query: what are the primary languages of france?

title: General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France

text: General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France ("Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France", DGLFLF) is, in France, a unit of the Ministry of Culture and Communication. Its mission is to lead, at the interdepartmental level, the language policy of France, concerning both the French and regional languages. Created in 1989 under the name "General Delegation for the French language" (DGLF), it became in 2001 the "General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France" to take into account

text: the languages of France / Ministry of Culture and Communication, held in Cayenne, French Guiana, from 14 to 18 December 2011, the congress of multilingualism overseas (EGM-OM). The event brought together some 250 participants from throughout the French overseas territories and overseas metropolitan France and neighboring countries with the objective to make general recommendations for the implementation of a policy for languages overseas. The DGLFLF chose to draft acts of EGM-OM on Wikibooks. General delegates to the French language, then to the French language and the languages of France, were successively: General Delegation for the French language and the languages

text: regional languages. It was the successor of the "Commissioner General to the French language" (aka "High Commissioner to the French language"), created in 1984 to replace the "High Committee for defense and expansion of the French language", itself created in 1966 by General Charles de Gaulle and renamed "High Committee of the French language" in 1973. The DGLFLF ensures compliance with the Act of August 4, 1994 in France, called the Toubon law and, in particular, the implementing decree of 1996 to enrich the French language and its provisions on the use of language. It coordinates with the General Commission

title: Languages of France

text: the population. The regional languages of Metropolitan France include: There are also several languages spoken in France's overseas areas (see Administrative divisions of France for details): French Sign Language is also recognised as a language of France (with at least one regional variant in Provence). A large number of immigrant languages are spoken in France, with a handful having a significant number of home speakers. (Figures as of 2000) At the 1999 census, INSEE sampled 380,000 adult people all across Metropolitan France, and asked them questions about their family situation. One of the questions was about the languages that their

title: Languages of France

text: bilingual people are now counted twice): Languages of France Of the languages of France, the national language, French, is the only official language according to the second article of the French Constitution, and its standardized variant is by far the most widely spoken. Several regional languages are also spoken to varying degrees as a secondary language after French, such as German dialects (Alsatian 1.44%), Celtic languages (Breton 0.61%) and other Gallo-Romance languages (Langues d'Oïl 1.25%, Occitan 1.33%). Some of these languages have also been spoken in neighbouring countries, such as Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy or Spain. The official language of

title: Languages of France

text: Languages of France Of the languages of France, the national language, French, is the only official language according to the second article of the French Constitution, and its standardized variant is by far the most widely spoken. Several regional languages are also spoken to varying degrees as a secondary language after French, such as German dialects (Alsatian 1.44%), Celtic languages (Breton 0.61%) and other Gallo-Romance languages (Langues d'Oïl 1.25%, Occitan 1.33%). Some of these languages have also been spoken in neighbouring countries, such as Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy or Spain. The official language of the French Republic is French (art.

title: Languages of France

text: topic of the teaching of regional languages in public primary and secondary schools is controversial. Proponents of the measure state that it would be necessary for the preservation of those languages and to show respect to the local culture. Opponents contend that local languages are often non-standardised (thus making curricula difficult), of dubious practical usefulness (since most are spoken by a small number of people, without any sizable corpus of publications) and that the curriculum and funding of public schools are already too strained. The topic also leads to wider controversial questions of autonomy of the "régions". Regarding other languages,

title: Languages of France

text: the additional function of observing and studying the languages of France and has had "et aux langues de France" added to its title. The category of "languages of France" (in French: "langues de France") is thus administratively recognised even if this does not go so far as to provide any official status. Following his election as President, François Hollande reasserted in 2012 his campaign platform to ratify the European Charter and ensure a clear legal framework for regional languages (within a programme of administrative decentralisation that would give competencies to the regions in language policy). The regional languages of France

title: Languages of France

text: English, Spanish, Italian and German are the most commonly studied foreign languages in French schools. In April 2001, the Minister of Education, Jack Lang, admitted formally that for more than two centuries, the political powers of the French government had repressed regional languages, and announced that bilingual education would, for the first time, be recognised, and bilingual teachers recruited in French public schools. Some of the languages of France are also cross-border languages (for example, Basque, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch, Franc-Comtois, Franco-Provençal, Norman, Picard, Occitan and others), some of which enjoy a recognised or official status in the respective neighbouring state

title: Languages of France

text: parents spoke with them before the age of 5. This is the first time serious statistics were computed about the proportion of mother tongues in France. The results were published in "Enquête familiale, Insee, 1999". Here is a list of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France based on "Enquête familiale". When the people with mother tongue and people with some exposure to the language before the age of 5 (see note #3 below) are added together, the five most widely spoken languages in metropolitan France are (note that the percentages add up to more than 100, because many

title: What The Fuck France?

text: created What the Fuck France. In 2018 he followed the program with a documentary entitled Stereotrip. The videos take a tongue-in-cheek look at quintessential parts of French culture. Telerama deemed the series "excellent". The Local reported that some viewers deemed the series lighthearted humour, while others thought it was French bashing. What The Fuck France? What The Fuck France (aka What's Up France) is a Franglais YouTube channel created by Paul Taylor, in which he comments on French culture and language. Paul Taylor has Anglo-Irish ancestry, and spends his time between England, France, Quebec and Spain. Prior to creating the

title: Languages of France

text: are sometimes called "patois", but this term (roughly meaning "dialects") is often considered derogatory. "Patois" is used to refer to supposedly purely oral languages, but this does not, for instance, take into account that Occitan was already being written at a time when French was not and its literature has continued to thrive, with a Nobel Prize for Frédéric Mistral in 1904. It is estimated that at the time of the French Revolution in 1789, only half of the population of France could speak French, and as late as 1871 only a quarter spoke French as their native language. The

title: What The Fuck France?

text: What The Fuck France? What The Fuck France (aka What's Up France) is a Franglais YouTube channel created by Paul Taylor, in which he comments on French culture and language. Paul Taylor has Anglo-Irish ancestry, and spends his time between England, France, Quebec and Spain. Prior to creating the series, Taylor worked at Apple. In 2016, Taylor started a standup called Franglais, where he spoke about his experiences as an expatriate in France. Then, he wrote a YouTube skit called La Bise, about the French kiss, which racked up 3 million hits. Subsequently, he was contacted by Canal+ who together

title: Romance languages

text: languages from the so-called Western Romance languages to the north and west. The primary characteristics dividing the two are: In fact, the reality is somewhat more complex. All of the "southeast" characteristics apply to all languages southeast of the line, and all of the "northwest" characteristics apply to all languages in France and (most of) Spain. However, the Gallo-Italic languages are somewhere in between. All of these languages do have the "northwest" characteristics of lenition and loss of gemination. However: On top of this, the ancient Mozarabic language in southern Spain, at the far end of the "northwest" group, had

title: Languages of France

text: the government's proposed ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Of those languages, 24 are indigenous to the European territory of the state while all the others are from overseas areas of the French Republic (in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and South America). Although ratification was blocked by the Constitutional Council as contradicting the Fifth Republic's constitutional provision enshrining French as the language of the Republic, the government continues to recognise regional and minority languages to a limited extent (i.e. without granting them official status) and the "Délégation générale à la langue française" has acquired

title: Languages of France

text: or territory. French itself is also a cross-border language, being spoken in neighbouring Andorra, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco, and Switzerland. According to the 2007 Adult Education survey, part of a project by the European Union and carried in France by the Insee and based on a sample of 15,350 persons, French was the first mother tongue of 87.2% of the total population, or roughly 55.81 million people, followed by Arabic (3.6%, 2.30 million), Portuguese (1.5%, 0.96 million), Spanish (1.2%, 0.77 million) and Italian (1.0%, 0.64 million). People who had other languages as their mother tongue made up the 5.2% of

title: Bible translations into the languages of France

text: language spoken in Jersey, in the Channel Islands, off the coast of France, in Europe. A translation of the "Parable of the Sower" (Parabol du smeaux) was transcribed and published by Louis Lucien Bonaparte in 1863. Bible translations into the languages of France Peter Waldo, was the first to commission a Bible translation into a modern vernacular language in the late 1170s with his translation of the New Testament into Franco-Provençal. Portions of the Bible have been translated into the island dialects of Norman. George Métivier translated the Gospel of Matthew into Guernésiais and it was published in London in

title: 2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary

text: 2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary The Republicans held a presidential primary election, officially called the open primary of the right and centre (), to select a candidate for the 2017 French presidential election. It took place on 20 November 2016, with a runoff on 27 November since no candidate obtained at least 50% of the vote in the first round. It was the first time an open primary had been held for The Republicans or its predecessors. In the first round of the Republicans primary on November 20, François Fillon won an upset victory with 44% of the vote,

title: Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

text: Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a multilingual country where an estimated total of 242 languages are spoken. Ethnologue lists 215 living languages. The official language, inherited from the colonial period, is French. Four indigenous languages have the status of national language: Kituba (called "Kikongo"), Lingala, Swahili and Tshiluba. When the country was a Belgian colony, it had already instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period.

title: Languages of the European Union

text: status within the member state and count many more speakers than some of the lesser-used official languages. The official languages of EU are in bold. In the list those idioms deemed by member states as mere dialects of an official language are not included. However many of these dialects are often viewed as separate languages: Scots—the Germanic language descended from Old English, not the Celtic language known as Scottish Gaelic—and several Romance languages spoken in Portugal, France and Italy, such as Mirandese, Lombard, Ligurian, Piedmontese, Venetian, Corsican, Neapolitan, and Sicilian. The French constitution stipulates French as the sole language of

title: Karenic languages

text: and Tai languages. Because they differ from other Tibeto-Burman languages in morphology and syntax, Benedict (1972: 2–4, 129) removed the Karen languages from Tibeto-Burman in a Tibeto-Karen branch, but this is no longer accepted. The internal structure of the family is as follows: Manson (2011) classifies the Karen languages as follows, with each primary branch characterized by phonological innovations: The classifications of Geker, Gekho, Kayaw, and Manu are ambiguous, as they may be either Central or Southern. Shintani Tadahiko (2012:x) gives the following tentative classification, proposed in 2002, for what he calls the "Brakaloungic" languages, of which Karen is a

title: Languages of Myanmar

text: Kachin (spoken by 900,000), various Chin languages (spoken by 780,000), and Mon (Mon–Khmer, spoken by 750,000). Most of these languages use the Myanmar (Burmese) script. In Myanmar, usage of its minority languages is discouraged. It's not clear if there are one or two Burmese sign languages. Today, Burmese is the primary language of instruction, and English is the secondary language taught. English was the primary language of instruction in higher education from late 19th century to 1964, when Gen. Ne Win mandated educational reforms to "Burmanise". English continues to be used by educated urbanites and the national government. Languages of

title: Languages of Morocco

text: and learning have grown over the last decade, especially since 2002, when English instruction was introduced from the 7th grade in public schools. Because it is the primary international language worldwide and because there are no colonial overtones, the language gained prestige within Morocco. In a survey held by Ennaji in the summers of 2000, 2001, and 2002, 58% of the respondents said that English was their favorite foreign language because it is the primary international prestige language. Languages of Morocco There are a number of languages of Morocco. The two official languages are Modern Standard Arabic and Amazigh (Berber).

title: Languages of Belize

text: Languages of Belize According to the 2010 census, the major languages spoken in Belize include English, Spanish and Kriol, all three spoken by more than 40% of the population. Mayan languages are also spoken in certain areas. English is the official language and the primary language of public education, though spoken natively by a minority of people as a first language. Spanish is taught in primary and secondary schools as well. Bilingualism is very common. English is the major language in the primary and most populated Belize District. Spanish is the most used language in the frontier districts of Cayo,

title: Languages of Ghana

text: Mole-Dagbani ethnicity. Eleven languages have the status of government-sponsored languages: four Akan ethnic languages (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Mfantse and Nzema) and two Mole-Dagbani ethnic languages (Dagaare and Dagbanli). The rest are Ewe, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, and Kasem, Hausa. There are nine government-sponsored languages. They are supported by the Bureau of Ghana Languages, which was established in 1951 and publishes materials in them. During the periods when Ghanaian languages were used in primary education, these were the languages which were used. All eleven(11) languages belong to the Niger–Congo language family, though to several different branches. As part of the Kwa

title: Languages of Cameroon

text: Languages of Cameroon Cameroon is home to nearly 250 languages. These include 55 Afro-Asiatic languages, 2 Nilo-Saharan languages, 4 Ubangian languages, and 169 Niger–Congo languages. This latter group comprises 1 Senegambian language (Fulfulde), 28 Adamawa languages, and 142 Benue–Congo languages (130 of which are Bantu languages). French and English are official languages, a heritage of Cameroon's colonial past as a colony of both France and the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1960. Eight out of the ten regions of Cameroon are primarily francophone, representing 83% of the country's population, and two are anglophone, representing 17%. The anglophone proportion of the

title: The Languages of Africa

text: the peripheral branches has since been abandoned. On a lower level, he placed "Nilo-Hamitic" firmly within Nilotic, following a suggestion of Köhler, and placed Eastern Sudanic on a firmer foundation. Finally, he assigned the unclassified languages of the Nuba Hills of Kordofan to the Niger–Congo family, calling the result "Congo–Kordofanian". The relationship has been accepted, with the exception of the "Tumtum" group, though the Kordofanian languages are no longer seen as being a primary branch, and the name 'Congo–Kordofanian' is no longer used. Greenberg's four families became the dominant conception of African languages, though his subclassification did not fare as

title: Languages of Africa

text: for animal/meat is particularly widespread in otherwise widely divergent African languages. The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa: Below is a list of the major languages of Africa by region, family and total number of primary language speakers in millions. Languages of Africa The languages of Africa are divided into six major language families: There are several other small families and language isolates, as well as languages that have yet to be classified. In addition, Africa has a wide variety of sign languages, many of which are language isolates (see below). The

text: Juppé (66.5% to 33.5%). Of the five departments won by Sarkozy in the first round, all but one switched to Fillon in the runoff. Similarly, of the thirteen departments that originally voted for Juppé, nine switched to Fillon in the second round. 2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary The Republicans held a presidential primary election, officially called the open primary of the right and centre (), to select a candidate for the 2017 French presidential election. It took place on 20 November 2016, with a runoff on 27 November since no candidate obtained at least 50% of the vote in

title: Languages of the European Union

text: which is understood by 51% of all adults, while German is the most widely used mother tongue, spoken by 18%. All 24 official languages of the EU are accepted as working languages, but in practice only two – English and French – are in wide general use and of these English is the more commonly used. French is an official language in all three of the cities that are political centres of the Union: Brussels (Belgium), Strasbourg (France) and Luxembourg City (Luxembourg). , the official languages of the European Union, as stipulated in the latest amendment of "Regulation No 1

title: Indigenous languages of the Americas

text: of North America (as well as in Central and South America), but outside of the Americas it is rare. Many languages throughout North America are polysynthetic (Eskimo–Aleut languages are extreme examples), although this is not characteristic of all North American languages (contrary to what was believed by 19th-century linguists). Several families have unique traits, such as the inverse number marking of the Tanoan languages, the lexical affixes of the Wakashan, Salishan and Chimakuan languages, and the unusual verb structure of Na-Dené. The classification below is a composite of Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), and Mithun (1999). In Central America the Mayan

title: Languages of the Caribbean

text: an issue in the post-colonial era. In recent years, Caribbean islands have become aware of a linguistic inheritance of sorts. However, language policies being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism. Most languages spoken in the Caribbean are either European languages (namely English, Spanish, French, and Dutch) or European language-based creoles. English is the first or second language in most Caribbean islands and is also the unofficial "language of tourism", the dominant industry in the Caribbean region. In the Caribbean, the official language is usually determined by whichever colonial power (England, Spain, France, or the Netherlands) held sway over the

title: Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America

text: record for the Documenting Endangered Languages program of the National Science Foundation. Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA) is a digital repository housed in LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections at the University of Texas at Austin. AILLA is a digital language archive dedicated to the digitization and preservation of primary data, such as field notes, texts, audio and video recordings, in or about Latin American indigenous languages. AILLA's holdings are available on the Internet and are open to the public wherever privacy and intellectual property concerns

title: Languages of Ethiopia

text: Languages of Ethiopia The languages of Ethiopia refers to the various spoken forms of communication in Ethiopia. It includes the nation's official languages, its national and regional languages, as well as its minority and foreign languages. There are 88 individual languages of Ethiopia according to Ethnologue, with the 1994 Ethiopian census indicating that some 77 tongues were spoken locally. Most of these languages belong to the Afroasiatic family (Semitic and Cushitic languages; Omotic languages are also spoken, though their classification is uncertain). Additionally, Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by what the government calls the "Nilotic" people, though scholars distinguish Nilotic from

title: Languages of Gabon

text: and France developed transcriptions for a number of languages based on the Latin alphabet starting in the 1840s, and translated the Bible into several of them, French colonial policy officially promoted the study of French and discouraged African languages. The languages continue to be transmitted through family and clan, and individuals in cities and other areas where different people may learn several Bantu languages. The Gabonese government sponsored research on the Bantu languages starting in the 1970s. The three largest languages are Fang, Mbere, and Sira (Eshira), each with about 25–30% of the speakers. The remainder of the languages are

text: Bible translations into the languages of France Peter Waldo, was the first to commission a Bible translation into a modern vernacular language in the late 1170s with his translation of the New Testament into Franco-Provençal. Portions of the Bible have been translated into the island dialects of Norman. George Métivier translated the Gospel of Matthew into Guernésiais and it was published in London in 1863. This is now available online. Thomas Martin translated the whole Bible into Guernésiais and this has never been published. Only selected passages from the Bible have been translated into Jèrriais, the form of the Norman

title: Languages of Romania

text: Languages of Romania In Romania there are several spoken languages. Beside Romanian, the countrywide official language, other spoken languages are spoken and sometimes co-official at a local level. These languages include Hungarian, Romani, Ukrainian, German, Russian, Turkish, Tatar, Serbian, Slovak, Bulgarian, and Croatian. According to the 2002 Romanian Census, Romanian is spoken by 91% of the population as a primary language. According to the Romanian Constitution and the law 1206 of 2006 the official language in Romania is Romanian both at the national and local level. After the fall of Romania's communist government in 1989, the various minority languages have

title: Languages of the European Union

text: Arabic. The Maghrebi Arabic is spoken by migrants in France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. The Levantine Arabic is spoken by migrants in Germany, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Austria and Greece. Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Tamil, and Punjabi are spoken by immigrants from the Indian sub-continent in the United Kingdom. Languages from former Yugoslavia (Serbian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Albanian, etc.) are spoken in many parts of the EU by migrants and refugees who have left the region as a result of the Yugoslav wars and unrest there. There are large Chinese communities in France, the UK, Spain, Italy, and

text: Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA) is a digital repository housed in LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections at the University of Texas at Austin. AILLA is a digital language archive dedicated to the digitization and preservation of primary data, such as field notes, texts, audio and video recordings, in or about Latin American indigenous languages. AILLA's holdings are available on the Internet and are open to the public wherever privacy and intellectual property concerns are met. AILLA has access portals in both English and Spanish; all

title: What Are The Theosophists?

text: What Are The Theosophists? "What Are The Theosophists?" is an editorial published in October 1879 in the theosophical magazine "The Theosophist." It was compiled by Helena Blavatsky and it was included the 2nd volume of the "Blavatsky Collected Writings." Arnold Kalnitsky wrote in his thesis that in this article "we find a rather expansive statement of... [Blavatsky's] thoughts at that moment about the status of the movement, the Theosophical Society, its objectives, and the issues it was confronting." He wrote that the article begins with a question whether the Theosophists "are they what they claim to be": researchers of the

title: Languages of Palestine

text: Russian and Amharic has also started to appear resulting from aliyah from Ethiopia. Other Jewish migrants have also brought other European languages. In premodern and medieval time periods, many other languages had also been spoken in Palestine for ceremonial purposes or otherwise, including Latin and other Italic languages as well as French, Germanic languages, Classical Arabic and Greek. However, they gradually faded away along with geopolitical shifts and the end of feudalism. Languages of Palestine The languages of Palestine are the languages spoken or once spoken in the territory of the State of Palestine. Palestinian Arabic is the primary language

title: Languages of Malaysia

text: industries and is a compulsory subject in primary and secondary school. It is also the main language spoken in most private colleges and universities. English may take precedence over Malay in certain official contexts as provided for by the National Language Act, especially in the states of Sabah and Sarawak, where it may be the official working language. Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages, 41 of which are found in Peninsular Malaysia. The government provides schooling at the primary level in each of the three major languages, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil. Within Malay and Tamil there are a number

title: Languages of Africa

text: mid-sized languages are used on the radio, in newspapers and in primary-school education, and some of the larger ones are considered national languages, only a few are official at the national level. The African Union declared 2006 the "Year of African Languages". Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of three large language families: Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Niger–Congo. Another hundred belong to small families such as Ubangian (sometimes grouped within Niger-Congo) and the various families called Khoisan, or the Indo-European and Austronesian language families mainly spoken outside Africa; the presence of the latter two dates to 2,600 and 1,500

title: Languages of the European Union

text: language of Europe. A wide variety of languages from other parts of the world are spoken by immigrant communities in EU countries. Turkish is spoken as a first language by an estimated 1% of the population in Belgium and the western part of Germany, and by 1% in the Netherlands. Other widely used migrant languages include Berber languages which is spoken by about 1% of the population of both the Netherlands and Belgium and by many Berbers migrants in France, Spain, Italy and Germany. Arabic is spoken in many EU countries mainly in its two varieties Maghrebi Arabic and Levantine

title: Languages of Colombia

text: Languages of Colombia More than 99.2% of Colombians speak the Spanish language; also 65 Amerindian languages, 2 Creole languages and the Romani language are spoken in the country. English has official status in the San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands. The overwhelming majority of Colombians speak Spanish (see also Colombian Spanish), but in total 101 languages are listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database. The specific number of spoken languages varies slightly since some authors consider as different languages what others consider to be varieties or dialects of the same language. Best estimates recorded 71 languages that are spoken

title: Languages of Calabria

text: bibliography: Languages of Calabria The primary languages of Calabria are the standard Italian language as well as regional varieties of the Neapolitan and Sicilian languages, all collectively known as Calabrian (Italian: "calabrese"). In addition, there are small numbers of Calabrian Greek speakers and pockets of Occitan and Arbëresh. Calabrian (it: "Calabrese") refers to the Romance varieties spoken in Calabria, Italy. The varieties of Calabria are part of a strong dialect continuum that are generally recognizable as Calabrian, but that are usually divided into two different language groups: The Amantea-Cirò line is generally considered an approximate demarcation between the Neapolitan and

title: Languages of Calabria

text: Languages of Calabria The primary languages of Calabria are the standard Italian language as well as regional varieties of the Neapolitan and Sicilian languages, all collectively known as Calabrian (Italian: "calabrese"). In addition, there are small numbers of Calabrian Greek speakers and pockets of Occitan and Arbëresh. Calabrian (it: "Calabrese") refers to the Romance varieties spoken in Calabria, Italy. The varieties of Calabria are part of a strong dialect continuum that are generally recognizable as Calabrian, but that are usually divided into two different language groups: The Amantea-Cirò line is generally considered an approximate demarcation between the Neapolitan and Sicilian

title: Languages of Romania

text: Since 1993, Romania has been a member of Organisation internationale de la Francophonie despite not having a native French-speaking population or ever being part of any French empire. Languages of Romania In Romania there are several spoken languages. Beside Romanian, the countrywide official language, other spoken languages are spoken and sometimes co-official at a local level. These languages include Hungarian, Romani, Ukrainian, German, Russian, Turkish, Tatar, Serbian, Slovak, Bulgarian, and Croatian. According to the 2002 Romanian Census, Romanian is spoken by 91% of the population as a primary language. According to the Romanian Constitution and the law 1206 of 2006

title: Languages of Zambia

text: Seven of them were officially recognised as regional languages and they still have this official status. Together these represent the major languages of each province: Bemba (Northern Province, Luapula, Muchinga and the Copperbelt), Nyanja language NyanjaLusaka), Lozi (Western Province), Tonga and Lozi (Southern Province), and Kaonde, Luvale and Lunda (Northwestern Province). These seven languages are used, together with English, in early primary schooling and in some government publications. A common orthography was approved by the Ministry of Education in 1977. According to the 2000 census, Zambia's most widely spoken languages are Bemba (spoken by 52% of the population as either

title: Languages of China

text: Languages of China The languages of China are the languages that are spoken in China. The predominant language in China, which is divided into seven major language groups (classified as dialects by the Chinese government for political reasons), is known as "Hanyu" () and its study is considered a distinct academic discipline in China. "Hanyu", or Han language, spans eight primary varieties, that differ from each other morphologically and phonetically to such a degree that they will often be mutually unintelligible, similarly to English and German or Danish. The languages most studied and supported by the state include Chinese, Mongolian,

title: Languages of the Philippines

text: can be seen in the following translations of what has been asserted to be the Philippine national proverb: The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog, Kapampangan and Pangasinan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation. For the languages of the Bicol Region, however, there is great dialectal variation. There are cities and towns which have their own dialects and varieties. Below is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and corresponding language, and a city/town in

title: Languages of France

text: 2 of the French Constitution) and the French government is, by law, compelled to communicate primarily in French. The government, furthermore, mandates that commercial advertising be available in French (though it can also use other languages). The French government, however, does not mandate the use of French by private individuals or corporations or in any other media. A revision of the French constitution creating official recognition of regional languages was implemented by the Parliament in Congress at Versailles in July 2008. The 1999 Report written for the government by Bernard Cerquiglini identified 75 languages that would qualify for recognition under

title: Languages of Moldova

text: Languages of Moldova The state language of Moldova is Romanian, locally known as Moldovan, which is the native language of 80.2% of the population; it is also spoken as a primary language by other ethnic minorities. Gagauz, Russian and Ukrainian languages are granted official regional status in Gagauzia and/or Transnistria. The 1989 State language law of the former Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic that declared Moldovan, written in the Latin script, was the sole state language, intending it to serve as a primary means of communication among all citizens of the republic. The law speaks of a common Moldovan-Romanian linguistic identity.

title: Languages of Palestine

text: Languages of Palestine The languages of Palestine are the languages spoken or once spoken in the territory of the State of Palestine. Palestinian Arabic is the primary language spoken by Palestinians and has a unique dialect. A Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup, it is spoken in Palestine by Arab citizens of Israel (mostly Palestinians) and in most Palestinian populations around the world. However, Palestinian refugees in other parts of the world may have a different dialect from Palestinian Arabic. In the West Bank, there are many Israeli settlements in which, since the early 20th century, Hebrew has become more common. However,

title: Languages of Aruba

text: Languages of Aruba There are many languages spoken on the Caribbean island of Aruba. The official languages are Dutch and Papiamento, although schools require students to learn English, Spanish, French, and to a lesser extent, Portuguese which is also spoken on the island. According to the Government of Aruba the mother tongue and primary vernacular of almost all Arubans is a local language known as Papiamento, an Afro-Portuguese Creole language spoken since the 16th century. The language, however, was not widespread in Aruba till the 18th and 19th centuries when most materials on the island and even Roman Catholic schoolbooks

title: Languages of Luxembourg

text: Languages of Luxembourg The linguistic situation in Luxembourg is characterised by the practice and the recognition of three official languages: French, German, and the national language Luxembourgish, established in law in 1984. These three languages are also referred to as the three administrative languages. Upon the founding of the country, French enjoyed the greatest prestige, and therefore gained preferential use as the official and administrative language. German was used in the political field to comment on the laws and the ordinances in order to make them comprehensible to everyone. At the primary-school level, teaching was limited to German, while French

title: The Five Love Languages

text: The Five Love Languages The Five Love Languages: How to Express Heartfelt Commitment to Your Mate is a 1995 book by Gary Chapman. It outlines five ways to express and experience love that Chapman calls "love languages": receiving gifts, quality time, words of affirmation, acts of service (devotion), and physical touch. Examples are given from his counseling practice, as well as questions to help determine one's own love languages. Chapman's book claims that the list of five love languages is exhaustive. According to this theory, each person has one primary and one secondary love language. Chapman suggests that to discover

title: What Are The Theosophists?

text: often attracted all sorts of neurotics, hysterics and even madmen: "All organisations which depend on enthusiasm and opposition to conventional opinion suffer from this problem to some degree; Theosophy appears to have been especially prone to it. The permanent residents at Adyar during the 1880s and '90s were typical. A quarrelsome collection of minor English aristocrats, rich American widows, German professors, Indian mystics and hangerson of every description, they were all eager to have their say, especially during Olcott's prolonged absences, and all ready to quarrel with one another." What Are The Theosophists? "What Are The Theosophists?" is an editorial

title: Great Andamanese languages

text: serves as their primary language, and is the only language for around half of them. The last known speaker of the Bo language died in 2010 at age 85. About half of the population now speak what may be considered a new language (a kind of mixed or koine language) of the Great Andamanese family, based mainly on Aka-Jeru. This modified version has been called "Present Great Andamanese" by some scholars, but also may be referred to simply as "Jero" or "Great Andamanese". The Great Andamanese languages are agglutinative languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system. They have a

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: by Roud number What Are Little Boys Made Of? "What Are Little Boys Made Of?" is a popular nursery rhyme dating from the early 19th century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 821. The author of the rhyme is uncertain, but may be English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843). Here is a representative modern version of the lyrics: <poem> What are little boys made of? What are little boys made of? That's what little boys are made of What are little girls made of? What are little girls made of? That's what little girls are made of</poem> The

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: What Are Little Boys Made Of? "What Are Little Boys Made Of?" is a popular nursery rhyme dating from the early 19th century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 821. The author of the rhyme is uncertain, but may be English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843). Here is a representative modern version of the lyrics: <poem> What are little boys made of? What are little boys made of? That's what little boys are made of What are little girls made of? What are little girls made of? That's what little girls are made of</poem> The rhyme appears in

title: Languages of Indonesia

text: Indonesia were ruled by the Dutch East India Company and subsequently the whole of what is now Indonesia was in the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as certain law codes are still only available in Dutch. Several prominent languages spoken in Indonesia sorted by language family are: There are many additional small families and isolates among the Papuan languages. Indonesian languages are generally not rendered in native-invented systems, but in

title: Mirndi languages

text: of Geoffrey O'Grady. Pacific Linguistics, C-136 Mirndi languages The Mirndi or Mindi languages are an Australian language family spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia. The family consists of two sub-groups, the Yirram languages and the Barkly languages some 200 km farther to the southeast, separated by the Ngumpin languages. The primary difference between the two sub-groups is that while the Yirram languages are all prefixing like other non-Pama–Nyungan languages, the Barkly languages are all suffixing like most Pama–Nyungan languages. The name of the family is derived from the dual inclusive pronoun ""we"" which is shared by all the languages

title: Mirndi languages

text: Mirndi languages The Mirndi or Mindi languages are an Australian language family spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia. The family consists of two sub-groups, the Yirram languages and the Barkly languages some 200 km farther to the southeast, separated by the Ngumpin languages. The primary difference between the two sub-groups is that while the Yirram languages are all prefixing like other non-Pama–Nyungan languages, the Barkly languages are all suffixing like most Pama–Nyungan languages. The name of the family is derived from the dual inclusive pronoun ""we"" which is shared by all the languages in the family in the form

title: Languages of Gabon

text: Languages of Gabon The official language of Gabon is French, while 32% of the people speak Fang as a mother tongue. French is the medium of instruction. Before World War II very few Gabonese learned French, nearly all of them working in either business or government administration. After the war, France worked for universal primary education in Gabon, and by the 1960-61 census, 47% of the Gabonese over the age of 14 spoke some French, while 13% were literate in the language. By the 1990s, the literacy rate had risen to about 60%. It is estimated that 80% of the

title: Languages of Zimbabwe

text: none could speak Chilapalapa, though most had heard of it. Attitudes towards the language differed, largely across racial lines. Most whites and Asians surveyed saw Chilapalapa as a useful lingua franca, while blacks viewed it as a symbol of racism and colonialism. Alongside numerous oral languages, sign languages are also used in Zimbabwe. Sign languages in Southern Rhodesia first developed independently among deaf students in different schools for the deaf beginning in the 1940s. It is unclear how many sign languages there are in Zimbabwe, and to what extent each is used, as little research has been done. The Glottolog,

title: Languages of New Caledonia

text: in education in some cases. The more important law to that purpose is the "Loi d’orientation d’Outre-Mer" (law 2000-1207, December 2000) which stipulates that we have to respect these native languages which are a part of New Caledonian culture. Secondary school is under State authority (as opposed to nursery and primary school, which are under Provincial authority), therefore, the language in application is French. Some schools give optional native languages lessons, but it is still very rare. Nevertheless, four languages are proposed at the baccalaureate: Ajië, Drehu, Nengone and Paicî. There has been controversy about the educational system, as it

title: Languages of Spain

text: area sometimes called "Valley of Jálama/Xálima", which includes the towns of San Martín de Trevejo ("Sa Martin de Trevellu"), Eljas ("As Elhas") and Valverde del Fresno ("Valverdi du Fresnu"), in the northwestern corner of Cáceres province, Extremadura. Portuguese proper is still spoken by local people in three border areas: In addition to the languages which continue to be spoken in Spain to the present day, other languages which have been spoken within what are now the borders of Spain include: Languages that are now chiefly spoken outside Spain but which have roots in Spain are: There are also variants of

title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: far west as Malagasy in Madagascar, as far east as Rapa Nui on Easter Island, and as far as north as the Formosan languages of Taiwan. Austronesian has several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively on Taiwan. 64.2% of the population of Papua New Guinea over 15 years of age are literate. Languages of Papua New Guinea The languages of Papua New Guinea today number over 850. These languages are spoken by the inhabited tribal groups of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. In 2006, Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832

title: Languages of Namibia

text: crisis in the neighbouring country affected the numbers. Among the white population, 60% speak Afrikaans, 32% German, 7% English, and 1% Portuguese. Indigenous languages are included in the school syllabus at primary level. From secondary level English is the medium of instruction. Afrikaans is the only language that comes close to a lingua franca, and is spoken by most black townspeople together with English and their native language. Source: 2001 Census and 2011 Census Languages of Namibia Namibia, despite its scant population, is home to a wide diversity of languages, from multiple language families: Indo-European, Bantu, and the various Khoisan

title: Visayan languages

text: grammatically Visayan, but has essentially no Visayan (or Philippine) vocabulary. Magahat and Karolanos, both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Visayan. Ethnologue classifies the 25 Visayan languages into five subgroups: David Zorc's reconstruction of Proto-Visayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201). Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc. Visayan languages Visayan (Bisaya or Binisaya) is a group of languages of the Philippines that are related to Tagalog and Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Visayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas

title: Languages of Luxembourg

text: English and Latin, Spanish or Italian are taught. At the university level, multilingualism makes it possible for Luxembourgish students to continue their higher education in French, German or English-speaking countries. German and French are the primary languages for public service information. German is the main language of the written press and for recording police case files. Foreign-born persons and guest workers make up more than a third (40%) of the population of Luxembourg. The most common languages spoken by them, other than German and French, are Portuguese, Italian, and English. In addition to Luxembourgish, French, and German, English is frequently

title: Languages of China

text: language of socialism. Japanese is the second most-studied foreign language in China. In the late 1960s, English replaced the position of Russian to become the most important foreign language in China. After the Reform and Opening-up policy in 1988, English is taught in the public schools starting in the third year of primary school, languages other than English are now considered to be "minor languages" (小语种 ; Traditional Chinese:小語種 "xiǎo yǔzhǒng") and are only really studied at the university level apart from some special schools which are called Foreign Language Schools in some well-developed cities. Japanese and Korean are not

title: Omotic languages

text: Omotic languages The Omotic languages are group of languages spoken in southwestern Ethiopia. The Ge'ez script is used to write some of the Omotic languages, the Latin script for some others. They are fairly agglutinative and have complex tonal systems (for example, the Bench language). The languages have around 6.2 million speakers. The group is generally classified as belonging to the Afroasiatic language family, but this is disputed by some. The North and South Omotic branches ("Nomotic" and "Somotic") are universally recognized. The primary debate is over the placement of the Mao languages. Bender (2000) classifies Omotic languages as follows:

title: Batanic languages

text: related to Itbayat. Among the Batanic languages, Iraralay is the most conservative (Li 2000). The Batanic languages are frequently included with the Philippine languages. However, there is no full consensus on this, and some consider them a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. Batanic languages The Batanic languages (sometimes also called Bashiic or Ivatanic) are a dialect cluster of the Austronesian language family. They are spoken on Babuyan Island, just north of Luzon; three of the Batanes Islands, between the Philippines and Taiwan; and on Orchid Island off southern Taiwan. The varieties in the Philippines are called Ivatan (also spelled

title: Comparison of stylesheet languages

text: to solve various typesetting problems. Comparison of stylesheet languages In computing, the two primary stylesheet languages are Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL). While they are both called stylesheet languages, they have very different purposes and ways of going about their tasks. CSS is designed around styling a document, structured in a markup language, HTML and XML (including XHTML and SVG) documents. It was created for that purpose. The code CSS is non-XML syntax to define the style information for the various elements of the document that it styles. The language to structure a document (markup

title: Comparison of stylesheet languages

text: Comparison of stylesheet languages In computing, the two primary stylesheet languages are Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL). While they are both called stylesheet languages, they have very different purposes and ways of going about their tasks. CSS is designed around styling a document, structured in a markup language, HTML and XML (including XHTML and SVG) documents. It was created for that purpose. The code CSS is non-XML syntax to define the style information for the various elements of the document that it styles. The language to structure a document (markup language) is a prelimit to

title: Monastic sign languages

text: is now France), and Hirsau Abbey (in what is now Germany) at around the same time. Bonaventure in the 13th century used a finger alphabet, and the medieval "Monasteriales Indicia" describes 127 signs used by Anglo-Saxon Benedictine monks. A Portuguese list from the 16th century. Available online at The Free Library, accessed September 1, 2008 Monastic sign languages Monastic sign languages have been used in Europe from at least the 10th century by Christian monks, and some, such as Cistercian and Trappist sign, are still in use today—not only in Europe but also in Japan, China and the USA. Unlike

title: Languages of the Caribbean

text: Languages of the Caribbean The languages of the Caribbean reflect the region's diverse history and culture. There are six official languages spoken in the Caribbean. The six languages are: However, there are also a number of creoles and local patois. Dozens of the creole languages of the Caribbean are widely used informally among the general population. There are also a few additional smaller indigenous languages. Many of the indigenous languages have become extinct or are dying out. At odds with the ever-growing desire for a single Caribbean community, the linguistic diversity of a few Caribbean islands has made language policy

title: Hlai languages

text: Hlai languages The Hlai languages () are a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan in China, not to be confused with the colloquial name for the Leizhou branch of Min Chinese (). They include Cun, whose speakers are ethnically distinct. A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the Latin script was adopted for Ha. Norquest (2007) classifies the Hlai languages as follows. Individual languages are highlighted in bold. There are some 750,000 Hlai speakers. The Fuma 府玛

title: Western Nilotic languages

text: Western Nilotic languages The Western Nilotic languages are one of the three primary branches of the Nilotic languages, along with the Eastern Nilotic languages and Southern Nilotic languages; Themselves belonging to the Eastern Sudanic subfamily of Nilo-Saharan. The about 22 (SIL estimate) Western Nilotic languages are spoken in an area ranging from southwestern Ethiopia and South Sudan via northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and northern Uganda to southwestern Kenya (with one of the Luo languages extending into northern Tanzania). The Western Nilotic languages are Nilotic languages, which themselves are part of the Kir–Abbaian and Eastern Sudan subfamilies of the

title: Languages of Azerbaijan

text: Languages of Azerbaijan Although there are several languages native to the territory, Azerbaijani is the official language and the medium of communication of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The primary and official language of Azerbaijan is Azerbaijani, Azeri, a Turkic language closely related to and partially mutually intelligible with Modern Turkish. Together with Turkish, Turkmen and Gagauz, Azerbaijani is a member of Oghuz branch of southwestern group Turkic language family. Although Azerbaijani is used in the Republic of Azerbaijan, South Russia (Dagestan) and Northern Iran, the dialects are different. Furthermore, Azerbaijan is recognized as an official medium of instruction in Dagestan

title: Languages of Moldova

text: language well enough to be able to communicate in writing or to have a sophisticated conversation. Children study Russian one hour per week in school. There are more TV channels available to watch in Russian than in Romanian. Languages of Moldova The state language of Moldova is Romanian, locally known as Moldovan, which is the native language of 80.2% of the population; it is also spoken as a primary language by other ethnic minorities. Gagauz, Russian and Ukrainian languages are granted official regional status in Gagauzia and/or Transnistria. The 1989 State language law of the former Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

title: Languages of the United States

text: In American Samoa, both English and Samoan are officially recognized. In the Northern Mariana Islands, English, Chamorro, and Carolinian are official. The state of Alaska provides voting information in Iñupiaq, Central Yup'ik, Gwich'in, Siberian Yupik, Koyukon, and Tagalog, as well as English. English is the primary language used for legislation, regulations, executive orders, treaties, federal court rulings, and all other official pronouncements. Nonetheless, laws require documents such as ballots to be printed in multiple languages when there are large numbers of non-English speakers in an area. American schools, public as well as private, require English classes at every grade level,

title: Mesoamerican languages

text: their existence. What is known about the pre-Columbian history of the Mesoamerican languages is what can be surmised from linguistic, archeological and ethnohistorical evidence. Often, hypotheses concerning the linguistic prehistory of Mesoamerica rely on very little evidence. Three large language families are thought to have had their most recent common homelands within Mesoamerica. The time frames and locations in which the common ancestors of these families, referred to by linguists as proto-languages, were spoken are reconstructed by methods of historical linguistics. The three earliest known families of Mesoamerica are the Mixe–Zoquean languages, the Oto-Manguean languages and the Mayan languages. Proto-Oto-Manguean

title: Languages of the Philippines

text: the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of the listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines. There have been numerous proposals to conserve the many languages of the Philippines. According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, there are 135 ethno-linguistic groups in the country, each having their own distinct Philippine language. Among the proposals include (1) ""establishing a dictionary & sentence construction manual"" for each of the 135 living languages in the country, (2)

title: Demographics of France

text: French is the only official language of France, and is constitutionally required to be the language of government and administration. There is a rising cultural awareness of the regional languages of France, which enjoy no official status. These regional languages include the Langue d'oïl, Langue d'oc, Romance languages other than French, Basque, Breton and Germanic languages. Immigrant groups from former French colonies and elsewhere have also brought their own languages. France has not collected religious or ethnic data in its censuses since the beginning of the Third Republic, but the country's predominant faith has been Roman Catholicism since the early

title: Languages of Zimbabwe

text: a language database maintained by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany, lists seven varieties of indigenous Zimbabwean sign language: Manicaland Sign, Mashonaland Sign, Masvingo School Sign, Matabeleland Sign, Midlands Sign, Zimbabwe Community Sign, and Zimbabwe School Sign. American Sign Language is also reportedly used, though it is not clear to what extent. "Sign language", without further specificity, became one of Zimbabwe's official languages in the 2013 Constitution. Languages of Zimbabwe Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in Zimbabwe. Since the adoption of its 2013 Constitution, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, namely

title: Classification of the Japonic languages

text: unclear to what extent the algorithm's findings may be ascribed to mutual influence between the Japonic and Ainu languages. Analytic grammatical constructions acquired or transformed in Ainu were likely due to contact with Japanese and the Japonic languages, which had heavy influence on the Ainu languages with a large number of loanwords borrowed into the Ainu languages, and to a smaller extent, vice versa. Others classify Japanese as member of the bigger Austric languages. Joseph Greenberg (2000–2002) argued for the inclusion of Japanese in his proposed Eurasiatic language family. In contrast to Sergei Starostin, he rejected the inclusion of Korean

title: Eastern Nilotic languages

text: is generally agreed upon that Bari forms a primary branch, but lower-level splits are less clear. Vossen's classification using the Swadesh approach is as follows (Vossen 1982:114). Vossen's classification using the Gleason approach is as follows (Vossen 1982:119). Eastern Nilotic languages The Eastern Nilotic languages are one of the three primary branches of the Nilotic languages, themselves belonging to the Eastern Sudanic subfamily of Nilo-Saharan; they are believed to have begun to diverge about 3,000 years ago, and have spread southwards from an original home in Equatoria in South Sudan. They are spoken across a large area in East Africa,

title: Languages of Ethiopia

text: in which all federal laws are published, and it is spoken by millions of Ethiopians as a second language. In most regions it is the primary second language in the school curriculum. Afroasiatic In Ethiopia, the term "Nilotic" is often used to refer to Nilo-Saharan languages and their communities. However, in academic linguistics, "Nilotic" is only part of "Nilo-Saharan", a segment of the larger Nilo-Saharan family. Nilo-Saharan A number of Ethiopian languages are endangered: they may not be spoken in one or two generations and may become extinct, victims of language death, as Weyto, Gafat, and Mesmes have and Ongota

title: Oceanic languages

text: can be reconstructed. Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002) propose three primary groups of Oceanic languages: The "residues" (as they are called by Lynch, Ross, & Crowley), which do not fit into the three groups above, but are still classified as Oceanic are: Ross & Næss (2007) removed Utupua–Vanikoro, from Central–Eastern Oceanic, to a new primary branch of Oceanic: Blench (2014) considers Utupua and Vanikoro to be two separate branches that are both non-Austronesian. Roger Blench (2014) argues that many Oceanic languages are in fact non-Austronesian (or "Papuan", which is a geographic rather genetic grouping), including Utupua and Vanikoro. Blench doubts

title: Languages of the United States

text: largest concentration of ethnic Vietnamese outside Vietnam, especially in its Little Saigon area. Other significant Vietnamese communities are found in the metropolitan areas of San Jose, Houston, Seattle, Northern Virginia, and New Orleans. Similarly to other overseas Vietnamese communities in Western countries (except France), the Vietnamese population in the United States was established following the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and communist takeover of South Vietnam following the Vietnam War. Speakers of Korean are found in the Koreatowns. French, the fourth-most-common language (when all varieties of Chinese are combined and separate yet related languages such as Haitian Creole are counted

title: Austroasiatic languages

text: language can be seen in this link. Other geneticists criticise the Zhivotovsky method. Roger Blench (2009) also proposes that there might have been other primary branches of Austroasiatic that are now extinct, based on substrate evidence in modern-day languages. Other languages with proposed Austroasiatic substrata are: John Peterson (2017) suggests that "pre-Munda" languages may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east. Peterson notes that eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. Paul Sidwell

title: Languages of the Philippines

text: of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records. Aside from the two official nationwide languages used in the Philippines, namely, Filipino and English, other languages have been proposed as additional nationwide languages. Among the most prominent proposals are Japanese, and Spanish. According to Ethnologue, a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the nation and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta,

title: Languages of the Caucasus

text: Languages of the Caucasus The Caucasian languages are a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Linguistic comparison allows these languages to be classified into several language families, with little or no discernible affinity to each other. However, the languages of the Caucasus are sometimes mistakenly referred to as a "family" of languages. Three of these families have no current members outside the Caucasus, and are considered indigenous to the area. The term Caucasian languages is generally

title: Jewish languages

text: Jewish languages Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities in the diaspora. The original Jewish language is Hebrew, which was supplanted as the primary vernacular by Aramaic following the Babylonian exile. Jewish languages feature a syncretism of indigenous Hebrew and Judeo-Aramaic with the languages of the local non-Jewish population. Early Northwest Semitic (ENWS) materials are attested through the end of the Bronze Age—2350 to 1200 BCE. At this early state, Biblical Hebrew was not highly differentiated from the other Northwest Semitic languages (Ugaritic and Amarna Canaanite), though noticeable differentiation did occur during the Iron

title: Classification of Mixtec languages

text: Classification of Mixtec languages The internal classification of Mixtec is controversial. Many varieties are mutually unintelligible and by that criterion separate languages. In the 16th century, Spanish authorities recognized half a dozen "lenguas" comprising the Mixtec "lengua". (See #Classical Mixtec.) It is not clear to what extent these were distinct languages at the time. Regardless, the colonial disintegration of the Mixtec nation and resulting isolation of local communities led to the rapid diversification of local dialects into distinct languages. Below are some attempts at Mixtec classification by various scholars. Josserand (1983:106) lists 5 major geographic (not linguistic) divisions of Mixtec,

title: Finno-Permic languages

text: languages would be much more closely related to the Baltic Finnic languages than to the Ugric languages. (In Finnish scholarly usage, "Finnic" most often refers to the Baltic-Finnic languages alone.) Interpretation of grouping the Finnic/Finno-Permic languages can vary among different scholars, though most variations treat Permic as a primary division. The following proposals for classification are listed by Ruhlen (1987) and by Angela Marcantonio (2002): Finno-Permic languages The Finno-Permic languages (also Finno-Permian and Fenno-Permic/Permian) are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprises the Baltic-Finnic languages, Sami languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages, and likely a number of

title: Languages of Monaco

text: Languages of Monaco The official language of Monaco is French. In addition, there are several other languages spoken, including Monégasque, the national language of the Monégasque people. French is the only official—and by far the most common—language in Monaco, a result of the role France has had over the microstate, since the annexation of Nice and the Nizzardo (the territory surrounding Monaco). Monégasque is the traditional national language of the Monegasque people (who represent only 21.6% of the total population). It is a dialect of Ligurian, and is somewhat similar to Italian. Because the Monégasques are only a minority in