query: what was irving langmuir famous for?

title: Irving Langmuir

text: Kurt Vonnegut, Langmuir was the inspiration for his fictional scientist Dr. Felix Hoenikker in the novel "Cat's Cradle". The character's invention of ice-nine eventually destroyed the world. Langmuir had worked with Vonnegut's brother, Bernard Vonnegut. Irving Langmuir Irving Langmuir (; January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957) was an American chemist and physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932 for his work in surface chemistry. Langmuir's most famous publication is the 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding

title: Irving Langmuir

text: Irving Langmuir Irving Langmuir (; January 31, 1881 – August 16, 1957) was an American chemist and physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1932 for his work in surface chemistry. Langmuir's most famous publication is the 1919 article "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules" in which, building on Gilbert N. Lewis's cubical atom theory and Walther Kossel's chemical bonding theory, he outlined his "concentric theory of atomic structure". Langmuir became embroiled in a priority dispute with Lewis over this work; Langmuir's presentation skills were largely responsible for the popularization of the theory, although the

title: Langmuir–Blodgett trough

text: liquid below whereas the hydrophobic portions of the molecules are pointing up toward the air". William Harkins described similar results at the same time. Shortly after Langmuir described the transfer of amphiphilic films from water surfaces to solid surfaces (Langmuir, 1920). Langmuir won the Nobel prize in chemistry for this work in 1932. Neil Kensington Adam summarized and expanded on the work of Langmuir in a series of several papers published in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London from 1921 to 1926. Katherine Blodgett was a student of Irving Langmuir and in 1935 she described the deposition of hundreds

title: Irving Langmuir

text: contributed to atomic theory and the understanding of atomic structure by defining the modern concept of valence shells and isotopes. Langmuir was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1923. Based on his work at General Electric, John B. Taylor developed a detector ionizing beams of alkali metals, called nowadays the Langmuir-Taylor detector. He joined Katharine B. Blodgett to study thin films and surface adsorption. They introduced the concept of a monolayer (a layer of material one molecule thick) and the two-dimensional physics which describe such a surface. In 1932 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his

title: Irving Langmuir

text: films that later became the basis for the award of the 1932 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Langmuir theorized that oils consisting of an aliphatic chain with a hydrophilic end group (perhaps an alcohol or acid) were oriented as a film one molecule thick upon the surface of water, with the hydrophilic group down in the water and the hydrophobic chains clumped together on the surface. The thickness of the film could be easily determined from the known volume and area of the oil, which allowed investigation of the molecular configuration before spectroscopic techniques were available. Following World War I Langmuir

title: Irving Langmuir House

text: Irving Langmuir House The Irving Langmuir House, in Schenectady, New York, was the home of physicist-chemist Irving Langmuir, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize during his research career with General Electric. It was declared a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1976. The Irving Langmuir house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 7, 1976. It is located at 1176 Stratford Road, in the middle of a suburban area east of Union College known as the General Electric Realty Plot, a historic district to which it is a contributing property. The neighborhood is residential, with large houses

title: Irving Langmuir

text: credit for the theory itself belongs mostly to Lewis. While at General Electric from 1909 to 1950, Langmuir advanced several fields of physics and chemistry, invented the gas-filled incandescent lamp and the hydrogen welding technique. The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research near Socorro, New Mexico, was named in his honor, as was the American Chemical Society journal for surface science called "Langmuir". Irving Langmuir was born in Brooklyn, New York, on January 31, 1881. He was the third of the four children of Charles Langmuir and Sadie, Comings. During his childhood, Langmuir's parents encouraged him to carefully observe nature and

title: Irving Langmuir

text: to keep a detailed record of his various observations. When Irving was eleven, it was discovered that he had poor eyesight. When this problem was corrected, details that had previously eluded him were revealed, and his interest in the complications of nature was heightened. During his childhood, Langmuir was influenced by his older brother, Arthur Langmuir. Arthur was a research chemist who encouraged Irving to be curious about nature and how things work. Arthur helped Irving set up his first chemistry lab in the corner of his bedroom, and he was content to answer the myriad questions that Irving would

title: Irving Langmuir Award

text: Irving Langmuir Award The Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics is awarded annually, in even years by the American Chemical Society and in odd years by the American Physical Society. The award is meant to recognize and encourage outstanding interdisciplinary research in chemistry and physics, in the spirit of Irving Langmuir. A nominee must have made an outstanding contribution to chemical physics or physical chemistry within the 10 years preceding the year in which the award is made. The award will be granted without restriction, except that the recipient must be a resident of the United States. The award was

title: Irving Langmuir Award

text: Physical Chemistry. Source: American Physical Society and American Chemical Society Irving Langmuir Award The Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics is awarded annually, in even years by the American Chemical Society and in odd years by the American Physical Society. The award is meant to recognize and encourage outstanding interdisciplinary research in chemistry and physics, in the spirit of Irving Langmuir. A nominee must have made an outstanding contribution to chemical physics or physical chemistry within the 10 years preceding the year in which the award is made. The award will be granted without restriction, except that the recipient must

title: Irving Langmuir Award

text: established in 1931 by Dr. A.C. Langmuir, brother of Nobel Prize-winning chemist Irving Langmuir, to recognize the best young chemist in the United States. A $10,000 prize was to be awarded annually by the American Chemical Society. The first recipient was Linus Pauling. In 1964, the General Electric Foundation took over the financial backing of the prize, which was renamed the Irving Langmuir Award and the modern selection process was created. In 2006 the GE Global Research took over sponsorship of the award, and since 2009 the award has been co-sponsored between GE Global Research and the ACS Division of

title: Irving Langmuir House

text: dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Architecturally, the house is unremarkable. It is a two-and-a-half-story building in a vernacular interpretation of the Colonial Revival style. The hipped roof is tiled in terra cotta and pierced by two almost symmetrical dormer windows. A columned porch covers the Palladian-style main entrance. The interior follows a basic central-hall plan. The house was probably built ca. 1900. In 1919 Langmuir moved in, living there until his death in 1957. It was still in his family's hands when it was designated an NHL almost two decades later. Irving Langmuir House The Irving

title: Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research

text: Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research is a scientific laboratory studying the cloud processes that produce lightning, hail, and rain, located in the Magdalena Mountains of central New Mexico in the United States. The lab is operated by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NM Tech) with funding from the National Science Foundation. The lab was founded in 1963, following pioneering research by E. J. Workman, former president of New Mexico Tech (then the New Mexico School of Mines), and others, including Irving Langmuir, the namesake of the laboratory. The earlier studies took

title: Irving Langmuir

text: discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry." In 1938, Langmuir's scientific interests began to turn to atmospheric science and meteorology. One of his first ventures, although tangentially related, was a refutation of the claim of entomologist Charles H. T. Townsend that the deer botfly flew at speeds of over 800 miles per hour. Langmuir estimated the fly's speed at 25 miles per hour. After observing windrows of drifting seaweed in the Sargasso Sea he discovered a wind-driven surface circulation in the sea. It is now called the Langmuir circulation. During World War II, Langmuir worked on improving naval sonar for submarine

title: Langmuir (unit)

text: Langmuir (unit) The langmuir (symbol: L) is a unit of exposure (or dosage) to a surface ("e.g." of a crystal) and is used in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) surface physics to study the adsorption of gases. It is a practical unit, and is not dimensionally homogeneous, and so is only used in this one field. It is named after American physicist Irving Langmuir. The langmuir is defined by multiplying the pressure of the gas by the time of exposure. One langmuir corresponds to an exposure of 10 Torr during one second. For example, exposing a surface to a gas pressure of

title: Langmuir–Blodgett trough

text: by X-ray reflectivity. This feature makes Langmuir troughs a suitable candidate for synthesis and characterization of covalent monolayer sheets and even 2D polymers. Langmuir–Blodgett trough A Langmuir–Blodgett trough (LB trough) is a laboratory apparatus that is used to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase (usually water) and measures surface phenomena due to this compression. It can also be used to deposit single or multiple monolayers on a solid substrate. The idea of a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film was first proven feasible in 1917 when Dr. Irving Langmuir (Langmuir, 1917) showed that single water-surface monolayers could be

title: Irving Langmuir

text: scientific method. In his original speech, he presented ESP and flying saucers as examples of pathological science; since then, the label has been applied to polywater and cold fusion. His house in Schenectady, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. Langmuir was married to Marion Mersereau (1883-1971) in 1912 with whom he adopted two children: Kenneth and Barbara. After a short illness, he died in Woods Hole, Massachusetts from a heart attack on August 16, 1957. His obituary ran on the front page of "The New York Times". On his religious views, Langmuir was an agnostic. According to author

title: Irving Langmuir

text: formed a layer one atom thick on the surface of the bulb. His assistant in vacuum tube research was his cousin William Comings White. As he continued to study filaments in vacuum and different gas environments, he began to study the emission of charged particles from hot filaments (thermionic emission). He was one of the first scientists to work with plasmas, and he was the first to call these ionized gases by that name because they reminded him of blood plasma. Langmuir and Tonks discovered electron density waves in plasmas that are now known as Langmuir waves. He introduced the

title: Langmuir–Blodgett trough

text: Langmuir–Blodgett trough A Langmuir–Blodgett trough (LB trough) is a laboratory apparatus that is used to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase (usually water) and measures surface phenomena due to this compression. It can also be used to deposit single or multiple monolayers on a solid substrate. The idea of a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film was first proven feasible in 1917 when Dr. Irving Langmuir (Langmuir, 1917) showed that single water-surface monolayers could be transferred to solid substrates. 18 years later, Dr. Katharine Blodgett made an important scientific advance when she discovered that several of these single

title: Langmuir circulation

text: Langmuir circulation In physical oceanography, Langmuir circulation consists of a series of shallow, slow, counter-rotating vortices at the ocean's surface aligned with the wind. These circulations are developed when wind blows steadily over the sea surface. Irving Langmuir discovered this phenomenon after observing windrows of seaweed in the Sargasso Sea in 1927. Langmuir circulations circulate within the mixed layer; however, it is not yet so clear how strongly they can cause mixing at the base of the mixed layer. The driving force of these circulations is an interaction of the mean flow with wave averaged flows of the surface waves.

title: Langmuir adsorption model

text: From these assumptions the Langmuir isotherm can be derived (see below), which states that it is good where formula_6 is the fractional occupancy of the adsorption sites, and formula_7 is the volume of the monolayer. A continuous monolayer of adsorbate molecules surrounding a homogeneous solid surface is the conceptual basis for this adsorption model. In 1916, Irving Langmuir presented his model for the adsorption of species onto simple surfaces. Langmuir was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932 for his work concerning surface chemistry. He hypothesized that a given surface has a certain number of equivalent sites to which a species

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film

text: area of films can be controlled with barriers. She added that surface tension varies with contamination of water. She used different oils to deduce that surface pressure would not change until area was confined to about 0.2 nm. This work was originally written as a letter to Lord Rayleigh who then helped Agnes Pockels become published in the journal, "Nature", in 1891.Agnes Pockels’ work set the stage for Irving Langmuir who continued to work and confirmed Pockels’ results. Using Pockels’ idea, he developed the Langmuir (or Langmuir–Blodgett) trough. His observations indicated that chain length did not impact the affected area

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film

text: each monolayer is known and can therefore be added to find the total thickness of a Langmuir–Blodgett film. The monolayers are assembled vertically and are usually composed either of amphiphilic molecules (see Chemical polarity) with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (example: fatty acids) or nowadays commonly of nanoparticles. Langmuir–Blodgett films are named after Irving Langmuir and Katharine B. Blodgett, who invented this technique while working in Research and Development for General Electric Co. Advances to the discovery of LB and LM films began with Benjamin Franklin in 1773 when he dropped about a teaspoon of oil onto a

title: Langmuir–Taylor detector

text: particle counting electronics. This detector is mostly used with alkali atoms, having a low ionization potential, with applications in mass spectrometry and atomic clocks. Langmuir–Taylor detector A Langmuir–Taylor detector, also called surface ionization detector or hot wire detector, is a kind of ionization detector used in mass spectrometry, developed by John Taylor based on the work of Irving Langmuir and K. H. Kingdon. This detector usually consists of a heated thin filament or ribbon of a metal with a high work function (typically tungsten or rhenium). Neutral atoms or molecules that strike the filament can boil off as positive ions

title: Langmuir–Taylor detector

text: Langmuir–Taylor detector A Langmuir–Taylor detector, also called surface ionization detector or hot wire detector, is a kind of ionization detector used in mass spectrometry, developed by John Taylor based on the work of Irving Langmuir and K. H. Kingdon. This detector usually consists of a heated thin filament or ribbon of a metal with a high work function (typically tungsten or rhenium). Neutral atoms or molecules that strike the filament can boil off as positive ions in a process known as surface ionization, and these may be either measured as a current or detected, individually, using an electron multiplier and

title: Irving Langmuir

text: pose. Langmuir's hobbies included mountaineering, skiing, piloting his own plane, and classical music. In addition to his professional interest in the politics of atomic energy, he was concerned about wilderness conservation. Langmuir attended several schools and institutes in America and Paris (1892–1895) before graduating high school from Chestnut Hill Academy (1898), an elite private school located in the affluent Chestnut Hill area in Philadelphia. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in metallurgical engineering (Met.E.) from the Columbia University School of Mines in 1903. He earned his Ph.D. in 1906 under Friedrich Dolezalek in Göttingen, for research done using

title: Langmuir–Blodgett trough

text: accurately perform measurements of surface tension. Also in this paper she reports values of the thickness of films of various amphiphillic substances on the surface of water. In a later paper Pockels examined the effects of different ratios of hydrophobic to amphiphilic molecules on surface tension and monolayer formation. After the turn of the century, Pockels's trough was improved upon by Irving Langmuir. With this new device Langmuir showed that amphiphillic films are truly monolayers, and these monolayers are oriented on the surface such that the "active or most hydrophilic portion of the surface molecules are in contact with the

title: Irving Langmuir

text: detection, and later to develop protective smoke screens and methods for deicing aircraft wings. This research led him to theorize that the introduction of dry ice and iodide into a sufficiently moist cloud of low temperature could induce precipitation (cloud seeding); though in frequent practice, particularly in Australia and the People's Republic of China, the efficiency of this technique remains controversial today. In 1953 Langmuir coined the term "pathological science", describing research conducted with accordance to the scientific method, but tainted by unconscious bias or subjective effects. This is in contrast to pseudoscience, which has no pretense of following the

title: Irving Langmuir

text: concept of electron temperature and in 1924 invented the diagnostic method for measuring both temperature and density with an electrostatic probe, now called a Langmuir probe and commonly used in plasma physics. The current of a biased probe tip is measured as a function of bias voltage to determine the local plasma temperature and density. He also discovered atomic hydrogen, which he put to use by inventing the atomic hydrogen welding process; the first plasma weld ever made. Plasma welding has since been developed into gas tungsten arc welding. In 1917, he published a paper on the chemistry of oil

title: Irving Langmuir

text: the "Nernst glower", an electric lamp invented by Nernst. His doctoral thesis was entitled "On the Partial Recombination of Dissolved Gases During Cooling." He later did postgraduate work in chemistry. Langmuir then taught at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, until 1909, when he began working at the General Electric research laboratory (Schenectady, New York). His initial contributions to science came from his study of light bulbs (a continuation of his Ph.D. work). His first major development was the improvement of the diffusion pump, which ultimately led to the invention of the high-vacuum rectifier and amplifier tubes. A

text: place on the Plains of San Agustin and the San Mateo Mountains. The laboratory is located just south of South Baldy, the highest peak of the Magdalena mountains, at the southern end of the main ridge crest of the range, at an elevation of 10,679 ft (3,255 m). It occupies the Langmuir Research Site, a congressionally designated area within the Cibola National Forest, and operates under a Special Use Permit from the US Forest Service. Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research is a scientific laboratory studying the cloud processes that produce lightning, hail, and rain,

title: Langmuir Turbulence

text: of the Langmuir turbulence are deeply penetrating jets. These features occur between counter-rotating Langmuir circulations and can inject tubulent kinetic energy to depths well below the depth scale for the surface waves (Stokes drift depth scale). Langmuir turbulence could have an important impact on our understanding of climate. In particular, Langmuir turbulence could affect the global ocean's sea surface temperature as the deeply penetrating Langmuir jets modify the depth of the ocean mixed layer. Langmuir Turbulence In fluid dynamics, and oceanography, the term Langmuir Turbulence refers to a turbulent flow with coherent Langmuir circulation structures that exist and evolve over

title: Langmuir probe

text: of a large surface area contacting with the same plasma (very often it is metallic wall of a chamber containing plasma) to obtain the probe I-V characteristic formula_56. The characteristic formula_56 is measured by sweeping the voltage formula_58 of scanning generator (inserted in the probe circuit) with simultaneous measuring of the probe current. Relations between the probe I-V characteristic and parameters of isotropic plasma were found by the Irving Langmuir and they can be derived most elementary for the planar probe of a large surface area formula_59 (ignoring the edge effects problem). Let us choose the point formula_60 in plasma

title: Alexander Langmuir

text: Alexander Langmuir Alexander Duncan Langmuir (12 September 1910 – 22 November 1993) was an American epidemiologist. He is renowned for creating the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Alexander D. Langmuir was born in Santa Monica, California. He received his A.B. in 1931 from Harvard, his M.D. in 1935 from Cornell University Medical College, and his M.P.H. in 1940 from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. After serving as a public health officer in New York and as an epidemiologist with the U. S. Army from 1942 to 1946, Langmuir returned to Johns Hopkins to become associate professor of epidemiology

title: Langmuir Turbulence

text: Langmuir Turbulence In fluid dynamics, and oceanography, the term Langmuir Turbulence refers to a turbulent flow with coherent Langmuir circulation structures that exist and evolve over a range of spatial and temporal scales. These structures arise through an interaction between the ocean surface waves and the currents. In the upper ocean Langmuir circulations are a special case where the turbulent structures exhibit a dominant cell size. In general it is expected that Langmuir turbulence is a global ocean phenomenon and not confined to gentle wind conditions or shallow water ways (as with most observations of Langmuir circulation). An important consequence

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film

text: PhD degree in 1926 from Cambridge University. While working for GE, Langmuir and Blodgett discovered that when a solid surface is inserted into an aqueous solution containing organic moieties, the organic molecules will deposit a monolayer homogeneously over the surface. This is the Langmuir–Blodgett film deposition process. Through this work in surface chemistry and with the help of Blodgett, Langmuir was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932. In addition, Blodgett used Langmuir–Blodgett film to create 99% transparent anti-reflective glass by coating glass with fluorinated organic compounds, forming a simple anti-reflective coating. Langmuir films are formed when amphiphilic (surfactants) molecules or

title: Alexander Langmuir

text: in the school of medicine. In 1949, he became director of the epidemiology branch of the National Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta, a position he held for over 20 years. He wrote extensively on all phases of epidemiology on a global basis and was recognized internationally as a leading contributor in epidemiology. Langmuir was a visiting professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health from 1988 until his death in 1993. Alexander Langmuir Alexander Duncan Langmuir (12 September 1910 – 22 November 1993) was an American epidemiologist. He is renowned for creating the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Alexander

title: Langmuir (crater)

text: Langmuir (crater) Langmuir is an impact crater on the Moon's far side. It is located in a region to the southwest of the Mare Orientale impact basin. Langmuir is bracketed between two larger craters, with Chebyshev to the west-northwest and Brouwer to the east. It partly overlaps the rims of these two craters, making it the youngest of the three. The outer rampart of ejecta from Langmuir partly covers the southeast interior floor of Chebyshev. This crater has not been heavily eroded, and many of its original features remain intact and sharply defined. The rim to the west is somewhat

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film

text: LM films can be used also as models for half a cellular membrane. Langmuir–Blodgett film A Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is a nanostructured system formed when Langmuir films - or Langmuir monolayers (LM)- are transferred from the liquid-gas interface to solid supports during the vertical passage of the support through the monolayers. LB films can contain one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is adsorbed homogeneously with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film

text: Langmuir–Blodgett film A Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is a nanostructured system formed when Langmuir films - or Langmuir monolayers (LM)- are transferred from the liquid-gas interface to solid supports during the vertical passage of the support through the monolayers. LB films can contain one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is adsorbed homogeneously with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very accurate thickness can be formed. This thickness is accurate because the thickness of

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film

text: since the organic molecules were arranged vertically. Langmuir’s breakthrough did not occur until he hired Katherine Blodgett as his assistant. Blodgett initially went to seek for a job at General Electric (GE) with Langmuir during her Christmas break of her senior year at Bryn Mawr College, where she received a BA in Physics. Langmuir advised to Blodgett that she should continue her education before working for him. She thereafter attended University of Chicago for her MA in Chemistry. Upon her completion of her Master's, Langmuir hired her as his assistant. However, breakthroughs in surface chemistry happened after she received her

title: What Made America Famous?

text: What Made America Famous? "What Made America Famous?" is a song written and performed by Harry Chapin. The song was included on his 1974 album, Verities & Balderdash. It has also been included on numerous posthumous compilation albums. The song inspired Chapin to write the award nominated Broadway musical, The Night That Made America Famous. The song shows a man, his girlfriend, and kids living in a rundown home. Eventually, a house fire starts, and they need rescue. It is continually asked in the song if anybody cares. It ends with the firefighters waiting to respond to "let them sweat

title: Langmuir probe

text: Langmuir probe A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel. The measured currents and potentials in this system allow the determination of the physical properties of the plasma. The beginning of Langmuir probe theory is the "I-V" characteristic of the Debye sheath, that is, the current density flowing to a surface in a plasma as a function of the

title: Langmuir probe

title: Langmuir (unit)

text: and "T". Gas adsorption experiments typically operate around ambient temperature with light gases, and so the langmuir remains useful as a practical unit. Assuming that every gas molecule hitting the surface sticks to it (that is, the sticking coefficient is 1), one langmuir (1 L) leads to a coverage of about one monolayer of the adsorbed gas molecules on the surface. In general, the sticking coefficient varies depending on the reactivity of the surface and the molecules, so that the langmuir gives a lower limit of the time it needs to completely cover a surface. This also illustrates why ultra-high

title: Langmuir (crater)

text: is offset to the north. There is a central peak formation on the floor, but it is located to the northeast of the midpoint. The floor is relatively level in the western half, but more uneven in the east. Langmuir (crater) Langmuir is an impact crater on the Moon's far side. It is located in a region to the southwest of the Mare Orientale impact basin. Langmuir is bracketed between two larger craters, with Chebyshev to the west-northwest and Brouwer to the east. It partly overlaps the rims of these two craters, making it the youngest of the three. The

title: Gavin I. Langmuir

text: Gavin I. Langmuir Gavin I. Langmuir (April 2, 1924 – July 10, 2005) was a Canadian medievalist historian. Much of his work focused on the Jews of medieval England and the history of antisemitism. Veteran of World War II, a historian of antisemitism, and a medievalist at Stanford University. Langmuir was born in Toronto. He initially planned a military career, and served as a lieutenant in the Canadian Army's Royal Highland Regiment during World War II. He saw service along the Siegfried Line from 1944–1945 until he was seriously wounded in battle February 1945. He received a medical discharge. With

title: What Made Milwaukee Famous (band)

text: What Made Milwaukee Famous (band) What Made Milwaukee Famous (WMMF) is an indie rock band from Austin, Texas. In 2005, WMMF performed for Austin City Limits with Franz Ferdinand, making them one of the only unsigned bands to play for the show in its 43-year history. In 2006, the band signed with Barsuk Records, which re-released their 2004 debut album, "Trying to Never Catch Up". Their second album, "What Doesn't Kill Us", was released on March 4, 2008. Since forming, the band has played at the South by Southwest music festival, the Austin City Limits Festival, and Lollapalooza. They have

title: Langmuir–Blodgett trough

text: can be used itself as an experimental device to test interfacial properties such as the surface tension of various fluids, as well as the surface pressure of a given system. The system can also be used as an observation mechanism to watch how drugs interact with lipids, or to see how lipids arrange themselves as the number to area ratios are varied. Langmuir–Blodgett troughs can be used for experiments in the fabrication of Langmuir–Blodgett films and the characterization of Langmuir films. LB films are now used as the building blocks of molecular electronics. Troughs can be used to make films

title: What Made America Famous?

text: a little", and the plumber ends up saving everyone in the home. They spend the night in the plumber's home and realize that heroes are people who you'd never suspect, or ever know. The song was inspired when Chapin himself lived in Point Lookout in Long Island during the 1960s. There was a suspicious fire in a low-income residence. Although it is unknown how the actual firefighters responded, he imagined that they responded like in the song. What Made America Famous? "What Made America Famous?" is a song written and performed by Harry Chapin. The song was included on his

title: What Made Milwaukee Famous (band)

text: opened for The Smashing Pumpkins, Arcade Fire, The Black Keys, and Snow Patrol. WMMF has been featured on spots in "Billboard" and Rolling Stone bands-to-watch lists. The band's name comes from Jerry Lee Lewis's "What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)". What Made Milwaukee Famous (band) What Made Milwaukee Famous (WMMF) is an indie rock band from Austin, Texas. In 2005, WMMF performed for Austin City Limits with Franz Ferdinand, making them one of the only unsigned bands to play for the show in its 43-year history. In 2006, the band signed with Barsuk Records, which

title: Dual segmented Langmuir probe

text: Dual segmented Langmuir probe Dual Segmented Langmuir Probe (DSLP) is an instrument developed primarily by Czech researchers and engineers to study the magnetospheric background plasma flown on board the spacecraft of the European Space Agency (ESA) Proba 2. Data acquired by DSLP will be used to reach these specific scientific goals: Contrary to classical Langmuir probes, the new DSLP concept of data acquisition from the independent segments will enable to study also plasma characteristics in different directions. This should provide for example estimations of plasma flow velocity. Typically in the presence of magnetic field, electron temperatures are observed to be

title: Dual segmented Langmuir probe

title: Langmuir–Blodgett trough

text: of layers of amphiphilic molecules onto a solid substrate in a very ordered fashion. She made final developments to the Langmuir–Blodgett trough allowing it to be used to easily transfer films to solid surfaces. After the work of Blodgett the field was relatively inactive for several years until in 1971 Hans Kuhn began performing optical and photoelectric experiments with monolayer assemblies using the methods of Langmuir and Blodgett. Any type of surface experiment requires maximal cleanliness and purity of components. Even small contaminations can have substantial effects on results. If an aqueous subphase is used, the water must be purified

title: Arthur Irving

text: and Society. Arthur Irving Arthur L. Irving, (born 1930) is a Canadian billionaire businessman, the second son of industrialist K.C. Irving. Arthur, along with his brother J.K., share the ownership of what is known informally as the "Irving Group of Companies". Irving was born in 1930 in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, the second son of industrialist K.C. Irving. He was educated at Acadia University. Following their father's death in 1992, ownership and responsibility for the Irving companies was divided as follows: All companies within the Irving conglomerate are vertically integrated and buy services and products of other Irving-owned companies,

title: Arthur Irving

text: Arthur Irving Arthur L. Irving, (born 1930) is a Canadian billionaire businessman, the second son of industrialist K.C. Irving. Arthur, along with his brother J.K., share the ownership of what is known informally as the "Irving Group of Companies". Irving was born in 1930 in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, the second son of industrialist K.C. Irving. He was educated at Acadia University. Following their father's death in 1992, ownership and responsibility for the Irving companies was divided as follows: All companies within the Irving conglomerate are vertically integrated and buy services and products of other Irving-owned companies, thereby maintaining

title: Langmuir probe

text: measured, it is found to be highly variable and generally much lower (a factor of three or more) than the value given above. Often a clear saturation is not seen at all. Understanding electron saturation is one of the most important outstanding problems of Langmuir probe theory. The Debye sheath theory explains the basic behavior of Langmuir probes, but is not complete. Merely inserting an object like a probe into a plasma changes the density, temperature, and potential at the sheath edge and perhaps everywhere. Changing the voltage on the probe will also, in general, change various plasma parameters. Such

title: Langmuir (unit)

text: vacuum (UHV) must be used to study solid-state surfaces, nanostructures or even single molecules. The typical time to perform physical experiments on sample surfaces is in the range of one to several hours. In order to keep the surface free of contaminations, the pressure of the residual gas in a UHV chamber should be below 10 Torr. Langmuir (unit) The langmuir (symbol: L) is a unit of exposure (or dosage) to a surface ("e.g." of a crystal) and is used in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) surface physics to study the adsorption of gases. It is a practical unit, and is not

title: Langmuir circulation

text: jets of downward flow form and the magnitude of the current will be comparable to the horizontal flow. The downward propagation will typically be in the order of meters or tenths of meters and will not penetrate the pycnocline. The upwelling is less intense and takes place over a wider band under the divergence zone. In wind speeds ranging from the maximum vertical velocity ranged from with a ratio of down-welling to wind velocities ranging from −0.0025 to −0.0085. Langmuir circulation In physical oceanography, Langmuir circulation consists of a series of shallow, slow, counter-rotating vortices at the ocean's surface aligned

title: Langmuir circulation

text: approximation of the Lagrangian mean. In the Boussinesq approximation the governing equations can be written where formula_13 is the fluid velocity, formula_14 is planetary rotation, formula_15 is the Stokes drift velocity of the surface wave field, formula_16 is the pressure, formula_17 is the acceleration due to gravity, formula_18 is the density, formula_19 is the reference density, formula_20 is the viscosity, and formula_21 is the diffusivity. In the open ocean conditions where there may not be a dominant length scale controlling the scale of the Langmuir cells the concept of Langmuir Turbulence is advanced. The circulation has been observed to be

title: John E. Irving

text: John E. Irving John E. Irving CM (January 1, 1932 – July 21, 2010) was a Canadian businessman, the youngest son of the industrialist K. C. Irving. Born in New Brunswick, Jack Irving, as he was called, along with his brothers J.K. and Arthur and their three families, share the ownership and operating responsibility for what is known informally as the "Irving Group of Companies". Following their father's death in 1992, ownership and responsibility for the Irving companies was divided as follows: All companies within the Irving conglomerate, including Irving Oil and J.D. Irving, Limited are vertically integrated and buy

title: Henry Irving

text: going on making a fool of yourself like this all your life?" Irving exited their carriage at Hyde Park Corner, walked off into the night, and chose never to see her again. He maintained a discreet distance from his children as well, but became closer to them as they grew older. Florence Irving never divorced Irving, and once he had been knighted she styled herself "Lady Irving"; Irving never remarried. His elder son, Harry Brodribb Irving (1870–1919), usually known as "H B Irving", became a famous actor and later a theatre manager. His younger son, Laurence Irving (1871–1914), became a

title: Phil Irving

text: Island Classic race meeting. Phil Irving Philip Edward Irving MBE, C.Eng., F.I.Mech.E., M.S.A.E., (1903–1992) was an Australian engineer and author, most famous for the Repco-Brabham Formula One and Vincent motorcycle engines. He also designed Velocette motorcycles and drew the engine of the 1960 EMC 125cc racer. Irving was the son of a medical doctor who had a 600 square-mile practice in Western Victoria which he travelled around using a Swift car and two motorcycles, a belt-drive Triumph and a four-cylinder FN. Due to a lack of local repair facilities, Dr. Irving performed all the maintenance at home. After three years

title: Phil Irving

text: Phil Irving Philip Edward Irving MBE, C.Eng., F.I.Mech.E., M.S.A.E., (1903–1992) was an Australian engineer and author, most famous for the Repco-Brabham Formula One and Vincent motorcycle engines. He also designed Velocette motorcycles and drew the engine of the 1960 EMC 125cc racer. Irving was the son of a medical doctor who had a 600 square-mile practice in Western Victoria which he travelled around using a Swift car and two motorcycles, a belt-drive Triumph and a four-cylinder FN. Due to a lack of local repair facilities, Dr. Irving performed all the maintenance at home. After three years attendance at Wesley College,

title: David Irving

text: glad for every survivor that there was." On 22–26 April 1988, Irving testified for Zündel, endorsing Richard Harwood's book "Did Six Million Really Die?" as "over ninety percent... factually accurate". As to what evidence further led Irving to believe that the Holocaust never occurred, he cited "The Leuchter report" by Fred A. Leuchter, which claimed there was no evidence for the existence of homicidal gas chambers at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Irving said in a 1999 documentary about Leuchter: "The big point [of the Leuchter report]: there is no significant residue of cyanide in the brickwork. That's what converted me.

title: Langmuir–Blodgett trough

text: for the fabrication of nanoscale electronics such as graphene sheets (Li et al., 2008), and LCDs (Russell-Tanner, Takayama, Sugimura, DeSimone & Samulski, 2007). In addition films can be made of biological materials (Yang et al., 2002) to improve cell adhesion or study the properties of biofilms. An example of Langmuir–Blodgett troughs' utility in characterizing Langmuir films is the analysis of surface properties of quantum dots at the air-water interface. Surface of water has an immensely smooth nature that could be extended as large as the size of its container. The root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of water is 3.2 Å, as measured

title: Gavin I. Langmuir

text: anti-Semitism. He died in 2005. Langmuir's research led to two books published in 1990: "Toward a Definition of Antisemitism" and "History, Religion and Antisemitism". "Toward a Definition of Antisemitism" drew a distinction between "anti-Judaism", in which Christians hated Jews based on their competing religion and belief system, with "antisemitism", in which Christians hated Jews based on constructed stereotypes that cast Jews as inherently evil. Langmuir's research received critical praise from many scholars: Gavin I. Langmuir Gavin I. Langmuir (April 2, 1924 – July 10, 2005) was a Canadian medievalist historian. Much of his work focused on the Jews of medieval

title: Jay Irving

text: from the family and his real name a secret from the professional cartoon world. He drew under the name Jay Irving, which was derived from his real name, Irving Joel Rafsky. Then, in 1937, when he felt he was sufficiently successful, he confessed, and changed his name legally." In 1932, Irving began a 13-year association with "Collier's", drawing the weekly cartoon panel "Collier's Cops". He also did covers for "Collier's", including the famous Halloween cover for the October 26, 1940 issue. In 1946, he created the short-lived comic strip "Willie Doodle", also about a fat and cheerful police officer, for

title: David Irving

text: Berg that mass murder using diesel gas fumes at the Operation Reinhard death camps was impossible. At that conference, Irving repeated his claims that Hitler was ignorant of the Holocaust because he was "so busy being a soldier". In a speech at that conference, Irving stated: "Isn't it right for Tel Aviv to claim now that David Irving is talking nonsense and "of course" Adolf Hitler must have known about what was going in Auschwitz and Treblinka, and then in the same breath to claim that, "of course" our beloved Mr. Begin didn't know what was going on in Sabra

title: Plasma oscillation

text: Plasma oscillation Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency only depends weakly on the wavelength of the oscillation. The quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of these oscillations is the plasmon. Langmuir waves were discovered by American physicists Irving Langmuir and Lewi Tonks in the 1920s. They are parallel in form to Jeans instability waves, which are caused by gravitational

title: Washington Irving

text: and his surreptitious and adventitious reputation—between what is due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer". A critic for the "New-York Mirror" wrote: "No man in the Republic of Letters has been more overrated than Mr. Washington Irving". Some critics noted especially that Irving, despite being an American, catered to British sensibilities and, as one critic noted, wrote ""of" and "for" England, rather than his own country". Other critics were inclined to be more forgiving of Irving's style. William Makepeace Thackeray was the first to refer to Irving as the "ambassador whom the New World of Letters sent

title: Irving Janis

text: Irving Janis Irving Lester Janis (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was a research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink" which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions. A "Review of General Psychology" survey, published in 2002, ranked Janis as the 79th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Irving Janis was born on May 26, 1918 in Buffalo, New York. He received a bachelor of science degree from the University of Chicago in 1939, then received a doctorate from

title: David Irving

text: about the real history of what took place in Norway during World War II, contrary to what official historians have presented. Irving stated that he had thought the Norwegian people to be made of tougher stuff. Only days after the cancellation David Irving announced that he would go to Lillehammer during the literature festival and deliver his 2-hour lecture from a hotel room. Irving, once held in regard for his expert knowledge of German military archives, was a controversial figure from the start. His interpretations of the war were widely regarded as unduly favourable to the German side. At first

title: Plasma (physics)

text: describes the behaviour of the Ionised atomic nuclei and the electrons within the surrounding region of the plasma. Very simply, each of these nuclei are suspended in a movable sea of electrons. Plasma was first identified in a Crookes tube, and so described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 (he called it "radiant matter"). The nature of this "cathode ray" matter was subsequently identified by British physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897. The term "plasma" was coined by Irving Langmuir in 1928. Lewi Tonks and Harold Mott-Smith, both of whom worked with Irving Langmuir in the 1920s, recall that Langmuir

title: Langmuir–Blodgett film

text: The condensed Langmuir films (in surface pressures usually higher than 15 mN/m - typically 30 mN/m) can be subsequently transferred onto a solid substrate to create highly organized thin film coatings. Langmuir–Blodgett troughs Besides LB film from surfactants depicted in Figure 1, similar monolayers can also be made from inorganic nanoparticles. Adding a monolayer to the surface reduces the surface tension, and the surface pressure, formula_1 is given by the following equation: where formula_5 is equal to the surface tension of the water and formula_6 is the surface tension due to the monolayer. But the concentration-dependence of surface tension (similar

title: Langmuir adsorption model

text: is valid as follows : By simple rearrangement, we get This equation describes competition of components "1" and "2". Langmuir adsorption model The Langmuir adsorption model explains adsorption by assuming an adsorbate behaves as an ideal thing at isothermal conditions. At these conditions the adsorbate's partial pressure, formula_1, is related to the volume of it, , adsorbed onto a solid adsorbent. The adsorbent, as indicated in the figure, is assumed to be an ideal solid surface composed of series of distinct sites capable of binding the adsorbate. The adsorbate binding is treated as a chemical reaction between the adsorbate molecule

title: Langmuir adsorption model

text: Langmuir adsorption model The Langmuir adsorption model explains adsorption by assuming an adsorbate behaves as an ideal thing at isothermal conditions. At these conditions the adsorbate's partial pressure, formula_1, is related to the volume of it, , adsorbed onto a solid adsorbent. The adsorbent, as indicated in the figure, is assumed to be an ideal solid surface composed of series of distinct sites capable of binding the adsorbate. The adsorbate binding is treated as a chemical reaction between the adsorbate molecule formula_2 and an empty site, . This reaction yields an adsorbed complex formula_3 with an associated equilibrium constant formula_4:

title: John Irving (steamship captain)

text: captains that while travel might be at the company's expense, Irving was to be required to pay for accommodations and meals on board. This directive was ignored by the CPR's captains, who continued to seat Irving at the captain's table and make sure a cabin was available for him. Hacking described Irving's last years: John Irving (steamship captain) John Irving (November 24, 1854 – August or October 10, 1936) was a steamship captain in British Columbia, Canada. He began on the Fraser River at the age of 18 and would become one of the most famous and prosperous riverboat captains

title: Famous for being famous

text: 1999 book "Disco Bloodbath", and Dianne Brill, who was crowned "Queen of the Night" by Andy Warhol. Famous for being famous Famous for being famous is a pejorative term for someone who attains celebrity status for no particularly identifiable reason (as opposed to fame based on achievements, skill, or talent) and appears to generate their own fame, or someone who achieves fame through a family or relationship association with an existing celebrity. The term originates from an analysis of the media-dominated world called "The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America" (1961), by historian and social theorist Daniel J. Boorstin.

title: Dual segmented Langmuir probe

text: also in ionospheric plasmas. The DSLP instrument consists of two Langmuir probes, electronics and small data processing unit. DSLP shares some interface, power and processing resources with TPMU experiment. DSLP has been developed on the basis of its predecessor ISL (Instrument Sonde de Langmuir), flown on the Demeter mission of CNES. DSLP was developed by the consortium of Astronomical Institute and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic, Research and Scientific Support Department (RSSD) ESA ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Czech Space Research Centre (CSRC), Brno Czech Republic, and SPRINX Systems, Prague, Czech Republic.

title: Andrew Scott Irving

text: two granddaughters inherited most of his estate on his death in Toronto on 29 April 1904. Irving was buried in St. James Cemetery in Toronto. Irving is remembered as a pioneer in Canadian publishing, and had a reputation for discouraging the distribution of what was considered "trash" literature, promoting instead light literature with higher repute. Andrew Scott Irving Andrew Scott Irving (13 October 1837 – 29 April 1904) was a Scottish-born Canadian bookseller and publisher. Irving was born in Annan in Scotland. He moved with his parents to the United States while still young. He relocated to Hamilton in the

title: Space charge

text: equation for the case of atomic ions, which have much smaller ratios of their charge to their mass. Irving Langmuir published the application to electron currents in 1913, and extended it to the case of cylindrical cathodes and anodes. The equation's validity is subject to the following assumptions: The assumption of no scattering (ballistic transport) is what makes the predictions of Child–Langmuir Law different from those of Mott–Gurney Law. The latter assumes steady-state drift transport and therefore strong scattering. In semiconductors and insulating materials, an electric field causes charged particles, electrons, to reach a specific drift velocity that is parallel

title: Catherine Irving

text: the Miss Earth New Zealand 2005 title, and Rachael Tucker of Palmerston North won it in 2004. In the last round of the Miss Earth New Zealand 2009 competition, she was asked in the final question and answer segment, "If there was one famous New Zealander you could talk to, who would it be?" She replied: "John Key because he's the one who has the most influence in New Zealand and is making the decisions. I'd ask him what he plans to do about a number of environmental issues like recycling and carbon emissions." Irving represented New Zealand in the

title: Irving Shipbuilding

text: the ships had to undergo repairs because of corrosion. In November 2013, between 200 and 300 workers at the Irving-owned Halifax Shipyard walked off the job complaining of bullying by management. Workers staged a walkout at the Irving-owned Halifax Shipyard to protest against what they say is management harassment after a colleague who had been suspended without pay for 30 days shot himself and died. Later, the president of Irving Shipbuilding, Kevin McCoy said that bullying not a factor in shipyard employee suicide. Irving Shipbuilding Irving Shipbuilding Inc. is a Canadian shipbuilder and in-service support provider. The company owns industrial

title: Irving Segal

text: Irving Segal Irving Ezra Segal (September 13, 1918 – August 30, 1998) was an American mathematician known for work on theoretical quantum mechanics. He shares credit for what is often referred to as the Segal–Shale–Weil representation. Early in his career Segal became known for his developments in quantum field theory and in functional and harmonic analysis, in particular his innovation of the algebraic axioms known as C*-algebra. Irving Ezra Segal was born in the Bronx in 1918 to Jewish parents. He attended school in Trenton. In 1934 was admitted to Princeton University at the age of 16. He was elected

title: Famous for being famous

text: argued that the graphic revolution in journalism and other forms of communication had severed fame from greatness, and that this severance hastened the decay of fame into mere notoriety. Over the years, the phrase has been glossed as "a celebrity is someone who is famous for being famous". The British journalist Malcolm Muggeridge may have been the first to use the actual phrase in the introduction to his book "Muggeridge Through The Microphone" (1967) in which he wrote:In the past if someone was famous or notorious, it was for something—as a writer or an actor or a criminal; for some

title: Famous for being famous

text: Famous for being famous Famous for being famous is a pejorative term for someone who attains celebrity status for no particularly identifiable reason (as opposed to fame based on achievements, skill, or talent) and appears to generate their own fame, or someone who achieves fame through a family or relationship association with an existing celebrity. The term originates from an analysis of the media-dominated world called "The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America" (1961), by historian and social theorist Daniel J. Boorstin. In it, he defined the celebrity as "a person who is known for his well-knownness". He further

title: Irving Washington

text: nephew, Roy Kilner, played Test cricket for England, whilst another nephew, Norman Kilner, played over four hundred first-class matches for Yorkshire and Warwickshire. Arguably Washington's most famous innings was one of nine not out against the Australians in 1902, as this enabled Yorkshire to reach 50 for 5 wickets in their second innings, and thereby achieve a five wicket victory. Washington died in October 1927, in Wombwell. Irving Washington William Arthur Irving Washington (11 December 1879 – 20 October 1927) was an English first-class Cricketer, who played forty four matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1900 and 1902. He

title: Irving Segal

text: is rare for a mathematician to produce a life work that at the time can be fully and confidently evaluated by no one, but the full impact of the work of Irving Ezra Segal will become known only to future generations." Irving Segal Irving Ezra Segal (September 13, 1918 – August 30, 1998) was an American mathematician known for work on theoretical quantum mechanics. He shares credit for what is often referred to as the Segal–Shale–Weil representation. Early in his career Segal became known for his developments in quantum field theory and in functional and harmonic analysis, in particular his

title: Kyrie Irving

text: the ninth game of the season. On March 17, the day before Duke played Hampton in the first round of the NCAA tournament, he returned for his first game since his injury. Duke advanced to the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Tournament but fell to Arizona. Irving scored 28 points in what turned out to be his last game for Duke. Irving announced that he would forgo his final three seasons of eligibility and enter the 2011 NBA draft, where he was selected with the first overall pick by the Cleveland Cavaliers. Irving was named to the 2012 Rising Stars

title: Irving Trust

text: Irving Trust Irving Trust was an American investment bank headquartered in New York City that operated between 1851 and 1988 when it was acquired by Bank of New York. From 1965 the bank was the principal subsidiary of the Irving Bank Corporation. Between 1913 and 1931, its headquarters was in the Woolworth Building; after 1931, until it was acquired by Bank of New York, its headquarters was located at One Wall Street, at what is now known as the BNY Mellon Building. The bank had its origins in 1851, when the Irving Bank of the City of New York was

title: Irving Vendig

text: created "Hidden Faces", a short-lived drama for NBC, which was similar in theme to his more famous "The Edge of Night", which starred Stephen Joyce, Conard Fowkes, Louise Shaffer, Tony Lo Bianco and future Oscar nominee Linda Blair. Irving Vendig Irving Vendig (October 11, 1902 — January 7, 1995) was an American soap opera writer best known for creating "The Edge of Night". Born in the Mississippi city of Holly Springs, Vendig created "The Edge of Night" for Procter and Gamble Productions and CBS Daytime in 1956. He had been a writer on the "Perry Mason" radio show and when

title: Stuart Irving

text: him Irving was struggling and was not sure if he would make the team, to which Logue replied "what are you going to do-send the kid back to Vietnam? How are you going to feel about that?" Williamson decided to keep Irving around as long as he could. Two weeks before the Olympics began the US team lost a game to the Soviet Union 11–4. Irving scored two goals in the game against Vladislav Tretiak, who was considered one of the best goaltenders in the world at the time. After the game Williamson informed Irving that he had made the

title: Plasma diagnostics

text: Plasma diagnostics Plasma diagnostics are a pool of methods, instruments, and experimental techniques used to measure properties of a plasma, such as plasma components' density, distribution function over energy (temperature), their spatial profiles and dynamics, which enable to derive plasma parameters. Measurements with electric probes, called Langmuir probes, are the oldest and most often used procedures for low-temperature plasmas. The method was developed by Irving Langmuir and his co-workers in the 1920s, and has since been further developed in order to extend its applicability to more general conditions than those presumed by Langmuir. Langmuir probe measurements are based on the

title: Irving Townsend

text: and his whole beautiful family. We are indebted to him for having produced many of our favorite and most satisfactory records." Irving Townsend Irving Townsend (1920–1981) was an American record producer and author. He is most famous for having co-produced, with Teo Macero, the Miles Davis album "Kind of Blue", which is the best-selling jazz album of all time according to the RIAA. He later served as president of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Townsend, a former jazz bandleader, became an advertising copywriter for Columbia Records. He then convinced George Avakian to have

title: Irving Kravis

text: OECD. He was posthumously honored as "Distinguished Fellow" of the American Economic Association. Kravis died on January 3, 1992 after falling ill at the Philadelphia airport on the way to receiving the "Distinguished Fellow" award of the American Economic Association. He was suffering from both lymphoma and Parkinson's disease at the time of his death. He was survived by his wife, sister, two sons, two daughters, and six grandchildren. Irving Kravis Irving B. Kravis (1917 – January 3, 1992) was an American economist famous for his work on international price comparisons, leading to the first version of the Penn World

title: Irving Kravis

text: Irving Kravis Irving B. Kravis (1917 – January 3, 1992) was an American economist famous for his work on international price comparisons, leading to the first version of the Penn World Table. Kravis was born in 1917. He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees at the University of Pennsylvania. There, he was a student of Simon Kuznets, whose interest in national income accounting was influential to Kravis's areas of research. Kravis would also follow Kuznets in associating with the National Bureau of Economic Research. Kravis served the United States in World War II as a first lieutenant in China with

title: John Irving (steamship captain)

text: John Irving (steamship captain) John Irving (November 24, 1854 – August or October 10, 1936) was a steamship captain in British Columbia, Canada. He began on the Fraser River at the age of 18 and would become one of the most famous and prosperous riverboat captains of the era. His father, William Irving was known as the "King of the River" and the neighborhood of Irvington in Portland, Oregon is named in honor of their family. John was born in 1854 in the suburb of Irvington in Portland, Oregon, the second child and only son of William and Elizabeth Irving.

title: Irving Townsend

text: Irving Townsend Irving Townsend (1920–1981) was an American record producer and author. He is most famous for having co-produced, with Teo Macero, the Miles Davis album "Kind of Blue", which is the best-selling jazz album of all time according to the RIAA. He later served as president of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Townsend, a former jazz bandleader, became an advertising copywriter for Columbia Records. He then convinced George Avakian to have him assist on recording sessions, and by the mid-1950s he was a full-time producer. He became Davis's producer after the departures

title: Irving Berlin

text: Story of Irving Berlin", was being written by Alexander Woollcott. In a letter to Woollcott, Jerome Kern offered what one writer said "may be the last word" on the significance of Irving Berlin: Irving Berlin has no "place" in American music—he "is" American music. Emotionally, he honestly absorbs the vibrations emanating from the people, manners and life of his time and, in turn, gives these impressions back to the world—simplified, clarified and glorified. Composer George Gershwin (1898–1937) also tried to describe the importance of Berlin's compositions: I want to say at once that I frankly believe that Irving Berlin is