query: where does turkish language?

title: Turkish language

text: variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet. The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. The basic word order of Turkish is subject–object–verb. Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender. The language has a strong T–V distinction and usage of honorifics. Turkish uses second-person pronouns that distinguish varying levels of politeness, social

title: Turkish language

text: great quantity of imported words. The literary and official language during the Ottoman Empire period (c. 1299–1922) is termed Ottoman Turkish, which was a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic that differed considerably and was largely unintelligible to the period's everyday Turkish. The everyday Turkish, known as "kaba Türkçe" or "rough Turkish", spoken by the less-educated lower and also rural members of society, contained a higher percentage of native vocabulary and served as basis for the modern Turkish language. After the foundation of the modern state of Turkey and the script reform, the Turkish Language Association (TDK) was established in

title: Turkish language

text: speak the language with native fluency. In 2005, 93% of the population of Turkey were native speakers of Turkish, about 67 million at the time, with Kurdish languages making up most of the remainder. However, most linguistic minorities in Turkey are bilingual, speaking Turkish with native-like fluency. Turkish is the official language of Turkey and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. Turkish has official status in 38 municipalities in Kosovo, including Mamusha, and two in the Republic of Macedonia. In Turkey, the regulatory body for Turkish is the Turkish Language Association ("Türk Dil Kurumu" or TDK), which was

title: Turkish Language Association

text: Turkish Language Association The Turkish Language Institution (, TDK) is the official regulatory body of the Turkish language, founded on July 12, 1932 by the initiative of Atatürk and headquartered in Ankara, Turkey. The Institution acts as the official authority on the language (without any enforcement power), contributes to linguistic research on Turkish and other Turkic languages, and is charged with publishing the official dictionary of the language, "Güncel Türkçe Sözlük". The institution was established on July 12, 1932, under the name "Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti" (Society for Research on the Turkish Language) by the initiative of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,

title: Turkish Language Association

text: Turkey into the Turkish language and its sister Turkic languages of Central Asia. It publishes "Türkçe Sözlük", the official Turkish dictionary, and "Yazım Kılavuzu", the Turkish writing guide, in addition to many other specialized dictionaries, linguistics books and several periodicals. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Turkish Language Association led massive campaigns to replace the many Arabic, Persian, Greek and French loanwords whose widespread use in the Turkish language during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Republic had created a literary language considerably different from the spoken Turkish of the time, which is now called Ottoman Turkish. Recently however,

title: Turkish Sign Language

text: based on 2000 census data. TİD is dissimilar from European sign languages. There was a court sign language of the Ottoman Empire, which reached its height in the 16th century and 17th centuries and lasted at least until the early 20th. However, there is no record of the signs themselves and no evidence the language was ancestral to modern Turkish Sign Language. Deaf schools were established in 1902, and until 1953 used TİD alongside the Turkish spoken and written language in education. Since 1953 Turkey has adopted an oralist approach to deaf education. Turkish Sign Language Turkish Sign Language ()

title: Turkish language

text: Turkish language Turkish (), also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia). Outside Turkey, significant smaller groups of speakers exist in Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Northern Cyprus, Greece, the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official EU language, even though Turkey is not a member state. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the

title: Turkish Sign Language

text: Turkish Sign Language Turkish Sign Language () is the language used by the deaf community in Turkey. As with other sign languages, TİD has a unique grammar that is different from the oral languages used in the region. TİD uses a two-handed manual alphabet which is very different from the two-handed alphabets used in the BANZSL sign languages. There is little published information on Turkish Sign Language. According to the Turkish Statistical Institute, there are a total of 89,000 persons (54,000 male, 35,000 female) with hearing impairment and 55,000 persons (35,000 male, 21,000 female) with speaking disability living in Turkey,

title: Turkish Language Association

text: the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, by Samih Rıfat, Ruşen Eşref Ünaydın, Celâl Sahir Erozan and Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, all prominent names in the literature of the period and members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The head specialist and Secretary General of the institution was the Turkish Armenian linguist Agop Dilaçar starting from 1934, who continued to work in the institution until his death in 1979. The institution's name was changed to "Turkish Language Research Institute" in 1934, and it became the Turkish Language Institution in 1936. The institution heads academic linguistic research in

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: in the language with their Turkish equivalents. It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state. See the list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples on Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below. Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: purposes, with the variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic () to refer to honey when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word when buying it. Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras: In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's Reforms) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords

title: Turkish language

text: sudden change in the language, older and younger people in Turkey started to differ in their vocabularies. While the generations born before the 1940s tend to use the older terms of Arabic or Persian origin, the younger generations favor new expressions. It is considered particularly ironic that Atatürk himself, in his lengthy speech to the new Parliament in 1927, used a style of Ottoman which sounded so alien to later listeners that it had to be "translated" three times into modern Turkish: first in 1963, again in 1986, and most recently in 1995. The past few decades have seen the

title: Turkish language

text: computer science. Many of the words derived by TDK coexist with their older counterparts. This usually happens when a loanword changes its original meaning. For instance, ', derived from the Persian ' ( "pain"), means "problem" or "trouble" in Turkish; whereas the native Turkish word " is used for physical pain. Sometimes the loanword has a slightly different meaning from the native Turkish word, creating a situation similar to the coexistence of Germanic and Romance words in English. Some examples of modern Turkish words and the old loanwords are: Turkish is natively spoken by the Turkish people in Turkey and

title: Turkish literature

text: folk literature, Turkish written literature—prior to the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923—tended to embrace the influence of Persian and Arabic literature. To some extent, this can be seen as far back as the Seljuk period in the late 11th to early 14th centuries, where official business was conducted in the Persian language, rather than in Turkish, and where a court poet such as Dehhanî—who served under the 13th century sultan Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I—wrote in a language highly inflected with Persian. When the Ottoman Empire arose early in the 14th century, in northwestern Anatolia, it continued

title: Turkish language

text: it was again made into a governmental body in the constitution of 1982, following the military coup d'état of 1980. Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of Istanbul. This "Istanbul Turkish" ("İstanbul Türkçesi") constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by Ziya Gökalp, Ömer Seyfettin and others. Dialectal variation persists, in spite of the levelling influence of the standard used in mass media and the Turkish education system since the 1930s. Academically, researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as "ağız" or "şive", leading to an ambiguity with the linguistic concept of accent, which

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially "Türkiye Türkçesi" (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were

title: Turkish language

text: in the Aegean region, with its usage extending to Antalya. The nomadic Yörüks of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish. This group is not to be confused with the Yuruk nomads of Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey who speak Balkan Gagauz Turkish. "Güneydoğu" is spoken in the southeast, to the east of Mersin. "Doğu", a dialect in the Eastern Anatolia Region, has a dialect continuum. The Meskhetian Turks who live in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Russia as well as in several Central Asian countries, also speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, originating in the

title: Turkish people

text: Gencer, Ahmet Ertegün, Fikri Alican, Feza Gürsey, Ismail Akbay, Oktay Sinanoğlu, Gazi Yaşargil, Behram Kurşunoğlu, Mehmet Öz, Tansu Çiller, Cahit Arf, and Aziz Sancar. The Turkish language also known as Istanbul Turkish is a southern Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is natively spoken by the Turkish people in Turkey, Balkans, the island of Cyprus, Meskhetia, and other areas of traditional settlement that formerly, in whole or part, belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Turkish is the official language of Turkey. In the Balkans, Turkish is still spoken by Turkish minorities who still live there, especially in Bulgaria, Greece (mainly

title: Turkish Language Association

text: the attention of the institution has been turned towards the persistent infiltration of Turkish, like many other languages, with English words, as a result of the globalization process. Since the 1980s, TDK campaigns for the use of Turkish equivalents of these new English loanwords. It also has the task of coining such words from existing Turkish roots if no such equivalents exist, and actively promoting the adoption of these new coinages instead of their English equivalents in the daily lives of the Turkish population. Turkey currently doesn't have a legal framework to enforce by law the recommendations of TDK in

title: Citizen, speak Turkish!

text: Citizen, speak Turkish! The Citizen, speak Turkish! () campaign was an initiative created by law students but sponsored by the Turkish government which aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public in the 1930s. In some municipalities, fines were given to those speaking in any language other than Turkish. The campaign has been considered by some authors as a significant contribution to Turkey's sociopolitical process of Turkification. During the Ottoman Empire in 1911, the Committee of Union and Progress decided to employ the Turkish language in all the schools of the Empire, with the aim to

title: Turkish hip hop

text: of hosting guest workers, is dubbed ‘Kleines Istanbul’ or ‘Little Istanbul.’ Reminiscent of the atmosphere in Istanbul, Kreuzberg is full of local Turkish businesses, open Turkish markets, travel agencies offering regular flights to Turkey, and a Turkish language library. Turks in Germany maintain strong connections to their homeland while constructing local Turkish networks through the conduits of globalization; Turkish language mass media is salient in Berlin. Before Turkish hip hop took root in Germany, it was influenced by American and German hip hop. Whereas German hip hop gained widespread appeal throughout the early 1990s, it wasn't until Advance Chemistry’s single

title: Turkish language

text: by regional dialect. The dialect of Turkish spoken in the Trabzon region of northeastern Turkey follows the reduced vowel harmony of Old Anatolian Turkish, with the additional complication of two missing vowels (ü and ı), thus there is no palatal harmony. It's likely that "elün" meant "your hand" in Old Anatolian. While the 2nd person singular possessive would vary between back and front vowel, -ün or -un, as in "elün" for "your hand" and "kitabun" for "your book", the lack of ü vowel in the Trabzon dialect means -un would be used in both of these cases — "elun" and

title: American Turkish Friendship Council

text: to the Emory and Atlanta community. They also try to help the MedShare International which is an organization that delivers medical equipment to hospitals in Eastern Turkey. The ATFC aim is to try to raise $30,000 per year to ship at least two 40 foot containers of equipment and supplies to Turkey each year. In 2004 the Turkish Language Program at Georgia State University was launched which tries to encourage the Turkish Language programme, teaching the Turkish language to American students. American Turkish Friendship Council The American Turkish Friendship Council (ATFC) was founded in 2005 to encourage and foster mutual

title: Turkish Wikipedia

text: gender bias on Wikipedia drew the attention of Turkish media. On 29 April 2017, the Turkish government blocked access to Wikipedia. While the reasons for the blockage are unrevealed, some believe that the encyclopedia has been blocked because the Turkish government is concerned about the appearance of articles critical of its actions regarding Turkey–ISIL cooperation. Turkish Wikipedia The Turkish Wikipedia (Turkish: "") is the Turkish language edition of Wikipedia, spelled "Vikipedi". Started in December 2002, as of 23 2019 this edition has and is the 30th largest Wikipedia edition. In November 2006, the Turkish Wikipedia was nominated under the Science

title: Karamanli Turkish

text: 134). Karamanli writers and speakers were expelled from Turkey as part of the Greek-Turkish population exchange of 1923. Some speakers preserved their language in the diaspora. The writing form stopped being used immediately after the Turkish state adopted the Latin alphabet. A fragment of a Manuscript written in Karamanli was also found in the Cairo Geniza. Karamanli Turkish Karamanlı Turkish is both a form of written Turkish, and a dialect of Turkish spoken by the Karamanlides, a community of Turkish-speaking Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Turkey. While the official Ottoman Turkish was written in the Arabic script, the Karamanlides used the

title: Turkish language

text: form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly "//k//". The vowels of the Turkish language are, in their alphabetical order, , , , , , , , . The Turkish vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by how and where they are articulated focusing on three key features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height. Vowels are classified [±back], [±round] and [±high]. The only diphthongs in the language are found in loanwords and may be categorised as falling diphthongs usually analyzed as a sequence of /j/ and a vowel. Turkish is

title: Turkish language

text: the SOV structure has diminished relevance, in fact it may be considered a "pragmatic word order" of language, one that does not rely on word order for grammatical purposes. While the basic word order in Turkish is firmly SOV, the word order may vary in particular conditions. Consider the following simple sentence which demonstrates that the focus in Turkish is on the element that immediately precedes the verb: The postpredicate position signifies what is referred to as background information in Turkish- information that is assumed to be known to both the speaker and the listener, or information that is included

title: Turkish language

text: in the context. Consider the following examples: There has been some debate among linguists whether Turkish is a subject-prominent (like English) or topic-prominent (like Japanese and Korean) language, with recent scholarship implying that it is indeed both subject and topic-prominent. This has direct implications for word order as it is possible for the subject to be included in the verb-phrase in Turkish. There can be S/O inversion in sentences where the topic is of greater importance than the subject. Turkish is an agglutinative language and frequently uses affixes, and specifically suffixes, or endings. One word can have many affixes and

title: Turkish language

text: eat", "yediğin means "what you eat", and so on. The use of these "personal or relative participles" is illustrated in the following table, in which the examples are presented according to the grammatical case which would be seen in the equivalent English relative clause. Latest 2010 edition of "Büyük Türkçe Sözlük" ("Great Turkish Dictionary"), the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 616,767 words, expressions, terms and nouns. The 2005 edition of "Güncel Türkçe Sözlük", the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 104,481 words, of which about 86% are

title: Turkish Language Association

text: Dili", a journal on Turkish literature, since 1951, "Belleten", the annual journal on Turkic languages, since 1953, and "Türk Dünyası", another periodical published twice a year on Turkish language and literature since 1996. The 2005 edition of "Güncel Türkçe Sözlük", the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 104,481 entries, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin. Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Arabic, French, Persian, Italian, English, and Greek. Turkish Language Association The Turkish Language Institution (, TDK) is the official regulatory body of the

title: Turkish language

text: areas of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin and sharing similarities with Azerbaijani, the language of Azerbaijan. The Central Anatolia Region speaks "Orta Anadolu". "Karadeniz", spoken in the Eastern Black Sea Region and represented primarily by the Trabzon dialect, exhibits substratum influence from Greek in phonology and syntax; it is also known as "Laz dialect" (not to be confused with the Laz language). "Kastamonu" is spoken in Kastamonu and its surrounding areas. Karamanli Turkish is spoken in Greece, where it is called . It is the literary standard for the Karamanlides. At least one source claims Turkish consonants are larengially specified three-way

title: Turkish language

text: cultural heritage list. Since then the local education directorate has introduced it as a course in schools in the region, hoping to revive its use. A study was conducted by a German scientist of Turkish origin Onur Güntürkün at Ruhr University, observing 31 "speakers" of "" ("bird's tongue") from Kuşköy, and he found that the whistled language mirrored the lexical and syntactical structure of Turkish language. On-line sources Turkish language Turkish (), also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and

title: Turkish language

text: founded in 1932 under the name "Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti" ("Society for Research on the Turkish Language"). The Turkish Language Association was influenced by the ideology of linguistic purism: indeed one of its primary tasks was the replacement of loanwords and foreign grammatical constructions with equivalents of Turkish origin. These changes, together with the adoption of the new Turkish alphabet in 1928, shaped the modern Turkish language spoken today. TDK became an independent body in 1951, with the lifting of the requirement that it should be presided over by the Minister of Education. This status continued until August 1983, when

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: any Turkic language written in Arabic script. There are not many differences between the İA and the DMG transliteration systems. Ottoman Turkish language Ottoman Turkish (; ), or the Ottoman language (Ottoman Turkish: , , also known as , or , , "Turkish"; ), is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows, in all aspects, extensively from Arabic and Persian, and it was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. During the peak of Ottoman power, Persian and Arabic vocabulary accounted for up to 88% of the Ottoman vocabulary, while words of foreign

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: Ottoman Turkish language Ottoman Turkish (; ), or the Ottoman language (Ottoman Turkish: , , also known as , or , , "Turkish"; ), is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows, in all aspects, extensively from Arabic and Persian, and it was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. During the peak of Ottoman power, Persian and Arabic vocabulary accounted for up to 88% of the Ottoman vocabulary, while words of foreign origin heavily outnumbered native Turkish words. Consequently, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and rural Turks, who

title: Turkish language

text: Hatırlasın" by Aşık Veysel Şatıroğlu (1894–1973), a minstrel and highly regarded poet in the Turkish folk literature tradition. In the Turkish province of Giresun, the locals in the village of Kuşköy have communicated using a whistled version of Turkish for over 400 years. The region consists of a series of deep valleys and the unusual mode of communication allows for conversation over distances of up to 5 kilometres. Turkish authorities estimate that there are still around 10,000 people using the whistled language. However, in 2011 UNESCO found whistling Turkish to be a dying language and included it in its intangible

title: Turkish language

text: is also covered with these words. Projects investigating Turkish dialects are being carried out by several universities, as well as a dedicated work group of the Turkish Language Association. Work is currently in progress for the compilation and publication of their research as a comprehensive dialect atlas of the Turkish language. "Rumelice" is spoken by immigrants from Rumelia, and includes the distinct dialects of Ludogorie, Dinler, and Adakale, which are influenced by the theoretized Balkan sprachbund. "Kıbrıs Türkçesi" is the name for Cypriot Turkish and is spoken by the Turkish Cypriots. "Edirne" is the dialect of Edirne. "Ege" is spoken

title: Turkish language

text: a Language Commission composed of prominent linguists, academics, and writers. The introduction of the new Turkish alphabet was supported by public education centers opened throughout the country, cooperation with publishing companies, and encouragement by Atatürk himself, who toured the country teaching the new letters to the public. As a result, there was a dramatic increase in literacy from its original Third World levels. The Latin alphabet was applied to the Turkish language for educational purposes even before the 20th-century reform. Instances include a 1635 Latin-Albanian dictionary by Frang Bardhi, who also incorporated several sayings in the Turkish language, as an

title: Turkish language

text: 1932 under the patronage of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, with the aim of conducting research on Turkish. One of the tasks of the newly established association was to initiate a language reform to replace loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin with Turkish equivalents. By banning the usage of imported words in the press, the association succeeded in removing several hundred foreign words from the language. While most of the words introduced to the language by the TDK were newly derived from Turkic roots, it also opted for reviving Old Turkish words which had not been used for centuries. Owing to this

title: Turkish language

text: appendix to his work (e.g. "alma agatsdan irak duschamas"—"An apple does not fall far from its tree"). Turkish now has an alphabet suited to the sounds of the language: the spelling is largely phonemic, with one letter corresponding to each phoneme. Most of the letters are used approximately as in English, the main exceptions being , which denotes ( being used for the found in Persian and European loans); and the undotted , representing . As in German, and represent and . The letter , in principle, denotes but has the property of lengthening the preceding vowel and assimilating any

title: Where Does My Heart Beat Now

text: a top ten hit there. It did even better on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks peaking at number two. "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" reached also top ten in Norway and Canada, peaking at numbers four and six respectively. Two accompanying music videos for the song were filmed. Dion performed "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" during many of her tours. In 1989, Dion was recording her first English-language album, "Unison". One of the songs chosen for the album was "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" written by Robert White Johnson and Taylor Rhodes, and produced by Christopher Neil.

title: Where Does My Heart Beat Now

text: Where Does My Heart Beat Now "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" is a song performed by Canadian singer Celine Dion, taken from her first English-language studio album, "Unison" (1990). It was released by Columbia Records as the third single in Canada on 1 October 1990. It was also issued as the first single in the United States in late 1990, and in other parts of the world in early 1991. "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" was written by Robert White Johnson and Taylor Rhodes in 1988 and recorded by Dion one year later. It was produced by Christopher

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: continued to use "kaba Türkçe" ("raw/vulgar Turkish", as in Vulgar Latin), which used far fewer foreign loanwords and is the basis of the modern Turkish language. The Tanzimât era saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language ( or ) and the same distinction is made in Modern Turkish ( and ). The conjugation for the aorist tense is as follows: Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary. As in most other Turkic and other foreign languages of Islamic

title: Turkish language

text: by the Turkish diaspora in some 30 other countries. Turkish language is mutually intelligible with Azerbaijani and other Turkic languages. In particular, Turkish-speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire, such as Iraq, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece (primarily in Western Thrace), the Republic of Macedonia, Romania, and Serbia. More than two million Turkish speakers live in Germany; and there are significant Turkish-speaking communities in the United States, France, The Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Due to the cultural assimilation of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic Turkish immigrants

title: Turkish language

text: distance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect. About 40% of all speakers of Turkic languages are native Turkish speakers.The characteristic features of Turkish, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are universal within the Turkic family. The Turkic family comprises some 30 living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. Turkish is a member of the Oghuz group of languages, a subgroup of the Turkic language family. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Turkish

title: Turkish language

text: languages, Mahmud al-Kashgari from the Kara-Khanid Khanate, published the first comprehensive Turkic language dictionary and map of the geographical distribution of Turkic speakers in the "Compendium of the Turkic Dialects" (Ottoman Turkish: "Divânü Lügati't-Türk"). Following the adoption of Islam c. 950 by the Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Seljuq Turks, who are both regarded as the ethnic and cultural ancestors of the Ottomans, the administrative language of these states acquired a large collection of loanwords from Arabic and Persian. Turkish literature during the Ottoman period, particularly Divan poetry, was heavily influenced by Persian, including the adoption of poetic meters and a

title: Turkish language

text: is contrived, long words frequently occur in normal Turkish, as in this heading of a newspaper obituary column: "Bayramlaşamadıklarımız" (Bayram [festival]-Recipr-Impot-Partic-Plur-PossPl1; "Those of our number with whom we cannot exchange the season's greetings"). Another example can be seen in the final word of this heading of the online Turkish Spelling Guide ("İmlâ Kılavuzu"): "Dilde birlik, ulusal birliğin vazgeçilemezlerindendir" ("Unity in language is among the indispensables [dispense-Pass-Impot-Plur-PossS3-Abl-Copula] of national unity ~ Linguistic unity is a "sine qua non" of national unity"). There is no definite article in Turkish, but definiteness of the object is implied when the accusative ending is used

title: Turkish language

text: an agglutinative language where a series of suffixes are added to the stem word; vowel harmony is a phonological process which ensures a smooth flow, requiring the least amount of oral movement as possible. Vowel harmony can be viewed as a process of assimilation, whereby following vowels take on the characteristics of the preceding vowel. It may be useful to think of Turkish vowels as two symmetrical sets: the a-undotted (a, ı, o, u) which are all back vowels, articulated at the back of the mouth; and the e-dotted (e, i, ö, ü) vowels which are articulated at the front

title: Turkish language

text: inscriptions was the Old Turkic language written using the Old Turkic alphabet, which has also been referred to as "Turkic runes" or "runiform" due to a superficial similarity to the Germanic runic alphabets. With the Turkic expansion during Early Middle Ages (c. 6th–11th centuries), peoples speaking Turkic languages spread across Central Asia, covering a vast geographical region stretching from Siberia and to Europe and the Mediterranean. The Seljuqs of the Oghuz Turks, in particular, brought their language, Oghuz—the direct ancestor of today's Turkish language—into Anatolia during the 11th century. Also during the 11th century, an early linguist of the Turkic

title: Where Does My Heart Beat Now

text: Neil. Dion premiered this song at the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 in Switzerland, where she performed it along with her 1988 winning track, "Ne partez pas sans moi." "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" received positive reviews from music critics and won the ASCAP Pop Award. It was the most successful single from "Unison" album and became Dion's highest charting English-language single at the time. In 2008, it was included on the North American version of "" greatest hits compilation. The song reached number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and Dion became the first French-Canadian artist to land

title: Where Does This Door Go

text: Where Does This Door Go Where Does This Door Go is the third studio album by American singer Mayer Hawthorne. It was released on July 16, 2013, by Republic Records. "Where Does This Door Go" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 73, based on 17 reviews. Michael Gallucci of "The A.V. Club" stated, "For all of his apparent devotion to the genre, Hawthorne comes off somewhat soulless on "Where Does This Door Go"." Derek Staples of "Consequence of

title: Turkish language

text: and the other Oghuz Turkic languages, including Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, and Balkan Gagauz Turkish. The Turkic languages were grouped into the now discredited Altaic language group. The earliest known Old Turkic inscriptions are the three monumental Orkhon inscriptions found in modern Mongolia. Erected in honour of the prince Kul Tigin and his brother Emperor Bilge Khagan, these date back to the second Turk Kaghanate. After the discovery and excavation of these monuments and associated stone slabs by Russian archaeologists in the wider area surrounding the Orkhon Valley between 1889 and 1893, it became established that the language on the

title: Where Does My Heart Beat Now

text: 1994. Dion is also performing "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" in her current Las Vegas residency show, "Celine". On 13 May 1992, "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" received an ASCAP Pop Award for the most-performed ASCAP song during the 1991 survey year (1 October 1990 – 30 September 1991). Additionally, Dion's performance of "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" at the Juno Awards of 1991 was nominated for the Gemini Award in category Best Performance in a Variety Program or Series. Where Does My Heart Beat Now "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" is a song performed by

title: Where Does It Hurt?

text: Japanese, insurance companies, hospitals, Poles, and humanity, you'll love this movie.” Nonetheless, the film holds a 67% fresh rating, based on 142 reviews, on Rotten Tomatoes. Where Does It Hurt? Where Does it Hurt? is a 1972 American comedy film written and directed by Rod Amateau, starring Peter Sellers, Jo Ann Pflug, Rick Lenz, Pat Morita, and Harold Gould. The film is a darkly satirical look at capitalism in a hospital environment. Sellers plays hospital administrator Albert T. Hopfnagel, who oversees a facility that is more interested in generating revenue than it is in providing sound medical care. When construction

title: Where Does It Hurt?

text: Where Does It Hurt? Where Does it Hurt? is a 1972 American comedy film written and directed by Rod Amateau, starring Peter Sellers, Jo Ann Pflug, Rick Lenz, Pat Morita, and Harold Gould. The film is a darkly satirical look at capitalism in a hospital environment. Sellers plays hospital administrator Albert T. Hopfnagel, who oversees a facility that is more interested in generating revenue than it is in providing sound medical care. When construction worker Lester Hammond (Lenz) shows up needing nothing more than a chest X-ray, he is immediately admitted and subjected to a battery of tests. Hopfnagel rides

title: Where Does This Door Go

text: "Billboard" 200, and number four on the R&B Albums, selling around 10,000 copies in its first week. It has sold 38,000 copies in the United States as of March 2016. Notes Sample credits Where Does This Door Go Where Does This Door Go is the third studio album by American singer Mayer Hawthorne. It was released on July 16, 2013, by Republic Records. "Where Does This Door Go" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 73, based on 17

title: Where Does This Door Go

text: door does go, it is a place that calls for boat shoes, a relaxed attitude, and a returning fan's patience." Harriet Gibsone of "The Guardian" stated, "Packed with cleverly crafted production, "Where Does This Door Go" may be a sonic adventure, but it's not quite slick enough to challenge the current crop of R&B luminaries." August Brown of "Los Angeles Times" stated, ""Where Does This Door Go" feels like a once-promising OK Cupid date that's gone off the rails." Mike Powell of "Rolling Stone" stated, "From modest goals come modest returns." The album debuted at number 30 on the US

title: Turkish Cypriots

text: Ottoman conquest in 1571 and became the politically dominant, prestigious language, of the administration. In the post-Ottoman period, Cypriot Turkish was relatively isolated from standard Turkish and had strong influences by the Cypriot Greek dialect. The condition of coexistence with the Greek Cypriots led to a certain bilingualism whereby Turkish Cypriots' knowledge of Greek was important in areas where the two communities lived and worked together. According to Prof. C. F. Beckingham (1957), in Cyprus religious and linguistic divisions do not always coincided. There were "Turkish", i.e. Muslim villages in which the normal language was Greek. Among them were Lapithiou,

title: Turkish vocabulary

text: action, which is expressed in English by "each other" or "one another". (But there are exceptions: "sevişmek" does not mean "to love one another" (from "sevmek" "to love") but rather "to make love with each other." Many causative verbs are formed with "-dir-". Books of use in the writing of this article include: Turkish vocabulary This article is a companion to Turkish grammar and contains some information that might be considered grammatical. The purpose of this article is mainly to show the use of some of the "yapım ekleri" "structural suffixes" of the Turkish language, as well as to give

title: Turkish language

text: continuing work of the TDK to coin new Turkish words to express new concepts and technologies as they enter the language, mostly from English. Many of these new words, particularly information technology terms, have received widespread acceptance. However, the TDK is occasionally criticized for coining words which sound contrived and artificial. Some earlier changes—such as ' to replace ', "political party"—also failed to meet with popular approval (' has been replaced by the French loanword '). Some words restored from Old Turkic have taken on specialized meanings; for example " (originally meaning "book") is now used to mean "script" in

title: Where Does My Heart Beat Now

text: handles this stirring ballad." AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine picked it as album standout together with "(If There Was) Any Other Way." "Chicago Tribune" editor Jan De Knock wrote: Dion shines brightest on torchy love songs, including her current hit "Where Does My Heart Beat Now." In Canada, "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" entered the charts in October 1990 and reached number six on "The Record" Retail Singles Chart on 8 April 1991. It also topped the "RPM" Adult Contemporary chart for two weeks in February 1991. In the United States, "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" debuted

title: Turkish Cypriots

text: was a skill which the community had already acquired in Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots were concentrated mainly in the north-east of London and specialised in the heavy-wear sector, such as coats and tailored garments. This sector offered work opportunities where poor knowledge of the English language was not a problem and where self-employment was a possibility. Once the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, the division of the island led to an economic embargo against the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriot controlled Republic of Cyprus. This had the effect of depriving the Turkish Cypriots

title: Where Does This Door Go

text: mind Ernie Isley's work on "Summer Breeze"." Zachary Houle of "PopMatters" stated, ""Where Does This Door Go" improves over his last effort, which was already pretty good to begin with, and may go down as one of the year's most exceptional releases. "Where Does This Door Go" is as refreshing as a tropical breeze, if not a good cup of joe at your favorite hangout." Nate Patrin of "Pitchfork" stated, "Inconsistency or complexity? Depends on how much you believe in this music as sincere self-expression versus its status as smartly crafted, artist-as-listener-proxy pop." David Jeffries of AllMusic stated, "Wherever this

title: Turkish language

text: Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin. Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Arabic, French, Persian, Italian, English, and Greek. Turkish extensively uses agglutination to form new words from nouns and verbal stems. The majority of Turkish words originate from the application of derivative suffixes to a relatively small set of core vocabulary. Turkish obeys certain principles when it comes to suffixation. Most suffixes in Turkish will have more than one form, depending on the vowels and consonants in the root- vowel harmony rules will apply; consonant-initial suffixes will follow the voiced/ voiceless character of the

title: Gagauz language

text: translated into the Gagauz language and had been written with Greek letters. Beginning in 1957, Cyrillic was used up until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1996 the Republic of Moldova officially introduced a Latin-based alphabet. This is modelled after the modern Turkish alphabet, with the addition of three letters: to represent the sound of (as in Azeri), to represent the (schwa) sound, which does not exist in Turkish, and or to represent the sound as in Romanian. On the other hand, unlike Crimean Tatar, Turkish, and some other Turkic languages, Gagauz does not have the letter

title: Turkish copula

text: Turkish copula This article covers the use of copulas in the Turkish language. In Turkish, copula are called ek-eylem () or ek-fiil () ('suffix-[[verb]'). Turkish copula are one of the more distinct features of [[Turkish grammar]]. Since Turkish is a highly [[agglutinative language]], copulas are rendered as [[suffix]]es, albeit with a few exceptions. [[Zero copula]] is the rule for [[Grammatical person|third person]], as in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. That means two nouns, or a noun and an adjective can be juxtaposed to make a sentence without using any copula. Third person plural might be indicated with the use of

title: Turkish Americans

text: language at home despite the fact that they are highly bilingual. The number of English-proficient households using Turkish as a home-language outweighs that of families who have switched completely to English. In this sense, the Turkish American community efforts and the schools that serve the Turkish community in the U.S. are responsible for the retaining of the Turkish language and slowing of assimilation. A detailed study has documented the efforts of language and culture-disseminating schools of the Turkish American community and is available as a doctoral dissertation, a book, book chapters, and journal articles. Although Islam had little public importance

title: Turkish language

text: Atatürk to replace the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, a version of Perso-Arabic alphabet. The Ottoman alphabet marked only three different vowels—long "ā, ū" and "ī"—and included several redundant consonants, such as variants of "z" (which were distinguished in Arabic but not in Turkish). The omission of short vowels in the Arabic script was claimed to make it particularly unsuitable for Turkish, which has eight vowels. The reform of the script was an important step in the cultural reforms of the period. The task of preparing the new alphabet and selecting the necessary modifications for sounds specific to Turkish was entrusted to

title: Turkish dialects

text: /k/ and /g/ to palatal affricates or stops, and the loss of /h/, especially in a word-initial position. Rumelian Turkish dialects are the source of Turkish loanwords in Balkan languages, not the modern standard Turkish language which is based on the Istanbul dialect. For example, Serbo-Croatian kàpija/капија "large gate" comes from Rumelian "kapi", not standard Turkish "kapı". The Turkish language was introduced to Cyprus with the Ottoman conquest in 1571 and became the politically dominant, prestigious language of the administration. In the post-Ottoman period, Cypriot Turkish was relatively isolated from standard Turkish and had strong influences from the Cypriot Greek

title: Turkish language

text: "kedimin ayakkabıları yoktu" ("my cat had no shoes", "lit." "cat-"my"-"of" shoe-"plur."-"its" non-existent-"past tense""). Turkish verbs indicate person. They can be made negative, potential ("can"), or impotential ("cannot"). Furthermore, Turkish verbs show tense (present, past, future, and aorist), mood (conditional, imperative, inferential, necessitative, and optative), and aspect. Negation is expressed by the infix "-me²-" immediately following the stem. Almost all Turkish verbs are conjugated in the same way, most notable exception being the irregular and defective verb "i-", the Turkish copula (corresponding to English "to be"), which can be used in compound forms (the shortened form is called an enclitic): "Gelememişti"

title: Where Does My Heart Beat Now

text: Kingdom. Three versions of the music video exists: black-and-white Canadian version for the Canadian market (released in October 1990), color performance version for the US promotion (November 1990) directed by David Phillips and black-and-white version mixed with performance version made for the "Unison" home video (July 1991). Dion first performed "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" at the Eurovision Song Contest 1989, along with the previous year winning song, "Ne partez pas sans moi." She also sang "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" on various Canadian and US television shows in 1990 and 1991, like "The Tonight Show", "Good Morning

title: Turkish Cypriot diaspora

text: Kingdom. Many of these early migrants worked in the clothing industry in London, where both men and women could work together; many worked in the textile industry as sewing was a skill which the community had already acquired in Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots were concentrated mainly in the north-east of London and specialised in the heavy-wear sector, such as coats and tailored garments. This sector offered work opportunities where poor knowledge of the English language was not a problem and where self-employment was a possibility. Once the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, the division

title: Cypriot Turkish

text: absorbed influences from Greek, Italian and English. Cypriot Turkish is mutually intelligible with Standard Turkish. Cypriot Turkish is distinguished by a number of sound alternations not found in standard Turkish, but some of which are also quite common in other Turkish vernaculars: The last two alternations are more specific to Cypriot Turkish and are seen less often in other Turkish vernaculars. Cypriot Turkish is structured as a VO language as opposed to standard Turkish which is an OV language. It is very typical in forming a question. Cypriot Turkish uses the aorist tense instead of the present continuous tense, and

title: Turkish vocabulary

text: Armenian and Arabic words. Thus educated Turks had available for their use the vocabularies of three languages: Turkish, Arabic, and Persian. When the Ottoman Empire arose out of the remains of the Selcuk Empire in Anatolia, its official language, "Osmanlıca" or Ottoman Turkish, became the only language to approach English in the size of its vocabulary (according to #Lewis). However, common people continued to use "kaba Türkçe" or "rough Turkish" which contained much fewer loanwords and which is the basis of the modern Turkish language. With the advent of the Turkish Republic in 1923 came the attempt to unify the

title: Turkish nationalism

text: Turkish nationalism Turkish nationalism is a political ideology that promotes and glorifies the Turkish people, as either a national, ethnic, or linguistic group. After the Fall of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal came to power. Atatürk introduced Hilaire de Barenton's Sun Language Theory into Turkish political and educational circles in 1935, at the high point of attempts to "cleanse" the Turkish language of foreign influence. Turkish researchers at the time also came up with the idea that Early Sumerians were proto-Turks. Ideologies associated with Turkish nationalism include Pan-Turkism or "Turanism" (a form or ethnic or racial essentialism or national mysticism),

title: Turkish Australians

text: self-identification of Turkish Australians. There are numerous Turkish private schools, including Ilim College, Irfan College, Amity (previously known as Sule) College, Sirius (previously known as Isik) College, Damla College and Burc College that cater for Turkish Australian students. There are several Turkish language newspapers produced in Australia and generally available free of charge, including "Anadolu", "Yeni Vatan", "Dunya", Camia, "Zaman" and the "Australian Turkish News Weekly". Currently in Sydney and Melbourne SBS Radio broadcasts in the Turkish language for an hour a day. Other community stations also broadcast in Turkish, though with less hours of content. For example, 3ZZZ currently

title: Turkish Australians

text: are strongly secular. The Turkish Australian community favours religious sermons in the Turkish language (rather than in Arabic) and attends Friday prayers in Turkish mosques. There are numerous notable Turkish mosques in Australia; in 1992, the Cyprus Turkish Islamic Society constructed an Ottoman-style mosque, known as the Sunshine Mosque, which was designed to mirror the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul. Another important Turkish mosque is the Auburn Gallipoli Mosque, which attracts about 800 worshippers every week and is listed as an Australian heritage building. The Turkish language is well maintained in Australia and is seen as very important for the

title: Turkish community of London

text: those who are British-born or who have been naturalised. The Turkish language is the most common language spoken among the "Other White" ethnic group in London. The first generation of Turks generally have a limited knowledge of English with women tending to be monolingual in Turkish. The exceptions to this are the first generation that is well-educated with a good command of English. On the other hand, Turkish children born in London are usually English dominant- especially the Turkish Cypriot community. Nonetheless, the Turkish language is taught within the home and through formal Turkish schools. Furthermore, the Turkish language is

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between modern Turkish and Ottoman Turkish is the former's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Persian genitive construction "takdîr-i ilâhî" (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is

title: Turkish vocabulary

text: Turkish vocabulary This article is a companion to Turkish grammar and contains some information that might be considered grammatical. The purpose of this article is mainly to show the use of some of the "yapım ekleri" "structural suffixes" of the Turkish language, as well as to give some of the structurally important words, like pronouns, determiners, postpositions, and conjunctions. "See also Turkish language#Vocabulary." In the ninth century, Turks began to convert to Islam and to use the Arabic alphabet. When the Seljuk Turks overran Iran (Persia), they adopted for official and literary use the Persian language—which meanwhile had borrowed many

title: Citizen, speak Turkish!

text: denationalize all the non-Turkish communities and instil patriotism among Turks. The reformation of the state schooling system and of language by the compulsory use of demotic Turkish aimed for the linguistic homogenization of society. The standardization of the Turkish language aimed to sever the link with the Ottoman language and past in order to create a new sense of Turkish nationhood. When the Turkish Republic was founded, nationalism and secularism were two of the founding principals. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the leader of the early years of the Republic, aimed to create a nation state () from the Turkish remnants of

title: Turkish hip hop

text: as a result of pop music being overplayed on the radio. The first Turkish language hip hop record was titled "Bir Yabancının Hayatı" or "The Life of Serkan Danyal Munir Raymondo Tatar", produced by King Size Terror, a Turkish-German group from Nuremberg with a dominant Kurdish presence, in 1991. Stranger in this context refers to how Turkish youth can feel like strangers to the mainstream German culture. Turkish hip hop continues to influence the hip hop scenes in Western Europe, especially in Germany where many top chart rappers such as Kool Savaş (who has collaborated with 50 Cent, RZA, Jadakiss,

title: Turkish language

text: eye) : Turkish adjectives are not declined. However most adjectives can also be used as nouns, in which case they are declined: e.g. "güzel" ("beautiful") → "güzeller" ("(the) beautiful ones / people"). Used attributively, adjectives precede the nouns they modify. The adjectives "var" ("existent") and "yok" ("non-existent") are used in many cases where English would use "there is" or "have", "e.g." "süt yok" ("there is no milk", "lit." "(the) milk (is) non-existent"); the construction ""noun 1"-GEN "noun 2"-POSS var/yok" can be translated ""noun 1" has/doesn't have "noun 2""; "imparatorun elbisesi yok" "the emperor has no clothes" ("(the) emperor-"of" clothes-"his" non-existent");

title: Turkish copula

text: [[Alethic modality|Alethic]] past tense is indiacted with "idi", another variation of "imek". It is enclitic and exhibits vowel harmony like "idir". [[Inferential mood|Inferential]] past tense is indicated with "imiş". It is enclitic and exhibits vowel harmony like "idir". [[Conditional mood|Conditional]] (hypothetical) mood is indiacted with "ise". It is enclitic and exhibits vowel harmony like "idir". [[Category:Turkish grammar|Copula]] Turkish copula This article covers the use of copulas in the Turkish language. In Turkish, copula are called ek-eylem () or ek-fiil () ('suffix-[[verb]'). Turkish copula are one of the more distinct features of [[Turkish grammar]]. Since Turkish is a highly [[agglutinative language]],

title: Where Are Your Keys?

text: Where Are Your Keys? Where Are Your Keys? (WAYK) is an interactive technique for learning languages directly from native speakers. It is a game-based approach that uses gesture and sign language to facilitate immediate communication in the target language. Because the focus is creating an interactive game between the native speaker and the learner, it may be preferable to select a native speaker without language-teaching experience. The technique has been used in instruction of Alutiiq, Chinuk Wawa, Konkow, Kutenai, Mohawk, Navajo, O'odham, Squamish, Unangax, French, Latin, Korean, Turkish, and at a Chickasaw language immersion camp for families. The game trains

title: Turkish alphabet

text: Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. This alphabet represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras. The letters of the Turkish alphabet are: Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the

title: Ottoman Turkish language

text: used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, "ilâhî takdîr" (literally, "divine preordaining"). Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet ("elifbâ" ), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script. The Armenian, Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. The transliteration system of the İslâm Ansiklopedisi has become a "de facto" standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. Concerning transcription the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald and Ferit Develioğlu dictionaries have become standard. Another transliteration system is the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for

title: Turkish Cypriot diaspora

text: a smaller community in South Africa. Turkish Cypriot migration to Australia began in the late 1940s; they were the only Muslims acceptable under the White Australia Policy. Prior to 1940, the Australian Census recorded only three settlers from Cyprus that spoke Turkish as their primary language, although many Turkish Cypriot arrivals spoke Greek as their first language. A further 66 Turkish Cypriots arrived in Australia in the late 1940s, marking the beginning of a Turkish Cypriot immigration trend to Australia. By 1947-1956 there were 350 Turkish Cypriot settlers who were living in Australia. Between 1955-1960, the Turkish Cypriots felt vulnerable

title: Where Does This Door Go

text: Sound" stated, "For those awaiting more of Hawthorne's soul revivalism, his new carefree mentality has also had a positive effect on the songwriter's more straightforward soul affairs." Ryan B. Patrick of "Exclaim!" stated, "With "Where Does This Door Go", Hawthorne's falsetto-inflected voice has become more commanding, his production more intriguing and his indie-soul aspirations have morphed into mainstream ambitions." Andy Gill of "The Independent" stated, "Hawthorne's muse is steeped in '70 influences—notably falsetto and symphonic-soul giants like Curtis Mayfield and Barry White, while trailing threads of piercing lead guitar through songs like "Wine Glass Women" and "Corsican Rose" bring to

title: Azerbaijani language

text: Azerbaijani language Azerbaijani () or Azeri (), also sometimes referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a macrolanguage and refers to two Turkic languages (North Azerbaijani and South Azerbaijani) that are spoken primarily by the Azerbaijanis, who live mainly in Transcaucasia and Iran. North Azerbaijani and South Azerbaijani have significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loanwords. North Azerbaijani has official status in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan (a federal subject of Russia) but South Azerbaijani does not have official status in Iran, where the majority of Azerbaijanis live. It is also spoken to lesser varying

title: Turkish hip hop

text: never have. I’m not German, I’m a Turk and I’m passionately proud of it”. The most obvious demarcation of Turkish hip hop in Germany is language. As Bennet writes, “the fact of language itself can also play a crucial role in informing the way in which song lyrics are heard and the forms of significance which are read into them”. First and foremost, Turkish rap distinguishes itself from German and American hip hop by the utilizing the Turkish language rather than German or English. Feridun Zaimoglu, one of Germany’s leading literary figures, describes the Turkish most hip hop artists employ

title: Turkish vocabulary

text: of Europe. In the latter case, the borrowings are usually taken in their French pronunciation. The 2005 edition of "Güncel Türkçe Sözlük", the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 104,481 words, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin. Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Armenian, Arabic, French, Persian, Italian, English, and Greek. The suffix "-ci" attached to a noun denotes a person involved with what is named by the noun: The suffix "-lik" attached to a noun or adjective denotes an abstraction, or an object

title: Turkish language

text: subsequent vowel. The letters and represent and , respectively. A circumflex is written over back vowels following , , or when these consonants represent , , and —almost exclusively in Arabic and Persian loans. An apostrophe is used to separate proper nouns from inflectional suffixes: e.g. "in Istanbul"' (but not from derivational suffixes since 2009 spelling revision by TDK, e.g. "from/of Istanbul"). The Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters (q, x, w omitted and ç, ş, ğ, ı, ö, ü added); the complete list is: The specifically Turkish letters and spellings described above are illustrated in this table: "Dostlar Beni

title: Turkish language

text: saw trees [as we walked through the forest]"—as opposed to "ağaçları gördük" "we saw the trees [in question]". The declension of "ağaç" illustrates two important features of Turkish phonology: consonant assimilation in suffixes ("ağaçtan, ağaçta") and voicing of final consonants before vowels ("ağacın, ağaca, ağacı"). Additionally, nouns can take suffixes that assign person: for example "-imiz" , "our". With the addition of the copula (for example "-im" , "I am") complete sentences can be formed. The interrogative particle "mi" immediately follows the word being questioned: "köye mi?" "[going] to the village?", "ağaç mı?" "[is it a] tree?". The Turkish personal

title: Turkish language

text: (see below). Turkish nouns decline by taking case endings. There are six noun cases in Turkish, with all the endings following vowel harmony (shown in the table using the shorthand superscript notation. The plural marker "-ler" ² immediately follows the noun before any case or other affixes (e.g. "köylerin" "of the villages"). The accusative case marker is used only for definite objects; compare "(bir) ağaç gördük" "we saw a tree" with "ağacı gördük" "we saw the tree". The plural marker "-ler" ² is generally not used when a class or category is meant: "ağaç gördük" can equally well mean "we

title: Turkish language

text: in German. Compounds can be of two types- bare and (s)I. The bare compounds, both nouns and adjectives are effectively two words juxtaposed without the addition of suffixes for example the word for girlfriend "kizarkadaş" ("kiz+arkadaş") or black pepper "karabiber" ("kara+biber"). A few examples of compound words are given below: However, the majority of compound words in Turkish are (s)I compounds, which means that the second word will be marked by the 3rd person possessive suffix. A few such examples are given in the table below (note vowel harmony): Turkish is written using a Latin alphabet introduced in 1928 by

title: Turkish language

text: added to the end of the sentence and stands alone, for example "Necla okula gitti mi?" (Did Necla go to school?). In the case of a nominal sentence, then the -mi comes after the predicate but before the personal ending, so for example "Necla, siz oğretmen misiniz"? (Necla, are you a teacher? using the formal 2nd person plural). Word order in simple Turkish sentences is generally subject–object–verb, as in Korean and Latin, but unlike English, for verbal sentences and subject-predicate for nominal sentences. However, as Turkish possesses a case-marking system, and most grammatical relations are shown using morphological markers, often

title: Turkish hip hop

text: language of the album was in Turkish shifted the balance of power from privileged Germans to oppressed Turks. In the liner notes of the cd, “the English words ‘What are they sayin?!’ appear in big bubble letters. Underneath, the caption teasingly reads in German: ‘Didn’t pay attention in Turkish class? Then ask for the translations fast with this card’”. In addition to rapping in the language of their ancestral homeland, Turkish hip hop is aesthetically different from German hip hop. Primarily, Turkish hip-hop artists choose to sample Arabesk music in their songs drawing upon a mythic Turkish past. Arabesk is

title: Citizen, speak Turkish!

text: leave the country!". The campaigners placed posters in the major cities of the country with the slogan "Citizen, speak Turkish!" and the message further spread into the mass media, press, and political circles throughout the country. Signs in theaters, restaurants, hotels, and ferries urged everyone to speak Turkish and many people were harassed in public or criminalized for using a language other than Turkish. Citizens found to be using a language other than Turkish may sometimes have been charged with violating Article 159 (now defunct) of the Turkish penal code for "insulting Turkishness" as a legal justification. In the 1960s,

title: Cypriot Turkish

text: very often in place of the future tense as well. Cypriot Turkish does not use the narrative/indefinite past, and only uses the simple past instead. Cypriot Turkish also lacks the question suffix of . This is similar to colloquial Azerbaijani. In Cypriot Turkish, the reflexive pronoun in third person is different, namely ("him, himself, them, themself"). In Standard Turkish, this would be . Typical question usually do not qualify as standard Turkish questions (see the example above) because question suffixes are usually dropped by native Turkish Cypriots. Another subtle difference is the emphasis on verbs. Cypriot Turkish Cypriot Turkish ()