query: what language brazil use?

title: Languages of Brazil

text: Tupi language was not spoken. Then, until the 1940s this language based on Tupi was widely spoken in some Northern Amazonian areas where the Tupi people were not present. In 1775, Marquês de Pombal prohibited the use of Língua geral or any other indigenous language in Brazil. However, before that prohibition, the Portuguese language was dominant in Brazil. Most of the other Amerindian languages gradually disappeared as the populations that spoke them were integrated or decimated when the Portuguese-speaking population expanded to most of Brazil. The several African languages spoken in Brazil also disappeared. Since the 20th century there are

title: Brazil

text: closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those between American and British English. In 1990, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography to unify the two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining lusophone countries on the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a 6-year

title: Indigenous peoples in Brazil

text: Indigenous peoples in Brazil Indigenous peoples in Brazil () or Indigenous Brazilians (), comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who have inhabited what is now the country of Brazil since prior to the European contact around 1500. Unlike Christopher Columbus, who thought he had reached the East Indies, the Portuguese, most notably Vasco da Gama, had already reached India via the Indian Ocean route when they reached Brazil. Nevertheless, the word ("Indians") was by then established to designate the people of the New World and continues to be used today in the Portuguese language to designate these people,

title: Military history of Brazil

text: developments include participation in peacekeeping efforts after the 2004 Haiti rebellion. The "Tamoyo Confederation" ("Confederação dos Tamoios" in Portuguese language) was a military alliance of aboriginal chieftains of the sea coast ranging from what is today Santos to Rio de Janeiro, which occurred from 1554 to 1567. The main reason for this rather unusual alliance between separate tribes was to react against slavery and wholesale murder and destruction wrought by the early Portuguese discoverers and colonisers of Brazil onto the Tupinambá people. In the Tupi language, "Tamuya" means "elder" or "grandfather". Cunhambebe was elected chief of the Confederation by his

title: Brazil–Mozambique relations

text: Brazil–Mozambique relations Brazil–Mozambique relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Brazil and Mozambique. Both nations are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Both Brazil and Mozambique were united for three hundred years as part of the Portuguese Empire. As part of the Portuguese Empire, Brazil received thousands of Mozambicans who arrived to the country as slaves. From 1815-1822, Mozambique was administered by Brazil during the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil. From September 1964 - September 1974, Mozambique was at war with Portugal during its war of independence. In December 1973, Brazil voted in favor of the

title: Brazil–Portugal relations

text: Portugal in the 1970s and 1980s was considerably greater than Portuguese investment in Brazil. Brazil and Portugal cooperate in multilateral fora, and have been partners in promoting U.N. reform. Portugal has lobbied for Brazil to become a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. Brazil and Portugal are founding members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an intergovernmental organization of former Portuguese colonies. Brazil and Portugal signed the Friendship, Cooperation and Consultation treaty in Porto Seguro in April 22, 2000, during the 500th anniversary of the discovery of Brazil. This treaty regulates the cooperation of Portugal and Brazil

title: Brazil–Mozambique relations

text: the largest recipient of Brazilian aid from the national aid agency "Agência Brasileira de Cooperação". In 2014, trade between Brazil and Mozambique totaled $74 million USD. In 2010, Brazil opened an anti-retroviral medicine plant in Mozambique. In 2016, Brazilian investments in Mozambique reached $10 billion USD, mainly in the mining, construction and agriculture industries. Brazilian multinational companies such as Andrade Gutierrez, Odebrecht, Petrobras and Vale operate in Mozambique. Brazil–Mozambique relations Brazil–Mozambique relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Brazil and Mozambique. Both nations are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Both Brazil and Mozambique were united for three

title: Brazil–East Timor relations

text: Language Countries. Brazil has been supportive of Timor-Leste’s development as an independent democracy, and the two have cooperated on programs as diverse as technological training programs, Portuguese language instruction, and football. Formal relations between Brazil and Timor-Leste began in 1999 before Timor-Leste became independent when the Brazilian government created a variety of programs to contribute to reconstruction. For example, the Brazilian Agency for Cooperation has facilitated economic capacity building programs, including training infrastructure departments, improving the capabilities of Timorese defense attorneys, prosecutors and judges in order to strengthen the judicial branch’s capabilities and effectiveness (see Economic ties). Brazil has also

title: Brazil

text: communities of German (mostly the Brazilian Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language. Talian is officially a historic patrimony of Rio Grande do Sul, and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities. Learning at least one second language (generally English or Spanish) is mandatory for all the 12 grades of the mandatory education system (primary and secondary education, there called "ensino fundamental" and

title: Brazil–East Timor relations

text: institutional framework. The Timorese Parliament even established a Sérgio Vieira de Mello Human Rights Award. Brazil has an embassy in Dili and East Timor has its own only South American embassy in Brasilia. Brazil–East Timor relations Brazil – East Timor relations refer to the bilateral relations between Brazil and Timor-Leste. Brazil has an embassy in Dili and East Timor has its own only South American embassy in Brasilia. Both countries are members of Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Due to their shared history as a Portuguese colony, Brazil and Timor-Leste have had formal relations since before Timor-Leste became an independent

title: Certificate of Use of Language in Spanish

text: to the examination dates and remains open for about one month. In Argentina: In Brazil: In Germany: In France: In Russia: The following Universities are currently part of the Consortium: Certificate of Use of Language in Spanish The Certificate of Use of Language in Spanish, or CELU (Spanish: "Certificado de Español: Lengua y Uso"), is an exam designed to determine the level of proficiency in the Argentinian Spanish language. The exam can be taken by anyone whose mother language is not Spanish and needs to demonstrate he has a certain level of proficiency of the language, whether it is for

text: Certificate of Use of Language in Spanish The Certificate of Use of Language in Spanish, or CELU (Spanish: "Certificado de Español: Lengua y Uso"), is an exam designed to determine the level of proficiency in the Argentinian Spanish language. The exam can be taken by anyone whose mother language is not Spanish and needs to demonstrate he has a certain level of proficiency of the language, whether it is for working or studying, in Spanish speaking countries. The exam is required by universities in Argentina for foreigners and it is also accepted as a valid exam in Brazil and China.

title: Context (language use)

text: gender, age or race. More recently, social contexts tend to be defined in terms of the social identity being construed and displayed in text and talk by language users. Influenced by space. The influence of context parameters on language use or discourse is usually studied in terms of "language variation", style or register (see Stylistics). The basic assumption here is that language users adapt the properties of their language use (such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of "formulation") to the current communicative situation. In this sense, language use or discourse may be called more or less 'appropriate'

title: In What Language?

text: eyes, our bodies, our hearts, our minds." In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of "Piitchfork" mentioned "What might make "In What Language?" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth

title: In What Language?

text: In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of "Piitchfork" mentioned "What might make "In What Language?" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream

title: Asháninka language

text: Asháninka language Asháninka (sometimes referred to as Campa, although this name is derogatory) is an Arawakan language spoken by the Asháninka people of Peru and Acre, Brazil. There are low literacy rates in Asháninka; despite this, language use is vibrant among the Asháninka. The Campa (or Pre-Andean) group of the Maipurean language family includes what have been called Asháninka, Gran Pajonal Campa, Ashéninka, Axaninca, Machiguenga, and Nomatsiguenga. As these are all very closely related linguistic systems, the decision to call them dialects of a single language or different languages rests on social and political considerations rather than linguistic similarity or

title: In What Language?

text: is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought." Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted "A concrete lesson seems to emanate from "In What Language?" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our

title: Asháninka language

text: off this land. This habitat, specially in the Peruvian side, faces a moderate threat from logging and other destructive practices by outside forces. Asháninka language Asháninka (sometimes referred to as Campa, although this name is derogatory) is an Arawakan language spoken by the Asháninka people of Peru and Acre, Brazil. There are low literacy rates in Asháninka; despite this, language use is vibrant among the Asháninka. The Campa (or Pre-Andean) group of the Maipurean language family includes what have been called Asháninka, Gran Pajonal Campa, Ashéninka, Axaninca, Machiguenga, and Nomatsiguenga. As these are all very closely related linguistic systems, the

title: Languages of Brazil

text: French as the principal second language among educated people. In 2002, Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) was made the official language of the Bennidorm deaf community. Before the first Portuguese arrived in 1500, what is now Brazil was inhabited by several Amerindian people, who spoke different languages. According to Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues there were six million Indians in Brazil speaking 1,000 different languages. When the Portuguese settlers arrived, they encountered the Tupi people, who dominated most of the Brazilian coast and spoke a set of closely related languages. The Tupi called the non-Tupi peoples "Tapuias", a designation that the Portuguese adopted;

title: Languages of Brazil

text: this language occurred, and it is now an official language in the city of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Today, in the Amazon Basin, political campaigning is still printed in this Tupian language. Spanish is understood to various degrees by many but not all Brazilians, due to the similarities of the languages. However, it is hardly spoken well by individuals who have not taken specific education in the language, due to the substantial differences in phonology between the two languages. In some parts of Brazil, close to the border of Brazil with Spanish-speaking countries, Brazilians will use a rough mixture of

title: Languages of Brazil

text: Spanish and Portuguese that is sometimes known as Portuñol to communicate with their neighbors on the other side of the border; however, these Brazilians continue to speak Portuguese at home. In recent years, Spanish has become more popular as a second or third language in Brazil due in large part to the economic advantages that Spanish fluency brings in doing business with other countries in the region, since seven of the 11 countries that border Brazil use Spanish as an official language but falls behind English due to lack of interest by Brazilians in learning Spanish. In São Paulo, the

title: Xavante language

text: Xavante language The Xavante language is a Jê language spoken by the Xavante people in the area surrounding Eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. The Xavante language is unusual in its phonology, its ergative object–agent–verb word order, and its use of honorary and endearment terms in its morphology. The Xavante people are approximately 18,380 individuals in 170 villages as of 2014, but the language is spoken by 9600 people, of whom about 7000 are monolingual in Xavante alone. The current speakers, made up of all ages, use the language vigorously, and hold positive attitudes towards Xavante. Xavante is a language in the

title: Brazil

text: state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. The official language of Brazil is Portuguese (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors. Brazilian Portuguese

title: Languages of Brazil

text: however, there was little unity among the diverse Tapuia tribes other than their not being Tupi. In the first two centuries of colonization, a language based on Tupian languages (known as Língua geral) was widely spoken in the colony, not only by the Amerindians, but also by the Portuguese settlers, Africans and their descendants. This language was spoken in a vast area from São Paulo to Maranhão, as an informal language for domestic use, while Portuguese was the language used for public purposes. Língua Geral was spread by the Jesuit missionaries and Bandeirantes to other areas of Brazil where the

title: Brazilian Sign Language

text: process of being implemented. The law mandates the use of Brazilian Sign Language in education and government services. Educational approaches have evolved from oralism to Total Communication and bilingualism. BSL fingerspelling uses a one-handed manual alphabet similar to that used by the French Sign Language family. There are 44 distinct handshapes used in the language. Sutton SignWriting is the dominant writing system in Brazil. A master's in linguistics dissertation titled "A arte de escrever em Libras" by Gabriela Otaviani Barbosa found that SignWriting is used in 18 Federal Universities and in 12 public schools in Brazil. The History of SignWriting

title: Economic history of Brazil

text: and because of this the United States imported about four times as much as it exported to Brazil. In 1885 Brazil was producing more than one half of the world's supply of coffee. Brazil's trade in 1890 was more than $71 million while that of Argentina and Chile was $14 million and $6 million respectively. Soon after 1896, the production of coffee started to surpass consumption and prices began to fall in Brazil. Brazil then stored their coffee instead of selling all of it, and when there was bad season of coffee production they would use what they had previously

title: Creative industry in Brazil

text: much an idea or innovation costs, once they are intangible assets. One way of finding that out would be to create metrics and to use qualitative and quantitative researches. What is possible to identify are general economic data related to the Creative Industry in Brazil, such as: According to the Creative Economy Secretary of the Ministry of Culture, Cláudia Leitão, the country is learning to grow in this area, transforming the "Brazilian creativity into innovation and innovation into wealth." Creative industry in Brazil The creative industry in Brazil refers to various economic sectors of Brazil that depend on the talents

title: Ticuna language

text: Since the establishment of Ticuna schools in Brazil some have ventured to attend them . A number of Christian ministries have reached the Ticuna people. These ministries have translated the bible into the native Ticuna language and even have a weekday radio show that is broadcast in Ticuna, Portuguese, and Spanish by the Latin American Ministries (LAM). Besides its use at the Ticuna schools, the language has a dozen books published every year, both in Brazil and Peru. Those books employ a specially devised phonetic writing system using conventions similar to those found in Portuguese (except for K instead of

title: Brazil

text: Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries. The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion. Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century) to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s. The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a

title: Kwaza language

text: Kwaza language Kwaza (also written Kwazá or Koaiá) is an endangered Amazonian language spoken by the Kwaza people of Brazil. Kwaza is classified as a language isolate, meaning it shows no relation to other known languages or linguistic families. Little is known about Kwaza people and language due to the minimal historical sources available; if mentioned in reliable documents, it is usually in reference to its neighbors. What is known, is that the Kwaza people were at one point a fierce nation of a few thousands persons, which could be subdivided into various groups. As of 2014, the language is

title: Yine language

text: Yine language Piro is a Maipurean language spoken in Peru. It belongs to the Piro group which also includes Iñapari (†) and Apurinã. The principal variety is Yine. The Manchineri who live in Brazil (Acre) and reportedly also in Bolivia speak what may be a dialect of Yine (Aikhenvald, Kaufman). A vocabulary labeled "Canamaré" is "so close to Piro [Yine] as to count as Piro", but has been a cause of confusion with the unrelated Kanamarí language. This language is also called Contaquiro, Pira, Piro, Pirro, Simiranch, or Simirinche. "Cushichineri" has been reported as a language, but is actually a

title: Sociology of language

text: language use. These attitudes of the speakers are the sociologist's information. Sociology of language seeks to understand the way that social dynamics are affected by individual and group language use. According to National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Chair of Language Center Su-Chiao Chen, language is considered to be a social value within this field, which researches social groups for phenomena like multilingualism and lingual conflict. It has to do with who is 'authorized' to use what language, with whom and under what conditions. It has to do with how an individual or group identity is established by the

title: Languages of Brazil

text: Brazil included Spaniards, Poles, Ukrainians, Japanese and Middle-easterns. With the notable exception of the Germans, who preserved their language for several generations, and in some degree the Japanese, Poles, Ukrainians, Arabs, Kurds and Italians, most of the immigrants in Brazil adopted Portuguese as their mother tongue after a few generations. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio and TV. It is used for all business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, giving it a national culture sharply distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbours and also

title: Demographics of Brazil

text: According to IBGE 2000 Census, the following are the largest religious denominations in Brazil, with those with more than a half million members only shown. Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. It is spoken by nearly the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, TV and for all business and administrative purposes. Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity. Many Amerindian languages are spoken daily in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of these communities have significant

title: Matis language

text: in the language to demonstrate kinship groupings. The Matis language is part of the Panoan (Pano) language stock, a family of about 32 languages and 40,000-50,000 total speakers. Only 18 Panoan languages are still spoken today, six of which are falling out of everyday use. It is the fifth largest language family in South America, with speakers of Pano languages living in Perú, Brazil, and Bolivia. Within the Pano language family, Matis language lies on the Mayoruna branch along with three other extant and four extinct languages. Matis is the most linguistically divergent extant language in the Mayoruna branch. Due

title: Languages of Brazil

text: the Census does not ask about language. However, the Census of 2010 asked respondents which languages they speak, allowing a better analysis of the languages spoken in Brazil. At least one of the indigenous languages, Nheengatu, became an official language alongside Portuguese in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. According to the 1940 Census, after Portuguese, German was the most widely spoken language in Brazil. Although the Italian immigration to Brazil was much more significant than the German one, the German language had many more speakers than the Italian one, according to the Census. The Census revealed that two-thirds

title: Context (language use)

text: kind of contextual frame. Communicative systems presuppose contexts that are structured in terms of particular physical and communicative dimensions, for instance time, location, and communicative role. Context (language use) In semiotics, linguistics, sociology and anthropology, context refers to those objects or entities which surround a "focal event", in these disciplines typically a communicative event, of some kind. Context is "a frame that surrounds the event and provides resources for its appropriate interpretation". It is thus a relativistic concept, only definable with respect to some focal event, not independently. Verbal context refers to the text or speech surrounding an expression (word,

title: Context (language use)

text: Context (language use) In semiotics, linguistics, sociology and anthropology, context refers to those objects or entities which surround a "focal event", in these disciplines typically a communicative event, of some kind. Context is "a frame that surrounds the event and provides resources for its appropriate interpretation". It is thus a relativistic concept, only definable with respect to some focal event, not independently. Verbal context refers to the text or speech surrounding an expression (word, sentence, or speech act). Verbal context influences the way an expression is understood; hence the norm of not citing people out of context. Since much contemporary

title: Coronation of the Emperor of Brazil

text: general use in the entire Roman Rite. As such, this rite was available for use by the Roman Rite bishops in Brazil and by the Brazilian monarchy, and was naturally adopted, as prescribed by the liturgical laws then in force in the Catholic Church. As with all the liturgical acts of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the time, the ceremony of the coronation was conducted entirely in Latin, except for the sermon, that was preached in Portuguese, the local vernacular language. Brazil never used the rites for the coronation of a sovereign's consort, and therefore the empresses

title: Genetic use restriction technology

text: In 2000, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity recommended a "de facto" moratorium on field-testing and commercial sale of terminator seeds; the moratorium was re-affirmed and the language strengthened in March 2006, at the COP8 meeting of the UNCBD. Specifically, the moratorium recommended that, due to a lack of research on the technology's potential risks, no field testing of GURTs nor products using them should be allowed until there was a sufficiently justified reason to do so. India and Brazil have passed national laws to prohibit the technology. Genetic use restriction technology Genetic use restriction technology (GURT), also known

title: American Sign Language

text: than for extended passages of text. Stokoe used this system for his 1965 "A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles". SignWriting, proposed in 1974 by Valerie Sutton, is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the Unicode Standard. SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs/glyphs. Currently, it is in use in many schools for the Deaf, particularly in Brazil, and has been used in International Sign forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries, including Brazil, Ethiopia, France, Germany,

title: Languages of Brazil

text: in the city of São Paulo since 1946. There is a significant community of Japanese speakers in São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará and Amazonas. Much smaller groups exist in Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and other parts of Brazil. Some Chinese, especially from Macau, speak a Portuguese-based creole language called Macanese ("patuá" or "macaísta"), aside from Hakka, Mandarin and Cantonese. Brazil has the largest Japanese population outside of Japan. Many Amerindian minority languages are spoken throughout Brazil, mostly in Northern Brazil. Indigenous languages with about 10,000 speakers or more are Ticuna (language isolate), Kaingang (Gean family),

title: Miss Earth Brazil

text: training, English language and speech enhancement, physical fitness, runway skills, environmental education, and dietary guidelines among others. The candidates who will compete for the title of Miss Terra Brasil 2012 will represent cities or tourist spots of ecological tourism in Brazil. Each regional coordinator will be entitled to submit up to four representatives to the competition, representing cities and tourist points of ecological tourism of their respective states. Miss Earth Brazil Miss Terra Brasil (in native language, or "Miss Earth Brazil") is an annual national beauty pageant realized in Brazil to select its entrant in the Miss Earth pageant. Miss

title: Brazil

text: Brazil Brazil ( ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 208 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the fifth most populous. The capital is Brasília, and the most populated city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states, the Federal District, and the 5,570 municipalities. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas;

title: Xavante language

text: the previous morpheme, dzaʔra, being combined with ʔwaʔwa in two positions, clause-medially after the initial person marker and clause-finally, as here: In all, the plural in Xavante is expressed with less variation than in the dual, but nonetheless is always important to marking quantity of human subjects in the first, second, and third person. Xavante language The Xavante language is a Jê language spoken by the Xavante people in the area surrounding Eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. The Xavante language is unusual in its phonology, its ergative object–agent–verb word order, and its use of honorary and endearment terms in its morphology.

title: Brazil

text: supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots". In the Guarani language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama". This was the name the indigenous population gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees". Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years. The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and radiocarbon dated to 8,000

title: Language poets

text: reader's role in bringing meaning out of a work. It developed in part in response to what poets considered the uncritical use of expressive lyric sentiment among earlier poetry movements. In the 1950s and 1960s, certain groups of poets had followed William Carlos Williams in his use of idiomatic American English rather than what they considered the 'heightened', or overtly poetic language favored by the New Criticism movement. New York School poets like Frank O'Hara and the Black Mountain group emphasized both speech and everyday language in their poetry and poetics. In contrast, some of the Language poets emphasized metonymy,

title: Wallisian language

text: used Bataillon's work as the basis for his 1948 Wallisian-French dictionary, in which he chose not to use the macron. In Wallisian, there are three registers: the honorific language is used by both commoners and royals themselves. The royalty use it as it is the chiefly language and the commoners use it when talking to either a royal or when talking to God. The honorific language is also used by commoners when talking about God or about a royal figure regardless of their presence. The second language is the commoner language which is what is considered “ordinary” Wallisian, and finally

title: Languages of Brazil

text: Languages of Brazil Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most of population. Brazilian Sign Language is also an official language. Minority languages include indigenous languages and languages of more recent European and Asian immigrants. The population speaks or signs approximately 210 languages, of which 180 are indigenous. Fewer than forty thousand people actually speak any one of the indigenous languages in the Brazilian territory. Language is one of the strongest elements of Brazil's national unity. As time progresses, fewer people speak dialects drastically different from Portuguese to make it easier for people to communicate

title: Ticuna language

text: the Brazilian government to provide all significant minorities with education in their own language. In 2012, the Brazilian government launched an educational campaign for the prevention of AIDS and violence against women, the first such campaign in Brazil ever conducted in an indigenous language. Ticunas in Peru have had native language education at least since the 1960s. They use a writing system that was, apparently, the base for the development of the Brazilian one. However, much of the literature available to Peruvian Ticunas comprise standard textbooks. Colombian Ticunas are taught in Spanish, when they have access to school at all.

title: Portuguese language

text: a globalized language spoken officially on five continents, and as a second language by millions worldwide. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic community of Mercosul with other South American nations, namely Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, Portuguese is either mandatory, or taught, in the schools of those South American countries. Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was ceded to China and Brazilian immigration to Japan slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia, it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there, mostly because of increased diplomatic and financial ties with economically powerful

title: Pirahã language

text: Pirahã language Pirahã (also spelled "Pirahá, Pirahán"), or Múra-Pirahã, is the indigenous language of the isolated Pirahã of Amazonas, Brazil. The Pirahã live along the Maici River, a tributary of the Amazon River. Pirahã is the only surviving dialect of the Mura language, all others having become extinct in the last few centuries, as most groups of the Mura people have shifted to Portuguese. Suspected relatives, such as Matanawi, are also extinct. It is estimated to have between 250 and 380 speakers. It is not in immediate danger of extinction, as its use is vigorous and the Pirahã community is

title: Wayana language

text: in ethnolinguistics on spatial perception in Wayana, taking up Tavares' urge for more theoretical elaboration of Wayana grammar. The vitality of the language is also variant in different areas. In Brazil it is considered moribund by Ethnologue, with grandparents being the only active users; however, Tavares (2005) mentions some villages on the Paru river where the language is in active use by children and adults, though the general trend is toward Aparai bilingualism and dominance. While Tavares does not consider the language healthy, it is possibly not moribund everywhere. According to Ethnologue, in French Guiana it is shifting, with active

title: World language

text: Nations, one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station and the third most widespread language on the Internet after English and German. Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. Spanish was used in the Spanish Empire and today is in use in Spain, in Latin American countries (except Brazil, French Guyana, Suriname, Guiana, Haiti and other Caribbean islands), and is spoken in many parts of the United States, particularly in Florida and the states which border Mexico. Indeed, by 2013 Spanish was the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and schools

title: Murui Huitoto language

text: used in schools. It is also used in churches. There are no Murui-an monolinguals in Peru: speakers of the language who do not also use another language. The language has 1,900 speakers in southwestern Colombia where it has higher social utility and standing. It was formerly spoken in Brazil, but is now extinct in that country. Murui uses the Roman Script. There is a dictionary of the Murui language (Murui-Spanish and Spanish-Murui) compiled by an SIL linguist, Shirley Burtch (1983), and number of works concerning its grammar (Petersen de Piñeros 1994, Petersen de Piñeros & Patiño: 2000, Wojtylak 2012). Currently,

title: Languages of Brazil

text: one hears "trem", both meaning train. "Autocarro" in Portugal is the same thing as "ônibus" in Brazil, both meaning bus. Despite the fact that Portuguese is the official language of Brazil and the vast majority of Brazilians speak only Portuguese, there are several other languages spoken in the country. According to the president of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) there are an estimated 210 languages spoken in Brazil. Eighty are Amerindian languages, while the others are languages brought by immigrants. The 1950 Census was the last one to ask Brazilians which language they speak at home. Since then,

title: Culture of Brazil

text: settlers arrived during this period and brought their culture to the colony. The Indigenous inhabitants of Brazil had much contact with the colonists. Many became extinct, others mixed with the Portuguese. For that reason, Brazil also holds Amerindian influences in its culture, mainly in its food and language. Brazilian Portuguese has hundreds of words of Indigenous American origin, mainly from the Old Tupi language. Black Africans, who were brought as slaves to Brazil, also participated actively in the formation of Brazilian culture. Although the Portuguese colonists forced their slaves to convert to Catholicism and speak Portuguese their cultural influences were

title: Brazil–Portugal relations

text: 20th century, however, Portuguese citizens are still granted certain privileges under the Constitution that other foreigners do not have. A Portuguese community still exists in Brazil, as does a Brazilian community in Portugal. Portuguese is also said to have "united" Brazil where, in the 19th century, only segments of the country spoke the language with indigenous languages such as Tupi being prevalent. Following more settlers coming from Europe and African slaves, Portuguese became a universal language in the country. However, Portuguese links with Brazil were weaker than that of other European empires like the United Kingdom, whose colonies sent soldiers

title: Angola–Brazil relations

text: independence from Portugal was a clause that Brazil would promise not to accept direct control over any Luso-African territories. When Angola gained its independence from Portugal in 1975, many of the Portuguese settlers and both black and mestizo residents of the former colony emigrated to Brazil and Portugal. As former Portuguese colonies, Angola and Brazil share many cultural ties, including language (Portuguese is the official language of each country) and religion (a majority of both countries are Roman Catholics). Both countries are members of CPLP, an association of Portuguese-speaking countries. Literature Pepetela's "A gloriosa família" (The glorious family, 1996) takes

title: Language Report

text: Language Report The Language Report (or, strictly, the language report) was an account of the state and use of the English language published by the Oxford University Press (OUP) in 2003. It was compiled by lexicographer Susie Dent, best known for her regular appearances on the television word game "Countdown", and was an annual publication until 2007. The first "Language Report", described by the OUP as "a frontline account of what we’re saying and how we’re saying it", reviewed, among other things, changes in the use of English since 1903, how new words come about, the language of the Internet

title: Antibiotic use in livestock

text: may lead to some of those drugs remaining in the animal when it is slaughtered or milked. Scientific experiments provide data that shows how long a drug is present in the body of an animal and what the animal's body does to the drug. Of particular concern are drugs that may be passed into milk or eggs. By the use of "drug withdrawal periods: before slaughter or the use of milk or eggs from treated animals, veterinarians and animal owners ensure that the meat, milk and eggs is free of contamination. Brazil is the world's largest exporter of beef. The

title: Brazilian Sign Language

text: Brazilian Sign Language Brazilian Sign Language (BSL) is the sign language used by Deaf communities of urban Brazil. It is also known as "Libras" (, from "Língua Brasileira de Sinais" ) and variously abbreviated as LSB, LGB or LSCB (Brazilian Cities Sign Language). Brazilian Sign Language is well-established; several dictionaries, instructional videos and a number of articles on the linguistic features of the language have been published. It has dialects across Brazil reflecting regional and sociocultural differences. A strong sign language law was passed by the National Congress of Brazil on April 24, 2002, and (in 2005) is in the

title: Language attrition

text: impact of these factors is far less strongly pronounced than what has been found in second language acquisition. Language attrition results in a decrease of language proficiency from what was previously acquired. The current consensus is that attrition manifests itself first and most noticeably in the vocabulary knowledge of speakers (in their lexical access and their mental lexicon) while grammatical and especially phonological representations appear more stable among speakers for whom emigration took place after puberty. The term "first language attrition" (FLA) refers to the gradual decline in native language proficiency. As speakers use their L2 frequently and become proficient

title: Awetï language

text: built their own. Because the family spoke both Aweti and Kamaiura it lessened the amount of Aweti speakers in the main village and it continued to decrease the amount of Aweti speakers in the new village as they began to communicate in Kamaiura only. Because of this many Aweti people only speak Kamaiura today. Most Aweti people are multilingual. Portuguese is the main language of Brazil so a lot of Aweti people also speak Portuguese especially the younger generation since that is what is spoken at school. The language can also be found under the forms Awety, Awetö, Aueto, Aueti,

title: Brazil nut cake

text: The Brazil nuts may be sliced, chopped, ground or granulated, the latter preparation may be performed using a food processor. Some desserts are prepared without the use of flour, whereby the use of ground Brazil nuts may take the place of flour. It may be prepared with the addition of fruit, such as dates. Shortcake, coffee cake, pound cake, fruitcake and brownies may be prepared using Brazil nuts as a primary ingredient. Brazil nut cake is a part of Brazilian cuisine, as are other dishes prepared with Brazil nuts. In Brazil, sweet dishes prepared using Brazil nuts are more common

title: Trumai language

text: and if it is also being modified by a pluralizer. [[Category:Language isolates of South America]] [[Category:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas]] [[Category:Endangered language isolates]] [[Category:Languages of Brazil]] Trumai language Trumai is an endangered language isolate of Brazil. Most Trumai are fluent in languages of wider communication, and children are not learning it well. Trumai is a language spoken by the indigenous community of the same name located in the Xingu reserve along the Upper Xingu River in central Brazil. Murphy and Quain reported that there were only 25 people remaining in the Trumai community. Fortunately, this has since increased to

title: Sanumá language

text: in Brazil. Sanumá is an isolating language. Sanumá language Sanumá is a Yanomaman language spoken in Venezuela and Brazil. It is also known as Sanema, Sanima, Tsanuma, Guaika, Samatari, Samatali, Xamatari and Chirichano. Most of its speakers in Venezuela also speak Ye'kuana, also known as Maquiritare, the language of the Ye'kuana people the Sanumá live alongside in the Caura River basin. Some linguists identify dialects such as "Yanoma, Cobari, Caura," and "Ervato-Ventuari" in Venezuela and "Auaris" in Brazil. All the dialects are mutually intelligible. In Venezuela, Sanumá is spoken in the vicinity of the Caura and Ervato-Ventuari Rivers in Venezuela,

title: Ishkashimi language

text: had retired and been split into what are now Sanglechi and Ishkashimi dialects. This subfamily has furthermore been considered a part of the Pamir languages group, together with the Wakhi language, and of the subgroup comprising Shughni, Rushani, Sarikoli, Yazgulyam, etc. However, this is an areal rather than genetic grouping. Ishkashimi is a threatened language that does not have a status of official language in the regions of its use. The Ishkashimi language vitality, despite the positive attitudes towards the language, is declining due to increasing use by native speakers of other languages like Dari in Afghanistan and Tajik in

title: Menominee language

text: Menominee language Menominee (also spelled Menomini) is an Algonquian language spoken by the historic Menominee people of what is now northern Wisconsin in the United States. The federally recognized tribe has been working to encourage revival of use of the language by intensive classes locally and partnerships with universities. Most of the fluent speakers are elderly. Many of the people use English as their first language. The name of the tribe, and the language, "Oma͞eqnomenew", comes from the word for wild rice. The tribe has gathered and cultivated this native food as a staple for millennia. The Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), their

title: AB language

text: AB language In English philology, AB language is a variety of Middle English found in the Corpus manuscript, containing "Ancrene Wisse" (whence 'A'), and in MS Bodley 34 in Bodleian Library, Oxford (whence 'B'). The Bodley manuscript includes what is known as the Katherine Group; and the Wooing Group texts use this same language. The term was coined in 1929 by J. R. R. Tolkien who noted that the dialect of both manuscripts is highly standardized, pointing to "a 'standard' language based on one in use in the West Midlands in the 13th century." AB language is 'characterized by French

title: Languages of Brazil

text: adopt their own co-official languages. The states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul have Talian officially approved as a heritage language in these states, and Espírito Santo has the East Pomeranian dialect, along with the German language as cultural heritage. Also in production is the documentary video "Brasil Talian", with directed and written by André Costantin and executive producer of the historian Fernando Roveda. The pre-launch occurred on 18 November 2011, the date that marked the start of production of the documentary. Languages of Brazil Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, and is widely spoken by most

text: a grade. Both grades reflect how proficient the person is in the use of Spanish as a foreign language, especially in dealing with everyday situations and work related or academic issues. This exam is aimed at certifying a certain level of command of the language, therefore, regardless of the regional variation a candidate may know, they will be able to understand the situations to be dealt with in the exam. The CELU is recognized as a certificate which demonstrates a persons knowledge of the Spanish language in: Exams are taken in June and November. Application is opened three months prior

title: Miss Earth Brazil

text: Miss Earth Brazil Miss Terra Brasil (in native language, or "Miss Earth Brazil") is an annual national beauty pageant realized in Brazil to select its entrant in the Miss Earth pageant. Miss Terra Brasil is the official preliminary of the international Miss Earth beauty pageant in Brazil. It was founded in 2001 and was originally called Beleza Brasil organized by Beauty Productions Brazil Ltda. from 2001–2007. The first titleholder of the pageant was Simone Régis, who was crowned Beleza Brasil 2001. She went to represent Brazil in the first edition of Miss Earth beauty pageant in the Philippines and she

title: Kadiweu language

text: Kadiweu language Kadiwéu is a Guaicuruan language spoken by the Kadiweu people of Brazil, and historically by other Mbayá groups. It has around 1,200-1,800 people in Brazil. It is mainly a subject–verb–object language and its ISO 639-3 code is kbc. The name Kadiweu has variants such as Kaduveo, Caduveo, Kadivéu, and Kadiveo. This language is spoken near the Brazil-Paraguay border in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The nearest town is Bodoquena, which is 60 kilometers away. According to data collected in 1999 by FUNAI, the total population of the Kadiwéu is 1,014; however, more recent data collected in

title: Nation language

text: archipelago. It is an imperial language, as are French, Dutch and Spanish. We also have what we call creole English, which is a mixture of English and an adaptation that English took in the new environment of the Caribbean when it became mixed with the other imported languages. We have also what is called nation language, which is the kind of English spoken by the people who were brought to the Caribbean, not the official English now, but the language of slaves and labourers, the servants who were brought in. Writers who also notably use nation language include Samuel Selvon,

title: Formulaic language

text: to dissociate oneself slightly from the harsh reality of what is to follow. With the use of a beat of time filled with a meaningless interjection, uncommitted people who are "into distancing" make use of such formulaic language to create a little distance between themselves and their words, as if it might lessen the impact of their words. However, not all forms of formulaic language are considered appropriate or harmless.There are examples of formulaic language production that lean towards being offensive, for instance, the use of anything considered to be profanity within a given culture. In this form, the speech

title: Mekéns language

text: Mekéns language Mekéns (Mekem), or "Amniapé", is a nearly extinct Tupian language of the state of Rondônia, in the Amazon region of Brazil. There are three groups of Mekens speakers: Chapter 1: Introduction and Background The Mekéns language is a highly endangered Brazilian indigenous language belonging to the Tupi language trunk, and classified as one of the five surviving languages of the Tupari sub-family (Galucio: 2001, 2). The language is spoken by approximately 25 people (ibid) in the state of Rondônia, in the Amazon region of northwestern Brazil, straddling the border with neighbouring Bolivia. Nowadays, the majority of Mekéns language

title: Language planning

text: language of the state; Quechua and Aymara are relegated to "official use zones," equivalent to Stewart's provincial function described above. Quechua has officially remained a provincial language since 1979. Today, Quechua also serves a limited international function throughout South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador; communities of Quechua speakers outside Peru enable communication in Quechua across borders. Still, because of Quechua's low status, Spanish is almost always used as the lingua franca instead. Recently, Quechua has also gained ground in the academic world, both as a school subject and a topic of literary interest. The three main

title: Mura language

text: proposed to be related to Matanawí. Kaufman (1994) also suggests a connection with Huarpe in his "Macro-Warpean" proposal. Mura language Mura is a language of Amazonas, Brazil. It is most famous for Pirahã, its sole surviving dialect. Linguistically, it is typified by agglutinativity, a very small number of phonemes (11 compared to over 44 in English), whistled speech, and the use of tone. In the 19th century, there were an estimated 30,000–60,000 Mura. It is now spoken by only 300 Pirahã people in eight villages. Since at least Barboza Rodrigues (1892), there have been three ethnic names commonly listed as

title: Mura language

text: Mura language Mura is a language of Amazonas, Brazil. It is most famous for Pirahã, its sole surviving dialect. Linguistically, it is typified by agglutinativity, a very small number of phonemes (11 compared to over 44 in English), whistled speech, and the use of tone. In the 19th century, there were an estimated 30,000–60,000 Mura. It is now spoken by only 300 Pirahã people in eight villages. Since at least Barboza Rodrigues (1892), there have been three ethnic names commonly listed as dialects of Mura, or even as Muran languages. The names are: On the basis of a minuscule amount

title: Immigration to Brazil

text: Immigration to Brazil Immigration to Brazil is the movement to Brazil of foreign persons to reside permanently. It should not be confused with the colonisation of the country by the Portuguese, or with the forcible bringing of people from Africa as slaves. Throughout its history, Brazil has always been a recipient of immigrants, but this began to gain importance in the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century when the country received massive immigration from Europe, the Middle East and East Asia, which left lasting marks on demography, culture, language and the economy of Brazil. In general, it is

title: Lua (programming language)

text: to be a general embeddable extension language, the designers of Lua focused on improving its speed, portability, extensibility, and ease-of-use in development. Lua was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes, members of the Computer Graphics Technology Group (Tecgraf) at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. From 1977 until 1992, Brazil had a policy of strong trade barriers (called a market reserve) for computer hardware and software. In that atmosphere, Tecgraf's clients could not afford, either politically or financially, to buy customized software from abroad. Those reasons led Tecgraf to

title: Theories of second-language acquisition

text: yet have a lower level of control. Finally, Bialystok has framed the acquisition of language in terms of the interaction between what she calls “analysis” and “control.” Analysis is what learners do when they attempt to understand the rules of the target language. Through this process, they acquire these rules and can use them to gain greater control over their own production. Monitoring is another important concept in some theoretical models of learner use of L2 knowledge. According to Krashen, the Monitor is a component of an L2 learner's language processing device that uses knowledge gained from language learning to

title: Philosophy of language

text: really exists in all men; but it is a moderate realism, because "Man" is not an entity separate from the men it informs. Many philosophical discussions of language begin by clarifying terminology. One item which has undergone significant scrutiny is the idea of language itself. Those philosophers who have set themselves to the task ask two important questions: "What is language in general?" and "What is a particular, individual language?" Some semiotic outlooks have stressed that language is the mere manipulation and use of symbols in order to draw attention to signified content. If this were so, then humans would

title: Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)

text: later. In the meantime, the result "7:1" (Portuguese: "sete a um") has become a metaphor for a devastating and crushing defeat in Brazilian use of language, while "Goal for Germany" (Portuguese: "gol da Alemanha") is used as an exclamation after a mishap. In the Men's Football Gold Medal match of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil defeated Germany on a penalty shoot-out, avenging their 7–1 loss in the World Cup and giving Brazil its first football Olympic gold medal. Neymar, who converted the decisive penalty kick, was the only player to feature in the squads for both

title: Tupi language

text: By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the "de facto" national language of Brazil – though it was probably seldom written, as the Roman Catholic Church held a near monopoly of literacy. When the Portuguese Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane fast, as few Brazilians were literate in it. Besides, a new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of gold, diamonds, and gems in the interior of Brazil; these new colonists

title: Tupi language

text: Tupi language Old Tupi or classical Tupi is an extinct Tupian language which was spoken by the native Tupi people of Brazil, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in South and Southeast Brazil. It belongs to the Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early colonial period, Tupi was used as a "lingua franca" throughout Brazil by Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction, leaving only one modern descendant with an appreciable number of speakers, Nheengatu. The names Old Tupi or

title: Object language

text: to achieve". If the source language and object languages are viewed as formal (logical) languages, what the compiler does is "interpret" the source into the target language (this is different from the computer science use of "interpreted language" meaning one which is "not" compiled). "Object language" in this context is synonymous with "target language". The object language of a translation most often is a machine language, but can be some other kind of language, such as assembly language. Because the object language of compilation has usually been machine language, the term "object file" has come to mean a file containing

title: Languages of Brazil

text: with one another from one location to the next. Plenty Brazilians do speak their dialect. On top of that, within Portuguese between states there is a moderate regional variation in accent, vocabulary, and use of personal nouns, pronouns, and verb conjugations. Variations are beginning to diminish as a result of mass media, especially national television networks that are viewed by the majority of Brazilians. The written language is uniform across Brazil, and follows national rules of spelling and accentuation that are revised from time to time for simplification. With the implementation of the Orthographic Agreement of 1990, the orthographic norms

title: History of Brazil

text: by the early Portuguese discoverers and colonisers of Brazil onto the Tupinambá people. In the Tupi language, "Tamuya" means "elder" or "grandfather". Cunhambebe was elected chief of the Confederation by his counterparts, and together with chiefs Pindobuçú, Koakira, Araraí and Aimberê, declared war on the Portuguese. Starting in the sixteenth century, sugarcane grown on plantations called "engenhos" along the northeast coast (Brazil's "Nordeste") became the base of Brazilian economy and society, with the use of slaves on large plantations to make sugar for export to Europe. At first, settlers tried to enslave the natives as labor to work the fields.

title: Ordinary language philosophy

text: Ordinary language philosophy Ordinary language philosophy is a philosophical methodology that sees traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by distorting or forgetting what words actually mean in everyday use. "Such 'philosophical' uses of language, on this view, create the very philosophical problems they are employed to solve." Ordinary language philosophy is a branch of linguistic philosophy closely related to logical positivism. This approach typically involves eschewing philosophical "theories" in favor of close attention to the details of the use of everyday "ordinary" language. It is sometimes associated with the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein and a number

title: English language

text: other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries, and they may have grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries. In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second

title: Matsés language

text: Matsés language The Matsés, also referred to as, Mayoruna in Brazil, is an Indigenous language utilized by the inhabitants of the border regions of Brazil-Peru. A term that hailed from Quechua origin, Mayoruna translates in English to mayu = river; runa = people. Colonizers and missionaries during the 17th century, used this term, to make reference to the Indigenous peoples that occupied the lower Ucayali Region (Amazonian region of Peru), Upper Solimões (upper stretches of the Amazon River in Brazil) and Vale do Javari (largest Indigenous territories in Brazil that border Peru) (De Almeida Matos, 2003). Matsés communities are located

title: Kapóng language

text: to sun worship and sun spirits, which is reflective of the beliefs system of these Carib-speaking tribes. Literature has also found belief in a higher being in the sky among the Carib tribes in Guyana. The Kapóng language is found to be spoken in lowland tropical South America, particularly in the countries of Guyana, Brazil, and Venezuela. In Guyana, Kapóng is spoken in forests by the Mazaruni River Basin. Speakers in Brazil are found in the Roraima Indigenous Terra Raposa. The number of speakers in Brazil is about 10,000, and the transmission of language in Brazil is deemed to be

title: Language pedagogy

text: American Indian communities desiring to maintain the use of the native language by delivering elementary school content through the medium of that language. Hawaiian Immersion programs are the largest and most successful in this category. The Silent Way is a discovery learning approach, invented by Caleb Gattegno in the late 1950s. The teacher is largely silent, giving more space for the students to explore the language. Students are responsible for their own learning and are encouraged to express themselves; beginners talk about what they see, more advanced students talk about their lives and what they think. The role of the

title: Emerillon language

text: Emerillon language Emerillon (alternate names Emerilon, Emerion, Mereo, Melejo, Mereyo, Teco) is a Tupi–Guarani language spoken in French Guiana on the rivers Camopi and Tampok. The Emerillon people refer to their language as Teke and it is mutually intelligible to Wayampi a language indigenous to French Guiana and Brazil. Emerillon is only used along the French Guiana borders with Surinam and Brazil. There are only four hundred Emerillon speakers in the world. Although there are a limited number of speakers, Emerillon is still taught as a first language to children. Its name derives from "mereñõ," a name given to members

title: Kukurá language

text: Kukurá language Kukurá (Cucurá, Kokura) is a spurious language, fabricated by an interpreter in Brazil. When Alberto Vojtěch Frič visited Rio Verde, Brazil, in 1901 he took with him a Kainguá Indian called Guzmán who said he spoke the language of the local "Chavante" people. A word list was published for the so-called Kukurá language, thought to be an isolate, in 1931. In 1932 Curt Nimuendajú, who had visited the Rio Verde in 1909 and 1913, showed that Guzmán's wordlist consisted half of fake words and half of mispronounced Guaraní. There was no resemblance to the Ofayé language that was

title: Statistical language acquisition

text: increase the complexity and richness of the languages used. The artificial language's lack of complexity or decreased complexity fails to account for a child's need to recognize a given syllable in natural language regardless of the sound variability inherent to natural language, though "it is possible that the complexity of natural language actually facilitates learning." As such, artificial language experiments are typically conducted to explore what the relevant linguistic variables are, what sources of information infants are able to use and when, and how researchers can go about modeling the learning and acquisition process. Aslin and Newport, for example, have

title: Ukrainian Sign Language

text: a wordlist from Ukrainian Sign Language had about 70% similarity to wordlists from Russian Sign Language and Moldovan Sign Language. Noting that these three SLs had as high a lexical similarity as what was ""found within certain countries, although not as high as what was found within ASL"," the author recommended that ""these countries should be investigated further to see how much difference there is between them: whether they represent different dialects of the same language or closely-related languages,"" and that future, more detailed, study should ""use more precise measures such as intelligibility testing, rather than relying on wordlist comparisons

title: Italian language

text: formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where Talian is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the nineteenth century. Another example is Cocoliche, an Italian–Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires, and Lunfardo. Rioplatense Spanish, and particularly the speech of the city of Buenos Aires, has intonation patterns that resemble those of