query: what countries fall in eastern europe?

title: Eastern Europe

text: German reunification, the Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic in 1990. In 1991, COMECON, the Warsaw Pact, and the Soviet Union were dissolved. Many European nations which had been part of the Soviet Union regained their independence (Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, as well as the Baltic States of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia). Czechoslovakia peacefully separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. Many countries of this region joined the European Union, namely Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the

title: Eastern Europe

text: Belarus, Bulgaria, Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine for instance. The schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic from the 11th century, as well as from the 16th century also Protestant) churches. This division dominated Europe for centuries, in opposition to the rather short-lived Cold War division of 4 decades. Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian (many times incorrectly labeled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the

title: HMC Projects in Central and Eastern Europe

text: 1996 a scheme for young teachers from Eastern and Central Europe was also set up. It was soon approved by the British Council and UK Border Agency. Since 1996 more than 300 teachers have joined British independent schools for a year. Currently the project consists of 14 countries in central and eastern Europe. 13 of these take part in both of the schemes: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Hungary only takes part in the teachers' scheme. In 2013 Georgia will also be joining the project. Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia and Mongolia

title: Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe

text: Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe The Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Eastern Europe is an Ordinariate (quasi-diocese) of the Armenian Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic, Armenian Rite in Armenian language) for its faithful in certain Eastern European ex-Soviet countries without proper Ordinary for their particular church "sui iuris". It is exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See (notably the Roman Congregation for the Oriental Churches), not part of any ecclesiastical province. Between 1720 and 1760 large communities of Armenian Catholic refugees from Turkey and Persia settled in the territory of the North Caucasus. The flow of Armenian

title: History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe

text: of ethnic Germans in Central and Eastern Europe dropped dramatically as the result of the German flight and expulsion from Central and Eastern Europe. There are still a substantial number of ethnic Germans in the countries that are now Germany and Austria's neighbors to the east—Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia. In addition, there are or have been significant populations in such areas as Estonia, Latvia, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. In the early Middle Ages, Charlemagne had subdued a variety of Germanic peoples in Central Europe dwelling in an area roughly bordered by the Alps in

title: Eastern Europe

text: socioeconomic connotations. There are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". A related United Nations paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct". While the eastern geographical boundaries of Europe are well defined, the boundary between Eastern and Western Europe is not geographical but historical, religious and cultural. The Ural Mountains, Ural River, and the Caucasus Mountains are the geographical land border of the eastern edge of Europe. In the west, however, the historical and cultural boundaries of "Eastern Europe" are subject to some overlap and,

title: Eastern Europe

text: Battlegroup are other examples of Northern European cooperation that includes the three Baltic states that make up the Baltic Assembly. The Caucasus nations of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are included in definitions or histories of Eastern Europe. They are located in the transition zone of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. They participate in the European Union's Eastern Partnership program, the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, and are members of the Council of Europe, which specifies that all three have political and cultural connections to Europe. In January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the

title: Eastern Europe

text: future. However, Georgia is currently the only Caucasus nation actively seeking NATO and EU membership. There are three de facto independent Republics with limited recognition in the Caucasus region. All three states participate in the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations: Several other former Soviet republics may be considered part of Eastern Europe Disputed states: The term "Central Europe" is often used by historians to designate states formerly belonging to the Holy Roman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In some media, "Central Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The

title: Trams in Europe

text: (Voronezh). Saint Petersburg's tramway network is largest in Europe, once had been the largest in the world, but has yielded its position to Melbourne. Tram in Molochne (Crimea, Ukraine) – is the smallest tram system in the world. Trams in Europe Europe has an extensive number of tramway networks. Some of these networks have been upgraded to light rail standards, called "Stadtbahn" in Germany, premetros in Belgium, "" in the Netherlands, and fast trams in some other countries. All the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, excluding Lithuania, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Moldova and Slovenia, have extensive

title: Trams in Europe

text: Trams in Europe Europe has an extensive number of tramway networks. Some of these networks have been upgraded to light rail standards, called "Stadtbahn" in Germany, premetros in Belgium, "" in the Netherlands, and fast trams in some other countries. All the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, excluding Lithuania, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Moldova and Slovenia, have extensive tram infrastructure. Industrial freight use of city tram lines was a widespread practice until the 1960s but has since mostly disappeared. Another factor is an increasing replacement of trams with trolleybuses as cities face a rapid increase in

title: Eastern European Group

text: Eastern European Group The Eastern European Group (EEG), also known as Countries with Economies in Transition (CEIT), is one of the five unofficial Regional Groups in the United Nations that act as voting blocs and negotiation forums. Regional voting blocs were formed in 1961 to encourage voting to various UN bodies from regional groups. The group consists of countries in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, the Baltics, Central Europe, and the Caucasus, which form the area of the former Eastern Bloc. Europe is divided between the EEG and the Western European and Others Group. The group currently has 23 members. Prior

title: Neopaganism in Latin Europe

text: Neopaganism in Latin Europe Italy, Spain, and Portugal are traditionally Roman Catholic and according to the 2005 Eurobarometer Poll retain an above-average belief in God. France is traditionally Roman Catholic as well and has an above-average fraction of atheists. Romania and Moldova are Eastern Orthodox countries and both are very religious. The Neopagan movements found in Latin Europe can be divided into New Age spirituality inspired by Celtic, Norse or Megalithic templates on one hand (Neodruidism, Neoshamanism), polytheistic reconstructionism, either focusing on the ancient Roman religion or other native religions of Latin Europe (such as those of pre-Roman Iberia, Italy,

title: Eastern Europe

text: following countries are labeled Central European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European. Some countries in Southeast Europe can be considered part of Eastern Europe. Some of them can sometimes, albeit rarely, be characterized as belonging to Southern Europe, and some may also be included in Central Europe. In some media, "Southeast Europe" can thus partially overlap with "Eastern Europe" of the Cold War Era. The following countries are labeled Southeast European by some commentators, though others still consider them to be Eastern European. Partially recognized states: Ancient kingdoms of the region included Orontid Armenia,

title: Eastern Europe

text: most importantly, have undergone historical fluctuations, which make a precise definition of the western geographic boundaries of Eastern Europe and the geographical midpoint of Europe somewhat difficult. The East–West Schism (which began in the 11th century and lasts until the present) divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently, the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. "Western Europe" according to this point of view is formed by countries with dominant Roman Catholic and Protestant churches (including Central European countries like Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). "Eastern Europe" is formed by countries with dominant Eastern Orthodox churches, like

title: Eastern Europe

text: that they had destroyed Hitler and the Nazi invaders. Their goal was to guarantee long-term working-class solidarity. Under pressure from Stalin these nations rejected grants from the American Marshall plan. Instead they participated in the Molotov Plan which later evolved into the Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance). When NATO was created in 1949, most countries of Eastern Europe became members of the opposing Warsaw Pact, forming a geopolitical concept that became known as the "Eastern Bloc". With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, the political landscape of the Eastern Bloc, and indeed the world, changed. In the

title: Central and Eastern Europe

text: Central and Eastern Europe Central and Eastern Europe, abbreviated CEE, is a term encompassing the countries in Central Europe (the Visegrád Group), the Baltics, Eastern Europe, and Southeastern Europe (Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) in Europe. Scholarly literature often uses the abbreviations CEE or CEEC for this term. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development also uses the term "Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs)" for a group comprising some of these countries. The term "CEE" includes the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) countries west of the post-World War II border with the former

title: Central and Eastern Europe

text: the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the three Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania." The term "Central and Eastern Europe" (abbreviated "CEE") has displaced the alternative term "East-Central Europe" in the context of transition countries, mainly because the abbreviation "ECE" is ambiguous: it commonly stands for "Economic Commission for Europe", rather than "East-Central Europe". Central and Eastern Europe Central and Eastern Europe, abbreviated CEE, is a term encompassing the countries in Central Europe (the Visegrád Group), the Baltics, Eastern Europe, and Southeastern Europe (Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc (Warsaw Pact) in Europe. Scholarly literature often uses

text: HMC Projects in Central and Eastern Europe HMC Projects in Central and Eastern Europe is a registered charity and a company limited by guarantee operating from UK. It offers opportunities for students and teachers from 14 Central and Eastern European countries to respectively either study or teach in a British independent school for an academic year. In the spring 1992 "Conference & Common Room" an article was published about schools forging individual links with countries in Central and Eastern Europe. This inspired Robin Schlich to call for a formation of a committee, so no countries would go under- or over-represented.

title: Eastern Europe

text: was mostly behind the Western European countries in economic rebuilding and progress. Winston Churchill, in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address of March 5, 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, stressed the geopolitical impact of the "iron curtain": Eastern Europe after 1945 usually meant all the European countries liberated and then occupied by the Soviet army. It included the German Democratic Republic (also known as East Germany), formed by the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe adopted communist modes of control. These countries were officially independent from the Soviet Union, but the practical extent

title: Eastern Europe

text:
of candidate countries ("Albanian", "Macedonian" and "Serbian"). Of these, those in italics are classified as "Central and Eastern Europe" in this source.

 UNESCO, EuroVoc, National Geographic Society, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography, STW Thesaurus for Economics place the Baltic states in Northern Europe, whereas the CIA World Factbook places the region in Eastern Europe with a strong assimilation to Northern Europe. They are members of the Nordic-Baltic Eight regional cooperation forum whereas Central European countries formed their own alliance called the Visegrád Group. The Northern Future Forum, the Nordic Investment Bank and Nordic

title: Animax (Eastern Europe)

text: 2014, and in Romania on 5 May 2014. Animax Eastern Europe replaced A+ Anime in Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2008, it was announced that the channel was to be launched Poland and to distribute in the country by HBO Poland (Co-owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment) and run by Animax Eastern Europe. Animax (Eastern Europe) Animax (formerly A+) was a thematic television channel which broadcast Japanese animated television series and films to Eastern European countries, including Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. It replaced the A+ Anime network in these countries except Poland on 11

title: Street children in Eastern Europe

text: Street children in Eastern Europe Street children or orphans in some Eastern European countries face problems such as malnutrition, HIV, lack of resources, victimization though child sex tourism, social stigmatization and discrimination. Children living on the streets often come from a background of poverty and abuse, and a normal childhood is replaced by violence and crime. These children live in tunnels, garbage containers, and basements. In the winter, they take comfort from hot water pipes whose steam provides them with much needed warmth. However, as many of the Eastern European countries joined the European Union, they were required to deal

title: Eastern Europe

text: east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons, the most prominent being that Greece's history, for the most part, was more so influenced by Mediterranean cultures and contact. Another definition was used during the 40 years of Cold War between 1947 and 1989, and was more or less synonymous with the terms "Eastern Bloc" and "Warsaw Pact". A similar definition names the formerly communist European

title: Sex trafficking in Europe

text: Balkan part of southern Europe since the fall of Communism. In 1997 alone as many as 175,000 young women from Russia, as well as the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, were sold as commodities in the sex markets of the developed countries in Europe and the Americas. Economic hardship and promises of prosperity have left many individuals vulnerable to trafficking within their countries and to destinations in other parts of Europe and the world. The United Nations reports that 4 million people a year are traded against their will to work in one or another form of servitude. The

title: Animax (Eastern Europe)

text: Animax (Eastern Europe) Animax (formerly A+) was a thematic television channel which broadcast Japanese animated television series and films to Eastern European countries, including Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. It replaced the A+ Anime network in these countries except Poland on 11 April 2007. This was Animax's first major expansion to Europe. The channel broadcast its programmes either dubbed in the local language of each country, or in Japanese audio with local subtitles. The channel was closed on 31 March 2014, and was replaced by the Chellomedia channel C8. C8 started broadcasting in Hungary on 1 April

title: Old Europe and New Europe

text: Old Europe and New Europe Old Europe and New Europe are rhetorical terms used by conservative political analysts in the United States to describe European post-Communist era countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The term attracted an attention when it was used by then-U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld in January 2003 to refer to democratic European countries before the fall of Communism in Europe, after which a significant number of new members have eventually joined NATO, European Union, and other European bodies. Old Europe can mean – in a wider sense – Europe of an older historical period, as

title: Street children in Eastern Europe

text: of link in the chain from emergency help for such young people to their social rehabilitation” Street children in Eastern Europe Street children or orphans in some Eastern European countries face problems such as malnutrition, HIV, lack of resources, victimization though child sex tourism, social stigmatization and discrimination. Children living on the streets often come from a background of poverty and abuse, and a normal childhood is replaced by violence and crime. These children live in tunnels, garbage containers, and basements. In the winter, they take comfort from hot water pipes whose steam provides them with much needed warmth. However,

title: Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe

text: Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe was an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe from 1999 to 2008. It was replaced by the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) in February 2008. The RCC replaced it because it is more "regionally owned" than the Stability Pact, which was driven more by outside partners such as the EU. The pact was created at the initiative of the European Union on June 10, 1999 in Cologne. All of the countries of the region, except for Serbia

title: South-Eastern Europe Brigade

text: South-Eastern Europe Brigade The South-Eastern Europe Brigade or SEEBRIG is a multinational brigade with forces from Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, Romania, and Turkey. It was established as part of NATO's Partnership for Peace initiative. It was established in August 1999, based on the Multinational Peace Force South-Eastern Europe (MPFSEE) agreement concluded between the defence ministers of the participating countries at Skopje on 26 September 1998. The brigade is to be placed under the disposal of UN, NATO, or EU peacekeeping missions, but can also be deployed independently as a self-contained unit. The brigade comprises some 5,000 troops,

title: Eastern Europe

text: states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe. The fall of the Iron Curtain brought the end of the East-West division in Europe, but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media or sometimes for statistical purposes. Historians and social scientists generally view such definitions as outdated or relegated. Eurovoc, a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union, has entries for "23 EU languages" ("Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech", Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, "Hungarian", Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, "Polish", Portuguese, "Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian", Spanish and Swedish), plus the languages

title: Former countries in Europe after 1815

text: present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country’s autonomy. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but as independent countries.) This is a list of all the independent countries that could or would have existed between 1815 and the present day that for some reason or another never did. General: Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country

text: priests because of their small number. Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe The Armenian Catholic Ordinariate of Eastern Europe is an Ordinariate (quasi-diocese) of the Armenian Catholic Church (Eastern Catholic, Armenian Rite in Armenian language) for its faithful in certain Eastern European ex-Soviet countries without proper Ordinary for their particular church "sui iuris". It is exempt, i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See (notably the Roman Congregation for the Oriental Churches), not part of any ecclesiastical province. Between 1720 and 1760 large communities of Armenian Catholic refugees from Turkey and Persia settled in the territory of the

text: History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of the Roman Empire. The presence of the independent German states in the region (particularly Prussia), and later the German Empire and also in other multi-ethnic countries, such as Austria-Hungary, Poland, Imperial Russia, etc., demonstrates the extent and duration of German-speaking settlements. In the German language the German populations in these parts of Europe are commonly referred to as "Volksdeutsche". The number

title: Eastern Europe

text: Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent. There is no consensus on the precise area it covers, partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, cultural, and socioeconomic connotations. There are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region". A related United Nations paper adds that "every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct". One definition describes Eastern Europe as a cultural entity: the region lying in Europe with the main characteristics consisting of Greek, Byzantine, Eastern Orthodox, Russian, and some Ottoman

title: Former countries in Europe after 1815

text: Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country has information separated into columns: name of the distinct country, its lifespan, the country or countries that hold all or some of the territory it once did, and further information about it. The scope of this article begins in 1815, after a round of negotiations about European borders and spheres of influence were agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of

title: Former countries in Europe after 1815

text: of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, including restoring or reorganising many of the states which had previously been removed from Europe's political map. This is a list of all the independent countries or puppet states that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's sovereignty. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but not under full independence.) This is a list of all the dependencies of countries that existed between 1815 and the

title: Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe

text: fighting organised crime and corruption and on migration issues. It is divided into two sub-tables. The first one deals with Justice and Home Affairs and the second one with Defence and Security Sector Reform issues. Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe was an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe from 1999 to 2008. It was replaced by the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) in February 2008. The RCC replaced it because it is more "regionally owned" than the Stability Pact, which was driven

title: Western Europe

text: and United Kingdom. Eastern Europe, meanwhile is formed by countries with dominant Eastern Orthodox churches, including Greece, Belarus, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine for instance. The schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic from the 11th century, as well as from the 16th century also Protestant) churches. This division dominated Europe for centuries, in opposition to the rather short-lived Cold War division of 4 decades. Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West and the Eastern

title: Sex trafficking in Europe

text: investigation and prosecution rates are often utilized when assessing a country's performance. The following table details trafficking typologies unique to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. These three typologies, developed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and Professor Louise Shelley are useful in developing law enforcement strategies to combat trafficking. Because Europe encompasses many countries with diverse political histories, three typologies apply to this region. Similarities exist between these three categories and when compared with typologies of other regions and countries, it is evident that trafficking in Eastern Europe is more likely to involve women, violence,

title: Central and Eastern Europe Development Institute

text: Central and Eastern Europe Development Institute Central and Eastern Europe Development Institute (CEED) is a think-tank whose aim is to promote the achievements and economic potential the Central and Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia), CEED Institute was created to demonstrate and underline region’s investment and development potential. CEED Institute sets up standards for regional cooperation and promotes values of free market economy, modernization, innovation and competitiveness. CEED Institute has been founded by Dr. Jan Kulczyk, Polish entrepreneur. The Institute is also supported by the key entrepreneurs from Central and

title: Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46

text: Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46 The anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe following the retreat of Nazi German occupational forces and the victorious arrival of the Soviet Red Army – during the latter stages of World War II – was linked in part to postwar anarchy and economic chaos exacerbated by the Stalinist policies imposed across the territories of expanded Soviet republics and new satellite countries. The anti-semitic attacks have become frequent in Soviet towns ravaged by war; at the marketplaces, in depleted stores, in schools, and even at state enterprises. Protest letters were sent to

title: Eastern Europe

text: always classified as belonging not to Eastern, but to Southern or Western Europe. During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries Eastern Europe enjoyed a relatively high standard of living. This period is also called the east-central European golden age of around 1600. A major result of the First World War was the breakup of the Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires, as well as partial losses to the German Empire. A surge of ethnic nationalism created a series of new states in Eastern Europe, validated by the Versailles Treaty of 1919. Poland was reconstituted after the partitions of the 1790s

title: Eastern Europe

text: enhanced during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages by a number of events. The Western Roman Empire collapsed starting the Early Middle Ages. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, mostly known as the Byzantine Empire, managed to survive and even to thrive for another 1,000 years. The rise of the Frankish Empire in the west, and in particular the Great Schism that formally divided Eastern and Western Christianity, enhanced the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. Much of Eastern Europe was invaded and occupied by the Mongols. The conquest of the Byzantine Empire, center of the Eastern

title: Eastern grey squirrels in Europe

text: Eastern grey squirrels in Europe Europe's grey squirrels ("Sciurus carolinensis") originated in North America, where they are known as eastern gray squirrels (to differentiate from western gray squirrels). They eat large seeds, flowers, buds, fruits, fungi, some insects and occasionally bird eggs. The eastern grey squirrel was introduced to Continental Europe in 1948 and has quickly taken advantage of Europe's food sources, habitats and lack of predators for grey squirrels. They were first introduced into England, in a concerted way, in 1876, and through rapidly growing population and further introductions they spread to the rest of Britain by the early-to-mid

title: Human trafficking in Europe

text: Human trafficking in Europe Human trafficking in Europe is a regional phenomenon of the wider practice of trade in humans for the purposes of various forms of coercive exploitation. Human trafficking has existed for centuries all over the world, and follows from the earlier practice of slavery, which differed from human trafficking in that it was legally recognized and accepted. It has become an increasing concern for countries in Europe since the fall of Communism. The transition to a market economy in some countries has led to both opportunity and a loss of security for citizens of these countries. Economic

title: Sport1 (Eastern Europe)

text: Super Bowl. In Czech Republic holds the exclusive rights for KHL. Sport1 (Eastern Europe) Sport1 is a European sports channel which is currently available in Hungary, Romania, Czech Republic and Slovakia broadcasting in different languages. It currently holds the TV rights to broadcast NFL games in the countries where the channel is available. In Romania, Sport1 was available from 2006 until 5 November 2014. The station held the rights for NFL, NHL, Ice Hockey World Championship and Heineken Cup, and in the first years for various football national championship, from Scotland, Hungary, France, Netherlands and others. In 2012, Sport1 Romania

title: Sport1 (Eastern Europe)

text: Sport1 (Eastern Europe) Sport1 is a European sports channel which is currently available in Hungary, Romania, Czech Republic and Slovakia broadcasting in different languages. It currently holds the TV rights to broadcast NFL games in the countries where the channel is available. In Romania, Sport1 was available from 2006 until 5 November 2014. The station held the rights for NFL, NHL, Ice Hockey World Championship and Heineken Cup, and in the first years for various football national championship, from Scotland, Hungary, France, Netherlands and others. In 2012, Sport1 Romania shrank its broadcast space only between 10 P.M. and 7 A.M.

title: Time in Europe

text: Time in Europe Europe spans seven primary time zones (from to ), excluding summer time offsets (four of them can be seen on the map to the right, with one further-western zone containing the Azores, and two further-eastern zones spanning Georgia, Azerbaijan, eastern territories of European Russia, and the European part of Kazakhstan). Most European countries use summer time and harmonise their summer time adjustments. See Summer time in Europe for details. The time zones actually in use in Europe differ significantly from uniform zoning based purely on longitude, as used for example under the nautical time system. The world

title: What If We Fall in Love?

text: the NBC daytime soap opera of the same name; Crystal appeared in a few shows of the series around this time as herself, almost becoming a victim of the serial killer plot airing at the time. "Makin' Up for Lost Time" had been previously featured in the night time drama "Dallas". What If We Fall in Love? What If We Fall In Love is the only duet album by Crystal Gayle. All songs are performed by both Crystal Gayle and Gary Morris. Three of its tracks found positions on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. Chronologically, they were "Makin' Up

title: What If We Fall in Love?

text: What If We Fall in Love? What If We Fall In Love is the only duet album by Crystal Gayle. All songs are performed by both Crystal Gayle and Gary Morris. Three of its tracks found positions on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. Chronologically, they were "Makin' Up for Lost Time", which reached the #1 position, "Another World", which was a #4 hit, and "All of This and More", which only rose to #26. The album itself rose to #25 on the Top Country Albums chart. It was released in November 1986. "Another World" became the theme song of

title: Eastern Europe

text: culture influences. Another definition was created during the Cold War and used more or less synonymously with the term "Eastern Bloc". A similar definition names the formerly communist European states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe. Some historians and social scientists view such definitions as outdated or relegated, but they are still sometimes used for statistical purposes. Several other definitions of Eastern Europe exist today, but they often lack precision, are too general or outdated. These definitions vary both across cultures and among experts, even political scientists, as the term has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, cultural, and

text: take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner. The expulsion of Germans after World War II refers to the forced migration and ethnic cleansing of German nationals ("Reichsdeutsche") and ethnic Germans ("Volksdeutsche)" from the former eastern territories of Germany, former Sudetenland and other areas across Europe in the first five years after World War II. It was the largest of a number of expulsions in various Central and Eastern European countries affecting a number of nationalities. The Big Three had agreed on a policy of expulsions, and the Soviet Union implemented the policy with American and British

title: United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia

text: United States presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia Ten United States presidents have made presidential visits to Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The first trip by an incumbent president to Eastern Europe was made by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, to the Soviet Union, and was an offshoot of Allied diplomatic interactions during World War II. The first trip by an incumbent president to Northern Asia was made by Gerald Ford in 1974, also to the Soviet Union, and was an offshoot of U.S.–Soviet Détente during the Cold War. The first presidential visits to other Eastern European countries

title: Eastern Europe

text: Orthodox Church, by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (which had replaced the Frankish empire) led to a change of the importance of Roman Catholic/Protestant vs. Eastern Orthodox concept in Europe. Armour points out that the Cyrillic alphabet use is not a strict determinant for Eastern Europe, where from Croatia to Poland and everywhere in between, the Latin alphabet is used. Greece's status as the cradle of Western civilization and an integral part of the Western world in the political, cultural and economic spheres has led to it being nearly

title: Western Europe

text: Schwerin von Krosigk in the last days of the war; however, its use was hugely popularised by Winston Churchill, who used it in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address on 5 March 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri: Although some countries were officially neutral, they were classified according to the nature of their political and economic systems. This division largely defines the popular perception and understanding of Western Europe and its borders with Eastern Europe. The world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. West Germany peacefully absorbed East Germany, in the German reunification. Comecon

title: Turks in Europe

text: Turks in Europe The Turks in Europe (sometimes called Euro-Turks; or "Avrupa Türkleri") refers to ethnic Turks living in Europe. Most Turks in Europe live in European Turkey, but there is also a sizeable Turkish diaspora in countries such as Germany. This diaspora includes two groups: guest workers who migrated to western Europe in recent decades, and historic Turkish minorities in southeastern Europe who trace their origin back to the Ottoman era. Turks have had a long history in Europe dating back to the Ottoman era when they began to conquer and migrate to Eastern Europe during the Ottoman conquests

title: Central Europe

text: broader sense Romania too, occasionally also Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The comprehension of the concept of "Central Europe" is an ongoing source of controversy, though the Visegrád Group constituents are almost always included as "de facto" C.E. countries. Although views on which countries belong to Central Europe are vastly varied, according to many sources (see section Current views on Central Europe) the region includes the states listed in the sections below. Depending on context, Central European countries are sometimes grouped as Eastern or Western European countries, collectively or individually but some place them in Eastern Europe instead: for instance

title: Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe

text: Europe: Following organisations are partner of the Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe: Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe The Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe (Acronym: CDN) is a capacity-building network of political green youth organisations from Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe. CDN’s political focus is on Eastern Europe where the organisation works with local partners. CDN also collaborates with organisations and activists from the rest of Europe who want to support a Green Eastern Europe. CDN work is committed to upholding and fostering the values of the Green movement: gender equality, youth active participation in democracy, environmental

title: New Eastern Europe (Journal)

text: New Eastern Europe (Journal) New Eastern Europe is an eastern European bi-monthly journal that covers the fields of politics, history, culture, society especially concerning international relations of Eastern Europe. The journal's editors-in-chief is Adam Reichardt. It was established as the English version of Nowa Europa Wschodnia in 2011 and is currently published by the Kolegium Europy Wschodniej Im. Jana Nowaka-Jeziorańskiego in Wrocław and the Europejskie Centrum Solidarności in Gdańsk. The journal's mission is "to shape the debate, enhance understanding, and further the dialogue surrounding issues facing the states that were once a part of the Soviet Union or under its

title: New Eastern Europe (Journal)

text: influence." Among the contributing authors are writers, politicians, analysts, historians like Svetlana Aleksievich, Leonid Kravchuk, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Adam Michnik, Richard Pipes, Vitaly Portnikov, Zakhar Prilepin, Adam Daniel Rotfeld, Barbara Skarga, Radosław Sikorski, Timothy Snyder, Oksana Zabuzhko, Serhiy Zhadan. New Eastern Europe (Journal) New Eastern Europe is an eastern European bi-monthly journal that covers the fields of politics, history, culture, society especially concerning international relations of Eastern Europe. The journal's editors-in-chief is Adam Reichardt. It was established as the English version of Nowa Europa Wschodnia in 2011 and is currently published by the Kolegium Europy Wschodniej Im. Jana Nowaka-Jeziorańskiego in Wrocław

title: Religion in Europe

text: (194,000) which is home to Eastern Europe's largest Jewish community. During the Enlightenment, Deism became influential especially in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Biblical concepts were challenged by concepts such as a heliocentric universe and other scientific challenges to the Bible. Notable early deists include Voltaire and Kant . The trend towards secularism during the 20th and 21st centuries has a number of reasons, depending on the individual country: The trend towards secularism has been less pronounced in the traditionally Catholic countries of Mediterranean Europe. Greece as the only traditionally Eastern Orthodox country in Europe which has

title: Energy in Europe

text: Energy in Europe Energy in Europe includes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Europe. In the European Union, the total primary energy consumption reached a peak in 2006 and decreased by 12 % since then: Primary energy consumption for selected European and Eurasian countries in million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) from 2010 to 2015, according to BP, is listed below. The European primary energy use per capita (TWh per million people) in 2008 is listed below. The twelve newer EU Member States in Central and Eastern Europe plan to increase wind power capacity from the 6.4 gigawatts

text: Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe The Cooperation and Development Network Eastern Europe (Acronym: CDN) is a capacity-building network of political green youth organisations from Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe. CDN’s political focus is on Eastern Europe where the organisation works with local partners. CDN also collaborates with organisations and activists from the rest of Europe who want to support a Green Eastern Europe. CDN work is committed to upholding and fostering the values of the Green movement: gender equality, youth active participation in democracy, environmental protection. More elaboration on Green values is written at CDN's platform. CDN was

title: Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc

text: between 12–20 million. Richard Wurmbrand, Romanian evangelical Christian minister and author, described the systematic persecution of Christians in one East Bloc nation. However, persecution of Christians, especially Protestants, Pentecostals and non-registered minority denominations, has continued after the fall of the Soviet Union, in many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, notably Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Very soon after the October Revolution, the campaign to end religion – and more specifically, Christianity, Judaism and Islam – began. In 1920 the White Sea camp was opened on the grounds of a once Russian Orthodox Monastery. At this camp which took mainly

text: Soviet Union, on July 13, 1991, Pope John Paul II established the Ordinariate for the faithful of the Armenian rite who live in countries of Eastern Europe (except Poland, Romania and Greece) for Armenian Catholics in the former Soviet republics of Armenia, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. The priest of the Mekhitarist Order, Nerses Der Nersessian, was appointed first ordinary and consecrated bishop on November 17, 1992. In 1630 in Lviv the Armenian Apostolic Archbishop Mikołaj Torosowicz united his Church with the Catholic Church and received the Metropolitan title of Archbishop of Poland, Moldavia and Wallachia of the Armenian Archdiocese of

title: Eastern grey squirrels in Europe

text: 20th century. The native squirrel in Europe is the red squirrel ("Sciurus vulgaris"). Both species have similar diets, use similar locations of the environment and have similar activity patterns; however, there is no evidence of noticeable aggression between the two species. These eastern grey squirrels are considered an invasive species in Europe because of their presence contributing to the displacement of the red squirrels. The invasion of the grey squirrel in the United Kingdom can be classified as a Disease Mediated Invasion (DMI). More specifically, the invasion of the grey squirrels and displacement of the red squirrels can be described

title: Eastern grey squirrels in Europe

text: be more effective than population containment. Eradication of the population of grey squirrels in Genoa would protect two native subspecies of red squirrel, "Sciurus vulgaris italicus" and "Sciurus vulgaris meridionalis", in south east Italy, and eradication of the grey squirrel population in Ticino would eliminate the threat of grey squirrel invasion into Switzerland for the next 100 years. While these efforts are supported by ecologists, their success will depend on public opinion, governmental support, and awareness of the situation. Eastern grey squirrels in Europe Europe's grey squirrels ("Sciurus carolinensis") originated in North America, where they are known as eastern gray

title: Galicia (Eastern Europe)

text: Galicia (Eastern Europe) Galicia (; Ukrainian and , "Halyčyna"; ; Czech and ; ; ; ; , "Galitsiya"; "Galitsiye") is a historical and geographic region between Central and Eastern Europe. It was once the small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, which straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine. The area, which is named after the medieval city of Halych, was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in the year 1206 as "Galiciæ". In 1253, prince Daniel of Galicia was crowned the King of Rus (Latin: "Rex Rusiae") or

title: Boomerang (Central and Eastern Europe)

text: Boomerang (Central and Eastern Europe) Boomerang is a European pay television channel which is focused on animated kids programming. It is being broadcast Romania, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, former Yugoslav nations, Russia and CIS countries. Between November 2014 and February 2015, it was temporarily available in the Netherlands and the Flanders region of Belgium as well, and got a localised feed on 2 February 2015. It started to be offered in Germany, Austria and Switzerland starting 1 October 2018, replacing Boomerang Germany. Boomerang CEE used to broadcast in time-sharing with Viasat Nature. Viasat Nature would air nature documentaries

title: Boomerang (Central and Eastern Europe)

title: Road safety in Europe

text: in 2014. To obtain this figure all countries of the EU needed to align on a common standardized medical definition of what constitutes a serious road injury. In Europe, for every person killed in traffic crashes, many more suffer serious injuries with life-changing consequences. Serious injuries are more costly to society because of the long-term rehabilitation and healthcare needed. Vulnerable road users, such us pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists or elderly road users, are especially concerned. The level of transport-related air pollution is also a major public health concern in most countries of Europe. Many differences between countries are linked to demography,

title: Western Europe

text: since the 11th century, divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. With certain simplifications, Western Europe is thus Catholic or Protestant and uses the Latin alphabet. Eastern Europe is Orthodox and uses the Greek alphabet or Cyrillic script. According to this definition, Western Europe is formed by countries with dominant Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, including countries which are considered part of Central Europe now: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

title: Arabs in Europe

text: countries escalated in 2013. In 2015 the European continent witnessed its biggest Arab immigration as part of the European migrant crisis when thousands of Arab families escaped from Syria and Iraq. Arabs in Europe Arabs in Europe are people of Arab descent living in Europe today and over the centuries. Several million Arabs are residents in Europe. The vast majority form part of what is sometimes called the "Arab diaspora", i.e. ethnic Arabs or people descended from such living outside the Arab World. Most of the Arabs in Europe today are from the Maghreb. The current estimate of the Arab

title: Prostitution in Europe

text: but not to be a prostitute (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute). In parts of Central and Eastern Europe, the anti-prostitution laws target the prostitutes, because in these countries, prostitution is condemned from a moral or conservative viewpoint. Other countries which have restrictive prostitution policies and officially affirm an anti-prostitution stance are Great Britain and Italy. In countries such as Spain, Belgium, and the Czech Republic, attitudes are more "laissez-faire" and tolerant, but prostitution is not officially recognized as a job, and not officially and legally regulated, and pimping is forbidden. Prostitution in Armenia is illegal under

title: Great Recession in Europe

text: Great Recession in Europe The European recession is part of the Great Recession, which began inside the United States. The crisis spread to Europe rapidly and affected much of the region with several countries already in recession as of February 2009, and most others suffering marked economic setbacks. The global recession was first seen in Europe, as Ireland was the first country to fall in a recession from Q2-Q3 2007 – followed by temporary growth in Q4 2007 – and then a two-year-long recession. The Eurozone recession has been dated from the first quarter of 2008 to the second quarter

title: Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe

text: Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe Renaissance architecture was that style of architecture which evolved firstly in Florence and then Rome and other parts of Italy as the result of Humanism and a revived interest in Classical architecture. It was part of the general movement known as the Renaissance which spread outwards from Italy and effected many aspects of scholarship and the arts. When the Renaissance spirit was exported into Eastern Europe, it had to compromise with local traditions and climates. The Renaissance style differs from place to place throughout the region with many local characteristics making themselves apparent.

title: Eastern Europe

text: millions of others killed by disease, starvation, and military action, or executed after being deemed as politically dangerous. During the final stages of World War II the future of Eastern Europe was decided by the overwhelming power of the Soviet Red Army, as it swept the Germans aside. It did not reach Yugoslavia and Albania however. Finland was free but forced to be neutral in the upcoming Cold War. The region fell to Soviet control and Communist governments were imposed. Yugoslavia and Albania had their own Communist regimes. The Eastern Bloc with the onset of the Cold War in 1947

title: College of Europe

text: Karel Verleye succeeded in attracting the college to Bruges. Professor Hendrik Brugmans, one of the intellectual leaders of the European Movement and the President of the Union of European Federalists, became its first Rector (1950–1972). After the fall of communism, and in the wake of the changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the College of Europe campus at Natolin (Warsaw, Poland), was founded in 1992 with the support of the European Commission and the Polish government. The college now operates as ‘one College – two campuses,’ and what was once referred to as the ‘"esprit de Bruges"’, is now known

title: Nickelodeon (Central & Eastern Europe)

text: promos to the UK format. In November 2013, Nick CEE underwent a refresh and received new bumpers part of the "Nickelodeon Worldwide 2013 Refresh". These newly contain a voice-over. Nickelodeon Central & Eastern Europe broadcasts commercials. In the promos for Nickelodeon shows it only shows the show name and Nickelodeon logo. On April 1st 2015, Nickelodeon Central & Eastern Europe started broadcasting in 16:9 widescreen. This programming block starts Sundays at 16:45 and airs a special episode of an shows or movies. This programming block starts Saturdays at 12:00 and airs a marathon of specified shows. Nickelodeon (Central & Eastern

title: Climate change in Europe

text: Ukraine and United Kingdom. Among the top 20 coal emission countries only four countries have increased their annual average emissions from coal during 2005-2008 compared to the year 1990, namely Turkey (181%), Finland ( 121%), Italy (115%) and Greece (108%). Many Eastern European countries, including East Germany, Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Slovakia, Estonia and Hungary, and also United Kingdom, have significantly declined their coal dependency from 1990 to 2000. However, the statistics of IEA gives no evidence of decline of coal dependency during 2000-2008 in Europe. Belgium is the only European country among the top 20 countries that have clearly declined

title: Human trafficking in Central Europe

text: Human trafficking in Central Europe Human trafficking in Central Europe has become a significant legal and political issue, as it is thought that many victims of human trafficking come from Central Europe. The fall of the Iron Curtain has permitted an easier movement of people in Europe. However, this movement has been accompanied by an increase in human trafficking by the organized crime. The victims of human traffickers are not free to pursue their business, but are usually compelled to work for the traffickers, typically in prostitution. Areas in central and Eastern Europe are now exploited as recruiting and transit

title: How to Fall in Love, Part 1

text: How to Fall in Love, Part 1 "How to Fall in Love (Part 1)" is a song by the Bee Gees. It was the third and final single issued from the album "Size Isn't Everything". After the big hit of "For Whom the Bell Tolls", the Gibb brothers experienced a new European hit with this R&B ballad. The song was the result of one song written by Barry and another song written by Robin, mixed together. The single peaked at number thirty in the UK and dominated the top forty of some European countries. In other countries in Europe, "Kiss

title: Southern Europe

text: Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Eastern Orthodox. European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are: Southern Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of the European continent.

text: encountered the Red Army. On 30 March 1945, the Soviets captured the city and left it in ruins. As it became evident that the Allies were going to defeat Nazi Germany decisively, the question arose as to how to redraw the borders of Central and Eastern European countries after the war. In the context of those decisions, the problem arose of what to do about ethnic minorities within the redrawn borders. The final decision to move Poland's boundary westward was made by the US, Britain and the Soviets at the Yalta Conference, shortly before the end of the war. The

title: Eastern Bloc

text: considered to have "full political trust". During the late 1980s, the weakened Soviet Union gradually stopped interfering in the internal affairs of Eastern Bloc nations and numerous independence movements took place. Following the Brezhnev stagnation, the reform-minded Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 signaled the trend towards greater liberalization. Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine, which held that Moscow would intervene if socialism were threatened in any state. He announced what was jokingly called the "Sinatra Doctrine" after the singer's "My Way", to allow the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to determine their own internal affairs during this period. Gorbachev

title: Ecotourism routes in Europe

text: where to go out, what to visit, and how to organize their own personalized journeys. The workshops of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) let 130 countries participate in exchanging ideas in the organization for the rural development. Pierre Guerry, consultant of this workshop as marketing expert, proposed an approach of ecotourism to promote the local products and the territorial specificities in the supranational level. Afterward, the approach was suggested to the institutional organizations. Ecotourism routes in Europe The five eco-tourism Pan-European routes cross 35 countries in Europe by connecting natural parks (national parks and regional parks) to

title: College Fall

text: eastern states of Australia, playing in Adelaide and Melbourne. In June 2006 College Fall commenced their first tour of Europe, a self-organised fifty date tour, playing in the UK (Rock for Tibet, Eat the World festival), Denmark (Byfest, Skanderborg festival), Finland and France before returning to Western Australia in November that year. In 2007 the band undertook an extensive tour of their home state playing in Margaret River, Yallingup, Augusta, Bunbury, Geraldton, Broome and Kununurra before returning to Europe in July. College Fall performed in Italy (Rocca in Musica festival), UK, Denmark (Byfest festival) and Finland. College Fall released their

title: Prostitution in Europe

text: sex trafficking. Victims of sex trafficking identified in Montenegro are primarily women and girls from Montenegro, neighbouring Balkan countries, and, to a lesser extent, other countries in Eastern Europe. Sex trafficking victims are exploited in hospitality facilities, bars, restaurants, night clubs, and cafes. In Portugal, prostitution itself is legal, but it is illegal for a third party to profit from, promote, encourage or facilitate the prostitution of another. Consequently, organized prostitution (brothels, prostitution rings or other forms of pimping) is prohibited. Forced prostitution and human trafficking are also illegal. In the mid-2000s, the number of female prostitutes was estimated at

title: Northwestern Europe

text: Europe. Due to its geographically eastern position and unique status as a Finnic language country, Finland is sometimes geographically and culturally excluded from Northwestern Europe. Similarly, the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, although considered part of Northern Europe, are excluded due to their geographically eastern positions and connections to the rest of Eastern Europe . The term is helpful when discussing issues of climate or biology. Germanic languages are widely spoken in most of Northwestern Europe, although other languages are also present, including Romance languages in Northern France, Wallonia and Luxembourg, and Celtic languages along the western fringes

title: Western Europe

text: Orthodox Christian (many times incorrectly labeled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons. During the four decades of the Cold War, the definition of East and West was rather simplified by the existence of the Eastern Bloc. Historians and social scientists generally view the Cold War definition of Western and Eastern Europe as outdated or relegating. During the final

title: Turks in Europe

text: citizens of Turkish origin make up entire majorities in some countries. For example, out of the 10,000 to 30,000 people from Bulgaria living in the Netherlands, the majority, of about 80%, are ethnic Turks from Bulgaria who have come from the south-eastern Bulgarian district of Kurdzhali. Moreover, the Bulgarian Turks are the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands. There is also about 30,000 Bulgarian Turks living in Sweden, a growing community in the United Kingdom and Germany, and 1,000 in Austria. Turks in Europe The Turks in Europe (sometimes called Euro-Turks; or "Avrupa Türkleri") refers to ethnic Turks living

title: Flag of Europe

text: which was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 to replace the European Communities and encompass its functions, has retained "de facto" use of the "Community logo" of the EC. Technically and officially, the "European flag" as used by the European Union remains not a "flag" but "a Community 'logo' — or 'emblem' — [...] eligible to be reproduced on rectangular pieces of fabric". In 1997, the "Central and Eastern Eurobarometer" poll included a section intending to "discover the level of public awareness of the European Union" in what were then candidate countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Interviewees were

title: Formation of the Eastern Bloc

text: Formation of the Eastern Bloc The Eastern Bloc is a collective term for the former Stalinist countries and colonies in Central and Eastern Europe. This generally encompasses the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact. When Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov expressed concern that the Yalta Agreement's wording might impede Stalin's plans in Central Europe, Stalin responded "Never mind. We'll do it our own way later." After Soviet forces remained in Eastern and Central European countries, with the beginnings of Stalinist puppet regimes installed in those countries, by falsified elections, Churchill referred to the region as being behind

title: Ethnic groups in Europe

text: and philosophical principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Europe. Since the High Middle Ages, most of Europe is dominated by Christianity. There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Northern Europe, and Orthodoxy to East and South Slavic regions, Romania,

title: Immigration to Europe

text: Kingdom has historically focused on African, Afro-Caribbean and especially South Asian migrants, all of whom began to arrive from the Commonwealth of Nations in greater numbers following World War II. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the enlargement of the European Union, the increased movement of people out of countries such as Poland, Romania and Lithuania has shifted much of this attention towards migrants from Eastern Europe. While working-class migrants tend to be the focus of anti-immigration sentiment, there is also some discontent about Russian, Chinese, Singaporese and Gulf Arab multimillionaires resident in the UK, particularly in London

title: Northwestern Europe

text: largely containing Germanic language speakers, are historically Catholic. Measured by the attribute of Protestantism and Germanic culture, Northwestern Europe would therefore be equivalent to the area known as Northern Europe combined with the Low Countries, much of Switzerland and Northern Germany, and minus the Baltic regions, Belgium and Ireland. A definition of Northwestern Europe as an inclusive term for those European countries not falling within Southern Europe or Eastern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid 20th century anthropologists and eugenicists, who used Northwestern Europe as a shorthand term for the region of Europe in which members of

title: South-Eastern Europe Brigade

text: comprising four mechanized infantry battalions, and an engineer task force (ETF) that provides "an emergency relief and humanitarian intervention capabilities.". The participating troops remain at their home stations, but are coordinated by a common headquarters. This was initially based at Plovdiv in Bulgaria, before moving to Constanta in Romania in 2003, Istanbul in Turkey in 2007, and since 2011 located at Tyrnavos in Greece. South-Eastern Europe Brigade The South-Eastern Europe Brigade or SEEBRIG is a multinational brigade with forces from Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, Romania, and Turkey. It was established as part of NATO's Partnership for Peace

title: Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe

text: from workstations and servers to embedded systems and mobile devices. Presentations subjects include development and maintenance of free software, adoption and administering of F/LOSS-based solutions, peculiarities of free software licenses usage. Financial and organizational support of the conference is provided by native and foreign IT companies involved in open source projects and communities: Altoros, EPAM Systems, Promwad, SaM Solutions, etc. Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe (LVEE) is an annual international conference of developers and users of free and open source software. It takes place in the end of June – beginning of July in Belarus,

title: Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe

text: Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe Linux Vacation / Eastern Europe (LVEE) is an annual international conference of developers and users of free and open source software. It takes place in the end of June – beginning of July in Belarus, near the Hrodna city. The event is aimed at combining both professional communication and leisure activities for the free software professionals and enthusiasts. LVEE organizers are Minsk Linux Users Group and open source community active members from Hrodna and Brest. Recommended languages are Belarusian, English and Russian. The first LVEE conference took place in 2005. It was inspired by a

text: represented by the Landsmannschaft der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Deutschland. Due to this emigration from Romania the population of Germans in Romania is dwindling (359,109 in 1977 and only 60,088 in 2002). The Germans (Transylvanian Saxons, Banat Swabians, Sathmar Swabians, Bukovina Germans, Transylvanian Landler, Zipser Germans, and Regat Germans) remaining in Romania are represented by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania. History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of