query: who did russians descend from?

title: Russians

text: could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen ("Rus-law") or "Roden", as it was known in earlier times. The name "Rus" would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: "Ruotsi" and "Rootsi". According to other theories the name "Rus" is derived from Proto-Slavic *roud-s-ь ( from *rъd-/*roud-/*rуd- root), connected with red color (of hair) or from Indo-Iranian (ruxs/roxs — «light-colored», «bright»). Until the 1917 revolution, Russian authorities never called specifically them "Russians", calling them "Great Russians" instead, a part of "Russians" (all the East Slavs). The modern Russians formed from two groups

title: Grave Descend

text: Grave Descend Grave Descend is a novel written by Michael Crichton under the pseudonym John Lange. It was originally published in 1970, and later re-released in 2006 as part of the Hard Case Crime series. For this release, Michael Crichton did an overall revision of the text. The novel was nominated for the Edgar Award in 1971. Hard Case Crime will republish the novel under Crichton's name on October 29, 2013. The "Chicago Tribune" called it "fairly thrilling at times". Diver James McGregor is used to exploring sunken ships. But there’s something strange about the wreck of the Grave Descend.

title: Grave Descend

text: No one aboard tells quite the same story about what happened. Then there’s the mysterious cargo they were carrying… In one of the most beautiful places on Earth, a sinister plot is about to unfold. And if McGregor’s not careful, he may find himself in over his head. Grave Descend Grave Descend is a novel written by Michael Crichton under the pseudonym John Lange. It was originally published in 1970, and later re-released in 2006 as part of the Hard Case Crime series. For this release, Michael Crichton did an overall revision of the text. The novel was nominated for

title: Russians in India

text: objecting running businesses in violation of the Foreign Exchange Management Act. With the Russian economy opening up, more and more Russians are traveling to India, with Goa as their favourite haunt. An estimated 3,500 Russians would descend on Goa's shores every ten days in the tourism season. The Russian expatriate community in the state of Tamil Nadu is numbering 6,000 people composed mostly of scientists, engineers, artists, independent entrepreneurs and international students. There is a Russian Embassy, a Russian Science Center and a Russian Cultural Centre located in Chennai. Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute has a number of Russian

title: Russians in Lithuania

text: down the influx of Russians by letting Lithuanians fill some of the higher party positions. The flow of immigrants did not stop entirely, and there were further waves of Russian workers who came to work on major construction projects, such as power plants. At the last Soviet census in 1989, 9.4 percent of Lithuania's population were ethnic Russians, with a few more percent comprising other Soviet nationalities. Russians who reside in Lithuania live mainly in urban areas. In Vilnius they make up 13% of the population, and 28% in Klaipėda. Kaunas has just 4.4% ethnic Russians. The town of Visaginas

title: Vultures Descend

text: released for free download prior to the release of the single on Avalanche Recordings' official website. Tom Breihan of Pitchfork Media described the track as "an extended formless feedback wallow, along the lines of Broadrick's work as Final." Keith Carman of Exclaim! commented, "Apparently, the music is even more cacophonous and doomy than one might expect." Another Exclaim! staff reviewer, Cam Lindsay, described the song as a "mighty fine piece of ruthlessly sludgy noisecore." Vultures Descend "Vultures Descend" is a song by experimental music project Greymachine, from the act's debut album, "Disconnected". Produced by the band leader Justin Broadrick, it

title: Vultures Descend

text: Vultures Descend "Vultures Descend" is a song by experimental music project Greymachine, from the act's debut album, "Disconnected". Produced by the band leader Justin Broadrick, it was released on 12 May 2009 as a single via bandmember Aaron Turner's own record label, Hydra Head Records. The song was released as a 12" vinyl and a cassette single. The 12" single was limited to 600 copies that were pressed on black vinyl with white labels. Each copy has a "DJ style sleeve" with centre hole punched out and with a sticker in the upper right hand corner. The song was also

title: Russians

text: many ethnic Russians from former Soviet territories have emigrated to Russia itself since the 1990s. Many of them became refugees from a number of states of Central Asia and Caucasus (as well as from the separatist Chechen Republic), forced to flee during political unrest and hostilities towards Russians. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, many Russians who were identified with the White army moved to China — most of them settling in Harbin and Shanghai. By the 1930s, Harbin had 100,000 Russians. Many of these Russians had to move back to the Soviet Union after World War II. Today, a

title: Russians

text: of East Slavic tribes: Northern and Southern. The tribes involved included the Krivichs, Ilmen Slavs, Radimichs, Vyatiches and Severians. Genetic studies show that modern Russians do not differ significantly from Belarusians and Ukrainians. Some ethnographers, like Dmitry Konstantinovich Zelenin, affirm that Russians are more similar to Belarusians and to Ukrainians than southern Russians are to northern Russians. Russians in northern European Russia share moderate genetic similarities with Uralic peoples, who lived in modern north-central European Russia and were partly assimilated by the Slavs as the Slavs migrated northeastwards. Such Uralic peoples included the Merya and the Muromians. The territory of

title: Descend into Depravity

text: are adapted from the album liner notes. Descend into Depravity Descend into Depravity is the sixth studio album by Dying Fetus. It was released in the United States on September 15, 2009, and worldwide on September 21, 2009. The album's release date and title had been announced on June 4, and the cover and track listing were revealed on July 15. Only three band members appear on this album. With the dismissal of Duane Timlin in 2007, Trey Williams took his place as drummer. John Gallagher and Sean Beasley were left to sing the lyrics alone as Mike Kimball had

title: Russians in Latvia

text: in the second largest city, Daugavpils (not counting others with Russian as mother tongue). Under the Soviets, arriving Russians had been settled primarily in industrial centers to staff factory jobs while rural areas remained populated almost entirely by ethnic Latvians, except for some small areas in eastern Latvia with a longer history of Russian-Latvian mixed villages. In the beginning of 2018, ethnic Russians made up 25.2% of the population. According to Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia 19,932 Russians migrated to Latvia from 2011 to 2017, while 48,851 Russians emigrated to other countries. After reestablishing independence in 1991, Latvia did not

title: Harbin Russians

text: in Harbin such as courts, police, prison, post office, and some research and educational institutions. In 1924, an agreement was signed in Beijing regarding the control of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The agreement stated that only Soviet and Chinese citizens could be employed by the CER. This meant the Harbin Russians had to choose not only their nationality, but also their political identity. Many Harbin Russians took Soviet citizenship for patriotic reasons. However, there were also Harbin Russians who remained stateless who were eventually let go from CER. Gradually, the national and the political identity of the Harbin Russians split

title: Harbin Russians

text: Russians had a difficult time under the Manchukuo régime, and the Japanese occupation. Some Harbin Russians initially thought the occupation was good, hoping that the Japanese would help them in their anti-Soviet struggles and provide protection from the Chinese, who were desperately trying to restore the sovereignty of Harbin. Many Harbin Russians returned to the Soviet Union after 1935. Some Harbin Russians moved to other cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, and eventually left China. By the 1930s, Shanghai's Russian community had grown to 25,000. The anti-Communist Harbin Russians formed the Russian Fascist Party (RFP). The RFP was anti-semitic

title: Descend into the Absurd

text: Descend into the Absurd Descend Into The Absurd is the first studio album by the German death metal band Fleshcrawl. It was the only Fleshcrawl album on which guitarist Giro Schmidt appeared. Unlike later albums, "Descend Into The Absurd" has minor black metal and doom metal elements to it, particularly in the guitar work, which is often less rhythmic and melodic than their later, Swedish-style death metal. The guitar melodies and tones often alternate somewhat abruptly between low, intense rhythms and high-beat, rapid progressions and the solowork has a very slight bluesy feel to it. The drumwork is typical of

title: Russians in Kazakhstan

text: country. This meeting resulted in a proposal of a massive departure of the remainder of Russians from Kazakhstan. It was suggested that these migrants would revitalize depopulated areas of central Russia and provide a counterweight to the demographic decline of Russians within the Russian Federation. However, support for the idea has since evaporated and the Russian government has not provided the resources necessary for massive repatriation. The majority of Russians who emigrated from Kazakhstan were Russians born in Russia who had moved to Kazakhstan later in life, primarily for professional reasons. Most of this group resided in urban areas and

title: Russians in Latvia

text: and Regional Development, Vjačeslavs Dombrovskis who served as the Minister for Education and Science of Latvia and the Minister of Economics. and Nils Ušakovs who has been the Mayor of Riga since 2009. Noteworthy Russians from Latvia include: Russians in Latvia Russians in Latvia (; ) – the largest ethnic minority in the country for the last two centuries. The number of Russians in Latvia more than quadrupled during the Soviet occupation of Latvia when the size of the community grew from 8.8% of the total population in 1935 (206,499) to 34.0% in 1989 (905,515). It started to decrease in

title: Russians in China

text: Russian supervision, the locals of Sarikol believed that the Russians would seize the entire district from the Chinese and send more soldiers even after the Russians tried to negotiate with the Begs of Sarikol and sway them to their side, they failed since the Sarikoli officials and authorities demanded in a petition to the Amban of Yarkand that they be evacuated to Yarkand to avoid being harassed by the Russians and objected to the Russian presence in Sarikol, the Sarikolis did not believe the Russian claim that they would leave them alone and only involved themselves in the mail service.

title: Russians in Latvia

text: From two to six per cent of all Latvian electors voted for Russian parties. In those areas highly populated by Russians (Riga and Latgale) Russian electors increasingly voted for Russian parties during the whole period of the parliamentary state. Specific historical conditions determined the attitude of Russians towards the idea of national-cultural autonomy. They accepted the autonomous character of Russian culture in respect to Latvian culture, but believed there was no specific local autonomy in respect to Russian culture and Russian people in general. Local Russian society did not identify any special features characteristic of local Russians which would differentiate

title: Russians in Latvia

text: their children to Latvian language schools. In 1935 60% of Russian children were educated in their mother tongue. The popularity of the Russian language in Latvia resulted from the fact that Russians did not generally seek to learn the Latvian or other minority languages. The Latvian language was not attractive to the Russian population of Latvia. In 1920–1930 only a little more than 15% of Russians could speak and write Latvian. The Latvian milieu of many towns was a good incentive for Russians to learn the Latvian language. 70% of Russian residents of Jelgava and more than 80% of those

title: Russians in Latvia

text: towards prestigious kinds of labour and agriculture. In the towns of Vidzeme, Kurzeme, and Zemgale the social picture of Russians approached the all-Latvian one. But even there, Russians did not belong to economically and socially advanced national groups. Russians differed from Latvians, Germans and Jews by a smaller part of property owners and a widespread use of child labour. The total level of literacy of the Russian population at the very beginning of the history of the Latvian Republic was lower than at the time of the Empire. Only 42% of Russian men and 28% of Russian women of Latvia

title: Descend into the Absurd

text: early Fleshcrawl, consisting of rapid double-bass drum rolls, heavy blast beats, and a somewhat "tinny" sound that, combined with their both searing mid-range and guttural low-range vocals makes their early sound unique. Descend into the Absurd Descend Into The Absurd is the first studio album by the German death metal band Fleshcrawl. It was the only Fleshcrawl album on which guitarist Giro Schmidt appeared. Unlike later albums, "Descend Into The Absurd" has minor black metal and doom metal elements to it, particularly in the guitar work, which is often less rhythmic and melodic than their later, Swedish-style death metal. The

title: Russia for Russians

text: diverged regarding what "Russians" meant – all those who had been brought up in Russian traditions (39%), those who labored for Russia (23%), only Russians "by blood" (15%), those who spoke Russian as a native language (12%), or Russian Orthodox Christians (7%). Human rights groups have implicated the sentiment as translating into violence against foreigners. Alexander Brod, director of the Moscow Bureau for Human Rights (MBHR), has argued that polling data indicate that 60% of Russia's adult population adheres to an ideology he has described as "Russia for Russians and all misfortune is from non-Russians." Lyudmila Alexeyeva, chairwoman of the

title: Russians in Japan

text: independence. After the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, about 2,000,000 Russian refugees who did not accept the Bolshevik rule entered mostly the United States and Europe. Some of them settled in the Home Islands of Japan. Traditionally these refugees have been known as White Russians, with the corresponding Japanese term being "Hakkei-Roshiajin", a term which has been applied to all former residents of the former Russian Empire. Initially the majority of Russians lived in Tokyo and Yokohama. After the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 a significant number of them moved to Kobe. As of 2005, the statistics of Japanese

title: Descend into Depravity

text: Descend into Depravity Descend into Depravity is the sixth studio album by Dying Fetus. It was released in the United States on September 15, 2009, and worldwide on September 21, 2009. The album's release date and title had been announced on June 4, and the cover and track listing were revealed on July 15. Only three band members appear on this album. With the dismissal of Duane Timlin in 2007, Trey Williams took his place as drummer. John Gallagher and Sean Beasley were left to sing the lyrics alone as Mike Kimball had also left. Writing, performance and production credits

title: Russians in Estonia

text: end of 2000. Noteworthy modern Russians who at some point lived in Estonia include: Russians in Estonia The population of Russians in Estonia is estimated at 320,000, most of whom live in the urban areas of Harju and Ida-Viru counties. Estonia has a 300-year old history of small-scale settlement by Russian Old Believers along Lake Peipus. The Estonian name for Russians "vene", "venelane" derives from an old Germanic loan "veneð" referring to the Wends, speakers of a Slavic language who lived on the southern coast of the Baltic sea. Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kievan Rus' defeated Chuds in 1030

title: Russians in Latvia

text: number of newcomers came from the neighbouring provinces of the Empire – those of Kaunas, Vitebsk and Vilnius. In their social structure Russians differed from most other nationalities in Latvia. The largest social group among them were peasants (54%), and they made up the majority of Russians in Latgale. The middle class made up 35% and hereditary and personal noblemen (aristocracy) made up 8%. As far as their group characteristics are concerned, Russians were much like the Latvian Poles but differed from the Latvians who were mainly peasants and from the Germans who belonged mainly to the middle class or

title: Russians in Latvia

text: and in setting up soviets in place of former local councils. This, however, presented a new issue for the Latvian nationalists. Based on the historical special status the Baltics had enjoyed since Peter I, they had hoped for more autonomy, yet not seceding from Russia. Bolshevism now threatened to swallow up nationalism and thus became the new enemy. A new, more ethnic, strident, nationalism, defined as throwing off both German and Russian influences, accompanied the turn against Bolshevism. It did not, however, target the Latvian Russian population, nor did it target the influx of Russians who fled to Latvia after

title: Russians in India

text: Russians in India There is a small but recognisable Russian community in India which comprises Indian citizens of Russian heritage as well with Russian expatriates and migrants residing in India. Most of them reside in the state of Goa and around 6,000 Russians live in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. In general Indians are fond of Russia and Russians due to the historical strong friendly relationship of India with USSR. The state of Goa has become a home away from home to many Russians, in the last few years. Many restless young Russians who are unhappy with city

title: Russians

text: from Russia, or from the former Soviet Union. The latter word refers to all people holding citizenship of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity, and does not include ethnic Russians living outside Russia. Translations into other languages often do not distinguish these two groups. The name of the Russians derives from the Rus' people (supposedly Varangians). According to the most prevalent theory, the name "Rus", like the Finnish name for Sweden ("Ruotsi"), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" ("rods-") as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it

title: Harbin Russians

text: to South America. Harbin Russians The term Harbin Russians or Russian Harbinites refers to several generations of Russians who lived in the city of Harbin, Manchuria from approximately 1898 to the mid-1960s. Harbin, a major junction city on the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), came successively under the control of the Qing dynasty, the Republic of China, Manchukuo and the People's Republic of China in this period. The people in the Soviet Union used the terms "KVZhDist" (, "person of the China Eastern Railway" ) and "Harbinets" (Харбинец, "Harbinite/person from Harbin") to refer to a person with any type of ties

title: Harbin Russians

text: were excluded from the Russian schools and their property was often confiscated, but they were under the protection of the Soviet Embassy. In 1945, after the Soviet Army occupied Harbin, the Soviets sent all those Harbin Russians whom they identified as White Guardists and those who had collaborated with the Japanese authorities to labor camps. After 1952, the Soviet Union initiated a second wave of repatriation of Harbin Russians. By the mid-1960s virtually all Harbin Russians had left Harbin. There were several Russian connections in Australia resulting from refugees leaving Harbin. A good portion of the Russian Old Believers left

title: Harbin Russians

text: Harbin Russians The term Harbin Russians or Russian Harbinites refers to several generations of Russians who lived in the city of Harbin, Manchuria from approximately 1898 to the mid-1960s. Harbin, a major junction city on the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), came successively under the control of the Qing dynasty, the Republic of China, Manchukuo and the People's Republic of China in this period. The people in the Soviet Union used the terms "KVZhDist" (, "person of the China Eastern Railway" ) and "Harbinets" (Харбинец, "Harbinite/person from Harbin") to refer to a person with any type of ties to the China

title: Russians of Croatia

text: Russians of Croatia Russians of Croatia (, ) are one of 22 national minorities of Croatia. According to the 2011 Census, there were 1,279 Croatian citizens in the country, who identified themselves as Russians, most of them living in Zagreb. Ethnic Russians in Croatia, who are citizens of Croatia, are expressly cited as one of 22 national minorities recognised by the Constitution of Croatia. According to 2011 Census, there were 1,279 Russians in Croatia. Historically, notable figures include: , a principal dancer and choreographer of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb; generals , and , who consecutively headed the Zagreb

title: Russians of Croatia

text: was largely abandoned. Nevertheless, the number of Russians in Croatia nearly doubled in the period between 1991 and 2011. Russians of Croatia Russians of Croatia (, ) are one of 22 national minorities of Croatia. According to the 2011 Census, there were 1,279 Croatian citizens in the country, who identified themselves as Russians, most of them living in Zagreb. Ethnic Russians in Croatia, who are citizens of Croatia, are expressly cited as one of 22 national minorities recognised by the Constitution of Croatia. According to 2011 Census, there were 1,279 Russians in Croatia. Historically, notable figures include: , a principal

title: Russians in Lithuania

text: late 18th century. Under Russian rule, power in the region remained primarily in the hands of the Lithuanian nobility, but some administrative jobs were gradually taken over by Russians, who also settled in cities such as Vilnius and Kaunas. Also after the uprising of 1863 in Poland some estates had been confiscated from the local nobility and given to Russian officials. Many of the Russians who migrated to Lithuania were soldiers, sailors, and merchants. Most of the present-day Russians in Lithuania are migrants from the Soviet era and their descendants. Following the terms of the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, the Soviet

title: Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from?

text: the "protoIsraelites." It followed an earlier book, "What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?", in which Dever, contrary to the "minimalists", asserted that the writers of the Old Testament knew a good deal about the Israelites' past. Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from? Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? is a book by American biblical scholar and archaeologist William G. Dever. Dever has been prominent in the debate between biblical "maximalists" and "minimalists" over the historicity of the Bible (specifically the Old Testament). This book,

title: Russians

text: a million Russian-speaking immigrants live in Israel, around two-thirds of them Jewish. There are also small Russian communities in the Balkans, including Lipovans in the Danube delta, Central European nations such as Germany and Poland, as well Russians settled in China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Australia. These communities may identify themselves either as Russians or citizens of these countries, or both, to varying degrees. People who had arrived in Latvia and Estonia during the Soviet era, including their descendants born in these countries, mostly Russians, became stateless after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and were provided

title: Russians

text: Russians began living outside of the Russian Federation, most of them in the former Soviet Republics. Ethnic Russians historically migrated throughout the area of former Russian Empire and Soviet Union, sometimes encouraged to re-settle in borderlands by the Tsarist and later Soviet government. On some occasions ethnic Russian communities, such as Lipovans who settled in the Danube delta or Doukhobors in Canada, emigrated as religious dissidents fleeing the central authority. After the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War starting in 1917, many Russians were forced to leave their homeland fleeing the Bolshevik regime, and millions became refugees. Many white émigrés

title: Russians in China

text: in the 1982 census and 13,504 in the 1990 census. There continues to be disagreement over the number of ethnic Russians living in China. Statistics as of the 2002 Census. Pink designates native region. Russians in China Ethnic Russians (; ) form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, according to the ethnicity classification as applied in mainland China. Those in mainland China are the descendants of Russians who settled there since the 17th century and hold PRC rather than Russian citizenship. Many of them are descendants from Cossacks. There are currently over

title: Russians in China

text: Russians in China Ethnic Russians (; ) form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, according to the ethnicity classification as applied in mainland China. Those in mainland China are the descendants of Russians who settled there since the 17th century and hold PRC rather than Russian citizenship. Many of them are descendants from Cossacks. There are currently over 15,000 ethnic Russians in China holding PRC citizenship. During the 17th century, the Russian Empire launched several military actions against Qing Empire. In 1644, a group of the Russian army was defeated by Qing

title: Russians in Belarus

text: There is also a minor group of Old Believers who settled in Belarus in the Middle Ages. In early Soviet times the Moscow-appointed Belarusian government was largely formed from non-Belarusians like the Panteleimon Ponomarenko or Nikolay Gikalo. There is a large proportion of ethnic Russians among the current political leadership around Alexander Lukashenko. Censuses show a constant decline of the number of people identifying themselves as Russians in Belarus due to the process of assimilation. Russians in Belarus According to the 2009 census, there are around 785,000 ethnic Russians in Belarus, which accounts for approximately 8.3 percent of the population

title: Russians in Latvia

text: families. Big changes took place in the structure of the territorial settlement of Russians in Latvia. Three-quarters of the Russian population lived in Latgale, 14% in Riga. In comparison with the tsarist period of the history of Latvia, Russians acquired more "country and agricultural" features and lost those of "town and industry". The overwhelming majority of Russians were engaged in agriculture (80%). 7% were engaged in industry, 4.9% – in trade. The fact that Russian inhabitants of the country had their farms mainly in Latgale, the least economically developed part of the country, did not stimulate them to social movement

title: Russians in Finland

text: Russians in Finland Russians in Finland or Russian Finns constitute a linguistic and ethnic minority in Finland. About 30,000 people have citizenship of the Russian Federation, and Russian is the mother language of about 70,000 people in Finland, which represents about 1.3% of the population. Russian citizens who moved before the Second World War are called "Old Russians". The next immigration wave happened after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, as Ingrian Finns remigrated to Finland. At present, marriage and family ties are two other common reasons for Russians to immigrate to Finland. The first migratory wave of Russians began

title: The Woman Who Did

text: The Woman Who Did The Woman Who Did (1895) is a novel by Grant Allen about a young, self-assured middle-class woman who defies convention as a matter of principle and who is fully prepared to suffer the consequences of her actions. It was first published in London by John Lane in a series intended to promote the ideal of the "New Woman". It was adapted into a British silent film in 1915, "The Woman Who Did", which was directed by Walter West, and later into a 1925 German film, "Die Frau mit dem schlechten Ruf". Herminia Barton, the Cambridge-educated daughter

text: Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come from? Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? is a book by American biblical scholar and archaeologist William G. Dever. Dever has been prominent in the debate between biblical "maximalists" and "minimalists" over the historicity of the Bible (specifically the Old Testament). This book, which coincided with Dever's retirement from the University of Arizona, where he served as professor of Near Eastern Archaeology and Anthropology for many years, was written on a semi-popular level to explain the background and origin of the people Dever describes as

title: Russians in Israel

text: Russians in Israel The Russians in Israel are ethnic Russian citizens who are immigrants to Israel from ethnic Russian communities of the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states, and their descendants. They mostly members of mixed families, more specifically, Halakhally non-Jewish members of Jewish households living in Israel. Few are descended from Russian Subbotnik families, who have migrated to Israel over the past century. People of full or partial ethnic Russian ancestry number around 300,000 of the Israeli population from the immigrants from the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states, and the number of Russian passport holders living in Israel is in

title: Russians in Estonia

text: who fell into the German hands were treated harshly, many were executed. After the war, Narva's inhabitants previously evacuated by the Germans were for the most part not permitted to return and were replaced by refugees and workers administratively mobilized from western Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. By 1989, ethnic Russians made up 30.3% of the population in Estonia. During the Singing Revolution, the Intermovement, International Movement of the Workers of the ESSR, organised the indigenous Russian resistance to the independence movement and purported to represent the ethnic Russians and other Russophones in Estonia. Today most Russians live in Tallinn and

title: Russians in Estonia

text: Russians in Estonia The population of Russians in Estonia is estimated at 320,000, most of whom live in the urban areas of Harju and Ida-Viru counties. Estonia has a 300-year old history of small-scale settlement by Russian Old Believers along Lake Peipus. The Estonian name for Russians "vene", "venelane" derives from an old Germanic loan "veneð" referring to the Wends, speakers of a Slavic language who lived on the southern coast of the Baltic sea. Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kievan Rus' defeated Chuds in 1030 and established fort of Yuryev (in modern day Tartu), which survived until 1061 when

title: Russia for Russians

text: election campaign. An investigation ordered by a Russian court concluded that slogan "Russia for Russians" does not fuel ethnic hatred. The investigation was conducted in connection with a case of assaulting a Caucasian teenage migrant from Dagestan who was almost killed near his school. The attackers shouted "Russia for Russians!", while beating the boy. On 28 July 2010, a court in Russia demanded an ISP block access to YouTube because the site hosted "Russia for Russians", which is considered by many to be an extremist video. Also as of recently Russia has passed a law allowing them to remove websites

title: Russians in Ukraine

text: – most Russians lived in urban centres in Soviet times and thus were hit the hardest by the economic hardships of the 1990s. Some chose to emigrate from Ukraine to (mostly) Russia or to the West. Finally some of those who were counted as Russians in Soviet times declared themselves Ukrainian during the last census. The Russian population is also hit by the factors that affected all the population of Ukraine, such as low birth rate and high death rate. 2001 census showed that 95.9% of Russians in Ukraine consider the Russian language to be native for them, 3.9% named

title: Genetic studies on Russians

text: similar to populations in Eastern Europe. Genetic studies on Russians Genetic studies show that modern Russians are closest to Belarusians, Balts and Ukrainians. Some ethnographers, like Zelenin, affirm that Russians overall are more similar to Belarusians and to Ukrainians than southern Russians are to northern Russians. Russians in northern European Russia share moderate genetic similarities with Uralic peoples, who lived in modern north-central European Russia and were partly assimilated by the Slavs as the Slavs migrated northeastwards. Many Russians, in Volga, Southern, Central and Siberian regions tend to be genetically also close to Turkic, Altai, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian ￼￼￼and Tatar people

title: Genetic studies on Russians

text: Genetic studies on Russians Genetic studies show that modern Russians are closest to Belarusians, Balts and Ukrainians. Some ethnographers, like Zelenin, affirm that Russians overall are more similar to Belarusians and to Ukrainians than southern Russians are to northern Russians. Russians in northern European Russia share moderate genetic similarities with Uralic peoples, who lived in modern north-central European Russia and were partly assimilated by the Slavs as the Slavs migrated northeastwards. Many Russians, in Volga, Southern, Central and Siberian regions tend to be genetically also close to Turkic, Altai, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian ￼￼￼and Tatar people as a result of Russian expansion.

title: Russians in Hong Kong

text: Police Force, though they were paid less than other Europeans; at one point, Russians composed 12–15% of all Europeans in the Hong Kong police. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the White Russians remaining in China such as in Shanghai began to look to the exits. However, the government would only permit them to leave the country if they had secured visas for overseas destinations. There were further bureaucratic complications in obtaining such visas since at that early date, most countries in which Russians aimed to resettle did not yet recognize the PRC, but recognizing the Republic

title: Russians

text: Russians Russians (, "russkiye") are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel, Brazil, and Canada. Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe. The Russians share many cultural traits with other East Slavic ethnic groups, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Russian language

title: Caucasus Russians

text: northern Caucasus. Caucasus Russians The terms Russians of the Caucasus; Caucasus Russians; Caucasian Russians; or Krasnodar Russians all refer to ethnic Russians living in the Caucasus. These terms are specific to a community of Russians because the North Caucasus is part of the Russian Federation, and Russians here are not outside of Russia, but they are in a part of Russia where as a whole Russians are an ethnic minority. The regions of Krasnodar Krai; Stavropol Krai; Astrakhan Oblast; and Rostov Oblast are not considered ethnic territories unlike most other Caucasian republics because they have a Russian majority, and they

title: Caucasus Russians

text: Caucasus Russians The terms Russians of the Caucasus; Caucasus Russians; Caucasian Russians; or Krasnodar Russians all refer to ethnic Russians living in the Caucasus. These terms are specific to a community of Russians because the North Caucasus is part of the Russian Federation, and Russians here are not outside of Russia, but they are in a part of Russia where as a whole Russians are an ethnic minority. The regions of Krasnodar Krai; Stavropol Krai; Astrakhan Oblast; and Rostov Oblast are not considered ethnic territories unlike most other Caucasian republics because they have a Russian majority, and they are part

title: The Woman Who Did

text: remembrance of Lady Morris, I shall perhaps be forgiven by the public for raising my feeble voice in answer to "The Woman Who Did"". The campaigner Emma Brooke saw this novel and her own novel "The Superfluous Woman" as important in trying to resolve the "Sex Question" which she thought dominated intellectual debate in the 1880s. She was annoyed when H. G. Wells reinvented the question when he spoke to the Fabian Society in 1906. Thomas Hardy approved more of Allen's progressive aims in the novel, than of their artistic realisation. The Woman Who Did The Woman Who Did (1895)

title: Russians in Belarus

text: Russians in Belarus According to the 2009 census, there are around 785,000 ethnic Russians in Belarus, which accounts for approximately 8.3 percent of the population of Belarus. Ten years earlier there were around 1.1 million ethnic Russians in Belarus, meaning that the Russian population in Belarus decreased 31 percent between 1999 and 2009, while the total population of Belarus decreased by 5 percent in the same period. Nevertheless, Russians are still the largest ethnic minority in the country. Many Russian-Belarusians are descendants of people who migrated to Belarus during the Soviet times, as technical specialists and military or administrative personnel.

title: Russians in Lithuania

text: Union occupied and annexed Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in 1940. After Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941, the three countries quickly fell under German control. Many Russians, especially Communist party members who had arrived in the area with the initial annexation, retreated to Russia; those who fell into German hands were treated harshly, many were murdered. As the war drew to a close, the Soviet Union resumed its occupation of the Baltic states in 1944–1945. Western democracies did not recognize the Soviet occupation. Immediately after the war, Joseph Stalin carried out a major resettlement campaign in the three Baltic

title: Shanghai Russians

text: restaurant in 2004. In the 1967 British film "A Countess from Hong Kong", written and directed by Charlie Chaplin, Sophia Loren plays the only child of Russian aristocrats who escaped, during the Russian Revolution, to Shanghai, where she subsequently was born. Her parents died there when she was thirteen; she was the mistress of a gangster at fourteen. Asked how she has come to live in Hong Kong, she replies, "Well, there was another war, another revolution — so here we are." Shanghai Russians The Shanghai Russians were a sizable Russian diaspora that flourished in Shanghai, China between the World

title: Russia for Russians

text: from anywhere without the need for a court order. Russia for Russians Russia for Russians (, "Rossiya dlya russkikh", ) is a political slogan and nationalist doctrine, encapsulating the range of ideas from bestowing the ethnic Russians with exclusive rights in the Russian state to expelling all non-Russians from the country. Originated in the Russian Empire in the latter half of the 19th century, the slogan has become increasingly popular in modern Russia, challenging the dominant discourse of multiculturalism within Russia. The original "Russia for Russians" idea has variously been ascribed to a Black Hundreds ideologue Vladimir Gringmut, to General

title: Russians in Kazakhstan

text: some Russians in Kazakhstan felt discriminated against by Communist authorities who promoted Kazakh language and culture in the region and targeted many local ethnic Russians as either kulaks or Cossacks. In 1925, despite local objections, ethnic Russian North Kazakhstan Province as well as parts of Akmola Province, Aktobe Province, West Kazakhstan Province, Pavlodar Province, Kostanay Province and East Kazakhstan Province, formerly considered southern Ural and Siberian oblasts of RSFSR, were transferred to Kazakh ASSR . Local Russians who opposed the land transfers were criticized by the Bolshevik leaders in Moscow as "chauvinists". Many European Soviet citizens and much of Russia's

title: Russians in Estonia

text: are recent migrants and their descendants who settled in during the Soviet occupation between 1945 and 1991. Following the terms of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed the Baltic States in 1940. The authorities carried out repressions against many prominent ethnic Russians activists and White emigres in Estonia. Many Russians were arrested and executed by different Soviet war tribunals in 1940–1941. After Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941, the Baltics quickly fell under German control. Many Russians, especially Communist party members who had arrived in the area with the initial occupation and annexation, retreated; those

title: Russians in Moldova

text: of the highest level of assimilation in the Russian Empire. In 1918, after the relinquishment of Russian Empire, control over the whole of Bessarabia fell under the Kingdom of Romania. The takeover was followed by the policy of Romanianization of ethnic minorities, mostly Russians, pursued by the Romanian authorities. In 1940, Bessarabia was claimed by Soviet Union, meaning Bessarabia came back to Russian power, wherein Bessarabia is now part of Moldova and Ukraine. Among Russians who were Romanianized were descendants of Romanians who underwent Russification laws in the past; because many Russians of Romanian descent speak Romanian as first or

title: Harbin Russians

text: BREM. The stateless Russians were officially favored by the regime, but in reality, they were not trusted and exposed to a great risk of being arrested as spies for the Soviet Union. They were also often enlisted in the army for work along the border to the Soviet Union. After the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 they were in an even more sensitive situation. To separate the anti-Soviet Russians from the Soviet Russians, the former were ordered to wear a badge with the colors of the Czar — later, a white numbered disk of aluminum. The Soviet Russians

title: Russians in Latvia

text: USSR, mainly from the Russian Federation. Russians settled mostly in towns rather than in the country. They tended to choose larger cities such as Riga and Daugavpils. Russians differed from Latvians in their professional characteristics. Over one-third of the Russian population were engaged in industry (one-quarter of Latvians), 7% of Russians (22% of Latvians) were engaged in agriculture, 1% of Russians (2.5% of Latvians) in the sphere of culture and art. Russians were the main ethnic group in the USSR both in number and in political influence. Under the conditions of Soviet Latvia, Russian culture dominated the whole non-Latvian population

title: Russia for Russians

text: Russia for Russians Russia for Russians (, "Rossiya dlya russkikh", ) is a political slogan and nationalist doctrine, encapsulating the range of ideas from bestowing the ethnic Russians with exclusive rights in the Russian state to expelling all non-Russians from the country. Originated in the Russian Empire in the latter half of the 19th century, the slogan has become increasingly popular in modern Russia, challenging the dominant discourse of multiculturalism within Russia. The original "Russia for Russians" idea has variously been ascribed to a Black Hundreds ideologue Vladimir Gringmut, to General Mikhail Skobelev (1843-1882), or to Tsar Alexander III of

title: Russians in Latvia

text: of the Republic. The Russian language also formed a new group of Russian-speaking Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews and Germans of Latvia. In the period of 1959–1979 the number of ethnic Russians in Latvia increased by 47%, but the number of non-Russians considering Russian their mother tongue increased by 78%. A highly developed infrastructure was developed in Latvia on the basis of the Russian language: a broad system of secondary and higher education, science and mass media. During the whole Soviet period, the Russian (as did the Latvian) mass media of Latvia played the part of active bearers of the communist

title: Russians

text: than all the other European fronts combined—the Wehrmacht suffered 80% to 93% of all of its total World War II combat casualties on the Eastern Front. Russia's casualties in this war were the highest of all nations, and numbered more than 20 million dead (Russians composed 80% of the 26.6 million people lost by the USSR), which is about half of all World War II casualties and the vast majority of Allied casualties. Russians Russians (, "russkiye") are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities

title: Russians in Kazakhstan

text: causes of the massive emigration of Russians from Kazakhstan that took place in the 1990s. By 1999, the number of Russians in Kazakhstan dropped to 4,479,618 people, roughly 30% of Kazakhstan's population. Emigration from Kazakhstan reached its peak in 1994, when 344,112 people emigrated from Kazakhstan to Russia. Since then, it has consistently decreased, perhaps because those most eager to leave or with the resources to leave have already done so. At the beginning of his presidency in 2000, Vladimir Putin met with leaders of the Russian community in Kazakhstan who explained to him the situation they faced in the

title: Russians in Venezuela

text: organized colony of Russians living in Venezuela did not exist. Despite this lack of organization, the strong Russian footprint on the cultural life of Venezuela in the early 20th century was owed to the Russian artist Nikolai Ferdinandov. El Ruso, as he was called by Venezuelans. A full-fledged Russian diaspora in Venezuela began to appear only in 1947. It was then, two years after the end of the Second World War, when the Venezuelan government decided to invite immigrants from a ruined Europe to develop the distant and scarcely inhabited regions of the country. Accordingly, Venezuela did not place any

title: Russians in Nepal

text: the Russian Culture Center. Established in 1979, the center organizes Russian holiday celebrations and film screenings for the Russian community. Russians in Nepal Russians in Nepal from a tiny community consisting of expatriates from Russia as well as Nepalese people of Russian descent. Russian expatriates, began trickling into Nepal at the end of the 1960s. Nepalese men, who went to pursue their university education in the Soviet Union, began returning home, bringing their Russian wives with them whom they married while they were studying abroad. That trend continued, bringing more Russian women to Nepal, as the number of Nepali students

title: Russians in Nepal

text: Russians in Nepal Russians in Nepal from a tiny community consisting of expatriates from Russia as well as Nepalese people of Russian descent. Russian expatriates, began trickling into Nepal at the end of the 1960s. Nepalese men, who went to pursue their university education in the Soviet Union, began returning home, bringing their Russian wives with them whom they married while they were studying abroad. That trend continued, bringing more Russian women to Nepal, as the number of Nepali students on scholarships at Soviet universities continued to rise through the 1970s and 1980s and by the 1990s there were 24

title: Russians in Kyrgyzstan

text: anti-reformist group that split from the Russian Orthodox church during the 17th century. Russians in Kyrgyzstan Russians in Kyrgyzstan are a minority ethnic group numbering 419,600 individuals according to 2009 Census, representing 9.1% of the total population. Most ethnic Russians migrated to the country during the 20th Century. The Russian population has been declining since the breakup of the Soviet Union due to low fertility rates and emigration. Ethnic Russians are concentrated primarily in the capital city of Bishkek, although some settlements in the north of the country also have an ethnic Russian majority. Most ethnic Russians in Kyrgyzstan are

title: Russians in Belgium

text: Russians in Belgium There has been a significant community of Russians in Belgium since the 19th century. Migration from Russia to Belgium grew in line with increasing commercial relations between the two countries in the late 19th century. By 1910, there were already roughly 7,500 Russians in the country, including many students in universities at Brussels, Ghent, and Liège. The post-Russian Revolution community of Russians in Belgium comprised mostly Russian military personnel. Former Tsarist officers maintained numerous relations with Belgian anti-communist organisations. By 1937, there were already about 8,000 Russians in the country, largely concentrated in Brussels and the Francophone

title: Russians in Armenia

text: Russo-Turkish war of 1828-1829 many Russians immigrated to Russian Armenia, establishing businesses and churches, and settling throughout mountainous northwest of the country. The largest number, however, came from post-Russian Revolution immigration, where Orthodox Russians fleeing persecution under the new Soviet regime came to Armenia. Outward migration of Russians increased after 1990, during the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, when Armenian became the official language of the nation. Traditional Russian villages can still be found in Amassia, Ashotsk (Shirak), Sevan and Semyonvka (Gegharkunik Province), Filoetovo, Lermontov, Pushkino, Sverdlov, Lernantsk, Medovka, Lerhovit, Petrovka, Tashir and Mikaielovska (Lori Province). Russians in Armenia Russians

title: Russians in Latvia

text: Russian newspaper "Slovo" ("Word"). At the same time the most famous Russian newspaper "Segodnia" did not pretend to propagate Russian national ideas, but advocated the ideas of a defense of the cultural-national autonomy of all local minorities. A flamboyant exponent of Russian national principles was N.Belotsvelov, who considered that the conversion of Russians to nationalism was a natural result of the fate of emigrants fearing for the future of their culture. The ideas of "democratic nationalism" were supported by the leaders of the Russian Peasants Union which had a right-wing orientation. The RPU became the basis of the Russian Peasant

title: Russians in Venezuela

text: limitations on profession, knowledge of language or age, restrictions which were common in the United States, Canada and other countries. Many of Russians countrymen – emigrants of the first wave, Soviet citizens driven to work in Germany, former Red Army captives who did not want to return to the Soviet Union – decided to take the risky step and take Caracas up on its offer. This was how the future “Russian Venezuelans” motivated themselves to cross the ocean and leave the hunger and cold of Europe behind. In their new place of residence, the Russian émigrés received ten dollars per

title: Russians in Latvia

text: Russians in Latvia Russians in Latvia (; ) – the largest ethnic minority in the country for the last two centuries. The number of Russians in Latvia more than quadrupled during the Soviet occupation of Latvia when the size of the community grew from 8.8% of the total population in 1935 (206,499) to 34.0% in 1989 (905,515). It started to decrease in size again after Latvia regained independence in 1991 falling to 25.2% at the beginning of 2018. The Latvian word "krievi" for "Russians" and "Krievija" for "Russia" (and "Krievzeme" for Ruthenia) is thought to have originated from Krivichs, one

title: Russians in Taiwan

text: of 1.36 women for every man. Russians in Taiwan Russians in Taiwan form a small community. As of April 2013, statistics of Taiwan's National Immigration Agency (NIA) showed 363 Russians holding valid Alien Resident Certificates. Informal estimates claim that their population may be as large as one thousand people. Some Russians from Shanghai and Xinjiang fled the establishment of the People's Republic of China and resettled in Taiwan in 1949. One cultural institution among the Russian community in Taiwan that survives from those days is the Astoria Confectionery and Cafe near Taipei Railway Station, the first Russian-style eatery on the

title: Russians in Taiwan

text: Russians in Taiwan Russians in Taiwan form a small community. As of April 2013, statistics of Taiwan's National Immigration Agency (NIA) showed 363 Russians holding valid Alien Resident Certificates. Informal estimates claim that their population may be as large as one thousand people. Some Russians from Shanghai and Xinjiang fled the establishment of the People's Republic of China and resettled in Taiwan in 1949. One cultural institution among the Russian community in Taiwan that survives from those days is the Astoria Confectionery and Cafe near Taipei Railway Station, the first Russian-style eatery on the whole island. Founded in 1949 by

title: Russia for Russians

text: the influx of migrants from Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and China. Thus, the overall number of its supporters rose from 46% in 1998 to 58% in 2005. By "Russians", the respondents frequently mean exclusively ethnic Russians, and preferably with a "Slavic face" appearance, not Russian citizens. This slogan has become a prominent feature at nationalist manifestations during the annual Unity Day holiday. The victims of ethnic and racial violence also reported hearing chants of "Russia for Russians" during attacks. In 2003, during a television broadcast with President of Russia, random Russians on the streets asked him questions. One of

title: Russians in Lithuania

text: Russians in Lithuania Russians in Lithuania numbered 140,000 people, according to the Lithuanian estimates of 2015, or 4.8% of the total population of Lithuania. First early settlements of Ruthenians in what is now Lithuania date back to late medieval ages when the first proto-Russian merchants and craftsmen began to permanently reside in several Lithuanian towns. In the late 17th century they were joined by many Russian Old Believers who settled in eastern Lithuania, escaping religious persecution in Russia. The second, larger, influx of Russians followed the annexation of Lithuania by the Russian Empire during the Partitions of Poland in the

title: Russians in Latvia

text: automatically grant citizenship to anyone whose forebears arrived after June 1940, a policy that mainly affected ethnic Russians. Knowledge of Latvian language and history was set as a condition for obtaining citizenship; these initial conditions have been relaxed thereafter. However, a significant amount of Russians in Latvia still have alien status. As of January 2017, the vast majority of Latvia's ethnic Russians, 71.1% or 398,549 persons, had citizenship. Anyone who legally (according to Soviet law) gained a residence in Latvia before the summer of 1992 was able to claim that residence upon Latvian independence, even if that legal basis included

title: Russians in Latvia

text: opinion poll in 1989. Only 49% of the non-Latvian population supported the idea of the independence of Latvia (the number of Latvians supporting the idea made up 93%). The International Front of the Working People of Latvia or Interfront, established in 1989, came out openly for remaining in the Soviet Union and preserving a socialist economy. Interfront aimed to win the sympathies of those Russians who were opposed to the idea of Latvia as a national state. Russians in Latvia live mainly in urban areas. In 2006 Russians made up 42.3% of the population in the capital Riga and 53.5%

title: Russia for Russians

text: abortive without even being properly launched. The notion "Russia for Russians" resurfaced again later in the 1980s when the ultra-nationalist Pamyat staged a series of demonstrations and passed out handbills that read "Russia for Russians!" and "Death to the Yids!". With the outbreak of a second war in Chechnya in 1998 and growing antipathy to "strangers" in Russia after Vladimir Putin's advent to power, the proportion of those who subscribe to the maxim "Russia for Russians" began to increase, partly as a reaction to the crisis and instability and uncertainty of the 1990s as well as growing public discontent with

title: New Russians

text: or ironic connotation, merely annotating the representatives of nascent Russian businesses. Characteristic attributes of 1990s New Russians are considered: "New Russians" became by conventional wisdom, the heroes of a multitude of anecdotes appearing in various films, plays, and broadcasts. The archetype itself repeatedly progressed and other spheres and walks of life (see: ). Also in the year 1996, the program had "Vovan Sidorovich Scherbatyy" as a guest performed by actor . Many Russian jokes revolve around New Russians. New Russians The New Russians ( "Novye Russkie") were newly rich business class in post-Soviet Russia. It is perceived as a stereotypical

title: Russians

text: Ilmen Slavs. Kievan Rus' was a loose federation of states that existed from the late 9th to the mid-13th century. Modern Russians derive their name and cultural ancestry from Kievan Rus'. In 2010, the world's Russian population was 129 million people of which 86% were in Russia, 11.5% in the CIS and Baltic countries, with a further 2.5% living in other countries. Roughly 111 million ethnic Russians live in Russia, 80% of whom live in the European part of Russia, and 20% in the Asian part of the country. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union an estimated 25 million

title: Russians in China

text: army, part of the captives were incorporated into the Eight Banners. During the Battle of Yagsi, nearly 100 Russians surrendered to the Qing authorities, the Kangxi Emperor authorized them to join the Bordered Yellow Banner. Their descendants exists to this day and are known as Albazinians. From 1860 to 1884, lots of Russians came to Hulun Buir panning for gold, and in 1900, Russian troops entered China, destroyed several sentries. By 1907 there were already 1,000 households of Russian settlers in the Ergun Right Banner. The earliest Russian immigrants who came to Xinjiang were the Jirjaks (кержаки in Russian, Old

title: Russians in Estonia

text: and Livonia became part of the Russian Empire but maintained local autonomy and were administered independently by the local Baltic German nobility through a feudal Regional Council (). The second period of influx of Russians followed the Imperial Russian conquest of the northern Baltic region, including Estonia, from Sweden in 1700–1721. Under Russian rule, power in the region remained primarily in the hands of the Baltic German nobility, but a limited number of administrative jobs was gradually taken over by Russians, who settled in Reval (Tallinn) and other major towns. A relatively larger number of ethnic Russian workers settled in

title: Russians of Croatia

text: 1941, the NDH government issued a directive that exempted Russians in the NDH from any discrimination or reprisals as long as they were politically loyal; political loyalty was to be certified by Russian colonies′ leadership, namely the Representation of Russian Emigration ("Predstavništvo ruske emigracije") in Zagreb. As early as in July 1941, a campaign was launched to recruit the Russians in the NDH to what would be in September instituted as the Separate Russian Corps (later known in German as "Russisches Schutzkorps Serbien"). The commander of the Corps, with headquarters in Belgrade, was Russian general Boris Shteifon, who died in

title: Russians in Pakistan

text: removed from operations in the country, there were approximately one-third who still worked for the KGB spy agency. Pakistani people of Russian origin: Russians in Pakistan Russians in Pakistan are a small expatriate community and consist entirely of students, employees, families and diplomats stationed inside the country. During the nine-year Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, Moscow had attempted to establish a commercial and industrial presence in Pakistan, by opening an Aeroflot office and setting up subsidiaries of steel and oil industries as well as a tractor factory. With only 56 Soviets in Pakistan in 1972, their numbers had suddenly jumped to

title: Russians in Sweden

text: Russians in Sweden There are 9,285 people born in Russia who currently live in Sweden. The Russian Orthodox Church in Sweden have parishes in the cities of Gothenburg, Stockholm, Västerås, Uppsala, Karlstad, Umeå and Luleå, where many Russian first and second generation immigrants live. Most of them arrived in Sweden in the 1920s after the Russian Civil War. A second, smaller wave came after World War II. An increasing number of Russians and others from the former Soviet Union have moved to Sweden since the 1990s, with more than 900 per year receiving Swedish citizenship since 2011. A majority of

title: Shanghai Russians

text: They were also often enlisted in the army for work along the border with the Soviet Union. After 1941, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union parted, they were in an even more sensitive situation. To separate the anti-Soviet Russians from the Soviet Russians, the former were ordered to wear a badge with the colours of the Czar — later a white numbered disk of aluminium. The Shanghai Russians survived through the difficult days of the Japanese occupation, but left in the end with the advance of the Communists. They were forced to flee, first to a refugee camp on

title: Shanghai Russians

text: Shanghai Russians The Shanghai Russians were a sizable Russian diaspora that flourished in Shanghai, China between the World Wars. By 1937 it is estimated that there were as many as 25,000 Russians living in the city, the largest European group by far. Most of them had come from the Russian Far East, where, with the support of the Japanese, the Whites had maintained a presence as late as the autumn of 1922. In the late 19th century, the Russian imperial government was shifting the focus of its investment to Manchuria. As a consequence, China's trade with its northern neighbour soared.

title: Russians in Finland

text: fled to Finland. Russian citizens who moved in these three waves are called "Old Russians", whose 3–5,000 descendants live in Finland today. A second major wave of immigration occurred after the fall of the Soviet Union. Many Russian guest workers came to Finland, working low-paying jobs. In the 1990s, immigration to Finland grew, and a Russian-speaking population descended from Ingrian Finns immigrated to Finland. In the 2000s, many nouveaux riches Russians have bought estates in Eastern Finland. According to "Russian Embassy in Finland", there are about 50,000 Russian-speaking people in Finland. However, in 2008 study of Aleksanteri Institute, calculated 45,000

title: Russians

text: is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states. There are two Russian words which are commonly translated into English as "Russians". One is "" ("russkiy"), which most often means "ethnic Russians" (the subject of this article). Another is "" ("rossiyane"), which means "citizens of Russia". The former word refers to ethnic Russians, regardless of what country they live in and irrespective of whether or not they hold Russian citizenship. Under certain circumstances this term may or may not extend to denote members of other Russian-speaking ethnic groups

title: Russians in Moldova

text: of Moldovans, 50.0% of Ukrainians, 27.4% of Gagauz, 35.4% of Bulgarians, and 54.1% of other ethnic minorities. Russians in Moldova Russians in Moldova form the second largest ethnic minority in the country. According to the Moldovan Census (2004) and a separate 2004 Census in Transnistria, about 370,000 persons identified themselves as ethnic Russians in Moldova. The Russophone population could be even larger, considering that some ethnic Ukrainians, Gagauz, and Bulgarians might be Russophones. The Russian and Ukrainian dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control amid fears the country would soon reunite with Romania. Russians settled Moldova, which was then

title: Russians in Moldova

text: Russians in Moldova Russians in Moldova form the second largest ethnic minority in the country. According to the Moldovan Census (2004) and a separate 2004 Census in Transnistria, about 370,000 persons identified themselves as ethnic Russians in Moldova. The Russophone population could be even larger, considering that some ethnic Ukrainians, Gagauz, and Bulgarians might be Russophones. The Russian and Ukrainian dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control amid fears the country would soon reunite with Romania. Russians settled Moldova, which was then Bessarabia, after the Russian Empire incorporated Bessarabia in 1812. Moldavians under Russian rule enjoyed privileges well, the

title: Russians in Ukraine

text: Russians in Ukraine Russians in Ukraine (, "Rosiyany v Ukrayini"; , "Russkiye v Ukrainye") – the largest ethnic minority in the country, which community forms the largest single Russian diaspora in the world. In the 2001 Ukrainian census, 8,334,100 identified as ethnic Russians (17.3% of the population of Ukraine), this is the combined figure for persons originating from outside of Ukraine and the native population declaring Russian ethnicity. Ethnic Russians live throughout Ukraine. They comprise a notable fraction of the overall population in the east and south, a significant minority in the center, and larger minority in the west. The