query: who were the major trade partners of russia?

title: Crime in Russia

text: bears in Russia and an increasing demand for bear parts, especially bile, poaching of bears became increasingly popular. Its main trade partners in bear parts are primarily nearby Asian countries like South Korea and the People's Republic of China. Poaching of the snow leopard is also a serious problem in Russia along with Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, People’s Republic of China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The situation for antelopes has deteriorated significantly since the collapse of the Soviet system. There has been increase in poaching of the saiga antelope which reduced the saiga population in the country. However

title: Artists Trade Union of Russia

text: heritage, producing centre, other services, organizations and interest groups. Chairman of Artists Trade Union of Russia – Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky, painter, art-critic, member of Russian Academy of Arts and Russian Academy of Art-critics, Honored culture worker of Russian Federation. Artists Trade Union of Russia Artists Trade Union of Russia () is an All-Russian trade union of artists (painters, graphic artists, sculptors, masters of decorative and applied arts etc.), art historians, museum and gallery workers etc. Artists Trade Union of Russia was registered in 1999. Its main purpose is the protection of creators’ rights. Artists Trade Union of Russia acts in

title: Artists Trade Union of Russia

text: Artists Trade Union of Russia Artists Trade Union of Russia () is an All-Russian trade union of artists (painters, graphic artists, sculptors, masters of decorative and applied arts etc.), art historians, museum and gallery workers etc. Artists Trade Union of Russia was registered in 1999. Its main purpose is the protection of creators’ rights. Artists Trade Union of Russia acts in 55 regions of Russia and 9 foreign countries. It unites more than 5300 of artists and other art workers. It consists of 11 profile sections, exhibition committees and organizations, PR-service, legal service, the protection service of historic-cultural and architectural

title: Canada–Russia relations

text: the 1972 Canada Russia hockey summit, now Duma member and co-chair of the Canada Russia Parliamentary Friendship Group. The most recent Canada-Russia Business Summit was organized in Ottawa on June 1, 2011, by CERBA, in co-ordination with the Government of Canada and the Government of Russia. The event was co-chaired on the government level by the Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Viktor Zubkov and the Canadian Minister of International Trade Edward Fast. The event brought together CEOs from major Canadian players in the Russian market as well as shareholders and top management from their leading Russian partners, who discussed bilateral

title: Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia

text: Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia The Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (ФНПР, FNPR, Федерация Независимых Профсоюзов России, Federatsiya Nezavisimykh Profsoyuzov Rossii) is the largest national trade union center in Russia, with a membership estimated between 28 and 31.5 million (down from 70 million at its formation). The FNPR is widely recognized as the de facto successor to the Soviet era trade unions system, although the General Confederation of Trade Unions (GFTC), as the umbrella organization of trade unions in the former Soviet Republics, is technically the equivalent of the former system. The FNPR was established in

title: The Trade Delegation of the Russian Federation in the United Kingdom

text: Russian Federation. The main goals of the Trade Delegation include representation and ensuring of foreign economic interests of the Russian Federation in the UK, effective implementation of foreign economic policy of the Russian Federation, development of economic ties and trade between Russia and the UK, attraction of investments into the Russian economy, promotion of Russian goods and services in the UK and general assistance to Russian companies in the United Kingdom. The Trade Delegation also provides assistance to British companies interested in the Russian market, in particular via searching for trade and project partners in Russia and providing information about

title: Economy of Russia

text: imports are food (13% of total imports) and ground transports (12%). Others include: pharmaceuticals, textile and footwear, plastics and optical instruments. Main import partners are China (10% of total imports) and Germany (8%). Others include: Italy, France, Japan and United States. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Imports. Foreign trade of Russia - Russian export and import Foreign trade rose 34% to $151.5 billion in the first half of 2005, mainly due to the increase in oil and gas prices which now form 64% of all exports by value. Trade with CIS countries is up 13.2%

title: Economy of Russia

text: equipment (5.4%) and food (4.7%). Others include: agricultural raw materials (2.2%) and textiles (0.2%). Russia imports food, ground transports, pharmaceuticals and textile and footwear. Main trading partners are: China (7% of total exports and 10% of imports), Germany (7% of exports and 8% of imports) and Italy. This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia balance of trade. Exports in Russia decreased to 39038 USD million in January 2013 from 48568 USD million in December 2012. Exports in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1994 until 2013, Russia Exports averaged 18668.83 USD million

title: Russia–Slovenia relations

text: the construction of the South Stream pipeline. Slovenia and Russia are traditionally strong economic partners. This applies not only to the inter-state relations but also to the ties between regions. The level of economic exchange between Slovenia and various Russian regions is constantly growing. Such growth is supported by agreements on cooperation, joint ventures and business delegations. Russia is steadily in top ten trade partners of Slovenia and exports from this Alpine Republic substantially overweigh imports from Russia. The bilateral relations, however, were seriously affected in 2009 by external factors, namely the global financial and economic crisis led to the

title: Trade-union debate (Russia)

text: Trade-union debate (Russia) Trade-union debate was a political discussion between the end of 1920 and the spring of 1921 inside the Bolshevik party on the role of the trade unions in RSFSR. The result of this debate was a rejection by the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party of the views of Trotsky, who was supported by the 9th Secretariat (Nikolay Krestinsky, Yevgeni Preobrazhensky and Leonid Serebryakov), the Workers' Opposition and the Democratic Centralists. The resolution "On the Role and Tasks of the Trade Unions", which incorporated Lenin’s definition of the role of the trade unions as educational organizations

title: The Ministry of Trade, Investment and Enterprise of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia)

text: The Ministry of Trade, Investment and Enterprise of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) The Ministry of Trade, Investment and Enterprise of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) () is a regional government regulator and policy maker in Sakha Republic (Yakutia). It is responsible for regulating and forming policies related to socioeconomic and business development in Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia). The Ministry was established by the Government of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) in December 2016 as key economic modernization regulator and policy maker focused on increasing trade activity with Asia Pacific and investment in all sectors of economy with particular emphasis on digitization, innovation,

text: within Russia, running programs to support independent unions that were opposed to the FNPR. These programs wound down with a change of leadership in the AFL-CIO in 1995, and in 1997 Shmakov was invited to attend the AFL-CIO congress. The FNPR was granted observer status in the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (now the International Trade Union Confederation) in April, 2000, and was accepted as an affiliated member in November of the same year. Since affiliation the FNPR has been active in supporting ITUC in the area, providing facilities for an ITUC regional office. Federation of Independent Trade Unions

text: renewable energy, sustainable resource development and transport infrastructure. In January 2017, the Head of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) at the time,Yegor Borisov, appointed Anton Safronov to lead this newly-established Ministry. The Ministry of Trade, Investment and Enterprise of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) The Ministry of Trade, Investment and Enterprise of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) () is a regional government regulator and policy maker in Sakha Republic (Yakutia). It is responsible for regulating and forming policies related to socioeconomic and business development in Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia). The Ministry was established by the Government of Sakha Republic (Yakutia, Russia) in December

title: Beverage Partners Worldwide

text: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom and Vatican City. Elsewhere in the world, Nestlé directly oversees the Nestea business. BPW works in collaboration with Coca-Cola bottling partners, who produce, package, distribute and merchandise NESTEA across its markets. Its major bottling partners are Coca-Cola European Partners (CCEP), Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (CCHBC), Coca-Cola Refreshments Canada (CCRC), Coca-Cola Amatil (Aust) Pty Ltd, Swire Coca-Cola Taiwan and

title: Trade-union debate (Russia)

text: and schools of administration, economic management, and communism, was adopted by a majority vote. The three secretaries of the Central Committee then had to resign. Krestinsky lost his Politburo, Orgburo and Secretariat posts and became Soviet ambassador to Germany. Trade-union debate (Russia) Trade-union debate was a political discussion between the end of 1920 and the spring of 1921 inside the Bolshevik party on the role of the trade unions in RSFSR. The result of this debate was a rejection by the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party of the views of Trotsky, who was supported by the 9th Secretariat

title: Brookfield Business Partners

text: Brookfield Business Partners Brookfield Business Partners L.P. is a publicly traded limited partnership and the primary public vehicle through which Brookfield owns and operates the business services and industrial operations of its private equity group. It was formed through a spin-off from Brookfield Asset Management in June 2016. Its units trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (BBU.UN) and New York Stock Exchange (BBU). Brookfield Business Partners is led by Chief Executive Officer Cyrus Madon, who joined Brookfield in 1998 and leads its global private equity group. In 2016, the company made its first major acquisition, agreeing to acquire a 70%

title: Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974

text: rights (IPR) in many nations. These countries are identified from a wide range of concerns, such as troubling "indigenous innovation" policies that may unfairly disadvantage U.S. rights holders in China, the continuing challenges of copyright piracy over the Internet in countries such as Canada, Italy, and Russia, and other ongoing, systemic IPR enforcement issues presented in many trading partners around the world. Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 (last edition March 23, 2018), (, 19 U.S.C. § 2411) authorizes the President to take all appropriate action, including retaliation, to

title: Denmark–Russia relations

text: than confrontation with the Soviet Union. Today, both countries are close trading partners, and trade mainly along the Baltic coast. The Faroe Islands was the only Danish overseas territory that decided to negotiate a free trade agreement with Russia. The trade will go through Denmark, and then to Russia. There are also some Russian fishermen visiting Tórshavn, the capital of the islands. On May 27, Russia and Denmark signed visa agreements. Per Stig Møller, then Foreign Minister of Denmark, stated that the agreements will help to ease contacts between scientists, businessmen and students of the two countries. The deal was

title: Economy of the Republic of Macedonia

text: reached a record high of $2.873 billion in 2008, or 30.2% of GDP. Total trade in 2010 (imports plus exports of goods and services) was $8.752 billion, and the trade deficit amounted to $2.149 billion, or 23.4% of GDP. In the first 8 months of 2011, total trade was $7.470 billion and the trade deficit was $1.778 billion. A significant 56.5% of Macedonia's total trade was with EU countries. Macedonia's major trading partners are Germany, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Russia, and Italy. In 2010, total trade between Macedonia and the United States was $116.6 million, and in the first 8 months

title: Russia–Turkey relations

text: claims and demanded other concession from Turkey. Turkey joined NATO in 1952 and placed itself within the Western alliance against the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War, when relations between the two countries were at their lowest level. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, relations between Turkey and Russia improved significantly and the two countries came to rank among each other's largest trade partners. Russia became Turkey's largest provider of energy, while many Turkish companies began to operate in Russia. In the 1990s, Turkey became the top foreign destination for Russian tourists. Relations were tense following the

title: Scottish trade in the Middle Ages

text: probably coastal and most foreign trade was with England, but the disruption of this era encouraged the opening up of new markers on the continent. The main continental trading partners of Scottish burghs were merchants in Flanders. Before 1321 Scottish merchants had established a staple in Bruges. The staple was moved to Middelburg in Zealand several times in the fifteenth century. Although Bruges remained the major trading partner, from the 1460s trade also developed with Veere, Bergen op Zoom and Antwerp. Wool and hides were the major exports in the late Middle Ages. The disruption of the Wars of Independence

title: Canada–Israel Free Trade Agreement

text: in the United States without losing their status while in transit. The second amendment further reduced agricultural tariffs. CIFTA's main goals include: While Israel is not one of Canada's major trading partners, the Canadian government sought to put Canadian businesses on the same footing as US businesses, who were benefiting from the US-Israel Free Trade Agreement. Bilateral trade increased to $1.24 billion by 2005 . Amounts in thousands of Canadian dollars. There are a number of ongoing discussions for the modernization of the agreement. Canada–Israel Free Trade Agreement The Canada–Israel Free Trade Agreement (CIFTA) is a free trade agreement between

title: Algeria–Russia relations

text: 1993, an agreement on the establishment of the Joint m ezhpravitelstvennoy Russian-Algerian commission on trade-economic and scientific-technical cooperation . Chairman of the Russian part of the commission - Energy Minister Sergei Shmatko. Chairman of the Algerian - Finance Minister K.Dzhudi. 29–30 June 2010 in Algiers, the fourth meeting of the Joint Russian-Algerian intergovernmental commission on trade-economic and scientific-technical cooperation. The fifth meeting of CMEC held in Moscow in November 2011 Algeria is (along with Morocco and Egypt), the top three trade partners of Russia in Africa. According to the Federal Customs Service of Russia, in 2010, bilateral trade amounted to

title: Geography of Russia

text: Russia imports machinery and equipment, vehicles, consumer goods, foodstuff, chemical products, and industrial consumer goods. Major trading partners with Russia are Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and Finland. Russia's GDP was US$1.578 trillion in (2017) Russia's GDP per capita was US$10,743.10 (2017) was 3.655 trillion PPP dollars (2017) The Russian Ruble is Russia's money. 1 Russian Ruble = 0.015 United States Dollar. In 2015, it was estimated that about 13.3% of the population lives below the poverty line in Russia. Area (excluding Crimea): Area - comparative:<br> Slightly larger than twice size of Brazil Land boundaries: Kaliningrad forms

text: the post through to the present date. Although the control of the Social Insurance fund was placed with the Labour Ministry, in reality there was little change to the administration. In 1998 Russia was hit by a severe financial crisis, and the FNPR was again at odds with Yeltsin, calling for his resignation in an open letter. The union preferred Yevgeny Primakov, the dismissed prime minister, and the Otechestvo coalition. However, this support appears to have been relatively weak, as regional trade unions had their own positions and interests, and it was Vladimir Putin who was appointed Prime Minister, and

title: India–Russia relations

text: from India to Russia were: Russian exports to India amounted to $6.2 billion or 1.3% of its overall exports, and 0.9% of India's overall imports in 2014. The 10 major commodities exported from Russia to India were: Both governments have long viewed their bilateral trade well below its optimal potential, with the only long term way of rectifying this through having a Free trade agreement (FTA). Both governments have set up a joint study group (JSG) to negotiate the specifications of an agreement, a final agreement would be signed between India and Eurasian Economic Union of which Russia is a

title: CIS London & Partners

text: CIS London & Partners CIS London & Partners LLP is an international law firm headquartered in London offering advice for businesses and individuals in relation to Russia and the other CIS countries. The firm has an office in Moscow (Russia) and an associated office in Astana (Kazakhstan). The Legal 500 UK Awards recognises CIS London & Partners LLP as a Tier 1 Foreign Law Firm in London for EMEA (Russia). The firm's managing partner is also ranked by Chambers & Partners HNW Guide. CIS London & Partners LLP provides legal advice on M&A, joint ventures and other cross-border transactions and

title: Iran–Russia relations

text: the main Iranian non-oil goods exported to Russia. According to Reuters (Wed Apr 2, 2014), Iran and Russia have made progress towards an oil for goods deal sources said would be worth up to $20 billion. Relations between Russia and Iran have increased as both countries are under U.S. sanctions and are seeking new trade partners. The two countries signed a historic US$20 billion energy deal in 2014. As Iran and Russia economic and geo-political relations have improved over the years, Russia and the EEU have opted for Iran to join the Eurasian Economic Union as well. Currently, only one

title: Tsardom of Russia

text: those persons who had built up Russia and were the most capable of administering it. Trade diminished, and peasants, faced with mounting taxes and threats of violence, began to leave Russia. Efforts to curtail the mobility of the peasants by tying them to their land brought Russia closer to legal serfdom. In 1572, Ivan finally abandoned the practices of the oprichnina. According to a popular theory, the oprichnina was started by Ivan in order to mobilize resources for the wars and to quell opposition. Regardless of the reason, Ivan's domestic and foreign policies had a devastating effect on Russia and

title: Partners the Stationer

text: that Partners the Stationer (combined with newly purchased Stationery Box stores) will all be rebranded and trade under the Ryman name. The first store to be closed for a refit was its flagship Crewe store. Partners the Stationer Partners the Stationers are a British stationery retailer based in Crewe, Cheshire, England. It was originally based in Leek, Staffordshire, England. Partners employs approximately 1000 people at 83 shops, mostly in the North West and Midlands. The company was founded in Leek by Victor A. Sheldon in 1976. There are approximately 3,000 lines available in store. There is also a catalogue with

title: Balance of trade

text: externality" on trading partners, and pose a threat to global prosperity, far more than those in deficit. Ben Bernanke argues that "persistent imbalances within the euro zone are... unhealthy, as they lead to financial imbalances as well as to unbalanced growth. The fact that Germany is selling so much more than it is buying redirects demand from its neighbors (as well as from other countries around the world), reducing output and employment outside Germany." Several countries consider the trade balance as an important factor: Some have said that China pursues a mercantilist economic policy. Russia pursues a policy based on

title: Foreign trade of India

text: GSDP per capita but low export share, Kerala was the only major outlier because the state's GSDP per capita was heavily influenced by remittances. The survey also found that the largest firms in India contributed to a smaller percentage of exports when compared to countries like Brazil, Germany, Mexico, and the United States. The top 1% of India's companies accounted for 38% of total exports. Summary table of recent India Foreign Trade(in billion $): The top 10 commodity exports in 2014 were as follows: The top 10 commodity imports in 2014 were as follows: India's largest trading partners in descending

title: Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

text: In fact, the Soviet Union's positive hard-currency trade balance with the Third World exceeded its hard-currency deficit with the Western industrialized countries in 1985 and 1986. For this reason, the Soviet Union showed an overall positive hardcurrency trade balance for these years. Until the mid-1970s, bilateral clearing agreements were the primary means by which the Soviet Union settled accounts with its Third World partners. By the early 1980s, hard-currency payments had become the preferred means of settlement. Clearing agreements were used in less than half of all trade transactions. On occasion, the Soviet Union bartered arms for oil. Not including

title: Economy of Russia

text: and Saint Petersburg, recognized as World Cities. Russia recorded a trade surplus of USD$15.8 billion in 2013. Balance of trade in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1997 until 2013, Russia balance of trade averaged 8338.23 USD million reaching an all-time high of 20647 USD million in December 2011 and a record low of −185 USD million in February 1998. Russia runs regular trade surpluses primarily due to exports of commodities. In 2015, Russia main exports are oil and natural gas (62.8% of total exports), ores and metals (5.9%), chemical products (5.8%), machinery and transport

title: Partners in Crime (Doctor Who)

text: Hyland of "News of the World" criticised the child-friendly storyline, comparing it to "the back of a fag packet". He also criticised Tennant for appearing "jaded" and Tate for "still shouting". Partners in Crime (Doctor Who) "Partners in Crime" is the first episode of the fourth series of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It was broadcast on BBC One on 5 April 2008. The episode reintroduced actor and comedian Catherine Tate as the temp Donna Noble, who had previously appeared in the 2006 Christmas Special "The Runaway Bride". In the episode, Donna and the alien time traveller

title: Partners in Crime (Doctor Who)

text: Partners in Crime (Doctor Who) "Partners in Crime" is the first episode of the fourth series of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It was broadcast on BBC One on 5 April 2008. The episode reintroduced actor and comedian Catherine Tate as the temp Donna Noble, who had previously appeared in the 2006 Christmas Special "The Runaway Bride". In the episode, Donna and the alien time traveller the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) meet while separately investigating Adipose Industries, a company that has created a revolutionary diet pill. Together, they attempt to stop the death of thousands of people

title: Scottish trade in the early modern era

text: were raw materials, particularly wool, coal and fish. The major imports were luxury goods, such as cloth wine, pottery and military equipment, and scarce raw materials such as wood and iron. Major trading partners outside the Netherlands included France, Scandinavia and England. England was only the fourth most important trading partner, ranking just above the Hanseatic and Baltic ports and receiving mainly salt and coal. From a low base at the beginning of the sixteenth century, trade expanded in the 1530s, but suffered from the English invasions of the Rough Wooing in the 1540s. From the mid-sixteenth century, Scotland experienced

title: Visa history of Russia

text: improve and expand trade with foreign states, issued the Manifesto of 16 April 1702. "About a call of foreigners to Russia, with the promise [of freedom] of worship" opened Russia to free access by foreigners, who were guaranteed a number of rights, privileges, and freedom of worship. The Manifesto of 1702 was a powerful spur to drawing up legislation regulating the entrance and departure of foreigners, resulting in open borders for foreigners. The ban lodges of the German Quarter were rescinded. Entry into Russia was allowed only to persons of "military rank", merchants, and master craftsmen. Originally, provisions of the

title: Made in Russia

text: Made in Russia The ‘Made in Russia’ national brand is a Russian communication project aimed at promoting and raising awareness of Russia’s exports, business, and culture in both domestic and foreign markets. The project was created by a team of professional translators, designers, marketers, and foreign trade specialists with the goal of improving communication - in every sense of the word - between Russian companies and international audiences. Amongst its other activities, ‘Made in Russia’ is working to promote the country’s non-commodity goods, attracting necessary partners and target audiences through media platforms, a multi-lingual online portal, catalogues with information about

title: Foreign trade of Pakistan

text: Pakistani-assembled Suzukis (to Afghanistan and other countries), defense equipment (submarines, tanks, radars), salt, onyx, engineering goods, and many other items. Pakistan produces and exports cements to Asia and the Middle East. In August 2007, Pakistan started exporting cement to India to fill in the shortage there caused by the building boom. Russia is a growing market for Pakistani exporters. In 2009/2010 the export target of Pakistan was US $20 billion. As of April 2015, Pakistan's exports stand at US $29 billion. The following is a list of Pakistan's main trading partners as of JULY 2017. Foreign trade of Pakistan This

title: Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

text: managed all foreign aid programs and the export of complete factories through the FTOs subordinate to it. Certain ministries, however, had the right to deal directly with foreign partners through their own FTOs. On January 17, 1988, Izvestiia reported the abolition of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and GKES. These two organizations were merged into the newly created Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, which had responsibility for administering foreign trade policy and foreign aid agreements. Other legislation provided for the establishment of joint enterprises. The government retained its monopoly on foreign trade through a streamlined version of the Soviet foreign

title: Accession of Turkey to the European Union

text: member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country. In 2008, Turkey's exports reached 141.8 billion USD (main export partners: Germany 11.2%, UK 8%, Italy 6.95%, France 5.6%, Spain 4.3%, US 3.88%; total EU exports 56.5%.) However, larger imports amounting to about 204.8 billion USD threaten the balance of trade (main import partners: Russia 13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 6%, USA 4.8%, France

title: Ashmanov & Partners

text: technology for automatic web page topic identification. Both were used by advertising network, as well as by companies such as Mamba and AdFox. Since 2005, Ashmanov & Partners provides context advertising management services. In 2007, context advertising's market share surpassed display advertising for the first time in Russia, and together with IMHO VI advertising agency, Ashmanov & Partners co-founded Blondinka.ru. In 2009, Blondinka.ru gained a system for optimized automatic context and display ads placement on all popular Russian websites. In 2010, Ashmanov & Partners sold its 47% share in the company to Blondinka.ru co-founder Arsen Revazov. Since 2002, the company

title: BHR Partners

text: financial institutions. The firm set out in 2014 to raise $1.5 billion for investments, some in dollars and some in yuan. The yuan investments were to be converted to U.S. dollars through Shanghai Free-Trade Zone, facilitating offshore investment for Chinese investors. Rosemont Seneca is a Washington, D.C.-based investment and advisory firm run by Hunter Biden, the son of U.S. Vice President Joe Biden. Thornton Group is a Boston-based cross-border investment advisory firm. The U.S. partners as a pair and the two Chinese partners each own a 30% stake in the joint management firm. BHR Partners BHR Partners is a private

title: The Partners

text: of the series. The Partners The Partners is an American sitcom that aired on September 18, 1971 through September 8, 1972 on NBC. The program featured Don Adams and Rupert Crosse as bumbling detectives, John Doucette their exasperated commanding officer. Dick Van Patten played the sycophantic desk sergeant. Robert Karvelas had a recurring role as Freddie, who compulsively confessed to crimes he did not commit. The pilot featured guest appearances by Joey Forman, Art Metrano and Yvonne Craig. Unlike many television programs of its day, "The Partners" eschewed a traditional opening title sequence. The opening credits were merely interspersed during

title: The Partners

text: The Partners The Partners is an American sitcom that aired on September 18, 1971 through September 8, 1972 on NBC. The program featured Don Adams and Rupert Crosse as bumbling detectives, John Doucette their exasperated commanding officer. Dick Van Patten played the sycophantic desk sergeant. Robert Karvelas had a recurring role as Freddie, who compulsively confessed to crimes he did not commit. The pilot featured guest appearances by Joey Forman, Art Metrano and Yvonne Craig. Unlike many television programs of its day, "The Partners" eschewed a traditional opening title sequence. The opening credits were merely interspersed during the first few

title: Brookfield Business Partners

text: (which were rebranded afterwards to Mobil under a franchise agreement with Imperial Oil). On April 6, 2018 Toshiba completed its sale of Westinghouse Electric Company to Brookfield Business Partners and some partners. Brookfield Business Partners Brookfield Business Partners L.P. is a publicly traded limited partnership and the primary public vehicle through which Brookfield owns and operates the business services and industrial operations of its private equity group. It was formed through a spin-off from Brookfield Asset Management in June 2016. Its units trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange (BBU.UN) and New York Stock Exchange (BBU). Brookfield Business Partners is led

title: Trade in the East African Community

text: all of these countries are a part of the East African Community, they have relatively different major trade partners. For example, Rwanda's largest export markets are primarily African countries while Burundi's largest export markets are non-African countries. Due to the EAC, these six countries have free trade and are looking to create a economic and political bloc that can help the countries within the group to grow. These countries apart of the EAC have continually tried to develop trade within the continent. It began with Kenya and Uganda as a customs union in 1917. In 1927, Tanzania joined until the

title: Republic of the Congo–Russia relations

text: Republic of the Congo–Russia relations Republic of the Congo–Russia relations () refers to bilateral foreign relations between the Republic of the Congo and Russia. The Republic of the Congo has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Brazzaville. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries (16 March 1964), the initial goal was to provide a solid legal basis for bilateral cooperation. In that time, over 80 agreements and protocols were agreed upon, including a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, an agreement on cultural and scientific cooperation, on air, on economic and technical cooperation, trade, and

title: Trade (gay slang)

text: referred to casual sex partners, regardless of sexuality as many gay and bisexual men were closeted, but evolved to imply the gay partner is comparatively wealthy and the partner who is trade is economically deprived. Examples of this include wealthy Englishmen finding partners among deprived Cockneys in 1930s London; traveling men finding partners in places such as Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Bangkok, Thailand and locals picking up military personnel who are generally seen as being physically appealing and eager for extra income or benefits. More modern usage has centered on any casual sexual encounter between men, and as an

title: Visa history of Russia

text: only those who had a "special charter of trade, with a red seal" could enter. Those foreigners who did not have such a charter could trade only in Arkhangelsk and Pskov. The reign of Peter the Great (1682-1725) is characterised by the formation of state administration on a large scale, the transformation of the Tsardom of Russia into the Russian Empire. Under the Russian Empire, legislation was enacted, in phases and in sufficient detail, to regulate the order of entry, and the period of residence, of foreigners in Russia. The legislation specified the categories of foreigners who had the right

title: Partners of the Americas

text: Partners of the Americas Partners of the Americas was inspired by President of the United States John F. Kennedy, who in 1963 launched the Alliance for Progress, a program of government-to-government economic cooperation across the Western Hemisphere. It is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C.. At the heart of Partners is a “people-to-people” philosophy, which grew out of a 1962 call by President Kennedy for citizens of the Western Hemisphere to work together. Inspired by the challenge, Jim Boren, one of Partners founders, envisioned a two-way network of volunteer partnerships that would enable everyday people to contribute to

text: established on 24 February 1920. It was the first Russian trade representation abroad and it began the history of trade representations of Russia in foreign countries. By now the word “Delegation” still appears in the official English name for the Russian Trade Representative’s Office to the UK. The Trade Delegation is headed by the Trade Representative who is appointed by the Government of the Russian Federation upon recommendation by the Ministry of Economic Development agreed with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. The Trade Delegation is a means of non-financial support of foreign economic activity of the

title: Tsardom of Russia

text: the stake. The split afterwards became permanent, and many merchants and peasants joined the Old Believers. The tsar's court also felt the impact of Ukraine and the West. Kiev was a major transmitter of new ideas and insight through the famed scholarly academy that Metropolitan Mohyla founded there in 1631. Other more direct channels to the West opened as international trade increased and more foreigners came to Russia. The Tsar's court was interested in the West's more advanced technology, particularly when military applications were involved. By the end of the 17th century, Ukrainian, Polish, and West European penetration had weakened

title: Mexico–Russia relations

text: Mexico–Russia relations Mexico–Russia relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the United Mexican States and the Russian Federation. Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, G-20 major economies and the United Nations. In 1806, Russia, under Emperor Alexander I, began an ambitious plan to colonize Alaska and California (then under control of the Spanish Empire). In 1806, Russian explorer Nikolai Rezanov arrived to California in order to partake in the fur trade and secure food production for Russian colonies. In 1812, Fort Ross was established in present-day northern California. Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Russia were formally established

title: Visa history of Russia

text: Russia", which ordered that foreigners staying in Russia for trade, agriculture, and industry were guaranteed such rights as were enjoyed by citizens of Russia. Under a decree of 1894, foreigners visiting Russia were to be given special passports, which were issued at Russian diplomatic missions and consulates, or to have their foreign passports confirmed there, by official seal. In 1903, a charter regarding passports specified that foreigners arriving in Russia would receive their entry passport for a period of one year with the place of residence specified. Foreigners living in large cities were required to hand over their passports to

text: preserve the command market economy, as opposed to a free market system. Boris Yeltsin, former President of Russia, set up the Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labour Relations in 1992. The FNPR was given 9 of the 14 labour seats on the board, and the government soon recognized the union as its primary social partner, elevating its status against that of other trade unions. During the Russian political crisis of October 3, 1993 the FNPR, under the leadership of Igor Klochkov, called for the defense of the Russian White House in support of Aleksandr Rutskoy and the

title: Visa history of Russia

text: of commerce between Great Britain and Russia provided, on the basis of reciprocity, "freedoms and benefits" for trade people. During this period, a number of changes concerning entry into Russia and departure of foreign citizens were legislated, so that the admission of foreigners into Russian began to require only the presentation of a passport. The legal status of foreigners was fixed in regulations of the period—the Police Ustav of 1782 and Charter to the Cities of 1785. Article 121 of the Police Ustav assigned police the duty of accounting for foreigners in each city. The stay of foreigners who were

title: Trade marketing

text: market) channel trade partners who act as a medium to ensure stock delivery/availability for the consumer across the geographies. The role of these entities is absolutely critical as they help in ensuring that the product is widely distributed and available for the end consumer. The key benefit of these entities is in ensuring that the distribution costs are lower for the manufacturer and simultaneously the products are available for the end consumer. The distributor and dealers operate on a base trade margin (factored in the cost of the product by the manufacturer). Along with the base margin the trade partners

title: The Russia Forum

text: speakers. Detailed on-site coverage throughout the Forum was provided by the event’s 15 media partners as well as over 360 journalists representing 102 media outlets from around the world, including 20 TV channels. The dedicated The Russia Forum websitewas the ‘go-to’ destination for all Forum news before, during and after the event, with 39,730 visitors and 148,698 unique hits. On February 3 and 4, more than 1900 meetings were organised for representatives of 80 companies and 134 investment funds. Key speakers at the Forum included: Held from February 3 to 5 in Moscow, The Russia Forum 2010 was attended by

title: Cinema of Russia

text: There are around 400 private production companies. They do not have their own facilities for creating films that is why they rent out spaces and equipment from their qualified partners. There are 35 film studios (9 of them are governmental) that are the major service for renting space. The studios have 107 shooting pavilions. There are 23 private companies on the Russian market that rent their equipment of all kinds to the production teams. The list is composed by the Cinema Foundation of Russia. It allows companies get governmental financial support. In 2017 the number of market leaders was increased

title: Social partners

text: Social partners Social partners are groups that cooperate in working relationships to achieve a mutually agreed upon goal, typically to the benefit of all involved groups. Examples of social partners include employers, employees, trade unions, government, etc. The concept of social partners arose in Europe in part from the disorder following the Industrial Revolution. Article 152 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) states: The Union recognizes and promotes the role of the social partners at its level, taking into account the diversity of national systems. It shall facilitate dialogue between the social partners, respecting their

title: Partners of the Americas

text: states and Latin American countries or regions to foster cultural exchange and education. These partnerships are also used to address issues in the afore mentioned areas through volunteer service and technical expertise. Partners of the Americas Partners of the Americas was inspired by President of the United States John F. Kennedy, who in 1963 launched the Alliance for Progress, a program of government-to-government economic cooperation across the Western Hemisphere. It is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C.. At the heart of Partners is a “people-to-people” philosophy, which grew out of a 1962 call by President Kennedy for citizens

title: Fur trade

text: that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas. Before the European colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major supplier of fur pelts to Western Europe and parts of Asia. Its trade developed in the Early Middle Ages ( 500–1000 AD/CE ), first through exchanges at posts around the Baltic and Black seas. The main trading market destination was the German city of Leipzig. Kievan Russia, the first Russian State, was the first supplier of the Russian Fur Trade. Originally,

title: India–Russia relations

text: the jets will come for upwards of US$100 million at least. India and Russia have several major joint military programmes including: Between 2013 and 2018, Russia accounted for 62% of arms sales to India, down from 79% between 2008 and 2012. Additionally, India has purchased/leased various military hardware from Russia: Bilateral trade between both countries is concentrated in key value chain sectors. These sectors include highly diversified segments such as machinery, electronics, aerospace, automobile, commercial shipping, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fertilisers, apparels, precious stones, industrial metals, petroleum products, coal, high-end tea and coffee products. Bilateral trade in 2002 stood at $1.5 billion

title: Economy of Russia

text: shares of foreign companies. Russia has very low debt-to-GDP ratio, it is among the lowest ratios in the world. Most of its external debt is private. In 2016 its debt to GDP ratio was 12%. As a chief successor state to the Soviet Union, Russia took up the responsibility for paying USSR's external debts. Russia is one of the leading nations for protectionist policies. According to the independent Global Trade Alert, Russia put significant protectionist policies in place. Russia's strategic trade bloc consisting of Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan is responsible for a significant portion of worldwide protectionism during 2013. Of

title: Iceland–Russia relations

text: countries who took action against Russia in response to the incident, Russia did not respond to Iceland's approach. In 2003 Russian-Icelandic trade was $US 89.7 million. Export from Iceland to Russia was $US 13.8 million. Import were $US 75.9 million. Russia is the 9th largest exporter to Iceland. Russian exports are raw materials: oil products (62,3%), aluminium (27%). Iceland exports to Russia ships and vessels (25,1%), sea products (23,3%), textiles and garment (14,9%), chemical fertilizers (10,8%), and industrial equipment (9,5%). Iceland–Russia relations Iceland–Russia relations is the relationship between the two countries, Iceland and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Reykjavík.

title: Foreign trade of Communist Czechoslovakia

text: believed that official Czechoslovak methods of calculation tended to overstate considerably the value of trade conducted in transferable rubles, i.e., with Comecon partners, and to underestimate the value of hard currency trade with non-communist countries. Nevertheless, the general structure of Czechoslovakia's foreign trade was unmistakable. Under the Czechoslovak system, foreign trade was a state monopoly, supervised by the central Ministry of Foreign Trade. The ministry oversaw the operation of about thirty foreign trade enterprises. As intermediaries between the domestic export producers or import purchasers and the external market, the enterprises were responsible for arranging contracts as well as for financing

title: History of fair trade

text: Fair Trade Organizations worldwide and guarantees that standards are being implemented regarding working conditions, wages, child labour and the environment. The FTO Mark gave for the first time Fair Trade Organizations (including handcrafts producers) definable recognition amongst consumers, existing and new business partners, governments and donors. Global fair trade sales have soared over the past decade. The increase has been particularly spectacular among Fairtrade labelled goods: In 2007, Fair trade certified sales amounted to approximately €2.3 billion (US $3.62 billion) worldwide, a 47% year-to-year increase. As per December 2006, 569 producer organizations in 58 developing countries were FLO-CERT Fairtrade certified

title: Social partners

text: counseling and education to prevent and remedy unreasonable discrimination in employment; and international exchanges in the field of labor relations. Social partners Social partners are groups that cooperate in working relationships to achieve a mutually agreed upon goal, typically to the benefit of all involved groups. Examples of social partners include employers, employees, trade unions, government, etc. The concept of social partners arose in Europe in part from the disorder following the Industrial Revolution. Article 152 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) states: The Union recognizes and promotes the role of the social partners at

title: Economy of Iran

text: 2005 and $55.189 billion in 2009. Iran's major commercial partners are China, India, Germany, South Korea, Japan, France, Russia and Italy. From 1950 until 1978, the United States was Iran's foremost economic and military partner, playing a major role in infrastructure and industry modernization. It is reported that around 80% of machinery and equipment in Iran is of German origin. In July 2018, France, Germany and UK agreed to continue trade with Iran with out using Dollar as a medium of exchange. In march 2018, Iran had banned Dollar in trade. Since the mid-1990s, Iran has increased its economic cooperation

title: Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

text: played only a minor role in Third World trade, Soviet imports or exports have formed a large portion of the total trade of some countries. Second, the Soviet Union has concentrated its trade with the Third World in the hands of relatively few partners. For example, in 1987 India, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Argentina, Egypt, Turkey, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Malaysia together accounted for 75 percent of Soviet imports from and 80 percent of Soviet exports to the Third World. Although Soviet trade with the Third World increased in volume from 1965 through 1985, it remained between 13 and 15 percent of

title: Trade during the Viking Age

text: the eastern end of a trading and monetary network that stretched around the North Sea. Many of the trading towns in the Baltic would begin to disappear shortly after the year 1000 as the continent shifted to a bulk economy that minimized the role of these centres. This was also parallel with the rise of royal power in the region. There were also several Viking trading centers located along several rivers in modern-day Russia including Gorodische, Gnezdovo, Cherigov, Novgorod, and Kiev. These towns became major trade destinations on the trading route from the Baltic Sea to Central Asia. Viking settlements

title: GK Partners

text: 2004 by Gibril Faal and Katharine Ford who act as co-directors and principal advisers. They met in 2001 when they were recruited as the two specialist business advisers on a pilot project that developed and implemented a social enterprise business support system in the UK. The project was under the auspices of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), delivered by Business Link for London, which was the largest unit of the government’s national business support agency. GK Partners have worked with the Business and Intellectual Property Centre of the British Library, and financial institutions such as Triodos Bank and

title: The Towers by Foster + Partners

text: complex was then approved under a major use special permit. In 2011, the project plans were rumored to have been revived. In 2015, the height of the project was approved up to . In 2016, the FAA approved supertall heights up to above ground level for the site and it was said that Foster + Partners was designing the building. In November 2016, new rendering were revealed for the project, renamed The Towers by Foster + Partners, again a twin tower project, but much taller and with 660 units. The new design features more mixed-use and public space at the

title: Egorov Puginsky Afanasiev & Partners

text: Egorov Puginsky Afanasiev & Partners Egorov Puginsky Afanasiev & Partners (EPA&P; ) is an international law firm founded in Moscow with offices in Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and associated offices in the United Kingdom and the United States. The company is ranked as the 18th largest European law firm by revenue in 2012 (excluding UK). The firm was founded by Nikolai Egorov, Dimitry Afanasiev, and Stanislav Puginsky in Moscow in 1993, when Western corporations were beginning to expand into the post-Soviet states. In July 2011, Egorov Puginsky Afanasiev & Partners merged with the international law firm Magisters. In 2015, firm chairman

title: Who Were the Shudras?

text: Who Were the Shudras? Who Were the Shudras? is a history book published by Indian social reformer and polymath B. R. Ambedkar in 1946. The book discusses the origin of the Shudra Varna. Ambedkar dedicated the book to Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890). In the book Ambedkar, citing Rigveda, Mahabharata and other ancient vedic scriptures, estimates that the Shudras were originally Aryans. They were a part of the Kshatriya Varna. Ambedkar writes in the preface of the book, ""Undoubtedly the conclusions which I have reached as a result of my investigations. Two questions are raised in this book: (1) Who were the

title: BGC Partners

text: in US Government Securities. In 1991, Howard Lutnick was named president of Cantor Fitzgerald, after having worked at the firm for the previous eight years. Lutnick placed a new emphasis on technological innovation at the company, and in 1996 lead the development of eSpeed, which went public in 1999. The September 11, 2001 attacks claimed 658 employees of Cantor Fitzgerald and eSpeed, whose headquarters were in the World Trade Center. In response to the attacks, BGC Partners and Cantor Fitzgerald pledged to donate 25% of their profits to families of deceased employees. BGC Partners was formed in 2004 when Cantor

title: Russia–Zambia relations

text: has an embassy in Moscow. The current Ambassador of Russia to Zambia is Boris Malakhov, who was appointed by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 6 October 2008, and presented his Letters of Credence to President of Zambia Rupiah Banda on 22 January 2009. The current Ambassador of Zambia to Russia is Frederick Shumba Hapunda. Trade and economic relations between Russia and Zambia are regulated by bilateral agreements; and a trade agreement signed by the Soviet and Zambian governments in Lusaka on 17 December 1971. In 2008, bilateral trade between Russia and Zambia increased from the 2007 level of US$11.4 million

title: Trade barrier

text: , the UK is a member of the European Union and participates in the EU's collective position on trade. United Kingdom and its top trade partners: Germany is also a member of the EU. Germany's top trade partners are China joined the WTO in 2001, since then they have slowly loosened there trade laws. In 2004 they signed their Foreign Trade Law in to affect. In doing this they made it so all types of businesses can trade globally as long as they have filed the right paperwork. Trade barrier Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade. Most trade

title: Trireme Partners

text: Trireme Partners Trireme Partners LLP was a limited partnership venture capital company that invested in technology, goods, and services related to Homeland Security. The name "Trireme" was taken from a Greek warship designed with three banks of rowers. Established by Richard Perle and Gerald Hillman, Trireme Partners was a Delaware entity registered in November 2001. One of the firm's major investors was Boeing, who invested $20 million. Perle became the subject of controversy in 2003 following a "New Yorker" article published that alleged Perle offered to influence American foreign policy in Saudi Arabia in exchange for investment in Trireme. Trireme

title: Australia–Russia relations

text: Western Australian Premier to visit Russia, when he headed a trade delegation for a five-day trip to the country to court more Russian investment in the state. In 2008, Australian-Russian bilateral trade exceeded US$1 billion for the first time. Russia imported US$1.029 billion worth of goods and services from Australia in 2008, while its exports to Australia were valued at US$82 million, bringing the total to US$1.111 billion. According to the Russian Federal Customs Service, trade with Australia accounted for 0.2% of all Russian foreign trade in 2008. Australia–Russia relations Australia–Russia relations () date back to 1807, when the Russian

title: Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

text: Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a proposed trade agreement between the European Union and the United States, with the aim of promoting trade and multilateral economic growth. According to Karel de Gucht, European Commissioner for Trade between 2010 and 2014, the TTIP is the largest bilateral trade initiative ever negotiated, not only because it involves the two largest economies in the world but also "because of its potential global reach in setting an example for future partners and agreements". Negotiations were halted by President Donald Trump, who then initiated a trade conflict

title: Trade unions in the Netherlands

text: Trade unions in the Netherlands Trade Unions play a major role in the corporatist Dutch economy. In 2001 about 25% of the Dutch people who were employed were organized in a union. There are three major unions: the Christian-democratic "Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond (CNV)", the social-democratically oriented "Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging (FNV)" and the "Federation of Managerial and Professional Staff Unions (MHP)". All are federations of sector-based labour unions. The FNV is with about 1,4 million members the largest of the three. The CNV has 350.000 members and the MHP 160.000. The FNV has 17 affiliate unions, the CNV 11 and the

title: Volga trade route

text: Volga trade route In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea, via the Volga River. The Rus used this route to trade with Muslim countries on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, sometimes penetrating as far as Baghdad. The route functioned concurrently with the Dnieper trade route, better known as the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, and lost its importance in the 11th century. The Volga trade route was established by the Varangians (Vikings) who settled in Northwestern Russia in the early 9th century. About south

title: Indian slave trade in the American Southeast

text: bloodlines. By 1715 the Native American slave population in the Carolina colony was estimated at 1,850. Prior to 1720, when it ended the Native American slave trade, Carolina exported as many or more Native American slaves than it imported Africans. This trade system involved the Westo tribe, who had previously come down from further north. The Westos were given English goods in exchange for beaver and other animal pelt and capturing natives to be sold into slavery. Colonial traders encouraged their Indian trading partners to engage in warfare and accumulate captives; they lent their backing to the Stono War of

title: Brysam Global Partners

text: Brysam Global Partners Brysam Global Partners is a private equity firm that specializes in consumer financial services in emerging markets. It was founded in January 2007 by Marjorie Magner and Robert Willumstad. On September 7, 2007, Brysam completed a $228m (US) investment in Ixe Grupo Financiero, a leading financial institution based in Mexico City, representing 28% of shares then outstanding. On February 21, 2008, Brysam acquired a 9.9% interest in Russian bank Vozrozhdenie Bank. Founded in 1991, Vozrozhdenie ranks among the top thirty banks in Russia, with over one million individual accounts. Terms of the investment were not disclosed. On

title: India–Russia relations

text: Foundation of Basic Research, Moscow to pursue scientific co-operation. The North–South Transport Corridor is the ship, rail, and road route for moving freight between India, Russia, Iran, Europe and Central Asia. The route primarily involves moving freight from India, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia via ship, rail and road. The objective of the corridor is to increase trade connectivity between major cities such as Mumbai, Moscow, Tehran, Baku, Bandar Abbas, Astrakhan, Bandar Anzali etc. Dry runs of two routes were conducted in 2014, the first was Mumbai to Baku via Bandar Abbas and the second was Mumbai to Astrakhan via Bandar

title: Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

text: more to the West than it imported. After a temporary shortage of hard currency in 1981, the Soviet Union sought to improve its trade position with the industrialized countries by keeping imports at a steady level and by increasing exports. As a result, the Soviet Union began to run trade surpluses with most of its Western partners. Much of the income earned from fuel exports to Western Europe was used to pay off debts with the United States, Canada, and Australia, from which the Soviet Union had imported large quantities of grain. In 1985 and 1986, trade with the West

title: Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets

text: and share their trade secrets with privileged business partners across the Internal Market, turning their innovative ideas into growth and jobs". EU member states are required to "bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive" within two years i.e. by May 2018. Trade secret holders will be entitled to apply for remedies following cases of illegal appropriation of documents, objects, materials, substances or electronic files containing the trade secret or from which the trade secret can be deduced. The text of the directive is available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/943/oj Directive on the Protection of Trade

title: Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

text: economic effects of their new undertaking, Soviet officials declared that 85 to 90 percent of "the most important types of machinery" would meet world technical standards by 1990. The Soviet Union's vast natural resources and its lucrative, previously closed, domestic market attracted Western companies. By August 1988, more than fifty joint ventures were registered in the Soviet Union, and approximately three hundred were under negotiation. Nevertheless, numerous obstacles arose in the first eighteen months after the government adopted the joint venture law. Complaints by Western partners dealt with uncertainties concerning Soviet trade regulations, problems with the supply of goods, the

title: Visa history of Russia

text: entry into Russia without passports [from the] Minister of Foreign Affairs; the termination of the trade treaty with France". The Manifesto of 1 January 1807 significantly restricted the rights of foreign merchants. However, nationals of those states with which Russia had concluded trade agreements, had prior rights over other foreigners. Restrictions of the rights of foreign trade and other fields existed until 1860. In 1860, reforms in Russia and expansion of international cooperation led to legislation relaxing restrictions on the rights of foreigners that had existed before 1860. Alexander II signed the decree "On the rights of foreigners residing in

title: Partners in Crime (Doctor Who)

text: He sees her in his telescope and celebrates on his allotment. "Partners in Crime" features several actors returning to the series. Catherine Tate was offered the opportunity to return as Donna Noble during lunch with executive producer Julie Gardner. Tate, who expected Gardner would ask about appearing in a biopic, later admitted it was "the furthest thing from [her] mind". Tate's return was controversial amongst "Doctor Who" fans; the criticism she received was compared to Daniel Craig after he was cast as James Bond. Howard Attfield, who appeared as Donna's father Geoff in "The Runaway Bride", filmed several scenes for

title: Trade policy of Japan

text: and GATT strongly pressured Japan to free its commerce and international payments system. Beginning in the 1960s, the government adopted a policy of gradual trade liberalization, easing import quotas, reducing tariff rates, freeing transactions in foreign exchange, and admitting foreign capital into Japanese industries, which continued through the 1980s. The main impetus for change throughout has been international obligation, that is, response to foreign, rather than domestic, pressure. The result has been a prolonged, reluctant process of reducing barriers, which has frustrated many of Japan's trading partners. Japan has been a participant in the major rounds of tariffcutting negotiations under

title: Scottish trade in the Middle Ages

text: burghs probably carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands than nationally or internationally, relying on them for food and raw materials. The Wars of Independence closed English markets and raised the levels of piracy and disruption to naval trade on both sides. They may have led to an increase in continental trade. Isolated references indicate that Scottish ships were active in Bergen and Danzig and the earliest records from the 1330s indicate that five-sixths of this trade was in the hands of Scottish merchants. The main continental trading partners of Scottish burghs were German merchants of the Hanseatic

title: Foreign trade of South Africa

text: to 21% of its total outward Foreign Direct Investment. The following includes a list of existing trade agreements signed by South Africa. Currently UAE is also one of the most important trade partners with African buyers/importers. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html Foreign trade of South Africa Since the end of apartheid foreign trade in South Africa has increased, following the lifting of several sanctions and boycotts which were imposed as a means of ending apartheid. South Africa is the second largest producer of gold and is the world's largest producer of chrome, manganese, platinum, vanadium and vermiculite, the second largest producer of ilmenite, palladium,

title: Fur trade

text: to the Indian trade." Indians were savvy traders, but they had a fundamentally different conception of property, which confounded their European trade partners. Abraham Rotstein subsequently fit these arguments explicitly into Polanyi’s theoretical framework, claiming that "administered trade was in operation at the Bay and market trade in London." Arthur J. Ray permanently changed the direction of economic studies of the fur trade with two influential works that presented a modified formalist position in between the extremes of Innis and Rotstein. "This trading system," Ray explained, "is impossible to label neatly as ‘gift trade', or ‘administered trade', or ‘market trade',

text: issues The Trade Delegation provides consultancy on different aspects of foreign economic activities including selection of potential trade partners and investors, certification procedures, company registration rules, existing trade barriers, customs procedures when importing to the UK. The Trade Delegation also provides legal consultancy to Russian companies planning to enter the UK market, e.g. consultations on taxation legislation, export/import, customs and currency regulation, and pre-trial commercial dispute resolution. 3. Promotion of Russian goods and services in the UK and development of inter-regional cooperation The Trade Delegation jointly with the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation organises business missions, negotiations

title: Russia–Ukraine relations

text: and civil airplanes. In December 2015, Ukrainian lawmakers voted to place a trade embargo on Russia in retaliation of the latter's cancellation of the two countries free-trade zone and ban on food imports as the free-trade agreement between the European Union and Ukraine is to come into force in January 2016. Russia imposes tariffs on Ukrainian goods from January 2016, as Ukraine joins the DCFTA with the EU. According to the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine the amount of Russian citizens who crossed the Russia–Ukraine border (more than 2.5 million Russians in 2014) dropped by almost 50% in 2015.

title: Copyright law of Russia

text: in a trade agreement with the U.S. in November 2006 to ensure that new legislation, including part IV of the Civil Code, would be fully TRIPS compliant, even if such legislation was passed before an eventual accession of Russia to the WTO. Tsarist Russia and the USSR had a history of near-isolation concerning international copyright relations. Under the Tsars, only a few bilateral copyright treaties with other nations were concluded; these treaties moreover were weak and of short duration. Under Western pressure, Russia planned to join the Berne Convention in the early 20th century, but that was, according to Stoyanovitch,