query: where do navajo indians live?

title: Navajo Rangers

text: great deal to establish proof of the historical occupancy rights of the Hopi and Navajo Indians from earliest times. Richard was also involved in many other projects benefiting the Navajo Nation. He analyzed boundary line disputes, was influential in the Governmental decision to add lands to the Navajo Reservation, aided in preserving historic records and files of the Navajo Tribe, and brought about the establishment of a Navajo Park Commission for preservation of Navajo antiquities. He also lived, ate, worked and slept among the natives throughout his extensive work with Navajo. Richard died of a heart attack on June 19,

title: Navajo Nation

text: is neither Asian nor Indo-European. DiscoverNavajo.com reports that 96% of the Navajo Nation is American Indian, and 66% of Navajo tribe members live on Navajo Nation. The average family size was 4.1, and the average household was home to 3.5 persons. The average household income was $27,389. Nearly half of the enrolled members of the Navajo tribe live outside the nationʼs territory, and the total population is 300,048, as of July 2011. As of 2016, 173, 667 Dine live on tribal lands. Historically, the Navajo Nation resisted compulsory western education, including boarding schools, as imposed by General Richard Henry Pratt

title: Navajo AIDS Network

text: for the homosexual, bisexual and transgender members of the Navajo Nation, who had traditionally not been able to openly discuss their sexuality. In 2005, NAN sponsored the first Summer Gathering, which focused on health and social issues relating specifically to the Navajo LGBT community. Navajo AIDS Network The Navajo AIDS Network (NAN) is a Chinle, Arizona-based HIV prevention and AIDS service organization for American Indians who reside within the Navajo Nation, located in western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. NAN was founded in 1990 as a volunteer organization and was incorporated as a 501(c)3 non-profit in 1993. NAN, which operates

title: Navajo Nation

text: was centralized before the change). The president and vice-president are elected every four years. The Executive nominates judges of the District Courts, and the Supreme Court. The nation consists of several divisions, departments, offices, and programs as established by law. In 2006, a committee for a "Navajo constitution" began advocating for a Navajo constitutional convention. The committee's goal was to have representation from every chapter on the Navajo Nation represented at a constitutional convention. The committee proposed the convention be held in the traditional "naachid"/modern chapter house format, where every member of the nation wishing to participate may do so

title: Navajo AIDS Network

text: Navajo AIDS Network The Navajo AIDS Network (NAN) is a Chinle, Arizona-based HIV prevention and AIDS service organization for American Indians who reside within the Navajo Nation, located in western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. NAN was founded in 1990 as a volunteer organization and was incorporated as a 501(c)3 non-profit in 1993. NAN, which operates independently of the Navajo tribal government, has offered anonymous HIV testing and references to medical services. It has also distributed condoms to help prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. NAN has also worked to further the cause of raising tolerance

title: Navajo medicine

text: and Ganado, both towns that administered their own health care services. Navajo Nation Health Foundations was run in Ganado solely by Navajo people. In expressing identity in the medical community, the Navajo Nation took advantage of the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act to create the Navajo Health Systems Agency in 1975, being the only American Indian group to do so during that time. Navajo medicine Navajo medicine today has remained preserved for millennia as many Navajo people have relied on traditional medicinal practices as their primary source of healing. However, modern day residents within the Navajo Nation have

title: Navajo language

text: Navajo was the only Native American language afforded its own category in the survey; domestic Navajo speakers represented 46.4 percent of all domestic Native language speakers (only 195,407 Americans have a different home Native language). As of July 2014, Ethnologue classes Navajo as "6b" (In Trouble), signifying that few, but some, parents teach the language to their offspring and that concerted efforts at revitalization could easily protect the language. Navajo had a high population for a language in this category. About half of all Navajo people live on the Navajo Nation, an area spanning parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and

title: Navajo language

text: English-only campaigns in some areas in the late 1990s. However, Navajo-immersion programs have cropped up across the Navajo Nation. Statistical evidence shows that Navajo-immersion students generally do better on standardized tests than their counterparts educated only in English. Some educators have remarked that students who know their native languages feel a sense of pride and identity validation. Since 1989, Diné College, a Navajo tribal community college, has offered an associate degree in the subject of Navajo. This program includes language, literature, culture, medical terminology, and teaching courses and produces the highest number of Navajo teachers of any institution in the

title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: as well as about one third of their traditionally held land. In March, a company of 52 citizens led by Jose Manuel Sanchez drove off a bunch of Navajo horses, but Captain Wingate followed the trail and recovered the horses for the Navajo, who had killed Sanchez. Another group of citizens ravaged Navajo rancherias in the vicinity of Beautiful Mountain. Also during this time, a party of Mexicans and Pueblo Indians captured 12 Navajo in a raid, and three were brought in. On August 9, 1861, Lt. Col. Manuel Antonio Chaves of the New Mexico Volunteer Militia took command of

title: Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever?

text: Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever? Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever? is a 2014 novel by Dave Eggers. The book's title is a quotation from the Bible (). The book, told entirely in dialogue, follows the story of Thomas, a troubled man in his thirties haunted by the death of his friend Don Banh in a police shooting two years earlier. In an attempt to resolve the questions in his mind, he kidnaps seven people and brings them to a deserted Army base on the California coast,

title: Navajo Rangers

text: founded the Navajo Rangers in 1957. Valkenburgh (a non-native man) was born in Newark, Alameda County, California. He graduated from Compton Union High School in California and then began working with Standard Oil and Richfield Oil Companies between 1923 and 1928. He soon after began work in Archaeology as a student assistant in the Los Angeles Museum of History, Art and Science. Valkenburgh developed a strong interest in the Indians of Southern California and Arizona during his archaeological research in these areas. Richard started research in Navajo archaeology and ethnology in 1934. In 1938 he wrote A Short History of

title: Navajo Nation

text: rugs for sale. The Navajo are noted for their skill in creating turquoise and silver jewelry. Navajo artists have added other traditional arts, such as sand painting, sculpture, and pottery, for sale or trade. The Navajo Nation has created a mixture of industry and business which has provided the Navajo with alternative opportunities to traditional occupations. The Nation's median cash household income is around $20,000 per year. However, using Federal standards, unemployment levels fluctuates between 40 and 45%. About 40% of families live below the Federal poverty rate. Mining – especially of coal and uranium provided significant income to both

title: Navajo Technical University

text: Education Consortium (AIHEC), a community of tribally and federally chartered institutions. NTU was created in response to the higher education needs of American Indians. NTU generally serves geographically isolated populations that have no other means accessing education beyond the high school level. Navajo Technical University Navajo Technical University is a tribally controlled postsecondary career and technical institution in Crownpoint, New Mexico, with sites in the towns of Chinle, Arizona and Teec Nos Pos, Arizona. NTU is the largest tribal college in the country and is a 1994 land grant university. It has been regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission

title: The Navajo Boy

text: countless families due to the uranium mining on the reservation, which was unregulated for decades. The Navajo Boy The Navajo Boy (1950s) was a silent film that portrayed the Cly family on the Navajo Nation in Monument Valley, Utah. The director, Robert J. Kennedy, narrated the film live at each showing. In addition, he provided little written information about the context or the identities of the Navajo people featured in the film. (The original spelling of the film is "The Navaho Boy", as was customary at the time.) He featured Happy and Willie Cly. Happy Cly is considered to be

title: The Navajo Boy

text: The Navajo Boy The Navajo Boy (1950s) was a silent film that portrayed the Cly family on the Navajo Nation in Monument Valley, Utah. The director, Robert J. Kennedy, narrated the film live at each showing. In addition, he provided little written information about the context or the identities of the Navajo people featured in the film. (The original spelling of the film is "The Navaho Boy", as was customary at the time.) He featured Happy and Willie Cly. Happy Cly is considered to be the most photographed Native American person in the United States. Their nephew Jimmy Cly was

title: Stenopelmatus navajo

text: Stenopelmatus navajo Stenopelmatus navajo, commonly known as the Navajo Jerusalem cricket, is a species of nocturnal Jerusalem cricket in the family Stenopelmatidae. It is endemic to the United States, specifically Arizona, and found under rocks in loose soil. The genus name is from the Greek word stenos (στενος)- "narrow, straight" + pelma (πελμα)- "sole (of the foot)". It is closely related to "S. fuscus" and they have nearly identical drumming patterns. They live one to two years as adults, but can die prematurely by parasitic infections, commonly by the horsehair worm. It is very large, compared to others of the

title: Navajo Nation

text: Public Domain lands as part a 1933 exchange for lands flooded by Lake Powell. Congress appointed Utah as trustee on behalf of Navajos living in San Juan County, Utah for any potential revenues that came from natural resources in the area. Utah initially created a 3-person committee to make leases, receive royalties and improve the living conditions for Utah Navajos. As the revenues and resulting expenditures increased, Utah created the 12 member Navajo Commission to do the operational work. The Navajo Nation and Bureau of Indian Affairs are also involved. There are several Navajo organizations that deal with oil and

title: Navajo Springs, Arizona

text: proceeded to Navajo Springs, where on the 29th the first territorial governor of Arizona, John Noble Goodwin, was sworn in by Richard Cunningham McCormick, the first secretary of the territory and Goodwin's eventual successor. Navajo Springs, Arizona Navajo Springs is an unincorporated community located on the Navajo Nation, near Holbrook, Arizona. The community is almost exclusively Native American, and a permit is required from the Navajo Nation for off-road travel in that area. During the time of the Old West, this area was frequented by notable western characters, such as Commodore Perry Owens. Navajo Springs was a stopping place for

title: Navajo

text: spoken throughout the region, with most Navajos speaking English, as well. The states with the largest Navajo populations are Arizona (140,263) and New Mexico (108,306). Over three-quarters of the Navajo population reside in these two states. The Navajos are speakers of a Na-Dené Southern Athabaskan language known within the language as "Diné bizaad" (lit. 'People's language'). The language comprises two geographic, mutually intelligible dialects. The Apache language is closely related to the Navajo Language; the Navajos and Apaches are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska, where the majority of Athabaskan speakers reside. Speakers of various other

title: Navajo weaving

text: of early Navajo weaving come from Massacre Cave at Canyon de Chelly, Arizona. In 1804, a group of Navajo were shot and killed there, where they were seeking refuge from Spanish soldiers. For a hundred years the cave remained untouched due to Navajo taboos until a local trader named Sam Day entered it and retrieved the textiles. Day separated the collection and sold it to various museums. The majority of Massacre Cave blankets feature plain stripes, yet some exhibit the terraces and diamonds characteristic of later Navajo weaving. Commerce expanded after the Santa Fe Trail opened in 1822, and greater

title: Navajo Sandstone

text: Mars. Navajo Sandstone Navajo Sandstone is a geological formation in the Glen Canyon Group that is spread across the U.S. states of southern Nevada, northern Arizona, northwest Colorado, and Utah as part of the Colorado Plateau province of the United States. The Navajo Sandstone is particularly prominent in southern Utah, where it forms the main attractions of a number of national parks and monuments including Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Zion National Park, Capitol Reef National Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, and Canyonlands National Park. Navajo Sandstone frequently overlies and interfingers with the Kayenta

title: Navajo Sandstone

text: Navajo Sandstone Navajo Sandstone is a geological formation in the Glen Canyon Group that is spread across the U.S. states of southern Nevada, northern Arizona, northwest Colorado, and Utah as part of the Colorado Plateau province of the United States. The Navajo Sandstone is particularly prominent in southern Utah, where it forms the main attractions of a number of national parks and monuments including Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, Zion National Park, Capitol Reef National Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, and Canyonlands National Park. Navajo Sandstone frequently overlies and interfingers with the Kayenta Formation

title: Navajo Nation

text: than half. This initial piece of land is represented in the design of the Navajo Nation's flag by a dark-brown rectangle. As no physical boundaries or signposts were set in place, many Navajo ignored these formal boundaries and returned to where they had been living prior to captivity. A significant number of Navajo had never lived in the Hwéeldi near (Fort Sumner). They remained or moved to near the Little Colorado and Colorado rivers, on "Naatsisʼáán" (Navajo Mountain) and some with Apache bands. The first expansion of the territory occurred on October 28, 1878, when President Rutherford Hayes signed an

title: The Return of Navajo Boy

text: Now! program, "A Slow-Motion Genocide." The Return of Navajo Boy The Return of Navajo Boy (released in 2000) is a documentary film produced by Jeff Spitz and Bennie Klain about the Cly family, Navajo who live on their reservation. Through them, the film explores several longstanding issues among the Navajo and their relations with the United States government and corporations: environmental racism, white supremacy, media and political representation, off-reservation adoption, and denial of reparations for environmental illnesses due to uranium mining in Monument Valley, Utah, which was unregulated for decades. Bill Kennedy served as the film's executive producer; his late

title: The Return of Navajo Boy

text: The Return of Navajo Boy The Return of Navajo Boy (released in 2000) is a documentary film produced by Jeff Spitz and Bennie Klain about the Cly family, Navajo who live on their reservation. Through them, the film explores several longstanding issues among the Navajo and their relations with the United States government and corporations: environmental racism, white supremacy, media and political representation, off-reservation adoption, and denial of reparations for environmental illnesses due to uranium mining in Monument Valley, Utah, which was unregulated for decades. Bill Kennedy served as the film's executive producer; his late father had produced and directed

title: 2010 Navajo Nation presidential election

text: 2010 Navajo Nation presidential election The Navajo Nation presidential election of 2010 was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2010. Ben Shelly won the election. The general election was held between New Mexico State Senator Lynda Lovejoy and outgoing Navajo Nation Vice President Ben Shelly. The primary election was held on August 3, 2010. Lynda Lovejoy received more primary election votes than any other presidential candidate, becoming the first woman to do so. Ben Shelly came in second place. The primary election included nine other candidates. This was the first Navajo Nation presidential election in which both candidates, Lovejoy and Shelly,

title: Navajo State Park

text: Navajo State Park Navajo State Park is a state park of Colorado, USA, on the north shore of Navajo Lake. Touted as Colorado's answer to Lake Powell, this reservoir on the San Juan River begins in Colorado's San Juan Mountains and extends into New Mexico. Its area is , and it has of shoreline in two states. Park activities include boating, houseboating, fishing, camping, and wildlife viewing. There is a New Mexico state park at the southern end of the lake. The area where Navajo State Park now sits was originally inhabited by the Ancient Pueblo Peoples who abandoned the

title: Navajo Scouts

text: scouts. Lieutenant Colonel P. T. Swaine reported on 21 November 1876 to the District of New Mexico that he had an ""...interview with the Chief Mariano through whose influence the last Scouts were (obtained)."" On 1 June 1877 Lieutenant Henry Wright, 9th Cavalry, reports that he ""enlisted 21 Navajo Indians to serve as Scouts selecting them from about 100 who presented themselves for enlistment, they are young and able men and well mounted."" The army continued to employ Navajos as scouts through 1895. The scouts out of Fort Wingate were engaged in fighting Victorio's Apache braves from 1876 to 1880.

title: Navajo Nation

text: enforcement consists of roughly 300 tribal police officers with only 3 non-native officers. Certain classes of crimes, such as capital cases, are prosecuted and adjudicated in Federal courts. However, the Navajo Nation operates its own divisions of law enforcement via the Navajo Division of Public Safety, commonly referred to as the Navajo Nation Police (formerly Navajo Tribal Police). Law enforcement functions are also delegated to the Navajo Nation Department of Fish and Wildlife: Wildlife Law Enforcement and Animal Control Sections; Navajo Nation Forestry Law Enforcement Officers; and the Navajo Nation EPA Criminal Enforcement Section; and Navajo Nation Resource Enforcement (Navajo

title: Miss Navajo

text: Miss Navajo Miss Navajo Nation is a pageant that has been held annually on the Navajo Nation, United States, since 1952. The first Miss Navajo was Dr. Beulah Melvin Allen, in 1952. She was crowned at the Navajo Nation Fair, the largest fair held on the Navajo Nation, which had been established three years earlier. Pageant contestants must be unmarried, over 18 years of age, be a high school graduate, and be able to speak the Navajo language. They compete in such activities as answering questions about traditional and modern Navajo customs both in Navajo and English, sheep butchering, and

title: Navajo Nation v. United States Forest Service

text: freedom of American Indians. "Substantial burden," the court argued, only occurred if an individual was forced to choose between following the tenets of his or her religious beliefs or receiving government benefit, or coerced to act contrary to his or her religious beliefs by the threat of civil or criminal sanctions. The Native peoples petitioned for certiorari in June 2009, but the High Court denied the tribes' petition, upholding the Ninth Circuit Court's decision. Navajo Nation v. United States Forest Service Navajo Nation v. United States Forest Service, 479 F.3d 1024 (9th Cir. 2007), reversed after rehearing en banc, 535

title: Navajo language

text: Utah; others are dispersed throughout the United States. Under tribal law, fluency in Navajo is mandatory for candidates to the office of the President of the Navajo Nation. Both original and translated media have been produced in Navajo. The first works tended to be religious texts translated by missionaries, including the Bible. From 1943 to about 1957, the Navajo Agency of the BIA published "Ádahooníłígíí" ("Events"), the first newspaper in Navajo and the only one to be written entirely in Navajo. It was edited by Robert W. Young and William Morgan, Sr. (Navajo). They had collaborated on "The Navajo Language",

title: Navajo Nation

text: a Navajo Nation Enterprise in 1985, KTNN is a commercial station that provides information and entertainment located on AM 660. Other newsprint groups also serve the Nation. The media outlets include the "Navajo/Hopi Observer", serving Navajo, Hopi and towns of Winslow and Flagstaff, and the "Navajo Post", a web-based with print outlet that serves urban Navajos from its offices at Tempe. Non-Navajo papers also target Navajo audiences, such as the "Gallup Independent". Navajo Nation The Navajo Nation () is a Native American territory covering about , occupying portions of northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico in the United

title: Navajo Nation

text: reported that the Navajo nation made $20,428,039 from the art and crafts trade in 2011. The Diné Development Corporation was formed in 2004 to promote Navajo business and seek viable business development to make use of casino revenues. The Navajo Nation is served by various print media operations. The "Navajo Times" used to be published as the "Navajo Times Today". Created by the Navajo Nation Council in 1959, it has been privatized. It continues to be the newspaper of record for the Navajo Nation. The" Navajo Times" is the largest Native American-owned newspaper company in the United States. Established as

title: Miss Navajo

text: performing a contemporary and Navajo cultural talent. The current Miss Navajo Nation (2018) is Autumn J. Montoya of Torreon, Sandoval County, New Mexico. A documentary film called "Miss Navajo", directed by Billy Luther (who is Navajo, Hopi, and Laguna), was filmed in 2005 and 2006, released in 2006, and shown on the "Independent Lens" documentary series on PBS in 2007. Miss Navajo is a sacred tradition that still continues today. Miss Navajo's duties as a leader are to guide and be a role model of the Navajo Nation. Miss Navajo Miss Navajo Nation is a pageant that has been held

title: Navajo

text: Navajo The Navajos (; British English: Navaho, or "") are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States. The Navajo people are politically divided between two federally recognized tribes, the Navajo Nation and the Colorado River Indian Tribes. At more than 300,000 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the second largest federally recognized tribe in the U.S. (the Cherokee Nation being the largest), and has the largest reservation in the country. The reservation straddles the Four Corners region and covers more than 27,000 square miles of land in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. The Navajo language is

text: Hall at the Window Rock Sports Center that "I will work with you. We will work together." Lovejoy demanded a recount. 2010 Navajo Nation presidential election The Navajo Nation presidential election of 2010 was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2010. Ben Shelly won the election. The general election was held between New Mexico State Senator Lynda Lovejoy and outgoing Navajo Nation Vice President Ben Shelly. The primary election was held on August 3, 2010. Lynda Lovejoy received more primary election votes than any other presidential candidate, becoming the first woman to do so. Ben Shelly came in second place. The

title: Chapter house (Navajo Nation)

text: Navajo self-determination and local governance. Chapter house (Navajo Nation) A Chapter house () is an administrative, communal meeting place on the territory of the Navajo Nation where residents have a forum to express their opinions to their Navajo Nation Council Delegate or to decide on matters concerning their chapter. As of January 2004, there were a total of 110 such meeting places in existence. However, the input given to the delegates during such meetings is not legally binding. John G. Hunter, superintendent of the Leupp Agency, is generally given credit for the establishment of the Chapter system starting in 1922

title: Navajo language

text: language. On October 5, 2018, an early beta of a Navajo course was released on Duolingo. The Navajo Nation operates Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta', a Navajo language immersion school for grades K-8 in Fort Defiance, Arizona. Located on the Arizona-New Mexico border in the southeastern quarter of the Navajo Reservation, the school strives to revitalize Navajo among children of the Window Rock Unified School District. Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta' has thirteen Navajo language teachers who instruct only in the Navajo language, and no English, while five English language teachers instruct in the English language. Kindergarten and first grade are taught completely in

title: Navajo language

text: United States. About 600 students attend per semester. One major university that teaches classes in the Navajo language is Arizona State University. In 1992, Young and Morgan published another major work on Navajo: "Analytical Lexicon of Navajo", with the assistance of Sally Midgette (Navajo). This work is organized by root, the basis of Athabaskan languages. A 1991 survey of 682 preschoolers in the Navajo Reservation Head Start program found that 54 percent were monolingual English speakers, 28 percent were bilingual in English and Navajo, and 18 percent spoke only Navajo. This study noted that while the preschool staff knew both

title: Camp Navajo

text: Camp Navajo Camp Navajo was originally opened in 1942 in Bellemont, Arizona. It was originally designated Navajo Ordnance Depot, and its primary use was the storage of ammunition used in the Pacific Theater of World War II. It was renamed Navajo Army Depot in 1965, changed to Navajo Depot Activity in 1982, and then changed in 1993 to its current name. In 1993 the Department of Defense transferred all ammunition activities to Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant in Nevada. Following the transfer, Camp Navajo was shifted to the Arizona Army National Guard. Camp Navajo is a munitions storage and regional training

title: Navajo Nation

text: Most schools are funded from the Navajo Nation under the Johnson O’Malley program. The Nation runs community Head Start Programs, the only educational program fully operated by the Navajo Nation government. Post-secondary education and vocational training are available on and off the territory. The Navajo Nation operates Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta', a Navajo language immersion school for grades K-8 in Fort Defiance, Arizona. Located on the Arizona-New Mexico border in the southeastern quarter of the Navajo Nation, the school strives to revitalize Navajo among children of the Window Rock Unified School District. Tséhootsooí Diné Bi'ólta' has thirteen Navajo language teachers who

title: Navajo Nation

text: consecutive terms. The Navajo Nation Council, formerly the Navajo Tribal Council, is the legislative branch of the Navajo Nation. , the Navajo Nation Council consists of 24 delegates representing the 110 chapters, elected every four years by registered Navajo voters. Prior to the November 2010 election, the Navajo Nation Council consisted of 88 representatives. The Navajo voted for the change in an effort to have a more efficient government and to curb tribal government corruption associated with council members who established secure seats. In 1927, agents of the U.S. federal government initiated a new form of local government entities called

title: Navajo Nation

text: Judicial Council", a political body rather than a court. On a discretionary basis, it could hear appeals from the Navajo Tribal Court of Appeals. Subsequently, the Supreme Judicial Council was criticized for bringing politics directly into the judicial system and undermining "impartiality, fairness and equal protection." In December 1985, the Navajo Tribal Council passed the Judicial Reform Act of 1985, which eliminated the Supreme Judicial Council. It redenominated the "Navajo Tribal Court of Appeals" as the "Navajo Nation Supreme Court", and redenominated the "Trial Courts of the Navajo Tribe" as "District Courts of the Navajo Nation". Navajo courts are governed

title: Navajo Nation

text: vetted by the Judiciary Committee of the Council. The current judicial system for the Navajo Nation was created by the Navajo Tribal Council on 16 October 1958. It established a separate branch of government, the "Judicial Branch of the Navajo Nation Government", which became effective 1 April, 1959. The Navajo Court of Indian Offenses was eliminated; the sitting judges became judges in the new system. The resolution established "Trial Courts of the Navajo Tribe" and the "Navajo Tribal Court of Appeals", which was the highest court and the only appellate court. In 1978, the Navajo Tribal Council established a "Supreme

title: Chapter (Navajo Nation)

text: Chapter (Navajo Nation) A Chapter is the most local form of government in the Navajo Nation. The Nation is broken into five agencies. Each agency contains chapters; currently there are 110 local chapters, each with their own chapter house. Chapters are semi-self autonomous, being able to decide most matters which concern their own chapter. Typically, they meet in a Chapter house (), where they can also express their opinions to their Navajo Nation Council Delegate, although those opinions are non-binding. As of January 2004, there were a total of 110 such meeting places in existence. Currently there are 24 delegates

title: Navajo Language Academy

text: Navajo Language Academy The Navajo Language Academy (NLA; Navajo "Diné Bizaad Naalkaah") is a non-profit educational and advocacy organization which focuses on the Navajo language. The NLA organizes efforts of linguists and language instructors to train teachers of Navajo. Summer workshops on the Navajo language, applied linguistics, and general linguistics have been offered every summer since 1997. Undergraduate-level courses are offered for college credit. The NLA differs from such related organizations as the Navajo Nation Division of Diné Education, Diné College, and the Navajo Language Teachers Association in focusing on scientific research on the Navajo language and on teaching Navajo

title: Navajo Mountain

text: Monument Valley. The Navajo Mountain beardtongue ("Penstemon navajoa") is a rare plant limited mainly to the upper elevation slopes of Navajo Mountain. Navajo Mountain Navajo Mountain () is a peak in San Juan County, Utah, with its southern flank extending into Coconino County, Arizona. It holds an important place in the traditions of three local Native American tribes. The summit is the highest area on the Navajo Nation. Navajo Mountain is a prominent free-standing laccolith, a dome-shaped body of igneous rock that intruded into sedimentary layers and lifted up the overlying layer. The igneous rock at the core of the

title: Navajo music

text: Navajo music Navajo music is music made by Navajos, mostly hailing from the Four Corners region of the Southwestern United States and the territory of the Navajo Nation. While it traditionally takes the shape of ceremonial chants and echoes themes found in Diné Bahaneʼ, contemporary Navajo music includes a wide range of genres, ranging from country music to rock and rap, performed in both English and Navajo. Traditional Navajo music is always vocal, with most instruments, which include drums, drumsticks, rattles, rasp, flute, whistle, and bullroarer, being used to accompany singing of specific types of song (Frisbie and McAllester 1992).

title: Navajo Wars

text: Over the next several months seven army expeditions killed 23 Navajo and destroyed Navajo stock and crops. In 1861, another treaty was signed at Fort Fauntleroy (later Fort Wingate). Ft. Defiance was decommissioned on February 24. Raiding continued between groups of citizens and Navajo warriors. A dispute arose in August from allegations of cheating at a horse race between Navajo & New Mexican Volunteers forces at Fort Wingate, and Manuel Antonio Chaves of the New Mexico Volunteers ended up ordering his men to fire into the Navajo. This incident incensed the Navajo, and they raided the New Mexicans. The Confederate

title: Navajo language

text: 1980 showed that 85 percent of Navajo first-graders were bilingual, compared to 62 percent of Navajo of all ages – early evidence of a resurgence of use of their traditional language among younger people. In 1984, to counteract the language's historical decline, the Navajo Nation Council decreed that the Navajo language would be available and comprehensive for students of all grade levels in schools of the Navajo Nation. This effort was aided by the fact that, largely due to the work of Young and Morgan, Navajo is one of the best-documented Native American languages. In 1980 they published a monumental

title: Navajo language

text: Navajo language Navajo or Navaho (; Navajo: or ) is a Southern Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené family, by which it is related to languages spoken across the western areas of North America. Navajo is spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States, especially on the Navajo Nation. It is one of the most widely spoken Native American languages and is the most widely spoken north of the Mexico–United States border, with almost 170,000 Americans speaking Navajo at home as of 2011. The language has struggled to keep a healthy speaker base, although this problem has been alleviated to some extent

title: Camp Navajo

text: site operated by the Arizona Army National Guard. Units located on base include: Camp Navajo is also an active munitions storage site, supporting numerous civilian and military customers. The camp is an inspectable site under the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). Camp Navajo Camp Navajo was originally opened in 1942 in Bellemont, Arizona. It was originally designated Navajo Ordnance Depot, and its primary use was the storage of ammunition used in the Pacific Theater of World War II. It was renamed Navajo Army Depot in 1965, changed to Navajo Depot Activity in 1982, and then changed in 1993 to its

title: Navajo Nation

text: National Monument, the Shiprock monadnock, and the eastern portion of the Grand Canyon. Navajo Territory in New Mexico is popularly referred as the "Checkerboard" area since the Federal Government's attempt to diversify lands with non-native lands. Thus these Navajo lands are intermingled with fee lands, owned by both Navajos and non-Navajos, and federal and state lands under various jurisdictions. Three large non-contiguous sections located in New Mexico are also under Navajo jurisdiction and are the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation, the Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation, and the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation near Albuquerque. Much of the Navajo Nation is situated atop the

title: Navajo Nation

text: Agency at Chinle, AZ; Eastern Navajo Agency at Crownpoint, NM; Western Navajo Agency at Tuba City, AZ; Fort Defiance Agency at Fort Defiance, AZ; and Shiprock Agency at Shiprock, NM. The BIA agencies provide various technical services under direction of the BIA's Navajo Area Office at Gallup, New Mexico. Agencies are further divided into chapters as the smallest political unit, similar to municipalities. The Navajo capital city of Window Rock is located in the Chapter of St. Michaels, AZ. The Navajo Nation retains executive offices in the national capital, District of Columbia, for lobbying and congressional services. The Navajo law

title: Navajo section

text: Navajo section The Navajo Section is a physiographic section of the larger Colorado Plateaus Province, which in turn is part of the larger Intermontane Plateaus physiographic Division. The Navajo Section is located in northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico. It is named for the Navajo Nation, with about half of the area of the section on the Navajo Reservation. The section is characterized by broad rolling plains on easily eroded and carved rocks, with cuestas (ridges) and tablelands capped by gently dipping resistant sandstone beds. One of the most prominent landform features of the Navajo Section is Shiprock, a monadnock

title: Navajo

text: people: Earth People and Holy People. The Navajo people believe they passed through three worlds before arriving in this world, the Fourth World or the Glittering World. As Earth People, the Diné must do everything within their power to maintain the balance between Mother Earth and man. The Diné also had the expectation of keeping a positive relationship between them and the Diyin Diné. In the Diné Bahane' (Navajo beliefs about creation), the First, or Dark World is where the four Diyin Diné lived and where First Woman and First Man came into existence. Because the world was so dark,

title: Navajo

text: wool dyed with indigo. Using an upright loom, the Navajos made extremely fine utilitarian blankets that were collected by Ute and Plains Indians. These Chief's Blankets, so called because only chiefs or very wealthy individuals could afford them, were characterized by horizontal stripes and minimal patterning in red. First Phase Chief's Blankets have only horizontal stripes, Second Phase feature red rectangular designs, and Third Phase feature red diamonds and partial diamond patterns. The completion of the railroads dramatically changed Navajo weaving. Cheap blankets were imported, so Navajo weavers shifted their focus to weaving rugs for an increasingly non-Native audience. Rail

title: Navajo

text: 1940 rejected a proposal by the BIA that segregated units be created for the Indians. They gained firsthand experience with how they could assimilate into the modern world and many did not return to the overcrowded reservation with few jobs. Four hundred Navajo Code Talkers played a famous role during World War II by relaying radio messages using their own language, which the Japanese were unable to understand. In the 1940s, large quantities of uranium were discovered in Navajo land. From then into the early 21st century, the U.S. allowed mining without sufficient environmental protection for workers, waterways, and land.

title: Navajo weaving

text: few remnants recovered archaeologically and in costumed figures in pre-contact kiva murals." Haberland suggests that the absence of surviving colonial-era Pueblo textile examples make it impossible to do more than conjecture about whether the creative origins of Navajo weaving arose from Navajo culture or were borrowed from the neighboring people. Written records establish the Navajo as fine weavers for at least the last 300 years, beginning with Spanish colonial descriptions of the early 18th century. By 1812, Pedro Piño called the Navajo the best weavers in the province. Few remnants of 18th-century Navajo weaving survive; the most important surviving examples

text: Eggers creates no plausible characters or dramatic tension". "USA Today" rated the book two stars out of four, describing it as "Insightful, yes, but sadly no more memorable than tomorrow's headlines." "Entertainment Weekly" gave the novel a grade of "B-", saying that "the belabored message would've better served a short story than this 200-plus-page hammer to the head." Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever? Your Fathers, Where Are They? And the Prophets, Do They Live Forever? is a 2014 novel by Dave Eggers. The book's title is a quotation from the Bible (). The

title: Navajo medicine

text: can be referred to a herbalist or singer needed to perform a healing ceremony. A number of healing ceremonies are performed according to a given patient situation. Some chants and rites for curing purposes include: See Navajo ethnobotany for a list of plants and how they were used. Navajo Indians utilize approximately 450 species for medicinal purposes, the most plant species of any native tribe. Herbs for healing ceremonies are collected by a medicine man accompanied by an apprentice. Patients can also collect these plants for treatment of minor illnesses. Once all necessary wild plants are collected, an herbal tea

title: Navajo

text: types of hogans for lodging and ceremonial use. Ceremonies, such as healing ceremonies or the "kinaaldá", take place inside a hogan. According to Kehoe, this style of housing is distinctive to the Navajos. She writes, "even today, a solidly constructed, log-walled Hogan is preferred by many Navajo families." Most Navajo members today live in apartments and houses in urban areas. Those who practice the Navajo religion regard the hogan as sacred. The religious song "The Blessingway" ("") describes the first hogan as being built by Coyote with help from Beavers to be a house for First Man, First Woman, and

title: Navajo music

text: (Nettl 1956, p. 114) In recent years, a modernized version of peyote songs have been popularized by Verdell Primeaux, a Sioux, and Johnny Mike, a Navajo. The Navajo music scene is perhaps one of the strongest in native music today. In the past, Navajo musicians were corraled into maintaining the status quo of traditional music, chants and/or flute compositions. Today, Navajo bands span the genres of punk, metal, hardcore, hip hop, blues, rock, death metal, black metal, stoner rock, country, and even traditional. Success of bands like Blackfire, Ethnic De Generation, Downplay, Mother Earth Blues Band, Aces Wild, Tribal Live,

title: Navajo

text: major Navajo song ceremonial complex is the Blessing Way ("Hózhǫ́ǫ́jí)" and other half is the Enemy Way ("Anaʼí Ndááʼ"). The Blessing Way ceremonies are based on establishing "peace, harmony, and good things exclusively" within the Dine. The Enemy Way, or Evil Way ceremonies are concerned with counteracting influences that come from outside the Dine. Spiritual healing ceremonies are rooted in Navajo traditional stories. One of them, the Night Chant ceremony, is conducted over several days and involves up to 24 dancers. The ceremony requires the dancers to wear buckskin masks, as do many of the other Navajo ceremonies, and they

title: Navajo

text: were unable to stop it. Historian Brian Dippie notes that the Indian Rights Association denounced Collier as a 'dictator' and accused him of a "near reign of terror" on the Navajo reservation. Dippie adds that, "He became an object of 'burning hatred' among the very people whose problems so preoccupied him." The long-term result was strong Navajo opposition to Collier's Indian New Deal. Many Navajo young people moved to work in urban factories in World War II. Many Navajo men volunteered for military service in keeping with their warrior culture, where they served in integrated units. The War Department in

title: Navajo language

text: The ogonek is placed centrally under a vowel, but it was imported from Polish and Lithuanian, which do not use it under certain vowels such as "o" or any vowels with accent marks; as of 2017, no Unicode font has been developed to properly accommodate Navajo typography. Google is working to correct this oversight with Noto fonts. This is the first paragraph of a Navajo short story. Navajo original: English translation: Some crazy boys decided to make some wine to sell, so they each planted grapevines and, working hard on them, they raised them to maturity. Then, having made wine,

title: Navajo language

text: are joined in unpredictable, overlapping ways that make them difficult to segment, a trait of fusional languages. In general, Navajo verbs contain more morphemes than do nouns (on average, 11 for verbs compared to 4–5 for nouns), but noun morphology is less transparent. Navajo is sometimes classified as a fusional language and sometimes as agglutinative or even polysynthetic. In terms of basic word order, Navajo has been classified as a subject–object–verb language. However, some speakers order the subject and object based on "noun ranking". In this system, nouns are ranked in three categories—humans, animals, and inanimate objects—and within these categories,

title: Navajo phonology

text: by the tone of the previous syllable: in most cases, this has as great an effect on the pitch of a syllable as its own tone. However, this effect is effectively blocked by an intervening aspirated consonant. Navajo nouns are simple: "kǫ́" ('fire'), "bidił" ('his blood'). Most long nouns are actually deverbal. In verbs, with few exceptions, only stems may carry a high tone: CV(ː)(C)(T). Prefixes are mostly single consonants, C-, and do not carry tone. The one exception is the high-tone vocalic prefix . Most other tone-bearing units in the Navajo verb are second stems or clitics. All Navajo

title: Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Navajo Tribe

text: development companies. In the case of the Navajo tribe, which had a long history of uranium mining and radioactive contamination of both tribal members and its water sources by mining firms (including Kerr-McGee), it supported the outright ban on uranium mining. It has been used to support the right of tribes to control their natural resources, including exercising civil jurisdiction over non-Indians. In recognition of the importance of the decision to the tribe, the tribal council declared that the date of the decision was a tribal holiday, known as "Navajo National Sovereignty Day." Kerr-McGee Corp. v. Navajo Tribe Kerr-McGee v.

title: Navajo

text: their mother's clan in tribal politics. See Navajo ethnobotany. A hogan, the traditional Navajo home, is built as a shelter for either a man or for a woman. Since they live in the arid Four Corners area, the houses are made of dried mud. Male hogans are square or conical with a distinct rectangular entrance, while a female hogan is an eight-sided house. Both are made of wood and covered in mud, with the door always facing east to welcome the sun each morning. The Navajos construct hogans out of poles and brush covered with earth. Navajos also have several

title: Navajo

text: clan bond. Historically, the structure of the Navajo society is largely a matrilineal system, in which the family of the women owned livestock, dwellings, planting areas and livestock grazing areas. Once married, a Navajo man would move to live with his bride in her dwelling and near her mother's family. Daughters (or, if necessary, other female relatives) were traditionally the ones who received the generational property inheritance. Children are "born to" and belong to the mother's clan, and are "born for" the father's clan. The mother's eldest brother has a strong role in her children's lives. As adults, men represent

title: Where Do Broken Hearts Go

text: Houston typically performed the song as part of her "Love Medley" during live concerts. Where Do Broken Hearts Go "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" is the fourth single from Whitney Houston's second album, "Whitney". The ballad was released on February 25, 1988. The song was written by Frank Wildhorn and Chuck Jackson and produced by Narada Michael Walden. Wildhorn approached Jackson about the opportunity to write for Whitney Houston. Jackson came up with the title, and Wildhorn completed the music and lyrics for the song. Smokey Robinson originally wanted to record the song; however, Wildhorn and Jackson held the song

title: Navajo language

text: pit where wild animals fall into deep water'). The taxonomic genus name "Uta" may be of Navajo origin. It has been speculated that English-speaking settlers were reluctant to take on more Navajo loanwords compared to many other Native American languages, including the Hopi language, because the Navajo were among the most violent resisters to colonialism. Early attempts at a Navajo orthography were made in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. One such attempt was based on the Latin alphabet, particularly the English variety, with some Arabic letters. Anthropologists were frustrated by Navajo's having several sounds that are not found

title: Where Do Teenagers Come From?

text: especially young girls, experience adolescence and how her body changes. Where Do Teenagers Come From? Where Do Teenagers Come From? was an American television teen comedy/documentary that aired as an "ABC Afterschool Special" on March 5, 1980. The live action/animation program was produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises and was a sequel to the 1977 program "My Mom's Having a Baby." The special was notable for its signature song "Growing Up," written by Doug Goodwin. When 12-year-old Kelly begins to experience changes in her body, she, along with Petey and Oscar, once again visit Dr. Lendon Smith, who uses an animated film

title: Where Do Teenagers Come From?

text: Where Do Teenagers Come From? Where Do Teenagers Come From? was an American television teen comedy/documentary that aired as an "ABC Afterschool Special" on March 5, 1980. The live action/animation program was produced by DePatie-Freleng Enterprises and was a sequel to the 1977 program "My Mom's Having a Baby." The special was notable for its signature song "Growing Up," written by Doug Goodwin. When 12-year-old Kelly begins to experience changes in her body, she, along with Petey and Oscar, once again visit Dr. Lendon Smith, who uses an animated film that explains in detail (via Smith's narraration) of how teenagers,

title: Coyote (Navajo mythology)

text: the singer acts as a mediator between Coyote, the totemic sponsor of the Coyote clan, and the patient. The general view of Coyote in folk belief is generally negative and related to witchcraft. Witches called skin-walkers are believed to be able to adopt the form of a coyote. A Navajo saying holds that if Coyote crosses your path, turn back and do not continue your journey. The coyote is an omen of an unfortunate event or thing in your path or in the near future. Coyote (Navajo mythology) Coyote (Navajo: ) is an irresponsible and trouble-making character and he is

title: Long Walk of the Navajo

text: repeatedly. The Pecos River flooded and washed out the head gates of the irrigation system. In 1865 Navajo began leaving. By 1867 the remaining Navajo refused to plant a crop. Comanches raided them frequently, and they raided the Comanche, once stealing over 1,000 horses. The non-Indian settlers also suffered from the raiding parties who were trying to feed their starving people on the Bosque Redondo. And there was inept management of what supplies were purchased for the reservation. The army spent as much as $1.5 million a year to feed the Indians. In 1868 the experiment—meant to be the first

title: Where We Live

text: Blumenthal, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Dave Brubeck, Gloria Steinem, United States ambassador Robert Ford and others. Where We Live "Where We Live" is the award-winning flagship news and talk program for WNPR (Connecticut Public Radio). The program is hosted by Lucy Nalpathanchil. "Where We Live" was originally created by John Dankosky in 2006. The show format includes live listener participation through phone and social media as well as long form interviews. It has been honored three times nationally as "Best Call-in Show" by PRNDI (Public Radio News Directors Inc.) "Where We Live" has included numerous local and national guests such as

title: Where We Live

text: Where We Live "Where We Live" is the award-winning flagship news and talk program for WNPR (Connecticut Public Radio). The program is hosted by Lucy Nalpathanchil. "Where We Live" was originally created by John Dankosky in 2006. The show format includes live listener participation through phone and social media as well as long form interviews. It has been honored three times nationally as "Best Call-in Show" by PRNDI (Public Radio News Directors Inc.) "Where We Live" has included numerous local and national guests such as Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy, retired NBA player, Jason Collins, Connecticut Senators Chris Murphy and Richard

title: Jeff King (Navajo)

text: She published the text and her paintings, with commentary by mythologist Joseph Campbell, as "Where the Two Came to Their Father: A Navaho War Ceremonial". It is one of the most complete extant recordings of a Navajo ritual. King was also known to perform two of the other great Navajo ceremonies: the (Blessing Way) and (Enemy Way). King died and was buried in January 1964. He was the first Navajo buried at Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, D.C. Jeff King (Navajo) Jeff King (1865?–1964; known in Navajo as "Hashkeh-yilth-e-yah") was a US Army scout from 1891 to 1911, and went

title: Navajo grammar

text: because the less animate noun occurs before the more animate noun: To express this idea requires that the more animate noun occur first, as in sentence (4): Note that although sentence (4) is translated into English with a passive verb, in Navajo it is not passive. Passive verbs are formed by certain "classifier" prefixes (i.e., transitivity prefixes) that occur directly before the verb stem in position 9. The "yi-/bi-" prefixes do not mark sentences as active or passive, but as direct or inverse. Many concepts expressed using nouns in other languages appear as verbs in Navajo. The majority of true

title: Navajo grammar

text: occur depending mostly upon the semantics of the particular verb. Additionally, some aspects do not occur at all with a particular verb. The patterns of verb stem alternations are very complex although there is a significant amount of homophony. A particularly important investigation into this area of the Navajo verb is Hardy (1979). Navajo has verb stems that classify a particular object by its shape or other physical characteristics in addition to describing the movement or state of the object. Athabaskan linguistics identifies these as classificatory verb stems and usually identifies them with an acronym label. The eleven primary classificatory

title: Navajo grammar

text: Each Navajo verb generally can occur in a number of mode and aspect category combinations. Navajo has the following verb modes: The modes above have five distinct verb stem forms. For example, the verb meaning "to play, tease" has the following five stem forms for the seven modes: The progressive and future modes share the same stem form as do the usitative and iterative modes. The optative mode usually has the same verb stem as the imperfective mode, although for some verbs the stem forms differ (in the example "to play, tease" above, the imperfective and the optative stems are

title: Navajo Dam

text: protested, because if the power plant were to be constructed as a private project rather than a public Reclamation project, the Navajo would lose the potential benefits. Ultimately, the Navajo reached an agreement with the city and the power plant was approved for construction in 1986, with the first power generated in 1989. Navajo Dam has greatly changed the ecology of part of the San Juan River, from a warm, muddy and highly seasonal river to a cold-water stream with relatively constant flow. The dam's impacts are most pronounced in the stretch above Farmington (where the San Juan is joined

title: Navajo Sandstone

text: bleached large volumes of the Navajo Sandstone a brilliant white. Reducing fluids transported the iron in solution until they mixed with oxidizing groundwater. Where the oxidizing and reducing fluids mixed, the iron precipitated within the Navajo Sandstone. Depending on local variations within the permeability, porosity, fracturing, and other inherent rock properties of the sandstone, varying mixtures of hematite, goethite, and limonite precipitated within spaces between quartz grains. Variations in the type and proportions of precipitated iron oxides resulted in the different black, brown, crimson, vermillion, orange, salmon, peach, pink, gold, and yellow colors of the Navajo Sandstone. The precipitation of

title: Navajo medicine

text: the painting in order for patient healing to occur. After each ceremony, the sacred sand painting is destroyed. As prompted by the Meriam Report in 1928, federal commitment to Indian health care under the New Deal increased as the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Medical Division expanded, making medical care more accessible, affordable, and tolerated by the Navajo populace. Increased demand of BIA medical care by Native Indians conflicted with post World War II conservatives who resented government funded and privileged health care. Growing interest in Indian termination policy in addition to unaided medical attention called for a transition of

title: Navajo Wars

text: Navajo Wars The term Navajo Wars covers at least three distinct periods of conflict in the American West: the Navajo against the Spanish (late 16th century through 1821); the Navajo against the Mexican government (1821 through 1848); and the Navajo against the United States (after the 1847–48 Mexican–American War). These conflicts ranged from small-scale raiding to large expeditions mounted by governments into territory controlled by the Navajo. The Navajo Wars also encompass the widespread raiding that took place throughout the period; the Navajo raided other tribes and nearby settlements, who in return raided into Navajo territory, creating a cycle of

title: Navajo Nation Council

text: government was organized around the principles of ", the nurturing and protecting aspects of governance. Each Navajo clan chose two representatives to attend these assemblies, with the purpose of protecting and nurturing the . An individual selected to participate in that council was called . The , translated as war chief, protected the people from any harm as they moved away from the principles of . The , or peace chief, nurtured each individual, assisting the people to live in accordance with the principles of (peace and friendship) and to maintain relationships with all creation. The Navajo Business Council was

title: Navajo

text: two new schools were built on the Navajo reservation. Rough Rock Day School was run in the same militaristic style as Fort Defiance and did not implement the educational reforms. The Evangelical Missionary School was opened next to Rough Rock Day School. Navajo accounts of this school portray it as a family-like atmosphere with home-cooked meals, new or gently used clothing, humane treatment, and a Navajo-based curriculum. Educators found the Evangelical Missionary School curriculum to be much more beneficial to the Navajo children. In 1937, Mary Cabot Wheelright and Hastiin Klah, an esteemed and influential Navajo singer, or medicine man,

title: Rio Grande do Sul

text: originally settled by Amerindian peoples, mostly Guaraní and Kaingangs. European presence in the region started in 1627 with Spanish Jesuits. The Jesuits established Indian Reductions in the region; those reductions where populated exclusively by Amerindians, mainly Guarani, and certainly not by Europeans, either Spanish or Portuguese. Portuguese Jesuits established Indian Reductions in 1687 and dominated the region. Most of the Indians of the region became Catholics and went to live among the Jesuits. These reductions were destroyed by the Bandeirantes from São Paulo in the 18th century, who wanted to enslave the Indians. The Portuguese settlement in Rio Grande do

title: Navajo weaving

text: Navajo weaving Navajo rugs and blankets () are textiles produced by Navajo people of the Four Corners area of the United States. Navajo textiles are highly regarded and have been sought after as trade items for over 150 years. Commercial production of handwoven blankets and rugs has been an important element of the Navajo economy. As one expert expresses it, "Classic Navajo serapes at their finest equal the delicacy and sophistication of any pre-mechanical loom-woven textile in the world." Navajo textiles were originally utilitarian blankets for use as cloaks, dresses, saddle blankets, and similar purposes. Toward the end of the

title: Navajo Wars

text: it from the Navajo. (The Navajo held that the horse had passed through several owners by this time, and rightfully belonged to its Navajo owner). Washington sided with the New Mexican. Since the Navajo owner took his horse and fled the scene, Washington told the New Mexican to pick out any Navajo horse he wanted. The rest of the Navajo also left. At this, Col. Washington ordered his soldiers to fire. Seven Navajo were killed in the volleys; the rest ran and could not be caught. One of the dying was Chief Narbona, who was scalped as he lay dying

title: How Do I Live

text: Story" from artist Taylor Swift, which has been certified 8× Platinum. Despite only peaking as high as No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart, Rimes' version of "How Do I Live" spent 34 weeks on the chart, ending up as the 6th best selling single of 1998. As of August 2014, the song has sold 710,000 copies in the UK. "How Do I Live" was also covered by F.I.R. (Faye and Real featuring LeAnn Rimes). F.I.R. invited Rimes to record a portion of the song for their third album "Flight Tribe" in 2006. "Billboard" ranked "How Do I Live" as

title: How Do You Live?

text: How Do You Live? The film is about how this particular book entitled "How Do You Live?" is featured prominently in the protagonist’s life. Miyazaki commenced animation work in July 2016, later confirmed by studio executive Toshio Suzuki. With Miyazaki coming out of retirement, Studio Ghibli re-opened with many of the past collaborators working on the project. Numerous contracts for three-year terms were issued. In October 2017, Studio Ghibli announced the film will be titled "How Do You Live?" Toshio Suzuki revealed that Miyazaki is working on the film for his grandson as his way of saying "Grandpa is moving

title: Where Do We Go

text: singing about a growing apart and making choices when a relationship changes. He serenades the camera, pleading, "Where do we go from here? My heart, my soul, won't let you go," as he tosses a notebook of lyrics across the room and stares hopelessly off into the distance. "Where Do We Go" may be his venture into ballads and an acoustic side. Credits adapted are taken from Allmusic. Where Do We Go "Where Do We Go" is a song by British recording artist, Jay Sean, taken from his mixtape album,"The Mistress" and is the mixtape's lead single. The song was

title: Navajo Wars

text: Forces included nearly 1000 infantry (US and New Mexican volunteers), hundreds of horses and mules, a supply train, 55 Pueblo scouts, and four artillery guns. On August 29–30, 1849, Washington's expedition needed water, and began pillaging Navajo cornfields. Mounted Navajo warriors darted back and forth around Washington's troops to push them off. Washington reasoned he could pillage Navajo crops because the Navajo would have to reimburse the U.S. government for the cost of the expedition. Washington still suggested to the Navajo that in spite of the hostile situation, they and the whites could "still be friends if the Navajo came

title: Navajo language

text: in English and lack of other sounds that are. Finally, the current Navajo orthography was developed between 1935 and 1940. The first Navajo-capable typewriter was developed in preparation for a Navajo newspaper and dictionary created in the 1940s. The advent of early computers in the 1960s necessitated special fonts to input Navajo text, and the first Navajo font was created in the 1970s. Navajo virtual keyboards were made available for iOS devices in November 2012 and Android devices in August 2013. An apostrophe (ʼ) is used to mark ejective consonants (e.g. "chʼ", "tłʼ") as well as mid-word or final glottal

title: Navajo language

text: Navajo interacted with for centuries and borrowed cultural customs, have lent few words to the Navajo language. After Spain and Mexico took over Navajo lands, the language did not incorporate many Spanish words, either. This resistance to word absorption extended to English, at least until the mid-twentieth century. Around this point, the Navajo language began importing some, though still not many, English words, mainly by young schoolchildren exposed to English. Navajo has expanded its vocabulary to include Western technological and cultural terms through calques and Navajo descriptive terms. For example, the phrase for English "tank" is "chidi naa naʼi bee

title: Navajo language

text: punished. Robert W. Young and William Morgan (Navajo), who both worked for the Navajo Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, developed and published a practical orthography in 1937. It helped spread education among Navajo speakers. In 1943 the men collaborated on "The Navajo Language", a dictionary organized by the roots of the language. In World War II, the United States military used speakers of Navajo as code talkers – to transmit top-secret military messages over telephone and radio in a code based on Navajo. The language was considered ideal because of its grammar, which differs strongly from that of