query: who was rudolf virchow?

title: Rudolf Virchow Center

text: Rudolf Virchow Center The Rudolf Virchow Center ("RVZ") is the DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine of the University of Würzburg. It was started in 2001 as one of three German "Centers of Excellence" funded by the German Research Foundation, DFG. Its founding chairman is Martin J. Lohse, a former coworker of Robert Lefkowitz at Duke University. The center derives its name from the pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who was a professor in Würzburg from 1849 to 1856 and was the first to postulate that diseases originated in dysfunctions of cells. Researchers at the Rudolf Virchow Center aim to trace diseases

title: Rudolf Virchow lecture

text: equality and against anti-Semitism. The Rudolf-Virchow lecture was held at the Schlosstheater Neuwied. To make the lecture accessible to a broad spectrum of the public the lecture is held in German. It was one of the most long-standing archaeological public lecture series with focus on Palaeolithic archaeology in Germany.. Rudolf Virchow lecture The Rudolf Virchow lecture was an annual public lecture delivered by an eminent researcher in the field of Palaeolithic archaeology in Neuwied (Germany). The lecture was held in honour of the German physician, archaeologist and politician Rudolf Virchow and his contributions to German archaeology, whilst at the same

title: Rudolf Virchow lecture

text: Rudolf Virchow lecture The Rudolf Virchow lecture was an annual public lecture delivered by an eminent researcher in the field of Palaeolithic archaeology in Neuwied (Germany). The lecture was held in honour of the German physician, archaeologist and politician Rudolf Virchow and his contributions to German archaeology, whilst at the same time also honouring the outstanding accomplishments of the invited speaker. The lecture series was discontinued after 2016, when a new price, THE HUMAN ROOTS AWARD was established to recognise significant achievements that have had an outstanding impact or great influence in understanding the archaeology of human behavioural evolution. Laureates

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: tomb was shared by his wife on 21 February 1913. He was a very prolific writer. Some of his works are: Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (; or ; 13 October 18215 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician, known for his advancement of public health. He is known as "the father of modern pathology" because his work helped to discredit humourism, bringing more science to medicine. He is also known as the founder of social medicine and veterinary pathology, and to his colleagues, the "Pope of medicine". Born and raised in

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow (; or ; 13 October 18215 September 1902) was a German physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician, known for his advancement of public health. He is known as "the father of modern pathology" because his work helped to discredit humourism, bringing more science to medicine. He is also known as the founder of social medicine and veterinary pathology, and to his colleagues, the "Pope of medicine". Born and raised in Schievelbein (Świdwin) as an only child of a working-class family, he proved to be a brilliant student. Dissuaded by his weak

title: Rudolf Virchow Award

text: perspectives. Rudolf Virchow, a German physician writing during the 1800s, was a key founder of social medicine. In addition to writing in the areas of anthropology and medical science, his contributions to social medicine centered on his recognition of the multiple interacting factors, particularly social factors, that produce disease and illness. He argued that the difficult circumstances and deprivations of the working class increase susceptibility to disease as well as to higher mortality rates. Virchow also recognized the political and material circumstances that inhibited disease prevention efforts and viewed advocacy as an essential part of medical research. He was perhaps

title: Rudolf Virchow lecture

text: were chosen based on their contributions to the field of Palaeolithic archaeology and nomination and presentation of the price were carried out by Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz, which had particularly close ties with Virchow. For many years Virchow was member of the board of directors of the museum and campaigned for its independence. It was also Virchow, who was largely responsible for the establishment of an interdisciplinary, scientific archaeology. Through his efforts, disciplines such as anthropology, zoology, botany, geology and chemistry were established as accepted means of inquiry within archaeology. At the same time, the liberal politician also campaigned for social

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: ignoramus and Haeckel a fool and was loud and frequent in the publication of these judgments." On 22 September 1877, at the Fiftieth Conference of the German Association of Naturalists and Physician held in Munich, Haeckel pleaded for introducing evolution in the public school curricula, and tried to dissociate Darwinism from social Darwinism. His campaign was because of Herman Müller, a school teacher who was banned because of his teaching a year earlier on the inanimate origin of life from carbon. This resulted in prolonged public debate with Virchow. A few days later Virchow responded that Darwinism was only a

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: the Prussian education policy officially excluded natural history in schools. Years later, the noted German physician Carl Ludwig Schleich, would recall a conversation he held with Virchow, who was a close friend of him: "...On to the subject of Darwinism. "I don't believe in all this," Virchow told me. "if I lie on my sofa and blow the possibilities away from me, as another man may blow the smoke of his cigar, I can, of course, sympathize with such dreams. But they don't stand the test of knowledge. Haeckel is a fool. That will be apparent one day. As far

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: he was appointed as medical assistant to the prosector (pathologist) Robert Froriep, from whom he learned microscopy for his interest in pathology. Froriep was also the editor of an abstract journal that specialised in foreign work, allowing Virchow to be exposed to the more forward-looking scientific ideas of France and England. Virchow published his first scientific paper in 1845 in which he wrote the earliest known pathological descriptions of leukemia. He qualified the medical licensure examination in 1846, and immediately succeeded Froriep as hospital prosector at the Charité. In 1847, he was appointed to his first academic position with the

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: and that the blood has the ability to carry such an object. He then proceeded to prove this hypothesis through well-designed experiments, repeated numerous times to consolidate evidence, and with meticulously detailed methodology. This work rebutted a claim made by the eminent French pathologist Jean Cruveilhier that phlebitis led to clot development and therefore coagulation was the main consequence of venous inflammation. This was a view held by many before Virchow's work. Related to this research, Virchow described the factors contributing to venous thrombosis, Virchow's triad. Furthermore, Virchow founded the medical fields of cellular pathology and comparative pathology (comparison of

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: the microscopic level, as the basic principles of investigation in medical sciences. He went further and stated that the cell was the basic unit of the body that had to be studied to understand disease. Although the term 'cell' had been coined in the 1665 by an English scientist Robert Hooke, the building blocks of life were still considered to be the 21 tissues of Bichat, a concept described by the French physician Marie Bichat. The Prussian government employed Virchow to study the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia in 1847–1848. It was from this medical campaign that he developed his

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: considered social factors such as poverty as major cause of diseases. He even attacked Koch's and Ignaz Semmelweis' policy of handwashing as an antiseptic practice. He postulated that germs were only using infected organs as habitats, but were not the cause, and stated, "If I could live my life over again, I would devote it to proving that germs seek their natural habitat: diseased tissue, rather than being the cause of diseased tissue". More than a laboratory physician, Virchow was an impassioned advocate for social and political reform. His ideology involved social inequality as the cause of diseases that requires

title: Rudolf Robert Maier

text: Rudolf Robert Maier Rudolf Robert Maier (April 9, 1824 – November 7, 1888) was a German pathologist who was a native of Freiburg im Breisgau. He studied medicine at the University of Freiburg, where one of his instructors was orthopedist Louis Stromeyer (1804–1876). He furthered his medical training in Vienna with Carl Rokitansky (1804–1878), Joseph Hyrtl (1810–1894) and Josef Skoda (1805–1881), and in Würzburg under Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). Afterwards, he returned to Freiburg, where in 1859 he became an associate professor. He later attained a full professorship, and in 1864 founded the first institute of pathological anatomy at Freiburg. With

title: Virchow's triad

text: Virchow, he did not include endothelial injury in his description. This has been attributed to a dispute Virchow had with Jean Cruveilhier, who considered local trauma of primary importance in the development of pulmonary artery thrombosis. Virchow's triad Virchow's triad or the triad of Virchow () describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis. It is named after the eminent German physician Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). However, the elements comprising Virchow's triad were neither proposed by Virchow, nor did he ever suggest a triad to describe the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis. In fact, it was

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: political actions, stating: Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale. Medicine, as a social science, as the science of human beings, has the obligation to point out problems and to attempt their theoretical solution: the politician, the practical anthropologist, must find the means for their actual solution... Science for its own sake usually means nothing more than science for the sake of the people who happen to be pursuing it. Knowledge which is unable to support action is not genuine – and how unsure is activity without understanding... If medicine is

title: Lusatian culture

text: pathologist and archaeologist Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). The name refers to the Lusatia area in eastern Germany (Brandenburg and Saxony) and Poland. Virchow identified the pottery artifacts as 'pre-Germanic' but refused to speculate on the ethnic identity of their makers. The Polish archeologist Józef Kostrzewski, who starting in 1934 conducted extensive excavations of a Lusatian settlement of Biskupin, hypothesized that the Lusatian culture was a predecessor of later cultures which belonged to the early Slavs. Modern archeologists, such as and , hold the view that at that time, the ethnic geography of Bronze Age central-Europe included peoples whose languages and ethnic

title: Acute myeloid leukemia

text: to describe this pathological condition. The term "leukemia" was coined by Rudolf Virchow, the renowned German pathologist, in 1856. As a pioneer in the use of the light microscope in pathology, Virchow was the first to describe the abnormal excess of white blood cells in people with the clinical syndrome described by Velpeau and Bennett. As Virchow was uncertain of the etiology of the white blood cell excess, he used the purely descriptive term "leukemia" (Greek: "white blood") to refer to the condition. Further advances in the understanding of acute myeloid leukemia occurred rapidly with the development of new technology.

title: Virchow's triad

text: Virchow's triad Virchow's triad or the triad of Virchow () describes the three broad categories of factors that are thought to contribute to thrombosis. It is named after the eminent German physician Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). However, the elements comprising Virchow's triad were neither proposed by Virchow, nor did he ever suggest a triad to describe the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis. In fact, it was decades following Virchow's death before a consensus was reached proposing that thrombosis is the result of alterations in blood flow, vascular endothelial injury, or alterations in the constitution of the blood. Still, the modern understanding of

title: Charles-Philippe Robin

text: was a prolific writer, being the author of over 300 written articles during his lifetime. With Émile Littré he published a revision of Pierre-Hubert Nysten’s "Dictionnaire de médecine, de chirurgie", etc. The eponymous Virchow-Robin spaces are named after him and pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Virchow-Robin spaces are lymphatic spaces between the vessels of the central nervous system. Charles-Philippe Robin Charles-Philippe Robin (4 June 1821 – 6 October 1885) was a French anatomist, biologist, and histologist born in Jasseron, département Ain. He studied medicine in Paris, and while still a student took a scientific journey with Hermann Lebert to Normandy and the

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: ran under the banners "medicine is a social science" and "the physician is the natural attorney of the poor". Political pressures forced him to terminate the publication in June 1849, and he was expelled from his official position. In November, he was given academic appointment and left Berlin for University of Würzburg to hold Germany's first chair of pathological anatomy. During his six-year period there, he concentrated on his scientific work, including detailed studies on venous thrombosis and cellular theory. His first major work there was a six-volume "Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie (Handbook on Special Pathology and Therapeutics)"

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: mainly because he considered his voice too weak for preaching. In 1839, he received a military fellowship (a scholarship for gifted children from poor families to become army surgeons), for studying medicine at Friedrich-Wilhelms Institute in Berlin (now Humboldt University of Berlin). He was most influenced by Johannes Peter Müller. He defended his thesis titled "de rheumate praesertim corneae" (corneal manifestations of rheumatic disease) for medical degree on 21 October 1843, with Müller as his doctoral advisor. Immediately on graduation he became subordinate physician to Müller. But shortly after, he joined the Charité Hospital in Berlin for internship. In 1844,

title: Rudolf Virchow Award

text: from the thesis) that has been revised to stand on its own will be considered for this award. Only papers, not interactive media, will be considered at this time. Critical Medical Anthropology of Health Interest Group Rudolf Virchow Award The Rudolf Virchow Awards are annual American awards in anthropology. The Rudolf Virchow Awards are given by the Critical Anthropology for Global Health Study Group, a special interest group of Society for Medical Anthropology. The professional award honors an article and the graduate and undergraduate student awards, a paper written in the spirit of Rudolf Virchow, that is deemed by the

title: Rudolf Virchow Award

text: Rudolf Virchow Award The Rudolf Virchow Awards are annual American awards in anthropology. The Rudolf Virchow Awards are given by the Critical Anthropology for Global Health Study Group, a special interest group of Society for Medical Anthropology. The professional award honors an article and the graduate and undergraduate student awards, a paper written in the spirit of Rudolf Virchow, that is deemed by the judges to best reflect, extend or advance critical perspectives in medical anthropology. These are materialist approaches that emphasize the social and political economic nature of health, disease and healing, and which embrace both micro and macro

title: Rudolf Virchow Center

text:
back to dysfunctions of proteins. These are called target proteins because they may serve as targets for diagnostic tools or for therapeutic drugs. Research is organized in four fields: (1) Protein structure and function
 (2) Proteins in cellular signaling
 (3) Nucleic acid-binding proteins
 (4) Proteins in cell-cell interactions. The Rudolf Virchow Center also organizes a graduate program and several undergraduate programs in biomedicine and experimental medicine. Its Public Science Center offers courses for children and high school students and public events. Rudolf Virchow Center The Rudolf Virchow Center ("RVZ") is the DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine of the

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: development. Virchow was one of the leading physicians to Kaiser Frederick III, who suffered from cancer of larynx. While other physicians such as Ernst von Bergmann suggested surgical removal of the entire larynx, Virchow was opposed to it because no successful operation of such kind had ever been done. The British surgeon, Morell Mackenzie, performed a biopsy in 1887 and sent it to Virchow, who identified them as "pachydermia verrucosa laryngis". Virchow affirmed that the tissues were not cancerous, even after several biopsy tests. The Kaiser died on 15 June 1888. The next day a post-mortem examination was performed by

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: In 1870 he founded the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory ("Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte") which was very influential in coordinating and intensifying German archaeological research. He edited its journal "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie" ("Journal of Ethnology"), which he founded in 1866, until his death, and was several times (at least fifteen times) its president. In 1870, he led a major excavation of the hill forts in Pomerania. He also excavated wall mounds in Wöllstein in 1875 with Robert Koch, whose paper he edited on the subject. For his contributions in German archaeology, the Rudolf Virchow lecture

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow and his assistant. They found that the larynx was extensively damaged due to ulcer, and microscopic examination confirmed epidermal carcinoma. "Die Krankheit Kaiser Friedrich des Dritten (The Medical Report of Kaiser Frederick III)" was published on 11 July under the lead authorship of Bergmann. But Virchow and Mackenzie were omitted, and they were particularly criticised for all their works. The arguments between them turned into a century-long controversy, resulting in Virchow being accused of misdiagnosis and malpractice. But reassessment of the diagnostic history revealed that Virchow was right in his findings and decisions. It is now believed that the

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: as risky. Virchow supported Bismarck in an attempt to reduce the political and social influence of the Catholic Church, between 1871 and 1887. He remarked that the movement was acquiring "the character of a great struggle in the interest of humanity". He called it "Kulturkampf" ("culture struggle") during the discussion of Falk's May Laws ("Maigesetze"). Virchow was respected in Masonic circles, and according to one source may have been a freemason, though no official record of this has been found. On 24 August 1850 in Berlin, Virchow married Ferdinande Rosalie Mayer (Rose Virchow; 29 February 183221 February 1913), a liberal's

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: diseases common to humans and animals). His most important work in the field was "Cellular Pathology" ("Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre") published in 1858, as a collection of his lectures. This is regarded as the basis of modern medical science, and the "greatest advance which scientific medicine had made since its beginning." His very innovative work may be viewed as between that of Morgagni, whose work Virchow studied, and that of Paul Ehrlich, who studied at the Charité while Virchow was developing microscopic pathology there. One of Virchow's major contributions to German medical education was

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: liberal party ("Deutsche Fortschrittspartei") he was a leading political antagonist of Bismarck. He was opposed to Bismarck’s excessive military budget, which angered Bismarck sufficiently that he challenged Virchow to a duel in 1865. Of the two versions, one has Virchow declining because he considered dueling an uncivilized way to solve a conflict. The second has passed into legend, but was well documented in the contemporary scientific literature. It has Virchow, having been the challenged and therefore entitled to choose the weapons, selecting two pork sausages, a normal sausage and another one, loaded with "Trichinella" larvae. His challenger declined the proposition

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: living cell. In 1845, Virchow and John Hughes Bennett independently observed abnormal increase in white blood cells in patients. Virchow correctly identified the condition as blood disease, and named it "leukämie" in 1847 (later anglicised to leukemia). In 1857, he was the first to describe a type of tumour called chordoma that originated from the clivus (at the base of the skull). Virchow was the first to correctly link the origin of cancers from otherwise normal cells. (His teacher Müller had proposed that cancers originated from cells, but from special cells, which he called blastema.) In 1855, he suggested that

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Kaiser had hybrid verrucous carcinoma, a very rare form of verrucous carcinoma, and that Virchow had no way of correctly identifying it. (The cancer type was correctly identified only in 1948 by Lauren Ackerman.) Another significant credit relates to the discovery, made approximately simultaneously by Virchow and Charles Emile Troisier, that an enlarged left supraclavicular node is one of the earliest signs of gastrointestinal malignancy, commonly of the stomach, or less commonly, lung cancer. This has become known as Virchow's node and simultaneously Troisier's sign. Virchow is also known for elucidating the mechanism of pulmonary thromboembolism (a condition of blood

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: hypothesis, and morally dangerous to students. This severe criticism of Darwinism was immediately taken up by the London "Times", from which further debates erupted among English scholars. Haeckel wrote his arguments in the October issue of "Nature" titled "The Present Position of Evolution Theory", to which Virchow responded in the next issue with an article "The Liberty of Science in the Modern State". The debate made Haeckel write a full book "Freedom in Science and Teaching" in 1879. That year the issue was discussed in the Prussian House of Representatives and the verdict was in favour of Virchow. In 1882

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Virchow discovered the clinical syndrome which he called ochronosis, a metabolic disorder in which a patient accumulates homogentisic acid in connective tissues and which is indicated by discolouration under the microscope. He found the unusual symptom from an autopsy of the corpse of a 67-year-old man on 8 May 1884. This was the first time this abnormal disease affecting cartilage and connective tissue was observed and analysed. His description and coining of the name appeared in the October 1866 issue of "Vichows Archiv". Virchow was the first to analyse hair in criminal investigation, and made the first forensic report on

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: cycle of a roundworm "Trichinella spiralis" established the importance of meat inspection, which was started in Berlin. He developed the first systematic method of autopsy involving surgery of all body parts and microscopic examination. A number of medical terms are named after him, including Virchow's node, Virchow–Robin spaces, Virchow–Seckel syndrome, and Virchow's triad. He was the first to use hair analysis in criminal investigation, and recognised its limitations. His laborious analyses of the hair, skin, and eye colour of school children made him criticise the Aryan race concept as a myth. He was an ardent anti-evolutionist. He referred to Charles

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: to encourage the use of microscopes by medical students, and he was known for constantly urging his students to "think microscopically". He was the first to establish to link between infectious diseases between humans and animals, for which he coined the term "zoonoses". He also introduced scientific terms such as "chromatin", "agenesis", "parenchyma", "osteoid", "amyloid degeneration", and "spina bifida". His concept on pathology directly opposed humourism, an ancient medical dogma that diseases were due to imbalanced body fluids, hypothetically called humours, that still pervaded. Virchow worked out the life cycle of a roundworm "Trichinella spiralis". Virchow noticed a mass of

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: ("all cells (come) from cells"), which he published in 1855. (The epigram was actually coined by François-Vincent Raspail, but popularized by Virchow.) It is a rejection of the concept of spontaneous generation, which held that organisms could arise from nonliving matter. For example, maggots were believed to appear spontaneously in decaying meat; Francesco Redi carried out experiments which disproved this notion and coined the maxim "Omne vivum ex ovo" ("Every living thing comes from a living thing" — literally "from an egg"); Virchow (and his predecessors) extended this to state that the only source for a living cell was another

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: cells. He did not initially accept the evidence for cell division, believing that it occurs only in certain types of cells. When it dawned on him that Remak might be right, in 1855, he published Remak's work as his own, causing a falling-out between the two. Virchow was particularly influenced in cellular theory by the work of John Goodsir of Edinburgh, whom he described, as "one of the earliest and most acute observers of cell-life both physiological and pathological." Virchow dedicated his "magnum opus" "Die Cellularpathologie" to Goodsir. Virchow's cellular theory was encapsulated in the epigram "Omnis cellula e cellula"

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: published in 1854. In 1856, he returned to Berlin to become the newly created Chair for Pathological Anatomy and Physiology at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, as well as Director of the newly built Institute for Pathology on the premises of the Charité. He held the latter post for the next 20 years. Virchow is credited with several very important discoveries. His most widely known scientific contribution is his cell theory, which built on the work of Theodor Schwann. He was one of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak, who showed the origins of cells was the division of pre-existing

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: over the authenticity of Neanderthal, discovered in 1856, as distinct species and ancestral to modern humans. He himself examined the original fossil in 1872, and presented his observations before the Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. He stated that the Neanderthal had not been a primitive form of human, but an abnormal human being, who, judging by the shape of his skull, had been injured and deformed, and considering the unusual shape of his bones, had been arthritic, rickety and feeble. With such an authority, the fossil was rejected as new species. With this reasoning, Virchow "judged Darwin an

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: State"" before the Congress of German Naturalist and Physicians in Munich. There he spoke against the teaching of the theory of evolution in schools, arguing that it was as yet an unproven hypothesis that lacked empirical foundations and that, therefore, its teaching would negatively affect scientific studies. Ernst Haeckel, who had been Virchow's student, later reported that his former professor said that "it is quite certain that man did not descend from the apes...not caring in the least that now almost all experts of good judgment hold the opposite conviction." Virchow became one of the leading opponents on the debate

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Darwin as an "ignoramus" and his own student Ernst Haeckel, the leading advocate of Darwinism in Germany, as a "fool". He discredited the original specimen of Neanderthal man as nothing but that of a deformed human, and not an ancestral species. He was an agnostic. In 1861, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1892, he was awarded the Copley Medal of the British Royal Society. He was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1873; he declined an offer of ennoblement. Virchow was born in Schievelbein in eastern Pomerania, Prussia (now

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: occurs through contaminated pork. This directly led to the importance of meat inspection, which was first adopted in Berlin. Virchow was the first to develop a systematic method of autopsy, based on his knowledge of cellular pathology. The modern autopsy still constitute his techniques. His first most significant autopsy was on a 50-year-old woman in 1845. He found from the body an unusual number of white blood cells, and gave a detailed description in 1847 and named the condition as "leukämie". One on his autopsies in 1857 was the first description of vertebral disc rupture. His autopsy on a baby

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: daughter. They had three sons and three daughters: Virchow broke his thigh bone on 4 January 1902, jumping off a running streetcar while exiting the electric tramway. Although he anticipated full recovery, the fractured femur never healed, and restricted his physical activity. His health gradually deteriorated and he died of heart failure after eight months, on 5 September 1902, in Berlin. A state funeral was held on 9 September in the Assembly Room of the Magistracy in the Berlin Town Hall, which was decorated with laurels, palms and flowers. He was buried in the Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof in Schöneberg, Berlin. His

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: as that goes, if anything like transmutation did occur it could only happen in the course of pathological degeneration!". Virchow's ultimate opinion about evolution was reported a year before he died; in his own words: Virchow's antievolutionism, like that of Albert von Kölliker and Thomas Brown, did not come from religion, since he was not a believer. Virchow believed that Haeckel's monist propagation of social darwinism was in its nature politically dangerous and anti-democratic, and he also criticized it because he saw it as related to the emergent socialist movement in Germany, ideas about cultural superiority, and militarism. In 1885,

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: cancers arise from the activation of dormant cells (perhaps similar to cells now known as stem cells) present in mature tissue. Virchow believed that cancer is caused by severe irritation in the tissues, and his theory came to be known as chronic irritation theory. He thought, rather wrongly, that the irritation spread in the form of liquid so that cancer rapidly increases. His theory was largely ignored, as he was proved wrong that it was not by liquid, but by metastasis of the already cancerous cells that cancers spread. (First described by Karl Thiersch in the 1860s.) But he made

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: Świdwin in Poland). He was the only child of Carl Christian Siegfried Virchow (1785–1865) and Johanna Maria "née" Hesse (1785–1857). His father was a farmer and the city treasurer. Academically brilliant, he always topped in his classes and was fluent in German, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English, Arabic, French, Italian, and Dutch. He progressed to the gymnasium in Köslin (now Koszalin in Poland) in 1835 with the goal to become a pastor. He graduated in 1839 upon a thesis titled "A Life Full of Work and Toil is not a Burden but a Benediction". However, he chose to start studying medicine

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: became a member of the Municipal Council of Berlin and began his career as a civic reformer. Elected to the Prussian Diet in 1862, he became leader of the Radical or Progressive party; and from 1880 to 1893, he was a member of the Reichstag. He worked to improve the health-care conditions for Berlin citizens, especially by working towards modern water and sewer systems. Virchow is credited as a founder of social medicine, frequently focusing on the fact that disease is never purely biological, but often socially derived or spread, and of anthropology. As a cofounder and member of the

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: to identify the Jews and Aryans. His findings, published in 1886 and concluding that there could be neither a Jewish nor a German race, were regarded as a blow to anti-Semitism and the existence of an "Aryan race". Virchow did not believe in the germ theory of diseases, as advocated by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. He proposed that diseases came from abnormal activities inside the cells, not from outside pathogens. He believed that epidemics were social in origin, and the way to combat epidemics was political, not medical. He regarded germ theory as hindrance to prevention and cure. He

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: is held annually in his honour. He made field trips to Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Egypt, Nubia, and other places, sometimes in the company of Heinrich Schliemann. His 1879 journey to the site of Troy is described in "Beiträge zur Landeskunde in Troas" ("Contributions to the knowledge of the landscape in Troy", 1879) and "Alttrojanische Gräber und Schädel" ("Old Trojan graves and skulls", 1882). Virchow was an opponent of Darwin's theory of evolution, and particularly skeptical of the emergent thesis of human evolution. On 22 September 1877, he delivered a public address entitled ""The Freedom of Science in the Modern

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: it in 1861. He was called as an expert witness in a murder case, and he used hair samples collected from the victim. He became the first to recognise the limitation of hair as a conclusive evidence. He found that hairs can be different in an individual, and individual hair has characteristic features, and that hairs from different individuals can be strikingly similar. He concluded that evidence based on hair analysis is inconclusive. His testimony runs: Virchow developed an interest in anthropology in 1865, when he discovered pile dwellings in northern Germany. In 1869, he co-founded the German Anthropological Association.

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: e cellula" ("All cells come from cells"); although his idea originated in 1855. He founded journals such as "Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin" (now "Virchows Archiv"), and "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie" ("Journal of Ethnology"). The latter is published by German Anthropological Association and the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory, the societies of which he also founded. Virchow was the first to precisely describe and give names of diseases such as leukemia, chordoma, ochronosis, embolism, and thrombosis. He coined scientific terms, chromatin, agenesis, parenchyma, osteoid, amyloid degeneration, and spina bifida. His description of the transmission

title: Rudolf Virchow Award

text: most articulate about the limitations of medical science to improving health in the absence of material security. Virchow viewed the state as responsible for providing that security through employment of those who could work. His appreciation for the complex relationship among health, medicine and society are remembered in his statement, “Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing more than medicine in larger scale”. The professional award is given annually for an article, singly or co-authored, and published during the previous year in either a peer reviewed journal (either a print or on-line journal) or an edited volume. This

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: the most influential advocate. One of Westenhöfer's students, Salvador Allende, through social and political activities based on Virchow's doctrine, became the 29th President of Chile (1970-1973). Virchow made himself known as a pronounced democrat in the year of revolutions in Germany (1848). His political views are evident in his "Report on the Typhus Outbreak of Upper Silesia", where he states the outbreak could not be solved by treating individual patients with drugs or with minor changes in food, housing, or clothing laws, but only through radical action to promote the advancement of an entire population, which could only be achieved

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: to fulfill her great task, then she must enter the political and social life... The physicians are the natural attorneys of the poor, and the social problems should largely be solved by them. Virchow actively worked for social change to fight poverty and diseases. His method involves pathological observations and statistical analyses. He called this new field of social medicine a "social science". His most important influences could be noted in Latin America, where his disciples introduced his social medicine. For example, his student Max Westenhöfer became Director of Pathology at the medical school of the University of Chile, becoming

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: he launched a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results contradictory to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryan race", leading him to denounce the "Nordic mysticism" at the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe. Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated in the same congress that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races", further declaring that the "results of craniology" led to a "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" on others. He analysed the hair, skin, and eye colour of 6,758,827 schoolchildren

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: circular white flecks in the muscle of dog and human cadavers, similar to those described by Richard Owen in 1835. He confirmed through microscopic observation that the white particles were indeed the larvae of roundworms, curled up in the muscle tissue. Rudolph Leukart found that these tiny worms could develop into adult roundworms in the intestine of a dog. He correctly asserted that these worms could also cause human helminthiasis. Virchow further demonstrated that if the infected meat is first heated to 137 °F for 10 minutes, the worms could not infect dogs or humans. He established that human infection

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: rank of "privatdozent". Because his writings were not receiving favourable attention by German editors, with colleague Benno Reinhardt he founded "Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin" (now known as "Virchows Archiv") in 1847. He edited alone from Reinhardt's death in 1852 until his own. This journal began publishing high-level contributions based on the criterion that no papers would be published which contained outdated, untested, dogmatic or speculative ideas. Unlike his German peers, Virchow had great faith in clinical observation, animal experimentation (to determine causes of diseases and the effects of drugs) and pathological anatomy, particularly at

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: is nothing else but medicine on a large scale". He participated in the Revolution of 1848, which led to his expulsion from Charité the next year. He published a newspaper "Die medicinische Reform" ("Medical Reform") during this period to disseminate his social and political ideas. He took the first Chair of Pathological Anatomy at the University of Würzburg in 1849. After five years, Charité invited him back to direct its newly built Institute for Pathology, and simultaneously becoming the first Chair of Pathological Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin University. The campus of Charité is now named Campus Virchow Klinikum. He

title: Virchow (crater)

text: rim just makes contact with the inner wall of Neper crater. The inner walls of Virchow are relatively narrow, and the interior floor is nearly level and almost featureless. Virchow (crater) Virchow is a small lunar impact crater that is located on the northwestern interior floor of the prominent crater Neper. The latter formation lies near the eastern limb of the Moon, along the southern edge of the Mare Marginis. Observation of this area is hindered due to foreshortening, as well as libration effects. Before being given a name by the IAU, this crater had the designation Neper G. Virchow

title: Rudolf Leuckart

text: the first to prove that "Taenia saginata" occurs only in cattle (and humans), and "Taenia solium" occurs only in swine (and humans). His study of "Trichina" helped support Rudolf Virchow's campaign to create meat inspection laws in Germany. With Virchow and Friedrich Albert von Zenker (1825–1898), he was the first to document the life cycle of the parasite "Trichinella spiralis" in swine and humans. He, and independently Algernon Thomas, experimentally discovered the life-cycle of the sheep liver fluke in 1881–1883. Today the "Rudolf-Leuckart-Medaille" is an annual award given for research in parasitology by the "Deutschen Gesellschaft für Parasitologie" (German Society

title: Virchow (crater)

text: Virchow (crater) Virchow is a small lunar impact crater that is located on the northwestern interior floor of the prominent crater Neper. The latter formation lies near the eastern limb of the Moon, along the southern edge of the Mare Marginis. Observation of this area is hindered due to foreshortening, as well as libration effects. Before being given a name by the IAU, this crater had the designation Neper G. Virchow has a distorted shape, with a somewhat polygonal rim, particularly in the northern half. The northwestern rim protrudes outwards, giving the crater an asymmetrical appearance. This section of the

title: Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP

text: Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP (doing business as Baker Tilly) is a public accounting and consulting firm headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Formerly known as Virchow, Krause & Company, LLP, the firm is the American member of Baker Tilly International, a global accounting network headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Having joined Baker Tilly International in 1999, the firm officially adopted the Baker Tilly name on June 01, 2009. Vault Accounting 50 has ranked Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP as the 9th most prestigious accounting firm in their 2019 ranking. The firm originated in 1931 and the

title: Rudolf Leubuscher

text: 1861 at the age of 39. Leubuscher is remembered for his political views, as well as for his work in medicine. He was a catalyst for health reform in Germany, and also a passionate advocate of social and political change. He argued that economic and social conditions were a major factor concerning health and disease, and believed that the health of the populace was a matter of social concern. With Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), he was co-founder of a weekly socio-political newspaper on medical reform called "Medicinische Reform". The publication of this newspaper was short-lived; it was only in existence from

title: Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP

text: Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington DC, and Wisconsin. Baker Tilly is the 13th largest CPA and consulting firm in the United States. Baker Tilly has been recognized as a "Best Places to Work" for women. Baker Tilly was awarded "Best Places to Work" in both Chicago and Minneapolis. Baker Tilly International is the 8th largest worldwide accounting network. Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP (doing business as Baker Tilly) is a public accounting and consulting firm headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Formerly known as Virchow, Krause & Company, LLP, the firm is the

title: Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP

text: present partnership was organized in 1953. On June 1, 2009, the former Virchow, Krause & Company, LLP changed its name to Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP, becoming the only U.S. member of the Baker Tilly International network to be branded as "Baker Tilly". Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP merged with Philadelphia-based ParenteBeard, LLC effective October 1, 2014. Baker Tilly currently has 33 offices throughout 13 states in the Northeast, Midwest and South. The Baker Tilly headquarters is located in Chicago and the firm has another office in Illinois as well. There are also offices located in Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan,

title: Cell theory

text: was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert Kolliker. In 1855, Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory. In Latin, this tenet states "Omnis cellula e cellula". This translated to: 3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit. Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission,

title: One Health Model

text: save the lives of both people, animals, and the environment in the present and future generations. The origins of the One Health Model Dates as far back as 1821, with the first links created between human and animal diseases are recognized by Rudolf Virchow. Virchow noticed links between human and animal disease coining the term "zoonosis." The major connection Virchow made was between Trichinella spiralis in swine and human infections. It was over a century later before the ideas laid out by Virchow were integrated into a single health model connecting human health with animal health. In 1964, Dr. Calvin

title: Neanderthal 1

text: demise, only in larger time intervals, and that the various life forms also vary greatly in life-span." Schaaffhausen, who also had emphasized the close proximity of various anatomical and physiological characteristics of man and the anthropoid apes, concludes in his summary:"...the immutability of species which is considered a law of nature by most researchers, has not yet been proven". However, Hermann Schaaffhausen was not a scientific authority in mid 19th century Germany. Here biological sciences were at that time dominated by Rudolf Virchow, "...the father of modern Cell biology, who, for political reasons opposed evolutionary thought. Virchow advocated socialist ideals.

title: Trichinosis

text: of the "T. spiralis" larval form. A series of experiments conducted between 1850 and 1870 by the German researchers Rudolf Virchow, Rudolf Leuckart and Friedrich Albert von Zenker, which involved feeding infected meat to a dog and performing the subsequent necropsy, led to the discovery of the life cycle of "Trichinella". Through these experiments, Virchow was able to describe the development and infectivity of "T. spiralis". The International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) was formed in Budapest in 1958. Its mission is to exchange information on the epidemiology, biology, pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of trichinosis in humans and animals. Prevention

title: Benno Reinhardt

text: Virchow (1821–1902) as prosector of the hospital, the post which he held until his death in 1852, at the age of 32 from tuberculosis of the lung. Benno Reinhardt specialized in the field of pathological anatomy. In 1847 with Rudolf Virchow, he founded the "Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, und für klinische Medizin" (Archives for Pathological Anatomy & Physiology & Clinical Medicine), which was later shortened to "Virchows Archiv". After Reinhardt's death, his studies on pathological anatomy were compiled and edited by Rudolf Leubuscher (1822–1861). Benno Reinhardt Benno Ernst Heinrich Reinhardt (14 May 1819 – 11 March 1852) was

title: Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Berlin)

text: in 1921 into the Martin-Gropius-Bau, where it was renamed "Staatliches Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte" in 1931. The museum's financial supporters and contributors of material included Rudolf Virchow and Heinrich Schliemann. After World War II, parts of the collections were confiscated by the Soviet Union. The Museum moved to Schloss Charlottenburg (then West Berlin) in 1960. After German reunification, the collection of the East Berlin "Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte " was incorporated. The museum visit takes the form of a circuit walk. It includes the following rooms: The Rudolf-Virchow-Studio (Room 1) contains an overview of the technological history of

title: Robert Froriep

text: Robert Froriep Robert Friedrich Froriep (2 February 1804 – 15 June 1861) was a German anatomist who was a native of Jena. He was the father of anatomist August von Froriep (1849–1917). He studied medicine in Bonn, and later became prosector and conservator of the pathological museum at the Charité Hospital in Berlin, where he was mentor to Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902). He held these position at the Charité from 1833 until 1846, and supplemented his income as a teacher of anatomic drawing at the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1847 he was succeeded by Virchow as prosector at the Charité.

title: Duel

text: the "New York Sunday Mercury", narrowly avoided fighting a duel with a rival newspaper editor, apparently through the intervention of his second, who exaggerated Twain's prowess with a pistol. In the 1860s, Otto von Bismarck was reported to have challenged Rudolf Virchow to a duel. Virchow, being entitled to choose the weapons, chose two pork sausages, one infected with the roundworm "Trichinella"; the two would each choose and eat a sausage. Bismarck reportedly declined. The story could be apocryphal, however. Duels had mostly ceased to be fought to the death by the late 19th century. The last known fatal duel

title: Rudolf Wolff & Co.

text: German metals merchant who established Rudolf Wolff & Co. in London in 1866. That company became a founding member of the London Metal Exchange in 1877, the pre-eminent international terminal market for primary base metals. The Rudolf Wolff brand name was re-launched in 2008 by a team that includes a number of the former management and family of Rudolf Wolff. Rudolf Wolff & Co. Rudolf Wolff & Co. was founded in London in 1866 as a metal merchant. In 1877, Rudolf Wolff was amongst the group of merchants who formed the London Metal Exchange. Over the years Rudolf Wolff &

title: Nordic race

text: as Nordic race, used the term 'Aryan' to refer to the tribes of the Iranian plains. The notion of a distinct northern European race was also rejected by several anthropologists on craniometric grounds. Rudolf Virchow attacked the claim following a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results according to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryan race." During the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe, Virchow denounced the "Nordic mysticism," while Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races," furthermore declaring that the

title: Rudolf Virchow Award

text: stand on its own, or a chapter that has been revised and can also stand on its own, will be considered for this award. Papers from students who have graduated after the paper was written will still be accepted under this category. Only papers, not interactive media, will be considered for this award. The undergraduate student award will be given to a paper that was written the prize year or the preceding year while the student was still an undergraduate. Theses will not be accepted. However, a shortened version (up to about 30 pages) of the thesis (or a chapter

title: Neanderthals in popular culture

text: "man of low degree of civilization". The discovery in the Neandertal he interpreted as to be within the range of variation of modern humans. In mid 19th century Germany biological sciences were dominated by Rudolf Virchow, who described the bones as a "remarkable individual phenomenon" and as "plausible individual deformation". This statement is the reason why the characteristics of the Neanderthals were perceived as a form of pathological skeleton change of modern man in German-speaking countries for many years to come. August Franz Josef Karl Mayer, an associate of Virchow emphasizes disease, prolonged pain and struggle on comparison with modern

title: Rudolf Virchow Award

text: prize will be given to professionals, or to graduate students who have singly or co-authored the published their work. The graduate student award will be granted to a paper that was written in the prize year or the preceding year and that has not been subjected to the process of editorial review. Papers that have been submitted to a journal or edited volume, but that have not yet benefited from review, may be included in this category. Theses and dissertations cannot be accepted. However, a summary of a thesis or a dissertation (no greater than about 30 pages) that can

title: Rudolf Belling

text: Rudolf Belling Rudolf Belling (1886 – 1972) was a German sculptor. At the very beginning of the 20th century Rudolf Belling’s name was something like a battlecry. The composer of the "Dreiklang" (triad) evoked frequent and hefty discussions. He was the first, who took up again thoughts of the famous Italian sculptor Benvenuto Cellini (1500-1570), who, at his time, stated, that a sculpture should show several good views. These were the current assumptions at the turn of the century. However they foreshadow an indication of sculpture being three-dimensional. Rudolf Belling amplified: a sculpture should show only good views. And so

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: by "full and unlimited democracy" and "education, freedom and prosperity". These radical statements and his minor part in the revolution caused the government to remove him (1849) from his position, although within a year he was reinstated as prosector 'on probation'. Prosector was a secondary position in the hospital. This secondary position in Berlin convinced him to accept the chair of pathological anatomy at the medical school in the provincial town of Würzburg, where he continued his scientific research. Six years later, he had attained fame in scientific and medical circles, and was reinstated at Charité Hospital. In 1859, he

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: a crucial observation that certain cancers (carcinoma in modern sense) were inherently associated with white blood cells (which are now called macrophages) that produced irritation (inflammation). It was only towards the end of the 20th century that Virchow's theory was taken seriously. It was realised that specific cancers (including those of mesothelioma, lung, prostate, bladder, pancreatic, cervical, esophageal, melanoma, and head and neck) are indeed strongly associated with long-term inflammation. In addition it became clear that long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, reduced cancer risk. Experiment also shows that drugs that block inflammation simultaneously inhibit tumour formation and

title: Craniometry

text: map of Europe according to the alleged cephalic index of its inhabitants. In Germany, Rudolf Virchow launched a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results according to contemporary theories on the "Aryan race", leading Virchow to denounce the "Nordic mysticism" in the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe. Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated in the same congress that the people of Europe, be them German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races," furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology" led to "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" on

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: in 1856 was the first description of congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia (the name given by K. M. Laurence a century later), a rare and fatal disease of lung. From his experience of post-mortem examinations of a number of cadaver, he published his method in a small book in 1876. His book was the first to describe the techniques of autopsy specifically to examine abnormalities in organs, and retain important tissues for further examination and demonstration. Unlike any other operator before, he practiced complete surgery of all body parts with body organs dissected one by one. This has become the standard method.

title: Rudolf, Duke of Rhaetia

text: in the "Annales Alamannici" and "Annales Laubacenses", which record that in 890, "Bernard, Charles's son, barely escaped the net", and in 891 (which possibly should be 892), he "was killed by Rudolf", without specifying who Rudolf was. By 903 Rudolf had been succeeded in Rhaetia by Burchard I, who would expand ducal authority, leading to the creation of the duchy of Swabia. Rudolf was not related to Burchard, whose family, the Hunfridings, were Alemannian rivals of Rudolf's relatives, the Ahalolfings. Rudolf, Duke of Rhaetia Rudolf () was a Frankish nobleman of the House of Welf, attested as the duke of

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: ideas on social medicine and politics after seeing the victims and their poverty. Even though he was not particularly successful in combating the epidemic, his 190-paged "Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia" in 1848 became a turning point in politics and public health in Germany. He returned to Berlin on 10 March 1848, and only eight days later, a revolution broke out against the government in which he played an active part. To fight political injustice he helped founding "Die medicinische Reform (Medical Reform)", a weekly newspaper for promoting social medicine, in July of that year. The newspaper

title: Rudolf Virchow

text: cofounded the political party Deutsche Fortschrittspartei, by which he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives, and won a seat in the Reichstag. His opposition to Otto von Bismarck's financial policy resulted in an anecdotal "Sausage Duel" between the two. But he ardently supported Bismarck in his anti-Catholic campaigns, the social revolution he himself named as "Kulturkampf" ("culture struggle"). A prolific writer, he produced scientific writings alone exceeding 2,000 in number. Among his books, "Cellular Pathology" published in 1858 is regarded as the root of modern pathology. This work also popularised the third dictum in cell theory: "Omnis cellula

title: Rudolf Wolff & Co.

text: Rudolf Wolff & Co. Rudolf Wolff & Co. was founded in London in 1866 as a metal merchant. In 1877, Rudolf Wolff was amongst the group of merchants who formed the London Metal Exchange. Over the years Rudolf Wolff & Co became one of the leading brokers and Ring dealing member of the London Metal Exchange and members of the Company have played a very active role in the organization and running of the Exchange. In 1982, Rudolf Wolff & Co. Ltd. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Noranda. In the 1990s Rudolf Wolff dealt in a range of over

title: Rudolf Windisch

text: Rudolf Windisch Leutnant Rudolf Friedrich Otto Windisch was a World War I fighter ace credited with 22 victories. Rudolf Friedrich Otto Windisch was born in Dresden, Germany, the son of Bruno Windisch, who owned a pastry shop. During his childhood, Rudolf was very interested in aviation. He built model airplanes, and then a glider. On 14 September 1914, at the age of 17, he volunteered for a year's service with Infantry Regiment 177. After a short period of training, he was off to war on the Western Front. On 21 November, he was wounded by shrapnel and removed from front

title: Rudolf Lubinski

text: architects employed in the studio of Rudolf Lubinski, who have since grown into the big names of Zagreb modern architecture. Some of them are; Stjepan Planić, Stjepan Gomboš, Juraj Neidhardt and many others. His last project was a commercial building in Gajeva street 5. Rudolf Lubinski died in Zagreb on March 27, 1935 and was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery. Rudolf Lubinski Rudolf Lubinski (also spelled "Lubynski"; October 31, 1873 – March 27, 1935) was one of the greatest art nouveau Croatian architects. His most famous work is the Croatian State Archives building on Marulić Square in Zagreb. Lubinski was

title: Rudolf Kerner

text: Rudolf Kerner Rudolf Kerner (21 February 1910 in Saarbrücken - ? 1998) was a German SS-Hauptsturmführer and crime commissioner. He was head of the German Security Police and Gestapo in Kristiansand, Norway from 1941. After the war he was sentenced to death but later pardoned. In 1942 Gestapo took over the building of the state archives, "Arkivet" in Kristiansand. The local Gestapo commander was Rudolf Kerner, and it was he who determined who should be heard. During the war was about 3,500 Norwegians from Sørlandet arrested on of more than four days. Over 400 were tortured by the German security

title: Rudolf Redlinghofer

text: gone, but the block was put at the original place in memory of a man who stood firm in his faith and remained true to his principles. Rudolf Redlinghofer Rudolf Redlinghofer (31 October 1900 – 11 January 1940) was an Austrian conscientious objector and victim of the Nazi regime. The Republic of Austria reversed his sentence 58 years after his execution, and Rudolf Redlinghofer became one of the first victims of the regime to be rehabilitated in Austria. Born in Vienna-Alservorstadt, and living in Krems an der Donau, Rudolf Redlinghofer was a Jehovah's Witness (also then known as an Ernest

title: Rudolf Fränkel

text: Rudolf Fränkel Rudolf Fränkel, often anglicised as Rudolf or Rudolph Frankel (14 June 1901 in Neisse, Upper Silesia, now Nysa, Poland – 23 April 1974 in Oxford, Ohio) was a German-Jewish architect who was among the leaders of the pre-war avant-garde movement in Berlin. He later emigrated to Bucharest, London and the United States, where he taught at Miami University, Ohio. Fränkel was the son of Louis Fränkel, a government architect who was in Silesia supervising the construction of a railway, and his wife Ida and grew up in a comfortably middle-class Jewish family in Berlin. After completing school with

title: Rudolf Kaiser

text: the single-seat Schleicher ASK 23 which filled the role of the K 8. The ASK 23 first flew in 1983. When the certification process of the ASK 23 was complete Rudolf Kaiser retired at the age of 61. Rudolf Kaiser Rudolf Kaiser (10 September 1922 – 11 September 1991) was a designer of gliders who worked for Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. The designs of Rudolf Kaiser have proven themselves for over 50 years all over the world. His designs for Schleichers can be recognised by the K in the ASK designation. The designs that he did on his own

title: Rudolf Braun

text: Wittgenstein is not exceptionally original or personal. The concerto breathes the spirit of Schumann, reminds one of Tschaikowsky (in the beginning) and Grieg (in the final movement). The beginning of this concerto promises more than the rest gives. Extraordinary is the transfer of the Cadenza to the last movement." Rudolf Braun's known works include: 11. Bidnick, Richard A., Left Handed – Piano Concertos for the Left hand alone – The Pianists who Inspired the Composers. April 2005 Rudolf Braun Rudolf Braun (21 October 186930 December 1925) was an Austrian pianist and composer who was born congenitally blind. He was born

title: Rudolf Bürger

text: made appearances in both the first and third editions of the competition. Rudolf Bürger Rudolf Bürger (31 October 1908 – 20 January 1980) was a Romanian international footballer and coach of German ethnicity in the 1920s and 1930s who is one of a few men who participated in each of the three pre-War FIFA World Cups. Bürger played football for Ripensia Timişoara, the first professional team in Romania which came to prominence after 1932 under the direction of Rudolf Wetzer and was strong in the 1930s. Wetzer was both captain and coach of the Romanian national team at the 1930

title: Rudolf Bürger

text: Rudolf Bürger Rudolf Bürger (31 October 1908 – 20 January 1980) was a Romanian international footballer and coach of German ethnicity in the 1920s and 1930s who is one of a few men who participated in each of the three pre-War FIFA World Cups. Bürger played football for Ripensia Timişoara, the first professional team in Romania which came to prominence after 1932 under the direction of Rudolf Wetzer and was strong in the 1930s. Wetzer was both captain and coach of the Romanian national team at the 1930 World Cup. Bürger did not play in the 2nd World Cup but

title: Rudolf August Oetker

text: returning artworks found to be stolen or looted to the heirs of their Jewish owners. Rudolf August Oetker Rudolf August Oetker (20 September 1916 – 16 January 2007) was a German entrepreneur and former member of the Nazi Party, who became a billionaire running his private food company Oetker-Gruppe, founded by his grandfather August Oetker Oetker served and volunteered in the Waffen-SS from 1941-1944. Rudolf Oetker became the president of his family-run business in 1944. The business was inherited from his grandfather, August Oetker, who invented a popular mixture of baking powder. Rudolf August Oetker elevated the company to a

title: Rudolf Ray Rapaport

text: Rudolf Ray Rapaport Rudolf Ray Rapaport (April 13, 1891 – May 1984) was a prolific expressionist painter who worked and exhibited in Austria, France, the United States, Mexico, India and Britain. Born Rudolf Rapaport in Latvia, he later used the name Rudolf Ray. He trained in Vienna, where his work was praised by Oskar Kokoschka and the city's art critics. He arrived in New York City in 1942. From 1958 to 1960 he lived in Almora, India, and from 1960 to 1974 he lived in Mexico, died in London. In 1927 he married Vienna-born painter Katharina Zirner, who died in