query: what two countries invaded poland in the beginning of ww2?

title: Invasion of Poland

text: southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom. While those two countries had pacts with Poland and had declared war on Germany on 3 September, in the end their aid to Poland was very limited. On 17 September, the Soviet Red Army invaded Eastern Poland, the territory that felt into the Soviet "sphere of influence" according to the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact; this rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete. Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defence of the

title: Invasion of Poland

text: in the campaign. Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the "panzers" and "Stuka" attacks, they have Invasion of Poland The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign ("Kampania wrześniowa") or the 1939 Defensive War ("Wojna obronna 1939 roku"), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign ("Polenfeldzug"), was an invasion of Poland by Germany that marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September

title: Invasion of Poland

text: Invasion of Poland The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign ("Kampania wrześniowa") or the 1939 Defensive War ("Wojna obronna 1939 roku"), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign ("Polenfeldzug"), was an invasion of Poland by Germany that marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September following the Molotov–Tōgō agreement that terminated the Soviet and Japanese Battles of Khalkhin Gol in the east on 16 September. The campaign

title: Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland

text: Poland was about to face decades of repression, both at Nazi and Communist hands. Nazi Germany invaded Poland from the West on 1 September 1939 and a period of brutal occupation commenced. Racist Nazi ideology targeted the Jews of Poland for extermination and categorized ethnic Poles (mostly Catholics) as an inferior race. Jews were rounded up into Ghettos or sent to extermination camps. The ethnic Polish intelligentsia were also targeted for elimination, with priests and politicians alike murdered in a campaign of terror. Forced labour was also extensively used. The Red Army invaded Poland from the East on 17 September

title: Israel–Poland relations

text: Israel–Poland relations Israel–Poland relations comprise diplomatic relations between Israel and Poland. At least 220,000 Israeli citizens are of Polish-Jewish origin. Both countries are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the United Nations. Beginning in the late 900s CE, Poland became host to what was to become, until the 1940s, the largest Jewish community in Europe. In World War II and the Jewish genocide perpetrated by Germany, much of Poland's Jewish community was destroyed, and many surviving Polish Jews emigrated to other countries, including some 70,000 who moved to Israel. On 29

title: Collaboration in German-occupied Poland

text: multilateral territorial exchange and an extension of the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. The Polish government, fearing subjugation to Nazi Germany, instead chose to form an alliance with Britain (and later with France). In response, Germany withdrew from the non-aggression pact and, shortly before invading Poland, signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Soviet Union, safeguarding Germany against Soviet retaliation if it invaded Poland, and prospectively dividing Poland between the two totalitarian powers. On 1 September 1939 Germany invaded Poland. The German army overran Polish defenses while inflicting heavy civilian losses, and by 13 September had conquered most of western Poland. On 17 September

title: History of Poland (1918–1939)

text: by surprise. At the end of March 1939, Britain and France announced that if Germany invaded Poland they would declare war. In terms of helping Poland in an actual war, everyone realized they could do very little. The hope was that the threat of a two-front war would deter Germany, especially since it had to worry about the role of the Soviet Union. Hitler thought Britain and France were bluffing, but he handled the Soviet problem in late August, by a stunning agreement with Stalin in what amounted to a friendly alliance, which included secret provisions to partition Poland—and indeed

title: Soviet invasion of Poland

text: Soviet invasion of Poland The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military operation by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war. On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, sixteen days after Germany invaded Poland from the west. Subsequent military operations lasted for the following 20 days and ended on 6 October 1939 with the two-way division and annexation of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic by Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet invasion of Poland was secretly approved by Germany following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August

title: History of Poland (1939–1945)

text: the pressure from the British and French governments, who sought a last-minute peaceful solution to the imminent Polish-German conflict. On 1 September 1939, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany. Britain and France, bound by military alliances with Poland, declared war on Germany two days later. On 1 September 1939, without a formal declaration of war, Nazi Germany invaded Poland using the pretext of the Gleiwitz incident, a provocation (one of many) staged by the Germans, who claimed that Polish troops attacked a post along the German–Polish border. During the following days and weeks the technically, logistically and numerically superior German

text: or language." Catholicism had a presence in Poland stretching back almost 1,000 years. The historian Richard J. Evans wrote that the Catholic Church was the institution that, "more than any other had sustained Polish national identity over the centuries". By 1939, around 65% of Poles professed to be Catholic. The invasion of predominantly Catholic Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939 ignited the Second World War. Britain and France declared war on Germany as a result of the invasion, while the Soviet Union invaded the Eastern half of Poland in accordance with an agreement reached with Hitler. The Catholic Church in

title: Argentina–Poland relations

text: established diplomatic relations. Diplomatic relations, however, were disrupted when Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. At the end of World War II diplomatic relations between both nations were re-established on 20 June 1946 and both nations opened diplomatic legations in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1964, both nations upgraded their diplomatic legations to embassies. While Poland was under communism and Argentina under dictatorship, relations between both countries were limited. In 1986, Argentina Vice-President Víctor Hipólito Martínez paid a visit to Poland. In October 1990, President Carlos Menem became the first Argentine head of state to visit Poland. In February 1995,

title: Background of the Winter War

text: secret protocol in which the independent countries of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania were divided into spheres of interest, with Finland falling to the Soviet sphere of interest. In the immediate aftermath of the Pact, the Scandinavian countries and Finland were relieved. The Germans and Soviets were now allies, and there was no German threat against the Soviet Union. But shortly afterwards, Germany invaded Poland and Great Britain and France declared war against Germany. Next, the Soviets invaded eastern Poland, and later Moscow requested that the Baltic states allow the establishment of Soviet military bases and the stationing

title: The Holocaust in Poland

text: Soviets had attempted to deceive the Poles into believing that they had invaded eastern Poland to help Poland fight Germany and took over some 52% of Poland's territory. The entire "Kresy" (eastern Poland's borderlands) macroregion – inhabited by between 13.2 and 13.7 million people, including majority-Ukrainian and -Belarusin populations and 1,300,000 Jews – was annexed by the Soviet Union in an atmosphere of terror surrounding a mock referendum staged by the NKVD and the Red Army. Within months, Polish Jews in the Soviet zone who refused to swear allegiance were deported deep into the Soviet interior along with ethnic Poles.

title: The Holocaust in Poland

text: The number of deported Polish Jews is estimated at 200,000–230,000 men, women, and children. Both occupying powers were hostile to the existence of a sovereign Polish state and endorsed policies of genocide. However, Soviet possession was short-lived because the terms of the Nazi–Soviet Pact, signed earlier in Moscow, were broken when the German army invaded the Soviet occupation zone on 22 June 1941 "(see map)". From 1941 to 1943 all of Poland was under Germany's control. The semi-colonial General Government, set up in central and southeastern Poland, comprised 39 percent of occupied Polish territory. Prior to World War II, there

title: Military history of the Soviet Union

text: of August 1939 established a non-aggression treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol describing how Poland and the Baltic countries would be divided between them. In the invasion of Poland of 1939 the two powers invaded and partitioned Poland, and in June 1940 the Soviet Union also occupied Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Red Army had little time to correct its numerous deficiencies before Nazi Germany and other Axis countries allied with it swept across the newly relocated Soviet border on June 22, 1941, in the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa. The poor Soviet performance

title: History of Poland (1939–1945)

text: History of Poland (1939–1945) The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. After the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, all of Poland was occupied by Germany. Under the two

title: History of the Jews in Poland

text: who survived the Holocaust in Poland included Jews who were saved by the Poles (most families with children), and those who joined the Polish or Soviet resistance movement. Some 20,000–40,000 Jews were repatriated from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, up to 240,000 returning Jews might have resided in Poland mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, Wrocław and Lower Silesia, e.g., Dzierżoniów (where there was a significant Jewish community initially consisting of local concentration camp survivors), Legnica, and Bielawa. The character of Poland had changed however. In spite of the major Polish contribution to World War II, Poland was

title: Football in occupied Poland (1939–45)

text: Football in occupied Poland (1939–45) On September 1, 1939, the armed forces of Nazi Germany invaded Poland from the west initiating World War II. Two weeks later, on September 17, Soviet Union joined Germany in their attack on the Second Polish Republic. By early October, Poland was defeated. The occupied Poland was the only country in Europe where the Nazis had introduced a total ban on regional sports clubs. Football was allowed to be practised only by the Germans in the annexed areas of Upper Silesia. Polish activists and players risked their lives by organizing clandestine football competitions in Kraków,

title: Poland in the European Union

text: strengthen economic and political cooperation with its neighbouring countries. These efforts were made in order to help the EU in its efforts of enlargement further into the European continent. Poland has remained skeptical of the EU's common foreign and security policy and is opposed to giving further powers to the European Union's foreign and security policy. EU countries such as France and Germany, want more favourable relations with Russia, however, Poland has strained relations and history with Russia and does not want to change their foreign policy. In addition, Poland is afraid that greater EU reach in foreign and security

title: History of Poland

text: victory of the Battle of Britain. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union as part of its Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the whole of pre-war Poland was overrun and occupied by German troops. German-occupied Poland was divided from 1939 into two regions: Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany directly into the German "Reich" and areas ruled under a so-called General Government of occupation. The Poles formed an underground resistance movement and a Polish government-in-exile that operated first in Paris, then, from July 1940, in London. Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations, broken since September 1939, were resumed in July 1941 under the Sikorski–Mayski

title: History of Poland (1939–1945)

text: Britain, and many other countries and was highly popular in occupied Poland. By the spring of 1940, an 82,000 strong army was mobilized in France and elsewhere. Polish soldiers and ships fought in the Norwegian Campaign. France was invaded and defeated by Germany. The Polish Army units, dispersed and attached to various French formations, fought in the defense of France and covered the French retreat, losing 1,400 men. On 18 June 1940, Sikorski went to England and made arrangements for the evacuation of the Polish government and armed forces to the British Isles. Only 19,000 soldiers and airmen could be

title: Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

text: semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, Isis Gee was obliged to perform her song in one of the two semi-finals of the 2008 contest. The EBU split up countries with a friendly voting history into the two different semi-finals, to give a better chance to other countries to win, apart from the "Big Four" countries – Germany, Spain,France and the United Kingdom – and the host country Serbia, taking part in the semi-finals. Poland taking part in the first semi-final on 20 May 2008 performing 10th, following Norway and preceding the Ireland.Poland qualified to the final, placing 10th in

title: Germany–Poland relations

text: had been part of Poland in earlier centuries. However, particularly in border regions of Upper Silesia and Greater Poland, Polish and German nationalists fought over the right to the disputed land. Eventually, Poland won back almost all of the province of Greater Poland and (in 1922) the industrialized part of Upper Silesia. A German–Polish customs war began in 1925, but in 1934 Nazi Germany and Poland signed the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. A trade agreement followed. Two conferences addressed the matter of the school history-books used in Poland and in Germany: In 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland and partitioned the country

title: Soviet partisans in Poland

text: Soviet partisans in Poland Poland was invaded and annexed by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the invasion of Poland in 1939. In the pre-war Polish territories annexed by the Soviets (Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, Lithuania and Białystok regions, known to Poles as "Kresy") the first Soviet partisan groups were formed in 1941, soon after Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Those groups fought against the Germans, but conflicts with Polish partisans were also common. Initially the Soviet partisan groups were formed primarily in the areas of Nowogródek (modern Navahrudak), Lida and Wilno

title: History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland

text: around 1956 (Lew Rywin). Between 40,000 and 100,000 Polish Jews survived the Holocaust in Poland by hiding or by joining the Polish or Soviet partisan units. Another 50,000–170,000 were repatriated from the Soviet Union and 20,000–40,000 from Germany and other countries. At its postwar peak, there were 180,000–240,000 Jews in Poland settled mostly in Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, Wrocław and Lower Silesia, e.g. Bielawa. Dzierżoniów. Soon after the end of the Second World War, Jews began to exit Poland thanks to the repatriation agreement with the USSR. Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah to Mandate

title: Origins of the Cold War

text: were originally countries effectively ceded to it by Nazi Germany in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, before Germany invaded the Soviet Union. These later annexed territories include Eastern Poland (incorporated into two different SSRs), Latvia (became Latvia SSR), Estonia (became Estonian SSR), Lithuania (became Lithuania SSR), part of eastern Finland (Karelo-Finnish SSR and annexed into the Russian SFSR) and northern Romania (became the Moldavian SSR). Other states were converted into Soviet Satellite states, such as East Germany, the People's Republic of Poland, the People's Republic of Hungary, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the People's Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania,

text: the president of the Catholic Girls Association was expelled to Central Poland. The Curia and the Metropolitan court had been taken over by the Gestapo and their records seized. The archiepiscopal palace had been invaded and taken over by soldiers and its archives handed over to the Gestapo. The Cathedral of Poznań had been closed and the theological seminary converted into a police school. Polish youth were being arrested after mass and deported to Germany. In the Diocese of Chełmno, which had been incorporated into the Reich, Hlond reported that religious life had been almost entirely suppressed, and the ancient

title: Borders of Poland

text: use and the controls are no longer allowed by the Schengen agreement. with Germany with the Chech Republic with Slovakia with Lithuania Historically, Poland also had borders (and border crossings) with former countries, or with countries that no longer share a common border with Poland: with Ukraine with Belarus with Russia Borders of Poland The "'Borders of Poland" are 3511 or 3582 kilometers long. The neighboring countries are Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and the Russian province of Kaliningrad Oblast to the northeast. To the

title: Collaboration in German-occupied Poland

text: the Soviet Union invaded the country from the east, conquering most of eastern Poland, along with the Baltic states and parts of Finland. Some 140,000 Polish soldiers and airmen escaped to Romania and Hungary, and later many soon joining the Polish Armed Forces in France. Poland's government crossed over into Romania, later forming a government-in-exile in France and then in London, following the French capitulation. Poland as a polity never surrendered to the Germans. Nazi authorities annexed the westernmost parts of Poland and the former Free City of Danzig, incorporating it directly to Nazi Germany, and placed the remaining German-occupied

title: Invasion of Poland

text: but the culmination of combined European and Pacific conflicts would result in what was truly a "world war". Thus, what was not seen by most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of a pan-European war, which combined with the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the Pacific War in 1941 to form the global conflict known as World War II. The invasion of Poland led Britain and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September. However, they did little to affect the outcome of the September

title: Vietnamese people in Poland

text: also being invaded and ruled by two larger countries: Russia and China, therefore, Poles and Vietnamese share a history together against foreign invasions. Many Polish experts are very excited on cooperating with Vietnam in counter to the threats from Russia, as Vietnam also wants to cooperate with Poland to fight China as well. Although English remains the most popular foreign language in Poland, there is an increasing number of students interested in other languages, including Vietnamese. In 2007, the Lac Long Quan School was opened in Warsaw to teach the language to Vietnamese children and provide Vietnamese adults working and

title: History of the Jews in Poland before the 18th century

text: House of Vasa kings brought the weakened state to its knees, as it was invaded by the Swedish Empire in what became known as The Deluge. The kingdom of Poland proper, which had hitherto suffered but little either from the Chmielnicki Uprising or from the recurring invasion of the Russians and Ottomans, now became the scene of terrible disturbances (1655–1658). Charles X of Sweden, at the head of his victorious army, overran Poland; and soon the whole country, including the cities of Kraków and Warsaw, was in his hands. The Jews of Great and Little Poland found themselves torn between

title: Poland–Sweden relations

text: Poland–Sweden relations Poland–Sweden relations is historical and bilateral relationship between Poland and Sweden. Both countries are separated by the Baltic Sea and have a very long historical contact between two nations, and it also existed several conflicts between two countries as well. At the beginning of 20th century, Poland and Sweden did enjoy a close relationship only to be interrupted by Soviet and German invasions to Poland. After World War II, both re-established relations and Sweden has become the largest economic contributor for Poland among Nordic countries. Both Poland and Sweden are EU members. There are over 90.000 Poles in

title: History of Poland in the Middle Ages

text: place while Eastern and Central Europe were being invaded from the east by waves of peoples and armies such as the Huns, Avars and Magyars. A number of West Slavic Polish tribes formed small states, beginning in the 8th century, some of which later coalesced into larger states. Among these tribes were the Vistulans ("Wiślanie") in southern Poland, with Kraków and Wiślica as their main centers (major fortified centers were built in their country in the 9th century), but later the tribe(s) referred to as the Polans ("Polanie"—literally, "people of the fields") would prove of decisive historic importance. At the

title: Third Partition of Poland

text: military, political system, economy, and society. These reforms reached their climax with the enactment of the May Constitution in 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy with separation into three branches of government, strengthened the bourgeoisie and abolished many of the privileges of the nobility as well as many of the old laws of serfdom. In addition, to strengthen Poland's international standings, King Stanislaus signed the Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790, ceding further territories to Prussia in exchange for a military alliance. Angered by what was seen as dangerous, Jacobin-style reforms, Russia invaded Poland in 1792, beginning the War in Defense of

title: Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

text: Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 17 days after the German invasion of Poland in 1939, which marked the beginning of the Second World War, the Soviet Union invaded the eastern regions of Poland (known as the ""Kresy""), which Poland re-established during the Polish–Soviet War, and annexed territories totaling with a population of 13,299,000. Inhabitants besides ethnic Poles included Czech, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Jewish, and other minority groups. Most of these territories remained within the Soviet Union in 1945 as a consequence of European-wide territorial rearrangements configured during the Tehran Conference of 1943. Poland was “compensated” for this

text: people from these territories and in the process 170,000 of the local population were killed in the fighting. See also Operation Vistula. Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 17 days after the German invasion of Poland in 1939, which marked the beginning of the Second World War, the Soviet Union invaded the eastern regions of Poland (known as the ""Kresy""), which Poland re-established during the Polish–Soviet War, and annexed territories totaling with a population of 13,299,000. Inhabitants besides ethnic Poles included Czech, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Jewish, and other minority groups. Most of these territories remained within the Soviet

title: Low Countries

text: the Austrian Netherlands. The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) temporarily united the Low Countries again, before this split into the three modern countries of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. During the early months of World War I (around 1914), The Central Powers invaded the Low Countries of Luxembourg and Belgium in what has been come to be known as the German invasion of Belgium. It led to the German occupation of the two countries. However, the German advance into France was quickly halted, causing a military stalemate for most of the war. In the end, a total of approximately

title: Feminism in Poland

text: Feminism in Poland The history of feminism in Poland has traditionally been divided into seven periods, beginning with the 19th century first-wave feminism. The first four early periods coincided with the foreign partitions of Poland, which resulted in the elimination of the sovereign Polish state for 123 years. The first-wave feminism of the 19th century reached Poland later than other Western European countries due to political instability and economic exploitation by the partitioners. In that period, Poland experienced three successive waves of feminism (during that time the first feminist texts were produced); the first and weakest wave came before the

title: Second Partition of Poland

text: fought under Prince Józef Poniatowski a defensive war with some measure of success, but were ordered to abandon their efforts by their supreme commander, King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The King decided to join the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russians. Russia invaded Poland to ensure the defeat of the Polish reforms, with no overt goal of another partition (it viewed Poland as its protectorate, and saw little need to give up chunks of Poland to other countries). Frederick William II of Prussia, however, saw those events as an opportunity to strengthen his country. Frederick demanded from Catherine that for

title: Christmas in Poland

text: high quality, traditional artwork, and unique decorations. Polish blown-glass Christmas ornaments are generally manufactured only in winter season. The modern glass workshops and manufacturers tend to be localized in the southern regions of Poland. Christmas in Poland Christmas in Poland is a major annual celebration, as in most countries of the Christian world. The observance of Christmas developed gradually over the centuries, beginning in ancient times; combining old Polish pagan customs with the religious ones introduced after the Christianization of Poland by the Catholic Church. Later influences include mutual permeating of local traditions and various folk cultures. It is one

title: Two Countries

text: took place over the course of a month. The second schedule for filming held in Kochi, Kerala. The filming was finished in November 2015.Namitha Pramod signed into play second female lead but was replaced by Isha Talwar. The film was released in Kerala on 25 December 2015 in the Christmas day. It released in theatres outside Kerala from 22 January 2016, and released in 63 screens in the United Kingdom on January 29. "The Times of India" rated 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "Packaged with umpteen laugh-out-loud moments, "Two Countries" is definitely what one would expect from a

title: Soviet partisans in Poland

text: led to violent clashes between the Soviet partisans and local peasants, resulting in civilian casualties, as was the case with the Koniuchy massacre in Polish-Lithuanian borderland in 1944. Bogdan Musial argued that the Soviet partisans preferred to assault the less challenging Belarusian and Polish self-defense units rather than German military and police targets. By the end of 1943, the Soviets could claim a significant victory in what they called their war against the bourgeois Poles: most large landed estates owned by the Poles had been destroyed by the Soviet partisans. Soviet partisans in Poland Poland was invaded and annexed by

title: History of the Jews in Poland

text: the civil and political equality of the Jews. This was the only example in modern Europe before the French Revolution of tolerance and broadmindedness in dealing with the Jewish question. But all these reforms were too late: a Russian army soon invaded Poland, and soon after a Prussian one followed. A second partition of Poland was made on July 17, 1793. Jews, in a Jewish regiment led by Berek Joselewicz, took part in the Kościuszko Uprising the following year, when the Poles tried to again achieve independence, but were brutally put down. Following the revolt, the third and final partition

title: Christmas in Poland

text: Christmas in Poland Christmas in Poland is a major annual celebration, as in most countries of the Christian world. The observance of Christmas developed gradually over the centuries, beginning in ancient times; combining old Polish pagan customs with the religious ones introduced after the Christianization of Poland by the Catholic Church. Later influences include mutual permeating of local traditions and various folk cultures. It is one of the most important religious holidays for Poles, who follow a somewhat strict traditional custom. Christmas trees are decorated and lit in family rooms on the day of Christmas Eve. Other trees are placed

title: History of philosophy in Poland

text: antimetaphysical Kant and the post-Kantian metaphysics. In time, Kant's foremost Polish sympathizer would be Feliks Jaroński (1777–1827), who lectured at Kraków in 1809–18. Still, his Kantian sympathies were only partial. And this half-heartedness was typical of Polish Kantism generally. In Poland there was no actual Kantian period. For a generation, between the age of the French Enlightenment and that of the Polish national metaphysic, the Scottish philosophy of common sense became the dominant outlook in Poland. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Scottish School of Common Sense held sway in most European countries—in Britain till mid-century, and nearly

title: Gate of the Catalan Countries

text: a sickle, in reference to Els Segadors anthem. Gate of the Catalan Countries The Gate of the Catalan Countries (), a work of the sculptor Emili Armengol, marks the Northern starting location of the Catalan Countries in Salses, Pyrénées-Orientales (this part of France belongs to what is also called, especially in Catalonia, "Catalunya Nord", English: Northern Catalonia). After more than 20 years since the beginning of the project (often stopped, and even sometimes forbidden), it was finally inaugurated on September 28, 2003, being visible from the highway. Its conception and execution was in charge of the Union for the Catalan

title: Gate of the Catalan Countries

text: Gate of the Catalan Countries The Gate of the Catalan Countries (), a work of the sculptor Emili Armengol, marks the Northern starting location of the Catalan Countries in Salses, Pyrénées-Orientales (this part of France belongs to what is also called, especially in Catalonia, "Catalunya Nord", English: Northern Catalonia). After more than 20 years since the beginning of the project (often stopped, and even sometimes forbidden), it was finally inaugurated on September 28, 2003, being visible from the highway. Its conception and execution was in charge of the Union for the Catalan Region. The aerial view of the monument reminds

title: History of the Jewish community of Wielun (Poland)

text: his death in 1931. 1913: The Pontnev tragedy is widely reported across Poland: a Jewish family is murdered by a Polish mob near Wielun. 1931: The position of rabbi in Wielun becomes vacant and Rabbi Chanoch Gad Justman is appointed; he is Chief Rabbi of Wielun until WW2. 1939: On 1 September, at 5:30 am (local time), Wielun is the first town in Poland to be attacked by the German air force, with 80% of the town destroyed; 1,200 people die and 400 are injured. The destruction of the synagogue is completed by the Germans as part of the town's

text: secret protocol, Lithuania would retrieve its historical capital Vilnius, subjugated during the inter-war period by Poland. The Polish–Soviet border, as of 1939, had been determined in 1921 at the Treaty of Riga peace talks, which followed the Polish–Soviet War. Under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, two weeks after the German invasion of western Poland the Soviet Union invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it by the Pact, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland. . The "need to protect" the Ukrainian and Belarusian majority populations was used as a pretext for Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland

text: invaded on September 17, 1939. Unlike the Vichy French or the Norwegian Quisling regime, Poles did not form a pro-Nazi collaborationist government. Further, Poles did not form collaborationist Nazi units such as the 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS RONA (1st Russian). The number of Jews in Poland on September 1, 1939, amounted to about 3,474,000 people. In anticipation of the German attack, during the Summer of 1939, Jews and ethnic Poles cooperated preparing anti-tank fortifications. Contrary to many misconceptions, Jews in Poland were not simply victims of the ensuing Holocaust. Jewish Polish soldiers were among the first, to

title: Two Countries

text: film in Malayalam. It grossed an estimated sum of with a net amount of from 60 theatres in Kerala after 44 days, with a worldwide collection of . After 60 days, worldwide gross was over . The film's soundtrack contains 3 songs, all composed by Gopi Sundar and Lyrics by B. K. Harinarayanan. Two Countries Two Countries is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written by Rafi and directed by Shafi. The film stars Dileep and Mamta Mohandas in the lead roles, with Mukesh, Aju Varghese, Suraj Venjarammoodu and Jagadish appearing in supporting roles. The film was released on

title: Two Countries

text: Two Countries Two Countries is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written by Rafi and directed by Shafi. The film stars Dileep and Mamta Mohandas in the lead roles, with Mukesh, Aju Varghese, Suraj Venjarammoodu and Jagadish appearing in supporting roles. The film was released on 25 December 2015. The film was remade in Telugu as same name with Sunil and in Kannada with Sharan The plot of the film revolves around Ullas (Dileep), a cunning procrastinator in his late 30s who makes a living by deceiving people in his hometown. Money is the only motivator that works for

title: History of Poland (1939–1945)

text: operation first. Beginning on 8 December 1941, at least 150,000 Jews were murdered there. About two million Jews were killed after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, mostly by the Germans, in areas where Soviet presence was replaced with Nazi occupation. Especially in the early weeks of the German offensive, many thousands of Jews were murdered by members of local communities in the western parts of the previously Soviet zone, such as the Baltic countries, eastern Poland, and western Ukraine. The pogroms, encouraged by the Germans, were sometimes perpetrated primarily or exclusively by the locals, including Lithuanians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Poles.

title: History of the Jews in 18th-century Poland

text: On 3 May 1791 the Great Sejm passed the second oldest constitution of the world, the Polish Constitution of 3 May. But all these reforms were too late. Through the intrigues and bribery of Catherine II of Russia the Confederation of Targowica was formed, to which belonged the adherents of the old order of things. A Russian army invaded Poland, and soon after a Prussian one followed. A second partition of Poland was made July 17, 1793, Russia taking a large part of White Russia, half of Volhynia, all of Podolia, and the part of Ukraine which had previously been

title: History of Poland in the Middle Ages

text: the Knights and then with the German Prussian state. The Kingdom was restored under Władysław I the Elbow-high, strengthened and expanded by his son Casimir III the Great. The western provinces of Silesia and Pomerania were lost after the fragmentation, and Poland began expanding to the east. The consolidation in the 14th century laid the base for, after the reigns of two members of the Angevin dynasty, the new powerful Kingdom of Poland that was to follow. Beginning with the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło), the Jagiellon dynasty (1385–1569) formed the Polish–Lithuanian union. The partnership brought vast Lithuania-controlled

title: History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)

text: the Swedish army. Poland was again devastated by the armies of Sweden, Russia, and Saxony. Its major cities were destroyed and a third of the population killed by the war and a plague outbreak in 1702-13. The Swedes finally withdrew from Poland and invaded Ukraine, where they were defeated by the Russians at Poltava. Augustus was able to reclaim his throne with Russian support, but Tsar Peter the Great decided to annex Livonia in 1710. He also suppressed the Cossacks, who had been in revolt against Poland since 1699. Later on, the Tsar frustrated an attempt by Prussia to gain

title: Wiktor Gilewicz

text: Wiktor Gilewicz Wiktor Gilewicz codename "Wolf" (b. 13 January 1907 Glukhov, Sumy Region – currently Ukraine, d. 10 November 1948 Kozhva, Pechora Region, Komi Republic – currently Russia) was a radio communication officer, captain of the Polish Home Army, and chief of the Section V (Communication) of the Command of Siedlce Region ZWZ-AK "Sowa" – "Jesion" in 1941–1944. Wiktor was a son of Piotr Gilewicz, court judge in Białystok, and Adela (nee Ostrowska). Piotr Gilewicz was arrested by the NKVD at the beginning of the WW2, straight after the Red Army invaded Poland, and he died on the way to

title: Serfdom in Poland

text: serfdom. The Constitution was later overthrown by Polish magnates supported by Russia. Full abolishment was enacted by the Proclamation of Połaniec but this was also short-lived as Poland's neighbors invaded and partitioned the country. In the 19th century, various reforms took place at different paces in the Austrian partition, Prussian partition and the Russian partition with the advent of industrial revolution. Serfdom was abolished in Prussia in 1807, in Austria in 1848, in Russia in 1861, and in Congress Kingdom of Poland in 1864. Serfdom in Poland Serfdom in Poland became the dominant form of relationship between peasants and nobility

title: Buddhism in Poland

text: Buddhist Order are also active in the country. Umbrella organizations like the Buddhist mission ("Misja Buddyjska") and the Buddhist Union of Poland unite more than two dozen groups of Buddhists. The Diamond Way centres founded and directed by Ole Nydahl are also active in Poland. In May 2000, the XIV Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso opened a Buddhist department in the Pomeranian Library in Szczecin. Buddhism in Poland The roots of Buddhism in Poland can be found in the early 20th century in the nation's connections to the origin countries of the religion, like Vietnam, China, Japan, and Korea. After World

title: Poland in the Eurovision Dance Contest

text: Poland in the Eurovision Dance Contest Poland took part in the first Eurovision Dance Contest in 2007. Katarzyna Cichopek and Marcin Hakiel who won the series "Taniec z gwiazdami" (local version of "Strictly Come Dancing") represented the country. The dances that were performed at the contest were Cha-Cha-Cha and Showdance. Poland came fourth after receiving 84 points from 12 countries. Poland took their first Eurovision title in any form in the Eurovision Dance Contest 2008, coming first with 154 points from all countries. The Third Eurovision Dance Contest has been cancelled indefinitely. The Polish team of Edyta Herbuś and Marcin

title: Poland in the Eurovision Dance Contest

text: has "received" the most points from: Poland in the Eurovision Dance Contest Poland took part in the first Eurovision Dance Contest in 2007. Katarzyna Cichopek and Marcin Hakiel who won the series "Taniec z gwiazdami" (local version of "Strictly Come Dancing") represented the country. The dances that were performed at the contest were Cha-Cha-Cha and Showdance. Poland came fourth after receiving 84 points from 12 countries. Poland took their first Eurovision title in any form in the Eurovision Dance Contest 2008, coming first with 154 points from all countries. The Third Eurovision Dance Contest has been cancelled indefinitely. The Polish

title: The Day Mars Invaded Earth

text: Martians duplicate a scientist and his family as a first step toward their invasion of Earth to stop humanity's space programs. "The Day Mars Invaded Earth" was released as the second feature on a double bill with the Elvis Presley film "Kissin' Cousins". NASA successfully lands a robotic surveyor on Mars. The rover begins to explore, but after just a few minutes it is completely destroyed by what appears to be a high energy surge. At exactly the same instant back at mission control, Dr. Dave Fielding (Kent Taylor), in charge of the project, suddenly feels oddly disconnected and not

title: Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

text: from the Russian Empire for any political reform; she argued that Poland had fallen pray to radical Jacobinism that was prominent in France at the time. Russia invaded the Commonwealth in 1792. The Constitution was in place for less than 19 months; it was annulled by the Grodno Sejm. The creation of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland was a milestone in the evolution of Polish statehood and the European identity. It represented the concept of the Polish kingdom (nation) as distinctly separate from the person of the monarch. The introduction of the concept marked the transformation of the

title: Considerations on the Government of Poland

text: on February 17, 1772. Russia, Prussia and Austria had invaded and occupied much of Poland. "The Government of Poland" was not published until after Rousseau's death. The work is divided into fifteen chapters of greatly varying length. The original is in French, Rousseau's native language, but there exist translations into a number of languages. Among other issues, Rousseau addresses his belief that small states can prosper while large states slip into anarchy or despotism. He recommends that surpassing any constitutional reforms, the most important reform Poland could make would be the adoption of a federal system. Specifically, Rousseau advocates a

title: Military history of the Soviet Union

text: with the status quo in its relations with independent countries of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania. This came as a result of a change in Soviet foreign policy. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact gave a great opportunity to recover the provinces of Imperial Russia lost during the chaos of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War. As a result of this pact, on 1 September, the Germans invaded Poland from the west. When the Poles were close to defeat and the Polish government left the country, on 17 September the Red Army invaded Poland from the east to regain

title: National Civilian WW2 Memorial Trust

text: National Civilian WW2 Memorial Trust The National Civilian WW2 Memorial Trust (NCWW2MT) is a registered charity with the aim of preserving and restoring the National Picture Theatre in Kingston upon Hull, England. The National Picture Theatre on Beverley Road in Kingston upon Hull was a cinema which was built in 1914. During the Second World War, the cinema was bombed and mostly destroyed when an air raid took place on the night of 18 March 1941. A film had been showing at the time of the bombing, which was Charlie Chaplin's 'The Great Dictator'. All 150 people in the cinema

title: AirAttack 2 - WW2 Airplanes Shooter

text: AirAttack 2 - WW2 Airplanes Shooter AirAttack 2 - WW2 Airplanes Shooter (simply known as AirAttack 2) is a 2015 action arcade video game developed and published by Slovak studio Art In Games for iOS and Android as a sequel to "AirAttack". Set in World War II, "AirAttack 2" is played from third person perspective with warplanes of F4U Corsair, Spiltfire, Yak, P40-Tigershank and P38-Lightning. Player must destroy and extinguish some building structures, hostile planes, factories, vehicles, military vehicles, gigantic boss vehicles, marine ships and copters in order to proceed the next levels. It consists of 22 missions. Reviewers praised

title: National Civilian WW2 Memorial Trust

text: lived and worked through the Blitz not only in Kingston upon Hull but across the whole nation."' The Trust was officially registered with The Charity Commission on 4 October 2012 with the current chairman being Tom Robinson. That month, the Trust were given planning permission to turn the theatre into a memorial site with an education centre. National Civilian WW2 Memorial Trust The National Civilian WW2 Memorial Trust (NCWW2MT) is a registered charity with the aim of preserving and restoring the National Picture Theatre in Kingston upon Hull, England. The National Picture Theatre on Beverley Road in Kingston upon Hull

title: AirAttack 2 - WW2 Airplanes Shooter

text: portrait orientation. Player have option to buy arsenals with upgrades in a game menu before playing the game. AirAttack 2 - WW2 Airplanes Shooter AirAttack 2 - WW2 Airplanes Shooter (simply known as AirAttack 2) is a 2015 action arcade video game developed and published by Slovak studio Art In Games for iOS and Android as a sequel to "AirAttack". Set in World War II, "AirAttack 2" is played from third person perspective with warplanes of F4U Corsair, Spiltfire, Yak, P40-Tigershank and P38-Lightning. Player must destroy and extinguish some building structures, hostile planes, factories, vehicles, military vehicles, gigantic boss vehicles,

title: Abortion in Poland

text: proposed law. Just three days after the strike, lawmakers voted against the new law. Poland is one of the few countries in the world to outlaw abortion after decades of liberal legislation (during Communist rule). Polish women often seek abortion in neighboring countries due to the strict restraints in their own country. Poland has one of the most restrictive abortion laws in Europe, along with a group of other traditionally Catholic countries of the region (Malta, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Vatican, Monaco, Andorra, and Ireland - the latter being in the process of changing its laws). In Poland, abortion is banned

title: Missing in Action 2: The Beginning

text: Missing in Action 2: The Beginning Missing in Action 2: The Beginning is a 1985 action/adventure film, and a prequel to "Missing in Action", both of which star Chuck Norris. It was directed by Lance Hool and written by Steve Bing, Larry Levinson and Arthur Silver. "Missing in Action 2: The Beginning" was filmed back to back with the original "Missing in Action" and was originally intended to be the first film of the two. But according to Joe Zito, director of what was to become "Missing in Action", it was decided that the sequel was a much better film

title: The Beginning of the End (Grimm)

text: the extra crap from a series that, underneath all the excess, had good bones and a strong foundation." Christine Horton of "Den of Geek" wrote, "The show's two-hour season five finale, however, went above and beyond what we've seen this season. Despite its extended length, the episode crammed an awful lot in, yet remained fast paced, keeping the dramatic tension high at all times." The Beginning of the End (Grimm) "The Beginning of the End" is the 21st and 22nd episodes and two-part season finale of season 5 of the supernatural drama television series "Grimm" and the 109th and 110th

title: Everything Invaded

text: TV and only a few other American music networks. In regards to being buried alive, the band confirmed that they were, in fact, buried and that they only had one take to capture the powerful ending scene. Everything Invaded "Everything Invaded" is a song by Moonspell from the album, "The Antidote". It was released as a single. The music video for "Everything Invaded" is highly distinct. Played out like a trailer to a horror film, it includes various elements such as exorcism and magic. The band performance takes place amidst tall, dead timber with gusts of wind blowing for greater

text: Poland's neighbors. In 1792, Polish conservative factions formed the Confederation of Targowica and appealed for Russian assistance in restoring the "status quo". Empress Catherine was happy to use this opportunity; enlisting Prussian support, she invaded Poland under the pretext of defending Poland's ancient liberties. A defensive war against powerful Russian armies was fought in 1792 with some measure of success, but the irresolute Stanislaw August, who did not believe in the possibility of defeating the Russian Empire, capitulated, defecting to the Targowica Confederation. Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to radical Jacobinism, then at high tide in France, Russia and

title: History of the Germans in Poland

text: and Lithuania continued for most of the 14th and 15th centuries. The Teutonic state in Prussia, populated by German settlers beginning in the 13th century, had been claimed as a fief and protected by the popes and Holy Roman Emperors.; German heritage in Poland sometimes find that the territory in which their ancestors lived and which they had thought to be strictly Poland, was at times German, or Prussia. As for cultural heritage, Silesia was more under German and Protestant influences than Moravia; and Catholicism has deeper roots in Moravia than in Bohemia and Silesia. Silesia is one of the

title: Everything Invaded

text: Everything Invaded "Everything Invaded" is a song by Moonspell from the album, "The Antidote". It was released as a single. The music video for "Everything Invaded" is highly distinct. Played out like a trailer to a horror film, it includes various elements such as exorcism and magic. The band performance takes place amidst tall, dead timber with gusts of wind blowing for greater effect. Finally, the band members are shown emerging from soil like zombies, and the video ends with the song title appearing like a movie, with cast and a "Coming Soon" message. It saw notable airplay on Fuse

title: Donald Trump's speech in Warsaw, Poland

text: Poland. He called for stronger trade and commerce ties between the two countries and pledged to provide alternative energy to address Poland’s reliance on a sole energy supplier. Trade between the United States and Poland has risen steadily over the past few years, and Trump’s speech shows his commitment to continuing to push for economic progress between the two countries. Trump was signaling a move to reduce Poland’s dependence on Russia since it had been importing Russian gas as a primary energy source. On June 7, the United States initiated an action to send Poland its first natural gas, which

title: History of the Jews in Poland

text: Polish intellectuals, however, were disgusted at the promotion of official antisemitism and opposed the campaign. Some of the people who emigrated to the West at this time founded organizations which encouraged anti-Communist opposition inside Poland. First attempts to improve Polish-Israeli relations began in the mid-1970s. Poland was the first of the Eastern Bloc countries to restore diplomatic relations with Israel after these have been broken off right after the Six-Day's War. In 1986 partial diplomatic relations with Israel were restored, and full relations were restored in 1990 as soon as communism fell. During the late 1970s some Jewish activists were

title: Bank of Issue in Poland

text: Bank of Issue in Poland Bank of Issue in Poland (, , also translated into English variously as the "Bank of Issue", "Issue Bank", "Issuing Bank" or "Emitting Bank in Poland") was a bank created by the Germans in the General Government (occupied Poland) in 1940. After the German invasion of Poland, the Reichsbank decided not to introduce German currency there, as it did not want to increase the money supply. Instead, it introduced a system of Reichskreditkassen ("credit offices of the German Reich"), which issued temporary bonds. This system, intended to be temporary from the beginning, was to be

title: Philippines–Poland relations

text: are 93 persons in the Philippines who claim to have Polish citizenship, mostly living in Manila. Similar to the "Pinoys in Poland" portal, a portal for Poles in the Philippines, "Polacy na Filipinach", is maintained by Paweł Usarek. Philippines–Poland relations Philippines–Poland relations are the bilateral relations between the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Poland. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on September 22, 1973, but contact between the two peoples dates back to the seventeenth century. While relations between the two countries are largely defined by a shared religion, with both countries possessing predominant

title: History of urban centers in the Low Countries

text: industries in the Ruhr. History of urban centers in the Low Countries The development of urban centers in the Low Countries shows the process in which a region, the Low Countries in Western Europe, evolves from a highly rural outpost of the Roman Empire into the largest urbanized area above the Alps by the 15th century CE. As such, this article covers the development of Dutch and Flemish cities beginning at the end of the migration period till the end of the Dutch Golden Age. During Roman times, the Low Countries belonged to the outer provinces of the empire, situated

text: History of urban centers in the Low Countries The development of urban centers in the Low Countries shows the process in which a region, the Low Countries in Western Europe, evolves from a highly rural outpost of the Roman Empire into the largest urbanized area above the Alps by the 15th century CE. As such, this article covers the development of Dutch and Flemish cities beginning at the end of the migration period till the end of the Dutch Golden Age. During Roman times, the Low Countries belonged to the outer provinces of the empire, situated near the Roman-Germanic border.

title: Japanese invasion money

text: petroleum. The latter provided financial services in areas occupied by the Japanese military, and Southern Development Bank notes were in fact used as "de facto" military scrip. In December 1942, the outstanding balance of Southern Development Bank notes stood at more than 470 million; in March 1945, more than 13 billion. Already engaged in war with China, in 1940 the Japanese expanded the scope of their military operations in Asia and finally entered WW2 in late 1941 with the attack on Pearl Harbor. Japan invaded various Asian countries, occupying vast territories and setting up military administrations. Beginning with the capture

title: Philippines–Poland relations

text: Philippines–Poland relations Philippines–Poland relations are the bilateral relations between the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Poland. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on September 22, 1973, but contact between the two peoples dates back to the seventeenth century. While relations between the two countries are largely defined by a shared religion, with both countries possessing predominant Roman Catholic populations with a strong devotion to Pope John Paul II, and a shared history of anti-authoritarian struggle, they are not as strong as Poland's relations with other countries in Southeast Asia — a state of affairs

title: China–Poland relations

text: split, relations between the two countries degraded. But Poland did support the People's Republic of China's case for the United Nations permanent seat to return to the mainland government. Zhou Enlai the premier in the 1950s made two state visits to Poland. Leaders from Poland such as Bolesław Bierut, Edward Ochab and Józef Cyrankiewicz had visited China at various times during this period. Poland underwent political and social change when the Soviet bloc collapsed in the late 1980s and Poland became a new post-communist country. The relationship between the two countries remain steadfast as Poland became more of a western

title: The Beginning of Times

text: The Beginning of Times The Beginning of Times is the tenth studio album by Finnish metal band Amorphis, released on 25 May 2011 in Finland, 27 May in Europe and June 7 in the United States. Like previous Amorphis albums, "The Beginning of Times" is a concept album. The central character of the songs is Väinämöinen, described by the band as "the iconic hero of Finnish mythology". On 11 April 2011, Amorphis premiered the first single "You I Need" on their Facebook page. It was released digitally in Finland on 20 April 2011, and in other countries on 22 April

title: Malaysia–Poland relations

text: Carmel Durano acting as honorary consul. Following the establishment of relations with Soviet Union, Malaysia also expanded its relations to central European countries such as Poland. Until now, relations between the two countries are mostly based on economic and trade with Malaysia became one of the most important economic and trading partner for Poland in Southeast Asia. In economic, a Malaysia-Poland Business Council has been established to further strength economic co-operation between the two countries. Poland were keen to explore opportunities in the Malaysia's Islamic Finance market with the starting of halal-based product in Malaysia and the country were one

title: The New Beginning in Osaka (2015)

text: Meltzer wrote that most of the matches at The New Beginning in Osaka were "good", but that none were "off the charts", while also noting that the crowd felt cold in what is traditionally NJPW's hottest arena. According to Meltzer, the event showed that NJPW had begun suffering from a "feeling of sameness" following Wrestle Kingdom 9 in Tokyo Dome. He gave the highest match rating of four out of five stars to the main event, though stating that the match did not have the spark that the previous two matches between Styles and Tanahashi had had. The New Beginning

title: The Holocaust in Poland

text: despite the much harsher conditions, Warsaw's Polish citizens managed to support and hide the same percentage of Jews as did the citizens of cities in reportedly "safer" German-occupied countries of Western Europe. Polish antisemitism was deeply rooted, with two formative motifs: claims of defilement of the Catholic faith; and Żydokomuna (Jew-communism). During the 1930s, Catholic journals in Poland paralleled western European social-Darwinist antisemitism and the Nazi press. However, church doctrine ruled out violence, which only became more common in the mid-1930s. Unlike German antisemitism, Polish antisemities rejected the idea of genocide or pogroms of the Jews, advocating mass emigration instead

title: Israel–Poland relations

text: Union totaled €34.3 billion Euros of which trade between Israel and Poland totaled $682 million USD. Israel's main exports to Poland include: gas turbines, packaged medicaments, calcium phosphate, fruits and vegetables and medical instruments. Poland's main exports to Israel include: food based products, textiles processing machines, vehicle chassis, cars, buses, dairy and wheat. Israel–Poland relations Israel–Poland relations comprise diplomatic relations between Israel and Poland. At least 220,000 Israeli citizens are of Polish-Jewish origin. Both countries are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the United Nations. Beginning in the late 900s CE,

title: Belarus–Poland relations

text: Belarus–Poland relations The Republic of Poland and the Republic of Belarus established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1992. Poland was one of the first countries to recognise Belarusian independence. Both countries joined the United Nations in October 1945 as original members. Cultural relations between the two are quite friendly but diplomatic relations between the two countries are currently very strained. Poland is a member of NATO and the European Union, and has a pro-U.S. stance, whereas Belarus has long been firmly pro-Russia, and as such, the separate paths by default impair the positive bilateral relationship (see Russia–European Union relations). In

title: Higher education in Poland

text: Poland is about 10 times lower than other countries and the need for other European languages was evident. Warsaw had 300 students in English and at the Technical University of Lodz there were 500 students in English and French. The European co-operation in quality assurance, Poland is trying to solve the problem of quality and accreditation in a highly professional way. The process of accreditation of study programs at Polish higher education institutions has been significantly accelerated. There are two forms of accreditiation, a state-controlled and academic community-owned one. For Poland, belonging to the European family is very important they

title: Belarus–Poland relations

text: pilots. Belarus–Poland relations The Republic of Poland and the Republic of Belarus established diplomatic relations on 2 March 1992. Poland was one of the first countries to recognise Belarusian independence. Both countries joined the United Nations in October 1945 as original members. Cultural relations between the two are quite friendly but diplomatic relations between the two countries are currently very strained. Poland is a member of NATO and the European Union, and has a pro-U.S. stance, whereas Belarus has long been firmly pro-Russia, and as such, the separate paths by default impair the positive bilateral relationship (see Russia–European Union relations).

title: Philippines–Poland relations

text: although the value of trade between the two countries is not large, it is growing. Trade between the two countries reached $397.7 million in 2016, with the balance of trade heavily in favor of the Philippines. Polish products exported to the Philippines include dairy products, mechanical equipment and paper, while 70% of Philippine exports to Poland is composed of electronics. Poland is also a growing market for Philippine furniture exports, with trade between the two countries in furniture increasing by an average of 10.5% between 2005 and 2009 despite having exported only $457,000 worth of furniture products to Poland in

title: Ethnic minorities in Poland

text: their first ethnicity, and 415 thousand who declared it jointly with a Polish ethnicity. Slovaks live in some areas in southern Poland, to the number of 1710 according to the Polish 2002 census. Polish Slovaks inhabit two small frontier regions in the Spisz and Orawa (south of Poland, near Polish-Slovak border). Larger groups of Slovaks are in Kraków and Silesia region. Small populations of Polish Lipka Tatars still exist and still practice Islam. Some Polish towns, mainly in northeastern Poland (in Podlaskie Voivodeship) have mosques. Tatars arrived as mercenary soldiers beginning in the late 14th century. The Tatar population reached

title: Unemployment in Poland

text: that they worked in a "poor working environment", a percentage which was a bit below the European average. High unemployment and significant risk of becoming unemployed are quoted by OECD as one of the reasons for Poland having one of the worst working conditions among OECD countries, placing it only ahead of Turkey and Mexico. In terms of unemployment risk among OECD countries, Poland was comparable to the United States, and ahead of Turkey, Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Ireland, Greece and Spain, but below most northwestern European countries, as well as Australia, Japan and South Korea. To get unemployment benefits in

title: Feminism in Poland

text: speech "Uwagi o etycznych zadaniach ruchu kobiecego" ("Remarks about Ethical Objectives of the Women’s Movement") during the Women's Congress in Warsaw in 1907 condemned female prostitution as a form of polygamy. Nałkowska's first novel, "Kobiety" ("Women") (1906), and another novel, "Narcyza" (1910), denounced female passivity confronted with what she perceived as masculine domination. The fifth wave of Polish feminism took place in the interwar period (1920s and 1930s). Feminist discourses of that epoch (in Poland as well as in other countries) searched for new definitions of feminism and tried to identify new goals (there were doubts about whether to fight

title: Education in Poland

text: (1873). In the Russian Empire compulsory education did not exist. As a result, in 1921, after Poland regained independence, one-third of the population of the Second Polish Republic was illiterate. Illiteracy was very high in the east, but almost non-existent in western provinces. Compulsory education in Poland was introduced by a decree in February 1919. This covered all children aged 7 to 14. At the beginning, however, the newly created Polish state faced several problems of implementation - a lack of qualified teachers, buildings and funds. After World War Two, compulsory education remained as one of the priorities of the

text: included with Polish war losses. 2 million (including 250,000 Jews) became refugees to Poland or the West, 1.5 million were in the territories returned to Poland in 1945 and 1.2 million remained in the USSR. Contemporary Russian historians also include the war losses of Poles and Jews from this region with Soviet war dead. At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union annexed most of the territories it had invaded in 1939. Some parts of eastern Poland occupied by the Nazis in 1939 with an area of and 1.5 million inhabitants near Białystok and Przemyśl were returned to