query: what language do lakota indians speak?

title: Lakota language

text: focus on the creation and operation of Lakota language immersion schools and identifying all fluent Lakota speakers." A Lakota language immersion daycare center is scheduled to open at Pine Ridge. , Lakota immersion classes are provided for children in an experimental program at Sitting Bull College on the Standing Rock Reservation, where children speak only Lakota for their first year (Powers). , it is estimated that about five percent of children age four to six on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation speak Lakota. From 2009 to 2014 Lakota speakers could upload photos with Lakota language audio descriptions at the "LiveAndTell" website.

title: Lakota language

text: did not result in developing any proficiency among students. The situation started improving gradually in early 2000’s when teacher training started to be offered to Lakota language teachers and especially after 2006 when the Lakota Summer Institute was established by the Lakota Language Consortium and the Sitting Bull College on Standing Rock. The institute offers high quality training for Lakota language teachers, educating them in Lakota linguistics and language teaching methodology. Since 2008 the institute also started offering classes for Lakota language learners. By 2015, there has been a major improvement of Lakota language proficiency levels among students of reservation

title: Lakota language

text: Ridge). One of the most influential and consistent figures of the Lakota Language Revitalization has been Ben Black Bear, Jr., who established the Lakota Language Department at the Sįté Glešká University in 1970s. Since 2009 he has been teaching Lakota at the Lakota Summer Institute at Sitting Bull College in Standing Rock. He has been a long term board member of the Lakota Language Consortium and he co-authored the Lakota Audio Series and the Lakota Grammar Handbook, which is the most accurate grammar of the language and probably the most detailed grammar ever written for a Native American language. In

title: Lakota language

text: White Hat established his own orthography, one that is very diacritic heavy and impractical. This had a detrimental impact on the quality of instruction in Rosebud and resulted in almost complete disintegration of Lakota language teaching infrastructure in Rosebud, because school boards and administrators gradually lost trust in the effectiveness of Lakota language teachers and classes. By 2015, only one Rosebud school offered Lakota language classes and there were only 2 Lakota language teachers. Lakota language classes continued to be offered between 1970s and 2000s on other Lakota reservations (Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River and Standing Rock), but the three decades

title: Lakota language

text: Lakota language Lakota (), also referred to as Lakhota, Teton or Teton Sioux, is a Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of the Sioux tribes. Though generally taught and considered by speakers as a separate language, Lakota is mutually intelligible with the other two languages (such as Dakota language), and is considered by most linguists as one of the three major varieties of the Sioux language. Speakers of the Lakota language make up one of the largest Native American language speech communities in the United States, with approximately 2,000 speakers, who live mostly in the northern plains states of

title: Lakota language

text: some distinct speech patterns. These patterns are displayed in their grammatical sequences and can be heard through some phonological differences. These unique characteristics are also observed in Lakota youth, even those who only learned English. Lakota language Lakota (), also referred to as Lakhota, Teton or Teton Sioux, is a Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of the Sioux tribes. Though generally taught and considered by speakers as a separate language, Lakota is mutually intelligible with the other two languages (such as Dakota language), and is considered by most linguists as one of the three major varieties of the

title: Lakota language

text: 2004 five Lakota tribes (Pine Ridge, Standing Rock, Rosebud, Cheyenne River and Lower Brule) united with second-language education professionals and academic linguists to form the Lakota Language Consortium, to produce and implement a comprehensive educational effort to standardize and professionalize Lakota language teaching in tribal and neighboring public and parochial schools. This intertribal movement has resulted in sequenced textbooks, audio materials, reference books and professional teacher trainings that create a new Lakota-centered career path. In November 2012, the incoming president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, Bryan Brewer, announced that he intended "to lead a Lakota Language Revitalization Initiative that will

title: Lakota language

text: North Dakota and South Dakota. There is a Lakota language program online available for children to use. There is also a Lakota Language Program with classes for children at Red Cloud Indian School. The language was first put into written form by European-American missionaries around 1840. It has since evolved to reflect contemporary needs and usage. The Lakota people's creation stories say that language originated from the creation of the tribe. Lakota has five oral vowels, , and three nasal vowels, (phonetically ). Lakota and are said to be more open than the corresponding cardinal vowels, perhaps closer to and

title: Lakota language

text: and methodological background of the teachers. Positions of Lakota language teachers were filled with native Lakota speakers without teaching accreditation under the assumption that a native speaker is logically an effective teacher of the language. But for several decades Lakota instruction did not result in creating proficiency among graduates of reservation schools. Students and observers reported repeatedly that Lakota classes from elementary level all the way to college commonly involved mere rote memorization of isolated vocabulary items (usually the terms for colors, number and animals). In the mid 1970s the situation with Lakota language instruction improved on the Rosebud Reservation

title: Lakota language

text: In 2011, Sitting Bull College (Fort Yates, North Dakota, Standing Rock) and the University of South Dakota began degree programs to create effective Lakota language teachers. By earning a Bachelor of Arts in Education at the University of South Dakota or a Bachelor of Science in Education at Sitting Bull College, students can major in "Lakota Language Teaching and Learning" as part of the Lakota Language Education Action Program, or LLEAP. LLEAP is a four-year program designed to create at least 30 new Lakota language teachers by 2014, and was funded by $2.4 million in grants from the U.S. Department

title: Lakota people

text: Lakota people The Lakota (pronounced , Lakota language: Lakȟóta) are a Native American tribe. Also known as the Teton Sioux (from "Thítȟuŋwaŋ"), they are one of the three Sioux tribes of Plains. Their current lands are in North and South Dakota. They speak "Lakȟótiyapi"—the Lakota language, the westernmost of three closely related languages that belong to the Siouan language family. The seven bands or "sub-tribes" of the Lakota are: Notable Lakota persons include Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake (Sitting Bull) from the Húnkpapȟa band; Touch the Clouds from the Miniconjou band Maȟpíya Lúta (Red Cloud), Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk), Siŋté Glešká (Spotted Tail),

title: Lakota language

text: schools. This was due to teacher training available through the Lakota Summer Institute and to the adoption of consistent phonemic orthography introduced in the New Lakota Dictionary (2008) and the Lakota Grammar Handbook (2016). This orthography and the effective teaching methods enabled teachers and students for the first time to teach and learn correct pronunciation. It has been reported repeatedly that students are increasingly able to have Lakota conversations with elders. Revitalization efforts were further strengthened by the establishment of several Lakota language immersion schools (such as the Language Nest in Standing Rock and the immersion school in Oglala, Pine

title: Lakota language

text: through the recognized natural immersion afforded by daily conversation in the home, the community at reservation-wide events, even in texts written in the form of letters to family and friends. people demonstrated their cultural resilience through the positive application of spoken and written Lakota." (Powers) Even so, employment opportunities were based on speaking English; a Lakota who was bilingual or spoke only English was more likely to be hired. (Powers) Schools on the five Lakota reservation started offering Lakota language classes beginning in the early 1970s, but Lakota language instruction suffered very low quality primarily due to lack of linguistic

title: Lakota language

text: of Education. At the end of the initial phase, SBC and USD will permanently offer the Lakota Language Teaching and Learning degree as part of their regular undergraduate Education curriculum. The current LLEAP students' tuition and expenses are covered by the grant from the U.S. Department of Education. LLEAP is the first program of its kind, offering courses to create effective teachers in order to save a Native American language from going extinct, and potentially educate the 120,000 prospective Lakota speakers in the 21st century. In 1990, Senator Daniel Inouye (D-HI) sponsored the Native American Languages Act in order to

title: Lakota language

text: cross-cousin "Hakátaku" N - her brothers and male cross cousins, his sisters and female cross-cousins (i.e. relative requiring respect)<br> "HakátayA" V-CAUSATIVE - to have someone for a sibling or cross-cousin of the opposite sex Assimilating indigenous tribes into the expanding American society of the late 19th and early 20th centuries depended on suppression or full eradication of each tribe's unique language as the central aspect of its culture. Government boarding schools that separated tribal children from their parents and relatives enforced this assimilation process by corporal punishment for speaking tribal languages (Powers). The Lakota language survived this suppression. "Lakota persisted

title: Lakota people

text: first estimated at 8,500 in 1805, growing steadily and reaching 16,110 in 1881. The Lakota were, thus, one of the few Native American tribes to increase in population in the 19th century. The number of Lakota has now increased to more than 170,000, of whom about 2,000 still speak the Lakota language ("Lakȟótiyapi"). After 1720, the Lakota branch of the Seven Council Fires split into two major sects, the Saône who moved to the Lake Traverse area on the South Dakota–North Dakota–Minnesota border, and the Oglála-Sičháŋǧu who occupied the James River valley. However, by about 1750 the Saône had moved

title: Lakota language

text: where the Lakota Language and Culture department was established at the Sinte Glešká University under the chairmanship of Ben Black Bear, Jr., who promoted standardization of orthography and curricula. He employed college level textbooks and orthography developed by the Colorado University Lakota Project (CULP). A few years later Black Bear was replaced as a chair of the department by Albert White Hat who discontinued the use of the consistent phonemic orthography and the Colorado University textbooks. In 1992 White Hat published an elementary level textbook and promoted it as the only teaching material for schools of all levels in Rosebud.

title: Do You Speak American?

text: States, the documentary was broadcast in several parts on PBS. The companion book () was co-authored by MacNeil and William Cran. Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way of speaking from the English language to various ways of speaking in regions throughout the country. Divisions of ethnicity, geography and social status and how they affect how Americans communicate are addressed. As part of the project,

title: Do You Speak American?

text: Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way of speaking from the English language to various ways of speaking in regions throughout the country. Divisions of ethnicity, geography and social status and how they affect how Americans communicate are addressed. As part of the project, MacNeil traveled across the country conducting interviews with ordinary people as well as experts such as William Labov. In the United

title: Lakota language

text: by all schools of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, by the majority of teachers of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, and in almost all schools on Pine Ridge and Rosebud reservations.. Sinte Gleska University is said to have been using an orthography developed by Albert White Hat, but apart from one elementary level textbook, no literature, learning materials, or dictionaries have been developed with this orthography. The spelling system is not used by Sinte Gleska University language instructors during classes. Historically several orthographies as well as "ad hoc" spelling have been used to write the Lakota language. The spelling system

title: Lakota language

text: are also interrogative adverbs, which are used to form questions. To the non-Lakota speaker, the postpositions and sound like they can be interchangeable, but although they are full synonyms of each other, they are used in different occasions. Semantically (word meaning), they are used as locational and directional tools. In the English language they can be compared to prepositions like "at", "in", and "on" (when used as locatives) on the one hand, and "at", "in", and "on" (when used as directionals), "to", "into", and "onto", on the other. (Pustet 2013) A pointer for when to use and when to use

title: Lakota people

text: pronunciation.) The Lakota have names for their own subdivisions. The Lakota also are Western of the three Sioux groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. Today, one half of all enrolled Sioux live off the Reservation.. Lakota reservations recognized by the U.S. government include: Some Lakota also live on other Sioux reservations in eastern South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska: In addition, several Lakota live on the Wood Mountain First Nation reserve, near Wood Mountain Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada. Lakota people The Lakota (pronounced , Lakota language: Lakȟóta) are a Native American tribe. Also known as the Teton

title: Oglala Lakota

text: and Pine Ridge. The red field represents the blood shed by the tribe in defense of their lands and an allegorical reference to the term "red man," by which they were referred to by European Americans. The blue represents the sky, as seen in all four cardinal directions during the worship of the Great Spirit, and the elements. It also represents the Lakota spiritual concept of heaven or "the Spirit World" to which departed tribal members go. Oglala Lakota The Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux (pronounced , meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language) are one of the seven

title: Oglala Lakota

text: Oglala Lakota The Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux (pronounced , meaning "to scatter one's own" in Lakota language) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Great Sioux Nation. A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States. The Oglala are a federally recognized tribe whose official title is the Oglala Sioux Tribe (previously called the Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota). However, many Oglala reject the term "Sioux" due to

title: We Speak NYC

text: learning programs like "We Speak NYC" open new doors for New Yorkers," said Mayor Bill de Blasio. "Though we are a city that proudly speaks over 150 languages, many residents want to improve their English language skills, and we want to meet them with the tools to do it. Empowering immigrant communities with the skills and knowledge to take advantage of more opportunities is how we make the ultimate city of immigrants an even better place for all of our residents." __NOEDITSECTION__ We Speak NYC We Speak NYC is a free English language learning TV series of dramas about the

title: Lakota language

text: preserve, protect, and promote the rights and freedoms of Native people in America to practice, develop and conduct business in their native language. This Act reversed over 200 years of American policy that would have otherwise eliminated the indigenous languages of the United States. This legislation gave support to tribal efforts to fund language education programs. Some resources exist for self-study of Lakota by a person with no or limited access to native speakers. Here is a collection of selected resources currently available: Just as people from different regions of countries have accents, Lakota Native Americans who speak English have

title: Lakota language

text: just as the traditional feathered headdress of the Teton was "given" to all movie Indians. As "háu" is the only word in Lakota which contains a diphthong, /au/, it may be a loanword from a non-Siouan language. "Háu" is spoken only by men; women use the greeting "Háŋ" or "Háŋ kȟolá". Other than using the word "friend", one often uses the word "cousin" or "cross-cousin" since everyone in the tribe was as family to each other. These words are very important to the speaker's tone of proper respect. The terms are as follow: "Tȟaŋháŋši" N - my male cross-cousin (man

title: Blue Horse (Lakota leader)

text: many years. It was not always the same. The shamans first learned how to perform it right. These shamans became Oglalas. The other Lakota learned how to perform it from the Oglalas. Other Indians are Hunkas, but they are not full Hunkas like the Oglalas. The young people do not become Hunka now. It is of no use to them. The old people do not pay attention to the Hunka now. The Hunka are not what they were in old times. Some old Indians could perform the ceremony right. An old Indian who wears the gee string and leggings could

title: Lakota people

text: group are doing and they don't have any support from any tribal government I know of. They don't speak for us." Means then declared "The Republic of Lakotah" a sovereign nation with property rights over thousands of square miles in South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming and Montana. The group stated that they do not act for or represent the tribal governments "set up by the BIA or those Lakota who support the BIA system of government." "The Lakota Freedom Delegation" did not include any elected leaders from any of the tribes. Russell Means had previously run for president of

title: Blue Horse (Lakota leader)

text: Indians" to the Exposition. McCowan discouraged Indians he did not consider educated from speaking or attending the Congress of Indian Educators and distanced himself from anyone who worked in Wild West Shows. However, McCowan made eventually made exceptions to the best-known Native American orators at the St. Louis World's Fair, Blue Horse and Red Cloud, Oglala Lakota, both eighty-three years old, and they were asked to speak at the 1904 Congress of Indian Educators. Their interpreter was Henry Standing Soldier, an educated man who had been a participant in the 1901 Pan American Exposition Wild West Show. Anthropologists lectured and

title: Lakota people

text: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand refused to sign. On December 20, 2007, a small group of people led by American Indian Movement activist Russell Means, under the name Lakota Freedom Delegation, traveled to Washington D.C. to announce a withdrawal of the Lakota Sioux from all treaties with the United States government. These activists had no standing under any elected tribal government, and Lakota tribal leaders issued public responses to the effect that, in the words of Rosebud Lakota tribal chairman Rodney Bordeaux, "We do not support what Means and his

title: Lakota people

text: Cheyenne. Ten years later, the Oglála and Brulé also crossed the river. In 1776, the Lakota defeated the Cheyenne, who had earlier taken the region from the Kiowa. The Cheyenne then moved west to the Powder River country, and the Lakota made the Black Hills their home. Initial United States contact with the Lakota during the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806 was marked by a standoff. Lakota bands refused to allow the explorers to continue upstream, and the expedition prepared for battle, which never came. Some bands of Lakotas became the first Indians to help the United States Army

title: Lakota language

text: and occasionally other syllables as well. Stress is generally indicated with an acute accent: , etc. Compound words will have stressed vowels in each component; proper spelling will write compounds with a hyphen. Thus , literally "metal-white", i.e. "silver; money" has two stressed vowels, the first "a" in each component. If it were written without the hyphen, as , it would imply a single main stress. The majority of educational institutions across Lakota country adopted the writing system of the "New Lakota Dictionary" as the standard orthography. It is used, among other places, at Sitting Bull College, Oglala Lakota College,

title: In What Language?

text: is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought." Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted "A concrete lesson seems to emanate from "In What Language?" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our

title: Crow language

text: language." Many of the younger population who do not speak Crow are able to understand it. Almost all of those who do speak Crow are also bilingual in English. Graczyk cites the reservation community as the reason for both the high level of bilingual Crow-English speakers and the continued use and prevalence of the Crow language. Daily contact with non-American Indians on the reservation for over one hundred years has led to high usage of English. Traditional culture within the community, however, has preserved the language via religious ceremonies and the traditional clan system. Currently, most speakers of Crow are

title: Blue Horse (Lakota leader)

text: waters, of flying things, of the beasts, of the insects, and of the spider. There are bad spirits also. There are ghosts and the man from the land of the pines. One spirit is stronger than another. One spirit is chief, and can influence all other spirits. These spirits come no more to the Indians of the reservation. It involved things that would not be allowed now. The Oglala did not think these things were wrong, but the white people do. For example a Hunka was taught how to steal horses and steal women from other Indians than Lakota." "White

title: Blue Horse (Lakota leader)

text: to provisions of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), arguing that the terms had not been fulfilled, and that payment for what was due must be made before giving up more land. In response, General George Crook disparaged Red Cloud and threatened that the Indians will be swallowed like little fish by the whites unless they agreed to sign the bill. Red Cloud was enraged and asked the Indians who signed the bill and the Commissioners to leave the reservation. Despite the protests and legal arguments of Oglala Lakota leaders, the Great Sioux Reservation was partitioned. In 1890, there was

title: Lakota language

text: can be determined by the concepts of location (motionless) or motion; and space vs. time. These features can produce four different combinations, also called semantic domains, which can be arranged as follows (Pustet 2013): Summed up, when a context describes no motion, is the appropriate postposition; when in motion, is more appropriate. They are both used in matters of time and space. As mentioned above, nominals are optional in Lakota, but when nouns appear the basic word order is subject–object–verb. Pronouns are not common, but may be used contrastively or emphatically. Lakota has four articles: is indefinite, similar to English

title: Lakota language

text: or "=na". If the vowel preceding "=pi" is high/open, "=pi" becomes [u]; if the vowel is non-high (mid or closed), "=pi" becomes [o] (if the preceding vowel is nasalized, then the resulting vowel is also nasalized): "hi=pi=kte", "they will arrive here", [hiukte]; "yatkáŋ=pi=na", "they drank it and...", . Lakota also exhibits some traces of sound symbolism among fricatives, where the point of articulation changes to reflect intensity: , "it's yellow", , "it's tawny", , "it's brown". (Compare with the similar examples in Mandan.) The basic word order of Lakota is subject–object–verb, although the order can be changed for expressive purposes

title: Lakota mythology

text: tattoos, but those who do not have the tattoos will be pushed to Earth to wander as ghosts. Lakota mythology Lakota mythology is the body of myths and legends that belong to the Lakota people. The Lakota believe that everything has a spirit; including trees, rocks, rivers, and almost every natural being. This therefore leads to the belief in the existence of an afterlife. According to Lakota belief, Inyan, the Rock, was present at the very beginning, and so was the omnipresent spirit Wakan Tanka, the Great Mystery, and the darkness Han. Inyan wanted to exercise his powers, or compassion,

title: Blue Horse (Lakota leader)

text: 1888, Blue Horse met with Baldwin Blue Horse at a performance of Buffalo Bill's Wild West in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Baldwin ("Bali") could not speak Lakota and Blue Horse could not speak English, and an interpreter was called to enable them to converse. On March 2, 1889, just months before North Dakota and South Dakota were admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, Congress passed an Act that partitioned the Great Sioux Reservation and created five smaller reservations. Blue Horse, Red Cloud and other Oglala Lakota leaders spoke against the Act and refused to sign the bill. Red Cloud referred

title: Nobody Knows What You Do

text: for those who can't get enough of those heady days of the early- to mid-'70s when an artist could still go into the studio and make an album like this, Nobody Knows What You Do will speak to the inner hippie-hillbilly." All tracks composed by John Hartford; except where indicated Nobody Knows What You Do Nobody Knows What You Do is an album by John Hartford, released in 1976. After recording the minimalist "Mark Twang", Hartford returned to the studio with a band. The new material leaned more toward country-rock than bluegrass, which he would continue with 1977's Dillard Hartford

title: Guaymí language

text: in the year 2000 was 5,090, with a total ethnic population of 5,360. It must be kept in mind that the number of speakers of Ngäbere is somewhat lower than the ethnic population, given the fact that many younger people today are not learning the language. Oftentimes people of indigenous descent who do not speak the indigenous language do not consider themselves to be “Indians” but rather identify themselves as Latino or campesino. Before the formation of the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, census figures for Ngäbe population were based on whether or not they spoke the native language. The Ngäbe people and

title: Maori Indians

text: the Bhana whanau from Ngati Whakaue. Responses to the 2001 New Zealand Census indicated that 1.5% of Indian women and 2% of Indian men in New Zealand were in inter-ethnic unions with a Māori partner. About 18% of children of these unions can converse in the Maori language, while less than 10% could speak an Indian language. The first Hui (Māori assembly) for people of mixed Māori and Indian descent was held in 2012 in Rotorua. A second assembly was held in 2014, with over 200 mixed Maori Indians in attendance. Maori Indians Māori Indians (or Indo-Māori) are an ethnic

title: Speak Your Language

text: Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song "Who" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by "NME", giving it a 2/10 rating.

title: Speak Your Language

title: Lakota people

text: the Oglala Sioux tribe and twice been defeated. Several tribal governments - elected by the tribes themselves - issued statements distancing themselves from the independence declaration, with some saying they were watching the independent movement closely. No elected tribal governments endorsed the declaration. The Lakota People made national news when NPR's "Lost Children, Shattered Families" investigative story aired. It exposed what many critics consider to be the "kidnapping" of Lakota children from their homes by the state of South Dakota's Department of Social Services (D.S.S.). Lakota activists such as Madonna Thunder Hawk and Chase Iron Eyes, along with the Lakota

title: Lakota Nation Invitational

text: Lakota Nation Invitational The Lakota Nation Invitational is an annual multi-sport event tournament held each winter that began in 1976. The event takes place in the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center in Rapid City and hosts around 40 different schools from Indian Reservations in South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming. The event has categories including basketball, traditional Lakota hand games, knowledge and language bowls, a student art show, a business plan competition, wrestling, volleyball, cross country, archery, golf and a chess tournament In 1976, the inaugural Lakota Nation Invitational (LNI) was held at Pine Ridge High School. The basketball tournament

title: Lakota West High School

text: Lakota West High School Lakota West High School is a high school in the Lakota Local School District which comprises both West Chester Township and Liberty Township in a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio. From what once was a unified Lakota High School came both Lakota West and Lakota East. Situated in an exurb of Cincinnati, the two physically identical schools were built in 1997 when the district expanded. The enrollment for Lakota West is currently around 2,000 students for grades 10-12. Some unions from the old single high school still exist, such as the school's radio station, WLHS 89.9 FM,

title: Lakota people

text: Bureau of Indian Affairs. The nature and legitimacy of those relationships continue to be a matter of dispute. There are nine bands of Dakota and Lakota in Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan, with a total of 6,000 registered members. They are recognized as First Nations but are not considered "treaty Indians". As First Nations they receive rights and entitlements through the Indian and Northern Affairs Canada department. However, as they are not recognized as treaty Indians, they did not participate in the land settlement and natural resource revenues. The Dakota rejected a $60-million land-rights settlement in 2008. There have been numerous

title: Lakota Nation Invitational

text: accommodate large crowds of spectators. The tournament has seen significant growth and changes since its inception. Originally a gathering just for basketball games, the tournament now boasts a variety of events including traditional Lakota hand games, knowledge and language bowls, a student art show, a business plan competition and chess tournament. Lakota Nation Invitational The Lakota Nation Invitational is an annual multi-sport event tournament held each winter that began in 1976. The event takes place in the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center in Rapid City and hosts around 40 different schools from Indian Reservations in South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska and

title: Show Indians

text: by 750 Indians presided over by Chief Blue Horse and Chief Geronimo, and they notified the management that if problems were not addressed vengeance would be handed out." By September 1904, relations between the Indians and the Cummins' show had much improved. Show Indians Show Indians, or Wild West Show Indians, is a term for Native American performers hired by Wild West Shows, most notably in Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders. "Show Indians" were primarily Oglala Lakota from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. Performers took part in reenacting historic battles, demonstrating equestrianism and performing

title: Two Strike (Lakota leader)

text: Strike was one of the principal chiefs of combined Oglala and Brulé war party of over a thousand braves that attacked a band of Pawnee Indians, old hated enemies that had left their reservation in Nebraska to hunt buffalo on August 5, 1873. More than 70 to 100 Pawnee were killed in the battle/massacre which occurred in and along a bluff in present-day Hitchcock County, Nebraska near the republican river. The incident was subsequently named Massacre Canyon. Two Strike (Lakota leader) Two Strike (Numpkahapa, 1831–1915) was a Brulé Lakota chief born in the White River Valley in present-day Nebraska. He

title: Oglala Lakota

text: the hypothesis (among other possible theories) that its origin may be a derogatory word meaning "snake" in the language of the Ojibwe, who were among the historical enemies of the Lakota. Oglala elders relate stories about the origin of the name "Oglala" and their emergence as a distinct group, probably sometime in the 18th century. In the early 1800s, Europeans passed through Lakota territory in greater and greater numbers. They sought furs, especially beaver fur at first, and later buffalo fur. The trade in fur changed the Oglala economy and way of life. 1868 brought the Fort Laramie Treaty, and

title: Lakota language

text: , "ǧ" , "ȟ" , "š" , "ž" . Aspirates are written with "h": "čh, kh, ph, th," and velar frication with "ȟ": "kȟ, pȟ, tȟ." Ejectives are written with an apostrophe: "č’, ȟ’, k’, p’, s’, š’, t’". The spelling used in modern popular texts is often written without diacritics. Besides failing to mark stress, this also results in the confusion of numerous consonants: and are both written "s", and are both written "h", and the aspirate stops are written like the unaspirates, as "p, t, c, k". Standard Lakota Orthography, as used by the majority of schools, is

title: Lakota language

text: and object (such as "čhi"- ...). The symbol ∅ indicates a lack of marking for a particular subject/object (as in the case of 3rd Person Singular forms). Cells with three forms indicate Class I, Class II, and Class III verb forms in this order. Example: "uŋkánipȟepi" "We are waiting for you" from "apȟé" "to wait for somebody". Example: "iwíčhauŋkičupi" "We took them" from "ičú" "to take something/somebody". Lakota has a number of enclitic particles which follow the verb, many of which differ depending on whether the speaker is male or female. Some enclitics indicate the aspect, mood, or number of

title: Lakota language

text: only word class that are obligatory in a Lakota sentence. Verbs can be active, naming an action, or stative, describing a property. (Note that in English, such descriptions are usually made with adjectives.) Verbs are inflected for first-, second- or third person, and for singular, dual or plural grammatical number. There are two paradigms for verb inflection. One set of morphemes indicates the person and number of the subject of active verbs. The other set of morphemes agrees with the object of transitive action verbs "or" the subject of stative verbs. Most of the morphemes in each paradigm are prefixes,

title: Lakota language

text: number of interjections are used only by one gender, for instance the interjection expressing disbelief is for women but for men; for calling attention women say while men use . Most interjections, however, are used by both genders. It is common for a sentence to begin with a conjunction. Both and can be translated as "and"; is similar to English "but". Each of these conjunctions joins clauses. In addition, the conjunction joins nouns or phrases. Lakota uses postpositions, which are similar to English prepositions, but follow their noun complement. Adverbs or postpositional phrases can describe manner, location, or reason. There

title: Lakota language

text: of the "New Lakota Dictionary" is presented below: The vowels are "a, e, i, o, u;" nasal vowels are "aŋ, iŋ, uŋ." Pitch accent is marked with an acute accent: "á, é, í, ó, ú, áŋ, íŋ, úŋ" on stressed vowels (which receive a higher tone than non-stressed ones) The following consonants approximate their IPA values: "b, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, s, t, w, z". "Y" has its English value of . An apostrophe, ’, is used for glottal stop. A caron is used for sounds which are not written with Latin letters in the IPA: "č"

title: Show Indians

text: Show Indians Show Indians, or Wild West Show Indians, is a term for Native American performers hired by Wild West Shows, most notably in Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders. "Show Indians" were primarily Oglala Lakota from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. Performers took part in reenacting historic battles, demonstrating equestrianism and performing dances for audiences. Many veterans from the Great Plains Wars participated in Wild West Shows, during a time when the Office of Indian Affairs was intent on promoting Native assimilation. Many went on to act in silent films. Often central to the

title: Pivot language

text: the language B and the pivot P), rather than needing a different translator for every possible combination of A and B. The disadvantage of a pivot language is that each step of retranslation introduces possible mistakes and ambiguities – using a pivot language involves two steps, rather than one. For example, when Hernán Cortés communicated with Mesoamerican Indians, he would speak Spanish to Gerónimo de Aguilar, who would speak Mayan to Malintzin, who would speak Nahuatl to the locals. English, French, Russian, and Arabic are often used as pivot languages. Interlingua has been used as a pivot language in international

title: What would Jesus do?

text: is expressed in outward action, it is also the effect of grace. Indeed, Wesley could speak of sanctification by faith as an analogous doctrine to the more widely held belief in justification by faith. Because Christian perfection is also visible in outward good works and a rigorously moral lifestyle, adherents of the Holiness movement assumed that a perfectly moral lifestyle is a consequence (not the cause) of the state of grace and ultimate salvation. Charles Spurgeon, a well-known evangelical preacher in London, used the phrase "what would Jesus do" in quotation marks several times in a sermon he gave on

title: Blue Horse (Lakota leader)

text: outraged to learn that the U.S. Army was bringing in troops to construct forts before the Lakota had agreed to a military road through the area. Red Cloud refused to sign a treaty and left the council in protest, and promising resistance to any whites who sought to use the trail or to occupy the Powder River Country. Red Cloud scolded the Peace Commissioner for treating the Indians like children. "The white men have crowded the Indians back year by year, until we are forced to live in a small country North of the Platte. And now our last hunting

title: East Indians

text: Indians of Salsette, Mahim, Matunga and Mazagon, similar to the language spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, Prabhus, Panchkalshis, Kuparis and Vadvals; this may have been Konkani. Some East Indian upper-class families in the Khatri ward of Thane speak Portuguese. 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Marathi. Although the East indians have preserved their pre-Christian Marathi culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed. Traditional dress for women is the "lugra", and for men are khaki shorts and a white "banian". A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent

title: What to Do in Case of Fire?

text: S-Bahn car. Tim then pulls the incriminating film out of his bag, holds a lighter to it, and asks aloud: "What do you do if there's a fire?", and the friends answer, "Let it burn!" The film contains mild nudity, mild drug use, and mature language. What to Do in Case of Fire? What to Do in Case of Fire? () is a German film directed by Gregor Schnitzler. It premiered in November 2001 at the German film festival Kinofest Lünen and was released to theaters in 2002. Part comedy, part action and part drama, the movie is set in

title: Lakota people

text: Lakota history is recorded in their Winter counts (Lakota: "waníyetu wówapi"), pictorial calendars painted on hides or later recorded on paper. The Battiste Good winter count records Lakota history back to 900 CE, when White Buffalo Calf Woman gave the Lakota people the White Buffalo Calf Pipe. Around 1730, Cheyenne people introduced the Lakota to horses, called "šuŋkawakaŋ" ("dog [of] power/mystery/wonder"). After their adoption of horse culture, Lakota society centered on the buffalo hunt on horseback. The total population of the Sioux (Lakota, Santee, Yankton, and Yanktonai) was estimated at 28,000 by French explorers in 1660. The Lakota population was

title: Indians in Peru

text: the internet. But being invariably first generation migrants, many of them do occasionally visit India. Most of them speak only their mother tongue and Spanish, with a smattering of English. Indians in Peru Indians in Peru form a tiny minority in the country and are one of the smaller populations of the Indian diaspora. According to the Indian Ministry of External Affairs, there were about 500 Indians living in Peru as of December 2016. The first immigrants from India to have arrived in Peru were businessmen who had gone there in the early 1960s. Later on, the community grew in

title: Swazi language

text: the variety of the language spoken is significantly influenced by isiZulu. Many Swazis (plural "emaSwati," singular "liSwati"), including those in the south who speak this variety, do not regard it as 'proper' Swazi. This is what may be referred to as the second dialect in the country. The sizeable number of Swazi speakers in South Africa (mainly in the Mpumalanga province, and in Soweto) are considered by Swaziland Swazi speakers to speak a non-standard form of the language. Unlike the variant in the south of Swaziland, the Mpumalanga variety appears to be less influenced by Zulu, and is thus considered

title: What Do I Have to Do

text: Amazon.co.uk, "Her most outrageous but greatest video moment is where she parodies certain movie stars in the chic video for "What Do I Have to Do?", and because of her heavy eye make-up almost earns herself the title drag-queen Kylie (watch out for sister Dannii who briefly stars in the video, wearing a blonde wig)." These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "What Do I Have to Do". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: The song was also performed on: What Do I Have to Do "What Do I Have to Do"

title: Lakota people

text: Prairie Indians, Sioux of the Plain, Maskoutens-Nadouessians, Mascouteins Nadouessi, and Sioux nomades. Today many of the tribes continue to officially call themselves "Sioux". In the 19th and 20th centuries, this was the name which the US government applied to all Dakota/Lakota people. However, some tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sičháŋǧu Oyáte (Brulé Nation), and the Oglala often use the name Oglála Lakȟóta Oyáte, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternate English spelling of Ogallala is deprecated, even though it is closer to the correct

title: Lakota people

text: led his people to victory in Red Cloud's War. In 1868, the United States signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. Four years later gold was discovered there, and prospectors descended on the area. The attacks on settlers and miners were met by military force conducted by army commanders such as Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. General Philip Sheridan encouraged his troops to hunt and kill the buffalo as a means of "destroying the Indians' commissary." The allied Lakota and Arapaho bands and the unified Northern Cheyenne were involved in much

title: Hryhoriy Lakota

text: labour camp, near Vorkuta on 12 November 1950. Lakota and another Ukrainian Catholic Bishop, Josyf Slipyj, became the inspiration for the character of Kiril Pavlovich Lakota in the novel The Shoes of the Fisherman. Hryhorij Lakota was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 27 June 2001 in the Ukraine. Hryhoriy Lakota The Blessed Hryhorij Lakota, also known as Gregor Lakota ("Hryhorij" being the Ukrainian spelling for "Gregor", 31 January 1893 – 12 November 1950) was a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church auxiliary bishop who suffered religious persecution and was martyred by the Soviet Government. Hryhorij Lakota was born 31 January 1893

title: George Armstrong Custer

text: Plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites. It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the Crow Indian Reservation created in old Crow Country. (In the Fort Laramie Treaty (1851), the valley of the Little Bighorn is in the heart of the Crow Indian treaty territory and accepted as such by the Lakota, the Cheyenne and the Arapaho). The Lakotas were staying in the valley without consent from the Crow

title: What would Jesus do?

text: expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, "What Would Jesus Buy?", "What Would Lincoln Do?", "What Would Brian Boitano Do?", "What Would Mary Marvel Do?", "What Would Johnny Cash Do?", and "What would Tintin do?". The term "What Would Jesus Do?" or "WWJD" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around. What would Jesus do? The phrase "What would Jesus do?"

title: How to Speak Hip

text: How to Speak Hip How to Speak Hip is a comedy album by Del Close and John Brent, released by Mercury Records in 1959. The album is designed as a satire of language-learning records, where the secret language of the 'hipster' is treated as a foreign language. Part of the joke, however, is that it actually does a good job of describing the Beat Generation/Beatnik sub-culture: Basic concepts such as "cool" and "uncool" are taught, as well as vocabulary building ("dig", "dig it", "dig yourself, baby", "dig the chick", "dig the cat", "What a drag!"). Many of the phrases and

title: Indians in Japan

text: trading, importing the Indian handicrafts, garments, precious stones, and marine products, and exporting Japanese electronic goods, textiles, automotive parts, and jewellery. Indians in Japan speak a number of different languages and follow various religions; there is little correlation between religion or language and profession, except in the case of the Jains, many of whom work in the jewellery industry. The Jains are generally concentrated around Okachi-machi in Taitō, Tokyo. On the whole, Tokyo has fewer religious facilities for Indians than does Kobe. There are Sikh gurudwara in both Kobe and Tokyo; the latter is of more recent provenance, having been

title: Raposa Serra do Sol

text: separate Brazil from Venezuela and Guyana. The territory contains the Monte Roraima National Park, created in 1989. Raposa Serra do Sol indigenous territory is home to about 20,000 people, most of them Macuxi. Other peoples represented there are the Wapixanas, Ingaricós, Taurepangs and Patamonas, as well as non-indigenous farmers. The inhabitants of the reserve vary wildly in language and degree of cultural contact with the mainstream Brazilian culture. The Macuxis have a good degree of contact with the local non-indigenous society, while others are still outside its reach. Most of the Indians of the reserve cannot speak Portuguese. Most of

title: Lakota Department

text: were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Lakota Department became part of Lôh-Djiboua Region in Gôh-Djiboua District. Lakota Department Lakota Department is a department of Lôh-Djiboua Region in Gôh-Djiboua District, Ivory Coast. In 2014, its population was 202,201 and its seat is the settlement of Lakota. The sub-prefectures of the department are Djidji, Gagoré, Goudouko, Lakota, Niambézaaria, and Zikisso. Lakota Department was created in 1980 as a split-off from Divo Department. In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted

title: Lakota Department

text: Lakota Department Lakota Department is a department of Lôh-Djiboua Region in Gôh-Djiboua District, Ivory Coast. In 2014, its population was 202,201 and its seat is the settlement of Lakota. The sub-prefectures of the department are Djidji, Gagoré, Goudouko, Lakota, Niambézaaria, and Zikisso. Lakota Department was created in 1980 as a split-off from Divo Department. In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Lakota Department was included in Sud-Bandama Region. In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions

title: What Do I Do with Me

text: covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, "Read My Mind." As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: "(Without You) What Do I Do with Me" and "Down to My Last Teardrop" both at number two, "Some Kind of Trouble" at number three, and "If

title: What Do I Do with Me

text: What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: "(Without You) What Do I Do with Me" and "Down to My Last Teardrop" both at number two, "Some Kind of Trouble" at number three, and "If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight" at number four. The track "Everything That You Want" was later

title: Citizen, speak Turkish!

text: was quoted as saying, "We will not remain silent. All citizens who live with us must speak Turkish!" The campaign went beyond the measures of mere policy of speaking Turkish, to an outright prevention and prohibition of any other language. On January 13, 1928, the student union at the Darülfünun Law School in Istanbul started a campaign with the objective of preventing the use of languages other than Turkish to be used in public. Signs were held by campaign organizers that proclaimed, ""We cannot call Turk to those who do not speak Turkish"". Some campaigners also chanted, "Speak Turkish or

title: Seneca language

text: they-failed that-they-burn the-city then they-went-back. 5. Then they-used-to-tell "Kanöhka'itawi'"-it-is-said what-they-tried-to-do the-Indians. 6. There-they-used-to-own-land the Indians. 7. Eight years-old "Kanöhka'itawi"' 8. When-they-told-him what-they-tried-to-do the-Indians... Therefore, it is said, the Indians intended to burn (the city of) Pittsburgh one-hundred-and-forty (fifty) -four years ago. They failed to burn the city, so it is told. At the place which is called Fallen Timber, there they camped. When they failed to burn the city they returned (to the camp). Then they used to tell a boy, whose name was "Kanöhka'itawi'", of what they tried to do. The Indians used to own the land (they would

title: Massachusett language

text: little differences betwixt them have been happily Lost, and our Indians Speak, but especially write much as the Natick do.' Small differences can be ascertained from the written sources, but most records indicate that the Massachusett-speaking people spoke very similarly to each other. Daniel Gookin, who had accompanied Eliot on is tours of the Praying towns, noted that the Pawtucket, Pokanoket (Wampanoag) and Massachusett all spoke essentially the same language. Ives Goddard, in quoting the ethnopolitical boundaries as listed by John R. Swanton or Frederick Webb Hodge lists five dialects, Natick, North Shore, Wampanoag, Nauset and Coweset which correspond to

title: Sentinelese language

text: Sentinelese language Sentinelese is a name provisionally given to the linguistically undescribed language of the Sentinelese of North Sentinel Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Due to the lack of contact between the Sentinelese people and the rest of the world, little is known of their language, its vitality, etc. The Sentinelese people do not allow outsiders onto the island and are generally hostile towards visitors. Friendly interactions have been rare. It is presumed that the islanders speak a single language and that it is a member of one of the Andamanese language families. Based on what little

title: Manso Indians

text: Manso Indians The Manso Indians are an indigenous people who lived along the Rio Grande, near Las Cruces, New Mexico, from the 16th to the 17th century, and were the one of the groups settled at the Guadalupe Mission in what is now Cd. Juarez, Mexico. Some of their descendants remain in the area to this day. The Mansos were semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers who practiced little if any agriculture although farming Indians lived both upstream and downstream from them. They had a life style similar to the Suma and Concho Indians who lived nearby. Only a few words of their language

title: Lakota mythology

text: Lakota mythology Lakota mythology is the body of myths and legends that belong to the Lakota people. The Lakota believe that everything has a spirit; including trees, rocks, rivers, and almost every natural being. This therefore leads to the belief in the existence of an afterlife. According to Lakota belief, Inyan, the Rock, was present at the very beginning, and so was the omnipresent spirit Wakan Tanka, the Great Mystery, and the darkness Han. Inyan wanted to exercise his powers, or compassion, so he created Maka (the Earth) as part of himself to keep control of his powers. But he

title: Lakota people

text: People’s Law Project, have alleged that Lakota grandmothers are illegally denied the right to foster their own grandchildren. They are currently working to redirect federal funding away from the state of South Dakota's D.S.S. to new tribal foster care programs. This would be an historic shift away from the state's traditional control over Lakota foster children. The name "Lakota" comes from the Lakota autonym, "Lakota" "feeling affection, friendly, united, allied". The early French historic documents did not distinguish a separate Teton division, instead grouping them with other "Sioux of the West," Santee and Yankton bands. The names "Teton" and "Tetuwan"

title: I Do What I Do

text: success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'. I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with

title: I Do What I Do

text: I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with his commentary on the economic and political context prevalent at that time. The book was released on September 5, 2017 and quickly made its way to topping the list of best sellers on Amazon India and Flipkart. The book has

title: Do What You Gotta Do

text: & Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do "Do What You Gotta Do" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album "Friday Night in America". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, "Sevens". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian "RPM"

title: Do What You Gotta Do

text: Do What You Gotta Do "Do What You Gotta Do" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album "Friday Night in America". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, "Sevens". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian "RPM" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years

title: Plains Indians

text: killed." Given their smaller numbers, the loss of even a few men in battle could be catastrophic for a band, and notably at the battles of Adobe Walls in Texas in 1874 and Rosebud in Montana in 1876, the Indians broke off battle despite the fact that they were winning as the casualties were not considered worth a victory. The most famous victory ever won by the Plains Indians over the United States, the Battle of Little Bighorn, in 1876, was won by the Lakota (Sioux) and Cheyenne fighting on the defensive. Decisions whatever to fight or not were based

title: Show Indians

text: S.M. McCowan of the Department of Anthropology replied to Chief Blue Horse that he had no use for him and that it was not the purpose of the government to expend money bringing large numbers of old Indians to the fair. McCowan discouraged Indians he did not consider educated from speaking or attending the Congress of Indian Educators and distanced himself from anyone who worked in Wild West Shows. However, McCowan eventually made exceptions to the best-known Native American orators at the St. Louis World's Fair, Chief Blue Horse and Chief Red Cloud, Oglala Lakota, both eighty-three years old, and

title: Show Indians

text: of the World," where he erected stands around an arena large enough to seat 18 thousand spectators. 74 Indians from Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, who had recently returned from a tour of Europe, were contracted to perform in the show. Cody brought in an additional 100 Lakota from Pine Ridge, Standing Rock, and Rosebud reservations, who visited the fair at his expense and participated in the opening ceremonies. Over two million patrons saw Buffalo Bill's show in Chicago, often mistaking the show as an integral part to the World's Fair. The popular image of Indians as living in

title: Show Indians

text: for all subsequent Show Indian employment. His employment represented a shift to Lakota as the preferred Show Indian. The reputation of the Sioux as warriors confirmed the image of Indians held in American and European minds. The use of Native performers in the Wild West Shows (as opposed to surrogates) reflected the broad interest in Native peoples within American culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Show Indians contributed several performances to the Wild West Shows. They showcased equestrianism, demonstrated their skills with bows and arrows, and exhibited their artistry in dance. The most memorable performances were the

title: Show Indians

text: popular image of the American West are American Indians, specifically northern Great Plains tribes, popularly characterized as dwelling in tipis, skilled in horseback riding, and hunting bison. The shaping of the western myth was aided in part through the Wild West Shows of William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody, whose show toured the United States and Europe between 1883 and 1917. Native Americans were hired from the earliest stages of the show, first drawn from the Pawnee tribe (1883–1885) and then the Lakota tribe. The phrase "Show Indians" likely originated among newspaper reporters and editorial writers as early as 1891. By

title: Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

text: language speakers, and less than 1,000 at Pine Ridge, and the age of the average Lakota speaker is 60, making it a "critically endangered" language. In the fall of 2012, a new program was founded to combat the loss of the language and create a young generation of fluent Lakota speakers. Peter Hill, a former elementary teacher at the reservation who speaks Lakota, started the early childcare language immersion program from his own basement, serving just 5 students with crowdsourced funding. In the program, students and teachers speak exclusively Lakota, with children eventually learning English as a second language. Over

title: Chiwere language

text: the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma says "Bah-Kho-Je" means "grey snow," due to their winter lodges being covered with snow stained grey by fire smoke. The last two fluent speakers died in the winter of 1996, and only a handful of semi-fluent speakers remain, all of whom are elderly, making Chiwere critically endangered. As of 2006, an estimated four members of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians still speak the language, while 30 members of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma speak their language. The Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma has sponsored language workshops in the past and hopes to host more in the

title: Rama language

text: "Where is he/she going?" (where he/she goes), "Where is his/her father going?" (where his/her father goes), "Who speaks our Rama language?" (who our Rama language speaks), "With whom did you go?" (who with you-went). Questions words with a non-verbal predicate: "What is your name?", "How is your family?" Sentences may be negated by placing after the verb or predicate, e.g. "I do not live on Rama Cay", "You do not speak Rama", "My house is not big", "That dog is not mine", or by placing "aa" before the verb, e.g. "They didn't look for the manatee", "I don't want to