query: who does the united states export the most to?

title: Dentistry in the United States

text: dental degree program in the United States and Canada. The graduates of Australian dental schools cannot be licensed in the United States. The reciprocity agreement between CDAC (Canada) and Australia does not extend to the United States and the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). The reciprocity agreement that CODA has with CDAC only covers Canadian programs. CODA does have policies and procedures in place for accrediting established international predoctoral education programs. Most states require candidates to pass a regional board exam. Regional boards are agencies which are contracted to test graduating dental students on clinical skills for a specific region

title: Automated Export System

text: one commodity on a given shipment exceeds in value. There are four conditions that necessitate filing an EEI regardless of value: a) if the export destination is Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria; b) if the shipment requires an export license or permit; c) if it is subject to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations; or d) if it contains rough diamonds. Incidentally, a shipment from the United States to Canada that exceeds in value does not require an EEI unless it falls under conditions b) through d) above. Shipments to and from Puerto Rico must be treated like

title: Immigration to the United States

text: for the Colonial Period but with large numbers of Catholic Irish and Scandinavians added to the mix; the late 19th and early 20th-century immigrants were mainly from Southern and Eastern Europe, but there were also several million immigrants from Canada; post-1965 most came from Latin America and Asia. Historians estimate that fewer than 1 million immigrants moved to the United States from Europe between 1600 and 1799. By comparison, in the first federal census, in 1790, the population of the United States was enumerated to be 3,929,214. The 1790 Act limited naturalization to "free white persons"; it was expanded to

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: Export–Import Bank of the United States The Export–Import Bank of the United States (abbreviated as EXIM or the Bank) is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United States federal government. Operating as a wholly owned federal government corporation, the Bank "assists in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services". Under its charter, the Bank does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would otherwise not occur because commercial lenders are either unable or unwilling to accept the political or commercial risks inherent in the deal. Its acting chairman and president

title: Export of cryptography from the United States

text: or 5D992 classification. Export of cryptography from the United States The export of cryptographic technology and devices from the United States was severely restricted by U.S. law until 1992, but was gradually eased until 2000; some restrictions still remain. Since World War II, many governments, including the U.S. and its NATO allies, have regulated the export of cryptography for national security reasons, and, as late as 1992, cryptography was on the U.S. Munitions List as an Auxiliary Military Equipment. Due to the enormous impact of cryptanalysis in World War II, these governments saw the military value in denying current and

text: Export of cryptography from the United States The export of cryptographic technology and devices from the United States was severely restricted by U.S. law until 1992, but was gradually eased until 2000; some restrictions still remain. Since World War II, many governments, including the U.S. and its NATO allies, have regulated the export of cryptography for national security reasons, and, as late as 1992, cryptography was on the U.S. Munitions List as an Auxiliary Military Equipment. Due to the enormous impact of cryptanalysis in World War II, these governments saw the military value in denying current and potential enemies access

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: is a government agency that provides a variety of loan, guarantee, and insurance products intended to aid the export of American goods and services. The mission of the Bank is to create and sustain U.S. jobs by financing sales of U.S. exports to international buyers. The Bank is chartered as a government corporation by the Congress of the United States; it was last chartered for a three-year term in 2012. The Charter details the Bank's authorities and limitations. Among them is the principle that EXIM does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would

title: United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.

text: branch. Despite its controversy, "Curtiss-Wright" is among the Supreme Court's most influential decisions. Most cases involving conflicts between the executive and legislative branches involve political questions that the courts refuse to adjudicate. Therefore, the sweeping language of "Curtiss-Wright" is regularly cited to support executive branch claims of power to act without congressional authorization in foreign affairs, especially if there is no judicial intervention to interpret the meaning of that text. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936), was a United States Supreme Court case involving principles of both governmental regulation of

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: buyers and delays in ratification of the Articles of Agreement for the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Export–Import Bank Act of 1945 increased lending authority from $750 million to $3.5 billion, almost a fourfold increase to help address these shortfalls. In 1945 and 1946 credit was offered to France, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Turkey, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Italy, Ethiopia, Greece, Poland and Austria to purchase equipment, facilities, and services from the United States. The financing was designed to aid reconstruction of the nations and to repair their import and export capability through the

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: Orange County (California), San Diego, San Francisco and Seattle. EXIM was organized originally as a District of Columbia banking corporation by Executive Order 6581 from Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 2, 1934, under the name Export–Import Bank of Washington. The stated goal was "to aid in financing and to facilitate exports and imports and the exchange of commodities between the United States and other Nations or the agencies or nationals thereof", with the immediate goal of making loans to the USSR. Roosevelt created a Second Export–Import Bank of Washington with Executive Order 6638 on March 9, 1934, with the specific

text: military applications (including command, control and intelligence applications) are controlled by the Department of State on the United States Munitions List. Encryption export terminology is defined in EAR part 772.1. In particular: Export destinations are classified by the EAR Supplement No. 1 to Part 740 into four "country groups" (A, B, D, E) with further subdivisions; a country can belong to more than one group. For the purposes of encryption, groups B, D:1, and E:1 are important: The EAR Supplement No. 1 to Part 738 (Commerce Country Chart) contains the table with "country restrictions". If a line of table that

text: important, crypto software) was included as a Category XIII item into the United States Munitions List. The multinational control of the export of cryptography on the Western side of the cold war divide was done via the mechanisms of CoCom. By the 1960s, however, financial organizations were beginning to require strong commercial encryption on the rapidly growing field of wired money transfer. The U.S. Government's introduction of the Data Encryption Standard in 1975 meant that commercial uses of high quality encryption would become common, and serious problems of export control began to arise. Generally these were dealt with through case-by-case

title: Korean Augmentation To the United States Army

text: Korean Augmentation To the United States Army Korean Augmentation To the United States Army (KATUSA Korean: ) is a branch of Republic of Korea Army which consists of Korean drafted personnel who are augmented to the Eighth United States Army (EUSA). KATUSA does not form an individual military unit, instead small numbers of KATUSA members are dispatched throughout the most of the Eighth United States Army departments, filling in positions for the United States Army enlisted soldiers and junior non-commissioned officers. KATUSAs are drafted from pool of qualified volunteers who are subjected to mandatory military service for Korean male citizens.

text: Commanders, but there is no legal basis for the system. Korean Augmentation To the United States Army Korean Augmentation To the United States Army (KATUSA Korean: ) is a branch of Republic of Korea Army which consists of Korean drafted personnel who are augmented to the Eighth United States Army (EUSA). KATUSA does not form an individual military unit, instead small numbers of KATUSA members are dispatched throughout the most of the Eighth United States Army departments, filling in positions for the United States Army enlisted soldiers and junior non-commissioned officers. KATUSAs are drafted from pool of qualified volunteers who

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: accounted for. Both conservative and liberal groups have been critical of the bank, and some continue to demand its termination. President Donald Trump, who had been dismissive of the ExIm, made an about-face in April and nominated a new head of ExIm breaking a deadlock that had prevented the Bank from operating since 2014. Trump was one of ExIm's harshest critics. Conservatives call it the 'Bank of Boeing' and an 'epicenter of crony capitalism'. Its supporters such as Boeing and General Electric Co, claim that it facilitates trade worth billions of dollars. The Export–Import Bank of the United States (EXIM)

text: United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 304 (1936), was a United States Supreme Court case involving principles of both governmental regulation of business and the supremacy of the executive branch of the federal government to conduct foreign affairs. The Supreme Court concluded not only that foreign affairs power was vested in the national government as a whole but also that the President of the United States had "plenary" powers in the foreign affairs field that were not dependent upon congressional delegation. Congress, acting by joint resolution, had authorized the President to place

text: the key length restrictions to be removed after going through the Commodity Classification process. , non-military cryptography exports from the U.S. are controlled by the Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security. Some restrictions still exist, even for mass market products, particularly with regard to export to "rogue states" and terrorist organizations. Militarized encryption equipment, TEMPEST-approved electronics, custom cryptographic software, and even cryptographic consulting services still require an export license(pp. 6–7). Furthermore, encryption registration with the BIS is required for the export of "mass market encryption commodities, software and components with encryption exceeding 64 bits" (). In addition, other

text: items require a one-time review by, or notification to, BIS prior to export to most countries. For instance, the BIS must be notified before open-source cryptographic software is made publicly available on the Internet, though no review is required. Export regulations have been relaxed from pre-1996 standards, but are still complex. Other countries, notably those participating in the Wassenaar Arrangement, have similar restrictions. U.S. non-military exports are controlled by Export Administration Regulations (EAR), a short name for the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 15 chapter VII, subchapter C. Encryption items specifically designed, developed, configured, adapted or modified for

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: name to "Export–Import Bank of the United States". EXIM became a self-sustaining (self-funding) agency in 2007, though the loans remain backed by the government. The Government Corporation Control Act of 1945 requires the Bank to be reauthorized by Congress every four to five years. Reauthorizations were approved in 1947, 1951, 1957, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2006, 2012, 2014, and 2015: The Pan-American Highway runs from Alaska to Chile through 14 countries with important transportation links to nearly all of continental Latin America. The highway was constructed beginning in 1936 with the last phase complete

title: Arab immigration to the United States

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki>Excludes those who identify as Assyrians in Iraq. <nowiki>**</nowiki>Includes those from Algeria, Bahrain, Comors Islands, Djibouti, Kuwait, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, The United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Does not include person from Sudan, Somalia, or Mauritania. Arab immigration to the United States Arab immigration to the United States begins in the 19th century, with the first voluntary immigrant Anthony Bishallany emigrating from the Greater Syria/Mount Lebanon region of the Ottoman Empire in 1854. Since the first major wave of Arab immigration in the late 19th century, the majority of Arab immigrants have settled in or near large cities.

title: Food Export Association of the Midwest USA

text: Food Export Association of the Midwest USA Food Export Association of the Midwest USA (Food Export-Midwest) is a non-profit organization that promotes the export of food and agricultural products from the Midwestern region of the United States. The organization has been helping U.S. suppliers of Midwestern food and agricultural products sell overseas since 1969. Food Export - Midwest is one of four State Regional Trade Groups (SRTGs) that assist companies with export promotion. Three other regional groups, Food Export USA-Northeast (Food Export - Northeast),Southern United States Trade Association (SUSTA), and Western U.S. Agricultural Trade Association (WUSATA) provide similar services for

title: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: With Scalia and Rehnquist, Richard Epstein argues that the amendment does not refer broadly to the imposition of penalties, but rather refers more narrowly to the penalties themselves; Epstein says that judges who favor the broad view tend to omit the letter "s" at the end of the word "punishments". Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) of the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of

title: Electronic waste in the United States

text: well as resale to consumers. Electronic waste in the United States Electronic waste or e-waste in the United States refers to electronic products that have reached the end of their operable lives, and the United States is beginning to address its waste problems with regulations at a state and federal level. Used electronics are the quickest-growing source of waste and can have serious health impacts. The United States is the world leader in producing the most e-waste, followed closely by China; both countries domestically recycle and export e-waste. Only recently has the United States begun to make an effort to

title: Electronic waste in the United States

text: Electronic waste in the United States Electronic waste or e-waste in the United States refers to electronic products that have reached the end of their operable lives, and the United States is beginning to address its waste problems with regulations at a state and federal level. Used electronics are the quickest-growing source of waste and can have serious health impacts. The United States is the world leader in producing the most e-waste, followed closely by China; both countries domestically recycle and export e-waste. Only recently has the United States begun to make an effort to start regulating where e-waste goes

title: History of the United States (1789–1849)

text: best interests of our country have long been eager to proscribe." The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 gave Western farmers use of the important Mississippi River waterway, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States, and, most important, provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion. A few weeks afterward, war resumed between Britain and Napoleon's France. The United States, dependent on European revenues from the export of agricultural goods, tried to export food and raw materials to both warring Great Powers and to profit from transporting goods between their home markets and Caribbean colonies. Both sides

title: United States Ambassador to the United Nations

text: replace Nikki Haley, the Trump administration would once again downgrade the position to non-Cabinet rank. The following is a chronological list of those who have held the office: As of , there are twelve living former U.S. Ambassadors to the United Nation (with all Ambassadors that have served since 2001 still living), the oldest being Edward J. Perkins (served 1992–1993, born 1928). The most recent Ambassador to die was George H. W. Bush (served 1971–1973, born 1924), on November 30, 2018. United States Ambassador to the United Nations The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of

title: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: remanded to the district court, which dismissed the case on the grounds that state officials could not have been aware of this interpretation. In the most recent Third Amendment decision handed down by a federal court, on February 2, 2015, the United States District Court for the District of Nevada held in "Mitchell v. City of Henderson" that the Third Amendment does not apply to intrusions by municipal police officers since despite their appearance and equipment they are not soldiers. In an earlier case, "United States v. Valenzuela" (1951), the defendant asked that a federal rent-control law be struck down

title: Ports of the United States

text: activities were also responsible for bringing in $102.8 billion in federal, state and local taxes in 2006. As more American businesses engage in international trade, ports will continue to grow. The majority of export companies in the United States are small businesses. American workers producing for export earned 15 percent higher wages and received 11 percent higher benefits than employees in non-exporting companies. Unusually, United States containerized trade rates fell in 2007 despite a continued rise in international container rates. Inbound container volumes to the United States fell by 1.1 percent in 2007 to 18.96 million TEU. This compares to

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: goal of aiding trade with Cuba. The Bank's first transaction was a $3.8 million loan to Cuba in 1935 for the purchase of U.S. silver ingots. The First and Second Export–Import Banks were combined in 1936 when Congress transferred the obligations of the Second Export–Import Bank to the first. Congress continued the bank as a government agency, using a series of laws between 1935 and 1943 to make it subordinate to various government departments. Congress made the bank an independent agency on July 31, 1945, with the Export–Import Bank Act of 1945. On March 13, 1968, further legislation changed the

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: otherwise not occur because commercial lenders are either unable or unwilling to accept the political or commercial risk inherent in the deal. The EXIM's products are intended to assist export sales for any American export company regardless of size. The bank's charter provides that EXIM makes available "not less than 20%" of its lending authority to small businesses although they have often fallen short of the 20% threshold. In fiscal year 2013 however, 76% of the value of loans and guarantees went to the top 10 recipients. Similar banks, known generally as export credit agencies (ECAs), are operated by 60

text: corresponds to the country contains an X in the "reason for control" column, the export of a controlled item requires a license, unless an "exception" can be applied. For the purposes of encryption, the following three reasons for control are important: For export purposes each item is classified with the Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) with the help of the Commerce Control List (CCL, Supplement No. 1 to the EAR part 774). In particular: An item can be either self-classified, or a classification ("review") requested from the BIS. A BIS review is required for typical items to get the 5A992

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: their exporting capabilities. CEO and President of the National Association of Manufacturers, Jay Timmons stated: "The EXIM plays a critical role in manufacturer's ability to export to new markets and keep up with growing global competition. The Bank assists nearly 290,000 export related jobs and each year is helping more and more small and medium-sized manufacturers grow their businesses and hire new workers. More than 85% of all EXIM transactions directly benefit small business exporters—the economic engine that powers our economy and job creation." When Obama was campaigning for President in 2008, he stated that the Export–Import Bank had "become

text: the sense of Export Administration Regulations. The Commodity Jurisdiction process was replaced with a Commodity Classification process, and a provision was added to allow export of 56-bit encryption if the exporter promised to add "key recovery" backdoors by the end of 1998. In 1999, the EAR was changed to allow 56-bit encryption and 1024-bit RSA to be exported without any backdoors, and new SSL cipher suites were introduced to support this ("RSA_EXPORT1024" with 56-bit RC4 or DES). In 2000, the Department of Commerce implemented rules that greatly simplified the export of commercial and open source software containing cryptography, including allowing

text: export license request proceedings brought by computer manufacturers, such as IBM, and by their large corporate customers. Encryption export controls became a matter of public concern with the introduction of the personal computer. Phil Zimmermann's PGP cryptosystem and its distribution on the Internet in 1991 was the first major 'individual level' challenge to controls on export of cryptography. The growth of electronic commerce in the 1990s created additional pressure for reduced restrictions. In 1992, a deal between NSA and the Software Publishers Association made 40-bit RC2 and RC4 encryption easily exportable using a Commodity Jurisdiction (which transferred control from the

text: falling into the hands of others, particularly the Eastern bloc. All export of technology classed as 'critical' required a license. CoCom was organized to coordinate Western export controls. Two types of technology were protected: technology associated only with weapons of war ("munitions") and dual use technology, which also had commercial applications. In the U.S., dual use technology export was controlled by the Department of Commerce, while munitions were controlled by the State Department. Since in the immediate post WWII period the market for cryptography was almost entirely military, the encryption technology (techniques as well as equipment and, after computers became

title: PIERS: The Port Import/Export Reporting Service

text: PIERS: The Port Import/Export Reporting Service PIERS is a brand of JOC Group, headquartered in Newark, NJ with multiple offices throughout the United States, Asia, and Europe. JOC Group is a division of IHS Inc. Founded in the mid-1970s, PIERS was the first venture into digital global trade intelligence. PIERS gathers raw import Bills of Lading for all waterborne cargo vessels that enter and exit ports in the United States, sourced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Additionally, PIERS staff reporters manually collect export Bills of Lading from each port in the United States. These import and export records account

title: Immigration to the United States

text: work in the United States after graduating. An additional 17 percent planned to stay on as post-doctorates, and most of these are likely to remain permanently in the United States. Those, almost 60% of foreign-born engineering doctorate holders are likely to become part of the US engineering labor force within a few years after graduating. The other approximately 40% of foreign born engineering Phds mostly likely find employment working for Multinational corporations outside of the US. In the 2004 Intel Science Talent Search, more children (18) have parents who entered the country on H-1B (professional) visas than parents born in

title: Immigration to the United States

text: U.S. crime rate. A 2005 study showed that immigration to large U.S. metropolitan areas does not increase, and in some cases decreases, crime rates there. A 2009 study found that recent immigration was not associated with homicide in Austin, Texas. The low crime rates of immigrants to the United States despite having lower levels of education, lower levels of income and residing in urban areas (factors that should lead to higher crime rates) may be due to lower rates of antisocial behavior among immigrants. A 2015 study found that Mexican immigration to the United States was associated with an increase

title: Illegal immigration to the United States

text: California, San Diego economist Gordon H. Hanson, "there is little evidence that legal immigration is economically preferable to illegal immigration. In fact, illegal immigration responds to market forces in ways that legal immigration does not. Illegal migrants tend to arrive in larger numbers when the U.S. economy is booming (relative to Mexico and the Central American countries that are the source of most illegal immigration to the United States) and move to regions where job growth is strong. Legal immigration, in contrast, is subject to arbitrary selection criteria and bureaucratic delays, which tend to disassociate legal inflows from U.S. labor-market

text: companies based or sourcing product from outside of the Food Export-Midwest thirteen-state region. Founded in 1969, Food Export – Midwest was created as a cooperative effort between 13 Midwestern state agricultural promotion agencies United States Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). Those states are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Food Export - Midwest is one of several organizations that administer its programs each year through Market Access Program funding. Through the Market Access Program (MAP), The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) "partners with

title: Admission to the bar in the United States

text: Admission to the bar in the United States Admission to the bar in the United States is the granting of permission by a particular court system to a lawyer to practice law in that system. Each U.S state and similar jurisdiction ("e.g.," territories under federal control) has its own court system and sets its own rules for bar admission (or privilege to practice law), which can lead to different admission standards among states. In most cases, a person who is "admitted" to the bar is thereby a "member" of the particular bar. In the canonical case, lawyers seeking admission must

title: Export subsidy

text: countries provide indirect export subsidies in the form of tax reductions. In the United States closely held exporters of U.S. made goods may get a reduction of tax using an Interest Charge Domestic International Sales Corporation (IC-DISC). Export subsidy Export subsidy is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits most subsidies directly

title: Asian immigration to the United States

text: as the "yellow peril" and suffered violence and discrimination. Lynchings of Chinese were common, and large-scale attacks also occurred, most prominently the Rock Springs massacre in which a mob of white miners killed nearly 30 Chinese immigrants. In 1875, Congress passed the Page Act, the first restrictive immigration law. This law identified forced laborers from Asia as well as Asian women who would potentially engage in prostitution as "undesirable" persons, who would henceforth be barred from entering the United States. In practice, the law was enforced to institute a near-complete exclusion of Chinese women from the United States, preventing male

title: State visits to the United States

text: Bedroom and Queens' Bedroom, plus their adjoining sitting rooms, dressing rooms and bathrooms. These are separated from the president's apartments by a staircase landing. During the presidency of Bill Clinton, Queen Sonja and John Major both stayed in the White House guest quarters, instead of the President's Guest House. Official and official working visits, as well as some state visits led by an executive president, generally include a luncheon at Foggy Bottom, which will be jointly hosted by the Vice President of the United States and the United States Secretary of State; the president of the United States does not

title: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: aggrieved." Several cases in 1984 further restricted the exclusionary rule: In "Arizona v. Evans" (1995) and "Herring v. United States" (2009), the Court ruled that the exclusionary rule does not apply to evidence found due to negligence regarding a government database, as long as the arresting police officer relied on that database in "good faith" and the negligence was not pervasive. In "Davis v. United States" (2011), the Court ruled that the exclusionary rule does not apply to a Fourth Amendment violation resulting from a reasonable reliance on binding appellate precedent. In "Utah v. Strieff" (2016), the Court ruled that

text: their exporter knowledge. Food Export – Midwest provides a variety of Market Entry activities to help companies of all levels of exporting experience increase their global reach. Food Export Association of the Midwest USA Food Export Association of the Midwest USA (Food Export-Midwest) is a non-profit organization that promotes the export of food and agricultural products from the Midwestern region of the United States. The organization has been helping U.S. suppliers of Midwestern food and agricultural products sell overseas since 1969. Food Export - Midwest is one of four State Regional Trade Groups (SRTGs) that assist companies with export promotion.

text: export cryptographic methods (and even their description); the regulations established that cryptography beyond a certain strength (defined by algorithm and length of key) would not be licensed for export except on a case-by-case basis. This policy was also adopted elsewhere for various reasons. The development and public release of Data Encryption Standard (DES) and asymmetric key techniques in the 1970s, the rise of the Internet, and the willingness of some to risk and resist prosecution, eventually made this policy impossible to enforce, and by the late 1990s it was being relaxed in the U.S., and to some extent elsewhere (e.g.,

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: governments and nationals, such as a 1996 $120 million low-interest loan to the China National Nuclear Power Corporation (CNNP) supporting the export of US-made technology. More recently the bank authorized 33.6 million dollars in loans to Abengoa, a Spanish Green energy company on which former Governor Bill Richardson is a member of the board of directors. As of May 2014, Richardson was also listed as a member of the advisory committee of the Export Import Bank. 65% of loan guarantees over 2007 and 2008 went to companies purchasing Boeing aircraft. In 2012, the Bank's loan guarantees became even more skewed,

title: Asian immigration to the United States

text: Valley and the Seattle area. Indian Americans have some of the highest rates of academic achievement among American ethnic groups. Most immigrants speak English and are highly educated. South Asians are increasingly accepted by most Asian organizations as another significant Asian group. Currently, Chinese, Indians, and Filipinos are the three largest Asian ethnic groups immigrating to the United States. Asian immigration to the United States Asian immigration to the United States refers to immigration to the United States from throughout the continent of Asia, including East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Asian-origin populations have

title: History of agriculture in the United States

text: History of agriculture in the United States The history of agriculture in the United States covers the period from the first English settlers to the present day. In Colonial America, agriculture was the primary livelihood for 90% of the population, and most towns were shipping points for the export of agricultural products. Most farms were geared toward subsistence production for family use. The rapid growth of population and the expansion of the frontier opened up large numbers of new farms, and clearing the land was a major preoccupation of farmers. After 1800, cotton became the chief crop in southern plantations,

title: Export–Import Bank of the United States

text: credit facility capable of handling the demand that would result from the cessation of hostilities. One of the major rationales behind the Export–Import Bank Act of 1945, the basis of EXIM's current charter document, was the necessity to dramatically increase EXIM's lending capacity to adequately respond to Europe's post-war reconstruction needs. The 1945 EXIM Annual Report predicated EXIM's role in the immediate post-WWII period: "the Export–Import Bank was to be the principal source of long-term dollar loans for an extended period of time." This assertion was based on the lack of interest by private capital in lending to foreign government

title: United States Munitions List

text: by the USML are most likely subject to the export jurisdiction of the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). Numerous other Federal Agencies have their own niche export control regulations, e.g. DOE, FDA, NNSA, NRC, USDA/APHIS, USFWS, etc.. The first step in exporting a Commerce Control List (CCL) item under the BIS regulations is to identify the Export Control Classification Number (ECCN). The 21 categories of articles on the USML are: United States Munitions List The United States Munitions List (USML) is a list of articles, services, and related technology designated as defense- and space-related

title: Foreign policy of the United States

text: autocratic governments or genuine democracies. Peceny stated that the United States attempted to export democracy in 33 of its 93 20th-century military interventions. Peceny argued that proliberal policies after military intervention had a positive impact on democracy. A global survey done by Pewglobal indicated that at (as of 2014) least 33 surveyed countries have a positive view (50% or above) of the United States. With the top ten most positive countries being Philippines (92%), Israel (84%), South Korea (82%), Kenya (80%), El Salvador (80%), Italy (78%), Ghana (77%), Vietnam (76%), Bangladesh (76%), and Tanzania (75%). While 10 surveyed countries have

title: Cuban immigration to the United States

text: in those years included persons who could afford to leave the country and live abroad. The Cuban population officially registered in the United States for 1958 was around 125,000 people, including descendants. Of these, more than 50,000 remained in the United States after the revolution of 1959. After the Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959, a Cuban exodus began as the new government allied itself with the Soviet Union and began to introduce communism. From 1960 to 1979, hundreds of thousands of Cubans left Cuba. Most came from Cuba's educated upper and middle classes. Between December 1960 and

title: Export, Pennsylvania

text: mine in Export. Export, Pennsylvania Export is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, surrounded entirely by the Municipality of Murrysville. The population was 895 at the 2000 census. A post office called Export has been in operation since 1892. The borough was so named because coal was once mined in and exported from the town. Export is located at (40.416251, -79.623679). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land. Export is within the Franklin Regional School District. The district consists of three elementary schools (Sloan, Newlonsburg, Heritage), Franklin Regional

title: Immigration to the United States

text: States are foreign born in 2004. 80% of total post-doctoral chemical and materials engineering in the United States are foreign-born (1988). At the undergraduate level, US-born engineering students constitute upwards of 90-95% of the student population (most foreign born candidates for engineering graduate schools are trained in their home countries). However, the pool of BS engineering graduates with US citizenship is much larger than the number who apply to engineering graduate schools. The proportion of foreign-born engineers among assistant professors younger than 35 years has increased from 10% in 1972 to 50%-55% in 1983-1985, illustrating a dramatic increase on US

title: Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States

text: Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States Members of the Cabinet of the United States are nominated by the president and are then confirmed or rejected by the Senate. Listed below are unsuccessful cabinet nominees—that is, individuals who were nominated and who either declined their own nomination, failed the confirmation vote in the Senate, or whose nomination was withdrawn by the president. To date, nine nominations to the cabinet have been rejected by the Senate. In addition, 15 nominations have been withdrawn, either by the president or by the nominee. President John Tyler holds the record for most

title: Asian immigration to the United States

text: common understanding, and were therefore ineligible for naturalization. Whereas "United States vs. Wong Kim Ark" had determined that all persons born in the United States, including Asian Americans, were citizens, these cases confirmed that foreign-born Asian immigrants were legally excluded from naturalized citizenship on the basis of race. During this period, Asian immigrants continued to face racial discrimination. In addition to first-generation immigrants whose permanent ineligibility for citizenship curtailed their civil and political rights, second-generation Asian Americans (who formally had birthright citizenship) continued to face segregation in schools, employment discrimination, and prohibitions on property and business ownership. The most severe

text: reported scores of cases where women were forced to prostitute themselves. "Trafficking in women plagues the United States as much as it does underdeveloped nations. Organized prostitution networks have migrated from metropolitan areas to small cities and suburbs. Women trafficked to the United States have been forced to have sex with 400–500 men to pay off $40,000 in debt for their passage." Death by exposure has been reported in the deserts, particularly during the hot summer season. "Exposure to the elements" encompasses hypothermia, dehydration, heat strokes, drowning, and suffocation. Also, illegal immigrants may die or be injured when they attempt

title: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: competent to stand trial, but not competent to represent himself. In "Bounds v. Smith", , the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of "meaningful access to the courts" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials. "Bounds" has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a "pro se" defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel. Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution

title: Sports in the United States

text: Europe. Sports are particularly associated with education in the United States, with most high schools and universities having organized sports, and this is a unique sporting footprint for the U.S. College sports competitions play an important role in the American sporting culture, and college basketball and college football are as popular as professional sports in some parts of the country. The major sanctioning body for college sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Unlike most other nations, the United States government does not provide funding for sports nor for the United States Olympic Committee. The history of sports in

title: Human rights in the United States

text: of providing medical treatment when it is needed. Americans' rights in health care are regulated by the US Patients' Bill of Rights. Unlike most other industrialized nations, the United States does not offer most of its citizens subsidized health care. The United States Medicaid program provides subsidized coverage to some categories of individuals and families with low incomes and resources, including children, pregnant women, and very low-income people with disabilities (higher-earning people with disabilities do not qualify for Medicaid, although they do qualify for Medicare). However, according to Medicaid's own documents, "the Medicaid program does not provide health care services,

title: History of immigration to the United States

text: is "no" data from that census. The 1830 numbers are from immigration statistics as listed in the 2004 Year Book of Immigration Statistics. • The 1830 numbers list un-naturalized foreign citizens and does not include naturalized foreign born. The 1850 census is the first census that asks for place of birth. The historical census data can be found online in the Virginia Library Geostat Center. Population numbers are in thousands. History of immigration to the United States The history of immigration to the United States details the movement of people to the United States starting with the first European settlements

title: Transportation in the United States

text: Security Act of 2007"" has a significant impact on U.S. Energy Policy. The United States—an important export country for food stocks—will convert 18% of its grain output to ethanol in 2008. Across the United States, 25% of the whole corn crop went to ethanol in 2007. The percentage of corn going to biofuel is expected to go up. In 2006, U.S. Senators introduced the BioFuels Security Act, which would mandate the production of dual-fuel vehicles and the sale of E85 ethanol fuel. Transportation in the United States Transportation in the United States is facilitated by road, air, rail, and waterways

title: History of the United States dollar

text: were retired starting in November and the gold standard was restored when the New York Stock Exchange re-opened in December 1914. As the United States remained neutral in the war, it remained the only country to maintain its gold standard, doing so without restriction on import or export of gold from 1915 to 1917. During the participation of the United States as a belligerent, President Wilson banned gold export, thereby suspending the gold standard for foreign exchange. After the war, European countries slowly returned to their gold standards, though in somewhat altered form. During the Great Depression, every major currency

title: Right of foreigners to vote in the United States

text: United States," had a parent who is or was a citizen, and began permanently living in the United States before turning 16 years old. The federal law does not prohibit noncitizens from voting in state or local elections, but no state has allowed noncitizens to vote in state elections since Arkansas became the last state to outlaw noncitizen voting in 1926. However, in some states, local governments have the power to allow noncitizens to vote in local elections. Presently, eleven local governments, ten of them in Maryland, allow noncitizens to vote in their local elections. San Francisco allows noncitizens parents

title: Hydraulic fracturing in the United States

text: Gas Act of 1938. First, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) must certify that the project is consistent with the public interest. This approval is automatic for export to the twenty countries that have a free trade agreement with the United States. Applications for export to non-FTA countries are published in the Federal Register and public comment is invited; but the burden of proof for any public harm rests with opponents of the application, so opposition by groups such as the Sierra Club has so far not blocked any approvals. In addition, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) must

title: Export, Pennsylvania

text: Export, Pennsylvania Export is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, surrounded entirely by the Municipality of Murrysville. The population was 895 at the 2000 census. A post office called Export has been in operation since 1892. The borough was so named because coal was once mined in and exported from the town. Export is located at (40.416251, -79.623679). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land. Export is within the Franklin Regional School District. The district consists of three elementary schools (Sloan, Newlonsburg, Heritage), Franklin Regional Middle School, and

title: Immigration to the United States

text: include the United Kingdom (12%), Germany (9%), and France (9%). Together with the U.S., these countries receive more than half of all internationally mobile students worldwide. Although the United States continues to attract the largest number and fraction of foreign students worldwide, its share of foreign students has decreased in recent years. 55% of Ph.D. students in engineering in the United States are foreign born (2004). Between 1980 and 2000, the percentage of Ph.D. scientists and engineers employed in the United States who were born abroad has increased from 24% to 37%. 45% of Ph.D. physicists working in the United

title: Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States

text: seen. Furthermore, Schaub declares that the only way for the public to truly have access to the Court is to “join the justices in the difficult work of legal interpretation.” She states that most Americans would not be willing or even capable of doing this. Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States does not allow cameras in the courtroom when the court is in session, a policy which is the subject of much debate. Although the Court has never allowed cameras in its courtroom, it does make audiotapes of oral arguments

title: Immigration to the United States

text: went so far as to report illegal immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers (as well as those who refused to unionize) to the Immigration and Naturalization Service. In 1973, the United Farm Workers set up a "wet line" along the United States-Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW's unionization efforts. During one such event, in which Chavez was not involved, some UFW members, under the guidance of Chavez's cousin Manuel, physically attacked the strikebreakers after peaceful attempts to persuade them not to cross the border failed. A "Boston Globe"

title: Reactions to the United States diplomatic cables leak

text: while this cable details the strategic importance of assets across the world, it does not give any information as to their exact locations, security measures, vulnerabilities or any similar factors, though it does reveal the US asked its diplomats to report back on these matters." U.S. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell has called Assange "a high-tech terrorist". U.S. Representative Peter T. King, the ranking member of the United States House Committee on Homeland Security said that the release "posed a clear and present danger to the national security of the United States" and that it "manifests Mr. Assange's purposeful intent

title: Racial wage gap in the United States

text: racial wage gap is just one aspect of inequality in the United States. A criticism of the racial wage gap has been noted by a few scholars: the racial wage gap fails to account for the number of people of a specific race that are unemployed. Examining median incomes does not reflect the growing racial disparity in joblessness. The Butler-Heckman hypothesis states that the least-skilled members of society are also the ones who are most likely to be not working, suggesting that the wage gap does not account for the overall difference in wages between races. An analysis of the

title: African immigration to the United States

text: nationals who have immigrated to and now at least partially reside in the US. African immigration to the United States African immigration to the United States refers to immigrants to the United States who are or were nationals of modern African countries. The term "African" in the scope of this article refers to geographical or national origins rather than racial affiliation. Between the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and 2007, an estimated total of 0.8 to 0.9 million Africans immigrated to the United States, accounting for roughly 3.3% of all total U.S. immigrants during this period. African immigrants in

title: United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion

text: United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion The Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion was a subcommittee within the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. It was renamed from the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce, Trade, and Tourism at the start of the 111th Congress. The Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion has general oversight jurisdiction over the U.S. Department of Commerce, whose mission is to foster, serve, and promote the nation’s foreign and domestic commerce, economic development, technological advancement, and environmental stewardship. The Subcommittee pays particular attention to strengthening

title: Export Yellow Pages

text: nations by mobilizing expertise for agriculturally led economic growth. Ex-Im Bank is the official export credit agency of the United States federal government. It is an independent agency in the Executive branch established by Congress in 1934 for the purposes of financing and insuring foreign purchases of United States goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk. "The mission of the Bank is to create and sustain U.S. jobs by financing sales of U.S. exports to international buyers." Ex-Im Bank does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would otherwise not take

title: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: 414 to 3. Congressional cost-of-living adjustments (COLA) have been upheld against legal challenges based on this amendment. In "Boehner v. Anderson", the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the Twenty-seventh Amendment does not affect annual COLAs. In "Schaffer v. Clinton", the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled that receiving such a COLA does not grant members of the Congress standing in federal court to challenge that COLA; the Supreme Court did not hear either case and so has never ruled on this amendment's effect on COLAs. Twenty-seventh Amendment to

title: Immigration to the United States

text: had fully assimilated within a span of 20 years. Immigrants arriving in the United States after 1994 assimilate more rapidly than immigrants who arrived in previous periods. Measuring assimilation can be difficult due to "ethnic attrition", which refers to when ancestors of migrants cease to self-identify with the nationality or ethnicity of their ancestors. This means that successful cases of assimilation will be underestimated. Research shows that ethnic attrition is sizable in Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups in the United States. By taking account of ethnic attrition, the assimilation rate of Hispanics in the United States improves significantly. A 2016

title: Customs duties in the United States

text: Foreign-trade Zones are secure areas physically in the United States but legally outside the customs territory of the United States. Goods in a Foreign-Trade Zone are not considered imported to the United States until they leave the zone. Foreign goods may be used to manufacture other goods within the zone for export without payment of customs duties. Zones are limited in scope and operation based on approval of the Foreign-Trade Zones Board. Zones are generally near ports of entry, and may be within the warehouse of an importer. Customs duties in the United States The United States imposes tariffs (customs

text: Times, The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, and CNBC. PIERS: The Port Import/Export Reporting Service PIERS is a brand of JOC Group, headquartered in Newark, NJ with multiple offices throughout the United States, Asia, and Europe. JOC Group is a division of IHS Inc. Founded in the mid-1970s, PIERS was the first venture into digital global trade intelligence. PIERS gathers raw import Bills of Lading for all waterborne cargo vessels that enter and exit ports in the United States, sourced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Additionally, PIERS staff reporters manually collect export Bills of Lading from each port in the

text: the competitiveness of U.S. industry, promoting trade and investment, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. The Subcommittee also focuses on innovation and manufacturing to help businesses remain globally competitive. United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion The Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion was a subcommittee within the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. It was renamed from the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce, Trade, and Tourism at the start of the 111th Congress. The Subcommittee on Competitiveness, Innovation, and Export Promotion has general oversight jurisdiction

text: the UT Department of Government, became interested in Watson's story and began to document its origins. He tracked down Sharon Waite, who had left academia in the 1980s to work on her family's citrus farm. Elkins suggested to Waite that they change Watson's grade. In 2017, Elkins submitted a grade change form with Waite's signature and a grade change to "A+". The registrar approved a grade change to "A", because the university does not give grades higher than "A". The following states ratified the Twenty-seventh Amendment: On May 18, 1992, the Archivist of the United States, Don W. Wilson, certified

title: Immigration to the United States

text: and the right to a jury trial, have not been held to apply to civil immigration proceedings. As a result, people generally represent themselves in asylum and deportation cases unless they can afford an immigration lawyer or receive assistance from a legal charity. In contrast, the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment "has" been applied to immigration proceedings. Because the right to confrontation in the Sixth Amendment does not apply, people can be ordered deported "in absentia" - without being present at the immigration proceeding. Removal proceedings are considered administrative proceedings under the authority of the United States Attorney

title: Immigration to the United States

text: Latino immigrants. There has been a long running racial tension between African American and Mexican prison gangs, as well as significant riots in California prisons where they have targeted each other, for ethnic reasons. There have been reports of racially motivated attacks against African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by people of Mexican origin, and vice versa. There has also been an increase in violence between non-Hispanic whites and Latino immigrants, and between African immigrants and African Americans. A 2018 study in the "American Sociological Review" found that within racial groups, most immigrants to the United States

title: Disability in the United States

text: Disability in the United States Americans with disabilities are one of the largest minority groups in the United States. Although the US does not have universal healthcare, Americans with disabilities can generally find adequate levels of subsidized support from a variety of sources, generally at the regional level. While most rural areas — especially in the Great Plains region — have little or no government-organized medical support infrastructure for the permanently disabled indigent population, most major urban centers have healthcare systems. The rights of Americans with disabilities are protected by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. According to the

title: Voter registration in the United States

text: Voter registration in the United States Voter registration in the United States is the voter registration that is required for voting in federal, state and local elections in the United States. The only exception is North Dakota, which does not require registration, although North Dakota law allows cities to register voters for city elections. Voter registration takes place at the county level in many states and at the municipal level in several states. Most states set cutoff dates for voter registration, ranging from 2 to 4 weeks before an election; while a third of states have Election Day or "same-day"

text: African immigration to the United States African immigration to the United States refers to immigrants to the United States who are or were nationals of modern African countries. The term "African" in the scope of this article refers to geographical or national origins rather than racial affiliation. Between the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 and 2007, an estimated total of 0.8 to 0.9 million Africans immigrated to the United States, accounting for roughly 3.3% of all total U.S. immigrants during this period. African immigrants in the United States come from almost all regions in Africa and do not constitute

text: United States, their reasoning and factors tend to become more complex. Many Africans who migrate to the United States return their income to Africa in the source of remittances. In Nigeria, for example, remittances from Nigerians in the United States to Nigeria totaled to $6.1 billion in 2012, approximately 3% of Nigeria's GDP. The important role of remittances in improving the lives of family members in the United States has led to both migration and migrants remaining in the United States. Following educational and economic trends of migration, family reunification has driven recent trends of migration. Family reunification refers to

title: Apostolic Nunciature to the United States

text: Apostolic Nunciature to the United States The Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the United States is the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to the United States. It is located at 3339 Massachusetts Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Embassy Row neighborhood. The current Apostolic Nuncio is Archbishop Christophe Pierre, who was named to the position by Pope Francis on 12 April 2016. The Apostolic Nunciature to the United States of America is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in the United States, with the rank of an embassy. The nuncio serves both as the ambassador of

title: Immigration to the United States

text: has signed an order to send up to 4,000 National Guard troops to the U.S.-Mexico border but barred them from interacting with migrants detained by the Border Patrol in most circumstances". The caravan of migrants from Central America have reached the United States to seek asylum. The last of the caravan have arrived and are processing as of May 4, 2018. Remarks by Attorney General Sessions have expressed hesitation with asylum seekers. Sessions has stated, "The system is being gamed, there's no doubt about it". This statement implied asylum seekers were attempting to immigrate to the United States for work

title: Immigration to the United States

text: 2007 literature review by the Congressional Budget Office, "Over the past two decades, most efforts to estimate the fiscal impact of immigration in the United States have concluded that, in aggregate and over the long term, tax revenues of all types generated by immigrants—both legal and unauthorized—exceed the cost of the services they use." According to James Smith, a senior economist at Santa Monica-based RAND Corporation and lead author of the United States National Research Council's study """", immigrants contribute as much as $10 billion to the U.S. economy each year. The NRC report found that although immigrants, especially those

title: The Boy Does Nothing

text: of five weeks in the top ten. It peaked higher than Mis-Teeq's most successful Australian single "Scandalous", which reached #9 in June 2003. In the United States it has been released digitally via the iTunes site, it was released on 20 February 2009. The Boy Does Nothing "The Boy Does Nothing" is a song performed by English singer-songwriter Alesha Dixon. It is the lead single from her second studio album, "The Alesha Show" (2008). The song was written by Alesha along with the help of Brian Higgins, Miranda Cooper, Carla Marie Williams, and other members of Xenomania. The single was

title: Voter registration in the United States

text: register voters and promote citizens' engagement in elections include: Voter registration in the United States Voter registration in the United States is the voter registration that is required for voting in federal, state and local elections in the United States. The only exception is North Dakota, which does not require registration, although North Dakota law allows cities to register voters for city elections. Voter registration takes place at the county level in many states and at the municipal level in several states. Most states set cutoff dates for voter registration, ranging from 2 to 4 weeks before an election; while

text: services like public education and medical services, while 25% say that in the long run, illegal immigrants become productive citizens who come to make up paying their fair share of taxes. About 80% thought that the government should do more to curb illegal immigration. In 2007, an ABC News Poll indicated that most respondents (67%) believed the United States was not doing enough to keep illegal immigrants from coming into the country and, according to a CBS News/"New York Times" poll most Americans believed that US immigration policy needed either fundamental changes (41%) or to be completely rebuilt (49%). Although

title: Immigration to the United States

text: abuse by strengthening separation of powers. Whether people who are awaiting a decision on their deportation are detained or released to live in the United States in the meantime (possibly paying bail) is a matter of both law and discretion of the Justice Department. The policy has varied over time and differs for those with crimes (including entry outside an official checkpoint) versus civil infractions. The 2001 Supreme Court case "Zadvydas v. Davis" held that immigrants who cannot be deported because no country will accept them cannot be detained indefinitely. The history of immigration to the United States is the

title: Immigration to the United States

text: be deported and have imposed mandatory detention for certain types of cases. In contrast to economic migrants, who generally do not gain legal admission, refugees, as defined by international law, can gain legal status through a process of seeking and receiving asylum, either by being designated a refugee while abroad, or by physically entering the United States and requesting asylum status thereafter. A specified number of legally defined refugees, who either apply for asylum overseas or after arriving in the U.S., are admitted annually. Refugees compose about one-tenth of the total annual immigration to the United States, though some large

title: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: the Amendment does not license the States to ignore their obligations under other provisions of the Constitution". Most recently, however, "Granholm v. Heald" (2005) held that the Twenty-first Amendment does not overrule the Dormant Commerce Clause with respect to alcohol sales, and therefore states must treat in-state and out-of-state wineries equally. The Court criticized its earliest rulings on the issue, (including "State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co.") and promulgated its most limited interpretation to date: In a lengthy dissent, Justice Thomas argued that the plain meaning of Section 2 removed "any doubt regarding its broad scope, the Amendment

title: Media of the United States

text: compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's assessment of their press freedom records. In 2013–14 United States was ranked 46th out of 180 countries, a drop of thirteen points from the preceding year. Newspapers have declined in their influence and penetration into American households over the years. The U.S. does not have a national paper. "The New York Times", "The Wall Street Journal", and "USA Today" are the most circulated newspapers in the United States and are sold in most U.S. cities. Although the "Times" primary audience has always been the people of New York

title: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court ruled in the 2008 "Heller" decision that the right belongs to individuals in their homes for self-defense while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not preclude the existence of certain long-standing prohibitions such as those forbidding "the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill" or restrictions on "the carrying

text: January 2, 2014, that it will appeal the ruling that NSA bulk phone record collection is legal. "The government has a legitimate interest in tracking the associations of suspected terrorists, but tracking those associations does not require the government to subject every citizen to permanent surveillance," deputy ACLU legal director Jameel Jaffer said in a statement. Citations Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. In addition, it sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by