query: what were the causes of the russian revolution in 1917?

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: actively in World War I, causing some disruption in the patriarchal gender roles traditional to Russian society. The number of women workers in industrial centers rose to over one million as 250,000 women joined the workforce between 1914 and 1917. Peasant women also took on new roles, taking over some of their husbands' farm work. Women fought directly in the war in small numbers on the front lines, often disguised as men, and thousands more served as nurses. The social conditions of women during World War I affected the role they played in coming revolutions. The February Revolution toppled the

title: Military history of the Russian Empire

text: internal problems, including the revolution of 1905, Russia sued for peace as the war concluded with the Treaty of Portsmouth. "See main article on World War I, also see Eastern Front (World War I) and Caucasus Campaign " "See main article on Russian Revolution of 1917" Military history of the Russian Empire The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated. This history stretches from its creation in 1721 by Peter the Great, until the Russian Revolution (1917), which led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. Much of the

title: Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War

text: million men. Other notable examples of foreigners serving in the Red Army include Koreans in the Russian Far East, Czech and Slovak nationals, Hungarian Jewish Bolsheviks under Béla Kun, Red Latvian Riflemen as well as a number of other national detachments. Large numbers of Chinese lived and worked in Siberia in the late Russian Empire. Many of these migrant workers were transferred to the European part of Russia and to the Ural during World War I because of the acute shortage of workers there. For example, by 1916 there were about 5,000 Chinese workers in Novgorod Governorate. In 1916-1917 about

title: Belarusian history in the Russian Empire

text: of living to greatly increase. However at the same time, many rising Belarusian nationalists, were fearing that the growth of the Russian influence on their culture, and as a result played a decisive role in the 1905 Revolution afterwards Nicholas II officially recognised Belarusian language as independent and allowed its teachings. During World War I Belarus was caught in the front lines. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and dissolution of the Russian Empire as well as loyalty of the Germans enabled Belarusians, to establish in 1918 an independent state, the Belarusian People's Republic. However, by 1919 Bolsheviks took control over

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: failed to do so. While the Tsar managed to keep his rule, the events foreshadowed those of the Russian revolution twelve years later - after the Russian defeat in World War I - which would result in his overthrow and the creation of the Soviet Union by the Bolsheviks. The 1905 revolution is said by some historians to have set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolutions, and allowed for Bolshevism to emerge as a distinct political movement in Russia, although still being a minority. Lenin, as head of the USSR later on, called it "The Great Dress rehearsal" without

title: Revolutions of 1917–1923

text: Revolutions of 1917–1923 The Revolutions of 1917–1923 were a period of political unrest and revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the aftermath of World War I. The uprisings were mainly socialist or anti-colonial in nature and were mostly short-lived, failing to have a long-term impact. Out of all the revolutionary activity of the era, the revolutionary wave of 1917–1923 mainly refers to the unrest caused by World War I in Europe. In war-torn Imperial Russia, the liberal February Revolution toppled the monarchy. It was unstable and the Bolsheviks seized

title: History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–27)

text: leader of the USSR. During World War I, Tsarist Russia experienced famine and economic collapse. The demoralized Russian Army suffered severe military setbacks, and many captured soldiers deserted the front lines. Dissatisfaction with the monarchy and its policy of continuing the war grew among the Russian people. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne following the February Revolution of 1917 (March 1917 N.S. See: Soviet calendar.), causing widespread rioting in Petrograd and other major Russian cities. The Russian Provisional Government was installed immediately following the fall of the Tsar by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma in early March 1917

title: United States and the Russian Revolution

text: United States and the Russian Revolution American involvement in the Russian Revolution was the key event that pitted the United States and the Soviet Union against each other for the next seventy years. It was the foundation for a face off between the two nations that would emerge as the world's superpowers. The United States responded to the revolution by participating in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War with the Allies of World War I in support of the White movement. The United States withheld diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union until 1933. As President Woodrow Wilson was

title: Russian Revolution

text: Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos. While the 1905 Revolution was ultimately crushed, and the leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested, this laid the groundwork for the later Petrograd Soviet and other revolutionary movements during the leadup to 1917. The 1905 Revolution also led to the creation of a Duma (parliament), that would later form the Provisional Government following February 1917. The outbreak of World War I prompted general outcry directed at Tsar Nicholas II and the Romanov family. While the nation was initially engaged in a wave of nationalism, increasing numbers of defeats and poor conditions

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: job security. Famous American journalist John Reed described the Russian Revolution in the following words in his famous Ten Days That Shook the world book:No matter what one thinks of Bolshevism, it is undeniable that the Russian Revolution is one of the great events of human history, and the rise of the Bolsheviki a phenomenon of world-wide importance. Just as historians search the records for the minutest details of the story of the Paris Commune, so they will want to know what happened in Petrograd in November, 1917, the spirit which animated the people, and how the leaders looked, talked

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: History of the Russian Revolution The History of the Russian Revolution by Leon Trotsky is a three-volume book on the Russian Revolution of 1917. Trotsky finished writing it in Russian in 1930 and was then translated into English by Max Eastman in 1932. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a major event in history that changed the world. It was first time in the history that the toiled masses had successfully established their own rule. After the revolution the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was born, which eliminated poverty, established free medicine and highly subsidized housing, free education and

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: three parts are available free online at the Trotsky Internet Archive or can be purchased as a single book published by Haymarket Books (), Pathfinder Press (), or Penguin Publishing (). The book can also be purchased in three volumes from WellRedBooks (). History of the Russian Revolution The History of the Russian Revolution by Leon Trotsky is a three-volume book on the Russian Revolution of 1917. Trotsky finished writing it in Russian in 1930 and was then translated into English by Max Eastman in 1932. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a major event in history that changed the

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: Women in the Russian Revolution The Russian Revolutions of 1917, and the events that preceded and followed it, saw the creation of the world's first socialist state, which made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Many early Russian feminists and ordinary Russian working women actively participated in the Revolution, and many more were affected by the events of that period and the new policies of the Soviet Union. Beginning in October 1918, the Soviet Union liberalized divorce and abortion laws, decriminalized homosexuality, permitted cohabitation, and ushered in a host of reforms that instigated a red sexual

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: and the Bolshevik revolution. Patriarchal gender roles were way of life in villages, and the village was the only life peasant women knew. Historians have theorized that peasants saw revolution as a dangerous threat to their way of life, and that peasant women, already impoverished, feared the disruptions brought by war. Only a small minority of peasant women joined the Bolshevik cause. Peasant women's rejection of women's emancipation is most clearly demonstrated in their refusal to be involved with the Women's Bureau. Women in the Russian Revolution The Russian Revolutions of 1917, and the events that preceded and followed it,

text: 2,000 Chinese workers were employed in the construction of Russian fortifications around the Gulf of Finland. A significant number of them were convicted robbers ("honghuzi", "Red Beards", transliterated into Russian as "khunkhuzy", хунхузы) transferred from "katorga" labor camps in Harbin and other locations in the Far Eastern regions of the Russian Empire. After the Russian Revolution, some of them stayed in Finland and took part as volunteers in the Finnish Civil War on the allied communist side. After 1917 many of these Chinese workers joined the Red Army. The vast majority of these Chinese were apolitical and become soldiers solely

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: tsarist regime and established a provisional government. Women were highly visible in this revolution, gathering in a mass protest on International Women's Day to call for political rights. They gained rights under the provisional government, including the right to vote, to serve as attorneys, and equal rights in civil service. Women advocating for these kinds of political rights generally came from upper and middle-class background, while poorer women protested for "bread and peace." Record numbers of women joined the Russian army. All women's combat units were put into place, the first of these forming in May 1917. The Women Question,

title: Russian Army (1917)

text: Russian Army (1917) In 1917, the Russian Army formally ceased to be the Army of the Russian Empire when the power in Russia was transferred to the Russian Provisional Government. After the February Revolution of 1917 the systems of command and of supply of the Army were disrupted. The army became tired of World War I. The revolutionary wave influenced the Army, and it was swept with the processes of democratization and the single line of command was questioned. The Order No. 1 issued by the Petrograd Soviet instructed soldiers and sailors to obey their officers and the Provisional Government

title: Russian Revolution

text: Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'Soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was

title: Causes of the French Revolution

text: crisis had become a political crisis as well, and the French Revolution loomed just beyond the horizon. Causes of the French Revolution The causes of the French Revolution can be attributed to several intertwining factors: All these factors created a revolutionary atmosphere and a tricky situation for Louis XVI. In order to resolve the crisis, the king summoned the Estates-General in May 1789 and, as it came to an impasse, the representatives of the Third Estates formed a National Assembly, against the wishes of the king, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution. The essence of the revolutionary situation which

title: Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War

text: Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become the authoritarian leader of the Soviet Union. After growing up in Georgia, Stalin conducted activities for the Bolshevik party for twelve years before the Russian Revolution of 1917. After being elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee in April 1917, Stalin helped Lenin to evade capture by authorities and ordered the besieged Bolsheviks to

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: Tariq Ali wrote about book thatThis passionate, partisan and beautifully written account by a major participant in the revolution, written during his exile on the isle of Prinkipo in Turkey, remains one of the best accounts of 1917. No counter-revolutionary, conservative or liberal, has been able to compete with this telling. On centenary of Russian revolution; a 1,200-page translation of Leon Trotsky’s classic work has been published into Urdu language by Tabqati Jeddo Jehed group. It is the first time that the book has been translated to any South Asian language. This translation has been done by Imran Kamyana. All

title: Ranks and insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917

text: Servicefrom 1912 to 1917. The following shoulder board insignias of the Imperial Army used by specific units and cadet corps are illustrated below: The Imperial Russian Navy () of the Russian Empire, had been established at the end of the 17th century under the regency of Peter the Great and by the personal leadership of Franz Lefort. It existed until the October Revolution of 1917. Ranks similar to those of the Imperial Army were, beginning in the late 18th century, used by the coastal services of the Imperial Russian Navy. By order № 125 of the Navy Ministry of the

title: Causes of the French Revolution

text: Causes of the French Revolution The causes of the French Revolution can be attributed to several intertwining factors: All these factors created a revolutionary atmosphere and a tricky situation for Louis XVI. In order to resolve the crisis, the king summoned the Estates-General in May 1789 and, as it came to an impasse, the representatives of the Third Estates formed a National Assembly, against the wishes of the king, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution. The essence of the revolutionary situation which existed in France in the 1780s was the bankruptcy of the king, and hence the state. This

title: Ukraine after the Russian Revolution

text: therefore supported Polish ambitions. Poland did seize Ukraine in 1919, but was driven out in the Polish–Soviet War in 1920. Ukraine after the Russian Revolution Various factions fought over Ukrainian territory after the collapse of the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and after the First World War ended in 1918, resulting in the collapse of Austria-Hungary, which had ruled Ukrainian Galicia. The crumbling of the empires had a great effect on the Ukrainian nationalist movement, and in a short period of four years a number of Ukrainian governments sprang up. This period was characterized by optimism and

title: Ukraine after the Russian Revolution

text: Ukraine after the Russian Revolution Various factions fought over Ukrainian territory after the collapse of the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and after the First World War ended in 1918, resulting in the collapse of Austria-Hungary, which had ruled Ukrainian Galicia. The crumbling of the empires had a great effect on the Ukrainian nationalist movement, and in a short period of four years a number of Ukrainian governments sprang up. This period was characterized by optimism and by nation-building, as well as by chaos and civil war. Matters stabilized somewhat in 1921 with the territory of modern-day

text: 1923 short story, "Chinese Story" by Mikhail Bulgakov, about a Chinese mercenary in the Red Army. The 1936 historical novel "Names in Marble" by the Estonian author Albert Kivikas describes the fate of some captured Chinese soldiers whose units were part of the invading Russian army, in the hands of the Estonian patriots during the Estonian War of Independence. Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War There are a number of reports about the involvement of Chinese detachments in the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War. Chinese served as bodyguards of Bolshevik functionaries, served in the

text: Chinese in the Russian Revolution and in the Russian Civil War There are a number of reports about the involvement of Chinese detachments in the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War. Chinese served as bodyguards of Bolshevik functionaries, served in the Cheka, and even formed complete regiments of the Red Army. Although it has been estimated that there were tens of thousands of Chinese troops in the Red Army, they did not constitute a significant fraction of the Red Army." By the summer of 1919, the Red Army comprised over a million men. By November 1920, it comprised over 1.8

text: colours on the lower part of sleeve stripes was determinate: The table below shows examples of rank insignia of the Russian Navy, to be worn on the lower part of uniform cuffs, as to the order № 125 of the Russian Navy Ministry from April 16, 1917. Ranks and insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917 The Imperial Russian Army () and the Imperial Russian Navy () used ranks and rank insignia derived from the German model. However, the entire rank system was also closely connected to the Russian military traditions. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the

title: 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election

text: 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election Elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly were held on 25 November 1917 (although some districts had polling on alternate days), around 2 months after they were originally meant to occur, having been organized as a result of events in the Russian Revolution of 1917. They are generally recognised to be the first free elections in Russian history. Various academic studies have given alternative results. However, all clearly indicate that the Bolsheviks were clear winners in the urban centres, and also took around two-thirds of the votes of soldiers on the Western Front. Nevertheless, the SRs

text: Schwartz sums it up in his article in the July 7, 1963 "New York Times": "Soviet-United States relations since the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution have gone through almost all possible phases from warm comradeship in arms to the deepest hostility". United States and the Russian Revolution American involvement in the Russian Revolution was the key event that pitted the United States and the Soviet Union against each other for the next seventy years. It was the foundation for a face off between the two nations that would emerge as the world's superpowers. The United States responded to the revolution by participating

text: Ranks and insignia of the Russian armed forces until 1917 The Imperial Russian Army () and the Imperial Russian Navy () used ranks and rank insignia derived from the German model. However, the entire rank system was also closely connected to the Russian military traditions. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the Red Army abolished the entire Imperial system of ranks and rank insignia, while military units and formations of the opposing White movement retained the Imperial rank system until 1923. The following ranks and their respective insignia were also used by the personnel of the Imperial Russian Air

title: Union of the Russian People

text: organisation into several smaller entities, which were in constant conflict with each other: Union of Archangel Michael (), Union of the Russian People (), Dubrovin’s All-Russian Union of the Russian People in Petersburg (), etc. After the February Revolution of 1917, all of the Black-Hundredist organisations were forcefully dissolved and banned. Soon after the February Revolution of 1917, the URP was suspended and its leader Alexander Dubrovin was arrested. The supreme body of URP was called the Main Council (). Its chairman Alexander Dubrovin had two deputies: noble landowner and future Duma Deputy Vladimir Purishkevich and engineer A. I. Trishatny.

text: Ekaterina Svanidze, with whom he had a son Yakov, Stalin temporarily resigned from the party over its ban on bank robberies. Embarking on an effort to organize Muslim Azeri and Persian partisans in the Caucasus, Stalin conducted protection rackets, ransom kidnappings, counterfeiting operations and robberies, until arrest and exile in 1908. Between 1908 and 1917, Stalin was arrested seven times and escaped five times, enjoying less than two years of liberty in the nine-year period. In the wake of the February Revolution of 1917 (the first phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917), Stalin was released from exile. On March

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: expression of his ideas on revolution." Trotsky himself says "The history of a revolution, like every other history, ought first of all to tell what happened and how. That however is, little enough. From the very telling it ought to become clear why it happened thus and not otherwise." In his note about the author in the first English translation, Eastman wrote that "this present work [...] will take its place in the record of Trotsky's life [...] as one of the supreme achievements of this versatile and powerful mind and will".In 2017, on centenary of Russian Revolution famous writer

title: Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution

text: continue shooting into the crowds, until the state and the army succumbed before the revolution. As such a very "traditional" part of Iranian life could forge a very modern-looking revolutionary movement. This represented the first revolution to ever be deliberately “made” by a revolutionary ideology and organization that mobilize mass followings. Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution was a populist, nationalist and Shi'a Islamic revolution that replaced a secular dictatorial monarchy with a theocracy based on "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists" (or "velayat-e faqi.). Its causes – why the last Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi)

title: Causes of the May Revolution

text: Causes of the May Revolution The May Revolution () was a series of revolutionary political and social events that took place during the early nineteenth century in the city of Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a colony of the Spanish Crown which at the time contained the present-day nations of Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. The consequence of the revolution was that the head of the Viceroyalty, Viceroy Cisneros, was ousted from office, and role of government was assumed by the Primera Junta. There are many reasons, both local and international, that promoted

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: which the "victory of the October Revolution in 1917 would have been impossible". According to Sidney Harcave, author of "The Russian Revolution of 1905" (1970), four problems in Russian society contributed to the revolution. Newly emancipated peasants earned too little and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Ethnic minorities resented the government because of its "Russification", discrimination and repression, such as banning them from voting and serving in the Imperial Guard or Navy and limited attendance in schools. A nascent industrial working class resented the government for doing too little to protect them, banning strikes and

text: Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution was a populist, nationalist and Shi'a Islamic revolution that replaced a secular dictatorial monarchy with a theocracy based on "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists" (or "velayat-e faqi.). Its causes – why the last Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) was overthrown and why he was replaced by an Islamic Republic – are the subject of historical debate. The revolution was in part a conservative backlash against the westernization, modernization and secularization efforts of the Western-backed Shah, and a more popular reaction to social injustice and other shortcomings of the "ancien

title: 1917–18 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church

text: from August 1917 until mid-September 1918, mainly in the Moscow Diocesan House in Likhov Lane in Moscow. The Council coincided with important events in Russian history such as the continuation of the war with Germany, the Kornilov affair in August 1917, the proclamation of the Republic in Russia (1 September 1917), the fall of the Provisional Government and the October Revolution, the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly, the publication of the Decree on the separation of church and state and the beginning of the Civil War. Cathedral made the statement in response to some of these events. Bolsheviks, whose actions

title: Russian Revolution

text: given to the Soviets. The February Revolution (March 1917) was a revolution focused around Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg), the capital of Russia at that time. In the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament (the Duma) assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government which was heavily dominated by the interests of large capitalists and the noble aristocracy. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, resulting in Tsar Nicholas's abdication. The Soviets, which were dominated by soldiers and the urban industrial working class, initially permitted the Provisional Government to rule, but insisted

title: The King of Paris (1917 film)

text: October Revolution, 6 December 1917. Preoccupied by the revolution, the film was unnoticed by audiences and critics. The only known copy of the film has lain for almost 100 years in the Russian State archives. A screening of the film took place in Yalta at the 130th anniversary of Aleksandr Khanzhonkov in September 2007. The King of Paris (1917 film) The King of Paris (Russian:Король Парижа, translit:Korol' Parizha) is a 1917 Russian silent feature film directed by Yevgeni Bauer. The film was shot in the cinema factory of Aleksandr Khanzhonkov in Yalta. This was the last work of Yevgeni Bauer.

title: Causes of the May Revolution

text: her in Brazil (like the infant Pedro Carlos de Bourbon), and her relations with her husband, caused strong public dislike. Charlotte also rejected her supporters, as they intended her to lead a constitutional monarchy, while she wanted to retain an absolute monarchy. Britain, with strong presence in Portugal, also opposed the project: they did not want to let Spain, now allied with them against France, be split into many kingdoms, and did not consider Charlotte able to prevent separatism. Causes of the May Revolution The May Revolution () was a series of revolutionary political and social events that took place

title: Russian Revolution

text: Russian Provisional Government failed. This, in part, triggered the political transition of the October Revolution and the Civil War that followed in its aftermath. The Bolsheviks executed the tsar and his family on 16 July 1918. In early March, the Provisional Government placed Nicholas and his family under house arrest in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, south of Petrograd. In August 1917 the Kerensky government evacuated the Romanovs to Tobolsk in the Urals, to protect them from the rising tide of revolution. However, Kerensky lost control after the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, and the conditions of

title: Causes of the Holodomor

text: some of the causes that contributed to the Holodomor. They have to be understood in the larger context of the social revolution from above that took place in the Soviet Union at the time. Approaches to changing from individual farming to a collective type of agricultural production had existed since 1917, but for various reasons (lack of agricultural equipment, agronomy resources, etc.) were not implemented widely until 1925, when there was a more intensive effort by the agricultural sector to increase the number of agricultural cooperatives and bolster the effectiveness of already existing sovkhozes. In late 1927, after the XV

title: Russian Revolution

text: body, the Petrograd Soviet (or workers' council) four days earlier. The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government competed for power over Russia. The effective power of the Provisional Government was challenged by the authority of an institution that claimed to represent the will of workers and soldiers and could, in fact, mobilize and control these groups during the early months of the revolution – the Petrograd Soviet Council of Workers' Deputies. The model for the Soviets were workers' councils that had been established in scores of Russian cities during the 1905 Revolution. In February 1917, striking workers elected deputies to

text: 1917–18 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church The 1917–1918 Local Council of the Orthodox Church of Russia () was the first Local Council of the Russian Church since the end of the 17th century. It opened on 15 August 1917 (O.S.) in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Its most important decision was to restore the Patriarchy in the Russian Church, thereby ending a period of c. 300 years when the Russian Church was governed directly by the Emperor through the Most Holy Synod as a result of Peter the Great's ecclesiastical reforms. The Council′s sessions were held

text: Carter, liberals were in retreat." Another author, Moojan Momen, questions whether Carter "could have said or done" anything to save the Shah – aside from foregoing his human rights policy – since "any direct interference by America would only have increased resentment" against the pro-American Shah. Theda Skocpol, an American socialist specializing in study of social revolutions, proposed an unprecedented cultural theory to account for the unique aspects of the Iranian Revolution which she admit falsified her past history-based theories on causes of social revolutions. Skocpol argued that the revolution diverges from past revolutions in three distinct ways: Although the

title: History of the Russian Orthodox Church

text: which at the turn of the 20th century was ruled by Bishop (and future Patriarch) Tikhon, Orthodox Christians of various ethnic backgrounds were ministered to, both non-Russian and Russian; a Syro-Arab mission was established in the episcopal leadership of Saint Raphael of Brooklyn, who was the first Orthodox bishop to be consecrated in America. The Russian Orthodox Church was devastated by the Bolshevik Revolution. One of its effects was a flood of refugees from Russia to the United States, Canada, and Europe. The Revolution of 1917 severed large sections of the Russian church—dioceses in America, Japan, and Manchuria, as well

title: Union of the Russian People

text: supported the Russian Revolution of 1905. The Union was dissolved in 1917 in the wake of the Revolution, and its leader, Alexander Dubrovin placed under arrest. Some modern academic researchers view the Union of Russian People as an early example of fascism. The Union was the leading exponent of antisemitism in the wake of the 1905 Revolution. It has been described as 'an early Russian version of the Fascist movement', as it was anti-socialist, anti-liberal, and 'above all anti-Semitic'. The Union of the Russian People called for the 'restoration of the popular autocracy', a concept they believed had existed before

title: Baltic Fleet during the October Revolution and Russian Civil War

text: of the Petrograd Soviet. It also called on units to elect representatives to the Soviet and for each unit to elect a sailor/soldier committee which would run the unit. In consequence, the Baltic Fleet had over 500 ship sailor committees, 200 port and shore s and 150 coastal defense soldier committees. in April 1917, the Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet (Tsentrobalt) was formed headquartered at Helsingfors. Baltic Fleet during the October Revolution and Russian Civil War The Russian Baltic Fleet played an important role during the October Revolution and Russian Civil War. During the October Revolution the sailors of

text: (or "velayat-e faqih"). Its outcome – an Islamic Republic "under the guidance of an 80-year-old exiled religious scholar from Qom" – was, as one scholar put it, "clearly an occurrence that had to be explained.…" The revolution was unique for the surprise it created throughout the world, and followed the maxim of appearing "impossible" until it seemed "inevitable". Some of the customary causes of revolution that were lacking include The regime it overthrew was thought to be heavily protected by a lavishly financed army and security services. As one observer put it: "Few expected the regime of the Shah, which

title: Repudiation of debt at the Russian Revolution

text: Tsarist Russia had been preparing for war for a long time. Military spending was enormous and was financially catastrophic for the Russian government. Between the beginning of the war and Bolsheviks’ accession to power, the debt soared to £ 3,385 million, about 3.5 times what it had been. Furthermore, the Tsar’s participation in the First World War caused 3,300,000 deaths in Russia between 1914 and February 1917: 1,800,000 soldiers and 1,500,000 civilians. Thus, the burden of the war finally caused a complete collapse of the economy and a change in the political system. On February 17 1917, the Tsar Nicholas

title: The Anatomy of Revolution

text: The Anatomy of Revolution The Anatomy of Revolution is a 1938 book by Crane Brinton outlining the "uniformities" of four major political revolutions: the English Revolution of the 1640s, the American, the French, and the 1917 Russian Revolution. Brinton notes how the revolutions followed a life-cycle from the Old Order to a moderate regime to a radical regime, to Thermidorian reaction. The book has been called "classic, "famous" and a "watershed in the study of revolution", and has been influential enough to have inspired advice given to US President Jimmy Carter by his National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski during the

title: Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

text: Prohibition continued through the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War, into the period of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union until 1925. In the Soviet Union, there were three major anti-alcohol campaigns: started in 1958, 1972, and 1985. During 1985–87, Mikhail Gorbachev carried out an anti-alcohol campaign with partial prohibition, colloquially known as the "dry law". Prices of vodka, wine and beer were raised, and their sales were restricted in amount and time of day. People who were caught drunk at work or in public were prosecuted. The reform had an effect on alcoholism

title: Social estates in the Russian Empire

text: the personal tax, and non-taxable ones. With the development of capitalism and the abolishment of the serfdom in Russia in the second half of the 19th century the estate paradigm no longer corresponded to the actual socio-economical stratification of the population, but the terminology was in use until the Russian Revolution of 1917. At the same time the legal and governmental system gradually became estate-independent, with the property grade (имущественный ценз) of a person playing the decisive role. Social estates in the Russian Empire Social estates in the Russian Empire were denoted by the term soslovie (sosloviye), which approximately corresponds

title: Russian Revolution

text: they had never seen in villages. Most importantly, workers living in cities were exposed to new ideas about the social and political order. The social causes of the Russian Revolution can be derived from centuries of oppression of the lower classes by the Tsarist regime and Nicholas's failures in World War I. While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to the state, and demanded communal tender of the land they worked. The problem was further compounded by the failure of Sergei Witte's land reforms of the early 20th century. Increasing

title: Russian Revolution

text: Party. In this way, the Revolution paved the way for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922. While many notable historical events occurred in Moscow and Petrograd, there was also a visible movement in cities throughout the state, among national minorities throughout the empire and in the rural areas, where peasants took over and redistributed land. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was said to be a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of 1917. The events of Bloody Sunday triggered nationwide protests and soldier mutinies. A council of workers called the St.

title: Russian Revolution

text: hard evidence. The execution may have been carried out on the initiative of local Bolshevik officials, or it may have been an option pre-approved in Moscow should White troops approach Yekaterinburg. Radzinsky noted that Lenin's bodyguard personally delivered the telegram ordering the execution and that he was ordered to destroy the evidence. The Russian Revolution became the site for many instances of symbolism, both physical and non-physical. Communist symbolism is perhaps the most notable of this time period, such as the debut of the iconic hammer and sickle as a representation of the October Revolution in 1917, eventually becoming the

text: Therefore, the sailors had ample time on their hands and what is more, revolutionary agitators had an easy access to them. The combination of inactivity, low pay, low military morale, hostilities between officers and rank-and-file created an explosive environment, and with the February Revolution the Fleet revolted. In Helsingfors the mutineers killed almost over 50 officers and petty officers, including Fleet commander-in-chief admiral Adrian Nepenin. In March 1917, the Petrograd Soviet issued its Order No. 1. The order instructed soldiers and sailors to obey their officers and the Russian Provisional Government only if their orders did not contradict the decrees

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: and acted.Leon Trotsky was a leading leader of the Bolshevik Revolution along with Lenin. He was expelled from the party and exiled by Stalin. He tried to take refuge in different countries and was able to take refuge in Mexico but was finally murdered in 1940. During his exile period in Turkey, Trotsky wrote this book on the isle of Prinkipo. The "History of Russian Revolution" recreates the story of the Bolshevik revolution. The important quality of this book is its ability to be a memory and an account of major historical event by a participant and theorist. The book

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: is divided among three volumes which are: "The Overthrow of Tzarism", "The Attempted Counter-Revolution" and "The Triumph of the Soviets". Their brief description is as below; It is considered an important and unique work as a history of a major event written by someone who took a leading role in it. The basic motivation of Trotsky behind writing this piece was to translate the experience of the revolution into both a teaching tool and a weapon in revolution.Isaac Deutscher, Trotsky's biographer, described The History of the Russian Revolution as Trotsky's,"Crowning work, both in scale and power and as the fullest

title: Coronation of the Russian monarch

text: Russian Revolution of 1917, coronation ceremonies no longer play any role in Russian political or religious life. While earlier rulers of Muscovy had been crowned prior to Prince Ivan III, the coronation ceremony in its "Byzantine" form was first brought to Russia by Ivan's wife, Sophia Paleologue, niece to the last Emperor of Byzantium, Constantine XI. Sophia is credited with introducing this and other Byzantine ceremonies and customs, which were adopted by her husband Ivan III and continued under his Muscovite and Russian successors. The modern coronation, introducing "European-style" elements, was first used for Catherine I in 1724. While several

title: Sociology of Revolution (book)

text: a member of the All-Russian Peasants' Soviet and of the Constituent assembly " in 1917-1918. Sorokin had been imprisoned three times, condemned to death and finally exiled by Bolshevist government for that. What is the result of his study of Russian revolution? Book of Sorokin is, briefly, the most damning indictment of Bolshevist regime. This book is a careful study of revolution in general. It is one of the best descriptions of revolution ever written—that of Thucydides on Corcyra—as it is with the events in France of the eighteenth century or Russia in the twentieth. Revolution is reversion of civilized

title: American Jewish Anti-Bolshevism during the Russian Revolution

text: of being the head of an American Jewish plot in the anti-Semitic articles written in the "Dearborn Independent". In reaction, Marshall organized a unified protest against the "Dearborn Independent", including Woodrow Wilson and William Howard Taft, and he also convinced the Federal Council of Churches to no longer financially support Ford. Arkady Josephy Sack was the director of the Russian Information Bureau from its opening until its closing. He published articles, periodicals, and books between 1917 and 1922 on the February Revolution, October Revolution, Bolshevism, Russia and the role of peasants and Jews in the Bolshevik party. Sack, A. J.

title: Cinema of the Russian Empire

text: Russian animated film (and the first stop motion puppet film with a story) in 1910 - "Lucanus Cervus". He continued making animated films (some of which can now be bought on DVD) until his emigration to France following the 1917 October Revolution. He was decorated by the Tsar for his work in 1911. Competition from French, American, German, Danish, British and Italian companies, distributing their country's wares to the eager Russians, developed, but the indigenous industry made such strides over the next five years that 129 fully Russian films - even if many of them were comparatively short - were

title: Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller

text: went into exile following the Revolution in 1917 have attempted to keep the Order alive. On 24 June 1928, a group of 12 Russian Hereditary Commanders met in Paris to re-establish the activities of the Russian Grand Priory. They were supported by three other Russian Nobles who were aspirants and admitted as Knights, and a Hereditary Commander of the Catholic Grand Priory of Russia. They came under the leadership of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich to 1933, and Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich to 1956, both holding the title of "Grand Prior". In 1939, Grand Duke Andrei and the Council agreed to

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: A total of 160 manors were looted, resulting in ca. 400 workers and peasants being killed by the army. Estonian gains from the revolution were minimal, but the tense stability that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood. Following the shooting of demonstrators in St. Petersburg, a wide-scale general strike began in Riga. On , Russian army troops opened fire on demonstrators killing 73 and injuring 200 people. During the middle of 1905, the focus of revolutionary events moved to the countryside with mass meetings and demonstrations. 470 new parish administrative bodies were

title: Vietnam: The Origins of Revolution

text: sets up his thesis by first differentiating between events that are merely revolts and those that are revolutions. A revolt is characterized as a revolution when it is accompanied by significant structural political changes. McAlister makes it a point to clarify his definition of revolution, and does not limit it to a specific event and title, but argues that large scale changes over time are also revolutions. In this way, McAlister's characterization of revolution in Vietnam is more akin to the Industrial Revolution than to other political revolutions such as the Russian Revolution of 1917. In scope and depth, the

title: Georgia within the Russian Empire

text: sense that independence was within reach began to grow among the population. In 1917, as the Russian war effort collapsed, the February Revolution broke out in Saint Petersburg. The new Provisional Government established a branch to rule Transcaucasia called Ozakom (Extraordinary Committee for Transcaucasia). There was tension in Tbilisi since the mainly Russian soldiers in the city favoured the Bolsheviks, but as 1917 went on, the soldiers began to desert and head northwards, leaving Georgia virtually free from the Russian army and in the hands of the Mensheviks, who rejected the October Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks to power in

title: Imperial Cabinet of the Russian Empire

text: 1861, the administration of the Cabinet lands goes over to the enhanced exploitation of forests, leasing land. From 1865, resettlement to Cabinet lands was permitted, and by 1907, up to 1,000,000 peasants were resettled. Office lands in Altai before the October Revolution were given annually from 3 to 4 000 000 rubles of income. After the February Revolution of 1917, the Cabinet lands were confiscated, and the cabinet was subordinated to the Ministry of Finance. It was liquidated on February 26, 1918. Imperial Cabinet of the Russian Empire The Office of His Imperial Majesty was an institution that was in

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: monarchy. The revolutionaries were quelled and satisfied with the reforms, but it was not enough to prevent the 1917 revolution that would later topple the Tsar's regime. There had been earlier attempts in establishing a Russian Duma before the October Manifesto, but these attempts faced dogged resistance. One attempt in July 1905, called the Bulygin Duma, tried to reduce the assembly into a consultative body. It also proposed limiting voting rights to those with a higher property qualification, excluding industrial workers. Both sides- the opposition and the conservatives- were not pleased with the results. Another attempt in August 1905 was

title: Livonia electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)

text: Livonia electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917) The Livonia electoral district () was a constituency created for the Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917. The electoral district covered the Livonia Governorate, as well as the parts of the Courland Governorate not under German occupation. 97,781 votes (72%) were cast for Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory, the Bolshevik affiliate organization in Latvia. Latvia was a Bolshevik stronghold at the time, as only in Latvia did the Social Democrats continue to function as a political party following the waves of repression 1905-1908. After the February Revolution, the political scene in Riga was

title: Antisemitism in the Russian Empire

text: and northern Lithuania in 1915. One month later, the printing of Hebrew characters was forbidden. When the provisional government was put into place on 16 March 1917, all anti-Semitic measures were abolished, and Jews served in important government positions. As a result, the Russian Revolution saw enthusiastic support from Jews, and Jews served important roles for various political parties. Zionist youth groups were formed across the country, Zionists held celebratory rallies in response to the Balfour declaration, and Zionists formed Jewish self-defense battallions. However, only a few months after its foundation, the provisional government collapsed, and in the ensuing anarchy,

title: Russian language in the United States

text: 1867, Czar Alexander II sold Alaska to the United States. Many Russian settlers returned to Russia, but a small number of them remained. In 1882 16,918 Russian speakers lived in the US, and that number gradually increased to 387,416 by 1899. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many Russian Jews migrated to the United States, fleeing persecution at home. Though many spoke Yiddish, most knew Russian. Millions also left Russia after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. The 1920 US Census identified 392,049 United States citizens born in Russia; the statistics from a decade before that showed only 57,926 Russian-born

text: Repudiation of debt at the Russian Revolution In February 1918, after the Russian Revolution, the repudiation of the debt by the Soviet government shocked international finance and triggered unanimous condemnation by the governments of the great powers. The British, and especially the French, had lost millions of pounds of foreign investment in Russia. The revolutionary Russia completely fell out of the world economy and sealed itself up in isolation, which would not be disturbed until the need to fight with others nations arose during the Second World War. In the early 19th century, the Russian Empire turned to the public

title: Poles in the Soviet Union

text: evacuated or ran away with retreating Russian troops. As the Russian Revolution of 1917 began in Petrograd, followed by the Russian Civil War, the majority of the Polish population saw cooperation with the Bolshevik forces as betrayal and treachery to Polish national interests. Polish writer and philosopher Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz lived through the Russian Revolution while in St. Petersburg. What he saw, had a profound effect on his works, many of which display themes of the horrors of Bolshevism he witnessed. Among the many Polish victims of the revolution was the father of Polish eminent composer Witold Lutosławski, Marian Lutosławski

text: the reinstated Moscow Patriarchate, Tikhon Belavin, Metroplitan of Moscow, was selected for the position after a drawing of lots as the new Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. "Собрание определений и Деяния Священного Собора Православной Российской Церкви 1917—1918 гг.". Moscow, 1994—2000 (scanned text: "Священный Соборъ Православной Россійской Церкви. Собраніе опрдѣленій и постановленій". М. 1918. — Изданіе Соборнаго Совѣта) 1917–18 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church The 1917–1918 Local Council of the Orthodox Church of Russia () was the first Local Council of the Russian Church since the end of the 17th century. It opened on 15 August 1917 (O.S.)

title: What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution?

text: What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? (, also known as "¡Qué nos importa la revolución!") is a 1972 Spaghetti Western comedy film. The title should be understood, according to the director Sergio Corbucci, as "What Am I Doing in the Middle of the Western Cinema?". It is the final chapter of the Corbucci's trilogy about the Mexican revolution, after "The Mercenary" and "Compañeros". The film mixes comedy and political apologue. Theatre director Don Albino Moncalieri and his only employee Guido Guidi are in desperate need of

title: The Revolution Betrayed

text: known by his pseudonym Leon Trotsky, was one of the top leaders of the 1917 October Revolution which brought a faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (the Bolsheviks) (RSDLP) to power in Russia. Trotsky had long been one of the leading Marxist revolutionaries in Imperial Russia, sentenced in 1900 to exile in a distant part of Siberia for his activities against the regime. After a period of European exile, Trotsky returned to Russia during the abortive 1905 Russian Revolution, where his electric oratory made him a leading figure in the St. Petersburg Soviet until his arrest in December

title: Military history of the Russian Empire

text: Military history of the Russian Empire The military history of the Russian Empire encompasses the history of armed conflict in which the Russian Empire participated. This history stretches from its creation in 1721 by Peter the Great, until the Russian Revolution (1917), which led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. Much of the related events involve the Imperial Russian Army, Imperial Russian Navy, and from the early twentieth century, the Imperial Russian Air Service. Historians have long marked the importance of Peter the Great's reign in Russian history. Peter came of age in a vast but technologically and socially

text: topped the polls on the strength of support from the country's rural peasantry. However, the peasantry were for the most part one-issue voters, that issue being land reform. The demand for a Constituent Assembly was a long-standing demand of the democratic and popular movements in Tsarist Russia. In the later phase of the February Revolution, Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on March 2, 1917. The Russian Provisional Government was formed and pledged to carry through with holding elections for a Constituent Assembly. Consensus emerged between all major political parties to go ahead with the election. Nevertheless, the various political parties were

title: Causes of the Polish–Soviet War

text: the Soviet Union through the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War that had begun in 1917. With the success of the Greater Poland uprising in 1918, Poland had re-established its statehood for the first time since the 1795 partition and seen the end of a 123 years of rule by three imperial neighbors: Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. The country, reborn as a Second Polish Republic, proceeded to carve out its borders from the territories of its former partitioners. The Western Powers, in delineating the new European borders after the Treaty of Versailles, had done so in a way unfavorable to

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: its approach to "the women question." The Bolsheviks had opposed any division of the working class, including separating men and women to put some focus specifically on women's issues. They thought men and women needed to work together with no division, and because of this, in the party's early days, there was no literature printed specifically targeting women, and the Bolsheviks refused to create a bureau for women workers. In 1917, they acquiesced to the demands of the Russian feminist movement and created the Women's Bureau. The Bolsheviks came to power with the idea of liberation of women and transformation

title: Agriculture in the Russian Empire

text: Caucasus, in which 19.4% of the agricultural area had been converted to broad strips by the end of 1927, and 21.9% in 1928. In the later 19th century the growth of towns and cities in central Russia encouraged the development of market gardening and truck farming in this region. By the eve of the 1917 Revolution the garden economy was developing quickly. Agriculture in the Russian Empire Agriculture in the Russian Empire throughout the 19th-20th centuries represented a major world force yet it lagged behind other developed countries. Russia was amongst the largest exporters of agricultural produce, especially wheat, while

text: all debts contracted by the Russian Empire were cancelled, as well as the debts contracted by the Russian Provisional Government, so that the war could be continued from February to November 1917. In the same time, The Soviets decided to expropriate all the assets of foreign nations in Russia. They also nationalized all the banks, lands, and industries and restore them to the national estate. By repudiating the debt, the Soviet government implemented the Petrograd Soviet’s decision of 1905. The cancellation of the foreign debt by the Soviet Russia stunned international finance and triggered universal denunciation by the allied powers.

title: 1917 French Army mutinies

text: Front. The term "mutiny" does not accurately describe events: soldiers remained in trenches and were willing to defend but rejected attack orders. The new commander, General Philippe Pétain, restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for exhausted units, home leave, and moderate discipline. He held 3,400 courts martial; 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but only 26 were actually executed. While the immediate cause was the extreme optimism and subsequent disappointment at the Nivelle Offensive in the spring of 1917, other causes were pacifism (stimulated by the Russian Revolution and the trade-union movement)

text: II, the last Emperor of Russia, was forced to sign his abdication and the end of the Russian Imperial Government and of the Romanov dynasty. The new government decided to continue the war, which meant more military spending. To increase budget revenues, a state monopoly was introduced on the sales of sugar, tea, matches, tobacco, and other consumer products. Still, the printing press remained the main source of revenues. This was a period of hyperinflation. The Provisional government was overthrown on October 24, 1917, and the Soviet government was created. The amounts of payments in default were enormous. Russian debt

text: had common enemies, notably, those trying to bring the Tsar back to power. Following the February Revolution in 1917, the Mensheviks gained control of Russia and established a provisional government, but this lasted only until the Bolsheviks took power in the October Revolution (also called the Bolshevik Revolution) later in the year. To distinguish themselves from other socialist parties, the Bolshevik party was renamed the Russian Communist Party (RCP). Under the control of the party, all politics and attitudes that were not strictly RCP were suppressed, under the premise that the RCP represented the proletariat and all activities contrary to

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: revolution. But without birth control, this early emancipation produced many broken marriages and broken hearts, as well as countless children born out of wedlock. The epidemic of divorces and extramarital affairs created social hardships when Soviet leaders wanted people to concentrate their efforts on growing the economy. Giving Soviet women control over their fertility also led to a precipitous decline in the birth rate, perceived as a threat to their country's military power. By 1936, Joseph Stalin reversed most of the liberal laws, ushering in a conservative, pronatalist era that lasted for decades to come. Millions of Russian men fought

text: not nearly as generously as the descendants of French bond buyers hoped. Repudiation of debt at the Russian Revolution In February 1918, after the Russian Revolution, the repudiation of the debt by the Soviet government shocked international finance and triggered unanimous condemnation by the governments of the great powers. The British, and especially the French, had lost millions of pounds of foreign investment in Russia. The revolutionary Russia completely fell out of the world economy and sealed itself up in isolation, which would not be disturbed until the need to fight with others nations arose during the Second World War.

title: Causes of the French Revolution

text: the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large." Because the nobles successfully defended their privileges, the king of France lacked the means to impose a "just and proportioned" tax. The desire to do so led directly to the decision in 1788 to call the Estates-General into session. The financial strain of servicing old debt and the excesses of the current royal court caused dissatisfaction with the monarchy, contributed to national unrest, and culminated in the French Revolution of 1789. Louis XVI, his

title: Causes of the May Revolution

text: of Independence stated that all men are created equal (and thus become equal before the law), and had unalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. They had also chosen a republican form of government, instead of keeping a monarchic one. Even more, the fact that Spain aided the colonies in their struggle against Britain weakened the argument that ending allegiance to the mother country could be considered a crime. The ideals of the French Revolution of 1789 were spreading as well. During the Revolution, centuries of monarchy were ended with the overthrow and execution of the King

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: were exiled to Siberia. Many Latvian intellectuals only escaped by fleeing to Western Europe or USA. In 1906, the revolutionary movement gradually subsided. 1905 Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to Constitutional Reform (namely the "October Manifesto") including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906. The 1905 revolution was not only spurred by the

title: Russian Revolution

text: Snowball who is a brilliant talker and makes magnificent speeches. However, Napoleon overthrows Snowball as Stalin overthrew Trotsky and Napoleon takes over the farm the animals live on. Napoleon becomes a tyrant and uses force and propaganda to oppress the animals, while culturally teaching them that they are free. The Russian Revolution has been portrayed in or served as backdrop for many films. Among them, in order of release date: The Russian Revolution has been used as a direct backdrop for select video games. Among them, in order of release date: Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a pair of

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: Nadezhda Krupskaya the Zhenotdel spread the news of the revolution, enforced its laws, set up political education and literacy classes for working-class and peasant women and fought prostitution. The provisional government did not last, and in October the Bolshevik party led another revolution. While men were forcibly conscripted for service in the civil war following the October Revolution, women were not required to participate. Nevertheless, they did, in large numbers, suggesting the Bolsheviks had gained some women's support. An estimated 50,000 to 70,000 women had joined the Red Army by 1920 to make up 2% of the overall armed forces.

title: Russian Nobility Association in America

text: Russian Nobility Association in America The Russian Nobility Association in America is a non-political, not-for-profit organization in the United States of America. The Russian Nobility Association in America was founded in New York City in 1933. Its original efforts were to provide assistance to members of the former Russian Nobility who had fled the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. The Association also became a resource for members of the Russian Nobility who fled Europe before and during the Second World War. As it exists today,

text: of the "Dearborn Independent" were later compiled into an anthology by the Dearnborn Publishing Company titled, "The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem", which was met by outrage from the Louis Marshall and Cyrus Adler, members of the American Jewish Committee. The Committee made its first formal response in November 1920 by publishing a pamphlet titled "The "Protocols" Bolshevism and Jews: An Address to Their Fellow-Citizens by American Jewish Organizations". American Jewish Anti-Bolshevism during the Russian Revolution American Jewish Anti-Bolshevism during the Russian Revolution describes the anti-communist views of certain American Jews after the February Revolution and October Revolution, a

text: American Jewish Anti-Bolshevism during the Russian Revolution American Jewish Anti-Bolshevism during the Russian Revolution describes the anti-communist views of certain American Jews after the February Revolution and October Revolution, a time that was also called the Red Scare. These views were mainly held by affluent American Jews. American Jewish leaders, such as Louis Marshall and Cyrus Adler, attempted to avoid contact with Bolsheviks and some actively engaged in ant-Bolshevik propaganda; many Jews took part in anti-Bolshevik organization to help. Bolshevism had a strong pull on poorer Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe because they remembered Antisemitism from their homelands and because

text: money. They comply immediately when they are hired by a certain Peppino Garibaldi, who seems to be a relative of famous Giuseppe Garibaldi. On tour throughout Mexico they get by accident entangled in revolutionary activities and experience the fog of war. What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? What Am I Doing in the Middle of a Revolution? (, also known as "¡Qué nos importa la revolución!") is a 1972 Spaghetti Western comedy film. The title should be understood, according to the director Sergio Corbucci, as "What Am I Doing in the Middle of the Western Cinema?".

title: Russian Nobility Association in America

text: categories for collateral descendants of these families, and other interested persons. Among many other charities assisted by the RNA, the following have been mentioned as receiving their support: Russian Nobility Association in America The Russian Nobility Association in America is a non-political, not-for-profit organization in the United States of America. The Russian Nobility Association in America was founded in New York City in 1933. Its original efforts were to provide assistance to members of the former Russian Nobility who had fled the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and the Stalinist purges of