query: who speaks arabic language?

title: Arabic media

text: Arabic media Arabic media is derived from Arab culture and contains the media content, organizations, and journalists surrounding Arab culture and people, both historically and currently. Media content and organizations can include anything related to print media, broadcasting, news media, advertising, cinema, and more. The term "Arab" refers to any individual who speaks Arabic as a first language and can be ethnically and religiously heterogeneous in its makeup. The Arab world, according to scholars, consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and Africa which belong to the Arab League, including Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,

title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: Maghrebi Arabic Maghrebi Arabic (Western Arabic; as opposed to Eastern Arabic or Mashriqi Arabic) is an Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb region, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Western Sahara, and Mauritania. It includes Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, and Hassaniya Arabic. Speakers of Maghrebi Arabic call their language Derja, Derija or Darija (; meaning "to rise or advance step by step"). This serves to differentiate the spoken vernacular from Modern Standard Arabic. As the Maltese language is believed to have been immediately derived from Siculo-Arabic and ultimately from Tunisian Arabic, it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics. "Darija",

title: Tunisian Arabic

text: Tunisian Arabic Tunisian Arabic, or Tunisian, is a set of dialects of Maghrebi Arabic spoken in Tunisia. It is known by its 11 million speakers as "Tounsi" () "Tunisian" or "Derja" "everyday language" to distinguish it from Modern Standard Arabic, the official language of Tunisia. As part of a dialect continuum, Tunisian merges into Algerian Arabic and Libyan Arabic at the borders of the country. Tunisian Arabic's morphology, syntax, pronunciation, and vocabulary are considerably different from Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic. Like other Maghrebi dialects, it has a vocabulary that is mostly Arabic with a significant Berber, Latin and

title: Peninsular Arabic

text: Classical Arabic like the other dialects. The following varieties are usually noted: Peninsular Arabic Peninsular Arabic, or Southern Arabic, is the varieties of Arabic spoken throughout the Arabian Peninsula. This includes the countries of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Southern Iraq and the tribal people of Jordan (the native Jordanians). As this area is the homeland of the Arabic language, the language spoken there is closer to Classical Arabic than elsewhere. Some of the local dialects have retained many archaic features lost in other dialects, such as the conservation of nunation for indeterminate noand. They

title: Judeo-Tunisian Arabic

text: Judeo-Tunisian Arabic Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, also known as Djerbian Arabic, is a variety of Tunisian Arabic mainly spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Tunisia. Speakers are older adults, and the younger generation has only a passive knowledge of the language. The vast majority of Tunisian Jews have relocated to Israel and have shifted to Hebrew as their home language. Those in France typically use French as their primary language, while the few still left in Tunisia tend to use either French or Tunisian Arabic in their everyday lives. Judeo-Tunisian Arabic is one of the Judeo-Arabic languages, a collection of

title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: the time of al-Andalus. Maghrebi dialects all use "n-" as the first-person singular prefix on verbs, distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic ( "al-Fusḥā") is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a spoken and vernacular language, although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the language exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the

title: Language speaks

text: 1784 letter to Herder, Heidegger talks of language as an "abyss." Language speaks "Language speaks" (in the original German "Die Sprache spricht"), is a famous saying by Martin Heidegger. Heidegger first formulated it in his 1950 lecture "Language" ("Die Sprache"), and frequently repeated it in later works. Adorno expressed a related idea when he said that language "acquires a voice" and "speaks itself." The saying was first formulated by Heidegger in the lecture "Language" ("Die Sprache") in memory of Max Kommerell, first delivered on October 7, 1950 at the Bühlerhöhe building. The lecture was translated in English by Albert Hofstadter

title: Language speaks

text: Language speaks "Language speaks" (in the original German "Die Sprache spricht"), is a famous saying by Martin Heidegger. Heidegger first formulated it in his 1950 lecture "Language" ("Die Sprache"), and frequently repeated it in later works. Adorno expressed a related idea when he said that language "acquires a voice" and "speaks itself." The saying was first formulated by Heidegger in the lecture "Language" ("Die Sprache") in memory of Max Kommerell, first delivered on October 7, 1950 at the Bühlerhöhe building. The lecture was translated in English by Albert Hofstadter in the 1971 Heidegger collection "Poetry, Language, Thought". Quoting a Hamann's

title: Shirvani Arabic

text: Arabs (mostly from Yemen) continued to immigrate to southern Dagestan influencing the culture and literary traditions of the local population who had already become Islamized. The latest documentation of the existence of Shirvani Arabic is attributed to the Azeri historian Abbasgulu Bakikhanov who mentioned in his 1840 historical work "Golestan-i Iram" that "to this day a group of Shirvan Arabs speaks an altered version of Arabic." Arabic continued to be spoken in Dagestan until the 1920s mostly by upper-class feudals as a second or third language, as well as a language of literature, politics and written communication. Shirvani Arabic Shirvani

title: Arabic language school

text: Arabic language school Arabic language schools are language schools specialized in teaching Arabic as a foreign language to speakers of other languages. There are different types of Arabic language schools based on their focused branch, target audience, methods of instruction delivery, cultural atmosphere, and elective courses available. Unlike general language schools that provide Arabic classes and certificates along with other live languages' classes as well, Arabic language schools are those that specialize in Arabic language instruction only, or mainly. Al Diwan Center and the Moroccan Center for Arabic Studies MCAS are examples, whose focus is on Arabic only. Examples of

title: Aldiwan Arabic Language Center

text: many of the US students and professors of high-ranking universities who elect to use its services. Aldiwan has been publishing for years its acceptance of US and Canadian universities’ scholarships with positive testimonials from their students, While Aldiwan Center refers its reputation to its core team of highly qualified teachers who have graduate diplomas in teaching Arabic as a foreign language and their methods of instruction, some old students assure Aldiwan of the practicality and one-on-one tutoring it facilitates. Aldiwan Arabic Language Center Aldiwan Arabic Language Center, briefly Aldiwan Center, is an Arabic language school based in Cairo, Egypt and

title: Arabic language school

text: speakers of other languages are categorized based on the following: Some schools are large enough to provide graduate-like course curriculum and teaching quality, while others are starting out and provide middle-to-high school level of Arabic teaching. Many schools provide side courses on related subjects like: Islamic religious courses related to language like Quranic recitation, and Arabic calligraphy. Arab institute for Arabic language Arabic language school Arabic language schools are language schools specialized in teaching Arabic as a foreign language to speakers of other languages. There are different types of Arabic language schools based on their focused branch, target audience, methods

title: Arabic language influence on the Spanish language

text: and 13th centuries. These territories, which included the former Taifa of Toledo, had large numbers of Arabic speakers, as well as many who spoke local Romance dialects (Mozarabic language) that were heavily influenced by Arabic, both influencing Castilian. It is possible that Arabic words and their derivatives had also been priorly brought into Castilian by Mozarab Christians who emigrated northwards from Al Andalus in times of sectarian violence, particularly during the times of Almohad and Almoravid rule in the 12th and 13th centuries. As such, Arabic can be considered to have had a formative influence on the Spanish language. The

title: Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic

text: Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic (also known as Tripolitanian Judeo-Arabic, Jewish Tripolitanian-Libyan Arabic, Tripolita'it, Yudi) is a variety of Arabic spoken by Jews formerly living in Libya. Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic differs from standard Libyan Arabic in that it closely resembles the original dialect of the sedentary population, whereas much of Libya's population now speaks Bedouin-influenced varieties of Arabic. A reference grammar is available. The vast majority of Libyan Jews have relocated to Israel and have switched to using Hebrew in as their home language. Those in Italy typically use Italian as their first language. In ca. 1994 there were 35,000 speakers of

title: Moroccan Arabic

text: strong presence in Moroccan television entertainment, cinema and commercial advertising. Sahrawi Hassaniya Arabic spoken in the disputed Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara is usually considered as a separate spoken Arabic language and is poorly mutually intelligible with Moroccan Arabic. Moroccan language has many regional dialects and accents as well. Its mainstream dialect is the one used in Casablanca, Rabat and Fas and therefore it dominates the media eclipsing the other regional dialects like the ones spoken in Tangiers and Oujda. Moroccan is spoken as a first language by about 50% to 75% of Morocco's population. The other half speaks one of the

title: Aldiwan Arabic Language Center

text: Aldiwan Arabic Language Center Aldiwan Arabic Language Center, briefly Aldiwan Center, is an Arabic language school based in Cairo, Egypt and established in 1997. It focuses on providing Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) certificates and Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA) courses. Aldiwan Center has itself used, and has been referred to by others, by many similar names in spelling and in pronunciation on websites, advertising, and printed materials. This might refer to the variety of writing choices in writing the same Arabic word Diwan ( precedented by Al (, which is the definite article in Arabic; in English, to be: Aldiwan (,

title: Arabic language in Israel

text: government must also be translated into Literary Arabic, unless being issued by the local authority of an exclusively Hebrew-speaking community. Arabic was always considered a legitimate language for use in the Knesset, but only rarely have Arabic-speaking Knesset members made use of this privilege. This situation can be easily explained: while all Arabic-speaking MKs are fluent in Hebrew, fewer Hebrew-speaking MKs can understand Arabic. Arabic lessons are widespread in Hebrew-speaking schools from the seventh through ninth grades. Those who wish to do so may opt to continue their Arabic studies through the twelfth grade and take an Arabic matriculation exam.

title: Aldiwan Arabic Language Center

text: nationally accredited as an Arabic language instruction school in Egypt. While independent sources indicate that courses offered at Al Diwan Center are recognized and credited by some highly ranked US and Canadian universities, from which scholarship holders receive university-level credits, Al Diwan Center has no published information yet on this issue. Aldiwan Center claims implementation of the Audio-Lingual Method in teaching Arabic as a foreign language with a communicative approach in teaching Arabic as a foreign language, which is based on the behaviorist theory of learning Aldiwan Center is an Arabic language school, whose main focus is language instruction, while

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: vernacular were ignored. Egyptian Arabic was identified as a mere dialect, one that was not spoken even in all of Egypt, as almost all of Upper Egypt speaks Sa'idi Arabic. Though the revolutionary government heavily sponsored the use of the Egyptian vernacular in films, plays, television programmes, and music, the prerevolutionary use of Modern Standard Arabic in official publications was retained. Linguistic commentators have noted the multi-faceted approach of the Egyptian revolutionaries towards the Arabic language. Whereas Egypt's first president, Mohammed Naguib exhibited a preference for using Modern Standard Arabic in his public speeches, his successor, Gamal Abdel Nasser was

title: Arabic language in Israel

text: Arabic language in Israel The Arabic language in Israel is spoken natively by a large proportion of the population, reaching over 20 percent of the total population, mainly by the Arab citizens of Israel and among the Arabic-speaking Jews from the Arab world. Some refer to the modern Hebrew-influenced Levantine Arabic vernacular, spoken by many Israeli Arabs, as the "Israeli Arabic dialect". Among most Arabs the vernacular spoken is similar to Palestinian Arabic, while Bedouin traditionally speak their own dialect of Arabic. The Northern part of the country is more influenced with Lebanese Arabic (Central Northern Levantine Arabic), especially among

title: Arabic language in Israel

text: Druze. Many first-generation Mizrahi Jews in Israel can still speak Judeo-Arabic languages, while their Israeli-born descendants have overwhelmingly adopted Hebrew as their first (or sole) language. Standard Arabic was co-official with Hebrew until 2018. Its status is currently that of an auxiliary language. According to , which was adopted on 19 July 2018, Arabic language is not an official languages in the State of Israel but has a special status and is used in official documents by law. Before the adoption on 19 July 2018 of the , the Arabic language was one of the two official languages in the

title: Arabic language school

text: those schools that cannot be referred to as an "Arabic language school" are the British Council, the CFCC, the AMIDEAST, and other cultural exchange bodies in Arab countries. While not very big in number, those specialized schools with this focus made them very effective in teaching this subject matter that are regarded by many as difficult compared to other live languages of today. Provided that most of them are located where Arabic is the native mother tongue, they make it ideal for those who want to practice what they learn in a daily life experience Schools that teach Arabic to

title: Arabic language in Israel

text: State of Israel, along with Modern Hebrew and is used in official documents by law. Modern Standard Arabic (also known as Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic), along with Modern Hebrew, is the second official language in Israel. Spoken Arabic dialects are spoken primarily by Arab citizens of Israel and Israeli Druze, as well as by some Mizrahi Jews (Yemenite Jews, Egyptian Jews, Syrian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Sephardic Jews (Moroccan Jews, Tunisian Jews, Libyan Jews, Algerian Jews, and French Jews), particularly those of the older generation who immigrated from Arabic-speaking countries. In 1949, 156,000 Palestinian Arabs were left inside Israel’s armistice

text: elements". When searching Spanish language Web sites, use the subject term, "arabismos". These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article. Arabic language influence on the Spanish language Arabic influence on the Spanish language overwhelmingly dates from the Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492. The influence results mainly from the large number of Arabic loanwords and derivations in Spanish, plus a few other less obvious effects. The Spanish language, also called "Castilian", is a Romance language that evolved from the dialects of Roman Vulgar Latin spoken in the Iberian peninsula. The first

text: Arabic language influence on the Spanish language Arabic influence on the Spanish language overwhelmingly dates from the Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492. The influence results mainly from the large number of Arabic loanwords and derivations in Spanish, plus a few other less obvious effects. The Spanish language, also called "Castilian", is a Romance language that evolved from the dialects of Roman Vulgar Latin spoken in the Iberian peninsula. The first documents written in a language with some features specific of modern Spanish are ascribed to a number of documents from different monasteries in the area

title: Arabic language in Israel

text: Katz, the transport minister, announced that signs on all major roads in Israel, East Jerusalem and possibly parts of the West Bank would be amended, replacing English and Arabic place names with straight transliterations of the Hebrew name. Currently most road signs are in all three languages. Nazareth, for example, would become "Natzrat". The Transport Ministry said signs would be replaced gradually as necessary due to wear and tear. This has been criticized as an attempt by the Israeli government to erase the Arabic language and Palestinian heritage in Israel. Arabic language in Israel The Arabic language in Israel is

title: Arabic Language International Council

text: Language, which draws experts, academics, students, policymakers, and bureaucrats. On its second year, which focused on the discussion of the survival of the Arabic language, the forum already drew thousands of participants as well as high level regional and international sponsorship. This event also serves as an opportunity to forge partnerships such as the case of a memorandum of agreement signed by the council and the ISESCO, which outlined specific measures to effectively teach the Arabic language and highlight its role in preserving the Islamic identity. Arabic Language International Council In accordance with the (16 May 2007) the United Nations

text: protectorate over Spanish Morocco in the 19th and 20th centuries, although these are of minor significance. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands has also adopted a small number of words from Hassaniya Arabic, principally from Canarian sailors who fish in proximity to the Saharan coast as well as by those Canarians who returned from Western Sahara after the Green March of 1975. The influence of Arabic on the Spanish language is fundamentally lexical but its other influences are also briefly examined in this article. It is estimated that there are about one thousand Arabic roots, and approximately three thousand

title: Who Speaks for the Negro?

text: all of the interviews made it directly into Warren's book. The original audiotapes and materials for "Who Speaks for the Negro?" also contained interviews with the following people. The audio and transcripts for these, as well as full interviews from the persons in the book mentioned above, are available at the "Who Speaks for the Negro?" Digital Archive of the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities and the Jean and Alexander Heard Libraries at Vanderbilt University. Who Speaks for the Negro? Who Speaks for the Negro? is a 1965 book of interviews by Robert Penn Warren conducted with Civil

title: Arabic language in Israel

text: line, most of whom did not speak Hebrew. Today the majority of Arab Israelis, who constitute over a fifth of the Israeli population, speak Hebrew fluently, as a second language. For many years the Israeli authorities were reluctant to use Arabic, except when explicitly ordered by law (for example, in warnings on dangerous chemicals), or when addressing the Arabic-speaking population. This has changed following a November 2000 supreme court ruling which ruled that although second to Hebrew, the use of Arabic should be much more extensive. Since then, all road signs, food labels, and messages published or posted by the

title: Language Attitudes Among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco

text: Language Attitudes Among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco Language Attitudes among Arabic–French Bilinguals in Morocco () is a 1983 book by Abdelâli Bentahila, published by the Clevedon company of Avon, England. The book discusses Arabic-French bilingualism in Morocco. The author was a Moroccan linguist who, after receiving his PhD, began teaching in the city of Fes (Fez) in Morocco. The book focused on "balanced bilinguals" who attended bilingual secondary schools and/or universities. In the book Bentahila argued that the Moroccan officials do not consult their people on the language planning issue and therefore do not find success with their language planning.

title: San'a Institute for the Arabic Language

text: University in the 1980s and was Arabic language program coordinator for the Peace Corps in Yemen. San'a Institute for the Arabic Language San'a Institute for the Arabic Language (SIAL) is located in the Old City of Sana'a, Yemen on Sa’ilah Street. The school specializes in teaching Arabic as a foreign language. SIAL also teaches courses in Arabic calligraphy, Islamic studies, and Yemeni culture. The school, located in a house in the Tabariya neighborhood, attracted many students from the United States and Britain before the September 11 attacks in 2001, but today most of the students are from the Indian subcontinent

title: Arabic Language International Council

text: Arabic Language International Council In accordance with the (16 May 2007) the United Nations General Assembly proclamation of the International Year of Languages in 2008, the Arabic Language International Council was established by the Arab universities association. The organization was formed within the framework of the UN's effort to promote Unity in diversity, and also in recognition of the UN's push for multilingualism as a means of promoting, protecting and preserving diversity of languages and cultures globally, particularly in the paramount importance attributed to the quality of the organization's six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish). The

title: Who Speaks for the Negro?

text: Who Speaks for the Negro? Who Speaks for the Negro? is a 1965 book of interviews by Robert Penn Warren conducted with Civil Rights Movement activists. The book was reissued by Yale University Press in 2014. The Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities at Vanderbilt University created the ""Who Speaks for the Negro?" Digital Archive," featuring digitized versions of the original reel-to-reel recordings that Warren compiled for each of his interviewees as well as print materials related to the project, including the transcripts of those recordings, letters written between Warren and the interviewees, and contemporary reviews of the book.

title: San'a Institute for the Arabic Language

text: San'a Institute for the Arabic Language San'a Institute for the Arabic Language (SIAL) is located in the Old City of Sana'a, Yemen on Sa’ilah Street. The school specializes in teaching Arabic as a foreign language. SIAL also teaches courses in Arabic calligraphy, Islamic studies, and Yemeni culture. The school, located in a house in the Tabariya neighborhood, attracted many students from the United States and Britain before the September 11 attacks in 2001, but today most of the students are from the Indian subcontinent and the far East. The founder and director of SIAL is Muhammad Al-Anasi. He attended Reading

text: degree to which the Arabic language percolated through the Iberian Peninsula varied enormously from one area to another and is the subject of academic debate. However, it is generally agreed that Arabic was used among the local elites, Muslims and Christians, and that the prevalent vernacular in many areas was Mozarabic, a continuum of Arabic-influenced local Romance dialects. Only the southern Emirate of Granada in the time of the Nasrid dynasty, which had had a large influx of Arabic speakers as the Reconquista advanced, became totally Arabized, or at least no evidence of a local Romance in the late Middle

title: Who Speaks for the Negro?

text: anyone so far" while still acknowledging Warren's segregationist past. Though widely and for the most part positively reviewed, "Who Speaks" was not a commercial success, which disappointed Warren greatly. The book was out of print for decades until Yale University Press republished it in 2014 based largely on the traffic generated by the "Who Speaks for the Negro?" Digital Archive. Much of the original material related to the book is still in existence, held at the University of Kentucky and Yale University Libraries. The Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky digitized their portion of

title: Who Speaks for the Negro?

text: Rights Movement rather than an unbiased or comprehensive volume. Warren states in the foreword, As an oral history of the Civil Rights Movement, "Who Speaks" may be compared to, among others, "The New World of Negro Americans" by Harold Isaacs, "My Soul is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered" by Howell Raines, and "My Soul Looks Back in Wonder: Voices of the Civil Rights Experience" by Juan Williams. "Who Speaks for the Negro?" was reviewed widely by newspapers, cultural critics, and the general public. The tenor of the reviews varied greatly. Many news reviews—including those from the "New

title: Riddles (Arabic)

text: influenced medieval Hebrew poetry. One prominent Hebrew exponent of the form is the medieval Andalusian poet Judah Halevi, who for example wrote <poem style="margin-left:2em"> What's slender, smooth and fine, and speaks with power while dumb, and spews the blood of lambs? </poem> Riddles (Arabic) Riddles are historically a significant genre of Arabic verse, and extensive scholarly collections have also been made of riddles in oral circulation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Analysis of this literary form has, however, been neglected by modern scholars. Riddles are known in Arabic principally as "lughz" () (pl. "alghāz" ألغاز), but other terms include

title: Belarusian Arabic alphabet

text: Belarusian Arabic alphabet The Belarusian Arabic alphabet (, "Biełaruski arabski alfabet" (Taraškievica), بيَلارُصقِ ارابصقِ الفاوِت), or Arabica (), was based on the Arabic script and was developed in the 16th century (possibly 15th). It consisted of twenty-eight graphemes, including several additions to represent Belarusian phonemes not found in the Arabic language. The Belarusian Arabic alphabet was used by the Lipka Tatars, who had been invited to settle in Belarusian territory, at the time part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During the 14th–16th centuries they gradually stopped using their own language and started using the Old Belarusian language rendered in

title: Arabic

text: They review language development, monitor new words and approve inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts. Arabic has been taught worldwide in many elementary and secondary schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their foreign languages, Middle Eastern studies, and religious studies courses. Arabic language schools exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic language schools in the Arab world and other Muslim countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all Islamic

title: Hebrew language

text: about 9 million Hebrew speakers worldwide, of whom 7 million speak it fluently. Currently, 90% of Israeli Jews are proficient in Hebrew, and 70% are highly proficient. Some 60% of Israeli Arabs are also proficient in Hebrew, and 30% report having a higher proficiency in Hebrew than in Arabic. In total, about 53% of the Israeli population speaks Hebrew as a native language, while most of the rest speak it fluently. However, in 2013 Hebrew was the native language of only 49% of Israelis over the age of 20, with Russian, Arabic, French, English, Yiddish and Ladino being the native

title: Arabic

text: al-Gharnati - who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab - scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior. In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view. Yasir Suleiman wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of the Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and

title: Arabic

text: of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. Arabic speakers often improve their familiarity with other dialects via music or film. The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the varieties of Chinese, Hindi and Urdu, Serbian and Croatian, Scots and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot. The issue of diglossia between spoken

title: Who is Muhammad?

text: Awards in the History of Islam category. Who is Muhammad? Who is Muhammad? () is the biography of the Islamic prophet written by Islamic scholar Ja'far Sobhani. The book was originally written in the Persian language and has been translated to English. The book gives a comparison between the diverse attitudes. It not only speaks about the life of Muhammad but also discusses the diverse attitudes. Sobhani wrote his work in Persian. It has since been translated to languages including English, Urdu, Bengali, Arabic, Turkish and French. In 2013 Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an published an abridged English translation. The book won

title: Who is Muhammad?

text: Who is Muhammad? Who is Muhammad? () is the biography of the Islamic prophet written by Islamic scholar Ja'far Sobhani. The book was originally written in the Persian language and has been translated to English. The book gives a comparison between the diverse attitudes. It not only speaks about the life of Muhammad but also discusses the diverse attitudes. Sobhani wrote his work in Persian. It has since been translated to languages including English, Urdu, Bengali, Arabic, Turkish and French. In 2013 Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an published an abridged English translation. The book won the 2006 Iran’s Book of the Year

title: Arabic language in Israel

text: even so students don't reach fluency unless they continue their studies in the military, mostly in order to take part in an intelligence job. In March 2007, the Knesset approved a new law calling for the establishment of an Arabic Language Academy similar to the Academy of the Hebrew Language. This institute was established in 2008, its center is in Haifa and it is currently headed by Prof. Mahmud Ghanayem. In 2008, a group of Knesset members proposed a bill to remove Arabic's status as an official language. Similar bills have been proposed in 2011 and 2014. In 2009, Israel

title: Arabic Language International Council

text: ISESCO, ALECSO, and the Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States. Also strong support came from universities rectors, presidents and the secretary generals of the Arab colleges associations in Arab universities including: colleges and institutes of education, colleges of science, colleges of law, colleges of pharmacy, colleges of engineering, colleges of computing and information, colleges of art, colleges of medicine, colleges of dentists medicine, colleges of science and information technology, colleges of administration sciences. Since its founding, the council has been very active in promoting the Arabic language. Together with UNESCO, it holds the annual International Conference for Arabic

title: Aldiwan Arabic Language Center

text: providing Tajwid, and Arabic calligraphy courses is extra effort on the behalf of Aldiwan to enhance the students' skills, but not the mainstream. Aldiwan Center has published many textbooks for teachers of Arabic as a foreign language , compared to those of the American University in Cairo and other reputable academic institutions, which resulted in a positive opinion of some students. It also kept interest in incorporating technology in its learning materials, as voice overs of its textbooks and multimedia presentations. Outside the classroom materials they developed electronic dictionaries and how-to guides. Aldiwan Center has been in a high-profile with

title: Arabic

text: terms are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language. Software and books with tapes are also important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on the Internet provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries. With the sole example of Medieval linguist Abu Hayyan

title: Cypriot Arabic

text: their first language. Cypriot Arabic was first introduced to Cyprus by Maronites who came mainly from Syria and Lebanon as early as the seventh century, with waves of immigration up to the thirteenth century. Since 2002, it is one of UNESCO-designated severely endangered languages and, since 2008, it is recognised as a minority language of Cyprus, coinciding with an attempt to revitalise the language that may prove to be futile. Cypriot Arabic has in the past been assigned to a Syrian-Lebanese or Levantine Arabic classification, likely owing to the contemporary presence of a large Lebanese-speaking Maronite community on the mainland.

title: Hassaniya Arabic

text: million Hassaniya speakers, distributed as follows: Hassaniya Arabic Hassānīya ( ""; also known as "Hassaniyya", "Klem El Bithan", "Hasanya", "Hassani", "Hassaniya") is a variety of Maghrebi Arabic. It was spoken by the Beni Ḥassān Bedouin tribes, who extended their authority over most of Mauritania and Morocco's southeastern and Western Sahara between the 15th and 17th centuries. Hassaniya Arabic was the language spoken in the pre-modern region around Chinguetti. The language has now almost completely replaced the Berber languages that were originally spoken in this region. Although clearly a western dialect, Hassānīya is relatively distant from other Maghrebi variants of Arabic.

title: Hassaniya Arabic

text: Hassaniya Arabic Hassānīya ( ""; also known as "Hassaniyya", "Klem El Bithan", "Hasanya", "Hassani", "Hassaniya") is a variety of Maghrebi Arabic. It was spoken by the Beni Ḥassān Bedouin tribes, who extended their authority over most of Mauritania and Morocco's southeastern and Western Sahara between the 15th and 17th centuries. Hassaniya Arabic was the language spoken in the pre-modern region around Chinguetti. The language has now almost completely replaced the Berber languages that were originally spoken in this region. Although clearly a western dialect, Hassānīya is relatively distant from other Maghrebi variants of Arabic. Its geographical location exposed it to

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: Egyptian Arabic Egyptian Arabic, locally known as the Egyptian colloquial language or Masri, meaning simply "Egyptian", is spoken by most contemporary Egyptians. Egyptian is a North African dialect of the Arabic language which is a Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It originated in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt around the capital Cairo. Egyptian Arabic evolved from the Quranic Arabic which was brought to Egypt during the seventh-century AD Muslim conquest that aimed to spread the Islamic faith among the Egyptians. Egyptian Arabic is very highly influenced by the Egyptian Coptic language which was the native language of

title: Moroccan Arabic

text: Moroccan Arabic Moroccan Arabic language or Moroccan Darija (, in Morocco) is a member of the Maghrebi Arabic language continuum spoken in Morocco. It is mutually intelligible to some extent with Algerian Arabic language and to a lesser extent with Tunisian Arabic language. It has been heavily influenced mainly by the Berber languages and to a lesser extent by Latin (African Romance), French, and Spanish. While Modern Standard Arabic is not spoken in daily life and is an only used for written government communications and in the written press, Moroccan is the spoken common language of Morocco, and has a

title: Modern Standard Arabic

text: people in this region, because it is compulsory in schools of most of the Arab League to learn Modern Standard Arabic. People who are literate in the language are usually more so passively, as they mostly use the language in reading and writing, not in speaking. It is also spoken by Muslims in Northern Nigeria by people with Islamic education (especially the Hausa and Fulani people). The countries with the largest populations that mandate MSA be taught in all schools are, with rounded-up numbers (data from 2008—2014): Modern Standard Arabic Modern Standard Arabic (MSA; ' 'the most eloquent Arabic language'),

text: derived words, for a total of around four thousand words or 8% of the Spanish dictionary - the second largest lexical influence on Spanish after Latin. See Influences on the Spanish language for more on how the number of Arabisms in Spanish has been estimated. The exact number of words of Arabic origin and their derivatives in Spanish is not known, and many words not included on this list are regionalisms: words which are used in certain parts of Spain and/or Latin America but are generally unknown elsewhere. The high point of Arabic word use in Spanish was in late

title: Algerian Arabic

text: from Kabylie, in Auguste Moulieras's "Les fourberies de si Djeh'a". Algerian Arabic contains numerous French loanwords. (v)=verb Algerian Arabic Algerian Arabic language, or simply Algerian (known as Darja or Dziria in Algeria), is a language derived from a variety of the Arabic languages spoken in northern Algeria. It belongs to the Maghrebi Arabic language continuum and as such it is partially mutually intelligible with Tunisian and Moroccan. Like other varieties of Maghrebi Arabic, Algerian language have a mostly Semitic vocabulary, with significant Berber and Latin (African Romance) substrates and numerous loanwords from French, Ottoman Turkish and Spanish. Algerian is the

title: Algerian Arabic

text: Algerian Arabic Algerian Arabic language, or simply Algerian (known as Darja or Dziria in Algeria), is a language derived from a variety of the Arabic languages spoken in northern Algeria. It belongs to the Maghrebi Arabic language continuum and as such it is partially mutually intelligible with Tunisian and Moroccan. Like other varieties of Maghrebi Arabic, Algerian language have a mostly Semitic vocabulary, with significant Berber and Latin (African Romance) substrates and numerous loanwords from French, Ottoman Turkish and Spanish. Algerian is the native language of 75% to 80% of Algerians, and is mastered by 95% to 100% of them.

title: Arabic literature

text: Arabic literature Arabic literature ( / ALA-LC: "al-Adab al-‘Arabī") is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is ""Adab"", which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an, widely regarded by people as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language, would have the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature. Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, but

text: post-colonial periods. The next portion involves the author discussing the results of his questionnaire. and includes a survey of the literature about the language situation from inside and outside the Maghreb. The book has a chapter about comparative attitudes towards Moroccan Arabic, Classical Arabic, and French. There is also a chapter on language planning in Morocco. Paul B. Stevens of the "Journal of Language and Social Psychology" said that it was the first book-length work on bilingualism in North Africa written in the English language, and for writing the book Bentahila "is to be applauded on several counts." He said

title: Mashriqi Arabic

text: Mashriqi Arabic Mashriqi Arabic (Eastern Arabic), or Mashriqi ʿAmmiya, is the varieties of Arabic spoken in the Mashriq, including the countries of Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, Cyprus, Turkey, and Iraq. The variety is sometimes referred to as "Eastern Arabic", as opposed to "Western Arabic" (Maghrebi Arabic or Darija) and includes Mesopotamian Arabic and Gulf Arabic, along with Levantine Arabic. Speakers of Mashriqi call their language ʿAmmiya, which means "dialect" in Modern Standard Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic ( "al-fuṣḥá") is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Mashreq. Mashriqi Arabic is used

title: Arabic

text: perversely, even education through a mélange of code-switching practises." Arab-American professor Franck Salamah went as far as to declare Arabic a dead language conveying dead ideas, blaming its stagnation for Arab intellectual stagnation and lamenting that great writers in Arabic are judged by their command of the language and not the merit of the ideas they express with it. Arabic Arabic () ' or () ' or ) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to

title: Arabic script

text: Speakers of languages that were previously unwritten used Arabic script as a basis to design writing systems for their mother languages. This choice could be influenced by Arabic being their second language, the language of scripture of their faith, or the only written language they came in contact with. Additionally, since most education was once religious, choice of script was determined by the writer's religion; which meant that Muslims would use Arabic script to write whatever language they spoke. This led to Arabic script being the most widely used script during the Middle Ages. In the 20th century, the Arabic

title: Arabic

text: only variety of modern Arabic to have acquired official language status is Maltese, which is spoken in (predominantly Catholic) Malta and written with the Latin script. It is descended from Classical Arabic through Siculo-Arabic, but is not mutually intelligible with any other variety of Arabic. Most linguists list it as a separate language rather than as a dialect of Arabic. Even during Muhammad's lifetime, there were dialects of spoken Arabic. Muhammad spoke in the dialect of Mecca, in the western Arabian peninsula, and it was in this dialect that the Quran was written down. However, the dialects of the eastern

title: Arabic

text: Arabic Arabic () ' or () ' or ) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai Peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools

title: Classical Arabic

text: directly from Classical Latin. People speak Classical Arabic as a second language if they speak colloquial Arabic dialects as their first language, but as a third language if others speak other languages native to a country as their first language and colloquial Arabic dialects as their second language. But Classical Arabic was spoken with different pronunciations influenced by informal dialects. The differentiation of the pronunciation of informal dialects is the influence from native languages previously spoken and some presently spoken in the regions, such as Coptic in Egypt, Berber, Punic or Phoenician in North Africa, Himyaritic, Modern South Arabian and

title: Modern Standard Arabic

text: Modern Standard Arabic Modern Standard Arabic (MSA; ' 'the most eloquent Arabic language'), Standard Arabic, or Literary Arabic is the standardized and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech throughout the Arab world to facilitate communication. It is considered a pluricentric language. Most Western scholars distinguish two standard ' () varieties of Arabic: the Classical Arabic (CA) ( ') of the Quran and early Islamic (7th to 9th centuries) literature, and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) ( '), the standard language in use today. MSA is based on classical Arabic, and differences between the two varieties

title: Romanization of Arabic

text: in Literary Arabic: There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to romanize the language. A Beirut newspaper "La Syrie" pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin script in 1922. The major head of this movement was Louis Massignon, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon’s attempt at romanization failed as the Academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. Sa’id Afghani, a member of the Academy, asserted that the

title: Amdang language

text: the area; Mimi of Nachtigal and Mimi of Decorse. Amdang language Amdang (also Biltine; autonym: "sìmí amdangtí") is a language closely related to Fur, which together constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. It is mainly spoken in Chad, north of the town of Biltine, and sporadically elsewhere in Ouaddaï Region. There are also small colonies of speakers in Darfur near Woda'a and Fafa, and in Kordofan in the Abu Daza district and at Magrur north of Bara. Most of the ethnic group now speaks Arabic. The language is also called Mimi, Mima or Biltine; the name "Mimi", however,

title: Amdang language

text: Amdang language Amdang (also Biltine; autonym: "sìmí amdangtí") is a language closely related to Fur, which together constitute a branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. It is mainly spoken in Chad, north of the town of Biltine, and sporadically elsewhere in Ouaddaï Region. There are also small colonies of speakers in Darfur near Woda'a and Fafa, and in Kordofan in the Abu Daza district and at Magrur north of Bara. Most of the ethnic group now speaks Arabic. The language is also called Mimi, Mima or Biltine; the name "Mimi", however, is also applied to two extinct Maban languages of

title: Arabic grammar

text: used description of Arabic grammar, following trends in Western linguistics instead. Arabic grammar Arabic grammar ( ' or ') is the grammar of the Arabic language. Arabic is a Semitic language and its grammar has many similarities with the grammar of other Semitic languages. The article focuses both on the grammar of Literary Arabic (i.e. Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, which have largely the same grammar) and of the colloquial spoken varieties of Arabic. The grammar of the two types is largely similar in its particulars. Generally, the grammar of Classical Arabic is described first, followed by the areas

title: Arabic

text: other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims, and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties

title: Arabic grammar

text: Arabic grammar Arabic grammar ( ' or ') is the grammar of the Arabic language. Arabic is a Semitic language and its grammar has many similarities with the grammar of other Semitic languages. The article focuses both on the grammar of Literary Arabic (i.e. Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic, which have largely the same grammar) and of the colloquial spoken varieties of Arabic. The grammar of the two types is largely similar in its particulars. Generally, the grammar of Classical Arabic is described first, followed by the areas in which the colloquial variants tend to differ (note that not

text: "Taken as a whole, Bentahila's book is a worthwhile one and, some of the remarks which follow notwithstanding, it deserved to be read." Brian Weinstein of the "Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development" wrote that the book is "an important addition to the literature on language attitudes" and that it "also is valuable methodologically and for the implicit and explicit suggestions for further research into attitudes and their relationship to social change or social stagnation." Language Attitudes Among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco Language Attitudes among Arabic–French Bilinguals in Morocco () is a 1983 book by Abdelâli Bentahila, published by the

title: Maghrebi Arabic

text: in general as they derive from different substratums and a mixture of many languages (Berber, Latin (African Romance), Old Arabic, Turkish, French, Spanish, Mozarabic, Italian, and Niger-Congo languages). Some linguists like Charles A. Ferguson, William Marçais consider Maghrebi Arabic Darija an independent language. Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or English words, notably in technical fields, or by replacing old French and Italian/Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles; more educated and upper-class people who code-switch between Maghrebi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have more French and Italian/Spanish loanwords, especially the latter came from

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: Local chroniclers mention the continued use of Coptic as a spoken language until the 17th century by peasant women in Upper Egypt. Coptic is still the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language. Modern Standard Arabic, a modernized form of Classical Arabic (also called Qur'anic Arabic), is the official language of Egypt (see diglossia). Interest in the local vernacular began in the 1800s, as the Egyptian national movement for self-determination was taking shape. For many decades to follow, questions about the reform and the

title: Chadian Arabic

text: language does not have a native name shared by all its speakers, beyond "Arabic". It arose as the native language of nomadic cattle herders ("baggāra", Standard Arabic "baqqāra", means 'cattlemen', from "baqar"). Since the publication of a grammar of a Nigerian dialect in 1920, this language has become widely cited academically as "Shuwa Arabic"; however, the term "Shuwa" was in use only among "non-Arab people" in Borno State. Around 2000, the term "Western Sudanic Arabic" was proposed by a specialist in the language, Jonathan Owens. The geographical sense of "Sudanic" invoked by Owens is not the modern country of Sudan,

title: Tunisian Arabic

text: code-switching between Tunisian Arabic and modern standard Arabic is mainly done by more educated and upper-class people and has not negatively affected the use of more recent French and English loanwords in Tunisian. Moreover, Tunisian Arabic is closely related to Maltese, which is a separate language that descended from Tunisian and Siculo-Arabic. Tunisian Arabic is one of the Arabic languages within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. It is a variety of Maghrebi Arabic like Moroccan and Algerian Arabic, which are mostly unintelligible to Modern Standard or Mashriqi Arabic speakers. It has a considerable number of pre-hilalian dialects

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: widely studied varieties of Arabic. While it is essentially a spoken language, it is encountered in written form in novels, plays, and poems (vernacular literature), as well as in comics, advertising, some newspapers, and transcriptions of popular songs. In most other written media and in television news reporting, Literary Arabic is used. Literary Arabic is a standardized language based on the language of the Quran, that is, Classical Arabic. The Egyptian vernacular is almost universally written in the Arabic alphabet for local consumption, although it is commonly transcribed into Latin letters or in the International Phonetic Alphabet in linguistics text

title: BBC Arabic

text: the Middle East. BBC Arabic broadcasts programs and hourly news bulletins 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The BBC launched an Arabic-language satellite channel on 11 March 2008. BBC Arabic radio and television both use the BBC Arabic website as an online news portal. The website facilitates online access to the other two broadcasts. A live stream of BBC Arabic is available to listeners in the US by calling 712-432-7877. BBC Arabic BBC Arabic may refer to the Literary Arabic language radio station run by the BBC World Service, as well as the BBC's satellite TV channel, and

title: Levantine Arabic

text: traditions of late Roman Palestine. The existence of Aramaic substrate elements in Palestinian Arabic, the supplanting language of Palestinian Aramaic dialects, is widely accepted and is especially evident in the lexical component. The US Defense Language Institute published two comparative texts for Levantine Arabic, one with Egyptian Arabic and another with Morroccon Arabic, to help learners of LA learn and distinguish between them. Levantine Arabic Levantine Arabic (, , autonym: "il-lahje š-šāmiyye") is a broad variety of Arabic and the main vernacular spoken Arabic of the eastern coastal strip of the Levantine Sea that includes parts of Lebanon, Jordan, Syria,

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: modernization of Arabic were hotly debated in Egyptian intellectual circles. Proposals ranged from developing neologisms to replace archaic terminology in Modern Standard Arabic to the simplification of syntactical and morphological rules and the introduction of colloquialisms to even complete "Egyptianization" ("tamṣīr") by abandoning the so-called Modern Standard Arabic in favor of Masri or Egyptian Arabic. Proponents of language reform in Egypt included Qasim Amin, who also wrote the first Egyptian feminist treatise, former President of the Egyptian University, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, and noted intellectual Salama Moussa. They adopted a modernist, secular approach and disagreed with the assumption that Arabic was

title: Maridi Arabic

text: Maridi Arabic Maridi Arabic was a possible Arabic pidgin apparently spoken in the upper Nile valley around 1000 CE. If legitimate, it would be the oldest record of a pidgin. It is known from just fifty words in an 11th-century text. In 1068, the Andalusian geographer Abū ʿUbayd al-Bakrī published the words of a traveler from Aswan, who had complained to the Caliph in Egypt that in the town of "Maridi", black Africans had "mutilated" the Arabic language. It appears that the text may be a caricature of an actual pidgin, or at least of partially acquired Arabic. It shares

title: Siculo-Arabic

text: ceased to exist by the 14th century. Arabic influence continued in a number of Sicilian words. Most of these terms relate to agriculture and related activities. The modern language derived from the Siculo-Arabic spoken in Malta is known as the Maltese language. While "Siculo-Arabic" refers to the language spoken before 1300, there are hardly any records during the 14th century, and the earliest record in the Maltese language is is "Il Cantilena" ("Xidew il-Qada") by Pietru Caxaro (late 15th century). Maltese evolved from Siculo-Arabic through a gradual process of Latinisation after the re-Christianisation of Malta during the 13th to 15th

title: Arabic

text: Arabic or the commonly diacriticized Arabic letter. Note also that in northern Egypt, where the Arabic letter ' () is normally pronounced , a separate phoneme , which may be transcribed with , occurs in a small number of mostly non-Arabic loanwords, e.g., 'jacket'. In many varieties, () are actually epiglottal (despite what is reported in many earlier works). The emphatic consonant was actually pronounced , or possibly —either way, a highly unusual sound. The medieval Arabs actually termed their language " 'the language of the Ḍād' (the name of the letter used for this sound), since they thought the

title: Who Speaks for the Negro?

text: In preparation for Random House's 1965 publication of his book "Who Speaks for the Negro?", Warren traveled throughout the United States in early 1964 and spoke with large numbers of men and women who were involved in the Civil Rights Movement. He interviewed nationally known figures as well as people working in the trenches of the movement whose names might otherwise be lost to history. In each case, he recorded their conversations on a reel-to-reel tape recorder. Often, Warren would begin by asking about the speakers' backgrounds, which often prompted them to talk about the inequalities that they had experienced

title: Arabic

text: home and constitute the native languages of Arabic speakers. "Formal" Literary Arabic (usually specifically Modern Standard Arabic) is learned at school; although many speakers have a native-like command of the language, it is technically not the native language of any speakers. Both varieties can be both written and spoken, although the colloquial varieties are rarely written down and the formal variety is spoken mostly in formal circumstances, e.g., in radio and TV broadcasts, formal lectures, parliamentary discussions and to some extent between speakers of different colloquial dialects. Even when the literary language is spoken, however, it is normally only spoken

title: Arabic

text: accompanied by the original text. At present, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is also used in modernized versions of literary forms of the Quran. Some Muslims present a monogenesis of languages and claim that the Arabic language was the language revealed by God for the benefit of mankind and the original language as a prototype system of symbolic communication, based upon its system of triconsonantal roots, spoken by man from which all other languages were derived, having first been corrupted. Judaism has a similar account with the Tower of Babel. "Colloquial Arabic" is a collective term for the spoken dialects of

title: Arabic

text: in no conceivable way related due to the uniqueness of the Quran. Poetry's imperfections prove his points that they cannot be compared with the fluency the Quran holds. Classical Arabic is the language of poetry and literature (including news); it is also mainly the language of the Quran. Classical Arabic is closely associated with the religion of Islam because the Quran was written in it. Most of the world's Muslims do not speak Classical Arabic as their native language, but many can read the Quranic script and recite the Quran. Among non-Arab Muslims, translations of the Quran are most often

title: Old Arabic

text: a clear view of the vowels of Old Arabic and can shed important light on the phonetic realization of the Old Arabic phonemes. Finally, a single pre-Islamic Arabic text composed in Greek letters is known, labelled A1. Old Arabic Old Arabic is the earliest attested stage of the Arabic language, beginning with the first attestation of personal names in the 9th century BC, and culminating in the codification of Classical Arabic beginning in the 7th century AD. Originally the primary language of the Safaitic and Hismaic inscriptions, it came to be expressed primarily in a modified Nabataean script after the

title: Arabic Afrikaans

text: Arabic Afrikaans Arabic Afrikaans ("Arabiese Afrikaans", اَرابيسي اَفريكانس) was a form of Afrikaans that was written in Arabic script. It began in the 1830s in the madrasa in Cape Town. It is the only known Germanic language to have historically written in Arabic. Seventy-four Arabic Afrikaans texts are extant. The earliest, the "Hidyat al-Islam", is dated 1845, though its source manuscript no longer exists. The oldest surviving manuscript, which describes the basic Islamic learning, was written by the imam Abdul-Kahhar ibn Abdul-Malik in 1868. The most professional version was written in 1869 by Abu Bakr Effendi, who came from Istanbul

title: Arabic

text: circumstances and is responsible for much of the complexity of third-weak ("defective") verbs. Early Akkadian transcriptions of Arabic names shows that this reduction had not yet occurred as of the early part of the 1st millennium BC. The Classical Arabic language as recorded was a poetic koine that reflected a consciously archaizing dialect, chosen based on the tribes of the western part of the Arabian Peninsula, who spoke the most conservative variants of Arabic. Even at the time of Muhammed and before, other dialects existed with many more changes, including the loss of most glottal stops, the loss of case

title: Arabic-English Lexicon

text: Arabic-English Lexicon The Arabic–English Lexicon is an Arabic–English dictionary compiled by Edward William Lane (died 1876). It was published in eight volumes during the second half of the 19th century. It consists of Arabic words defined and explained in the English language. But Lane does not use his own knowledge of Arabic to give definitions to the words. Instead, the definitions are taken from older Arabic dictionaries, primarily medieval Arabic dictionaries. Lane translates these definitions into English, and he carefully notes which dictionaries are giving which definitions. In 1842, Lane, who had already won fame as an Arabist for his

title: Arabic

text: to reclaim and re-emphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used. There was also the idea of finding a way to use Hieroglyphics instead of the Latin alphabet, but this was seen as too complicated to use. A scholar, Salama Musa agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed

title: Arabic phonology

text: , , , , and . The Literary Arabic sample text is a reading of The North Wind and the Sun by a speaker who was born in Safed, lived and was educated in Beirut from age 8 to 15, subsequently studied and taught in Damascus, studied phonetics in Scotland and since then has resided in Scotland and Kuwait. Arabic phonology While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. This article deals primarily with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), which is the standard variety shared

title: Chadian Arabic

text: Chadian Arabic Chadian Arabic (also known as Shuwa/Shua/Suwa Arabic; , Baggara Arabic, and, most recently, within a small scholarly milieu, Western Sudanic Arabic) is one of the regional colloquial varieties of Arabic. (The term "Shuwa Arabic", found in 20th-century Western linguistic scholarship, properly refers only to the Nigerian dialects of this particular language, and even then, "Shuwa" is not used by those speakers themselves.) It is the first language for over one million people, including town dwellers and nomadic cattle herders. The majority of its speakers live in southern Chad. Its range is an east-to-west oval in the Sahel, about

title: Modern Standard Arabic

text: of the language are directly related to modernizing and simplification, both in speaking and writing styles. Most Arabic speakers consider the two varieties to be two registers of one language, although the two registers can be referred to in Arabic as ' (MSA) and "" (CA). Classical Arabic, also known as Quranic Arabic (although the term is not entirely accurate), is the language used in the Quran as well as in numerous literary texts from Umayyad and Abbasid times (7th to 9th centuries). Many Muslims study Classical Arabic in order to read the Quran in its original language. It is

title: Arabic script

text: been adapted for use in a wide variety of languages besides Arabic, including Persian, Malay, and Urdu, which are not Semitic. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the Arabic language lacks a voiceless bilabial plosive (the sound), so many languages add their own letter to represent in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: all the Indian and Turkic languages written in the Arabic script tend to use the Persian modified letters, whereas the

title: Cypriot Arabic

text: the language, devised a Latin-based alphabet that the non-governmental organisation for the revitalisation of the language "Hki Fi Sanna" endorsed in 2007, and some "small texts" have apparently been translated in it. All letters loosely represent their IPA values, with some exceptions: Cypriot Arabic Cypriot Arabic, also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic or Sanna, is a moribund variety of Arabic spoken by the Maronite community of Cyprus. Formerly speakers were mostly situated in Kormakitis, but following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, the majority relocated to the south and spread, leading to the decline of the language. Traditionally bilingual