters chose 26 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Illinois, the state where Republican candidate, former California Governor Ronald Reagan was born and raised, was won by him with an 8% margin of victory over Democratic candidate, President Jimmy Carter. Despite being the home state of Congressman John B. Anderson, he only won 7.3% of