query: where did toussaint louverture live?

title: Toussaint Louverture International Airport

text: position. Work is being performed by China National Automation Control System Corporation which has multiple large construction contracts with the Haitian government. The airport can be accessed by car (with parking space next to the terminal building) or by National Bus Route 1. Toussaint Louverture International Airport Toussaint Louverture International Airport () is an international airport in Tabarre, a commune of Port-au-Prince in Haiti. The airport is currently the busiest in Haiti and is an operating hub for Salsa d'Haiti, Tortug' Air, Sunrise Airways, and Haiti Aviation. The main building of the airport works as the International Terminal. It is

text: Toussaint Louverture International Airport Toussaint Louverture International Airport () is an international airport in Tabarre, a commune of Port-au-Prince in Haiti. The airport is currently the busiest in Haiti and is an operating hub for Salsa d'Haiti, Tortug' Air, Sunrise Airways, and Haiti Aviation. The main building of the airport works as the International Terminal. It is a two-story concrete and glass structure. Lounges and a few retail stores are on the second floor of the main building. Check-in counters, gates and immigration facilities are on the lower floor. The Guy Malary Terminal (named after former Haitian Justice Minister Guy

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: time, into the first free colonial society to have explicitly rejected race as the basis of social ranking. Though Louverture did not sever ties with France, his actions in 1800 constituted a de facto autonomous colony. The colony's constitution proclaimed him governor for life even against Napoleon Bonaparte's wishes. He died betrayed before the final and most violent stage of the armed conflict. However, his achievements set the grounds for the Black army's absolute victory and for Jean-Jacques Dessalines to declare the sovereign state of Haiti in January 1804. Louverture's prominent role in the Haitian success over colonialism and slavery

title: Toussaint Coffee Liqueur

text: for Marblehead distributors using Toussaint as the principal, has won Gold in the "Drinks International Cocktail Challenge". In April 2014 in the United Kingdom, Toussaint Coffee Liqueur introduced a competition for bartenders to create a cocktail using the liqueur, as well as a dish that incorporates the liqueur. Toussaint Coffee Liqueur Toussaint Coffee Liqueur () is a coffee-flavoured liqueur prepared with a rum base that originated in Haiti, commemorating the revolutionary hero Toussaint Louverture. Its alcohol by volume content is 30%. Toussaint was first developed by Anker Horn and his family in Haiti in the late 1970s. It is prepared

title: Toussaint Coffee Liqueur

text: Toussaint Coffee Liqueur Toussaint Coffee Liqueur () is a coffee-flavoured liqueur prepared with a rum base that originated in Haiti, commemorating the revolutionary hero Toussaint Louverture. Its alcohol by volume content is 30%. Toussaint was first developed by Anker Horn and his family in Haiti in the late 1970s. It is prepared with arabica coffee beans, aged three-year rum made from the sugarcane, and a combination of cocoa, vanilla, and liquorice flavours. In the late 1990's Anker and his son Aloysius launched the drink across Scandinavia, Europe, Haiti and Australia. Toussaint gained a considerable amount of success, especially in the

title: Louverture Cleary School

text: Louverture Cleary School Louverture Cleary School is a Catholic boarding school located in Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti. Louverture Cleary School, founded in 1987 by The Haitian Project and St. Joseph's Parish in Providence, Rhode Island, is a tuition free, co-educational, Catholic boarding school that serves the greater Port-au-Prince area. Louverture Cleary students are academically gifted and live in some of the poorest neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince. All students are required to pass an entrance exam and each year students take courses in four languages: Kreyol, French, English, and Spanish. Louverture Cleary School has been recognized as one of the top secondary schools in

title: Louverture Cleary School

text: Haiti and almost 100 percent of its Philo students pass the national baccalaureate exam each year. Louverture Cleary School is also one of the only schools in Haiti to progressively teach in four languages. Louverture Cleary School is the sister school of Bishop Ireton High School in Alexandria, Virginia. Louverture Cleary School's core curriculum adheres to the standards set by the Haitian Ministry of Education. These classes are supplemented by courses in Computer Science, Religion, English, and Spanish. Louverture Cleary School Louverture Cleary School is a Catholic boarding school located in Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti. Louverture Cleary School, founded in 1987 by

title: Rafael Conti

text: by Toussaint Louverture, were in revolt against France. In 1801 they captured Santo Domingo, thus controlling the entire island; but in 1802 an army sent by Napoleon captured Toussaint Louverture and sent him to France as prisoner. However, Toussaint Louverture's lieutenants, plus the spread of yellow fever, succeeded in expelling the French again from Saint-Domingue, which in 1804 the rebels made independent as the Republic of Haiti. Eastwards, France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo. In 1808, following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the "criollos" of Santo Domingo revolted against French rule. Conti organized an expedition to return Hispaniola back to

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: plantation system using paid labour, negotiated trade treaties with the UK and the United States, and maintained a large and well-disciplined army. In 1801, he promulgated an autonomist constitution for the colony, with himself as Governor-General for Life. In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the former colony. He was deported to France, where he died in 1803. The Haitian Revolution continued under his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence on 1 January 1804 and subsequently ordered the 1804 Haiti massacre. The French had lost two-thirds of forces sent

title: Armée indigène

text: St. Domingue - Vincent Oge & Toussaint l'Ouverture: The Abolition of Slavery Project. Accessed February 22, 2018. http://abolition.e2bn.org/resistance_47.html 2. Fagg, John E. "Toussaint Louverture." Encyclopædia Britannica. December 18, 2017. Accessed February 22, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toussaint-Louverture. 3. Fombrun, Odette Roy. "HISTORY OF THE HAITIAN FLAG OF INDEPENDENCE." Flag Heritage Foundation.org. Accessed February 22, 2018. http://www.flagheritagefoundation.org/web/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/history-of-the-haitian-flag-of-independence.pdf. 4. "Haitian Revolution." Wikipedia. February 20, 2018. Accessed February 22, 2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution. 5. Jackson, Maurice, and Jacqueline Bacon. African Americans and the Haitian revolution selected essays and historical documents. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010. 6. Lawless, Robert, and James A. Ferguson. "Haiti." Encyclopædia Britannica. February 7, 2018.

title: France–Haiti relations

text: February 1793 Haitian leader Toussaint Louverture joined Spanish forces in fighting the French. In October 1793, Sonthonax emancipated the slaves in all of Haiti. In May 1794, Louverture left the Spanish army after they refused to free their slaves in the eastern part of Hispaniola. In 1801, Louverture defeated the Spanish in Santo Domingo and emancipated the slaves of the territory. In 1802, General Napoleon Bonaparte sent 40,000 French and Polish troops to Hispaniola. Soon afterwards, Napoleon's brother-in-law General Charles Leclerc asked to meet Louverture to discuss terms. It was a deception and Louverture was seized and deported to France

title: Port-au-Prince

text: of the over dozen ports in the country. The port's facilities include cranes, large berths, and warehouses, but these facilities are in universally poor shape. The port is underused, possibly due to the substantially high port fees compared to ports in the Dominican Republic. The Toussaint Louverture International Airport (Aéroport International Toussaint Louverture also known as Maïs Gâté), which opened in 1965 (as the François Duvalier International Airport), is located north of the city. It is Haiti's major jetway, and as such, handles the vast majority of the country's international flights. Transportation to smaller cities from the major airport is

title: Timeline of relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake

text: been established by the US military to shift some military flights from Toussaint Louverture International Airport in Port-au-Prince to Jacmel Airport, to allow civilian flights into Toussaint Louverture. It is expected that around 100 flights would be shifted. Canadian Forces are preparing for the increase in traffic, and already dealing with degradation of the airstrip surface due to the current overuse at Jacmel. 141 orphans were flown to the US, in an aircraft chartered by a group led by Stephen Studdert. The group came to Haiti with 130 doctors, nurses and contractors to help rebuild the Healing Hands children's hospital.

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: writers focused on Louverture's domestic life and ignored his militancy to show him as a non-threatening rebel slave. Toussaint Louverture François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture ( 9 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791. He first fought for the Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Great Britain; and finally, for Saint-Domingue against Napoleonic France. He then helped transform the

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: Toussaint Louverture François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture ( 9 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791. He first fought for the Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Great Britain; and finally, for Saint-Domingue against Napoleonic France. He then helped transform the insurgency into a revolutionary movement, which by 1800 had turned Saint-Domingue, the most prosperous slave colony of the

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: to the island in an attempt to suppress the revolution; most died of yellow fever. Until recently, almost nothing was known for certain about Toussaint Louverture's early life, as there was contradictory accounts and evidence about his life before the advent of the Haitian Revolution. The earliest records of his life are his recorded remarks and the reminiscences of his second legitimate son Isaac Louverture. Louverture's parents are not known. John Beard's biography of Louverture claims that family traditions name his grandfather as Gaou Guinou, a son of the King of Allada. Louverture was the eldest of several children. Pierre

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: he suspected the former leader of plotting an uprising. Boarding "Créole", Toussaint Louverture famously warned his captors that the rebels would not repeat his mistake: In overthrowing me you have cut down in Saint Domingue only the trunk of the tree of liberty; it will spring up again from the roots, for they are numerous and they are deep. However there is an alternative theory that explains these actions as strategic misdirection. The ships reached France on 2 July 1802 and, on 25 August, Louverture was sent to the jail in Fort-de-Joux in Doubs. While in prison, he died on

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: name has made itself known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in St Domingue. I am working to make that happen. Unite yourselves to us, brothers and fight with us for the same cause.Your very humble and obedient servant, Toussaint Louverture,General of the armies of the king, for the public good. On the same day, the beleaguered French commissioner, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, proclaimed emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue, hoping to bring the black troops over to his side. Initially, this failed, perhaps because Louverture and the other leaders knew that Sonthonax was

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: is sometimes attributed to French commissioner Polverel's exclamation: "That man makes an opening everywhere". However, some writers think it was more prosaically due to a gap between his front teeth. Despite adhering to royalist political views, Louverture had begun to use the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution. From being willing to bargain for better conditions of slavery late in 1791, he had become committed to its complete abolition. On 29 August 1793 he made his famous declaration of Camp Turel to the blacks of St Domingue: Brothers and friends, I am Toussaint Louverture; perhaps my

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike. Toussaint Louverture began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint-Domingue; he was by then a free man and a Jacobin. Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic), Louverture switched allegiance to the French when they abolished slavery. He gradually established control over the whole island and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint-Domingue. He restored the

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: 7 April 1803. Suggested causes of death include exhaustion, malnutrition, apoplexy, pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis. In his absence, Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian rebellion until its completion, finally defeating the French forces in 1803. On 29 August 1954, the Haitian ambassador to France, Léon Thébaud, inaugurated a stone cross memorial for Toussaint Louverture at the foot of the fort. Years afterward, the French government ceremoniously presented a shovelful of soil from the grounds of Fort-de-Joux to the Haitian government as a symbolic transfer of Louverture's remains. An inscription in his memory, installed in 1998, can be found on the wall

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: and the possibility of choosing his successor. However, Louverture was careful enough as to not explicitly declare Saint-Domingue's independence, immediately acknowledging that it was just a single colony of the French Empire in Article 1 of the Constitution. Article 3 of the constitution states: "There cannot exist slaves [in Saint-Domingue], servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free and French." The constitution guaranteed equal opportunity and equal treatment under the law for all races, but also confirmed Louverture's policies of forced labour and the importation of workers through the slave trade. Louverture was not willing

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: reminding them firmly that abolition must be maintained. For several months, Louverture found himself in sole command of French Saint-Domingue, except for a semi-autonomous state in the south, where the mulatto general, André Rigaud, had rejected the authority of the third commission. Both generals continued attacking the British, whose position on Saint-Domingue was looking increasingly weak. Louverture was negotiating their withdrawal when France's latest commissioner, Gabriel Hédouville, arrived in March 1798, with orders to undermine his authority. On 30 April 1798, Louverture signed a treaty with the British general, Thomas Maitland, exchanging the withdrawal of British troops from western Saint-Domingue

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: Victor Schoelcher. Louverture influenced John Brown to invade Harpers Ferry. John Brown and his band captured citizens, and for a small time the federal armory and arsenal. Brown's goal was that the local slave population would join the raid. But things did not go as planned. He was eventually captured and put on trial, and was hanged on 2 December 1859. Brown and his band of brothers shows the devotion to the violent tactics of the Haitian Revolution. During the 19th century African Americans used Louverture as an example of how to reach freedom. Also during the 19th century, British

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: promising to maintain the abolition. But he also forbade Louverture to invade Spanish Santo Domingo, an action that would put Louverture in a powerful defensive position. Louverture was determined to proceed anyway and coerced Roume into supplying the necessary permission. In January 1801, Louverture and Hyacinthe Moïse invaded the Spanish territory, taking possession from the Governor, Don Garcia, with few difficulties. The area had been wilder and less densely populated than the French section. Louverture brought it under French law which abolished slavery, and embarked on a program of modernization. He was now master of the whole island. Napoleon had

title: Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture

text: Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture (around 1742 – May 19, 1816 in Agen, France) was the wife of Toussaint Louverture and the "Dame-Consort" of the French colony of Saint-Domingue. After being a coachman and a driver, Toussaint was freed at the age of thirty-three, and then married Suzanne Simone Baptiste. When in 1801 the constitution appointed Toussaint as governor of Saint-Domingue, she received the title of "Dame-Consort." In 1802, Charles Leclerc's troops captured her along with her husband and the rest of her immediate family. Madame Louverture survived her husband, who died that same year, and her

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: to negotiate with the government of John Adams. The terms of the treaty were similar to those already established with the British, but Louverture continually resisted suggestions from either power that he should declare independence. As long as France maintained the abolition of slavery, it seems that he was content that the colony remain French, at least in name. In 1799, the tensions between Louverture and André Rigaud came to a head. Louverture accused Rigaud of trying to assassinate him to gain power over Saint-Domingue for himself. Rigaud claimed Louverture was conspiring with the British to restore slavery. The conflict

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: British blockade on Saint-Domingue in exchange for a promise that Louverture would not export the black revolution to Jamaica. As Louverture's relationship with Hédouville reached the breaking point, an uprising began among the troops of his adopted nephew, Hyacinthe Moïse. Attempts by Hédouville to manage the situation made matters worse and Louverture declined to help him. As the rebellion grew to a full-scale insurrection, Hedouville prepared to leave the island, while Louverture and Dessalines threatened to arrest him as a troublemaker. Hédouville sailed for France in October 1798, nominally transferring his authority to Rigaud. Louverture decided instead to work with

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: for an amnesty for the French counter-revolutionaries in those areas. In May, Port-au-Prince was returned to French rule in an atmosphere of order and celebration. In July, Louverture and Rigaud met commissioner Hédouville together. Hoping to create a rivalry that would diminish Louverture's power, Hédouville displayed a strong preference for Rigaud, and an aversion for Louverture. However, General Maitland was also playing on French rivalries and evaded Hédouville's authority to deal with Louverture directly. In August, Louverture and Maitland signed treaties for the evacuation of the remaining British troops. On 31 August, they signed a secret treaty which lifted the

title: Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture

text: youngest child Saint-Jean, who died in 1804 in Agen, France. She died in 1816, in the arms of her sons, Placide and Isaac. Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture (around 1742 – May 19, 1816 in Agen, France) was the wife of Toussaint Louverture and the "Dame-Consort" of the French colony of Saint-Domingue. After being a coachman and a driver, Toussaint was freed at the age of thirty-three, and then married Suzanne Simone Baptiste. When in 1801 the constitution appointed Toussaint as governor of Saint-Domingue, she received the title of "Dame-Consort." In 1802, Charles Leclerc's troops captured her

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: Baptiste Brunet. However accounts differ as to how he accomplished this. One account has it that Brunet pretended that he planned to settle in Saint-Domingue and was asking Louverture's advice about plantation management. Louverture's memoirs however suggest that Brunet's troops had been provocative, leading Louverture to seek a discussion with him. Either way, Louverture had a letter in which Brunet described himself as a "sincere friend" to take with him to France. Embarrassed about his trickery, Brunet absented himself during the arrest. Brunet deported Louverture and his aides to France on the frigate "Créole" and the 74-gun "Héros", claiming that

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: that in the months of fighting that followed, the French felt their position was weak, but that Louverture and his generals were not fully conscious of their strength. With both sides shocked by the violence of the initial fighting, Leclerc tried belatedly to revert to the diplomatic solution. Louverture's sons and their tutor had accompanied the expedition with this end in mind and were now sent to present Napoleon's proclamation to Louverture. When these talks broke down, months of inconclusive fighting followed. On 6 May 1802, Louverture rode into Cap-Français to treat with Leclerc. He negotiated an amnesty for all

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: was complicated by racial overtones which escalated tension between blacks and mulattoes. Louverture had other political reasons for bringing down Rigaud. Only by controlling every port could he hope to prevent a landing of French troops if necessary. After Rigaud sent troops to seize the border towns of Petit-Goave and Grand-Goave in June 1799, Louverture persuaded Roume to declare Rigaud a traitor and attacked the southern state. The resulting civil war, known as the War of Knives, lasted over a year, with the defeated Rigaud fleeing to Guadeloupe, then France, in August 1800. Louverture delegated most of the campaign to

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: radicalism and known hatred of the aristocratic white planters, but historians have varied as to how credible they consider it. On reaching France, Sonthonax countered by accusing Louverture of royalist, counter-revolutionary and pro-independence tendencies. Louverture knew that he had asserted his authority to such an extent that the French government might well suspect him of seeking independence. At the same time, the French Directoire government was considerably less revolutionary than it had been. Suspicions began to brew that it might reconsider the abolition of slavery. In November 1797, Louverture wrote again to the Directoire, assuring them of his loyalty but

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: whom he had a lifelong relationship. Sonthonax wrote to Louverture threatening him with prosecution and ordering him to get Bayon off the territory. Louverture went over his head and wrote to the French Directoire directly for permission for Bayon to stay. Only a few weeks later, he began arranging for Sonthonax's return to France that summer. Louverture had several reasons to want to get rid of Sonthonax; officially he said that Sonthonax had tried to involve him in a plot to make Saint-Domingue independent, starting with a massacre of the whites of the island. The accusation played on Sonthonax's political

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: equality, soon rivalled Louverture in popularity. Although their goals were similar, there were several points of conflict. The worst of these was over the return of the white planters who had fled Saint-Domingue at the start of the revolution. To Sonthonax, they were potential counter-revolutionaries, to be assimilated, officially or not, with the ‘émigrés’ who had fled the French Revolution and were forbidden to return under pain of death. To Louverture, they were bearers of useful skills and knowledge, and he wanted them back. In summer 1797, Louverture authorised the return of Bayon de Libertat, the ex-overseer of Breda, with

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: to commander of the West Province two months later, and was eventually made Saint-Domingue's top-ranking officer in 1797. Lavaux also proclaimed Louverture Lieutenant Governor, announcing at the same time that he would do nothing without his approval, to which Louverture replied "After God, Lavaux". A few weeks after the triumph over the Villate insurrection, France's representatives of the third commission arrived in Saint-Domingue. Among them was Sonthonax, the commissioner who had previously declared abolition on the same day as Louverture's proclamation of Camp Turel. At first the relationship between the two was positive. Sonthonax promoted Louverture to general and arranged

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: of humanity to most of the people on the island. Initially, the slave population did not become involved in the conflict. In August 1791, a Vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman marked the start of a major slave rebellion in the north. Louverture apparently did not take part in the earliest stages of the rebellion, but after a few weeks he sent his family to safety in Spanish Santo Domingo and helped the overseers of the Breda plantation to leave the island. He joined the forces of Georges Biassou as doctor to the troops, commanding a small detachment. Surviving documents show

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: his remaining generals, then retired with full honors to his plantations at Ennery. Jean-Jacques Dessalines was at least partially responsible for Louverture's arrest, as asserted by several authors, including Louverture's own son Isaac. On 22 May 1802, after Dessalines learned that Louverture had failed to instruct a local rebel leader to lay down his arms per the recent ceasefire agreement, he immediately wrote to Leclerc to denounce Louverture’s conduct as “extraordinary.” For this action, Dessalines and his spouse received gifts from Jean Baptiste Brunet. Leclerc originally asked Dessalines to arrest Louverture, but he declined. The task then fell to Jean

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: Phillipe Roume, a member of the third commission who had been posted to the Spanish parts of the colony. Though he continued to protest his loyalty to the French government, he had expelled a second government representative from the territory and was about to negotiate another autonomous agreement with one of France's enemies. The United States had suspended trade with France in 1798 because of increasing conflict over piracy. The two countries were almost at war, but trade between Saint-Domingue and the United States was desirable to both Louverture and the United States. With Hédouville gone, Louverture sent Joseph Bunel

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: as Louverture and planned to ally with André Rigaud, a free man of colour, after overthrowing French General Étienne Lavaux. In 1796 Villate drummed up popular support by accusing the French authorities of plotting a return to slavery. On 20 March, he succeeded in capturing the French Governor Lavaux, and appointed himself Governor. Louverture's troops soon arrived at Cap-Français to rescue the captured governor and drive Villatte out of town. Louverture was noted for opening the warehouses to the public, proving that they were empty of the chains supposedly imported to prepare for a return to slavery. He was promoted

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: exceeding his authority. However, on 4 February 1794, the French revolutionary government proclaimed the abolition of slavery. For months, Louverture had been in diplomatic contact with the French general Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux. During this time, competition between him and other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavour on his near-autonomous control of a large and strategically important region. In May 1794, when the decision of the French government became known in Saint-Domingue, Louverture switched allegiance from the Spanish to the French and rallied his troops to Lavaux. After months of skillful

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: and taken to Le Cap by Louverture. He hoped to use the occasion to present the rebellion's demands to the colonial assembly, but they refused to meet with him. Throughout 1792, as a leader in an increasingly formal alliance between the black rebellion and the Spanish, Louverture ran the fortified post of La Tannerie and maintained the Cordon de l'Ouest, a line of posts between rebel and colonial territory. He gained a reputation for running an orderly camp, trained his men in guerrilla tactics and "the European style of war", and began to attract soldiers who would play an important

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: Roman Catholic. After defeating forces led by Andre Rigaud in the War of the Knives, Louverture consolidated his power by decreeing a new constitution for the colony in 1801, which established Catholicism as its official religion. Although Vodou was generally practiced on Saint-Domingue in combination with Catholicism, little is known for certain if Louverture had any connection with it. Officially as ruler of Saint-Domingue, he discouraged it. Historians have suggested that he was a member of high degree of the Masonic Lodge of Saint-Domingue, mostly based on a Masonic symbol he used in his signature. The membership of several free

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: had initially been responsible for the livestock, but by 1791, his responsibilities most likely included acting as coachman to the overseer, de Libertat, and as a slave-driver, charged with organising the work force. As a free man, Louverture began to accumulate wealth and property. Surviving legal documents show him renting a small coffee plantation worked by a dozen of his slaves. He would later say that by the start of the revolution, he had acquired a reasonable fortune, and was the owner of a number of properties and slaves at Ennery. Throughout his life, Louverture was known as a devout

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: Louverture married Suzanne Simone Baptiste, who is thought to have been his cousin or the daughter of his godfather. Towards the end of his life, he told General Caffarelli that he had fathered 16 children with multiple women, of whom 11 had predeceased him. Not all his children can be identified for certain, but his three legitimate sons are well known. The eldest, Placide, was probably adopted by Louverture and is generally thought to be Suzanne's first child with a mulatto, Seraphim Le Clerc. The two sons born of his marriage with Suzanne were Isaac and Saint-Jean. "I was born

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: he was familiar with Epictetus, the Stoic philosopher who had lived and as a slave; and his public speeches as well as his life's work, according to his biographers, show a familiarity with Machiavelli. Some cite Abbé Raynal, who wrote against slavery, as a possible influence: The wording of the proclamation issued by then rebel slave leader Louverture on 29 August 1793, which may have been the first time he publicly used the name "Louverture", seems to refer to an anti-slavery passage in Abbé Raynal's "A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: In childhood, he earned the nickname Fatras-Bâton, suggesting he was small and weak, though he was to become known for his stamina and riding prowess. An alternative explanation of Louverture's origins is that he arrived at Bréda with a new overseer (Bayon de Libertate) who took up his duties in 1772. Louverture is believed to have been well educated by his godfather Pierre Baptiste, a free person of color who lived on the plantation Louverture was born and raised on. Historians have speculated as to Louverture's intellectual background. His extant letters demonstrate a command of French in addition to Creole;

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: Baptiste Simon is usually considered to have been his godfather. Louverture is thought to have been born on the plantation of Bréda at Haut de Cap in Saint-Domingue, which was owned by the Comte de Noé and later managed by Bayon de Libertate. His date of birth is uncertain, but his name suggests he was born on All Saints Day. He was probably about 50 at the start of the revolution in 1791. Various sources have given birth dates between 1739 and 1746. Because of the lack of written records, Louverture himself may not have known his exact birth date.

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: role throughout the revolution. After hard fighting, he lost La Tannerie in January 1793 to the French General Étienne Maynaud, but it was in these battles that the French first recognised him as a significant military leader. Some time in 1792–93, he adopted the surname Louverture, from the French word for "opening" or "the one who opened the way". Although some modern writers spell his adopted surname with an apostrophe, as in "L'Ouverture", he himself did not, as his extant correspondence indicates. The most common explanation is that it refers to his ability to create openings in battle, and it

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: November, when they left for Spain and Florida, respectively. At that point, most of their men joined Louverture's forces. Louverture also made inroads against the British troops, but was unable to oust them from Saint-Marc, so he contained them and rendered them ineffective by returning to guerilla tactics. Throughout 1795 and 1796, Louverture was also concerned with re-establishing agriculture and keeping the peace in areas under his control. In speeches and policy he revealed his belief that the long-term freedom of the people of Saint-Domingue depended on the economic viability of the colony. He was held in general respect and

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: British troops who had landed on Saint-Domingue in September. On the other hand, he was able to pool his 4,000 men with Lavaux's troops in joint actions. By now his officers included men who were to remain important throughout the revolution: his brother Paul, his nephew Moïse, Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe. Before long, Louverture had put an end to the Spanish threat to French Saint-Domingue. In any case, the Treaty of Basel of July 1795 marked a formal end to hostilities between the two countries. Even then, the black leaders Jean-François and Biassou continued to fight against Louverture until

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: suddenly attacked Fort-Liberté, effectively quashing the diplomatic option. Louverture's plan in case of war was to burn the coastal cities and as much of the plains as possible, retreat with his troops into the inaccessible mountains and wait for fever to decimate the European troops. The biggest impediment to this plan proved to be difficulty in internal communications. Christophe burned Cap-Français and retreated, but Paul Louverture was tricked by a false letter into allowing the French to occupy Santo Domingo; other officers believed Napoleon's diplomatic proclamation, while some attempted resistance instead of burning and retreating. French reports to Napoleon show

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: General Charles Emmanuel Leclerc, were to seize control of the island by diplomatic means, proclaiming peaceful intentions, and keeping secret his orders to deport all black officers. Meanwhile, Louverture was preparing for defence and ensuring discipline. This may have contributed to a rebellion against forced labor led by his nephew and top general, Moïse, in October 1801. It was violently repressed with the result that when the French ships arrived not all of Saint-Domingue was automatically on Louverture's side. In late January 1802, while Leclerc sought permission to land at Cap-Français and Christophe held him off, the Vicomte de Rochambeau

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: to compromise the dominant Vodou faith for Catholicism. Article 6 clearly states that "the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman faith shall be the only publicly professed faith." Louverture charged Colonel Vincent with the task of presenting the new constitution to Napoleon, even though Vincent himself was horrified to discover that the general had gone so far. Several aspects of the constitution were damaging to France: the absence of provision for French government officials, the lack of advantages to France in trade with its own colony, and Louverture's breach of protocol in publishing the constitution before submitting it to the French government. Despite

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: resorted to a mixture of diplomacy and force to return the field hands to the plantations as emancipated and paid workers. Workers regularly created small rebellions, protesting poor conditions, their lack of real freedom or fearing a return to slavery. Another of Louverture's concerns was to manage potential rivals for power within the French part of the colony. The most serious of these was the mulatto commander Jean-Louis Villatte, based in Cap-Français. Louverture and Villate had competed over the command of some sections of troops and territory since 1794. Villatte was thought to be somewhat racist towards black soldiers such

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: maneuvering that kept him on nominally good terms with the Spanish while he also had secret correspondence with the new revolutionary French colonial government, Louverture officially joined the French in early May 1794, raising the republican flag over the port of Gonaïves and provoking an exodus of refugees. In the first weeks, he eradicated all Spanish supporters from the Cordon de l'Ouest, which he had held on their behalf. He faced attack from multiple sides. His former colleagues in the black rebellion were now fighting against him for the Spanish. As a French commander, he was under attack from the

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: a slave, but nature gave me the soul of a free man." Until recently, historians believed that Louverture had been a slave until the start of the revolution. The discovery of a marriage certificate dated 1777 shows that he was freed in 1776 at the age of 33. This find retrospectively clarified a letter of 1797, in which he said he had been free for twenty years. It seems he still maintained an important role on the Breda plantation until the outbreak of the revolution, presumably as a salaried employee who contributed to the daily functions of the plantation. He

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: his disapproval, Vincent attempted to submit the constitution to Napoleon in a positive light, but was briefly exiled to Elba for his pains. Louverture professed himself a Frenchman and strove to convince Bonaparte of his loyalty. He wrote to Napoleon but received no reply. Napoleon eventually decided to send an expedition of 20,000 men to Saint-Domingue to restore French authority, and possibly to restore slavery as well. Given the Treaty of Amiens (March 1802-May 1803), Napoleon was suddenly able to plan this operation without the risk of interception by the Royal Navy. Napoleon's troops, under the command of his brother-in-law,

title: Toussaint Louverture

text: made it clear to the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue that France would draw up a new constitution for its colonies, in which they would be subjected to special laws. Despite his initial protestations to the contrary, it seemed likely all along that he might restore slavery, which obviously worried the former slaves in Saint-Domingue. In March 1801, Louverture appointed a constitutional assembly, mainly composed of white planters, to draft a constitution for Saint-Domingue. He promulgated the Constitution on 7 July 1801, officially establishing his authority over the "entire" island of Hispaniola. It made him Governor-General for Life with near absolute powers

title: Toussaint Tyler

text: leader Toussaint Louverture. His mother was a seamstress and his father, Walter, was a boxing trainer who handled, among others, heavyweight champion Mike Weaver. The running back later said "My father tried to interest me in boxing but I wasn't into getting smacked in the face." Tyler, along with two brothers and four sisters, lived in Barstow, California until he was in seventh grade. His parents then divorced and he went to live with his mother in Oceanside, California. In Oceanside, he played at El Camino High School under coach Herb Meyer. Rushing for 1,732 yards with an eight yards-per-carry

title: Toussaint L'Overture County Cemetery

text: Way's Days of Caring program, about 150 community volunteers, many from the local Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, cleaned the grounds of the cemetery and headstones. On October 24, 2015, the Cemetery Club held another clean-up day. No Burial Register exists for the cemetery. Consequently, volunteers have photographed and transcribed many of headstones in the cemetery to the Billion Graves website. Toussaint L'Overture County Cemetery The Toussaint L'Ouverture County Cemetery is an historical African-American cemetery located in Franklin, Tennessee. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It is named for Toussaint Louverture,

title: Toussaint L'Overture County Cemetery

text: Toussaint L'Overture County Cemetery The Toussaint L'Ouverture County Cemetery is an historical African-American cemetery located in Franklin, Tennessee. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. It is named for Toussaint Louverture, the leader of the Haitian Revolution. The earliest recorded burials date from 1869, but it wasn't officially incorporated until 1884. It is "the oldest African American institution in continuous use" in Williamson County. The cemetery corporation which originally purchased the land and established the cemetery failed during the Great Depression in the United States. After the failure of the cemetery corporation, no entity was

title: Haitian Revolution

text: the British and expelling the Spanish forces. In the end, Toussaint essentially restored control of Saint-Domingue to France. Louverture was very intelligent, organized and articulate. Having made himself master of the island, however, Toussaint did not wish to surrender too much power to France. He began to rule the country as an effectively autonomous entity. Louverture overcame a succession of local rivals, including: the Commissioner Sonthonax, a French white man who gained support from many Haitians, angering Louverture; André Rigaud, a free man of color who fought to keep control of the South in the War of Knives; and Comte

title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: and "Black Dog" (1998). On television, Toussaint had regular roles in short-lived series "Bodies of Evidence" (CBS, 1992), "Where I Live" (ABC, 1993), "Amazing Grace" (NBC, 1995), and "Leaving L.A." (ABC, 1997). Toussaint had her biggest and leading role alongside Annie Potts in the Lifetime first original television drama series, "Any Day Now". She starred in show as Rene Jackson, a successful African-American lawyer. The series has received critical acclaim for Toussaint's and Potts' acting performances and writing, but never had big ratings. In 2001, Toussaint was a promising contender for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in

title: Jean-Jacques Dessalines

text: rising military commander Toussaint Bréda (later known as Toussaint Louverture), a mature man also born into slavery, who was fighting with Spanish forces on Hispaniola. These men wanted above all to defeat slavery. In 1794, after the French declared an end to slavery, Toussaint Louverture switched allegiances to the French. He fought for the French Republic against both the Spanish and British. Dessalines followed, becoming a chief lieutenant to Toussaint Louverture and rising to the rank of brigadier general by 1799. Dessalines commanded many successful engagements, including the captures of Jacmel, Petit-Goâve, Miragoâne and Anse-à-Veau. In 1801, Dessalines quickly ended

title: Gabriel, comte d'Hédouville

text: 1796. He served on Saint-Domingue in 1798, where he had been sent as governor during Sonthonax's second commission. He encouraged the dissension between André Rigaud and Toussaint Louverture which helped to fuel the Haitian Revolution. Toussaint's military leadership during the Haitian Revolution resulted in the rebellious slaves gaining the upper hand and restoring most of Saint-Domingue to France. Now that he ruled the island, Toussaint did not wish to surrender power to France and continued to effectively rule the country autonomously. Hédouville was one of the rivals to power whom Toussaint had to overcome. Hédouville was eventually forced to flee.

title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: human. Childhood for me then felt extraordinarily powerless, and as an artistic child who learned in alternative ways, it was hell. I was beaten regularly... A good child was a fearful child, and I was a very, very, good little girl, which meant I lived in a world of silent, dark terror most of the time." Her mother was a teacher, and brought Toussaint to live in Brooklyn in the late 1960s. Toussaint graduated from Manhattan's High School of Performing Arts in 1978. She then attended the Juilliard School's drama division as a member of "Group 11" (1978–1982), where her

title: Haitian Revolution

text: above quote. Yet Toussaint Louverture did not stop working with the Spanish army until sometime later, as he was suspicious of the French. The British force that landed in St. Domingue in 1793 was too small to conquer the place, being capable only of holding only few coastal enclaves. The French planters were disapppointed as they had hoped to regain power; Sonthonax was relieved, as he had twice refused ultimatums from Commodore John Ford to surrender Port-au-Prince. In the meantime, a Spanish force under Captain-General Joaquin Garcia y Moreno had marched into the Northern Province. Toussaint Louverture, the ablest of

title: Kira Toussaint

text: Kira Toussaint Kira Toussaint (born 22 May 1994) is a Dutch competitive swimmer who specializes in backstroke. In the semifinals of the 2012 European Short Course Championships in Chartres, France, she broke the Dutch record in the 100 meter backstroke (short course) with a time of 57.16 s. She finished 4th in the final. Toussaint qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the 100 meter backstroke. Her time of 1:00.25 exactly matched the Olympic Qualifying Time. She finished 18th in the heats and did not advance to the semifinals. Toussaint is the daughter of Jolanda de

title: Pierre Toussaint

text: York, and because Toussaint spoke both French and English, he frequently helped the new immigrants. He often arranged sales of goods so they could raise money to live on. He was "renowned for crossing barricades to nurse quarantined cholera patients" during an epidemic in New York. Toussaint also helped raise money to build a new Roman Catholic church in New York, which became Old St. Patrick's Cathedral on Mulberry Street. He was a benefactor of the first New York City Catholic school for Black children at St. Vincent de Paul on Canal Street. As Toussaint aged, he continued his charity.

title: Aisha Toussaint

text: audition with a "huge piece of wood she'd found in a wood", which she had used as a staff. Toussaint replaced then-fellow "River City" cast member James Mackenzie; in a BBC Press Office interview to promote her first series, she mentioned that she had met him on set, and had forgotten to mention that she had recognised him from "Raven". Nonetheless, when he heard she was succeeding him, he messaged her to say congratulations. As of November 2017, two series have been recorded. Toussaint lives in Glasgow, and has been described as a "young Bankie" by Clydebank Live. Aisha Toussaint

title: Era de Francia

text: not reconcile themselves to the new situation had up to a year to remove themselves to Cuba, Puerto Rico, or Venezuela, where they were to be given facilities to make a fresh start. Between 1795 and 1810 some 125,000 persons are estimated to have left the Spanish sector of the island, leaving its population diminished by two-thirds compared with what it had been before the French Revolution. At the time, slaves led by Toussaint Louverture in Saint-Domingue (western colony) were in revolt against France. In 1801, Toussaint Louverture arrived in Santo Domingo, proclaiming the abolition of slavery on behalf of

title: Where Did Your Heart Go?

text: Where Did Your Heart Go? "Where Did Your Heart Go?" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with "Wheel Me Out" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album "Was (Not Was)" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track "It's an Attack!" as the B-side. A live recording of "Where Did Your Heart Go?"

title: Haitian Revolution

text: years before the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The declaration, in contrast, highlighted freedom and liberty but did not abolish slavery. In addition to Raynal's influence, Toussaint Louverture, a free black, was a key "enlightened actor" in the Haitian Revolution. Enlightened thought divided the world into "enlightened leaders" and "ignorant masses"; Louverture attempted to bridge this divide between the popular masses and the enlightened few. Louverture was familiar with Enlightenment ideas within the context of European imperialism. He attempted to strike a balance between Western Enlightened thought as a necessary means of winning liberation, and

title: Cheryl Toussaint

text: 1987, Toussaint founded Tousse Running Apparel, a company designing custom Team track Apparel. Working with GK Elite Sportswear, Toussaint has developed a line of track and field uniforms that can be custom designed online. in 2015, Cheryl became the Meet Director for the Colgate Women's Games, the nation's largest track and field series for women. Cheryl Toussaint Cheryl Renee Toussaint (born December 16, 1952) is an American athlete who mainly competed in the 800 metres. She grew up in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, where she attended Erasmus Hall High School, setting the indoor record in the 600-yard

title: Peter Toussaint

text: Peter Toussaint Band in 2016 with Franco Jamneck and Lourene Mostert (Tuin Band). with De Niro: with Hoot 'n Anny with The Barbosa Experience As Peter Toussaint Peter Toussaint Peter Toussaint is a Dutch singer-songwriter and musician, who has been living in Pretoria, South Africa since 2003. Already in the Netherlands he was known for his guitar skills with the band De Niro In 2003 he moved to Pretoria, South Africa where he quickly formed The Fake Leather Blues Band, together with brothers Conrad and Franco Jamneck. In 2010, Mozambican born Pedro Barbosa formed together with Peter The Barbosa Experience

title: Fitzgerald Toussaint

text: the 2017 season, he had six carries for 25 rushing yards. On September 1, 2018, Toussaint was released by the Steelers. Fitzgerald Toussaint Fitzgerald D'Andre Toussaint (born May 4, 1990) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Michigan and signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2014. He has also been a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Toussaint grew up in Youngstown, Ohio, to a Haitian father and to an African American mother. He graduated from Liberty High School, where as a senior in 2008, he

title: Toussaint Hočevar

text: was also the co-author, together with Miran Hladnik, of a popular manual of Slovene language for travelers, which was published posthumously in 1988. Toussaint Hočevar Toussaint Hočevar (25 June 1927 - 21 April 1987) or Toussaint Hocevar was a Slovenian American economic historian. Hočevar was born in Ljubljana, Slovenia, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He spent his childhood in the small town of Vrhnika near Ljubljana, where his father served as mayor. Between 1937 and 1941 Toussaint attended an elite private Roman Catholic high school in the town of Bol on the Dalmatian island of

title: Toussaint Hočevar

text: Toussaint Hočevar Toussaint Hočevar (25 June 1927 - 21 April 1987) or Toussaint Hocevar was a Slovenian American economic historian. Hočevar was born in Ljubljana, Slovenia, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He spent his childhood in the small town of Vrhnika near Ljubljana, where his father served as mayor. Between 1937 and 1941 Toussaint attended an elite private Roman Catholic high school in the town of Bol on the Dalmatian island of Brač administered by the Dominican order. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, he moved back to Slovenia and continued his

title: Jean-Philippe Toussaint

text: son of the Belgian journalist and writer Yvon Toussaint (1933-2013) and a bookseller mother of Lithuanian descent Monique Toussaint (née Lanskoronskis), but mostly raised in Paris where his father was the correspondent in France of the Belgian newspaper "Le Soir". He's the brother of the Belgian cinema producer Anne-Dominique Toussaint. He lives in Brussels and Corsica, where his wife, Madeleine Santandrea (and mother of their two children) is from Bastia. Raised in flourishing cultural milieu in Brussels, then after 1970 in Paris where he attended high school, he graduated from the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1979) and holds a

title: Lorraine Toussaint

text: classmates in 1982 included Megan Gallagher, Penny Johnson Jerald, Jack Kenny, and Jack Stehlin. Toussaint graduated from Juilliard with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. She then began her career as Shakespearean actress before tackling screen acting in television and film. Toussaint made her screen debut in 1983. In 1986 she played the role of widow of a man shot and killed by Boston cops in the television film "A Case of Deadly Force" based on the book by Lawrence O'Donnell. She later had a recurring role of Vera Williams in the ABC daytime soap opera, "One Life to Live",

title: Where Did Our Love Go (album)

text: on December 29, 1964. It was equivalent to Motown 25 or Live Aid as a pivotal music concert event . When it hit theaters nationwide, it undoubtedly raised and extended the visibility of the "Where Did Our Love Go" album. All tracks written by Holland–Dozier–Holland except as noted. The original album sold a million copies {in 1964-1965} stateside alone. The limited exclusive "40th Anniversary" version is now listed as "sold out". It remains, to date, their third best-selling studio album. Where Did Our Love Go (album) Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group

title: Fitzgerald Toussaint

text: Saints, where he rushed for a game-high 103 yards on 17 carries and caught his only targeted pass for another nine yards. Despite his successful play in the final game of the preseason, Toussaint was released by the Ravens on August 30, 2014 in the final round of cuts before the regular season. Toussaint was re-signed to the Ravens practice squad on August 31, 2014. Toussaint was promoted to the Ravens roster on September 6, 2014 after fellow running back Lorenzo Taliaferro was placed on injured reserve. On September 21, 2014, he made his profession regular season debut during the

title: Fitzgerald Toussaint

text: III. Toussaint committed to the University of Michigan after his senior year and was considered one of the five impact players in Michigan's recruiting class for 2009. After committing to Michigan, Toussaint donned the scarlet uniform of the Ohio high school all-star team for the annual Big 33 Football Classic against the Pennsylvania high school all-star team. Toussaint was also on the school's track & field team, where he competed as a sprinter. At the 2007 OHSAA Regional Track and Field Championships, he won the 100 meters by running a personal-best time of 10.74 seconds. He also won the 60

title: Fitzgerald Toussaint

text: Fitzgerald Toussaint Fitzgerald D'Andre Toussaint (born May 4, 1990) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Michigan and signed with the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2014. He has also been a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Toussaint grew up in Youngstown, Ohio, to a Haitian father and to an African American mother. He graduated from Liberty High School, where as a senior in 2008, he rushed for 2,229 yards (10.4 per carry) and 28 touchdowns and was named Ohio's co-offensive player of the year in Division

title: David Toussaint

text: in 2013. Toussaint wrote, produced and directed a one-act play, "Backstage Bitches", which ran for two consecutive summers in New York City (1998–1999). The play starred a young Jake Robards, son of Jason Robards, in his professional acting debut. Toussaint acted in the 2008 film "Dissonance". David Toussaint David Toussaint (born April 23, 1964) is an American writer, commentator, theatre critic, playwright and author. Toussaint is also a contributor to "HuffPost". Born on April 23, 1964 to Maynard and Leona Toussaint in Walnut Creek, California, Toussaint is the youngest of five children including Beth Toussaint. While in high school, he

title: David Toussaint

text: David Toussaint David Toussaint (born April 23, 1964) is an American writer, commentator, theatre critic, playwright and author. Toussaint is also a contributor to "HuffPost". Born on April 23, 1964 to Maynard and Leona Toussaint in Walnut Creek, California, Toussaint is the youngest of five children including Beth Toussaint. While in high school, he was an intern for the "Contra Costa Times" in Walnut Creek and eventually was hired as an assistant to the real estate editor. From 1977 to 1979, Toussaint attended the American Conservatory Theater and toured as an actor throughout California with the theater's Young Conservatory group.

title: Anna Louisa Geertruida Bosboom-Toussaint

text: Johannes Bosboom (1817–1891), and thereafter was known as Mrs Bosboom-Toussaint. After 1870 Geertruida Bosboom-Toussaint abandoned historical romance for the modern society novel, but her "Delftsche Wonderdokter" ("The Necromancer of Delft", 1871) and "Majoor Frans" ("Major Frank", 1875) did not command the success of her earlier works. "Majoor Frans" has been translated into English (1885). Mrs Bosboom-Toussaint's novels have been published in a collected edition (1885–1888). She died in The Hague. Until 1851, when Geertruida Toussaint married Johannes Bosboom, her works were published under her maiden name (A.L.G. Toussaint). Later works and reprints of her earlier works carried her married name

title: Toussaint McCall

text: in 1967, making his song in the movie somewhat displaced in time. Toussaint McCall Toussaint McCall (born 1934 in Monroe, Louisiana) is an American R&B singer and organist. His one major success was with "Nothing Takes the Place of You", which reached #5 in the US R&B chart, issued on Ronn Records in 1967. Although further singles and an album followed, he did not repeat its success. He continued performing and recording for local record labels, and in 1988 made a cameo appearance in the John Waters film, "Hairspray", lip syncing to his hit song. The movie was supposedly taking

title: Toussaint McCall

text: Toussaint McCall Toussaint McCall (born 1934 in Monroe, Louisiana) is an American R&B singer and organist. His one major success was with "Nothing Takes the Place of You", which reached #5 in the US R&B chart, issued on Ronn Records in 1967. Although further singles and an album followed, he did not repeat its success. He continued performing and recording for local record labels, and in 1988 made a cameo appearance in the John Waters film, "Hairspray", lip syncing to his hit song. The movie was supposedly taking place in 1962 Baltimore, but his hit was originally recorded and released

title: Fitzgerald Toussaint

text: Michigan's 41–30 victory over Notre Dame on September 7, 2013. On October 19, against Indiana, he had 32 carries for 151 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns. He finished his final season with the Wolverines with 185 carries for 648 rushing yards and 13 rushing touchdowns. On May 29, 2014, Toussaint was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. Toussaint rushed for 20 yards on four attempts during the Ravens' first preseason game against the San Francisco 49ers. He did not play again until the fourth preseason game against the New Orleans

title: Fitzgerald Toussaint

text: running back position during 2011 summer practice. In the end, head coach Brady Hoke named Toussaint as the Wolverines' No. 1 running back at the start of the 2011 season. After gaining 80 yards on 11 carries (7.3 yards per carry) and scoring two touchdowns in Michigan's 2011 season opener against Western Michigan, Hoke confirmed that Toussaint remained the team's No. 1 running back. After suffering a shoulder injury, he did not play against Notre Dame in the second week of the season. He returned to the lineup the following week and went on to record his second 100-yard rushing

title: Cheryl Toussaint

text: Cheryl Toussaint Cheryl Renee Toussaint (born December 16, 1952) is an American athlete who mainly competed in the 800 metres. She grew up in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, where she attended Erasmus Hall High School, setting the indoor record in the 600-yard run in 1970, the same year she graduated from high school. She competed for the United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich where she won the silver medal in the women's 4 x 400 metres relay with her team mates Mable Fergerson, Madeline Manning and 400 m bronze medalists Kathy Hammond. In

title: Rudolf Toussaint

text: where on 26 October 1948 he was condemned to life imprisonment for the murder of civilians in the Prague uprising. In 1955, he agreed to collaborate with Czechoslovak State Security, but the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia refused to consent to his release from prison. While still in prison, he provided them information relating to the West German military leaders and political figures. In 1961, as part of an exchange for two communist agents, he was released to West Germany, where he died in 1968. Rudolf Toussaint Rudolf Toussaint (2 May 1891 – 1 July 1968) was

title: Toussaint Tyler

text: Toussaint Tyler Toussaint L'Ouverture Tyler (first name pronounced "Too-San", born March 19, 1959) is a former running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played with New Orleans Saints in 1981 and 1982. Born in Barstow, California, Tyler moved to Oceanside where he starred as halfback at El Camino High School. After receiving a number of awards following his senior season, he was recruited to the University of Washington, where he played mainly as a fullback. In his freshman season of 1977, the Huskies won the Rose Bowl, and he started for the first time in a game the

title: Beth Toussaint

text: Tracey Lawton, and from 1996 to 1997 in The WB primetime soap opera "Savannah". Toussaint also appeared in "Cheers", "" (as Ishara Yar in the episode "", 1990), "Melrose Place", "Matlock", "Babylon 5" (episode "Revelations", 1994) and "Martial Law". In July 2006, she appeared on "The Young and the Restless" playing Hope Wilson. Toussaint is married to actor Jack Coleman. The couple have a daughter, born in 1999. Toussaint is the elder sister of writer David Toussaint. Beth Toussaint Elizabeth "Beth" Toussaint (born September 25, 1962) is an American actress and model. She is best known for her television performances.

title: Allen Toussaint

text: an A&R man and record producer. He also did freelance work for other labels, such as Fury. Toussaint played piano, wrote, arranged and produced a string of hits in the early and mid-1960s for New Orleans R&B artists such as Ernie K-Doe, Chris Kenner, Irma Thomas (including "It's Raining"), Art and Aaron Neville, the Showmen, and Lee Dorsey, whose first hit "Ya Ya" he produced in 1961. The early to mid-1960s are regarded as Toussaint's most creatively successful period. Notable examples of his work are Jessie Hill's "Ooh Poo Pah Doo" (written by Hill and arranged and produced by Toussaint),

title: Oliver Toussaint Jackson

text: Oliver Toussaint Jackson Oliver Toussaint Jackson (April 6, 1862 – February 8, 1948) was an American businessman and entrepreneur, who, inspired by Booker T. Washington's autobiography "Up from Slavery", formed Dearfield, Colorado, a self-sufficient agricultural settlement for black Americans. Prior to this venture, Jackson was a successful owner of several restaurant and catering businesses in Denver and Boulder. Oliver Toussaint Jackson was born on April 6, 1862, in Oxford, Ohio. He was one of six children to Hezekiah Jackson and his wife Caroline, both of whom were former slaves. In 1887, Jackson relocated to Denver, Colorado, where he worked as

title: Jean Robert Toussaint

text: the club. In the playoffs, he led Laval to the semi-finals where they faced Toronto Croatia, but lost to a score of 1-0. Jean Robert Toussaint Jean-Robert Toussaint is a Canadian former soccer player who had stints in the USISL Pro League, and the Canadian Soccer League. Toussaint began his career in the Canadian Soccer League in 1988 with the Montreal Supra, and had a stint with the New Hampshire Ramblers of the USISL Pro League in 1995. In 2005, he was appointed head coach for the Laval Dynamites of the Canadian Professional Soccer League. He brought in the likes