query: where is arabic used?

title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: the time of al-Andalus. Maghrebi dialects all use "n-" as the first-person singular prefix on verbs, distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic ( "al-Fusḥā") is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a spoken and vernacular language, although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the language exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the

title: Najdi Arabic

text: used in negation, which are: "ma" and "la". These particles come before the verb in verbal sentences. "ma" is used with all verbal sentences but "la" is used with imperative verb forms indicating present and future tense. Najdi Arabic Najdi Arabic () is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Najd region of Saudi Arabia. There are three major dialects of Najdi Arabic. Here is a table of the consonant sounds of Najdi Arabic. The phonemes ⟨⟩ and ⟨⟩ (not used by all speakers) are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory, as they exist only in foreign

title: Arabic alphabet

text: used in Arabic mathematical expressions. See also the notes of the section on modified letters. Keyboards designed for different nations have different layouts so proficiency in one style of keyboard, such as Iraq's, does not transfer to proficiency in another, such as Saudi Arabia's. Differences can include the location of non-alphabetic characters. All Arabic keyboards allow typing Roman characters, e.g., for the URL in a web browser. Thus, each Arabic keyboard has both Arabic and Roman characters marked on the keys. Usually the Roman characters of an Arabic keyboard conform to the QWERTY layout, but in North Africa, where French

title: Sudanese Arabic

text: each other's left shoulder simultaneously before engaging in the handshake, all while exchanging verbal greetings. The Sudanese Arabic word for "yes" depends on the tribe; "aye" is widely used, similar to the Scottish aye, although "aywa" or "na‘am" are also commonly used. Sudanese Arabic Sudanese Arabic is the variety of Arabic spoken throughout Sudan and in parts of Eritrea. Some of the tribes in Sudan still have similar accents to the ones in Saudi Arabia. In 1889 the "Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute" of Great Britain claimed that the Arabic spoken in Sudan was "a pure but archaic Arabic".

title: Yemeni Arabic

text: Yemeni Arabic Yemeni Arabic is a cluster of varieties of Arabic spoken in Yemen, southwestern Saudi Arabia, Somalia, and Djibouti. It is generally considered a very conservative dialect cluster, having many classical features not found across most of the Arabic-speaking world. Yemeni Arabic can be divided roughly into several main dialect groups, each with its own distinctive vocabulary and phonology. The most important four groups are San'ani in the North and Center and Hadhrami in the East, where is pronounced and is or (except in coastal Hadhrami where is ), in addition to Ta'izzi-Adeni (also called Djibouti Arabic) in the

title: Najdi Arabic

text: Najdi Arabic Najdi Arabic () is a variety of Arabic spoken in the Najd region of Saudi Arabia. There are three major dialects of Najdi Arabic. Here is a table of the consonant sounds of Najdi Arabic. The phonemes ⟨⟩ and ⟨⟩ (not used by all speakers) are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory, as they exist only in foreign words and can be pronounced as and respectively depending on the speaker. Phonetic notes: Najdi Arabic sentence structure can have the word order VSO and SVO, however, VSO usually occurs more often. NA morphology is distinguished by

title: Eastern Arabic numerals

text: world, particularly in Iran and Afghanistan. In Arabic-speaking Asia as well as Egypt and Sudan both kinds of numerals are used alongside each other with Western Arabic numerals gaining more and more currency, now even in very traditional countries such as Saudi Arabia. The United Arab Emirates almost exclusively use Western Arabic numerals. In Pakistan, Western Arabic numerals are more extensively used as a considerable majority of the population is anglophone. Eastern numerals still continue to see use in Urdu publications and newspapers, as well as sign boards. In North Africa (excluding Egypt and Sudan), only Western Arabic numerals are

title: Yemeni Arabic

text: South and Tihami in the West, where is and is . Yemeni Arabic is used for daily communications and has no official status; Modern Standard Arabic is used in official purposes, education, commerce and media. Non-Arabic South Semitic languages indigenous to the region include several Modern South Arabian languages, such as the Mehri and Soqotri languages, which are not Arabic languages, but members of an independent branch of the Semitic family. Another separate Semitic family once spoken in the region is Old South Arabian; these became extinct in the pre-Islamic period with the possible exception of the Razihi. Some of

title: Baghdad Jewish Arabic

text: language, including several Bible translations and the "Qanūn an-nisā"' ( of the hakham Yosef Hayyim. The following method of describing the letters of the Hebrew alphabet was used by teachers in Baghdad until quite recently: JB is relatively conservative in preserving Classical Arabic phonemes. Classical Arabic has remained as an uvular (or post-velar) stop, like Christian Baghdad Arabic, but unlike in Muslim Baghdad Arabic where it is pronounced as . is retained as , like in Christian Baghdadi, but unlike the Muslim dialect where it is sometimes . Classical Arabic interdental are preserved, like in Muslim Baghdadi Arabic (Christian Baghdadi

title: Arabic

text: Arabic or the commonly diacriticized Arabic letter. Note also that in northern Egypt, where the Arabic letter ' () is normally pronounced , a separate phoneme , which may be transcribed with , occurs in a small number of mostly non-Arabic loanwords, e.g., 'jacket'. In many varieties, () are actually epiglottal (despite what is reported in many earlier works). The emphatic consonant was actually pronounced , or possibly —either way, a highly unusual sound. The medieval Arabs actually termed their language " 'the language of the Ḍād' (the name of the letter used for this sound), since they thought the

title: Cypriot Arabic

text: Phonological rules observed in Cypriot Arabic include: Phenomena similar to the first three are also observed in Cypriot Greek. Cypriot Arabic has a large number of Syriac and Greek loans. In May 2009, the so-called "Committee of Experts for the Codification of Cypriot Maronite Arabic" submitted to the Cypriot government a proposal for the codification of Cypriot Arabic. It is unclear whether this will be in the Greek or Latin script; both have apparently been suggested. There exists a Cypriot Arabic–Greek translation dictionary, where the Greek alphabet is used for Cypriot Arabic lemmas. The linguist Alexander Borg, who specialises in

title: Lebanese Arabic

text: mutually understood by Lebanese people, there are regionally distinct variations with, at times, unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Widely used regional varieties include: Lebanese Arabic is rarely written, except in novels where a dialect is implied or in some types of poetry that do not use classical Arabic at all. Lebanese Arabic is also utilized in many Lebanese songs, theatrical pieces, local television and radio productions, and very prominently in zajal. Formal publications in Lebanon, such as newspapers, are typically written in Modern Standard Arabic, French, or English. While Arabic script is usually employed, informal usage such as online chat

title: Arabic alphabet

text: used in transliterated names, loanwords and dialectal words. There are two main kinds of numerals used along with Arabic text; Western Arabic numerals and Eastern Arabic numerals. In most of present-day North Africa, the usual Western Arabic numerals are used. Like Western Arabic numerals, in Eastern Arabic numerals, the units are always right-most, and the highest value left-most. In addition, the Arabic alphabet can be used to represent numbers (Abjad numerals). This usage is based on the ' order of the alphabet. ' is 1, ' is 2, ' is 3, and so on until ' = 10, ' =

title: Mashriqi Arabic

text: Mashriqi Arabic Mashriqi Arabic (Eastern Arabic), or Mashriqi ʿAmmiya, is the varieties of Arabic spoken in the Mashriq, including the countries of Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, Cyprus, Turkey, and Iraq. The variety is sometimes referred to as "Eastern Arabic", as opposed to "Western Arabic" (Maghrebi Arabic or Darija) and includes Mesopotamian Arabic and Gulf Arabic, along with Levantine Arabic. Speakers of Mashriqi call their language ʿAmmiya, which means "dialect" in Modern Standard Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic ( "al-fuṣḥá") is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Mashreq. Mashriqi Arabic is used

title: Arabic diacritics

text: (geminate), a small "khā’" for "khafīf" (short consonant; no longer used). His system is essentially the one we know today. [[Category:Arabic diacritics| ]] [[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] [[Category:Quranic orthography]] [[Category:Phonetic guides]] Arabic diacritics The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, including i'jam - ', consonant pointing and tashkil - ', supplementary diacritics. The latter include the vowel marks - singular: " . The Arabic script is an impure abjad, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing. " is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length.

title: Damascus Arabic

text: influential position is in media, where it is the "de facto" official Syrian dialect/accent in the media when MSA is not used and is the most influential dialect in Arabic drama. It has been said that DA is taking the traditional place of Egyptian Arabic there. The most influential Syrian series that is used almost only in DA, Bab Al-Hara, acquired a staggering 50 million view per episode in its peaks and the success of some Turkish shows in the Arab world has been attributed to dubs in DA. It is not common for DA to be written in literature,

title: Bible translations into Arabic

text: where an etymological root exists between an Arabic word and the original Hebrew or Aramaic text, yet it is translated into a colloquial or a commonly used word instead. There are many New Testament translations or portions into regional colloquial forms of Arabic e.g. Egyptian Arabic, Sudanese Arabic, Palestinian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic and Chadian Arabic etc. The bible texts produced by the Mozarabs which have survived to the present day are the translations of the Gospels, the Psalms and the Canons. It is assumed that the Bible was also translated in its entirety by the Christians of Al-Andalus. Most of

title: Algerian Arabic

text: that change according to the tense. In all Algerian Arabic dialects, there is no gender differentiation of the 2nd and 3rd person in the plural forms. However, there is also no gender differentiation of the 2nd person in the singular form in pre-Hilalian dialects unlike Hilalian ones where it has been preserved. Speakers generally do not use the future tense above. Used instead is the present tense or present continuous. Also, as is used in all of the other Arabic dialects, there is another way of showing active tense. The form changes the root verb into an adjective. For example,

title: Mashriqi Arabic

text: for almost all spoken communication, as well as in television dramas and on advertising boards in Egypt and Lebanon, but Modern Standard Arabic is used for written communication. In Lebanon, where Mashriqi Arabic as a colloquial language was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks exist. The varieties of Mashriqi have a significant degree of mutual intelligibility, specially between geographically adjacent ones (such as Lebanese and Syrian or between Iraqi and Kuwaiti). Conversely, Darija is very hard to understand for Arabic-speakers from the Mashriq, as it derives from different substrata. It is widely spoken in countries west

title: Arabic

text: a different sound, possibly (rather than again in the Classical language). This is the apparent source of the "alif maqṣūrah" 'restricted alif' where a final is reconstructed: a letter that would normally indicate or some similar high-vowel sound, but is taken in this context to be a logical variant of "alif" and represent the sound . Although Classical Arabic was a unitary language and is now used in Quran, its pronunciation varies somewhat from country to country and from region to region within a country. It is influenced by colloquial dialects. The "colloquial" spoken dialects of Arabic are learned at

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: and the emphatic dental respectively. (see consonants) Egyptian Arabic is used in most social situations, with Modern Standard and Classical Arabic generally being used only in writing and in highly-religious and/or formal situations. However, within Egyptian Arabic, there is a wide range of variation. El-Said Badawi identifies three distinct levels of Egyptian Arabic based chiefly on the quantity of non-Arabic lexical items in the vocabulary: "ʿĀmmiyyat al-Musaqqafīn" (Cultured Colloquial or Formal Spoken Arabic), "ʿĀmmiyyat al-Mutanawwirīn" (Enlightened or Literate Colloquial), and "ʿĀmmiyyat al-'Ummiyīn" (Illiterate Colloquial). Cultured Colloquial/Formal Spoken Arabic is characteristic of the educated classes and is the language of discussion

title: Arabic

text: Classical Arabic is considered normative, according to the syntactic and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as Sibawayh) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the Lisān al-ʻArab). In practice, however, modern authors almost never write in pure Classical Arabic, instead using a literary language with its own grammatical norms and vocabulary, commonly known as Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic"

title: Arabic script

text: Arabic script The Arabic script is the writing system used for writing Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa, such as Azerbaijani, Sindhi, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Kurdish, Lurish, Urdu, Mandinka, and others. Until the 16th century, it was also used to write some texts in Spanish. Additionally, Turkish, prior to the Turkish language reform, was written in Perso-Arabic script. It is the second-most widely used writing system in the world by the number of countries using it and the third by the number of users, after Latin and Chinese characters. The Arabic script is written from right to

title: Classical Arabic

text: Classical Arabic Classical Arabic is the form of the Arabic language used in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts from the 7th century AD to the 9th century AD. The orthography of the Qurʾān was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is its direct descendant used today throughout the Arab world in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertainment content; it is also used in modernized versions of the Quran and revised editions of poetries and novels from Umayyad and Abbasid times (7th to 9th centuries). While

title: Arabic

text: Arabic Arabic () ' or () ' or ) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai Peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools

title: Arabic names of calendar months

text: are regional variations of the Berber calendar, since some communities did not recognise the Julian 29 February in century years where the Gregorian calendar had no equivalent date. When Morocco adopted the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, the names of the months were taken from this local tradition. Arabic names of calendar months The Arabic names of calendar months of the Gregorian calendar are usually phonetic Arabic pronunciations of the corresponding month names used in European languages. An exception is the Assyrian calendar used in Iraq and the Levant, which is inherited from Classical Arabic that correspond to roughly the

title: Libyan Arabic

text: the following manner. Most of the vocabulary in Libyan Arabic is of Old Arabic origin, usually with a modified interconsonantal vowel structure. Many Italian loanwords also exist, in addition to Turkish, Berber, Spanish, and English words. The bulk of vocabulary in Libyan Arabic has the same meaning as in Classical Arabic. However, many words have different but related meanings to those of Classical Arabic. The following table serves to illustrate this relation. The past tense is used in the case of verbs as it is more distinctive and has been traditionally used in Arabic lexicons. Canonically, these verbs are pronounced

title: Arabic

text: of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories. According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent creolization among Arabs and arabized peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA. "Arabic" usually designates one of three main variants: Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic and "colloquial" or "dialectal" Arabic. Classical Arabic is the language found in the Quran, used from the period of Pre-Islamic Arabia to that of the Abbasid Caliphate. Theoretically,

title: Jordanian Arabic

text: countries, however, use their own alphabets and transliterations, making cross-border communication inconvenient. British English has a great influence on Jordanian Levantine, depending on the region. English is widely understood in many regions, especially in the western part of the country. English vocabulary has been adopted replacing native Arabic vocabulary in many cases. Literary Arabic is spoken in formal TV programs, and in Modern Standard Arabic classes, it is used to quote poetry and historical phrases. It is also the language used to write and read in formal situations if English is not being used. However, formal Arabic is never spoken

title: Libyan Arabic

text: Two major historical events have shaped the Libyan dialect: the Hilalian-Sulaimi migration, and the migration of Arabs from al-Andalus to the Maghreb following the Reconquista. Libyan Arabic has also been influenced by Italian, and to a lesser extent by Turkish. A significant Berber and Latin (African Romance) substratum also exists. The Libyan dialect is used predominantly in spoken communication in Libya. It is also used in Libyan folk poetry, TV dramas and comedies, songs, as well as in cartoons. Libyan Arabic is also used as a lingua franca by non-Arab Libyans whose mother tongue is not Arabic. Libyan Arabic is

title: Arabic chat alphabet

text: Arabic chat alphabet The Arabic chat alphabet, also known as Arabish, Araby (, ), Arabizi (, ), Mu'arrab (), and Franco-Arabic (), is an alphabet used to communicate in Arabic over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones. It is a character encoding of Arabic to the Latin script and the Western Arabic numerals. It differs from more formal and academic Arabic transliteration systems, as it avoids diacritics by freely using digits and multigraphs for letters that do not exist in the basic Latin script (ASCII). The Arabic chat alphabet is used to communicate in Arabic over the

title: Ve (Arabic letter)

text: letter is not possible for technical restrictions, "qāf" () is often used instead. In Arabic script representations of the Chechen language, ڨ is used to represent the uvular ejective /q'/. Ve (Arabic letter) Ve or Vāʾ (based on name of the letter ) is a letter of the Arabic-based Sorani, Comoro, Wakhi, Malay Arabic, Karakhanid alphabets derived from the Arabic letter () with two additional dots. It represents the sound for all alphabets, except for Malay. It is sometimes used in Arabic language to write names and loanwords with the phoneme , such as (Volvo) and "viyenna" (Vienna), but rather

title: Arabic grammar

text: used description of Arabic grammar, following trends in Western linguistics instead. Arabic grammar Arabic grammar ( ' or ') is the grammar of the Arabic language. Arabic is a Semitic language and its grammar has many similarities with the grammar of other Semitic languages. The article focuses both on the grammar of Literary Arabic (i.e. Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, which have largely the same grammar) and of the colloquial spoken varieties of Arabic. The grammar of the two types is largely similar in its particulars. Generally, the grammar of Classical Arabic is described first, followed by the areas

title: Arabic

text: not have the Arabic script as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text using the Latin script, sometimes known as IM Arabic. To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter . There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it Arabic Chat Alphabet. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization to represent the "emphatic"

title: Arabic alphabet

text: correct Arabic MUST be) "sukūn"ed. Of course, if the correct "i‘rāb" is a "sukūn", it may be optionally written. The "sukūn" is also used for transliterating words into the Arabic script. The Persian word ("mâsk", from the English word "mask"), for example, might be written with a "sukūn" above the to signify that there is no vowel sound between that letter and the . Some letters take a traditionally different form in specific regions: "See also Arabic script#Special letters for languages other than Arabic." Some modified letters are used to represent non-native sounds of Modern Standard Arabic. These letters are

title: Arabic phonology

text: looks like a conservative sedentary variety. Some examples of variation: In Modern Standard Arabic is used as a marginal phoneme to pronounce some dialectal and loan words. On the other hand it is considered a native phoneme or allophone in most modern Arabic dialects, mostly as a variant of (as in Arabian Peninsula and Northwest African dialects) or as a variant of (as in Egyptian and a number of Yemeni and Omani dialects). It is also considered a separate foreign phoneme that appears only in loanwords, as in most urban Levantine dialects where is and is . The phoneme represented

title: Romanization of Arabic

text: Romanization of Arabic The romanization of Arabic writes written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script in one of various systematic ways. Romanized Arabic is used for a number of different purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language education when used in lieu of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by linguists. These formal systems, which often make use of diacritics and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers

title: Arabic script

text: direct use of publications from Afghanistan and Iran. Most languages of the Iranian languages family continue to use Arabic script, as well as the Indo-Aryan languages of Pakistan and of Muslim populations in India, but the Bengali language of India and Bangladesh is written in the Bengali alphabet. As of Unicode 11.0, the following ranges encode Arabic characters: Arabic script The Arabic script is the writing system used for writing Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa, such as Azerbaijani, Sindhi, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Kurdish, Lurish, Urdu, Mandinka, and others. Until the 16th century, it was also used

title: North Levantine Arabic

text: North Levantine Arabic North Levantine Arabic () is a subdivision of Levantine Arabic, a variety of Arabic. It stems from the north in Turkey, specifically in the coastal regions of the Adana, Hatay, and Mersin provinces, to Lebanon, passing through the Mediterranean coastal regions of Syria (the Latakia and Tartus governorates) as well as the areas surrounding Aleppo and Damascus. It is also known as Syro-Lebanese Arabic, though that term is sometimes used to mean all of Levantine Arabic. With over 24 million native speakers worldwide as of 2015, Northern Levantine Arabic is used for daily speech mainly in Lebanon

title: Arabic

text: and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic ("), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic, and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have

title: Levantine Arabic

text: Levantine Arabic Levantine Arabic (, , autonym: "il-lahje š-šāmiyye") is a broad variety of Arabic and the main vernacular spoken Arabic of the eastern coastal strip of the Levantine Sea that includes parts of Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Palestine, Israel, and Turkey. With numerous dialects and over 30 million native speakers worldwide, it is considered one of the five major varieties of Arabic. In the frame of the general diglossia status of the Arab world, Levantine Arabic is used for daily spoken use, while most of the written and official documents and media use Modern Standard Arabic. Levantine Arabic is most

title: Abd (Arabic)

text: of God". It can also refer to humans, such as: It can also be used by Arab Christians and Arabic-speaking Christians, just as long as it is associated to their religion: Abdullah can be also used by Arab Christians, as they refer to God as Allah. ʿĀbid () is a given name meaning "worshipper". It is based on the Arabic word "ʿIbādah", i.e. worship. The female version of the name is ʿĀbidah. The Hebrew cognate word with Abd is "ʻEved" (עבד), meaning slave. Abd (Arabic) ʿAbd () is an Arabic word meaning one who is subordinated as a slave or

title: Arabic literature

text: Arabic literature Arabic literature ( / ALA-LC: "al-Adab al-‘Arabī") is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is ""Adab"", which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an, widely regarded by people as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language, would have the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature. Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, but

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: and textbooks aimed at teaching non-native learners. Also, it is written in ASCII Latin alphabet mainly online and in SMSs. Egyptians call the dialect the Egyptian colloquial language ( ), Egyptian dialect abbreviated:  "Egyptian"), or the Modern Egyptian language The term Egyptian Arabic is usually used synonymously with Cairene Arabic, which is technically a dialect of Egyptian Arabic. The country's native name, "Maṣr", is often used locally to refer to Cairo itself. Like the role played by Parisian French, Cairene Arabic is by far the most dominant dialect in all areas of national life. The total number of Egyptian

title: Arabic

text: fewer phonemes than those listed in the chart above. For example, non-Arabic is used in the Maghrebi dialects as well in the written language mostly for foreign names. Semitic became extremely early on in Arabic before it was written down; a few modern Arabic dialects, such as Iraqi (influenced by Persian and Kurdish) distinguish between and . The Iraqi Arabic also uses sounds , and uses Persian adding letters, e.g.: "" – "a plum"; " – "a truffle" and so on. Early in the expansion of Arabic, the separate emphatic phonemes and coalesced into a single phoneme . Many dialects

title: Ve (Arabic letter)

text: Ve (Arabic letter) Ve or Vāʾ (based on name of the letter ) is a letter of the Arabic-based Sorani, Comoro, Wakhi, Malay Arabic, Karakhanid alphabets derived from the Arabic letter () with two additional dots. It represents the sound for all alphabets, except for Malay. It is sometimes used in Arabic language to write names and loanwords with the phoneme , such as (Volvo) and "viyenna" (Vienna), but rather described, for example, in Egyptian Arabic, it is called "" (, "F with three dots"). It is also frequently used in Israel for transcribing names that have a sound into

title: Modern Standard Arabic

text: be mentioned that Arabic speakers do not find a noteworthy difference between these varieties, and may sometimes refer to both by the same name: "Al-arabīyat ul-fuṣḥá", "the most eloquent Arabic language". MSA tends to use simplified structures and drop more complicated ones commonly used in Classical Arabic. Some examples include reliance on verb sentences instead of noun phrases and semi-sentences, as well as avoiding phrasal adjectives and accommodating feminine forms of ranks and job titles. Terminology is the main domain where MSA and CA differ substantially. This stems from the need of MSA to adapt with modern-day terminology in the

title: San'ani Arabic

text: into Standard Arabic in order to understand what he said. San'ani Arabic San'ani Arabic is an Arabic dialect spoken in Yemen. The Sanaani dialect is distinguished among Yemeni dialects by its use of the sound in the place of the classical Arabic ( '), as well as its preservation of the classical Arabic palatal pronunciation of ( '). Along with these phonological similarities to other dialects, San'ani Arabic also has several unique features. It uses the classical "mā" in the meaning of "what", as well as in negations. Unlike the classical usage, this "mā" is used without distinction in verbal

title: San'ani Arabic

text: San'ani Arabic San'ani Arabic is an Arabic dialect spoken in Yemen. The Sanaani dialect is distinguished among Yemeni dialects by its use of the sound in the place of the classical Arabic ( '), as well as its preservation of the classical Arabic palatal pronunciation of ( '). Along with these phonological similarities to other dialects, San'ani Arabic also has several unique features. It uses the classical "mā" in the meaning of "what", as well as in negations. Unlike the classical usage, this "mā" is used without distinction in verbal and nominal sentences alike. San'ani Arabic represents the future aspect

title: Arabic chat alphabet

text: well as Pan-Arabists and some Arab-nationalists, view Arabish as a detrimental form of Westernization. Arabish emerged amid a growing trend among Arab youth, especially in Lebanon and Jordan, to incorporate English into Arabic as a form of slang. Arabish is used to replace Arabic script, and this raises concerns regarding the preservation of the quality of the language. Arabic chat alphabet The Arabic chat alphabet, also known as Arabish, Araby (, ), Arabizi (, ), Mu'arrab (), and Franco-Arabic (), is an alphabet used to communicate in Arabic over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones. It is

title: Varieties of Arabic

text: There are two formal varieties, or اللغة الفصحى "al-lugha(t) al-fuṣḥá", One of these, known in English as "Modern Standard Arabic" ("MSA"), is used in contexts such as writing, broadcasting, interviewing, and speechmaking. The other, Classical Arabic, is the language of the Qur'an. It is rarely used except in reciting the Qur'an or quoting older classical texts. (Arabic speakers typically do not make an explicit distinction between MSA and Classical Arabic.) Modern Standard Arabic was deliberately developed in the early part of the 19th century as a modernized version of Classical Arabic. People often use a mixture of both colloquial and

title: Arabic alphabet

text: diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. U+06D6 to U+06ED encode Qur'anic annotation signs such as "end of "ayah"" ۝ۖ and "start of "rub el hizb"" ۞. The Arabic supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-A range encodes additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms. The Arabic Mathematical Alphabetical Symbols block encodes characters

title: Chadian Arabic

text: Chadian Arabic Chadian Arabic (also known as Shuwa/Shua/Suwa Arabic; , Baggara Arabic, and, most recently, within a small scholarly milieu, Western Sudanic Arabic) is one of the regional colloquial varieties of Arabic. (The term "Shuwa Arabic", found in 20th-century Western linguistic scholarship, properly refers only to the Nigerian dialects of this particular language, and even then, "Shuwa" is not used by those speakers themselves.) It is the first language for over one million people, including town dwellers and nomadic cattle herders. The majority of its speakers live in southern Chad. Its range is an east-to-west oval in the Sahel, about

title: Tunisian Arabic

text: to them several Arabic or Tunisian structures and words. It was as well the origin of Maltese and some of its words like بريك Brīk and فريكساي frīkasāy were inspired by French as loanwords. The Il-Ṭalyānī Tunisian Arabic word meaning "the Italian" (الطلياني) was used as a title of a novel in standard Arabic which received the Booker Prize for Arabic literature in 2015. Also, several prestigious television series from other Arabic countries like the Lebanese Cello Series involved a character talking in Tunisian Arabic. Tunisian Arabic Tunisian Arabic, or Tunisian, is a set of dialects of Maghrebi Arabic spoken

title: Arabic

text: counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using capitalization, the letter , may be represented by d. Its emphatic counterpart, , may be written as D. In most of present-day North Africa, the Western Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the Eastern Arabic numerals ( – – – – – – – – – ) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued position is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in

title: Arabic

text: perversely, even education through a mélange of code-switching practises." Arab-American professor Franck Salamah went as far as to declare Arabic a dead language conveying dead ideas, blaming its stagnation for Arab intellectual stagnation and lamenting that great writers in Arabic are judged by their command of the language and not the merit of the ideas they express with it. Arabic Arabic () ' or () ' or ) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to

title: Siculo-Arabic

text: Siculo-Arabic Siculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic that were spoken in the Emirate of Sicily (that included Malta) from the 9th century, persisting under the subsequent Norman rule till the 13th century .It was derived from early Maghrebi Arabic following the Abbasid conquest of Sicily in the 9th century, and gradually marginalized following the Norman conquest in the 11th century. Siculo Arabic is extinct and is designated as a historical language that is attested only in writings from the 9th-13th centuries in Sicily . However, present-day Maltese is considered to have

title: Moroccan Arabic

text: Moroccan Arabic Moroccan Arabic language or Moroccan Darija (, in Morocco) is a member of the Maghrebi Arabic language continuum spoken in Morocco. It is mutually intelligible to some extent with Algerian Arabic language and to a lesser extent with Tunisian Arabic language. It has been heavily influenced mainly by the Berber languages and to a lesser extent by Latin (African Romance), French, and Spanish. While Modern Standard Arabic is not spoken in daily life and is an only used for written government communications and in the written press, Moroccan is the spoken common language of Morocco, and has a

title: Arabic maqam

text: to compatible combinations of "ajnas" and "maqamat" long established in traditional Arabic music. Although such combinations are often documented in musical references, most experienced musicians learn them by extensive listening. Arabic maqam Arabic maqam (, literally "place"; "") is the system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music, which is mainly melodic. The word "maqam" in Arabic means place, location or position. The Arabic "maqam" is a melody type. It is "a technique of improvisation" that defines the pitches, patterns, and development of a piece of music and which is "unique to Arabian art music". There are seventy two

title: Uyghur Arabic alphabet

text: approved alphabet used for Uyghur in Xinjiang. It had technical shortcomings and met social resistance; Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi (UEY), an expansion of the old Chagatai alphabet based on the Arabic script, is now recognized, along with a newer Latin-based alphabet called "Uyghur Latin Yëziqi" or "ULY", replacing the former Pinyin-derived alphabet; UEY is sometimes intended when the term ""Kona Yëziq"" is used. Uyghur Arabic alphabet The Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet () is an Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in China. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets, and has been the official alphabet of

title: Liwa (Arabic)

text: known as "Liwa' Iskenderun". Liwa (Arabic) Liwa, or Liwā’ (), is an Arabic term meaning ensign, or banner. The word has developed various other meanings in Arabic: "Liwa" was used interchangeably with the Turkish term "Sanjak" in the time of the Ottoman Empire. After the fall of the empire, the term was used in the Arab countries formerly under Ottoman rule. It was gradually replaced by other terms like qadaa and mintaqa and is now defunct. It is only used occasionally in Syria to refer to the Hatay Province, ceded by the French mandate of Syria to Turkey in 1939,

title: Liwa (Arabic)

text: Liwa (Arabic) Liwa, or Liwā’ (), is an Arabic term meaning ensign, or banner. The word has developed various other meanings in Arabic: "Liwa" was used interchangeably with the Turkish term "Sanjak" in the time of the Ottoman Empire. After the fall of the empire, the term was used in the Arab countries formerly under Ottoman rule. It was gradually replaced by other terms like qadaa and mintaqa and is now defunct. It is only used occasionally in Syria to refer to the Hatay Province, ceded by the French mandate of Syria to Turkey in 1939, at which time was

title: Arabic music

text: dulab, sawt, and liwa. Much of Arabic music is characterized by an emphasis on melody and rhythm, as opposed to harmony. There are some genres of Arabic music that are polyphonic, but typically, Arabic music is homophonic. Habib Hassan Touma submits that there are five components that characterize Arabic music: The basis of Arabic music is the maqam (pl. maqamat), which looks like the mode, but is not quite the same. The tonic note, dominant note, and ending note (unless modulation occurs) are generally determined by the maqam used. Arabic maqam theory as ascribed in literature over the ages names

title: Jordanian Arabic

text: Jordanian Arabic Jordanian Arabic is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of Levantine Arabic spoken by the population of the Kingdom of Jordan. Jordanian Arabic varieties are Semitic, . They are spoken by more than 6 million people, and understood throughout the Levant and, to various extents, in other Arabic-speaking regions. As in all Arab countries, language use in Jordan is characterized by diglossia; Modern Standard Arabic is the official language used in most written documents and the media, while daily conversation is conducted in the local colloquial varieties. Aside from the various dialects, one must also deal with the

title: Negation in Arabic

text: form, is frequently used (in front of the verb). For example, Tunisian Arabic "" is conjugated as follows: Negation in Arabic Negation in Arabic is the array of approaches used in Arabic grammar to express grammatical negation. These strategies correspond to words in English like "no" and "not". Present-tense verbs are negated by adding "not" before the verb: In Modern Standard Arabic, the main way to negate past-tense verbs is to add the negative particle "not" before the verb, and to put the verb in the jussive mood. In more colloquial usage, it is possible to give the verb in

title: Tunisian Arabic

text: even if cartoons in most of them can be written in Tunisian. The Arabic script used for Tunisian is largely the same as for Arabic. However, it includes additional letters to support /g/ (ڨ), /v/ (ڥ) and /p/ (پ). The first known use of Arabic script for Tunisian was recorded in the 17th century, when Sheykh Karray wrote several poems in Tunisian Arabic for mystic purposes. However, transcription of Tunisian Arabic was not common until 1903, when the Gospel of John was transcribed in Tunisian Arabic using Arabic script. After the World War I, the use of Arabic script to

title: Classical Arabic

text: among the palatal consonants exhibits assimilation, indicating that assimilation ceased to be productive before that consonant shifted from Old Arabic : Proto-Central Semitic, Proto-Arabic, various forms of Old Arabic, and some modern Najdi dialects to this day have alternation in the performative vowel of the prefix conjugation, depending on the stem vowel of the verb. Early forms of Classical Arabic allowed this alternation, but later forms of Classical Arabic levelled the /a/ allomorph: Classical Arabic Classical Arabic is the form of the Arabic language used in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts from the 7th century AD to the 9th century

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: well as the great number of Egyptian teachers and professors who were instrumental in setting up the education systems of various countries in the Arabian Peninsula and also taught there and in other countries such as Algeria and Libya; although this is changing as Damascus Arabic is taking its rule in the media. Also, many Lebanese artists choose to sing in Egyptian and Lebanese. Standard Egyptian Arabic when used in documents, broadcast media, prepared speeches, and sometimes in liturgical purpose, is Cairene Arabic with loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic origin or code-switching between Cairene Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. The

title: Modern Standard Arabic

text: Modern Standard Arabic Modern Standard Arabic (MSA; ' 'the most eloquent Arabic language'), Standard Arabic, or Literary Arabic is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech throughout the Arab world to facilitate communication. It is considered a pluricentric language. Most Western scholars distinguish two standard ' () varieties of Arabic: the Classical Arabic (CA) ( ') of the Quran and early Islamic (7th to 9th centuries) literature, and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) ( '), the standard language in use today. MSA is based on classical Arabic, and differences between the two varieties

title: Levantine Arabic

text: closely related to North Mesopotamian Arabic, Anatolian Arabic, and Cypriot Arabic. Dialects include: Dialects include: Levantine Arabic is spoken in the fertile strip on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. To the east, in the desert, Northwest Arabian Arabic varieties are spoken by Bedouins. The transition to Egyptian Arabic in the south via the Negev and Sinai Peninsula, where Northwest Arabian Arabic is spoken and then the dialect of Sharqia Governorate, was described by de Jong in 1999. In this direction, the Egyptian city of Arish is the last one to display proper Levantine features. In a similar manner, the

title: Arabic phonology

text: be either or as it used to be in Classical Arabic. Other Variations include: The main dialectal variations in Arabic consonants revolve around the six consonants; , , , , and : The Arabic of Cairo (often called "Egyptian Arabic" or more correctly "Cairene Arabic") is a typical sedentary variety and a de facto standard variety among certain segments of the Arabic-speaking population, due to the dominance of Egyptian media. Watson adds emphatic labials and and emphatic to Cairene Arabic with marginal phonemic status. Cairene has also merged the interdental consonants with the dental plosives (e.g. → , 'three') except

title: Siculo-Arabic

text: centuries.. Some items of Siculo-Arabic vocabulary are comparable with later items found in Maltese. Although Siculo-Arabic has relatively minor influence on modern day Sicilian, this language has also absorbed many Siculo-Arabic words, with those shown in the table a small sample: Siculo-Arabic Siculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic that were spoken in the Emirate of Sicily (that included Malta) from the 9th century, persisting under the subsequent Norman rule till the 13th century .It was derived from early Maghrebi Arabic following the Abbasid conquest of Sicily in the 9th century, and

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: widely studied varieties of Arabic. While it is essentially a spoken language, it is encountered in written form in novels, plays, and poems (vernacular literature), as well as in comics, advertising, some newspapers, and transcriptions of popular songs. In most other written media and in television news reporting, Literary Arabic is used. Literary Arabic is a standardized language based on the language of the Quran, that is, Classical Arabic. The Egyptian vernacular is almost universally written in the Arabic alphabet for local consumption, although it is commonly transcribed into Latin letters or in the International Phonetic Alphabet in linguistics text

title: Baghdad Arabic

text: among Arabic-speaking regions. Note that Arabic is particularly rich in uvular, pharyngeal, and pharyngealized ("emphatic") sounds. The emphatic coronals (, , , and ) cause assimilation of emphasis to adjacent non-emphatic coronal consonants. The phonemes ⟨پ⟩ and ⟨ڤ⟩ (not used by all speakers) are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory, as they exist only in foreign words and they can be pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ and ⟨ف⟩ respectively depending on the speaker. Phonetic notes: Baghdad Arabic Baghdad Arabic or the Baghdadi Arabic is the Arabic dialect spoken in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. During the last century, Baghdad

title: Libyan Arabic

text: Standard Arabic. The use of the International Phonetic Alphabet alone is not sufficient as it obscures some points that can be better understood if several different allophones in Libyan Arabic are transcribed using the same symbol. On the other hand, Modern Standard Arabic transcription schemes, while providing good support for representing Arabic sounds that are not normally represented by the Latin script, do not list symbols for other sounds found in Libyan Arabic. Therefore, to make this article more legible, DIN 31635 is used with a few additions to render phonemes particular to Libyan Arabic. These additions are as follow:

title: Tunisian Arabic

text: Tunisian Arabic became very common with the works of Taht Essour. Nowadays, it has become the main script used for Tunisian Arabic, even in published books, but writing conventions for Tunisian Arabic are not standardized and can change from one book to another. In 2014, Ines Zribi et al. proposed a Conventional Orthography for Tunisian Arabic based on the principles of CODA as proposed in 2012. The orthography is based on eliminating phonological simplifications by comparing the words and structures of Tunisian Arabic by their correspondent etymological equivalent in Modern Standard Arabic. Although the convention is quite important, the orthography

title: Arabic alphabet

text: the Arabic words on this page are written left to right, it is an indication that the Unicode rendering engine used to display them is out of date. There are competing online tools, e.g. Yamli editor, which allow entry of Arabic letters without having Arabic support installed on a PC, and without knowledge of the layout of the Arabic keyboard. The first software program of its kind in the world that identifies Arabic handwriting in real time was developed by researchers at Ben-Gurion University (BGU). The prototype enables the user to write Arabic words by hand on an electronic screen,

title: Arabic script

text: left in a cursive style. In most cases, the letters transcribe consonants, or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are abjads. The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the , the holy book of Islam. With the spread of Islam, it came to be used to write languages of many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols, with some versions, such as Kurdish, Uyghur, and old Bosnian being abugidas or true alphabets. It is also the basis for the tradition of Arabic calligraphy. The Arabic script has

title: Hejazi Arabic

text: as adjectives, and so they must agree with their subject. An active participle can be used in several ways: Enclitic forms of object pronouns are suffixes that are affixed to various parts of speech, with varying meanings: Unlike Egyptian Arabic, in Hejazi no more than one pronoun can be suffixed to a word. Modifications:- Hejazi is written using the Arabic alphabet; like other varieties of Arabic, Hejazi does not have a standard form of writing and mostly follows Classical Arabic rules of writing. In general people alternate between writing the words according to their etymology or the phoneme used while

title: Arabic numerals

text: in Russia as late as the early 18th century when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals. Arabic numerals were introduced to China during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) by the Muslim Hui people. In the early 17th century, European-style Arabic numerals were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese Jesuits. The numeral system employed, known as algorism, is positional decimal notation. Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, potentially including both symbols that evolved from the Brahmi numerals, and symbols that developed independently. The symbols used to represent the system have split into various typographical

title: Arabic maqam

text: Arabic maqam Arabic maqam (, literally "place"; "") is the system of melodic modes used in traditional Arabic music, which is mainly melodic. The word "maqam" in Arabic means place, location or position. The Arabic "maqam" is a melody type. It is "a technique of improvisation" that defines the pitches, patterns, and development of a piece of music and which is "unique to Arabian art music". There are seventy two heptatonic tone rows or scales of maqamat. These are constructed from major, neutral, and minor seconds. Each "maqam" is built on a scale, and carries a tradition that defines its

title: Eastern Arabic numerals

text: now commonly used. In medieval times, these areas used a slightly different set (from which, via Italy, Western Arabic numerals derive). Eastern Arabic numerals The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic–Hindu numerals, Arabic Eastern numerals and Indo–Persian numerals) are the symbols ( ० ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹) used to represent the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world), the Arabian Peninsula, and its variant in other countries that use the Perso-Arabic script in the Iranian plateau and Asia. The numeral system

title: Uyghur Arabic alphabet

text: Uyghur Arabic alphabet The Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet () is an Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in China. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets, and has been the official alphabet of the Uyghur language since 1982. The first Perso-Arabic derived alphabet for Uyghur was developed in the 10th century, when Islam was introduced there. The version used for writing the Chagatai language. It became the regional literary language, now known as the Chagatay alphabet. It was used nearly exclusively up to the early 1920s. Alternative Uyghur scripts then began emerging and collectively largely

title: Moroccan Arabic

text: books and magazines are in French, Spanish, or Modern Standard Arabic; most Qur'an books are written in French, Spanish, Classical Arabic, or Modern Standard Arabic), and there is no universally standard written system. There is also a loosely standardized Latin system used for writing Moroccan Darija in electronic media, such as texting and chat, often based on sound-letter correspondences from French, English or Spanish ('sh' or 'ch' for English 'sh', 'u' or 'ou' for English 'u', etc.) and using numbers to represent sounds not found in French or English (2-3-6-7-9 used for ق-ح-ط-ع-ء). However, most systems used for writing Moroccan

title: Varieties of Arabic

text: that represent a middle ground between their dialects rather than trying to use the formal language, to make communication easier and more comprehensible. For example, to express the existential "there is" (as in, "there is a place where..."), Arabic speakers have access to many different words: In this case, is most likely to be used as it is not associated with a particular region and is the closest to a dialectical middle ground for this group of speakers. Moreover, given the prevalence of movies and TV shows in Egyptian Arabic, the speakers are all likely to be familiar with it.

title: Libyan Arabic

text: not normally written, as the written register is normally Modern Standard Arabic, but Libyan Arabic is the main language for cartoonists, and the only suitable language for writing Libyan folk poetry. It is also written in internet forums, emails and in instant messaging applications. As is the case with all Bedouin dialects and some Urban dialects, the sound of Modern Standard Arabic is realized as a , but sometimes in words recently borrowed from literary Arabic. The following table shows the consonants used in Libyan Arabic. Note: some sounds occur in certain regional varieties while being completely absent in others.

title: Arabic diacritics

text: "Basmala": Some Arabic textbooks for foreigners now use ' as a phonetic guide to make learning reading Arabic easier. The other method used in textbooks is phonetic romanisation of unvocalised texts. Fully vocalised Arabic texts (i.e. Arabic texts with '/diacritics) are sought after by learners of Arabic. Some online bilingual dictionaries also provide "" as a phonetic guide similarly to English dictionaries providing transcription. The ', which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which ' are also '; the ', for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants. The is a

title: Arabic alphabet

text: 20, ' = 30, …, ' = 200, …, " = 1000. This is sometimes used to produce chronograms. The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabataean alphabet used to write Nabataean. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late 4th-century inscription from ' (50 km east of ') in Jordan, but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512. However, the epigraphic record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the

title: Arabic diacritics

text: This is true, primarily, of the Qur'an (') and poetry. It is also quite common to add ' to hadiths ('; plural: ') and the Bible. Another use is in children's literature. Moreover, ' are used in ordinary texts in individual words when an ambiguity of pronunciation cannot easily be resolved from context alone. Arabic dictionaries with vowel marks provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. In art and calligraphy, " might be used simply because their writing is considered aesthetically pleasing. An example of a fully "vocalised" ("vowelised" or "vowelled") Arabic from the

title: Varieties of Arabic

text: French in Lebanon, and English and Hebrew in Israel. However, a much more significant factor for all five dialect groups is, as Latin among Romance languages, retention (or change of meaning) of the form of Classical Arabic used in the Quran. The following example illustrates similarities and differences between the literary, standardized varieties, and major urban dialects of Arabic. Maltese, a distantly related Siculo-Arabic language descended from Maghrebi Arabic is also provided. "True pronunciations differ; transliterations used approach an approximate demonstration. Also, the pronunciation of Modern Standard Arabic differs significantly from region to region." For the sake of comparison, consider

title: Khuzestani Arabic

text: Khuzestani Arabic Khuzestani Arabic is a dialect of Gelet (Southern) Mesopotamian Arabic spoken by the Iranian Arabs in Khuzestan Province of Iran. It has had a long history of contact with Persian language, leading to several changes. The main changes are in word order, noun–noun and noun–adjective attribution constructions, definiteness marking, complement clauses, and discourse markers and connectors. Khuzestani Arabic is only used in informal situations. It is not taught in school, not even as an optional course, although Modern Standard Arabic is taught. Even in the most formal of conventions, pronunciation depends upon a speaker's background. Nevertheless, the number

title: Damascus Arabic

text: Damascus Arabic Damascus Arabic ("llahže ššāmiyye") is a North Levantine Arabic spoken dialect, indigenous to and spoken primarily in Damascus. As the dialect of the capital city of Syria, and due to its use in the Syrian broadcast media, it is prestigious and widely recognized by speakers of other Syrian dialects, as well as in Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. Accordingly, in modern times it is sometimes known as Syrian Arabic; however, that term may also be used to refer to the group of similar urban sedentary dialects of the Levant, or to mean Levantine Arabic in general. DA is one

title: Arabic

text: There are a number of different standards for the romanization of Arabic, i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in transliteration, i.e. representing the "spelling" of Arabic, while others focus on transcription, i.e. representing the "pronunciation" of Arabic. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter is used to represent both a consonant, as in "you" or "yet", and a vowel, as in "me" or "eat".) Some systems, e.g. for scholarly use, are intended to accurately and unambiguously represent the

title: Arabic phonology

text: Arabic phonology While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types. Modern Standard Arabic has 28 consonant phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes (8 vowels in most modern dialects). All phonemes contrast between "emphatic" (uvularized) consonants and non-emphatic ones. Some of these phonemes have coalesced

title: Arabic literature

text: Literature. Several other writers, including Abdul Rahman Munif and Tayeb Salih have been taken quite seriously by Western scholars, and both Alaa Al Aswany's "The Yacoubian Building" and Rajaa al-Sanea's "Girls of Riyadh" attracted significant Western media attention in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Arabic literature Arabic literature ( / ALA-LC: "al-Adab al-‘Arabī") is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is ""Adab"", which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with

title: Influence of Arabic on other languages

text: as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken. For example, the Arabic word for "book" (كتاب "kitāb") is used in most of the languages listed. Other languages such as Maltese and Nubi derive from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary. Spanish has the largest Arabic influenced vocabulary outside the Islamic world due to Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula from 711 until 1492 known as Al-Andalus, although Spain's re-christianization and resulting loss of contact with Quranic Arabic has led to a significant shift in both meaning and pronunciation of Spanish words of Arabic etymology. The terms borrowed range

title: Gum arabic

text: interval between processing of the plate and its use on a printing press. Gum arabic is used in the food industry as a stabilizer, emulsifier and thickening agent in icing, fillings, soft candy, chewing gum and other confectionery and to bind the sweeteners and flavorings in soft drinks. A solution of sugar and gum arabic in water, gomme syrup, is sometimes used in cocktails to prevent the sugar from crystallizing and provide a smooth texture. Gum arabic is a soluble dietary fibre, a complex polysaccharide, primarily indigestible to both humans and animals. It is considered non-toxic and safe for human

title: Arabic script

text: Maghreb (for instance the position of the dots in the letters "" and ""). Additional diacritics have come into use to facilitate writing of sounds not represented in the Arabic language. The term "", which comes from the Arabic root for "foreign", has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages. Today Afghanistan, Iran, India, Pakistan and China are the main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more official national languages, including Azerbaijani, Baluchi, Brahui, Persian, Pashto, Central Kurdish, Urdu, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Punjabi and Uyghur. An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following languages:

title: Arabic script in Unicode

text: be created from the basic chart's characters. Arabic script in Unicode As of Unicode 11.0, the Arabic script is contained in the following blocks: The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621–U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-A range encodes additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants

title: Arabic script in Unicode

text: Arabic script in Unicode As of Unicode 11.0, the Arabic script is contained in the following blocks: The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621–U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-A range encodes additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central