query: what is modern egyptian language?

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: Local chroniclers mention the continued use of Coptic as a spoken language until the 17th century by peasant women in Upper Egypt. Coptic is still the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language. Modern Standard Arabic, a modernized form of Classical Arabic (also called Qur'anic Arabic), is the official language of Egypt (see diglossia). Interest in the local vernacular began in the 1800s, as the Egyptian national movement for self-determination was taking shape. For many decades to follow, questions about the reform and the

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: than Modern Standard Arabic was viewed as eminently incongruous. As the status of Egyptian Arabic as opposed to Classical Arabic can have such political and religious implications in Egypt, the question of whether Egyptian Arabic should be considered a "dialect" or "language" can be a source of debate. In sociolinguistics, Egyptian Arabic can be seen as one of many distinct varieties that, despite arguably being languages on "abstand" grounds, are united by a common "dachsprache" in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). During the early 1900s many portions of the Bible were published in Egyptian Arabic. These were published by the Nile

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: modernization of Arabic were hotly debated in Egyptian intellectual circles. Proposals ranged from developing neologisms to replace archaic terminology in Modern Standard Arabic to the simplification of syntactical and morphological rules and the introduction of colloquialisms to even complete "Egyptianization" ("tamṣīr") by abandoning the so-called Modern Standard Arabic in favor of Masri or Egyptian Arabic. Proponents of language reform in Egypt included Qasim Amin, who also wrote the first Egyptian feminist treatise, former President of the Egyptian University, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed, and noted intellectual Salama Moussa. They adopted a modernist, secular approach and disagreed with the assumption that Arabic was

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: vernacular were ignored. Egyptian Arabic was identified as a mere dialect, one that was not spoken even in all of Egypt, as almost all of Upper Egypt speaks Sa'idi Arabic. Though the revolutionary government heavily sponsored the use of the Egyptian vernacular in films, plays, television programmes, and music, the prerevolutionary use of Modern Standard Arabic in official publications was retained. Linguistic commentators have noted the multi-faceted approach of the Egyptian revolutionaries towards the Arabic language. Whereas Egypt's first president, Mohammed Naguib exhibited a preference for using Modern Standard Arabic in his public speeches, his successor, Gamal Abdel Nasser was

title: Coptic language

text: is also attested in Sahidic, but "logos" and "aiguptios" are both Greek in origin. In the liturgy of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, the name is more officially "ti aspi ən rem ən kēmi", 'the Egyptian language', "aspi" being the Egyptian word for language. Coptic is today spoken liturgically in the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic Church (along with Modern Standard Arabic). The language is spoken only in Egypt and historically has had little influence outside of the territory, except for monasteries located in Nubia. Coptic's most noticeable linguistic impact has been on the various dialects of Egyptian Arabic,

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: rich literary output. That dwindled with the rise of Egyptian Arab nationalism, which had gained wide popularity in Egypt by the final years of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, as demonstrated vividly by Egypt's involvement in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War under King Farouk of Egypt. The Egyptian revolution of 1952, led by Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, further enhanced the significance of Arab nationalism, making it a central element of Egyptian state policy. The importance of Modern Standard Arabic was reemphasised in the public sphere by the revolutionary government, and efforts to accord any formal language status to the Egyptian

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: well as the great number of Egyptian teachers and professors who were instrumental in setting up the education systems of various countries in the Arabian Peninsula and also taught there and in other countries such as Algeria and Libya; although this is changing as Damascus Arabic is taking its rule in the media. Also, many Lebanese artists choose to sing in Egyptian and Lebanese. Standard Egyptian Arabic when used in documents, broadcast media, prepared speeches, and sometimes in liturgical purpose, is Cairene Arabic with loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic origin or code-switching between Cairene Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. The

title: Egyptian language

text: "tꜣ" and "nꜣ". Like in other Afroasiatic languages, Egyptian uses two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. It also uses three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural. However, later Egyptian has a tendency to lose the dual as a productive form. The Egyptian language survived into the early modern period in the form of the Coptic language. The Copts were heavily persecuted under Islamic rule, especially under the Mamluk Sultanate, and Coptic survived past the 16th century only as an isolated vernacular. However, in antiquity, Egyptian exerted some influence on Classical Greek, so that a number of Egyptian loanwords into Greek

title: Egyptian language

text: language, and has attracted the most attention by far from Egyptology. Whilst most Middle Egyptian is seen written on monuments by hieroglyphs, it was also written using a cursive variant, and the related hieratic. Middle Egyptian first became available to modern scholarship with the decipherment of hieroglyphs in the early 19th century. The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. Middle Egyptian has been well-understood since then, although certain points of the verbal inflection remained open to revision until the mid-20th century, notably due to the contributions of Hans

title: Egyptian Sign Language

text: Egyptian Sign Language Egyptian Sign Language is a sign language used by members of the deaf community in Egypt. Although there are no official statistics on the number of deaf people or the number of people who use Egyptian Sign Language as their primary language, Gallaudet University's library resources website quotes a 1999 estimate of 2 million hearing impaired children, while a 2007 study by the WHO places the prevalence of hearing loss in Egypt at 16.02% across all age groups. Egyptian Sign Language is not formally recognized by the government. Linguistically, Egyptian Sign Language is not related to other

title: Late Egyptian language

text: Late Egyptian language Late Egyptian is the stage of the Egyptian language that was written by the time of the New Kingdom of Egypt around 1350 BC – the Amarna Period. Texts written wholly in Late Egyptian date to the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt and later. Late Egyptian succeeded but did not fully supplant Middle Egyptian as a literary language. Late Egyptian is not descended directly from Middle Egyptian, which was based on a different dialect. Late Egyptian is represented by a large body of religious and secular literature, comprising such examples as the "Story of Wenamun", the love poems

title: Egyptian language

text: Egyptian language The Egyptian language was spoken in ancient Egypt and was a branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Its attestation stretches over an extraordinarily long time, from the Old Egyptian stage (mid-3rd millennium BC, Old Kingdom of Egypt). Its earliest known complete written sentence has been dated to about 2690 BC, which makes it one of the oldest recorded languages known, along with Sumerian. Its classical form is known as Middle Egyptian, the vernacular of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt which remained the literary language of Egypt until the Roman period. The spoken language had evolved into Demotic by the

title: Egyptian language

text: greatest affinities with Berber, and Semitic. In Egyptian, the Proto-Afroasiatic voiced consonants developed into pharyngeal : "ꜥr.t" 'portal', Semitic "dalt" 'door'. Afroasiatic merged with Egyptian , , , and in the dialect on which the written language was based, but it was preserved in other Egyptian varieties. Original palatalise to in some environments and are preserved as in others. The Egyptian language has many biradical and perhaps monoradical roots, in contrast to the Semitic preference for triradical roots. Egyptian is probably more conservative, and Semitic likely underwent later regularizations converting roots into the triradical pattern. Although Egyptian is the oldest

title: Egyptian language

text: from the Late Egyptian name of Memphis, "Hikuptah", a continuation of Middle Egyptian "" "home of the ka (soul) of Ptah". A number of words in Biblical Hebrew are also traced to Egyptian; apart from "Pharaoh", most of these have not entered Greek, Latin or English usage. Important Note: the old grammars and dictionaries of E. A. Wallis Budge have long been considered obsolete by Egyptologists, even though these books are still available for purchase. More book information is available at Glyphs and Grammars Egyptian language The Egyptian language was spoken in ancient Egypt and was a branch of the

title: Egyptian Sign Language

text: sign languages of the Arab World, such as Jordanian Sign Language, Palestinian Sign Language, or Libyan Sign Language. Attempts at unification, creating an "Arabic Sign Language", have failed, as the unified form would be an entirely new language. Egyptian Sign Language Egyptian Sign Language is a sign language used by members of the deaf community in Egypt. Although there are no official statistics on the number of deaf people or the number of people who use Egyptian Sign Language as their primary language, Gallaudet University's library resources website quotes a 1999 estimate of 2 million hearing impaired children, while a

title: Egyptian language

text: BC complains that the language of a correspondent is as unintelligible as the speech of a northern Egyptian to a southerner. Recently, some evidence of internal dialects has been found in pairs of similar words in Egyptian that, based on similarities with later dialects of Coptic, may be derived from northern and southern dialects of Egyptian. Written Coptic has five major dialects, which differ mainly in graphic conventions, most notably the southern Saidic dialect, the main classical dialect, and the northern Bohairic dialect, currently used in Coptic Church services. Most surviving texts in the Egyptian language are written on stone

title: Egyptian language

text: Afroasiatic language documented in written form, its morphological repertoire is very different from that of the rest of the Afroasiatic, in general, and Semitic, in particular. There are multiple possibilities: Egyptian had already undergone radical changes from Proto-Afroasiatic before it was recorded, the Afroasiatic family has so far been studied with an excessively Semito-centric approach, or, as G. W. Tsereteli suggests, Afroasiatic is an allogenetic rather than a genetic group of languages. The Egyptian language is conventionally grouped into six major chronological divisions: Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian were all written using both the hieroglyphic and hieratic scripts. Demotic is

title: Late Egyptian language

text: Hieroglyphic orthography saw an enormous expansion of its graphemic inventory between the Late Period and the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Middle Egyptian had a renaissance after the Third Intermediate Period (1070-664 BCE), when it was often used in hieroglyphic and hieratic texts in preference to Late Egyptian. Late Egyptian language Late Egyptian is the stage of the Egyptian language that was written by the time of the New Kingdom of Egypt around 1350 BC – the Amarna Period. Texts written wholly in Late Egyptian date to the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt and later. Late Egyptian succeeded but did not fully supplant Middle

title: Egyptian language

text: stage of the language at the time of Christianisation. It survived into the medieval period, but by the 16th century was dwindling rapidly due to the persecution of Coptic Christians under the Mamluks. It probably survived in the Egyptian countryside as a spoken language for several centuries after that. Coptic survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Coptic Catholic Church. Pre-Coptic Egyptian does not show great dialectal differences in the written language because of the centralised nature of Egyptian society. However, differences must have existed in speech because a letter from c. 1200

title: Egyptian language

text: time of Classical Antiquity, and finally into Coptic by the time of Christianisation. Spoken Coptic was almost extinct by the 17th century, but it remains in use as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The Egyptian language belongs to the Afroasiatic language family. Among the typological features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are its fusional morphology, nonconcatenative morphology, a series of emphatic consonants, a three-vowel system , nominal feminine suffix *"-at", nominal "m-", adjectival *"-ī" and characteristic personal verbal affixes. Of the other Afroasiatic branches, linguists have variously suggested that the Egyptian language shares its

title: In What Language?

text: eyes, our bodies, our hearts, our minds." In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of "Piitchfork" mentioned "What might make "In What Language?" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth

title: In What Language?

text: In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of "Piitchfork" mentioned "What might make "In What Language?" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream

title: Late Egyptian language

text: of the Chester–Beatty I papyrus, and the "Instruction of Any". Instructions became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, which took the form of advice on proper behavior. It was also the language of New Kingdom administration. Late Egyptian is not completely distinct from Middle Egyptian, as many "classicisms" appear in historical and literary documents of this phase. However, the difference between Middle and Late Egyptian is greater than the one between Middle and Old Egyptian: from being a synthetic it became an analytic language. Their relationship has been described as being similar to that of Latin and Italian.

title: Egyptian language

text: the "Instruction of Any". Instructions became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, which took the form of advice on proper behavior. Late Egyptian was also the language of New Kingdom administration. The Bible contains some words, terms and names that are thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. An example of this is Zaphnath-Paaneah, the Egyptian name given to Joseph. Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian vernacular of the Late and Ptolemaic periods. It was written in the Demotic script, derived from a northern variety of hieratic writing. Coptic is the name given to the

title: Egyptian language

text: Jakob Polotsky. The Middle Egyptian stage is taken to have ended around the 14th century BC, giving rise to Late Egyptian. This transition was taking place in the later period of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (known as the Amarna Period). Middle Egyptian was retained as a literary standard language, and in this usage survived until the Christianisation of Roman Egypt in the 4th century CE. Late Egyptian, appearing around 1350 BC, is represented by a large body of religious and secular literature, comprising such examples as the "Story of Wenamun", the love poems of the Chester–Beatty I papyrus, and

title: Egyptian language

text: survive into modern usage. Examples include "ebony" (Egyptian 𓍁𓈖𓏭𓆱 "hbny", via Greek and then Latin), "ivory" (Egyptian "ꜣbw", literally 'ivory, elephant'), "natron" (via Greek), "lily" (via Greek, from Coptic "hlēri"), "ibis" (via Greek, from Egyptian "hbj"), "oasis" (via Greek, from Demotic "wḥj"), perhaps "barge" (possibly from Greek "baris" "Egyptian boat", from Coptic "bari" "small boat"), and possibly "cat"; and of course a number of terms and proper names directly associated with Ancient Egypt, such as "pharaoh" (Egyptian 𓉐𓉻 "pr-ꜥꜣ", literally "great house", transmitted via Hebrew and Greek). The name "Egypt" itself is etymologically identical to that of the "Copts", ultimately

title: Egyptian language

text: adverb. Here are some other common Egyptian adverbs: Old Egyptian, Classical Egyptian and Middle Egyptian have verb-subject-object as the basic word order. However, that changed in the later stages of the language, including Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. The equivalent to "the man opens the door" would be a sentence that would correspond, in the language's earlier stages, to "opens the man the door" ("wn s ꜥꜣ"). The so-called status constructus combines two or more nouns to express the genitive, like in Semitic and Berber languages. The early stages of Egyptian have no articles, but the later forms use "pꜣ",

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: and textbooks aimed at teaching non-native learners. Also, it is written in ASCII Latin alphabet mainly online and in SMSs. Egyptians call the dialect the Egyptian colloquial language ( ), Egyptian dialect abbreviated:  "Egyptian"), or the Modern Egyptian language The term Egyptian Arabic is usually used synonymously with Cairene Arabic, which is technically a dialect of Egyptian Arabic. The country's native name, "Maṣr", is often used locally to refer to Cairo itself. Like the role played by Parisian French, Cairene Arabic is by far the most dominant dialect in all areas of national life. The total number of Egyptian

title: Egyptian language

text: of the language, though it is based on a different dialect. In the period of the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650–c. 2575 BC), many of the principles of hieroglyphic writing were regularized. From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the 3rd and 4th centuries AD), the system remained virtually unchanged. Even the number of signs used remained constant at about 700 for more than 2,000 years. Middle Egyptian was spoken for about 700 years, beginning around 2000 BC. As the classical variant of Egyptian, Middle Egyptian is the best-documented variety of the

title: Egyptian language

text: addition, because Egyptian is recorded over a full 2000 years, the Archaic and Late stages being separated by the amount of time that separates Old Latin from Modern Italian, significant phonetic changes must have occurred during that lengthy time frame. Phonologically, Egyptian contrasted labial, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants in a distribution rather similar to that of Arabic. Egyptian also contrasted voiceless and emphatic consonants, as with other Afroasiatic languages, but exactly how the emphatic consonants were realised is unknown. Early research had assumed that the opposition in stops was one of voicing, but it is now

title: Egyptian language

text: but it often bears little resemblance to what is known of how Egyptian was pronounced. The following consonants are reconstructed for Archaic (before 2600 BC) and Old Egyptian (2686–2181 BC), with IPA equivalents in square brackets if they differ from the usual transcription scheme: In Middle Egyptian (2055–1650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. By the beginning of the Middle Kingdom period, and had merged, and the graphemes and are used interchangeably. In addition, had become word-initially in an unstressed syllable ( > "colour") and after a stressed vowel ( > '[the god] Apis'). In Late Egyptian (1069–700

title: Ancient Egyptian literature

text: However, there is no full consensus among modern scholars concerning the dependence of ancient Egyptian literature on the sociopolitical order of the royal courts. Middle Egyptian, the spoken language of the Middle Kingdom, became a classical language during the New Kingdom (16th century BC to 11th century BC), when the vernacular language known as Late Egyptian first appeared in writing. Scribes of the New Kingdom and copied many literary texts written in Middle Egyptian, which remained the language used for oral readings of sacred hieroglyphic texts. Some genres of Middle Kingdom literature, such as "teachings" and fictional tales, remained popular

title: Egyptian language

text: be mistaken for how Egyptian was ever pronounced at any time. For example, the name "twt-ꜥnḫ-ı͗mn" is conventionally pronounced in English, but, in his lifetime, it was likely to be pronounced something like *. Egyptian is fairly typical for an Afroasiatic language in that at the heart of its vocabulary is most commonly a root of three consonants, but there are sometimes only two consonants in the root: rꜥ(w) "sun" (the is thought to have been something like a voiced pharyngeal fricative). Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: "sḫdḫd" "be upside-down". Vowels and other

title: Egyptian language

text: to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur. Old Egyptian is dated from the oldest known complete sentence, including a finite verb, which has been found. Discovered in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen (dated c. 2690 BC), the seal impression reads: Extensive texts appear from about 2600 BC. The Pyramid Texts are the largest body of literature written in this phase of the language. One of its distinguishing characteristics is the tripling of ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives to indicate the plural. Overall, it does not differ significantly from Middle Egyptian, the classical stage

title: Egyptian language

text: language's final stage of development, the Coptic alphabet replaced the older writing system. Hieroglyphs are employed in two ways in Egyptian texts: as ideograms to represent the idea depicted by the pictures and, more commonly, as phonograms to represent their phonetic value. As the phonetic realisation of Egyptian cannot be known with certainty, Egyptologists use a system of transliteration to denote each sound that could be represented by a uniliteral hieroglyph. While the consonantal phonology of the Egyptian language may be reconstructed, the exact phonetics are unknown, and there are varying opinions on how to classify the individual phonemes. In

title: Modern language

text: Modern language A modern language is any human language that is currently in use. The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such as French and German) and dead classical languages such as Latin and Classical Chinese, which are studied for their cultural or linguistic value. SIL Ethnologue defines a living language as "one that has at least one speaker for whom it is their first language" (see also Language § Linguistic diversity). Modern languages are taught extensively around the world; see second language acquisition. English is taught as a second

title: Egyptian language

text: thought to be either one of tenuis and emphatic consonants, as in many Semitic languages, or one of aspirated and ejective consonants, as in many Cushitic languages. Since vowels were not written until Coptic, reconstructions of the Egyptian vowel system are much more uncertain and rely mainly on evidence from Coptic and records of Egyptian words, especially proper nouns, in other languages/writing systems. Also, scribal errors provide evidence of changes in pronunciation over time. The actual pronunciations reconstructed by such means are used only by a few specialists in the language. For all other purposes, the Egyptological pronunciation is used,

title: Egyptian nationalism

text: of the villains that have normally portrayed as since the 1950s. Egyptian nationalism Egyptian nationalism refers to the nationalism of Egyptians and Egyptian culture. Egyptian nationalism has typically been a civic nationalism that has emphasized the unity of Egyptians regardless of ethnicity or religion. Egyptian nationalism first manifested itself in Pharaonism beginning in the 19th century that identified Egypt as being a unique and independent political unit in the world since the era of the Pharaohs in ancient Egypt. Both the Arabic language spoken in modern Egypt and the ancient Egyptian language are Afroasiatic languages. The rule of Muhammad Ali

title: Egyptian nationalism

text: Egyptian nationalism Egyptian nationalism refers to the nationalism of Egyptians and Egyptian culture. Egyptian nationalism has typically been a civic nationalism that has emphasized the unity of Egyptians regardless of ethnicity or religion. Egyptian nationalism first manifested itself in Pharaonism beginning in the 19th century that identified Egypt as being a unique and independent political unit in the world since the era of the Pharaohs in ancient Egypt. Both the Arabic language spoken in modern Egypt and the ancient Egyptian language are Afroasiatic languages. The rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt led Egypt into an advanced level of socioeconomic development

title: Modern Ukrainian language

text: Modern Ukrainian language The Modern Ukrainian language () is the form of the Ukrainian language commonly used since the late 17th century. After the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, the "simple speech" (), or the commonly spoken vernacular language of Ukraine, began to be written down and widely used in official documents of the Cossack Hetmanate. The first printed work in the modern Ukrainian language is "Eneyida" by Ivan Kotlyarevskiy, and is also credited to be the first book of modern Ukrainian literature. "Hramatka" by Panteleimon Kulish, published in 1857 is one of the first textbooks of the modern Ukrainian

title: Modern language

text: of eight. International auxiliary languages are by definition not associated with a particular country or geographic region. Esperanto is probably the best-known and most widespread. Interlingua, a much less popular, but still growing auxiliary language, is likewise spoken mainly in Northern and Eastern Europe and in South America, with substantial numbers of speakers in Central Europe, Ukraine, and Russia. Other auxiliary languages include Occidental and Latino Sine Flexione. Modern language A modern language is any human language that is currently in use. The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such

title: Ancient Egyptian religion

text: Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon. Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on ancient and modern cultures. The beliefs and rituals now referred to as "ancient Egyptian religion" were integral within every aspect of Egyptian culture. The Egyptian language possessed no single term corresponding to the modern European concept of religion. Ancient Egyptian religion consisted of a vast and varying set of beliefs and practices, linked by their common focus on the interaction between the world of humans and the world of the divine. The characteristics of the gods who populated the

title: Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Practical Guide

text: Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Practical Guide The Egyptian hieroglyphic text Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Practical Guide is one of the modern primers on the Egyptian language hieroglyphs, from the late 20th to early 21st century. The text is a color-coded guide to individual Ancient Egyptian objects or writings, and their modern translations. The book is by Janice Kamrin, c. 2004; she received a Ph.D. in Egyptian archaeology from the University of Pennsylvania, has worked with Zahi Hawass, and has taught at the American University in Cairo. The text uses pictures and graphics, divided into 46 Lessons-(40 photos, some color-coded, and

title: Modern Language Association

text: and which host smaller conventions at other times of the year: Modern Language Association The Modern Language Association of America, often referred to as the Modern Language Association (MLA), is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature". The organization includes over 25,000 members in 100 countries, primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature. Although founded in the United States, with offices in New York City,

title: Modern Language Association

text: Modern Language Association The Modern Language Association of America, often referred to as the Modern Language Association (MLA), is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to "strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature". The organization includes over 25,000 members in 100 countries, primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature. Although founded in the United States, with offices in New York City, the MLA's membership, concerns, reputation, and influence are international in scope.

title: Modern Ukrainian language

text: language. The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (now called the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) was created in 1918 by the Ukrainian State to study and regulate the Ukrainian language. Modern Ukrainian language The Modern Ukrainian language () is the form of the Ukrainian language commonly used since the late 17th century. After the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, the "simple speech" (), or the commonly spoken vernacular language of Ukraine, began to be written down and widely used in official documents of the Cossack Hetmanate. The first printed work in the modern Ukrainian language is "Eneyida" by Ivan Kotlyarevskiy,

title: Modern language

text: and secondary schools. An exception to this is Ireland, where Irish Gaelic and English are the only mandatory languages, although the majority of students also study a modern language as it may be compulsory to do so at second level. All children of the United Kingdom learn English at school. In Wales, all children at English language medium state schools learn Welsh as a second language until the age of 16, which is mainly taught through the medium of English. Welsh language schools teach mainly through the medium of Welsh. In addition, "Modern Foreign Languages" is a compulsory component in

title: Modern Language Review

text: Braunholtz, K. H. Breul, E. Dowden, H. G. Fiedler, J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, W. W. Greg, C. H. Herford, W. P. Ker, Kuno Meyer, W. R. Morfill, A. S. Napier, R. Priebsch, W. W. Skeat, and Paget Toynbee. When Robertson died in 1933, he was replaced by Charles Jasper Sisson. "Modern Language Review" page on the MHRA website Modern Language Review Modern Language Review is the journal of the Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA). It is one of the oldest journals in the field of modern languages. Founded in 1905, it has published more than 3,000 articles and 20,000 book reviews. "Modern

title: Coptic language

text: That, in turn, is the source of the Russian name (), like the mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev. The Old Nubian language and the modern Nobiin language borrowed many words of Coptic origin. The Egyptian language may have the longest documented history of any language, from Old Egyptian that appeared just before 3200 BC to its final phases as Coptic in the Middle Ages. Coptic belongs to the Later Egyptian phase, which started to be written in the New Kingdom of Egypt. Later Egyptian represented colloquial speech of the later periods. It had analytic features like definite and indefinite articles and periphrastic

title: Modern Language Review

text: Modern Language Review Modern Language Review is the journal of the Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA). It is one of the oldest journals in the field of modern languages. Founded in 1905, it has published more than 3,000 articles and 20,000 book reviews. "Modern Language Review" is published four times a year (in January, April, July and October). All articles are in English and their range covers the following fields: The first issue was published in October 1905. John G. Robertson was the editor-in-chief with an advisory board of sixteen scholars, namely H. Bradley, L. M. Brandin, E. G. W.

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: Egyptian Arabic Egyptian Arabic, locally known as the Egyptian colloquial language or Masri, meaning simply "Egyptian", is spoken by most contemporary Egyptians. Egyptian is a North African dialect of the Arabic language which is a Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It originated in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt around the capital Cairo. Egyptian Arabic evolved from the Quranic Arabic which was brought to Egypt during the seventh-century AD Muslim conquest that aimed to spread the Islamic faith among the Egyptians. Egyptian Arabic is very highly influenced by the Egyptian Coptic language which was the native language of

title: Coptic language

text: western Nile Delta in Lower Egypt. Coptic and Demotic are grammatically closely related to Late Egyptian, which was written with Egyptian hieroglyphs. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period, but language revitalization efforts have been underway since the 19th century. The native Coptic name for the language is in the Bohairic (Delta) dialect, in the Sahidic (Valley) dialect. The particle prefix "me(n)t-" from

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: and the emphatic dental respectively. (see consonants) Egyptian Arabic is used in most social situations, with Modern Standard and Classical Arabic generally being used only in writing and in highly-religious and/or formal situations. However, within Egyptian Arabic, there is a wide range of variation. El-Said Badawi identifies three distinct levels of Egyptian Arabic based chiefly on the quantity of non-Arabic lexical items in the vocabulary: "ʿĀmmiyyat al-Musaqqafīn" (Cultured Colloquial or Formal Spoken Arabic), "ʿĀmmiyyat al-Mutanawwirīn" (Enlightened or Literate Colloquial), and "ʿĀmmiyyat al-'Ummiyīn" (Illiterate Colloquial). Cultured Colloquial/Formal Spoken Arabic is characteristic of the educated classes and is the language of discussion

title: Modern Language Aptitude Test

text: Modern Language Aptitude Test The Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) was designed to predict a student's likelihood of success and ease in learning a foreign language. It is published by the Language Learning and Testing Foundation. The Modern Language Aptitude Test was developed to measure foreign language learning aptitude. Language learning aptitude does not refer to whether or not an individual can or cannot learn a foreign language (it is assumed that virtually everyone can learn a foreign language given adequate opportunity). According to John Carroll and Stanley Sapon, the authors of the MLAT, language learning aptitude refers to the

title: Modern Language Aptitude Test

text: Educational Psychology at University of Alberta) as well as Harley and Hart (with the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto) has shown an association between good language analytic ability and good language learners in a communicative learning environment (2002). Modern Language Aptitude Test The Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) was designed to predict a student's likelihood of success and ease in learning a foreign language. It is published by the Language Learning and Testing Foundation. The Modern Language Aptitude Test was developed to measure foreign language learning aptitude. Language learning aptitude does not refer to

title: In What Language?

text: is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought." Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted "A concrete lesson seems to emanate from "In What Language?" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: an immutable language because of its association with the Qur'an. The first modern Egyptian novel in which the dialogue was written in the vernacular was Muhammad Husayn Haykal's "Zaynab" in 1913. It was inly in 1966 that Mustafa Musharafa's "Kantara Who Disbelieved" was released, the first novel to be written entirely in Egyptian Arabic. Other notable novelists, such as Ihsan Abdel Quddous and Yusuf Idris, and poets, such as Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi and Ahmed Fouad Negm, helped solidify vernacular literature as a distinct literary genre. Amongst certain groups within Egypt's elite, Egyptian Arabic enjoyed a brief period of

title: The Modern Language Journal

text: The Modern Language Journal The Modern Language Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the National Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations. It covers research and discussion about the learning and teaching of foreign and second languages. Types of articles published include documented essays, research studies using quantitative/qualitative methodologies, response articles, and editorials that challenge paradigms of language learning and teaching. The journal has a News & Notes of the Profession section offering a calendar of events, professional announcements, initiatives, and concerns. The journal also provides a list of relevant articles in other professional journals,

title: Modern language

text: the state education system. At least one language is studied until the end of Key Stage 3. Particular schools may require younger students to study additional languages, and they may be given the option to continue these. Schools are required to teach a program of languages according to local and national guidelines. From 2010, all primary school pupils in Key Stage 2 (aged 7 – 11) will be entitled to some teaching of a modern foreign language. English is taught to immigrant adults and youths as necessary. Although there is no official language in the United States, children learn American

title: Egyptian Arabic

text: fel-karama wel-ḥoquq. Etwahablohom el-ɛaql weḍ-ḍamir, wel-mafruḍ yeɛamlo baɛḍihom be roḥ el-axaweyya. English: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights <br> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in the spirit of brotherhood. Egyptian Arabic Egyptian Arabic, locally known as the Egyptian colloquial language or Masri, meaning simply "Egyptian", is spoken by most contemporary Egyptians. Egyptian is a North African dialect of the Arabic language which is a Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It originated in the Nile Delta

title: What Is History?

text: and were instead products of their own places and times, which in turn decided what "facts of the past" they determined into "facts of history". British historian Richard J. Evans said "What Is History?" caused a revolution in British historiography in the 1960s. Australian historian Keith Windschuttle, a critic of Carr, said "What Is History?" is one of the most influential books written about historiography, and that very few historians working in the English language since the 1960s had not read it. What Is History? What Is History? is a study that was written by the English historian E. H.

title: Modern Language Bible

text: three experienced Bible scholars to revise The Berkeley New Testament, namely, E. Schuyler English, Litt.D., chairman; Frank E. Gaebelein, A.M., Litt.D.; and G. Henry Waterman, A.M., Ph.D. The present edition is the result of their work." Modern Language Bible The Modern Language Bible carries the subtitle, The New Berkeley Version in Modern English; however, only the New Testament was revised. This translation was a revision of an earlier translation by Gerrit Verkuyl. According to the preface: "Approximately twenty-five years have passed since The Berkeley New Testament first appeared in 1945. During this quarter century, the need for its revision has

title: Modern Language Bible

text: Modern Language Bible The Modern Language Bible carries the subtitle, The New Berkeley Version in Modern English; however, only the New Testament was revised. This translation was a revision of an earlier translation by Gerrit Verkuyl. According to the preface: "Approximately twenty-five years have passed since The Berkeley New Testament first appeared in 1945. During this quarter century, the need for its revision has become evident. As is inevitable with any Bible translation--and perhaps most of all with a one-man version--idiosyncrasies and other matters requiring correction have come to light. In response, therefore, to suggestions and criticisms, the publishers appointed

title: Modern Language Quarterly

text: literary history, relates to feminism, ethnic studies, cultural materialism, discourse analysis, and cultural critiques. Literature as it occurs in history is seen as the demonstration and agent of change. Understanding how literature has an impact is emphasized. Publishing formats are scholarly essays and book reviews. This journal is indexed in the following databases: The managing editor from 1943 to 1963 was Edward G. Cox. Modern Language Quarterly Modern Language Quarterly (MLQ), established in 1940, is a quarterly, literary history journal, produced (housed) at the University of Washington and published by Duke University Press. The current editor, since 1993, is Marshall

title: Modern Language Quarterly

text: Modern Language Quarterly Modern Language Quarterly (MLQ), established in 1940, is a quarterly, literary history journal, produced (housed) at the University of Washington and published by Duke University Press. The current editor, since 1993, is Marshall Brown (University of Washington). The focus of MLQ is all topics in literary history, which includes all genres, and all time periods. Theory and argument are presented with a chronological organizational structure. Literary works are considered in the context of their time. The focus encompasses papers on literary change in literary practice and the profession of literature. Topical coverage includes how literary change, or

title: Modern language

text: hosts many English as a Second Language (ESL) programs for people who have not learned English in school (most frequently immigrants to the U.S.A.). As the global world economy makes knowledge of a world language a valuable work skill, a growing number of elementary and middle school school districts now offer modern language courses, usually on an optional basis. Students are increasingly advised (and at times required) to study a foreign language in high school, and more frequently at the college or university level. In 2006, "the most commonly studied foreign language[s] in the U.S., determined by the number of

title: "What Is This Heart?"

text: of 69, based on 32 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Ian Cohen of Pitchfork Media gave a very positive review of the album stating, ""What Is This Heart?" makes you initially susceptible and vulnerable, and that’s risky when modern discourse seeks metaphorical blood, allowing people to disclose more than ever without actually revealing anything. So make no mistake, the title of this album is a challenge as well, as How to Dress Well’s modern masterpiece is conducted with the most eternal transparency—Krell asks “what is this heart” and lets you look right into his own." "What Is This Heart?"

title: Egyptian language

text: in word-final, stressed position. However, CV:C occurs only in the infinitive of biconsonantal verbal roots, CVCC only in some plurals. In later Egyptian, stressed CV:C, CVCC, and CV become much more common because of the loss of final dentals and glides. Earlier Egyptian stresses one of the last two syllables. According to some scholars, that is a development from a stage in Proto-Egyptian in which the third-last syllable could be stressed, which was lost as open posttonic syllables lost their vowels: > 'transformation'. As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in English: the consonants are given fixed

title: The Modern Language Journal

text: and reviews of scholarly books, monographs, and computer software. An annual survey of doctoral degrees granted in foreign languages, literatures, cultures, linguistics, and foreign language education in the United States is available on the journal's website. Since 2007, the journal issues a fifth issue in addition to the regular four issues published every year. This additional issue is a focus issue or a monograph in alternating years. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.745. The Modern Language Journal The Modern Language Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf

title: What Is Literature?

text: The art of writing is deeply linked to freedom and thus ventures into the fields of politics and democracy. The poet frees himself by disassociation, and the prose writer fulfills a duty to utilize language for the end of a conceived free society. What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as "Literature and Existentialism",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals "Les Temps modernes", "Situations I" and "Situations II", essays "What is Writing?" and "Why Write?" were translated into English and

title: Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia

text: example, social communication and social media sites they don't use the standard Arabic language As well as some authors by writing a lexicon of the language of the Egyptian language, which was issued recently and celebrations by the Library of Alexandria . Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia The Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia ( , "") is the Egyptian Arabic version of Wikipedia, a free, open-content encyclopaedia. This Wikipedia primarily acts as an alternative to the Arabic Wikipedia in favor of speakers of the Egyptian dialect. It is the only Wikipedia written in a dialect of Arabic. This edition of Wikipedia has articles and

title: Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia

text: to develop an Egyptian Arabic Wiktionary, which is in the development phase as a project on Wikimedia incubator. The Egyptian variant of Wikipedia was controversially received; supporters pointed to the number of Wikipedias written in regional languages and argued that Egyptian Arabic was a widely spoken variant of Arabic, while opponents perceived the creation of the Egyptian language Wikipedia as an attack on the Arabic Wikipedia and argued that Standard Arabic was the standard language for media, and the use of a regional language version was anachronistic. The Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia has been subject to controversy from the start, causing

title: Modern Language Aptitude Test

text: performance in the language program was later compared to their score on the MLAT to determine the predictive validity of the test. The MLAT consists of five sections, each one testing separate abilities. The uses for the Modern Language Aptitude Test include selection, placement and diagnosis of learning abilities. In 1967, Carroll and Sapon authored the Modern Language Aptitude Test – Elementary (EMLAT; more recently, MLAT-E). This was an adaptation of the adult version of the MLAT intended for younger students (grades 3 through 6). The MLAT-E is broken down into four parts, three of which are modified versions of

title: Decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs

text: replaced by the Coptic and Arabic alphabets. Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya were the first historians to be able to at least partly decipher what was written in the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, by relating them to the contemporary Coptic language used by Coptic priests in their time. Arabic manuscripts of Ibn Wahshiyya's work were later read by Athanasius Kircher in the 17th century, and then translated and published in English by Joseph Hammer in 1806 as "Ancient Alphabets and Hieroglyphic Characters Explained; with an Account of the Egyptian Priests, their Classes, Initiation, and Sacrifices in the Arabic Language by Ahmad

title: Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal

text: was seen as an ominous development that threatened to put an end to British influence in the oil-rich region. The deal included the following weapon systems: There is near universal agreement among historians that the deal was what led Israel to start planning a war against Egypt, to be fought at Israel's convenience rather than waiting for an Egyptian attack—which culminated in the Suez Crisis. Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal The Egyptian"-"Czechoslovak arms deal was an agreement between the USSR and Egypt led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, announced in September 1955, to supply Egypt with more than $250 million worth of modern

title: Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia

text: Arabic Wikipedians "seem to embrace and promote some radical and even erroneous ideas about language." Ghaly is a Christian, and Panović stated that "judging by their contributions and/or user pages" several of those involved are also Christian; Panović stated that minority groups tend to be more active in identity politics. The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) classification of Egyptian Arabic under the language code "arz" is one of the arguments used by Egyptian Arabic Wikipedians for considering Masry an independent language. The project uses the Cairene-style Egyptian Arabic. Ghaly, in the Wikimedia Foundation proposal page for the Egyptian Wikipedia, stated

title: Egyptian language

text: values, and vowels are inserted according to essentially arbitrary rules. Two consonants, alef and ayin, are generally pronounced . Yodh is pronounced , "w" . Between other consonants, is then inserted. Thus, for example, the name of an Egyptian king is most accurately transliterated as "Rꜥ-ms-sw" and transcribed as "Rɑmɛssu"; it means "Ra has Fashioned (literally, "Borne") Him". In transcription, , , and all represent consonants; for example, the name Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC) was written in Egyptian as "twt-ꜥnḫ-ı͗mn". Experts have assigned generic sounds to these values as a matter of convenience, which is an artificial pronunciation and should not

title: Modern Language Association

text: The MLA was founded in 1883, as a discussion and advocacy group for the study of literature and modern languages (that is, all but classical languages, such as ancient Latin and Greek). According to its profile featured by the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), "The Modern Language Association is formed for educational, scientific, literary, and social objects and purposes, and more specifically for the promotion of the academic and scientific study of English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and other so-called modern languages and literatures." The officers of the MLA are elected by its members. The 2017 president is Diana

title: Egyptian language

text: they modify: "s nfr" "(the) good man" and "st nfrt" "(the) good woman". Attributive adjectives in phrases are after the nouns they modify: "(the) great god" ("nṯr ꜥꜣ"). However, when they are used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, as "(the) god (is) great" ("ꜥꜣ nṯr") (literally, "great (is the) god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. Egyptian uses prepositions which, like in English and many other Indo-European languages, always come before the noun, never after. Adverbs, in Egyptian, are at the end of a sentence: in "zı͗.n nṯr ı͗m" "the god went there", "there" ("ı͗m") is the

title: Egyptian Army

text: soldier's lethality by increasing their accuracy . Egyptian Army The Egyptian Army or Egyptian Ground Forces ( "al-Quwwāt al-Barriyya al-Miṣriyya") is the largest service branch within the Egyptian Armed Forces. The modern army was established during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1849), widely considered to be the "founder of modern Egypt". Its most significant engagements in the 20th century were in Egypt's five wars with the State of Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1967–1970, and 1973), one of which, the Suez Crisis of 1956, also saw it do combat with the armies of Britain, and France. The Egyptian army

title: Coptic language

text: which is characterized by a Coptic substratum in lexical, morphological, syntactical, and phonological features. In addition to influencing the grammar, vocabulary and syntax of Egyptian Arabic, Coptic has lent to both Arabic and Modern Hebrew such words as: A few words of Coptic origin are found in the Greek language; some of the words were later lent to various European languages — such as "barge", from Coptic , "small boat". However, most words of Egyptian origin that entered into Greek and subsequently into other European languages came directly from Ancient Egyptian, often Demotic. An example is the Greek , which

title: Modern Sign Language communication

text: In the late 1990s, it became possible for deaf people to use electronic communication tools as another channel for Sign Language. Initially, there weren't many choices prior to the advent of more interfaces (e.g. APIs like ). With these, however, deaf people can perform electronic sign language exchanges independently without the need for a third person in the middle, i.e. a Video relay service. Modern Sign Language communication Sign Language communication is a system of communication using visual gestures and signs, as used by deaf people. A unique property of Sign Language is that it is not easy to put

title: Egyptian Army

text: Egyptian Army The Egyptian Army or Egyptian Ground Forces ( "al-Quwwāt al-Barriyya al-Miṣriyya") is the largest service branch within the Egyptian Armed Forces. The modern army was established during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1849), widely considered to be the "founder of modern Egypt". Its most significant engagements in the 20th century were in Egypt's five wars with the State of Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1967–1970, and 1973), one of which, the Suez Crisis of 1956, also saw it do combat with the armies of Britain, and France. The Egyptian army was also engaged heavily in the protracted

title: What Is Spiritism?

text: What Is Spiritism? What Is Spiritism? ("Qu'Est-ce Que le Spiritisme" in French) is a brief introduction to Spiritism written by Allan Kardec in 1859, which is about a quarter of the length of The Spirits Book. Modern editions are augmented by a brief biography of the author, written by Henri Sausse, in 1896 which is mostly focused on his role in the History of Spiritism. The book is structured as a series of conferences about Spiritism, intended to quench the public curiosity and dismiss false notions about the doctrine. It is not intended as an initiation and is not seen

title: Egyptian language

text: are interrogative pronouns.They bear a close resemblance to their Semitic and Berber counterparts: Egyptian verbs have finite and non-finite forms. Finite verbs convey person, tense/aspect, mood and voice. Each is indicated by a set of affixal morphemes attached to the verb: the basic conjugation is "sḏm.f" "he hears". Non-finite verbs occur without a subject and are the infinitive, the participles and the negative infinitive, which "" calls "negatival complement". There are two main tenses/aspects in Egyptian: past and temporally-unmarked imperfective and aorist forms. The latter are determined from their syntactic context. Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns

title: Australian Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations

text: Australian Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations The Australian Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations (AFMLTA) is the national professional body representing teachers of all languages in Australia. All Australian states have a language teacher association under the umbrella of the AFMLTA. Membership of any one of them includes the benefits of the Australian body. Other associations may affiliate with the AFMLTA under conditions outlined in the constitution. The term ‘modern’ is used for historical reasons and is not intended to exclude any language. The AFMLTA believes that there is value in all language learning and is accordingly interested in

title: What Is Spiritism?

text: notably: This chapter introduces some new doctrine that would be further elaborated on The Gospel According to Spiritism. What Is Spiritism? What Is Spiritism? ("Qu'Est-ce Que le Spiritisme" in French) is a brief introduction to Spiritism written by Allan Kardec in 1859, which is about a quarter of the length of The Spirits Book. Modern editions are augmented by a brief biography of the author, written by Henri Sausse, in 1896 which is mostly focused on his role in the History of Spiritism. The book is structured as a series of conferences about Spiritism, intended to quench the public curiosity

title: Ancient Egyptian literature

text: when, during the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, it evolved into Middle Egyptian. While Middle Egyptian was closely related to Old Egyptian, Late Egyptian was significantly different in grammatical structure. Late Egyptian possibly appeared as a vernacular language as early as 1600 BC, but was not used as a written language until "c". 1300 BC during the Amarna Period of the New Kingdom. Late Egyptian evolved into Demotic by the 7th century BC, and although Demotic remained a spoken language until the 5th century AD, it was gradually replaced by Coptic beginning in the 1st century AD. Hieratic was used

title: Proto-Berber language

text: Proto-Berber language Proto-Berber is the reconstructed proto-language from which the modern Berber languages stem. Proto-Berber was an Afroasiatic language, and as such, its descendant Berber languages are cousins to the Egyptian language, Cushitic languages, Semitic languages, Chadic languages, and the Omotic languages. Proto-Berber shows features that clearly distinguish it from all other branches of Afroasiatic, but modern Berber languages are relatively homogeneous. Whereas the split from the other known Afroasiatic branches was very ancient, on the order of 10,000~9,000 years ago, according to glottochronological studies, Proto-Berber might be as recent as 3,000 years ago. Louali & Philippson (2003) propose, on

title: What Is Art?

text: to justify their own tastes. Jahn notes the "often confusing use of categorisation" and the lack of definition of the key concept of emotion. Bayley writes that "the effectiveness of "What is Art?" lies not so much in its positive assertions as in its rejection of much that was taken for granted in the aesthetic theories of the time". Noyes criticises Tolstoy's dismissal of beauty, but states that, "despite its shortcomings", "What is Art?" "may be pronounced the most stimulating critical work of our time". Simmons mentions the "occasional brilliant passages" along with the "repetition, awkward language, and loose terminology".

title: Modern Sign Language communication

text: Modern Sign Language communication Sign Language communication is a system of communication using visual gestures and signs, as used by deaf people. A unique property of Sign Language is that it is not easy to put on paper due to a lack of formal acceptance, and is impossible to be mediated over the phone or in a plain email. Because of its three-dimensional nature, it can only be transferred in the form of timed two or three dimensional snapshots, also known as a video. The video itself has to be large and fast enough to capture sign language movements sufficiently.

title: Egyptian language

text: consonants are added to the root to derive different meanings, as Arabic, Hebrew, and other Afroasiatic languages still do. However, because vowels and sometimes glides are not written in any Egyptian script except Coptic, it can be difficult to reconstruct the actual forms of words. Thus, orthographic "to choose", for example, can represent the stative (whose endings can be left unexpressed), the imperfective forms or even a verbal noun ("a choosing"). Egyptian nouns can be masculine or feminine (the latter is indicated, as with other Afroasiatic languages, by adding a "-t") and singular or plural ("-w / -wt"), or dual

title: Egyptian language

text: the name of the script derived from hieratic beginning in the 7th century BC. The Coptic alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet, with adaptations for Egyptian phonology. It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced the Demotic script in about the 4th to 5th centuries CE. The term "Archaic Egyptian" is sometimes reserved for the earliest use of hieroglyphs, from the late 4th through the early 3rd millennia BC. At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC; hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up

title: Modern Language Association

text: Taylor, and the first vice president is Anne Ruggles Gere, who will advance to president in 2018. The 2017 second vice president is Simon Gikandi. The MLA is governed by an Executive Council, elected periodically by its members, according to the "MLA Constitution". The Executive Director is Paula Krebs. The MLA publishes several academic journals, including "Publications of the Modern Language Association of America" (abbreviated as "PMLA"), one of the most prestigious journals in literary studies, and "Profession", which is now published online on "MLA Commons" and discusses professional issues faced by teachers of language and literature. The association also

title: What Is a Nation?

text: Language, by contrast, "invites us but does not force us, to unite". Countries which share the Spanish or English language don't merge with one another, while the people of Switzerland speak several languages. Modern nationhood also cannot be based on religion, which Renan observes, is currently practiced according to individual belief. "You can be French, English, German, yet Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, or practicing no religion". Mutuality of interests is fine for corporations and their affiliates, but nationality is based on sentiment. Geography merely leads us astray, and often to violence: "Mountains don't know how to carve out countries". Renan concludes

title: Egyptian fraction

text: numbers by the ancient Egyptians, and continued to be used by other civilizations into medieval times. In modern mathematical notation, Egyptian fractions have been superseded by vulgar fractions and decimal notation. However, Egyptian fractions continue to be an object of study in modern number theory and recreational mathematics, as well as in modern historical studies of ancient mathematics. Beyond their historical use, Egyptian fractions have some practical advantages over other representations of fractional numbers. For instance, Egyptian fractions can help in dividing a number of objects into equal shares (Knott). For example, if one wants to divide 5 pizzas equally

title: Egyptian Building

text: College. The MCV Campus has a strong sentimental attachment to the Egyptian Building. At Founders' Day exercises held at the Egyptian Building, 5 December 1940, historian Dr. Wyndham Blanton commented to alumni and guests: "What old Nassau Hall is to Princeton, what the Wren Building is to William and Mary, what the Rotunda is to the University of Virginia, the Egyptian Building is to the Medical College of Virginia. It is a shrine, a sanctuary of tradition, the physical embodiment of our genius. It is a spiritual heritage. In a world often accused of cold materialism, with an ideology of

title: The Egyptian Gazette

text: alike to get access to a trustworthy and competitively efficient generator of newspaper content. The Egyptian Gazette The Egyptian Gazette is an English-language Egyptian daily, part of El Tahrir Printing and Publishing House. First published on 26 January 1880, it is the oldest English-language newspaper in the Middle East. Saad Selim is chairman of the Gazette's board and Mohamed Kassem has been the editor-in-chief since 2014. "The Egyptian Gazette" was founded in 1880 as a four-page weekly tabloid in Alexandria by five Britons, including Andrew Philip, as editor, and Moberly Bell, later managing editor of "The Times" in London. In

title: The Egyptian Gazette

text: The Egyptian Gazette The Egyptian Gazette is an English-language Egyptian daily, part of El Tahrir Printing and Publishing House. First published on 26 January 1880, it is the oldest English-language newspaper in the Middle East. Saad Selim is chairman of the Gazette's board and Mohamed Kassem has been the editor-in-chief since 2014. "The Egyptian Gazette" was founded in 1880 as a four-page weekly tabloid in Alexandria by five Britons, including Andrew Philip, as editor, and Moberly Bell, later managing editor of "The Times" in London. In the 1930s, Cairo became more important than Alexandria as a news centre and the

title: Lycian language

text: Lycian language The Lycian language ( ) was the language of the ancient Lycians of the region known as Lycia in Anatolia (present day Turkey), during the Iron Age. Today it is a dead language, having been replaced by the Ancient Greek language during the Hellenization of Anatolia. Lycia covered the region lying between the modern cities of Antalya and Fethiye in southern Turkey, especially the mountainous headland between Fethiye Bay and the Gulf of Antalya. The "Lukka", as they were referred to in ancient Egyptian sources, which mention them among the Sea Peoples, probably also inhabited the region called