query: what religion did the ottoman turks follow?

title: Ottoman Turks

text: people living within the borders of the new Turkish republic identified as Turks. (Notable exceptions were the Kurds and the few remaining Armenians and Georgians and Greeks.) The conquest of Constantinople began to make the Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe. The Ottomans made major developments in calligraphy, writing, law, architecture, and military science, and became the standard of opulence. Because Islam is a monotheistic religion that focuses heavily on learning the central text of the Quran, and because

title: Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks

text: 1989. In 1991, the newly independent Georgia refused to give Meskhetian Turks the right to return to the Meskheti region. The Meskhetian Turks numbered between 260,000 and 335,000 people in 2006, and are today scattered across seven countries of the former Soviet Union, where many are stateless. The Meskhetian Turks, also known as Akhiska Turks, originally lived in the Meskheti region in the south of present day Georgia. There is no consensus among historians regarding their origin. Either they are ethnic Turks or Turkicized Georgians who converted to Islam during the Ottoman rule of the region. The Ottoman army conquered

title: Turks in South Africa

text: community who were living in the Cape Colony, the Ottoman government sent Abu Bakr Effendi to Cape Town to teach as well as preach Islam and help settle religious matters among Muslims. His descendants still live in various parts of South Africa. Turks in South Africa Turks in South Africa refers to the ethnic Turkish community living in South Africa. Turks began immigrating to South Africa during the 19th century. In 1889, the Ottoman Turks sent and maintained Honorary Consulates in Johannesburg and Durban. By April 1914, Mehmet Remzi Bey was assigned as Consul General of the Ottoman Empire to

title: Turks in Germany

text: the second siege which provided the circumstances for a Turkish community to permanently settle in Germany. Many Ottoman soldiers and camp followers who were left behind after the second siege of Vienna became stragglers or prisoners. It is estimated that at least 500 Turkish prisoners were forcibly settled in Germany. Historical records show that some Turks became traders or took up other professions, particularly in southern Germany. Some Turks fared very well in Germany; for example, one Ottoman Turk is recorded to have been raised to the Hanoverian nobility. Historical records also show that many Ottoman Turks converted to Christianity

title: Turks (term for Muslims)

text: For the Balkan Christians, converting to Islam was synonymous with Turkification, succumbing to "Ottoman rule and embracing the Ottoman way of life," hence "become a Turk". In South Slavic languages, there are also derivative terms, such as "poturiti", "poturčiti" and "poturica" (all essentially meaning "Turk" or "to turkify"). Slavic Muslims follow Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, the most dominant school in Ottoman Empire. According to the religious ideology of Christoslavism, coined by Michael Sells, religion played a key role in maintaining alliances and ethnic identification during tumultuous ethnic conflicts in Southeastern Europe for centuries, from High Middle Ages onward. Sells

title: Turks in Algeria

text: Ottoman era, the Turks settled mostly in the coastal regions of Algeria and Turkish descendants continue to live in the big cities today. Moreover, Turkish descended families also continue to practice the Hanafi school of Islam (in contrast to the ethnic Arabs and Berbers who practice the Maliki school) and many retain their Turkish-origin surnames—which mostly express a provenance or ethnic Turkish origin from Anatolia. The Turkish minority have formed the "" (Association of Algerian Turks) to promote their culture. The foundation of Ottoman Algeria was directly linked to the establishment of the Ottoman province (beylerbeylik) of the Maghreb at

title: Albania under the Ottoman Empire

text: districts, or "vilayets". The Ottoman authorities did not initially stress conversion to Islam. By 1479, the entire country, except for Durrës, Ulcinj and Bar, was under Ottoman suzerainty. Prominent "viziers" and "pashas" hailed from Albania, and were appointed to their posts long before the majority of Albanians professed Islam. The Ottoman sultan considered himself God's agent on Earth, the leader of a religious—not a national—state whose purpose was to defend and propagate Islam. Non-Muslims paid extra taxes and held an inferior status, but they could retain their old religion and a large measure of local autonomy. By converting to Islam,

title: Ottoman Turks

text: Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks, ) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks is scarce, but they take their Turkish name, "Osmanlı" ("Osman" being corrupted in some European languages as "Ottoman"), from the house of Osman I (reigned ca. 1299–1326), the founder of the dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire for its entire 624 years. After the expansion from its home in Bithynia, the Ottoman principality began incorporating other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians, becoming the

title: Ottoman Turks

text: and Ahmedi's epic forms. By the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a flowering of miniatures that depicted pageantry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicled events. By the late 18th century, European influences in painting were clear, with the introduction of oils, perspective, figurative paintings, use of anatomy and composition. Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks, ) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks is

title: Ottoman Turks

text: Ottoman Turks and ultimately the Turks of the present. The Ottoman Turks blocked all land routes to Europe by conquering the city of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine–East Roman Empire, and Europeans had to find other ways to trade with Eastern countries. The "Ottomans" became first known to the West in the 14th century when they migrated westward into the Seljuk Empire, in Anatolia. The Ottoman Turks created a state in Western Anatolia under Ertugrul, the capital of which was Sögüt in western Anatolia. Ertugrul established a principality as part of the decaying Seljuk empire. His son Osman

title: Turks in Montenegro

text: did not state their religion. Many Montenegrin Turks have emigrated to Turkey and live predominately in Istanbul and Izmir. Turks in Montenegro Turks in Montenegro, also known as Montenegrin Turks, () are ethnic Turks who form an ethnic minority in Montenegro. In 1496 the Ottoman Empire conquered Montenegro which bequeathed a significant Turkish community due to the Ottoman colonisation process. However, in the early 20th century, after the Ottomans were defeated in the Balkan Wars, the majority of Turks along with other Muslims living in the region left their homes and migrated to Turkey. According to the 2011 census, there

title: Young Turks

text: population. More than a million Armenians were exterminated through direct killing, starvation, torture, and forced death marches." Another guiding principle for the Young Turks was the transformation of their society into one in which religion played no consequential role, a stark contrast from the theocracy that had ruled the Ottoman Empire since its inception. However, the Young Turks soon recognized the difficulty of spreading this idea among the deeply religious Ottoman peasantry and even much of the elite, as the Ottoman Empire had not experienced the Enlightenment in the same way that Western Europe had. The Young Turks thus began

title: Ottoman Turks

text: War, when it was defeated by the Allies and partitioned. Following the successful Turkish War of Independence that ended with the Turkish national movement retaking most of the land lost to the Allies, the movement abolished the Ottoman sultanate on November 1, 1922 and proclaimed the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923. The movement nullified the Treaty of Sèvres and negotiated the enormously more favorable Treaty of Lausanne (1923), assuring recognition of modern Turkish national borders, termed "Misak-ı Milli" (National Pact). Not all Ottomans were Muslims and not all Ottoman Muslims were Turks, but by 1923, the majority of

title: Turks of Western Thrace

text: the actual Ottoman-era Greek Muslims of Macedonia had been included among those 'Turks' expatriated to Turkey in 1924. including the Vallahades. In contrast, the Western Thrace Turks are completely distinct from those referred to as Greek Muslims and were exempt from the terms of the population exchange. A number of estimates and censuses during the 1912-1920 period gave the following results about the ethnic distribution of the area that would become known as Western Thrace: The Pomak population depending on the source was sometimes counted together with the Turks according to the Ottoman system of classifying people depending on religion,

title: Turks (term for Muslims)

text: Turks (term for Muslims) The ethnonym Turks (, ) has been commonly used by the non-Muslim Balkan peoples to denote all Muslim settlers in the region, regardless of their ethno-linguistic background. Majority of these, however, were indeed ethnic Turks. In the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic faith was the official religion, with members holding all rights, as opposed to non-Muslims who rights were limited. Non-Muslim ("dhimmi") ethno-religious legal groups were identified by different "millets" ("nations"). "Turk" was also notably used to denote all groups in the region who had been Islamized during the Ottoman rule, especially Muslim Albanians and Slavic Muslims.

title: Religion in the Turks and Caicos Islands

text: Religion in the Turks and Caicos Islands The majority of the population of the Turks and Caicos Islands are Christian. The Religious groups were; Protestant, 72.8% (Baptists 35.8%, Church of God 11.7%, Roman Catholics11.4%, Anglicans 10%, Methodists 9.3%, Seventh-Day Adventists 6%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.8% and Other 14% The Baptist denomination was organized in the Turks and Caicos Islands in 1835 with its first church located in Grand Turk. Today the Baptist churches operate under the guidance of the Turks and Caicos Islands Baptist Union. The first set of Sabbath keepers were discovered in the Turks and Caicos Islands on the

title: Turks (term for Muslims)

text: of their ethnicity or language, in contrast to non-Muslim minorities, which are seen as "non-Turks"; the largest ethnic minority, the Kurds, who are predominantly Muslim and number as many as 20 million, are therefore classified as simply "Turks". Turks (term for Muslims) The ethnonym Turks (, ) has been commonly used by the non-Muslim Balkan peoples to denote all Muslim settlers in the region, regardless of their ethno-linguistic background. Majority of these, however, were indeed ethnic Turks. In the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic faith was the official religion, with members holding all rights, as opposed to non-Muslims who rights were

title: What Katy Did

text: What Katy Did What Katy Did is an 1872 children's book written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey under her pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old American girl, Katy Carr, and her family who live in the fictional lakeside Ohio town of Burnet in the 1860s. Katy is a tall untidy tomboy, forever getting into scrapes but wishing to be beautiful and beloved. When a terrible accident makes her an invalid, her illness and four-year recovery gradually teach her to be as good and kind as she has always wanted. Two sequels follow Katy as she grows

text: J. Rozniak, the Archbishop's Vicar General for the mission, and two parochial priests. There are about 51 Muslims living in Turks and Caicos Islands. There is a Chabad Lubavitch with a rabbi and an active congregation consisting of mostly expatriate Jewish communities from around the world. Religion in the Turks and Caicos Islands The majority of the population of the Turks and Caicos Islands are Christian. The Religious groups were; Protestant, 72.8% (Baptists 35.8%, Church of God 11.7%, Roman Catholics11.4%, Anglicans 10%, Methodists 9.3%, Seventh-Day Adventists 6%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.8% and Other 14% The Baptist denomination was organized in the

title: Turks in Germany

text: them to integrate into German society. According to a 2016 report by University of Münster, Islamic fundamentalist views are fairly widespread among migrants from Turkey, where 32% agreed or strongly agreed to that "Muslims should go back to a societal order akin to the era of the prophet Muhammad" and 47% agreed that "following religious dogma of religion is more important than following the law of the land where they lived". About half agreed that there is only "one true religion". The religious practices of the Turks are often intersect with their political persuasions. For example, Turks who follow the

title: History of the Ottoman Empire

text: the city at the fortress of Güns. In the other version of the story, the city's commander, Nikola Jurišić, was offered terms for a nominal surrender. However, Suleiman withdrew at the arrival of the August rains and did not continue towards Vienna as previously planned, but turned homeward instead. After further advances by the Turks in 1543, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547. During the reign of Suleiman, Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining

title: Turks in Azerbaijan

text: Turks in Azerbaijan Turks in Azerbaijan are Turkish people who live in Azerbaijan Republic. The community is largely made of Ottoman Turkish descendants, Meskhetian Turks and recent immigrants from Turkey. Ottoman Turks began to settle in Azerbaijan when the region came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire between 1578 and 1603 and then again in the second Ottoman conquest of 1724 until the end of World War I in 1918. The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 8,570 Ottoman Turks living in the Soviet Union. The Ottoman Turks are no longer listed separately in the

title: Ottoman Tripolitania

text: failed before him, securing the enduring loyalty of the Amazigh tribes of Cyrenaica. Over a 75‑year period the Ottoman Turks provided 33 governors and Libya remained part of the empire—although at times virtually autonomous—until Italy invaded for the second time in 1911, as the Ottoman Empire was collapsing. The Italo-Turkish War was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy from September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912. As a result of this conflict, the Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known as Libya. Sanjaks of

title: Turks in Hungary

text: Turks in Hungary The Turks in Hungary, also referred to as Hungarian Turks, ( ) refers to ethnic Turks living in Hungary. The Turkish people first began to migrate predominately from Anatolia during the Ottoman rule of Hungary (1541-1699). A second wave of Ottoman-Turkish migration occurred in the late 19th century when relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire improved; most of these immigrants settled in Budapest. Moreover, there has also been a recent migration of Turks from the Republic of Turkey, as well as other post-Ottoman states (such as Bulgaria). Most Hungarian Turks are bilingual and can

title: What the Hell Did I Just Read

text: What the Hell Did I Just Read What the Hell Did I Just Read: A Novel of Cosmic Horror is a 2017 comic horror novel written by Jason Pargin under the pseudonym of David Wong. It is the third book in the series after "John Dies at the End" and "This Book Is Full of Spiders". The novel continues to follow author surrogate David Wong, his best friend John and his girlfriend Amy, who are living in an American Midwest town, the name of which is Undisclosed. The town has long been a place from which eldritch creatures enter our

title: Turks in the Arab world

text: have lived in the region since the Ottoman era. The Turks live predominately in Saudi Arabia (see Turks in Saudi Arabia) and Yemen (see Turks in Yemen). Turks in the Arab world The Turks in the Arab world refers to ethnic Turkish people who live in the Arab World. There are significant Turkish populations scattered throughout North Africa, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. In Libya, There are some who think of themselves as Turkish, or descendants of Turkish soldiers who settled in the area in the days of the Ottoman Empire There is also a significant Turkish minority in

title: White Turks

text: of the imagination of all Turkish elites since the Tanzimat reforms. Anand Giridharadas describes the dichotomy between white and black Turks as "an extraordinary culture war over what it means to be a Turk":The battle — waged in national politics but also in life’s daily minutiae — has become, literally, black and white. In one corner are “white Turks,” who revere the republic’s founder, Kemal Atatürk, and his mission to remake Turkey in Europe’s image — secular, republican, purged of its Ottoman legacies. In the other corner are “black Turks,” conservative Muslims who, in a mostly Muslim nation, were marginalized

title: Turks in Kosovo

text: Turks in Kosovo The Turks in Kosovo, also known as Kosovo Turks, Kosovan Turks () are the ethnic Turks who constitute a minority group in Kosovo. Turkish settlement into Kosovo began in the late 14th century after the medieval Serbian state lost the Battle of Kosovo and the territory came under Ottoman rule. Substantial waves of Turkish colonisers began from 1389-1455 when, during the Ottoman conquest, soldiers, officials, and merchants began to make their appearance in the major towns of Kosovo. In 1912 the Ottoman Turks lost control over Kosovo and the region became a part of the Kingdoms of

title: Turks in Lebanon

text: Turks in Lebanon Turks in Lebanon, also known as Lebanese Turks (), are people of Turkish ancestry that live in Lebanon. Turks have been present in Lebanon ever since Ottoman rule of the region. Lebanon became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1516, and Turks were brought into the region along with Sultan Selim I’s army during his campaign to Egypt and were settled in the conquered lands. Turkish colonists were encouraged to stay in Lebanon by being rewarded with land and money. The history of the Cretan Turks in Lebanon began when the Ottoman Empire lost its dominion over

title: Turks in Europe

text: Turks in Europe The Turks in Europe (sometimes called Euro-Turks; or "Avrupa Türkleri") refers to ethnic Turks living in Europe. Most Turks in Europe live in European Turkey, but there is also a sizeable Turkish diaspora in countries such as Germany. This diaspora includes two groups: guest workers who migrated to western Europe in recent decades, and historic Turkish minorities in southeastern Europe who trace their origin back to the Ottoman era. Turks have had a long history in Europe dating back to the Ottoman era when they began to conquer and migrate to Eastern Europe during the Ottoman conquests

title: Turks in Algeria

text: today many cultural (particularly in regards to food, religion, and dress - and to a lesser extent language), architectural, as well as musical elements of Algeria are of Turkish origin or influence. During the Ottoman era, the Ottoman Turkish language was the official governing language in the region, and the Turkish language was spoken mostly by the Algerian Turkish community. However, today most Algerian Turks speak the Arabic language as their mother tongue. Nonetheless, the legacy of the Turkish language is still apparent and has influenced many words and vocabulary in Algeria. An estimated 634 Turkish words are still used

title: Turks in the former Soviet Union

text: Turks in the former Soviet Union Turks in the former Soviet Union were a relatively small minority within the Soviet Union. However, their presence is considered important within Turkology due to the deportation of thousands of Turks from their home countries. Under the Ottoman Empire, Samtskhe-Javakheti was heavily Islamised producing a Turkish ethnicity within the southwestern region of Georgia. In November 1944, up to 120,000 of these Turks were deported to Central Asia under the rule of Joseph Stalin. Turks in the former Soviet Union have a long history beginning in the Ottoman Empire when the Turks began to migrate

title: Turks in the Balkans

text: Turks in the Balkans The Balkan Turks refers to the Turkish people who have been living in the Balkans since the Ottoman rule as well as their descendants who still live in the region today. The Turks are officially recognized as a minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, and Romania; in Greece the Turkish minority are recognized as "Greek Muslims". Furthermore, the Turkish language is a minority status in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia, and Romania. The Ottoman Empire conquered parts of the Balkans between the 14th and 16th century. Historically, from

title: Turks in the Balkans

text: the Ottoman conquest up to and including the 19th century, ethnically non-Turkish, especially South Slavic Muslims of the Balkans were referred to in the local languages as "Turks". This usage is common in literature, for example in the works of Ivan Mažuranić and Petar II Petrović-Njegoš. However, during the 20th century it gradually fell out of favour. Today, the largest mainly Muslim Slavic ethnic group is known as the Bosniaks. Turks in the Balkans The Balkan Turks refers to the Turkish people who have been living in the Balkans since the Ottoman rule as well as their descendants who still

title: Turks in Libya

text: during the Ottoman rule of Libya which still survives among the Turkish descended families today. Examples of Ottoman-Turkish mosques include: Since 2011 the Türk-Libya İşbirliği (The Turkish-Libyan Cooperation) has been active. By 2015 the Libyan Turks also formed the "Libya Köroğlu Derneği" (The Libyan Kouloughlis Association), with the aim of bringing greater awareness of the existence of the Turkish minority and promoting their culture in both Libya and Turkey. Turks in Libya Turks in Libya, also known as Libyan Turks and Turco-Libyans, (; ; ) are the ethnic Turks who live in Libya. During the Ottoman rule of Libya, the

title: Turks in the Republic of Macedonia

text: Macedonia came under the rule of the Ottoman Turks in 1392, remaining part of the Ottoman Empire for more than 500 years up to 1912 and the Balkan wars. Once the Ottoman Empire fell at the beginning of the 20th century, many of the Turks fled to Turkey. Many left under Yugoslav rule, and more left after World War II. Others intermarried or simply identified themselves as Macedonians or Albanians to avoid stigma and persecution. ³ 143,615 gave Turkish, 32,392 gave Macedonian and 27,086 gave Albanian as their mothertongue. After 1953, a large emigration of Turks based on an agreement

title: Liever Turks dan Paaps

text: Huguenots, some Anglicans, Quakers, Anabaptists and even Jesuits and Capuchins were able to find refuge at Constantinople and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire, where they were given rights of residence and worship. Further, the Ottomans supported the Calvinists, not only in their territories of Transylvania and Hungary, but also in France. The slogan "Liever Turks dan Paaps" did not mean the Dutch seriously contemplated coming under Ottoman suzerainty, as they were far away from that empire's sphere of influence; rather, it was an expression of their antipathy to the Catholic regime they had been subjected to. Liever Turks dan Paaps

title: Turks in Libya

text: Turks in Libya Turks in Libya, also known as Libyan Turks and Turco-Libyans, (; ; ) are the ethnic Turks who live in Libya. During the Ottoman rule of Libya, the Turks colonized and dominated the political life of the region, as a result, the ethnic mix of Libya changed with the migration of Turks from Anatolia and the evolvement of the "Kouloughlis" (also referred to as "Cologhlis") who are people of mixed Turkish and Maghrebi blood. There has also been a modern wave of migration since 1975 from Turkey. When the Ottoman Empire conquered Libya in 1551 the Turks

title: Turks in Mexico

text: Turks in Mexico Turks in Mexico (, ) comprise Turkish people living in Mexico and their Mexican-born descendants. The Turkish community is largely made up of immigrants, or the descendants of immigrants, born in the Ottoman Empire before 1923, in the Republic of Turkey since then, or in neighbouring countries once part of the Ottoman Empire that still have some Turkish population. According to census records, "Turks" have been present in Mexico since at least 1895 (453 individuals were counted). However, almost none of the immigrants from the Ottoman Empire that identified as "Turks" with Mexican immigration officials were ethnically

title: Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

text: Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire The rise of the Western notion of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman "millet" concept. An understanding of the concept of the nationhood prevalent in the Ottoman Empire, which was different from the current one as it was centered on religion, helps us to understand what happened during the decline of the Ottoman Empire. In the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic faith was the official religion, with members holding all rights, as opposed to non-Muslims who were restricted. Non-Muslim ("dhimmi") ethno-religious legal groups were identified by different millets,

title: Turks in Tunisia

text: Turks in Tunisia The Turks in Tunisia, also known as Turco-Tunisians and Tunisian Turks, (; ; ) are the ethnic Turks who constitute a group in Tunisia. In 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, the Ottoman Empire took control and settled in the region when Tunisia's inhabitants called for help due to fears that the Spanish would invade the country. Thus, during the Ottoman rule, the Turks colonized and dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed with the migration of Turks from Anatolia and the evolvement of the "Kouloughlis"

title: Turks in Montenegro

text: Turks in Montenegro Turks in Montenegro, also known as Montenegrin Turks, () are ethnic Turks who form an ethnic minority in Montenegro. In 1496 the Ottoman Empire conquered Montenegro which bequeathed a significant Turkish community due to the Ottoman colonisation process. However, in the early 20th century, after the Ottomans were defeated in the Balkan Wars, the majority of Turks along with other Muslims living in the region left their homes and migrated to Turkey. According to the 2011 census, there were 104 Turks living in the country, forming a minority of some 0.02% of the total population. However, the

title: Turks in Ukraine

text: Turks in Ukraine Turks in Ukraine are people of Turkish ethnicity living in Ukraine. The community is largely made of Meskhetian Turks and immigrants from Turkey. The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 8,570 Ottoman Turks living in the Soviet Union. The Ottoman Turks are no longer listed separately in the census, it is presumed that those who were living in Ukraine have either been assimilated into Ukrainian society or have left the country. The Meskhetian Turks first arrived in Ukraine after World War II when the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign

title: Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire

text: or more other states; a stipulation which became a most favored nation article. Around 1535 a capitulation was made by Suleiman the Magnificent regarding France. France signed its first treaty of "Capitulations" with the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo in 1500, during the rule of Louis XII. After the Turks conquered Egypt in the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517), the Ottomans upheld the capitulations to the French and applied them to the entire empire. Capitulations signified that which was arranged under distinct headings; the Ottoman Turkish phrase was "ahid nameh", whereas a "treaty" was "mouahed". The latter did, and the former did not,

title: Young Turks

text: Young Turks Young Turks (, from ) was a Turkish nationalist party in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers. They favoured the replacement of the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. Later, their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. With this revolution, the Young Turks helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for the first time in the country's history. After 1908, the Young Turks' initial umbrella

title: Rise of the Ottoman Empire

text: Uroš and the powerful noble Vukasin Mrnjavcevic, who held Prilep in Macedonia. Far from preserving Serb unity, Uroš's loosely amalgamated domains were wracked by constant civil war among the regional nobles, leaving Serbia vulnerable to the rising Ottoman threat. Murad I did rise to the power of the Ottoman Empire in 1362. By 1370 Murad controlled most of Thrace, bringing him into direct contact with Bulgaria and the southeastern Serbian lands ruled by Uglješa. Uglješa, the most powerful Serb regional ruler, unsuccessfully attempted to forge an anti-Ottoman alliance of Balkan states in 1371. Byzantium, vulnerable to the Turks because of

title: Turks in Lebanon

text: the island of Crete. After 1897, when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the island, they sent ships to protect the island’s Cretan Turks. Most of these Turks were settled in Izmir and Mersin, but some of them were also sent to Tripoli and Damascus. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire lost Lebanon, however, some of the Cretan Turks remained in Tripoli where their relatives lived. Today, there are about 10,000 Cretan Turks remaining in Tripoli. In the 1950s, thousands of Turks left the city of Mardin and headed for Lebanon because of the economic crisis and high unemployment

title: Turks in Kazakhstan

text: Turks in Kazakhstan Turks in Kazakhstan are ethnic Turks who live in Kazakhstan. The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 8,570 Ottoman Turks living in the Soviet Union. The Ottoman Turks are no longer listed separately in the census, it is presumed that those who were living in Kazakhstan have either been assimilated into Kazakh society or have left the country. During World War II, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey. Vyacheslav Molotov, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, demanded to the Turkish Ambassador in Moscow for the surrender of three

title: Turks in Russia

text: Turks in Russia Turks in Russia () are Turkish people who live in Russia. The community is largely made up of Meskhetian Turks and expatriates from Turkey as well as children of mixed ethnicity. The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 8,570 Ottoman Turks living in the Soviet Union. The Ottoman Turks are no longer listed separately in the census, as it is presumed that those who were living in Russia in the 1920s have subsequently either been assimilated into Russian society or have left the country. During World War II, the Soviet Union was preparing

title: Turks in Mexico

text: Turkish. Instead being primarily Lebanese, Syrians and Jews. Turks in Mexico Turks in Mexico (, ) comprise Turkish people living in Mexico and their Mexican-born descendants. The Turkish community is largely made up of immigrants, or the descendants of immigrants, born in the Ottoman Empire before 1923, in the Republic of Turkey since then, or in neighbouring countries once part of the Ottoman Empire that still have some Turkish population. According to census records, "Turks" have been present in Mexico since at least 1895 (453 individuals were counted). However, almost none of the immigrants from the Ottoman Empire that identified

title: Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as Bosnian Turks, are ethnic Turks who form the oldest ethnic minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Turkish community began to settle in the region in the 15th century under Ottoman rule, however many Turks emigrated to Turkey when Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian rule. When the Ottoman Empire conquered the Bosnian kingdom in 1463, a significant Turkish community arrived in the region. The Turkish community grew steadily throughout the Ottoman rule of Bosnia; however, after the Ottomans were defeated in the Balkan Wars (1912–13), the

title: Ottoman Turks

text: expanded the principality; the empire and the people were named "Ottomans" by Europeans after him ("Ottoman" being a corruption of "Osman"). Osman's son Orhan expanded the growing Ottoman Empire, taking Nicaea (present-day İznik) and crossed the Dardanelles in 1362. The Ottoman Empire came into its own when Mehmed II captured the Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople (Istanbul), in 1453. The Ottoman Empire came to rule much of the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Middle East (excluding Iran), and North Africa over the course of several centuries, with an advanced army and navy. The Empire lasted until the end of the First World

title: Turks in Egypt

text: Turks in Egypt The Turks in Egypt, also referred to as Egyptian Turks, Turkish-Egyptians and Turco-Egyptians () are Egyptian citizens of partial or full Turkish ancestry, who are the descendants of settlers that arrived in the region during the Tulunid (868–905), Zengid (1127–1250), Mamluk (1250–1517), and Ottoman eras (1517–1867 and 1867–1914). Today their descendants continue to live in Egypt and still identify as Egyptians of Turkish or mixed origin, though they are also fully integrated in Egyptian society. During the four centuries of Ottoman rule, Turkish settlers arrived predominately from Anatolia; however, many also arrived from the Ottoman Isles (such

title: Young Turks

text: Tajikistan (then Turkistan). Young Turks Young Turks (, from ) was a Turkish nationalist party in the early 20th century that consisted of Ottoman exiles, students, civil servants, and army officers. They favoured the replacement of the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. Later, their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. With this revolution, the Young Turks helped to establish the Second Constitutional Era in 1908, ushering in an era of multi-party democracy for the first time in the country's history. After 1908, the Young

title: Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction

text: were forcibly converted to Orthodoxy but later allowed to reconvert, most of them did. During this war hundreds of thousands of the Turks and Pomaks fled their villages and became refugees. Thessaloniki and Adrianople were crowded with them. By sea and land mostly they settled in Ottoman Thrace and Anatolia. Historian Uğur Ümit Üngör noted that during the Russian invasion of Ottoman lands, "many atrocities were carried out against the local Turks and Kurds by the Russian army and Armenian volunteers." A large part of the local Muslim Turks and Kurds fled west after the Russian invasion of 1916. According

title: Turks in Lebanon

text: name with the Future Movement, its office sustained damage during the 7 May 2008 armed clashes in Beirut between pro-Hariri and pro-Hezbollah forces. The Future Youth Association organises Turkish language classes in Beirut using teachers sent from Turkey’s Ministry of Education. The turnout for these classes have so far exceeded expectations, with many Lebanese of Turkish origin attending classes. Turks in Lebanon Turks in Lebanon, also known as Lebanese Turks (), are people of Turkish ancestry that live in Lebanon. Turks have been present in Lebanon ever since Ottoman rule of the region. Lebanon became part of the Ottoman Empire

title: Rise of the Ottoman Empire

text: millennium considered by many Europeans the divinely ordained capital of the Christian Roman Empire, fell to Mehmed and was transformed into what many Muslims considered the divinely ordained capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. The fabled city's imperial legacy lived on. After the conquest, the sultan had his grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha killed. His following four granviziers were of devshirme origin. During the growth of the Empire Turks seldom were appointed to the high positions. <br> Following the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed built the Topkapı Palace in 1462 and moved the Ottoman capital there from Adrianople. Mehmed had himself

title: Rise of the Ottoman Empire

text: and kill King Vukašin and despot Uglješa. Macedonia and parts of Greece fell under Ottoman power after this battle. Both Uglješa and Vukašin perished in the carnage. So overwhelming was the Ottoman victory that the Turks referred to the battle as the Rout (or Destruction) of the Serbs. What little unity Serbia possessed collapsed after the catastrophe at Ormenion (Chernomen). Uroš died before the year was out, ending the Nemanjić dynasty, and large areas of central Serbia broke away as independent principalities, reducing it to half of its former size. No future ruler ever again officially held the office of

title: Young Turks

text: and Accord Party against the CUP. Other opposition parties against the CUP like Prince Sabahaddin’s and the Arab Ottoman Party for Administrative Decentralization, both of which made opposition to the CUP’s centralization their main agenda. In regards to nationalism, the Young Turks underwent a gradual transformation. Beginning with the Tanzimat with ethnically non-Turkish members participating at the outset, the Young Turks embraced the official state ideology: Ottomanism. However, Ottoman patriotism failed to strike root during the First Constitutional Era and the following years. Many ethnically non-Turkish Ottoman intellectuals rejected the idea because of its exclusive use of Turkish symbols. Turkish

title: Turks in Italy

text: Turks in Italy Turks in Italy () are Italian citizens of Turkish origin. The term Turk or Turkish used in Italy may apply to immigrants or the descendants of immigrants born in the Ottoman Empire before 1923, in the Republic of Turkey since then, or in neighbouring countries once part of the Ottoman Empire that still have a population whose language is Turkish or who claims a Turkish identity or cultural heritage, in contrast to the many other peoples from present-day Turkey and the former Ottoman Empire, who identify with their own communities. During the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire

title: Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks

text: proclaimed a semi-autonomous confederation and prepared for a unification with the dissolving Ottoman Empire. Ottoman troops moved into this area and numerous clashes broke out between the Christian and Muslim populations of the region. In 1921 Soviet forces took control of Georgia and signed the Treaty of Kars which divided Meshketi between Turkey and the newly Soviet Georgia. Between 1928 and 1937, the Meskhetian Turks were pressured by the Soviet authorities to adopt Georgian names. The 1926 Soviet census listed 137,921 Turks in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, but this figure included Azerbaijanis. In the 1939 Soviet census, most Meskhetian

title: Turks in the Netherlands

text: official estimates of the Turkish immigrant population in the Netherlands do not include Turkish minorities whose origins go back to the Ottoman Empire. In the Netherlands, there are also Bulgarian Turks and Western Thracian Turks. These populations, which have different nationalities, share the same ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious origins as Turkish nationals. 10,000-30,000 people from Bulgaria live in the Netherlands. The majority, of about 80%, are ethnic Turks from Bulgaria; most of them have come from the south-eastern Bulgarian district of Kardzhali ("Kırcaali") and were the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands in 2009. A minority of Western

title: Turks in Europe

text: (see the Ottoman territories in Europe) which, other than Turkey, created significant Turkish communities in Bulgaria (Bulgarian Turks), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian Turks), Cyprus (Turkish Cypriots), Georgia (Meskhetian Turks), Greece (Cretan Turks, Dodecanese Turks, and Western Thrace Turks), Kosovo (Kosovan Turks), Serbia (Turks in Serbia), the Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian Turks), and Romania (Romanian Turks). Modern immigration of Turks to Western Europe began with Turkish Cypriots migrating to the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when the British Empire annexed Cyprus in 1914 and the residents of Cyprus became subjects of the Crown. However, Turkish Cypriot migration increased significantly in

title: Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: all in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1,097 people). More than eighty percent of all Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina live in the capital Sarajevo (887 people). Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina The Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as Bosnian Turks, are ethnic Turks who form the oldest ethnic minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Turkish community began to settle in the region in the 15th century under Ottoman rule, however many Turks emigrated to Turkey when Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian rule. When the Ottoman Empire conquered the Bosnian kingdom in 1463, a significant Turkish

title: Turks in the Arab world

text: Turks in the Arab world The Turks in the Arab world refers to ethnic Turkish people who live in the Arab World. There are significant Turkish populations scattered throughout North Africa, the Levant, and the Arabian Peninsula. In Libya, There are some who think of themselves as Turkish, or descendants of Turkish soldiers who settled in the area in the days of the Ottoman Empire There is also a significant Turkish minority in Egypt (see Turks in Egypt). In the Levant, the Turks live across the region. In Iraq and Syria the Turkish minorities are commonly been referred to as

title: Ottoman Vardar Macedonia

text: Ottoman Vardar Macedonia Vardar Macedonia, the area that now makes up the Republic of Macedonia, was part of the Ottoman Empire for over five hundred years, from the mid-14th century to 1912. However, the Ottomans themselves did not keep any "Macedonia" as an administrative unit. Instead Vardar Macedonia was part of the Ottoman province or Eyalet of Rumelia. The name Rumelia (Turkish: "Rumeli") means "Land of the Romans" in Turkish, referring to the lands conquered by the Ottoman Turks from the Byzantine Empire. In the Battle of Maritsa of 1371, the King of Lordship of Prilep Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his

title: Ottoman Aviation Squadrons

text: Italian amphibious assault force of 150,000 troops had to be countered by 20,000 Bedouins and 8,000 Turks.) The British government, which militarily controlled the "de jure" Ottoman provinces of Egypt and Sudan since the Urabi Revolt in 1882, didn't allow the Ottoman government to send additional troops to Libya through Egypt. There were attempts to purchase aircraft from France and send them to Libya via Algeria, but they did not materialize. The Ottoman military aircraft saw their first active combat involvement during the First Balkan War, against the Balkan countries of Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. Seventeen Ottoman aircraft were

title: Culture of the Ottoman Empire

text: Culture of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman culture evolved over several centuries as the ruling administration of the Turks absorbed, adapted and modified the cultures of conquered lands and their peoples. There was a strong influence from the customs and languages of Islamic societies, notably Arabic, while Persian culture had a significant contribution through the heavily Persianized Seljuq Turks, the Ottomans' predecessors. Despite newer added amalgamations, the Ottoman dynasty, like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire, were thoroughly Persianised in their culture, language, habits and customs, and therefore, the empire has been described as a Persianate

title: Turks in South Africa

text: Turks in South Africa Turks in South Africa refers to the ethnic Turkish community living in South Africa. Turks began immigrating to South Africa during the 19th century. In 1889, the Ottoman Turks sent and maintained Honorary Consulates in Johannesburg and Durban. By April 1914, Mehmet Remzi Bey was assigned as Consul General of the Ottoman Empire to Johannesburg; he died in 1916 and was buried in the Braamfontein cemetery in Johannesburg. On 21 November 2011, his remains were transferred to a memorial garden at the Nizamiye Mosque in Johannesburg. At the request of the members of the sizeable Muslim

title: Turks in Europe

text: to reside, in Meskheti which is in the southwestern region of Georgia. The region came under Ottoman rule in the sixteenth century up until 1829. Today, approximately 600 to 1,000 Meskhetian Turks are still living in Georgia, the population drastically decreased in 1944 when Joseph Stalin deported approximately 100,000 of these Turks to Central Asia. The Ottoman Turks conquered Cyprus in 1571 when they began a campaign which led to the fall of Nicosia in September 1570 and of Famagusta in August 1571. By 1571, about 30,000 Turkish settlers, which included soldiers who were involved in the conquest and their

title: Turks in Italy

text: people from Turkey living in Italy in 2010. However, in 2009 Dr. Yasemin Çakırer estimated that there was 30,000 to 40,000 people of Turkish origin living in Italy. The majority of Turks live in the North-West and North-East of Italy, particularly in Rome, Milan and Venice. Turks in Italy Turks in Italy () are Italian citizens of Turkish origin. The term Turk or Turkish used in Italy may apply to immigrants or the descendants of immigrants born in the Ottoman Empire before 1923, in the Republic of Turkey since then, or in neighbouring countries once part of the Ottoman Empire

title: What Kate Did

text: 'Dad?' Hurley comments that he did not expect Rose's husband to be white, before Jack quickly changes the subject. The producers felt it was important to address that they are an interracial couple, and that Hurley was saying what the audience would be thinking. Caldwell agreed with them and thought it would be odd if the issue was not addressed. Anderson also was glad that Hurley brought up the issue, and liked that Jack did not pay any attention. The episode gained 21.54 million American viewers in its first airing. What Kate Did "What Kate Did" is the 34th episode

title: Ottoman Greeks

text: Progress (more commonly called the Young Turks), a political party opposed to the absolute rule of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II, had led a rebellion against their ruler. The pro-reform Young Turks deposed the Sultan and replaced him with the ineffective Sultan Mehmed V (r. 1908–1918). Before World War I, there were an estimated 1.8 million Greeks living in the Ottoman Empire. Some prominent Ottoman Greeks served as Ottoman Parliamentary Deputies. In the 1908 Parliament, there were twenty-six (26) Ottoman Greek deputies but their number dropped to eighteen (18) by 1914. It is estimated that the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire

title: What Katy Did

text: as Dorry, Bryn McAuley as Joanna, and Dean Stockwell as "Tramp". A 1972 UK movie adaptation, "Katy", starred Clare Walker, and the 1962 eight-part TV series made in the UK, also called "Katy", featured rising star Susan Hampshire in the title role. In 2015, author Jacqueline Wilson wrote her novel "Katy", which is a modern retelling of "What Katy Did". The August 2016 edition of Storytime featured a new illustrated adaptation with illustrations by Italian artist Marco Guadalupi. "What Katy Did" was followed by four sequels: "What Katy Did at School" in which Katy and Clover attend the fictional Hillsover

title: What We Did

text: quietest albums in Michael Gira’s catalog." What We Did What We Did is a collaborative studio album by Swans frontman Michael Gira and Windsor for the Derby member Dan Matz. It was released on November 13, 2001 through Gira's Young God Records label. "What We Did" has a considerably more pop-oriented and accessible sound, compared to Gira's other solo works. The majority of the lyrics on the album was written by Matz. Allmusic critic Thom Jurek described the album as "a finely wrought album of relayed styles and layered textures enfolding one another into a music that could have only

title: What We Did

text: What We Did What We Did is a collaborative studio album by Swans frontman Michael Gira and Windsor for the Derby member Dan Matz. It was released on November 13, 2001 through Gira's Young God Records label. "What We Did" has a considerably more pop-oriented and accessible sound, compared to Gira's other solo works. The majority of the lyrics on the album was written by Matz. Allmusic critic Thom Jurek described the album as "a finely wrought album of relayed styles and layered textures enfolding one another into a music that could have only been made by these two men,

title: Ottoman Cyprus

text: between the two groups was by both religion and language. The Ottomans applied the millet system to Cyprus, which allowed religious authorities to govern their own non-Muslim minorities. This system reinforced the position of the Orthodox Church and the cohesion of the ethnic Greek population. Gradually the Archbishop of Cyprus became not only religious but ethnic leader as well, something the Ottoman Turks promoted, wanting to have somebody responsible for the loyalty of the Greek flock. In this way the Church undertook the task of the guardian of the Greek cultural legacy, although diminished since the country's independence. Many Greek

title: What Katy Did

text: School (set in Hanover, New Hampshire); "What Katy Did Next", in which a new friend of Katy's takes her on a once-in-a-lifetime trip to Europe; "Clover", in which Katy is married and Clover accompanies her brother Phil to Colorado after he falls ill; and "In the High Valley", which shows the lives of a handful of young people living in the High Valley in Colorado, including Clover, Elsie and their husbands. What Katy Did What Katy Did is an 1872 children's book written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey under her pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the adventures of a twelve-year-old

title: Young Turks

text: and the Russians among the Allies. Rebuffed elsewhere by the major European powers, the Young Turks, through highly secret diplomatic negotiations, led the Ottoman Empire to ally itself with Germany. The Young Turks needed to modernize the Empire’s communications and transportation networks without putting themselves in the hands of European bankers. Europeans already owned much of the country’s railroad system, and since 1881, the administration of the defaulted Ottoman foreign debt had been in European hands. During the War, the Young Turk empire was "virtually an economic colony on the verge of total collapse." At the end of the War,

title: Bulgarian Turks

text: refugees from Wallachia, Moldavia and Russia which escaped from the Ottoman rule. During the War many Turks, including large and small landowners, abandoned their lands. Though many returned after the signing of the treaty of Berlin they were soon to find the atmosphere of the lands they had left behind uncongenial and large numbers emigrated once again to the more familiar cultural and political atmosphere of the Ottoman Empire. According to the 1881 census there was a majority of over 400,000 Turkish speakers living with 228,000 Bulgarian in the northeast Bulgarian Principality. In 2011 about 50% of the Turks live

title: Bulgarian Turks

text: F estimates are significantly different. Turks settled in the territory of modern Bulgaria during and after the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Being the dominant group in the Ottoman Empire for the next five centuries, they played an important part in the economic and cultural life of the land. Waves of impoverished Turks settled fertile lands, while Bulgarian families left their strategic settlements and resettled in more remote places. According to the historian Halil Inalcik, the Ottomans ensured significant Turkish presence in forward urban outposts such as Nikopol, Kyustendil, Silistra, Trikala, Skopje

title: Young Turks

text: party) advocating change, sometimes radical change, in that organization. Inspired by the Young Italy political movement, like other revolutionary societies, the Young Turks had their origins in secret societies of "progressive medical university students and military cadets", namely the Young Ottomans, driven underground along with all political dissent after the Constitution of 1876 was abolished and the First Constitutional Era brought to a close by Abdul Hamid II in 1878 after only two years. The Young Turks favored a re-instatement of the Ottoman Parliament and the 1876 constitution, written by the progressive Midhat Pasha. The First Congress of Ottoman Opposition

title: Bulgarian Turks

text: population) - have played a role in shaping the history of the Balkans far beyond their numbers. While most Turks settled during and after the Ottoman conquest, there are indications that some Turks settled before this period. According to early historical compilations and translations of Ibn Bibi’s History of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum a well founded account is presented of Turkish immigration from Anatolia to Dobruja. Ibn Bibi’s historical memoirs cover the period 1192–1281 well before Ottoman rule over the Balkans. The work of Ibn Bibi finished in 1281 and was written in Persian for one of the last

title: Afro Turks

text: Afro Turks Afro Turks are people of Zanj (Bantu) descent in Turkey. Like the Afro-Abkhazians, they trace their origin to the Ottoman slave trade. Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans, usually via Zanzibar as Zanj and from places such as Niger, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Kenya and Sudan, came to the Ottoman Empire settled by the Dalaman, Menderes and Gediz valleys, Manavgat, and Çukurova. African quarters of 19th-century İzmir, including Sabırtaşı, Dolapkuyu, Tamaşalık, İkiçeşmelik, and Ballıkuyu, are mentioned in contemporary records. Some came from Crete following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. They settled on the

title: Ottoman Tripolitania

text: Rhodes at the hands of the Ottoman Turks. Christian rule lasted then until 1551, when Tripoli was besieged and conquered by famed Ottoman admirals Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis. Declared as Bey and later Pasha of Tripoli, Turgut Reis submitted the tribes of the interior and several cities like Misrata, Zuwara, Gharyan, and Gafsa in the next decade. These efforts contributed to cement the foundations of a statal structure in what is today Libya, but control from Constantinople remained loose at best, much like in the rest of the Barbary Coast of North Africa. Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was

title: Turks in the Arab world

text: "Turkmen", "Turkman" and "Turcoman"; historically, these terms have been used to designate Turkish speakers in Arab areas, or Sunni Muslims in Shitte areas. The majority of Iraqi Turkmen and Syrian Turkmen are the descendants of Ottoman Turkish settlers. and share close cultural and linguistic ties with Turkey, particularly the Anatolian region. There are also Turkish minorities located in Jordan (Turks in Jordan) and Lebanon (Turks in Lebanon). The Lebanese Turks live mainly in the villages of Aydamun and Kouachra in the Akkar District, as well as in Baalbek, Beirut, and Tripoli. In the Arabian Peninsula, there are Turkish minorities who

title: Bulgarian Turks

text: Bulgarian Turks Bulgarian Turks (, "Bǎlgarski Turci", ) are a Turkish ethnic group from Bulgaria. As of 2011 there are 588,318 Bulgarians of Turkish descent, roughly 8.8% of the population, making them the country's largest ethnic minority. They primarily live in the southern province of Kardzhali and the northeastern provinces of Shumen, Silistra, Razgrad and Targovishte. There is also a diaspora outside Bulgaria in countries such as Turkey, Austria, Netherlands, and Sweden, the most significant of which are the Bulgarian Turks in Turkey. Bulgarian Turks are the descendants of Turkish settlers who entered the region after the Ottoman conquest of

title: Turks in the former Soviet Union

text: to the Ottoman territories which created Turkish communities in Georgia and Ukraine. However, large migration of Turks to other post-Soviet states was in 1944 when the Meskhetian Turks were suppressed by Joseph Stalin and deported to Central Asia. The Turkish community were originally native to the Georgian-Turkish border area and forcibly displaced to Central Asia on November 15, 1944. The majority of Turks settled in Uzbekistan, however, in 1989, anti-Meskhetian riots broke out due to their superior living standards and economic well-being in an area heavily struck by unemployment. Thus, over 90,000 Turks resettled from Uzbekistan to other parts of

title: Afro Turks

text: Aegean coast, mainly around İzmir. Africans in Ayvalık declare that their ancestors from Crete spoke Greek when they came to Turkey and learned Turkish later. Afro-Turks living in İzmir celebrated the traditional spring festival "Dana Bayramı" ("Calf Festival") until the 1960s. "Dana Bayramı" has currently been revived among the younger generation of Afro-Turks. The Ottoman Army counted thousands of black African soldiers in its ranks. The army sent to the Balkans during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18 included 24,000 men from Africa. Also one of the first black pilots in history, Ahmet Ali Çelikten was an Ottoman warpilot during World

title: The Young Turks

text: presidential election. "The Young Turks" also served as the subject of a documentary, entitled "Mad as Hell", which was released in 2014. The network also has a linear channel on YouTube TV. "The Young Turks" live streams for two hours, with its story selection and associated commentary broken up by format. Issues that the show focuses on include the influence of money in politics, drug policy, social security, the privatization of public services, climate change, the influence of religion, abortion and reproductive rights, civil rights and issues of injustice towards people of color and sexual minorities, sexual morality, and the

title: Turks in Saudi Arabia

text: Turks in Saudi Arabia Turks in Saudi Arabia () are either Turkish people who live in Saudi Arabia even though having been born outside Saudi Arabia, or are Saudi Arabian-born, but have Turkish roots. By Turkish roots, this could mean roots linking back to Turkey, the island of Cyprus or the communities of the Turkish diaspora. Turks have had a presence in the western Arabian peninsula for hundreds of years, culminating in the Ottoman conquest of the Hejaz in 1517. After the Great Arab Revolt and the decline of the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish minority remained in the newly founded

title: Ottoman Turks

text: Islamic culture has historically tended towards discouraging or prohibiting figurative art, calligraphy became one of the foremost of the arts. The early Yâkût period was supplanted in the late 15th century by a new style pioneered by Şeyh Hamdullah (1429–1520), which became the basis for Ottoman calligraphy, focusing on the Nesih version of the script, which became the standard for copying the Quran (see Islamic calligraphy). The next great change in Ottoman calligraphy came from the style of Hâfiz Osman (1642–1698), whose rigorous and simplified style found favor with an empire at its peak of territorial extent and governmental burdens.

title: Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire

text: and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans. In the long-run, tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary intensified, as did the nationality question in the Balkans. The Congress succeeded in keeping Istanbul in Ottoman hands. It effectively disavowed Russia's victory. The Congress of Berlin returned to the Ottoman Empire territories that the previous treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria, most notably Macedonia, thus setting up a strong revanchist demand in Bulgaria that in 1912 led to the First Balkan War in which the Turks were defeated and lost nearly all of

title: What Katy Did Next

text: Mrs. Ashe's brother, Ned, they fell in love. When Katy got home, she received a letter from Ned and blushed and ran to her room, leaving Clover and the reader thinking that Katy and Ned may get married in the future. What Katy Did Next What Katy Did Next (1886) is a children's book by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, working under the pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the stories "What Katy Did" (1872) and "What Katy Did At School" (1873) and tells the adventures of Katy Carr as she travels to Europe. The book opens by reintroducing the Carr family

title: What Katy Did Next

text: What Katy Did Next What Katy Did Next (1886) is a children's book by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, working under the pen name Susan Coolidge. It follows the stories "What Katy Did" (1872) and "What Katy Did At School" (1873) and tells the adventures of Katy Carr as she travels to Europe. The book opens by reintroducing the Carr family and introducing the widow Mrs. Ashe. Mrs. Ashe has her nephew, Walter, over for a visit and it is discovered that he has scarlet fever. Anxious that her only daughter Amy should not contract the disease, Amy is sent to live

title: Turks in France

text: Turks in France Turks in France or French Turks (; ) refers to the Turkish people who live in France. The first Turks settled in France during the 16th and 17th century as galley slaves and merchants from the Ottoman Empire; the historian Ina Baghdiantz McCabe has described Marseille as a "Turkish town" during this time. According to Jean Marteilhe "…the Turks of Asia and Europe...of whom there are a great many in the galley of France, who have been made slaves by the Imperialists, and sold to the French to man their galleys… are generally well-made, fair in feature,

title: Turks in Algeria

text: descent living in England. Many Algerians attend the Suleymaniye Mosque which is owned by the British-Turkish community. There is also thousands of Algerian Turks living in France. Furthermore, some Algerian Turks have also migrated to other European countries; in particular, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, as well as Canada in North America, are top receiving countries of Algerian citizens. Turks in Algeria The Turks in Algeria, also commonly referred to as Algerian Turks, Algerian-Turkish Algero-Turkish and Turkish-Algerians (; ; ) are ethnic Turkish descendants who, alongside the Arabs and Berbers, constitute an admixture to Algeria's population. During Ottoman rule,

title: Turks in Azerbaijan

text: 1950s and 1970s approximately 25,000 to 30,000 Meskhetian Turks settled in Azerbaijan and a further 50,000 Meskhetian Turkish refugees arrived from Uzbekistan in 1989. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 100,000 Meskhetian Turks were living in Azerbaijan in 1999 Academic estimates have suggested that the Meskhetian Turkish community of Azerbaijan numbers 90,000 to 110,000. In addition, as of 2009, there were 17,577 Turkish citizens living in Azerbaijan. Turks in Azerbaijan Turks in Azerbaijan are Turkish people who live in Azerbaijan Republic. The community is largely made of Ottoman Turkish descendants, Meskhetian Turks and recent immigrants from Turkey.

title: What Katy Did

text: Cousin Helen: Papa's niece; she cannot walk because of an accident years ago. Despite her suffering she is amusing, cheerful, and kind; just what Katy wants to be. After Katy's accident, Cousin Helen helps her adjust to her illness. Susan Coolidge shared her publisher, Roberts Brothers, with Louisa May Alcott, and "What Katy Did" helped satisfy the demand for naturalistic novels about girlhood that followed the 1868 success of "Little Women". Like Alcott, Coolidge heightened the realism of her novel by drawing on her own childhood memories. "What Katy Did" also illustrates social shifts. First the novel depicts the treatment