query: where was the assyrian civilization located?

title: Assyrian people

text: Assyrians have left the Middle East entirely for a more safe and comfortable life in the countries of the Western world. As a result of this, the Assyrian population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Assyrians in the diaspora than in their homeland. The largest Assyrian diaspora communities are found in Sweden (100,000), Germany (100,000), the United States (80,000), and in Australia (46,000). By ethnic percentage, the largest Assyrian diaspora communities are located in Södertälje in Stockholm County, Sweden, and in Fairfield City in Sydney, Australia, where they are the leading ethnic group

title: Assyrian Church of the East

text: is composed of metropolitan bishops and diocesan bishops, while lower clergy consists of priests and deacons, who serve in dioceses (eparchies) and parishes throughout the Middle East, India, North America, Oceania, and Europe (including the Caucasus and Russia). The Assyrian Church of the East considers itself as the continuation of the Church of the East, a church that originally developed among the Assyrians during the first century AD in Assyria, Upper Mesopotamia and northwestern Persia (aka Iran) to the east of the Byzantine Empire – areas where the Assyrian people spoke Assyrian language the Eastern Dialect. A Mesopotamian Language. It

title: Assyrian people

text: the entire Assyrian population. This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Assyrian people into countries such as Syria, Iran, and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as Armenia, Georgia and Russia. In reaction to the Assyrian Genocide and lured by British and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Assyrians led by Agha Petros and Malik Khoshaba of the Bit-Tyari tribe, fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces in an Assyrian war of independence. Despite

title: Assyrian cuisine

text: which people live in the diaspora, but nonetheless, Assyrians have their own foods distinct from the area where they live. Tourshea is a pickled vegetable which is Assyrian. In the United States of America, the influence of the US diet is seen by many people adding sugar to the pickles, whereas Assyrians from the Middle East, do not add sugar. Dolma (stuffed vegetables), grape leaves (dolma durpeh) and cabbage (dolmeh kalama) are Assyrian foods. It is the US Assyrians who are the least influenced by the food in the US probably because the US diet and the Assyrian foods are

title: Assyrian Americans

text: and low-income senior citizens tend to reside in Detroit, in the 7 Mile Road between Woodward Avenue and John R Street. This area was officially named Chaldean Town in 1999. There are eight Chaldean Catholic churches in Metropolitan Detroit, located in West Bloomfield, Troy (where there are two), Oak Park, Southfield, Warren, Sterling Heights and Detroit. After World War II, several Assyrian men who had been educated in Iraq by American Jesuits traveled to the United States. They were to teach Arabic to U.S. officers at the Army Language School who were going to be stationed in the Middle East.

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: 21st century BC until its destruction as an independent state between 615–599 BC. The Assyrians are culturally, linguistically, and ethnically distinct from their neighbours in the Middle East – the Arabs, Syrians, Persians, Kurds, Turks, and Armenians. Assyrian nationalism emphasizes their indigeneity to the Assyrian homeland, together with cultural, historical and ethnic Assyrian continuity since the Iron Age Neo-Assyrian Empire, and Achaemenid Persian, Greek, Roman, Parthian and Sassanid ruled Athura/Assuristan. Assyria was a land stretching from Kirkuk in the south to Amida in the north, and from Edessa in the west to the border of Persia (Iran) in the east.

title: Old Assyrian Empire

text: Old Assyrian Empire The Old Assyrian Empire is one of four periods in which the history of Assyria is divided, the other three being the Early Assyrian Period, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Assyria was a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East. Centered on the Tigris–Euphrates river system in Upper Mesopotamia, the Assyrian people came to rule powerful empires at several times. Making up a substantial part of the "cradle of civilization", which included Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, and Babylonia, Assyria was at the height of technological, scientific and cultural achievements

title: Assyrian continuity

text: clothing much like the ancient Assyrians. Some Academics including John Joseph, largely reject the modern Assyrian claim of descent from the ancient Assyrians of Mesopotamia, and their succeeding the Sumero-Akkadians and the Babylonians as one continuous civilization.' He criticizes modern Assyrian writers who "eager to establish a link between themselves and the ancient Assyrians, conclude that such a link is confirmed whenever they come across a reference to the word Assyrians during the early Christian period, to them it proves that their Christian ancestors always 'remembered' their Assyrian forefathers. Nationalist writers often refer to Tatian's statement that he was 'born

title: Assyrian homeland

text: Assyrian homeland The Assyrian homeland or Assyria () refers to a geographic and cultural region situated in Northern Mesopotamia that has been traditionally inhabited by Assyrian people. The areas that form the Assyrian homeland are parts of present-day northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and, more recently, northeastern Syria. Moreover, the area that had the greatest concentration of Assyrians in the world until recently is located in the "Assyrian Triangle", a region which comprises the Nineveh plains, southern Hakkari and the Barwari regions. This is where some Assyrian groups seek to create an independent nation state. The Assyrian homeland roughly

title: Assyrian nationalism

text: where the ancient Assyrian capital of Nineveh was located. This area is known as the "Assyrian Triangle." Assyrians are generally found all over northern Iraq, including in and around the cities of Mosul, Erbil, Kirkuk, Dohuk, Amadia and Rawanduz, and there are a fair number of exclusively Assyrian towns, villages, hamlets and agricultural communities in the north, together with others that have significant Assyrian populations. Other communities exist over the borders in south-eastern Turkey (Mardin, Diyarbakir, Harran, Bohtan, Kültepe, Hakkari), north-eastern Syria (Al Hasakah, Qamlishi Khabur delta) region and north-western Iran (Urmia). In post-Ba'thist Iraq, the Assyrian Democratic Movement (or

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: Caliphate and the centre of Islamic civilization for five hundred years; from the 8th to the 13th centuries. After the Arab Islamic Conquest of the mid 7th century AD Assuristan (Assyria) was dissolved as an entity. The previously basic civilisation of the desert dwelling Arabs was greatly enhanced and enriched by the influence and knowledge of native Mesopotamian scientists, physicians, mathematicians, theologians, astronomers, architects, agriculturalists, artists and astrologers. Assyrian Christians especially Nestorian contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Ummayads and the Abbasids by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic. They also excelled in

title: Assyrian independence movement

text: Assyrian independence movement The Assyrian independence movement is a movement guided by the Assyrian people for independence in the Assyrian homeland, notably in Northern Iraq. The areas that form the Assyrian homeland are parts of present-day northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and, more recently, northeastern Syria. The efforts are specifically in the regions where larger concentrations still exist, and not the Assyrian homeland in its entirety, those regions with large concentrations being Alqosh, Erbil, and the Dohuk Governorate in Iraq, the latter 2 being located in the Iraqi Kurdistan region and the Al-Hasakah Governorate in Syria. Mosul and the

title: Assyrian Americans

text: census counted 82,355 Assyrians in the country, of whom most lived in Illinois. However, Assyrian American organizations claim that their population in 2010 is around 400,000. The largest Assyrian/Chaldean diaspora is located in Metropolitan Detroit, with a figure of 100,000 as of 2007. High concentrations are also located in Chicago, Phoenix, San Jose, Modesto, San Diego, Los Angeles, and Turlock, among others. The first large wave of Assyrian immigration to the United States was due to the Assyrian Genocide, which occurred 1914–1920. Assyrians have been present in the United States since the late 19th century. The first recorded Assyrian in

title: Assyrian Aid Society

text: Assyrian Aid Society The Assyrian Aid Society-Iraq (AAS-Iraq) was founded as the Assyrian Aid and Social Society in Iraq as an Assyrian organization for the purpose of providing humanitarian aid to Assyrian Christians in the Assyrian homeland, Bet Nahrain. The AAS was established in direct response to the humanitarian crisis following the 1991 Gulf War and the hardships suffered by the Assyrian people during Saddam Hussein's rule in Iraq. Its headquarters is located in Dohuk, Iraq. The AAS President is Ashur Sargon Eskrya. Autonomous independent Assyrian Aid Societies in the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Canada, and Sweden help fund

title: Assyrian Aid Society

text: AAS humanitarian projects in Iraq. http://www.assyrianaid.org/ http://www.assyrianaidsociety.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20100918182529/http://www.assyrianaid.ca/ Assyrian Aid Society The Assyrian Aid Society-Iraq (AAS-Iraq) was founded as the Assyrian Aid and Social Society in Iraq as an Assyrian organization for the purpose of providing humanitarian aid to Assyrian Christians in the Assyrian homeland, Bet Nahrain. The AAS was established in direct response to the humanitarian crisis following the 1991 Gulf War and the hardships suffered by the Assyrian people during Saddam Hussein's rule in Iraq. Its headquarters is located in Dohuk, Iraq. The AAS President is Ashur Sargon Eskrya. Autonomous independent Assyrian Aid Societies in the United States,

title: Assyrian captivity

text: there is where the complete history of the dispersion of the Northern Kingdom tribes is seen, in 2 Esdras 13:40–48. Assyrian captivity The Assyrian captivity (or the Assyrian exile) is the period in the history of Ancient Israel and Judah during which several thousand Israelites of ancient Samaria were resettled as captives by Assyria. This is one of the many instances of forcible relocations implemented by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian monarchs, Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul) and Shalmaneser V. The later Assyrian rulers Sargon II and his son and successor, Sennacherib, were responsible

title: Assyrian Universal Alliance

text: Library which was founded in the 1980s and is home to the largest and most extensive collection of Assyrian texts in the world. Assyrian Universal Alliance Assyrian Universal Alliance (, ; ), usually abbreviated as AUA and popularly known as Khoyada (English: "Unity") is an ethnic Assyrian worldwide umbrella organization made up of different sectors of the Assyrian federations and organizations throughout the world. On the 13th of April 1968, the Assyrian Universal Alliance was founded in Pau, France where the first congress was held. The AUA as a global organisation seeks to spread, uphold and enhance the Assyrian name

title: Assyrian Universal Alliance

text: Assyrian Universal Alliance Assyrian Universal Alliance (, ; ), usually abbreviated as AUA and popularly known as Khoyada (English: "Unity") is an ethnic Assyrian worldwide umbrella organization made up of different sectors of the Assyrian federations and organizations throughout the world. On the 13th of April 1968, the Assyrian Universal Alliance was founded in Pau, France where the first congress was held. The AUA as a global organisation seeks to spread, uphold and enhance the Assyrian name in the world, to secure the human rights of the Assyrian people in their homeland and to attain an autonomous state in the

title: Assyrian continuity

text: Most Chaldo-Assyrian communities consider the term Chaldean to be purely doctrinal, the name of a church only, with no implication or meaning in an ethnic, cultural or historical sense. Acute Assyrian nationalism began shortly after the Assyrian Genocide in World War I, with Assyrian groups seeking a state of their own in the Assyrian homeland. Meanwhile, a "Chaldean" nationalism is largely non-existent, and if a Chaldean state were established it would not reasonably be in historic Chaldea which was in the extreme south east of Iraq, a different region to where the Chaldean Catholic church emerged. The Chaldean Catholic Church

title: Assyrian genocide

text: or "Seyfo" in English language sources, based on the modern Assyrian (Mesopotamian neo-Aramaic) designation "Saypā" (), "sword", pronounced as "Seyfo", and as "Sayfo" in the Western dialect (the term abbreviates "shato d'sayfo" "year of the sword"). The Assyrian name "" (), which literally means "killing of the Assyrian people", is used by some groups to describe these events. The word "Qṭolamo" () which means "Genocide" is also used in Assyrian diaspora media. The term used in Turkish media is "Süryani Soykırımı". In countries where significant Assyrian diaspora communities exist, the designation "Assyrian" has become controversial, notably in Germany and Sweden,

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: Eshai asked the League of Nations to recognize the right of Assyrians to govern the area known as the "Assyrian triangle" in northern Iraq. The Assyrians suffered the Simele Massacre, where thousands of unarmed villagers (men, women and children) were slaughtered by joint Arab-Kurdish forces of the Iraqi Army. These massacres followed a clash between Assyrian tribesmen and the Iraqi army, where the Iraqi forces suffered a defeat after trying to disarm the Assyrians, whom they feared would attempt to secede from Iraq. Armed Assyrian Levies were prevented by the British from going to the aid of these defenceless civilians.

title: Assyrian nationalism

text: Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church of creating divisions among them, when their joint ethnic and national identity should be paramount. The ideology of Assyrian independence is a political movement that supports the re-creation of Assyria as a nation state corresponding to part of the original Assyrian homeland, in the Nineveh plains of northern Iraq. The issue of Assyrian independence has been brought up many times throughout the course of history from before World War I to the present-day Iraq War. The Assyrian-inhabited area of Iraq is located primarily but not exclusively in the Ninawa-Mosul region in northern Iraq

title: Assyrian folk dance

text: "T". The "W" arm hold is the most common where the arms are raised into the "W" position (or, at least, it appears to look like the letter W). The "T" dance is where hands are placed on other participants's shoulders. This is the least common dance of the three. These Assyrian folk dances are rarely danced, but they're still practiced within some tribes and/or special events: Audio excerpts of each Assyrian common dance style: Video excerpts of the common Assyrian dance styles: Assyrian folk dance Assyrian folk dances are sets of dances that are performed throughout the world by

title: Assyrian homeland

text: time the site was threatened by a looming large-scale dam project that would have submerged the ancient archaeological site. Following the concerted attacks on Assyrian Christians in Iraq, especially highlighted by the Sunday, August 1, 2004 simultaneous bombing of six Churches (Baghdad and Mosul) and subsequent bombing of nearly thirty other churches throughout the country, Assyrian leadership, internally and externally, began to regard the Nineveh Plain as the location where security for Christians may be possible. Schools especially received much attention in this area and in Kurdish areas where Assyrian concentrated population lives. In addition, agriculture and medical clinics received

title: Assyrian people

text: and the areas surrounding the city of Al-Hasakah in Syria by 2015, and from the Nineveh plains in Iraq by 2017. Since the expulsion of ISIL, the Nineveh plains have been divided into Iraqi and Kurdish-controlled zones, with Assyrian militias on both sides. In Gozarto/Northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic Democratic Federation of Northern Syria project. Assyria is the homeland of the Assyrian people; it is located in the ancient Near East. In prehistoric times, the region that was to become known as Assyria (and Subartu) was home to

title: Assyrian independence movement

text: Persia. As a result, al-Husayni fled to Persia where he was granted legation asylum first by the Empire of Japan and then by Fascist Italy. By 1942, the Iraq Levies consisted of a Headquarters, a Depot, Specialist Assyrian companies, 40 service companies and the 1st Parachute Company, which consisted of 75% Assyrian and 25% Kurd. The new Iraq Levies disciplinary code was based largely on the Indian Army Act. The Levies had 22 Assyrian companies, 5 Mixed Assyrian/Yizidi companies, 10 Kurdish companies, 4 Gulf Arab companies and 3 Baluchi companies. Eleven Assyrian companies served in World War II-era Palestine and

title: Assyrian people

text: Syria did not have Syrian citizenship and title to their land until late 1940s. Sizable Assyrian populations only remain in Syria, where an estimated 400,000 Assyrians live, and in Iraq, where an estimated 300,000 Assyrians live. In Iran and Turkey, only small populations remain, with only 20,000 Assyrians in Iran, and a small but growing Assyrian population in Turkey, where 25,000 Assyrians live. In Tur Abdin, a traditional center of Assyrian culture, there are only 2,500 Assyrians left. Down from 50,000 in the 1960 census, but up from 1,000 in 1992. This sharp decline is due to an intense conflict

title: State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire

text: provinces needed a fast and reliable system to communicate. The long-distance state messengers were mounted exclusively on mules. Assyria was the first civilization to use mules for this purpose. Mules are hybrids of a donkey father and a horse mother. They combine the strength of a horse and the ruggedness of a donkey. Their infertility and need of extensive training meant that they were expensive, but their strength, hardiness and low maintenance made them an ideal for long-distance travel in the conditions and climates of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Mules were also good at swimming streamsa common obstacle throughout Mesopotamia. Riders

title: Chicago Assyrian Dictionary

text: years to complete, the first volume was not published until 1956, and the 26th and final volume was not published until 2011. At a conference at the Oriental Institute on June 6, 2011, scholars assessed the significance of the dictionary. Gil Stein, director of the Oriental Institute, said it "is an indispensable research tool for any scholar anywhere who seeks to explore the written record of the Mesopotamian civilization." It is one of several large-scale United States dictionary projects for ancient Middle Eastern languages, including the "Chicago Hittite Dictionary", the "Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary", and the "Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon". Chicago Assyrian

title: SS Assyrian (1914)

text: UK entering the Second World War, "Assyrian" was sailing in convoys, starting with Convoy OA 7 in September 1939 which assembled off the coast of Southend and dispersed in the North Atlantic. "Assyrian" continued to Gibraltar, where she joined Convoy Green 4. Green 4 was bound for Port Said in Egypt, but "Assyrian" sailed with it only as far as Malta. From December 1939 until May 1940 she worked between Gibraltar and Liverpool, making outward voyages from Liverpool to Gibraltar in Convoy OG 15 in January and Convoy OG 24 in April. "Assyrian" was then transferred to transatlantic convoys between

title: Assyrian homeland

text: such as Alqosh, Tel Keppe, Batnaya, Bartella, Tesqopa, Karemlash, Bakhdida and, up until 2014, Mosul. There is an Assyrian minority in the Dohuk Governorate cities of Zakho and Duhok in Iraqi Kurdistan, which are also located within the Assyrian triangle. In Turkey, the Tur Abdin region is the traditional cultural heartland for Assyrians and is the only remaining rural region in Turkey with a major Christian presence. However, today the majority of Assyrians in Turkey live in Istanbul. Northeastern Syria has in the latest century become a center for Assyrians, with much of the Assyrian population descending from refugees from

title: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

text: Assyrian is also intelligible with Senaya, Lishana Deni and Bohtan Neo-Aramaic (which are, at times, also considered to be dialects of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic), and is partially intelligible with Lishan Didan, Hulaulá and Lishanid Noshan. Its mutual intelligibility with Turoyo, a Central Neo-Aramaic language, is rather limited. Assyrian Neo-Aramaic is a moderately-inflected, fusional language with a two-gender noun system and rather flexible word order. There is some Akkadian influence in the language. Due to its location and cultural influences, the speakers may use Iranian, English and Arabic loanwords, depending on where they live or where their family came from. Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

title: Assyrian continuity

text: was pointedly originally named the "Church of Assyria and Mosul" and its first leader "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians" circa 1550 AD, and was changed to distinguish its members from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1683 AD, with the modern Chaldean Catholic Church only coming into being in 1830 AD. Its founders and members were all from the Assyrian Homeland in northern Mesopotamia (what was Assyria), rather than the far south east of Mesopotamia where the Ancient Chaldeans migrated to in the 9th century BC, and where they also disappeared from history in the 6th century BC, and

title: Linda George (Assyrian singer)

text: generally range from lush romantic ballads to traditional folk dance and as well as nationalistic music. Linda has been singing since she was a little girl: her career began at the tender age of five. She was the church choir soloist in Baghdad, where she appeared on national television. She moved to Amman, Jordan in 1979. A year later, she migrated to the US, where her career started in the Assyrian community in Chicago. She was discovered by Assyrian singer Sargon Gabriel. Sargon featured Linda on his track "Dalaleh". The track became a popular record in the Assyrian community and

title: Assyrian Church of the East

text: through Europe before moving to Chicago in 1940 to join the growing Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac community there. Due to the Church and the Assyrian community in generals disorganized state as a result of the conflicts of the 20th century, Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai was forced to reorganize the church's structure in the United States. He transferred his residence to San Francisco in 1954, and was able to travel to Iran, Lebanon, Kuwait, and India, where he worked to strengthen the church. In 1964 he decreed a number of changes to the church, including liturgical reform, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and

title: Assyrian genocide

text: noted that the Assyrian population was around 600,000 prior to World War I. There were also hundreds of thousands of Maronite Christians in Lebanon, with some Assyrian heritage but which are less often called Assyrians. There were significantly larger communities located in the regions near Lake Urmia in Persia, Lake Van (specifically the Hakkari region) and Mesopotamia, as well as the eastern Ottoman vilayets of Diyarbekir, Erzurum and Bitlis. Like other Christians residing in the empire, they were treated as second-class citizens and denied public positions of power. Violence directed against them prior to the First World War was not

title: The Status Civilization

text: The Status Civilization The Status Civilization is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Sheckley, first published in 1960. "The Status Civilization" concerns Will Barrent, a man who finds himself, without memory of any crime or, indeed, of his previous life, being shipped across space to the planet Omega. Omega, used to imprison extreme offenders, has a hierarchical society of extreme brutality, where the only way to advance (and avoid dying) is to commit an endless series of crimes. The average life expectancy from time of arrival on Omega is three years. The story concerns Barrent's attempt to survive,

title: SS Assyrian (1914)

text: the UK and Canada, starting with Convoy OB 162 from Liverpool in June 1940 and returning the next month in Convoy HX 55 from Halifax, Nova Scotia. In August she went to the USA, sailing with Convoy OB 195 from Liverpool until it dispersed at sea. In September 1940 "Assyrian" loaded 3,700 tons of grain and sailed from New Orleans to Bermuda, where she joined Convoy BHX 77 to Halifax. There BHX 77 joined Convoy HX 77 to Liverpool, but "Assyrian" went to Sydney, Nova Scotia where she joined Convoy SC 7, which left for Liverpool on 5 October. "Assyrian"s

title: Assyrian Australians

text: of the Chaldean Catholic Church. The City of Fairfield, in Sydney, has the most Assyrians in Australia, with 75% of Assyrians living in that area. 95% of Fairfield's Iraqi-born population are of Assyrian ancestry. Fairfield LGA also has one of the most predominant Assyrian communities in the diaspora, where one in every ten person would be Assyrian. Moreover, in contrast to other migrants, Assyrians have the highest rate of acquiring the Australian citizenship. During the 1980s war between Iraq and Iran, large numbers of Assyrians fled Iraq and applied for refugee status. In the early 2000s, 5% of Australia's humanitarian

title: Timeline of the Assyrian Empire

text: Timeline of the Assyrian Empire The timeline of the Assyrian Empire lists the kings, their successors and the major events that occurred in the Assyrian history. Although regarded as an Amorite by Assyrian tradition, Shamshi-Adad's descent is suggested to be from the same line as the native Assyrian ruler Ushpia by the Assyrian King List. He put his son Ishme-Dagan on the throne of a nearby Assyrian city, Ekallatum, and maintained Assyria's Anatolian colonies. Shamshi-Adad I then went on to conquer the kingdom of Mari (in modern Syria) on the Euphrates putting another of his sons, Yasmah-Adad on the throne

title: Timeline of the Assyrian Empire

text: of Ashur-uballit II remains unknown; his Limmu Lists end after the fall of Harran. Timeline of the Assyrian Empire The timeline of the Assyrian Empire lists the kings, their successors and the major events that occurred in the Assyrian history. Although regarded as an Amorite by Assyrian tradition, Shamshi-Adad's descent is suggested to be from the same line as the native Assyrian ruler Ushpia by the Assyrian King List. He put his son Ishme-Dagan on the throne of a nearby Assyrian city, Ekallatum, and maintained Assyria's Anatolian colonies. Shamshi-Adad I then went on to conquer the kingdom of Mari (in

title: Assyrian homeland

text: government and the KRG. The conference was boycotted by the Assyrian Democratic Movement, Sons of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Patriotic Party, Chaldean Catholic Church and Assyrian Church of the East. A position paper was signed by the remaining political organizations involved. Assyrian homeland The Assyrian homeland or Assyria () refers to a geographic and cultural region situated in Northern Mesopotamia that has been traditionally inhabited by Assyrian people. The areas that form the Assyrian homeland are parts of present-day northern Iraq, southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and, more recently, northeastern Syria. Moreover, the area that had the greatest concentration of Assyrians in the

title: Assyrian nationalism

text: of south-eastern Turkey as Faiq, also espoused Assyrian unity during the early 20th century, stating that the Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic and Syriac Orthodox Assyrians were one people, divided purely upon religious lines. Freydun Atturaya (Freydon Bet-Abram Atoraya) also advocated Assyrian unity and was a staunch supporter of Assyrian identity and nationalism and the formation of an ancestral Assyrian homeland in the wake of the Assyrian genocide. Farid Nazha, an influential Syrian-born Assyrian nationalist, was deeply critical of the leaders of the various churches adhered to by Assyrians, accusing the Syriac Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of the East,

title: Old Assyrian Empire

text: (c. 1448 BC), son and successor of Nur-ili, was the ruler of Assyria for just "one complete month". There remains uncertainty concerning the dating of his accession, as the two subsequent Assyrian kings have unknown reign lengths, effectively disconnecting him and his predecessors from the firmer chronology of the later Assyrian King List. Although there are no extant contemporary inscriptions for him or his immediate predecessor or successors, his name appears on two of the Assyrian King Lists and faintly at the end of the first column of the Synchronistic King List, level with where one of the successors' to

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: (see Assyrian continuity), although others have made unsubstantiated claims of continuity. Assyria continued to exist as a geopolitical entity until the Arab-Islamic conquest in the mid-7th century, and Assyrian identity, personal, family and tribal names, and both spoken and written evolutions of Mesopotamian Aramaic (which still contain many Akkadian loan words and an Akkadian grammatical structure) have survived among the Assyrian people from ancient times to this day. (see Assyrian people). History of the Assyrian people The history of the Assyrian people begins with the appearance of Akkadian speaking peoples in Mesopotamia at some point between 3500 and 3000 BC,

title: Assyrian continuity

text: the early 20th century, stating that the Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic and Syriac Orthodox were one people, divided purely upon religious lines. Freydun Atturaya (Freydon Bet-Abram Atoraya) also advocated Assyrian unity and was a staunch supporter of Assyrian identity and nationalism and the formation of an ancestral Assyrian homeland in the wake of the Assyrian genocide. Farid Nazha an influential Syrian born Assyrian nationalist deeply criticised the leaders of the various churches followed by the Assyrian people, accusing the Syriac Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church of creating divisions among

title: Assyrian Australians

text: a prominent Assyrian club in Edensor Park, Sydney, was established. Built with artificial mud brick, the Club was designed after Assyrian royal palace in Nineveh. The entryway features two winged bull statues containing the body of a lion, the head of an Assyrian king and wings of an eagle. In the late 1980s, the Assyrian church was controversially split – The Church of the East in Australia from that time on now has two denominations; The 'old' (Ancient Church of the East) and the 'new' (Assyrian Church of the East). As the Assyrian community grew in the late 1980s, the

title: Assyrian genocide

text: accused of committing a genocide against the Assyrians in any way, claiming that this was supported by documents in foreign archives. He claimed that the fabrication of such a genocide was part of an Assyrian identity-building process. In 2007, Turkish Assyrian Mıtra Hazail Soumi classified the events not as a genocide, but as a massacre. Adriaan Wolvaardt wrote that "Turks view Assyrian allegations as unfounded, unproven and an attack on Turkish national identity" and that "Turks reject the Assyrian claims based on the stigma associated with the concept of genocide and their understanding of Turkish history". Assyrian genocide The Assyrian

title: Assyrian Australians

text: soccer club in Sydney, established in the early 1970s, is the "Nineveh Eagles". In Melbourne, two Assyrian soccer teams exist, being; Moreland United FC and Upfield FC. Most Assyrian-Australian media is aired on the radio. Assyrian radio has a variety of themes and topics which consist mainly of Assyrian music and interviews with prominent Assyrian individuals, and politics, current events, weather, sport and history. These subjects are usually affiliated with Assyrian people, their culture and homeland. In the late 90s through to 2004, channel 31, a community channel, broadcast in Assyrian one to three hours a week. Assyrian Australians Assyrian

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: the defeat of Ashur-uballit II in 608 BC at Haran, at Carchemish in 605 BC, and after the last centre of Assyrian imperial records at Dūr-Katlimmu in 599 BC, the Assyrian empire was divided up by the key invading forces, the Babylonians and the Medes, with the Medes ruling Assyria proper. The Assyrian people, after the fall of their empire, fell under foreign domination ever since. Assyria came under the rule of the short lived Median Empire until 546 BC. The last king of Babylon, Nabonidus (together with his son and co-regent Belshazzar), was ironically an Assyrian from Harran. Assyria

title: Timeline of the Assyrian Empire

text: took the divine determinative in his name. Assyria was wealthy as the hub of the trading network at the height of the Old Assyrian Empire's activity. Naram-Sin came under attack from Shamshi-Adad, in an attempt to usurp the Assyrian throne, however the would be usurper was defeated, and The Assyrian King List records that Shamshi-Adad I, “went away to Babylonia in the time of Narām-Sîn.” Shamshi-Adad I was not to return until taking the Assyrian city of Ekallatum, pausing three years and then overthrowing Erishum II (c. 1817 BC – c. 1809 BC), son and successor of Naram-Sin. Shamshi-Adad I

title: Assyrian captivity

text: Assyrian captivity The Assyrian captivity (or the Assyrian exile) is the period in the history of Ancient Israel and Judah during which several thousand Israelites of ancient Samaria were resettled as captives by Assyria. This is one of the many instances of forcible relocations implemented by the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Northern Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian monarchs, Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul) and Shalmaneser V. The later Assyrian rulers Sargon II and his son and successor, Sennacherib, were responsible for finishing the twenty-year demise of Israel's northern ten-tribe kingdom, although they did not overtake the Southern Kingdom. Jerusalem was

title: Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

text: usually they were not enslaved and worked in various professions and trades—often in the same field as before their deportation. Those who worked in agriculture were assigned lands, which they owned in the same way as the native inhabitants owned land. Many worked in high-skilled jobs, including as craftsmen, scholars and businessmen. Others served in the royal court, and some others joined the Assyrian military. The state encouraged the mixing of deportees and native inhabitants where they lived, partly to induce a shared "Assyrian" identity regardless of ethnic origins. The resettlement of Israelites conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire were mentioned

title: Assyrian Australians

text: Assyrian Australians Assyrian Australians are Australians of Assyrian descent or Assyrians who have Australian citizenship. According to the 2016 census, 46,217 persons identified themselves as having Assyrian or Chaldean ancestry. Historically, Assyrian people were indigenous to their ancient ancestral Assyrian homeland that corresponds to modern-day northern Iraq, southeast Turkey northwestern fringes of Iran and, much recently, northeast Syria. The majority of Assyrian Australians have immigrated mainly from Iraq, Iran, Syria, Jordan and the Caucasus. Of the 46,200 Assyrians in Australia, 28,517 are members of the Assyrian Church of the East or Ancient Church of the East and 17,172 are members

title: History of the Middle East

text: the largest the world had seen. It ruled all of what is now Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Kuwait, Jordan, Egypt, Cyprus, and Bahrain—with large swathes of Iran, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Sudan, and Arabia. "The Assyrian empires, particularly the third, had a profound and lasting impact on the Near East. Before Assyrian hegemony ended, the Assyrians brought the highest civilization to the then known world. From the Caspian to Cyprus, from Anatolia to Egypt, Assyrian imperial expansion would bring into the Assyrian sphere nomadic and barbaric communities, and would bestow the gift of civilization upon them." From the early 6th

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: the Arab conquest of Mesopotamia. The Arabs still recognised Assyrian identity in the Medieval period, describing them as Ashuriyun. Assyrian people, still retaining Akkadian infused and influenced Eastern Aramaic and Assyrian Church of the East Christianity, remained dominant in the north of Mesopotamia (what had been Assyria) as late as the 14th century AD and the city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the mid-14th century when the Muslim Turco-Mongol ruler Tamurlane conducted a religiously motivated massacre of indigenous Assyrian Christians. After that, there are no traces of a settlement at Ashur in the

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: Assyrians of Amid were also subject to the massacres of 1895. The Assyrians suffered a further catastrophic series of massacres known as the Assyrian Genocide, at the hands of the Ottomans and their Kurdish and Arab allies from 1915–1918. The genocide (committed in conjunction with the Armenian Genocide and Greek Genocide) accounted for up to 750,000 unarmed Assyrian civilians, and the forced deportations of many more. The sizeable Assyrian presence in south eastern Asia Minor which had endured for over four millennia was reduced to a few thousand. As a consequence, the surviving Assyrians took up arms, and an Assyrian

title: Civilization

text: seems to be associated with the development of state structures, in which power was further monopolized by an elite ruling class who practised human sacrifice. Towards the end of the Neolithic period, various elitist Chalcolithic civilizations began to rise in various "cradles" from around 3300 BCE, expanding into large-scale empires in the course of the Bronze Age (Old Kingdom of Egypt, Akkadian Empire, Assyrian Empire, Old Assyrian Empire, Hittite Empire). A parallel development took place independently in the Pre-Columbian Americas, where the Mayans began to be urbanised around 500 BCE, and the fully fledged Aztec and Inca emerged by the

title: Planetary civilization

text: modify the weather at will, harness the power of a hurricane, or have cities on the oceans. Although they roam the heavens in rockets, their energy output is still largely confined to a planet. On the Kardashev scale, the next status is Type II civilization, where a civilization consumes all the energy that their star emits, or about 10 watts. Michio Kaku in a book "Physics of the Future" suggests that humans may attain stellar civilization status in a few thousand years. Planetary civilization A planetary civilization or global civilization is a civilization of Type I on Kardashev scale, with

title: Old Assyrian Empire

text: EA 16 has been contested as a faulty writing of Ashur-nadin-apli, another Assyrian king. He was succeeded by his brother, Eriba-Adad I, the first king of the Middle Assyrian Empire. Old Assyrian Empire The Old Assyrian Empire is one of four periods in which the history of Assyria is divided, the other three being the Early Assyrian Period, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Assyria was a major Mesopotamian East Semitic-speaking kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East. Centered on the Tigris–Euphrates river system in Upper Mesopotamia, the Assyrian people came to rule powerful empires at several

title: The Epic of American Civilization

text: them. This is a series of five panels, centrally located by the reserve reading desk. It presents Orozco's vision for a possible new world (after the actions of Jesus in the "Modern Migration of the Spirit" panel) in which workers are free to benefit from their own labor, and the different cultures are able to coexist harmoniously. The Epic of American Civilization The Epic of American Civilization is a mural by the social realist painter José Clemente Orozco. It is located in the basement reading room of the Baker Memorial Library on the campus of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New

title: Results of the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election (Assyrian seats)

text: Shia Islamist militant group Hashd al-Shaabi. The results were seen as unexpected by the Assyrian community, as many complained of outright fraud, where most of votes of Babylon Movement came from Shia Arabs tied to Badr Organization. Results of the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election (Assyrian seats) The 2018 Assyrian elections in Iraq will be the first elections since the Islamic State invasion of Iraq, including the Assyrian heartland, the Nineveh Plains on August 2014. A parliamentary election will be held in Iraq on 12 May 2018. Of the 329 seats in the Iraqi parliament, 5 are reserved for the Christian

title: Assyrian nationalism

text: more complex. There was Assyrian resistance to Persian rule in Achaemenid Assyria. H. W. F. Saggs in his "The Might That Was Assyria" clearly supports cultural and historical continuity, as do Richard Nelson Frye, Simo Parpola, Robert D. Biggs and Patricia Crone among others. Assyrian nationalism Assyrian nationalism or Assyrianism increased in popularity in the late 19th century in a climate of increasing ethnic and religious persecution of the indigenous Assyrians of what is today northern Iraq, south-east Turkey and north-west Iran (Upper Mesopotamia). Assyrian nationalism – the ideology of a united Assyrian people – is to a great degree

title: Assyrian Democratic Movement

text: schools as well as the initiation of different organizations such as the Chaldo-Assyrian Students' Union, Hammurabi Scouts, Assyrian Women's Union of Iraq and the Assyrian Aid Society. The ADM has endured a struggle through the sacrifice of its martyrs' in the arena of armed struggle. On 14 July 1984, the Saddam led regime attacked ADM locations in Baghdad, arresting more than 150 members of the movement who were imprisoned in the notorious Abu Ghraib prison. Twenty-two members were sentenced to life imprisonment, and four were sentenced to death where Yousip Toma, Youbert Benyamin and Youkhanna Esho were hanged on treason

title: Assyrian Democratic Movement

text: Assyrian Democratic Movement The Assyrian Democratic Movement (), usually abbreviated as ADM and popularly known as Zowaa (English: "The Movement") is an Assyrian political party situated in Iraq, which is one of the main Assyrian parties within the Iraqi parliament. The Assyrian Democratic Movement (Zowaa) was founded in April 12, 1979 in a general conference that was held in secrecy in several meetings in Kirkuk, Mosul and Baghdad. The party was established among various smaller cultural-political and student groups such as the Assyrian Brothers, with the primary focus to satisfy the political objectives of the Assyrian people in Iraq, in

title: Assyrian independence movement

text: Shimun would eventually be exiled to Cyprus, thus forcing the head of the Assyrian Church of the East to be located in Chicago up until 2015, when it was moved to Erbil. In early August 1933, the chiefs of the Tkhuma Tribe and the Tiyari led more than 1,000 Assyrians who had been refused asylum in Syria in crossing the border to return to their villages in Northern Iraq, where their wives and children had remained. The French, who at the time were controlling Syria, had notified the Iraqis that the Assyrians were not armed; but while the Iraqi soldiers

title: Assyrian calendar

text: Assyrian calendar The Assyrian calendar is a solar calendar which begins in the year 4750 BC, begun by the internal date of the foundation of Assur. The year begins with the first sight of Spring. The Assyrian new year is still celebrated every year with festivals and gatherings. As of April AD, it is the year of the Assyrian calendar, and this calendar is used among many Assyrian communities. It begins 4,750 years before the Gregorian calendar. For example, it is set out like this: 2019+4750 = Assyrian year 6769. The Assyrian month names are also used in the Arabic

title: Assyrian Americans

text: Assyrian Americans Assyrian Americans refers to people born in or residing in the United States of full or partial Assyrian origin. The Assyrians are an indigenous ethnoreligious group of Christians from Upper Mesopotamia southeastern Turkey, northwest Iran, and northeastern Syria), whose native tongue is the Eastern Aramaic. They are adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, Ancient Church of the East, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church and Syriac Catholic Church, and some are irreligious. The Assyrians mostly migrated from southeast Turkey, northwest Iran and northeast Syria, an area encompassing the Assyrian homeland. The 2000 U.S.

title: Assyrian homeland

text: to him. Assyrians are eastern Aramaic-speaking, descending from pre-Islamic inhabitants of Upper Mesopotamia. The Old Aramaic language was adopted by the population of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from around the 8th century BC, and these eastern dialects remained in wide use throughout Upper Mesopotamia during the Persian and Roman periods, and survived through to the present day. The Syriac language evolved in Achaemenid Assyria during the 5th century BC. During the Assyrian period Duhok was named Nohadra (and also "Bit Nuhadra"' or "Naarda"), where, during the Parthian-Sassanid rule in Assyria (c.160 BC to 250 AD) as Beth Nuhadra, gained semi-independence as

title: Assyrian people

text: the battle of Habbaniya in 1941. However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed Kingdom of Iraq. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Assyrian civilians were slaughtered during the Simele Massacre by the Iraqi Army in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of Shimun XXI Eshai the Catholicos Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East to the United States where resided until his death in 1975. The period from the 1940s through to 1963 saw a period of respite

title: Assyrian genocide

text: Assyrians and holding up this front against the Turks. [Consequently,] We have met all the orders issued by the late Dr. Shedd which have been presented to us and a very large number of Assyrian refugees are being maintained at Baquba, chiefly at H.M.G.'s expense. In 1920, the British decided to close down the Baquba camps. The majority of Assyrians of the camp decided to go back to the Hakkari mountains, while the rest were dispersed throughout Iraq, where there was already an Assyrian community. However, they would again be targeted there in the 1933 Simele massacre. Scholars have summarized

title: Assyrian people

text: forming armed militias to defend their territories. The "Dawronoye" modernization movement has a growing influence on Assyrian identity in the 21st century. It is particularly influential in Syria, where the Syriac Union Party (SUP) has become a major political actor in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria. In August 2016, the "Ourhi Centre" in the city of Zalin was started by the Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an optional language of instruction in public schools, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year. With that academic year, states the Rojava Education Committee, "three curriculums have

title: Assyrian genocide

text: France, Australia, Sweden, Armenia, Belgium, Greece and the United States. Sweden's government has pledged to pay for all the expenses of a future monument, after strong lobbying from the large Assyrian community there, led by Konstantin Sabo. There are three monuments in the U.S., one in Chicago, one in Columbia and the newest in Los Angeles, California. In August 2010, a monument to the victims was built in Fairfield City in Australia, a local government area of Sydney where one in ten of the population is of Assyrian descent. Designed by Lewis Batros, the statue is designed as a hand

title: Assyrian flag

text: Assyrian flag The Assyrian flag is the flag chosen by the Assyrian people to represent the Assyrian nation in the homeland and in the diaspora. George Bit Atanus first designed the flag in 1968; the Assyrian Universal Alliance, Assyrian National Federation and Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party all adopted it in 1971. The flag has a white background with a golden circle at the centre, surrounded by a four-pointed star in blue. Four triple-colored (red-white-blue), widening, wavy stripes connect the center to the four corners of the flag. The figure of pre-Christian Assyrian god Assur, known from Iron Age iconography, features above

title: Assyrian homeland

text: Assyrian empire through which the Assyrian people trace their cultural heritage, the Nineveh Plain is the area on which an effort to form an autonomous Assyrian entity has become concentrated. There have been calls by some politicians inside and outside Iraq to create an autonomous region for Assyrian Christians in this area. In the Transitional Administrative Law adopted in March 2004 in Baghdad, not only were provisions made for the preservation of Assyrian culture through education and media, but a provision for an administrative unit also was accepted. Article 125 in Iraq's Constitution states that: ""This Constitution shall guarantee the

title: Assyrian continuity

text: of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church and Ancient Church of the East There has been a contingent of contemporary Western scholars supporting Assyrian continuity, including Simo Parpola, Richard N. Frye, Mordechai Nisan, Tom Holland, H.W.F Saggs and Robert D. Biggs. Supporters of Assyrian continuity point to the continued existence of Assyria as a name for a geopolitical entity long after its empire fell and that Assyrian religion and Akkadian-Mesopotamian names persisted until the Christian period. There is a complete absence of evidence that the population of Assyria was wiped out of

title: Assyrian people

text: expanded to include guitars, pianos, violins, synthesizers (keyboards and electronic drums), and other instruments. Some well known Assyrian singers in modern times are Ashur Bet Sargis, Sargon Gabriel, Evin Agassi, Janan Sawa, Juliana Jendo, and Linda George. Assyrian artists that traditionally sing in other languages include Melechesh, Timz and Aril Brikha. Assyrian-Australian band Azadoota performs its songs in the Assyrian language whilst using a western style of instrumentation. The first international Aramaic Music Festival was held in Lebanon in August 2008 for Assyrian people internationally. Assyrians have numerous traditional dances which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings.

title: Through the Ages: A Story of Civilization

text: Through the Ages: A Story of Civilization Through the Ages: A Story of Civilization is a board game for 2–4 players designed by Vlaada Chvatil and published by Czech Board Games in 2006. Its theme is the development of human civilization and the players determine the progress of their own civilization in different fields including culture, government, leadership, religion and science. The game won multiple awards including the "International Gamers Awards" in 2007 and "Game of the Year" in Poland in 2010, where it was published as "Cywilizacja: Poprzez Wieki". The game is about building a civilization, including urban buildings,

title: Civilization: The Card Game

text: Civilization: The Card Game Civilization: The Card Game is a card game designed by "Civilization IV" lead designer Soren Johnson, based on "Civilization IV". It was developed in 2006 by Firaxis Games, as a bonus in the "Sid Meier's Civilization Chronicles" boxed set (a collection of every "Civilization" series game up to that point), and is not available independently. Civilization: The Card Game simulates the rise of empires as in the computer game "Civilization". Players will collect resources, obtain plots of land, construct Buildings and Wonders, discover Technologies, and fight each other on their way to victory. The game ends

title: Assyrian Universal Alliance

text: the aspirations of the Assyrian people were in direct conflict with the policies of the ruling Baath regime, which continuously denied Assyrians their national identity and status as the indigenous people of Iraq and persisted in its attempts to Arabize them. The current Secretary-General of the AUA is Yonathan Betkolia, an Assyrian representative in the Iranian parliament. The current affiliates of the AUA include: the Assyrian National Congress of Georgia, Assyrian National Council of Iran, Assyrian Association of Armenia, Assyrian Australian National Federation and the Assyrian Federation of Russia. After the inception of the AUA, a serious effort was undertaken

title: Assyrian Medical Society

text: Assyrian Medical Society The Assyrian Medical Society is an organization that offers medical care to Assyrians around the world. Its mission is "Serving our Assyrian Brothers and Sisters"; particularly those stricken by the war and famine in Iraq since 2003. The Assyrian Medical Society was founded by Dr. Samir Johna who is the director of the organization. The Assyrian Medical Society works with local and international organizations to develop the most cost effective solutions to help Assyrian patients in the Assyrian diaspora and specifically those suffering from the war in Iraq. The vast majority of the members are volunteers. This

title: Civilization VI

text: upon the general gameplay of "Civilization V", including continuing the use of the hex-based grid introduced in "Civilization V". New to "Civilization VI" is the idea of "city unstacking": some improvements to cities must be placed in the hexes in the bounds of the city but not within the city's space itself, whereas in previous games, all improvements were considered stacked on the same map hex or square that the city was located in. The player must assign specific hexes as "districts" in the city, which have certain limitations but grant bonuses for improvements placed in that district. For example,

text: stations riders passed their letters to new riders with fresh mules. They were either located within established settlements, such as the one in Nippur, or in remote locations, where they constituted isolated settlements on their own. The distances between stations were around 35 to 40 kilometers (22 to 25 miles). The stations provided short-term shelter and supplies for riders, envoys and their animals. These stations were comparable to the later caravanserais built throughout the Muslim world for commercial travelers, in the sense that they were purpose-built to provide shelter for long distance travellers. However, unlike the caravanserais, the Assyrian road

title: Assyrian Australians

text: Also in that time, 54% belong to the Assyrian Church of the East, 27% belonged to the Chaldean Catholic Church and 7% to the Orthodox church. In the 2001 census, 9,520 Fairfield LGA residents stated they were of Assyrian ancestry and 8,879 residents stated they spoke Assyrian at home. The Assyrian-speakers living in NSW were 13,241 at that time. In the 2011 Census, Sydney had 21,678 people of Assyrian descent, and Melbourne had 8,057. Assyrians are the third largest language-group residing in the Fairfield area behind the Arabic and Vietnamese-speakers, respectively. According to the 2001 census, 29% of Assyrian migrants

title: Assyrian continuity

text: Michael Cook note that Assyrian consciousness did not die out after the fall of its empire, asserting that a major revival of Assyrian consciousness and culture took place between the 2nd century BC and 4th century AD. Some continuity-supporters, though not all, argue that Assyrian culture is continuous from ancient times until today. The Assyriologist Simo Parpola echoes Saggs, Brinkman and Biggs, says that there is strong evidence that Assyrian identity and culture continued after the fall of the Assyrian Empire. Parpola asserts that traditional Assyrian religion remained strong until the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, surviving among small communities

title: Assyrian Patriotic Party

text: Assyrian Patriotic Party The Assyrian Patriotic Party (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܓܒܐ ܐܬܪܢܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ, commonly known as Atranaya) is a political party in Iraq representing Assyrians that has been led by Emanuel Khoshaba Youkhana, since the 4th APP conference in Duhok in 2011. In 2018 They allied with the Assyrian Democratic Movement in a political group called the National Rafidain List for the Iraqi parliamentary election, 2018. The Assyrian Patriotic Party was founded on July 14, 1973 in Baghdad, during the visit of Yaqu Malik Ismail to Iraq, who was accompanied by a delegation from the Assyrian Universal Alliance. Within a short

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: including the Assyrians. Other ethnic groups targeted for forced "Arabization" included Kurds, Armenians, Turcomans, Mandeans, Yezidi, Shabaki, Kawliya, Persians and Circassians. This policy included refusing to acknowledge the Assyrians as an ethnic group, banning the publication of written material in Eastern Aramaic, and banning its teaching in schools, banning parents giving Assyrian names to their children, banning Assyrian political parties, taking control of Assyrian churches, attempting to divide Assyrians on denominational lines (e.g. Assyrian Church of the East vs Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox) and forced relocations of Assyrians from their traditional homelands to major cities. In response to

title: Assyrian flag

text: and post World War I. The flag was used until the current design was established. The flag was created by the Syriac Orthodox community of Tur Abdin. Between 1915 and 1923, the Assyrian Volunteers used a flag that resembled the flag of Switzerland. It consisted of a red background, indicating the blood spilled by the Assyrians prior to and during World War I, and a white cross. The top left corner contained a round seal, which was Agha Petros's personal stamp. The seal had his name on it in two languages (Assyrian and Russian). Assyrian flag The Assyrian flag is

title: Assyrian Australians

text: qualifications, which prevented them from pursuing their careers. The opening of "St Hurmiz Primary School" in 2002, in Sydney, was the first time an Assyrian school was established in the international diaspora. In 2006, also in Sydney, "St. Narsai Assyrian Christian College" was established. It was the first Assyrian high school to be built in the western world. Sydney's Assyrian community assembled in Fairfield to celebrate Iraq qualifying for the Asian Football Cup finals in 2007. More than 7000 people, including Iraqi Arabs, joined in street celebrations around Fairfield on Sunday 29 July 2007 after Iraq won the Asian Cup

title: Civilization (series)

text: "Civilization Revolution 2" (2014), and "" (2014), inspired by their previous "Alpha Centauri" title. The main "Civilization" games are turn-based 4X games, where players attempt to achieve one of several victory conditions against other human and computer-controlled opponents through the actions of "eXplore, eXpand, eXploit, and eXterminate". "Civilization" uses historical aspects from the development of mankind's civilization, and turns take place over a time scale that starts with the dawn of civilization in the millennia before 1 A.D., and continue through present times and beyond. On each turn, players oversee their civilization's government, determine what technology, culture, and civics the

title: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

text: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (, "Sūreṯ"), or simply Assyrian, is a Neo-Aramaic language within the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family that is largely spoken by Assyrian people, who are also known as Syriac Christians. The various Assyrian Aramaic dialects, including Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, have been heavily influenced by Classical Syriac, the Middle Aramaic dialect of Edessa, after its adoption as an official liturgical language, and they are ultimately descended from Old Aramaic, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, displacing the East Semitic Assyrian dialect of Akkadian beginning around the 10th century BC. Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

title: History of the Assyrian people

text: more becoming independent, and other Assyrian states arising, such as Adiabene, Osroene, Beth Nuhadra and Beth Garmai, together with the partly Assyrian state of Hatra. At the dawn of Christianity the people living in Assyria were Assyrians, Medes, Parthians, Persians, Greeks, and Armenians. In 225 AD Parthian rule over the Assyrian territories straightly moved to the newly established and vibrant Sassanid Persian Empire. The population of Asorestan was a mixed one, composed of Assyrians, Arameans (in the far south, and western deserts), and Persians. The Greek element in the cities, still strong in the Parthian period, was absorbed by the

title: Assyrian Church of the East

text: after 1804, the reunited traditionalist church led by patriarchs of the "Shimun line" became widely known as the "Assyrian Church of the East". Still based in Qodchanis, Assyrian patriarch Shimun XVI Yohannan was not able to secure control over the traditional seat of the former "Eliya line" in ancient Rabban Hormizd Monastery, and around 1808 that venerated monastic institution passed to the Chaldean Catholics. Next Assyrian patriarch Shimun XVII Abraham (1820-1861) also led his church from Qodshanis. In years marked by political turbulence, he tried to maintain good relations with local Ottoman authorities. In 1843, he was faced with renewed

title: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic

text: diaspora's settlement mostly being in Europe and the anglophone, where the Latin script dominates. The Latin alphabet is preferred by most Assyrians for practical reasons and its convenience, especially in social media, where it is used to communicate. Although the Syriac Latin alphabet contains diacritics, most Assyrians rarely utilize the modified letters and would conveniently rely on the basic Latin alphabet. The Latin alphabet is also a useful tool to present Assyrian terminology to anyone who is not familiar with the Syriac script. A precise transcription may not be necessary for native Assyrian speakers, as they would be able to

title: Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

text: circumstances, they were also more effective, for example in siege warfare where the mobility provided by horsemen would be of no advantage. Assyrian infantry were composed of both native Assyrians and foreigners employed as auxiliaries, spearmen, slingers, shield bearers or archers. The latter type was the most dominant in Assyrian armies. From the time of Ashurnasirpal, archers would be accompanied by a shield bearer while slingers would aim to distract the enemy into lowering their shield to protect against the stones, thereby allowing the archers to shoot above their shield walls and slay their enemies. Even in siege warfare, arrows

text: in the Assyrian communication system typically travelled with two mules, so that they did not become stranded if one became lame, and to alternate mounts in order to keep them fresh. Official messages could either be sent by letter carried by a series of relay riders or by a trusted envoy. The relay system ("kalliu") was an Assyrian innovation and allowed for a much faster communication speed. Rather than relying on a trusted envoy to travel the entire distance, in the relay system each individual rider covered only a segment of the route. The segment ended at a station, where

title: Assyrian people

text: the 8th century BC Luwian and Cilician subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as "Syrian", a western Indo-European corruption of the original term "Assyrian". This version of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the old Assyrian Empire, thus during Greek Seleucid rule from 323 BC the name "Assyria" was altered to "Syria", and this term was also applied to Aramea to the west which had been an Assyrian colony. When the Seleucids lost control of Assyria to the Parthians they retained the corrupted term (Syria), applying it to ancient Aramea, while the Parthians

title: Assyrian Australians

text: "Assyrian Sports and Cultural Club" was subsequently opened in 1990, in Fairfield Heights, Sydney. The club acquired liquor and gaming licenses. The club co-hosted sports events such as "The Assyrian Cup" soccer tournaments and held functions and activities for the community. It has also supported migrants, who arrived in the 1990s, settle in the country and it encouraged education by aiding achievers in the high school certificate. During the late 1990s, there was an increased level of Assyrian migration to Australia under the family reunion, refugee and humanitarian programs. Reportedly, around 903 Assyrian arrivals were allowed under the "Australian Government's

title: Assyrian Australians

text: the development of all the Assyrian social, religious and sporting activities, allowing greater access and participation. If we remained in the Sydney city area, we would have scattered. And so, four or five families purchased fibro houses in Fairfield (including myself), and a few bought blocks of land. In 1969, following the settlement of Assyrians in the Fairfield area, the "Assyrian Australian Association (AAA)" was formed. In the 1970s, a few soccer clubs were established as the Assyrian community began to have a prominence. An Assyrian language school was formed in 1974, thanks to the AAA. In 1980, "Nineveh Club",

title: Neo-Assyrian Empire

text: corruption of "Assyria" adopted by the Greeks), where it still survives. Tiglath Pileser III made Aramaic the lingua franca of the empire, originally the language of the Arameans. Aramaic was easier to write than Akkadian, so older documents collected by Assyrian kings were translated from Akkadian into Aramaic, and newer ones were written in Aramaic and ignored the Akkadian. Aramaic was the common language of the people and traders, but the official government language was the Neo-Assyrian dialect of Akkadian. By the 6th century, Aramaic had marginalised the Akkadian language so much that Aramaic came to be the imperial language