query: What is e-coli?

title: E. Coli Metabolome Database

text: to the original source. ECMDB data is available through a public web interface and downloads. E. Coli Metabolome Database The E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli strain K12, MG1655). Escherichia coli is perhaps the best studied bacterium on earth and has served as the "model microbe" in microbiology research for more than 60 years. The ECMDB is essentially an E. coli "omics" encyclopedia containing detailed data on E. coli's genome, proteome and its metabolome. ECMDB is part of a suite

title: E. Coli Metabolome Database

text: E. Coli Metabolome Database The E. coli Metabolome Database (ECMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli strain K12, MG1655). Escherichia coli is perhaps the best studied bacterium on earth and has served as the "model microbe" in microbiology research for more than 60 years. The ECMDB is essentially an E. coli "omics" encyclopedia containing detailed data on E. coli's genome, proteome and its metabolome. ECMDB is part of a suite of organism-specific metabolomics databases that includes DrugBank, HMDB, YMDB and SMPDB. As a metabolomics resource,

title: Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli

text: to 72 hours following the ingestion of contaminated food. The illness is characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, chills, and a generalized malaise. Dysentery caused by this organism is generally self-limiting with no known complications. Enterovirulent classes of "E. coli" are referred to as the EEC group (enterovirulent "E. coli"): It is currently unknown what foods may harbor EIEC, but any food contaminated with human feces from an ill individual, either directly or via contaminated water, could cause disease in others. Outbreaks have been associated with hamburger meat and unpasteurized milk. Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Enteroinvasive "Escherichia coli" (EIEC) is

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: The outbreak was caused by a strain of "E. coli" of the serotype O104:H4, that was unusual for having characteristics of both enteroaggregative "E. coli" and enterohemorrhagic "E. coli". The strain has a number of virulence genes typical of enteroaggregative "E. coli", including "attA", "aggR", "aap", "aggA", and "aggC", in addition to the Shiga toxin variant 2. All bacteria isolated from patients in this outbreak were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, third-generation cephaloporins, and partially resistant to nalidixic acid, but susceptible to carbapenems and ciprofloxacin. 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak A novel strain of bacteria caused a serious outbreak of

title: 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak

text: 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak The 1996 Odwalla "E. coli" outbreak began on October 7, 1996, when Odwalla produced a batch of apple juice using blemished fruit contaminated with "E. coli" bacterium, which ultimately killed a 16-month-old girl and sickened 66 people. Odwalla made and marketed unpasteurized fruit juices for the health segment of the juice market. The Odwalla plant had several food safety issues, many of which arose because Odwalla did not pasteurize its juice. Tests discovered low levels of "Listeria monocytogenes", a pathogen that can harm pregnant women, at the Odwalla factory in 1995. In response, the company

title: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: Walkerton E. coli outbreak The 2000 Walkerton outbreak of waterborne gastroenteritis was the result of a contamination of the water supply of Walkerton, Ontario, Canada with "E. coli" and "Campylobacter jejuni" bacteria. The contamination sickened more than two thousand people and resulted in six deaths. Two town officials eventually pleaded guilty to charges of common nuisance stemming from the contamination. Walkerton, Ontario is a small township in the municipality of Brockton, northwest of Toronto. It serves as the administrative centre of Brockton, into which it was merged in 1999, and as the county seat of Bruce County. The population of

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: contexts, nor for that matter that other changes in the LTEE are historically contingent—in fact, some other evolved changes in the LTEE have been highly predictable and not (or at least not obviously) contingent on prior mutations in the populations." E. coli long-term evolution experiment The "E. coli" long-term evolution experiment (LTEE) is an ongoing study in experimental evolution led by Richard Lenski that has been tracking genetic changes in 12 initially identical populations of asexual "Escherichia coli" bacteria since 24 February 1988. The populations reached the milestone of 50,000 generations and 66,000 in November 2016. Lenski performed the 10,000th

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: E. coli long-term evolution experiment The "E. coli" long-term evolution experiment (LTEE) is an ongoing study in experimental evolution led by Richard Lenski that has been tracking genetic changes in 12 initially identical populations of asexual "Escherichia coli" bacteria since 24 February 1988. The populations reached the milestone of 50,000 generations and 66,000 in November 2016. Lenski performed the 10,000th transfer of the experiment on March 13, 2017. Over the course of the experiment, Lenski and his colleagues have reported a wide array of phenotypic and genotypic changes in the evolving populations. These have included changes that have occurred in

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: made incorrect statements on the likely origin and strain of "Escherichia coli". The German health authorities, without results of ongoing tests, incorrectly linked the O104 serotype to cucumbers imported from Spain. Later, they recognised that Spanish greenhouses were not the source of the "E. coli" and cucumber samples did not contain the specific "E. coli" variant causing the outbreak. Spain consequently expressed anger about having its produce linked with the deadly "E. coli" outbreak, which cost Spanish exporters US$200 million per week. Russia banned the import of all fresh vegetables from the European Union from early June until 22 June

title: 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak

text: a child to E-coli O157." 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak An outbreak of the "Escherichia coli" O157 bacterium occurred in South Wales in 2005. It was the largest outbreak of "E. coli" O157 in Wales and the second largest in the UK. 157 cases were identified in the outbreak; 31 people were hospitalized, and one child, 5-year old Mason Jones, died. Most of the 157 cases identified were children, attending 44 different schools across four different local authorities – Bridgend, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphily and Rhondda Cynon Taf. Of those infected, 109 cases were identified as a strain of

title: 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak

text: 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak An outbreak of the "Escherichia coli" O157 bacterium occurred in South Wales in 2005. It was the largest outbreak of "E. coli" O157 in Wales and the second largest in the UK. 157 cases were identified in the outbreak; 31 people were hospitalized, and one child, 5-year old Mason Jones, died. Most of the 157 cases identified were children, attending 44 different schools across four different local authorities – Bridgend, Merthyr Tydfil, Caerphily and Rhondda Cynon Taf. Of those infected, 109 cases were identified as a strain of "E. coli" O157 unique to

title: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: that the manure-contaminated water had likely seeped into the aquifer that underlay Well 5, though it may have been possible that surface runoff, rather than contaminated groundwater, was the source of the bacteria. Cattle manure, even under best practices, typically contains fecal coliform bacteria, including "E. coli". A subsequent government report concluded that the cattle operation had followed all safety and husbandry best practices with regard to manure storage and use, and that though the "E. coli" contamination had almost certainly come from the farm's manure usage, the farm's operator was not at fault for contamination of the well. Beginning

title: Escherichia coli O121

text: Escherichia coli O121 "Escherichia coli" O121 is a pathogenic serotype of "Escherichia coli", associated with Shiga toxin, intestinal bleeding, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS, if left untreated, can lead to kidney failure. Most serotypes of "E. coli"—a widespread species of bacteria residing in the lower intestines of mammals—are beneficial or do not cause disease. Unlike other pathogenic serotypes, such as (also an enterohemorrhagic "E. coli"), little is known in detail about the public health significance of O121. Therefore, O121 is sometimes roughly classified as a type of “non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing "E. coli"” (non-O157 STEC). A U.S. outbreak of "E. coli"

title: Escherichia coli O104:H21

text: Escherichia coli O104:H21 "Escherichia coli" O104:H21 is a rare serotype of "Escherichia coli", a species of bacteria that lives in the lower intestines of mammals. The presence of many serotypes of "E. coli" in animals is beneficial or does not cause disease in animals. However, some serotypes of " E. coli" have been recognized as pathogenic to humans, e.g. , "E. coli" O121 and "E. coli" O104:H21. "E. coli" O104:H21 was discovered in 1982, when it caused an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea. It had infected hamburgers, and those affected had eaten these hamburgers not fully cooked. An of "E.

title: Entamoeba coli

text: specimens. Sometimes the "Entamoeba coli" have parasites as well. One is the fungus "Sphaerita" spp. This fungus lives in the cytoplasm of the "E. coli". While this differentiation is typically done by visual examination of the parasitic cysts via light microscopy, new methods using molecular biology techniques have been developed. The scientific name of the amoeba, "E. coli", is often mistaken for the bacterium, "Escherichia coli". Unlike the bacterium, the amoeba is mostly harmless, and does not cause as many intestinal problems as some strains of the "E. coli" bacterium. Some of these harmful strains are inside raw or uncooked

title: Escherichia coli

text: Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (), also known as E. coli (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus "Escherichia" that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most "E. coli" strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K, and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria, having a symbiotic relationship. "E. coli" is

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: into the known link between blood type and the severity of "E. coli" infection. Results of the study showed that "the bacterium is more likely to cause severe diarrhea in people with type A blood," and this finding may aid current and future efforts to develop an effective vaccine against the pathogenic strains of E. "coli." Pathogenic Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ( Anglicized to ; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most "E. coli" strains are harmless, but some serotypes are pathogenic and can cause

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. German paediatrician and bacteriologist Theodor Escherich discovered "E. coli" in 1885, and it is now classified as part of the Enterobacteriaceae family of gamma-proteobacteria. Pathogenic "E. coli" strains can be categorized based on elements that can elicit an immune response in animals, namely: For example, "E. coli" strain EDL933 is of the group. The outer membrane of an "E. coli" cell contains millions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which consists of: The O antigen is used for serotyping "E. coli" and these O group designations go

title: Escherichia coli

text: 65,000 generations in the laboratory. For instance, "E. coli" typically do not have the ability to grow aerobically with citrate as a carbon source, which is used as a diagnostic criterion with which to differentiate "E. coli" from other, closely, related bacteria such as "Salmonella". In this experiment, one population of "E. coli" unexpectedly evolved the ability to aerobically metabolize citrate, a major evolutionary shift with some hallmarks of microbial speciation. "E. coli" is the type species of the genus ("Escherichia") and in turn "Escherichia" is the type genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae, where the family name does not stem

title: Escherichia coli

text: medical importance, and "E. coli" remains one of the most diverse bacterial species: only 20% of the genes in a typical "E. coli" genome is shared among all strains. In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus "Shigella" ("S. dysenteriae", "S. flexneri", "S. boydii", and "S. sonnei") should be classified as "E. coli" strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise. Similarly, other strains of "E. coli" (e.g. the K-12 strain commonly used in recombinant DNA work) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification. A strain is a subgroup within the species that has unique characteristics

title: 2012 organic greens E coli outbreak O157:H7

text: its code for a strain of E coli that is noteworthy for seeming to have genes from a different species, shigella, producing an unusual toxin, though not one especially lethal to human beings. Overall, 33 people in 5 states are known to have been infected. There were no deaths reported. This outbreak seems to have originated with food from State Garden, an organic produce company in Chelsea, MA. List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States 2012 organic greens E coli outbreak O157:H7 In 2012, an unusual strain of E coli bacteria caused the reported illness of 33 people

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak A novel strain of bacteria caused a serious outbreak of foodborne illness focused in northern Germany in May through June 2011. The illness was characterized by bloody diarrhea, with a high frequency of serious complications, including hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a condition that requires urgent treatment. The outbreak was originally thought to have been caused by an enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) strain of "E. coli", but it was later shown to have been caused by an enteroaggregative "E. coli" (EAEC) strain that had acquired the genes to produce Shiga toxins, present in organic fenugreek sprouts. Epidemiological fieldwork

title: Escherichia coli

text: "Escherichia coli" is used for maintenance of "Caenorhabditis elegans" cultures. Strain JM109 is a mutant form of "E. coli" that is recA and endA deficient. The strain can be utilized for blue/white screening when the cells carry the fertility factor episome Lack of recA decreases the possibility of unwanted restriction of the DNA of interest and lack of endA inhibit plasmid DNA decomposition. Thus, JM109 is useful for cloning and expression systems. "E. coli" is frequently used as a model organism in microbiology studies. Cultivated strains (e.g. "E. coli" K12) are well-adapted to the laboratory environment, and, unlike wild-type strains,

title: Escherichia coli

text: gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. "E. coli" normally colonizes an infant's gastrointestinal tract within 40 hours of birth, arriving with food or water or from the individuals handling the child. In the bowel, "E. coli" adheres to the mucus of the large intestine. It is the primary facultative anaerobe of the human gastrointestinal tract. (Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen.) As long as these bacteria do not acquire genetic elements encoding for virulence factors, they remain benign commensals. Nonpathogenic "E. coli" strain Nissle 1917, also known as Mutaflor, and "E. coli"

title: Escherichia coli

text: to spread horizontally through an existing population. The process of transduction, which uses the bacterial virus called a bacteriophage, is where the spread of the gene encoding for the Shiga toxin from the "Shigella" bacteria to "E. coli" helped produce , the Shiga toxin-producing strain of "E. coli." "E. coli" encompasses an enormous population of bacteria that exhibit a very high degree of both genetic and phenotypic diversity. Genome sequencing of a large number of isolates of "E. coli" and related bacteria shows that a taxonomic reclassification would be desirable. However, this has not been done, largely due to its

title: Escherichia coli

text: (""Bacterium triloculare"") was missing. Following a revision of "Bacterium", it was reclassified as "Bacillus coli" by Migula in 1895 and later reclassified in the newly created genus "Escherichia", named after its original discoverer. Bacterium coli has since been used for biological lab experiment research, infection can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal injury. In 1996 the world's worst outbreak of "E. coli" food poisoning occurred in Wishaw, Scotland, killing 20 people. Escherichia coli Escherichia coli (), also known as E. coli (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus

title: 2018 Romaine lettuce E. coli O157:H7 outbreak

text: code for a strain of "E. coli "that is noteworthy for seeming to have genes from a different but related species, "Shigella", producing an unusual toxin, though not one especially lethal to human beings. List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States 2018 Romaine lettuce E. coli O157:H7 outbreak In 2018, a strain of "Escherichia coli" bacteria caused the reported illness of 210 people across 36 states in the US, carried on Romaine lettuce from Yuma, Arizona. This strain produces shiga toxin, which is thought to have been transferred to the species from a strain of "Shigella" by a

title: 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak

text: being used that was highly decayed. Another possible source of contamination was fallen apples ("grounders"), that had come into contact with animal feces and not been properly cleaned. Confirmation that the bacteria came from outside the factory was provided when an inspection on November 15 found no evidence of "E. coli" contamination in the facility. The outbreak came as a surprise as the plant had been inspected by the FDA three months earlier, and Odwalla supervisors were not aware that the "E. coli" bacteria could grow in acidic, chilled apple juice. Based on a recommendation from the FDA, on October

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: Pathogenic Escherichia coli Escherichia coli ( Anglicized to ; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most "E. coli" strains are harmless, but some serotypes are pathogenic and can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls. "E. coli" are also responsible for a majority of cases of urinary tract infections. The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K, and by preventing the establishment of pathogenic bacteria within

title: Escherichia coli

text: for alleles in the MG1655 strain of "E. coli" K-12. Complete lists of genes and their synonyms can be obtained from databases such as EcoGene or Uniprot. Several studies have investigated the proteome of "E. coli". By 2006, 1,627 (38%) of the 4,237 open reading frames (ORFs) had been identified experimentally. The 4,639,221–base pair sequence of Escherichia coli K-12 is presented. Of 4288 protein-coding genes annotated, 38 percent have no attributed function. Comparison with five other sequenced microbes reveals ubiquitous as well as narrowly distributed gene families; many families of similar genes within "E. coli" are also evident. The largest

title: Escherichia coli O104:H21

text: coli" responsible for at least 22 deaths in Northern Europe in May 2011 was reported to be caused by another O104 strain, . "E. coli" O104:H21 can cause outbreak of infection similar to that caused by , the most common shiga-like toxin-producing "E. coli" (SLTEC). SLTECs are the most well-known causes of gastrointestinal illness and diarrhea. The body usually rids itself of harmful "E. coli" O104:H21 on its own within 5 to 10 days. Antibiotics should not be used, and neither should antidiarrheal agents such as loperamide. Escherichia coli O104:H21 "Escherichia coli" O104:H21 is a rare serotype of "Escherichia coli",

title: Escherichia coli

text: outside a host. The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. "E. coli" is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon and energy. "E. coli" is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. Under favorable conditions, it takes up to 20 minutes to reproduce. "E. coli" is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic (that makes

title: Escherichia coli

text: young, or the immunocompromised. The genera "Escherichia" and "Salmonella" diverged around 102 million years ago (credibility interval: 57–176 mya), which coincides with the divergence of their hosts: the former being found in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles. This was followed by a split of an "Escherichia" ancestor into five species ("E. albertii", "E. coli", "E. fergusonii", "E. hermannii", and "E. vulneris"). The last "E. coli" ancestor split between 20 and 30 million years ago. The long-term evolution experiments using "E. coli", begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of genome evolution over more than

title: Escherichia coli

text: ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent) and nonsporulating bacterium. Cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 2.0 μm long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm. "E. coli" stains Gram-negative because its cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane. During the staining process, "E. coli" picks up the color of the counterstain safranin and stains pink. The outer membrane surrounding the cell wall provides a barrier to certain antibiotics such that "E. coli"

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: a connection between the German outbreak and a HUS outbreak in the Bordeaux area of France, first reported on 24 June, in which infection with "E. coli" O104:H4 has been confirmed in several patients. The assessment implicated fenugreek seeds imported from Egypt in 2009 and 2010, from which sprouts were grown, as a common source of both outbreaks, but cautioned, "there is still much uncertainty about whether this is truly the common cause of the infections", as tests on the seeds had not yet found any "E. coli" bacteria of the O104:H4 strain. The potentially contaminated seeds were widely distributed

title: 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in spinach

text: being infected, resulting in 141 hospitalizations, 31 people having kidney failure, and three deaths. 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in spinach The 2006 North American "E. coli" outbreak was an outbreak from organic spinach. The outbreak occurred in September 2006 and its probable origin was an Angus cattle ranch that had leased land to spinach grower. At least 276 consumer illnesses and 3 deaths have been attributed to the tainted produce. In September 2006, there was an outbreak of food-borne illness caused by "Escherichia coli" ("E. coli") bacteria found in uncooked spinach in 26 U.S. states. By October

text: 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in spinach The 2006 North American "E. coli" outbreak was an outbreak from organic spinach. The outbreak occurred in September 2006 and its probable origin was an Angus cattle ranch that had leased land to spinach grower. At least 276 consumer illnesses and 3 deaths have been attributed to the tainted produce. In September 2006, there was an outbreak of food-borne illness caused by "Escherichia coli" ("E. coli") bacteria found in uncooked spinach in 26 U.S. states. By October 6, 2006 199 people had been infected, including three people who died and 31

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: have experimented on evolving aerobic citrate-utilizing "E. coli". Dustin Van Hofwegen et al., working in the lab of Scott Minnich, were able to isolate 46 independent citrate-utilizing mutants of "E. coli" in just 12 to 100 generations using highly prolonged selection under starvation, during which the bacteria would sample more mutations more rapidly. In their research, the genomic DNA sequencing revealed an amplification of the "citT" and "dctA" loci, and rearrangement of DNA were the same class of mutations identified in the experiment by Richard Lenski and his team. They concluded that the rarity of the citrate-utilizing mutant in Lenski's

title: Escherichia coli O104:H4

text: is present. "E. coli" O104:H4 is difficult to treat as it is resistant to many antibiotics, although it is susceptible to carbapenems. Spread of "E. coli" is prevented simply by thorough hand-washing with soap, washing and hygienically preparing food, and properly heating/cooking food, so the bacteria are destroyed. Escherichia coli O104:H4 "Escherichia coli" O104:H4 is an enteroaggregative "Escherichia coli" strain of the bacterium "Escherichia coli", and the cause of the . The "O" in the serological classification identifies the cell wall lipopolysaccharide antigen, and the "H" identifies the flagella antigen. Analysis of genomic sequences obtained by BGI Shenzhen shows that

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: the Phage Therapy Center in the Republic of Georgia and in Poland. However, on January 2, 2007, the United States FDA gave Omnilytics approval to apply its "E. coli" O157:H7 killing phage in a mist, spray or wash on live animals that will be slaughtered for human consumption. The enterobacteria phage T4, a highly studied phage, targets "E. coli" for infection. Researchers have actively been working to develop safe, effective vaccines to lower the worldwide incidence of "E. coli" infection. In March 2006, a vaccine eliciting an immune response against the "E. coli" O157:H7 O-specific polysaccharide conjugated to recombinant exotoxin

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: times as high as previous estimates," a finding which may have significance for the study and management of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant "E. coli" may also pass on the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance to other species of bacteria, such as "Staphylococcus aureus", through a process called horizontal gene transfer. "E. coli" bacteria often carry multiple drug resistance plasmids, and under stress, readily transfer those plasmids to other species. Mixing of species in the intestines allows "E. coli" to accept and transfer plasmids from and to other bacteria. Thus, "E. coli" and the other enterobacteria are important reservoirs of transferable

title: E. Coli Metabolome Database

text: sequence searches against all the protein sequences contained in ECMDB. Single and multiple sequence (i.e. whole proteome) BLAST queries are supported through this search tool. It is also possible to perform detailed spectral searches of ECMDB's reference compound NMR and MS spectral data through the ECMDB's MS, MS/MS, GC/MS and NMR Spectra Search links. These tools are intended to support the identification and characterization of bacterial (mainly E. coli) metabolites using NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS spectrometry and LC-MS spectrometry. The ECMDB also contains a large number of statistical tables, with detailed information about not only its content but also about E.

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: in molecular biology, a wide array of tools, protocols, and procedures were available for studying changes at the genetic, phenotypic, and physiological levels. The bacteria can also be frozen and preserved while remaining viable. This has permitted the creation of what Lenski describes as a "frozen fossil record" of samples of evolving populations that can be revived at any time. This frozen fossil record allows populations to be restarted in cases of contamination or other disruption in the experiment, and permits the isolation and comparison of living exemplars of ancestral and evolved clones. Lenski chose an "E. coli" strain that

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: host intestinal cells, while the A subunit is cleaved and prevents cells from absorbing water, causing diarrhea. LT is secreted by the Type 2 secretion pathway. If "E. coli" bacteria escape the intestinal tract through a perforation (for example from an ulcer, a ruptured appendix, or due to a surgical error) and enter the abdomen, they usually cause peritonitis that can be fatal without prompt treatment. However, "E. coli" are extremely sensitive to such antibiotics as streptomycin or gentamicin. Recent research suggests treatment of enteropathogenic "E. coli" with antibiotics may not improve the outcome of the disease, as it may

text: 2012 organic greens E coli outbreak O157:H7 In 2012, an unusual strain of E coli bacteria caused the reported illness of 33 people across several states in the US, carried on organically grown greens like spinach and spring mix. This strain produces shiga toxin, which is thought to have been transferred to the species from the shigella bacterium, by a bacteriophage, a kind of virus that (as the name implies) "eats" bacteria. On October 18, 2012, cases of food poisoning began to be reported in the New York State area. The CDC eventually concluded this was an example of O157:H7,

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: patients. The bacteria in the other two cucumbers have not yet been identified. Genomic sequencing by BGI Shenzhen confirm a 2001 finding that the O104:H4 serotype has some enteroaggregative "E. coli" (EAEC or EAggEC) properties, presumably acquired by horizontal gene transfer. The only previous documented case of EHEC O104:H4 was in South Korea in 2005, and researchers pointed at contaminated hamburgers as a possible cause. On 4 June, German and EU officials had allegedly been examining data that indicated an open catering event at a restaurant in Lübeck, Germany, was a possible starting point of the ongoing deadly "E. coli"

title: Escherichia coli

text: have lost their ability to thrive in the intestine. Many laboratory strains lose their ability to form biofilms. These features protect wild-type strains from antibodies and other chemical attacks, but require a large expenditure of energy and material resources. In 1946, Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum first described the phenomenon known as bacterial conjugation using "E. coli" as a model bacterium, and it remains the primary model to study conjugation. "E. coli" was an integral part of the first experiments to understand phage genetics, and early researchers, such as Seymour Benzer, used "E. coli" and phage T4 to understand the

title: Escherichia coli

text: to fecal contamination of the urogenital orifices. Anal intercourse can also introduce this bacterium into the male urethra, and in switching from anal to vaginal intercourse, the male can also introduce UPEC to the female urogenital system. For more information, see the databases at the end of the article or UPEC pathogenicity. In May 2011, one "E. coli" strain, , was the subject of a that began in Germany. Certain strains of "E. coli" are a major cause of foodborne illness. The outbreak started when several people in Germany were infected with enterohemorrhagic "E. coli" (EHEC) bacteria, leading to hemolytic-uremic

title: Escherichia coli

text: interacting partners for 2,667 proteins, many of which had unknown functions at the time. A 2009 study found 5,993 interactions between proteins of the same "E. coli" strain, though these data showed little overlap with those of the 2006 publication. Binary interactions. Rajagopala "et al." (2014) have carried out systematic yeast two-hybrid screens with most "E. coli" proteins, and found a total of 2,234 protein-protein interactions. This study also integrated genetic interactions and protein structures and mapped 458 interactions within 227 protein complexes. "E. coli" belongs to a group of bacteria informally known as coliforms that are found in the

title: Entamoeba coli

text: Entamoeba coli Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic species of "Entamoeba" that frequently exists as a commensal parasite in the human gastrointestinal tract. "E. coli" (not to be confused with the bacterium "Escherichia coli") is important in medicine because it can be confused during microscopic examination of stained stool specimens with the pathogenic "Entamoeba histolytica". This amoeba does not move much by the use of its pseudopod, and creates a ""sur place" (non-progressive) movement" inside the large intestine. Usually, the amoeba is immobile, and keeps its round shape. This amoeba, in its trophozoite stage, is only visible in fresh, unfixed stool

title: Escherichia coli in molecular biology

text: Escherichia coli in molecular biology Escherichia coli (; commonly abbreviated E. coli) is a Gram-negative gammaproteobacterium commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). The descendants of two isolates, K-12 and B strain, are used routinely in molecular biology as both a tool and a model organism. "Escherichia coli" is one of the most diverse bacterial species, with several pathogenic strains with different symptoms and with only 20% of the genome common to all strains. Furthermore, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus "Shigella" ("dysenteriae", "flexneri", "boydii", "sonnei") are actually "E. coli" strains "in disguise"

title: Escherichia coli O157:H7

text: stressed in some way (e.g. antibiotics). All clinical isolates of "E. coli" O157:H7 possess the plasmid pO157. The periplasmic catalase is encoded on pO157 and may enhance the virulence of the bacterium by providing additional oxidative protection when infecting the host. "E. coli" O157:H7 non-hemorrhagic strains are converted to hemorrhagic strains by lysogenic conversion after a bacteriophage infection to non-hemorrhagic cells. While it is relatively uncommon, the "E. coli" serotype O157:H7 can naturally be found in the intestinal contents of some cattle, goats, and even sheep. The digestive tract of cattle lack the Shiga toxin receptor globotriaosylceramide, and thus, these

title: 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak

text: it's scary!") and sold at a discounted price. The ensuing high demand "overwhelmed" the restaurants, and the product was not cooked for long enough or at a high enough temperature to kill the bacteria. At a 1993 press conference the president of Foodmaker (the parent company of Jack in the Box) blamed Vons Companies (supplier of their hamburger meat) for the "E. coli" epidemic. However, the Jack in the Box fast-food chain knew about but disregarded Washington state laws which required burgers to be cooked to , the temperature necessary to completely kill "E. coli". Instead, it adhered to the

title: 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak

text: 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak The 1993 Jack in the Box "E. coli" outbreak occurred when 732 people were infected with the bacterium originating from contaminated beef patties. The outbreak involved 73 Jack in the Box restaurants in California, Idaho, Washington, and Nevada, and has been described as "far and away the most infamous food poison outbreak in contemporary history." The majority of the victims were under 10 years old. Four children died and 178 other victims were left with permanent injury including kidney and brain damage. The wide media coverage and scale of the outbreak were

title: E. Coli Metabolome Database

text: coli, in general. In particular, under the "About" tab, a section called "E. coli numbers and stats" contains hundreds of interesting factoids about E. coli and E. coli physiology. Many components of the ECMDB are fully downloadable, including most of textual data, chemical structures and sequence data. These may be retrieved by clicking on the Download button, scrolling through the different files and selecting the appropriate hyperlinks. All data in ECMDB is non-proprietary or is derived from a non-proprietary source. It is freely accessible and available to anyone. In addition, nearly every data item is fully traceable and explicitly referenced

title: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: gastrointestinal ailments consistent with "E. coli" infection. Potential "E. coli" infection changed the treatment plan for patients reporting to these hospitals or to local doctors; anti-motility medication that would typically be prescribed to patients suffering from diarrhea unrelated to "E. coli" could in fact exacerbate the condition of patients whose diarrhea was due to "E. coli" infection, and any patient infected with "E. coli" O157 was at risk for potentially fatal hemolytic-uremic syndrome. David Patterson, the Assistant Director of Health Protection at Bruce-Grey-Owen-Sound Health Unit (BGOSHU), immediately contacted Beverly Middleton, a public health inspector in the Owen Sound office of

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: for citrate use, ultimately lowered the probability of "E. coli" being able accumulate early adaptive mutations from one period of selection to the next. On the other hand, Van Hofwegen's team allowed for a continuous selection period of 7 days, which yielded a more rapid development of citrate-using "E. coli". Roth and Maisnier-Patin suggest that the serial dilution of "E. coli" and short period of selection for citrate-use under the conditions of the LTEE perpetually impeded each generation of "E. coli" from reaching the next stages of aerobic citrate utilization. In response, Blount and Lenski acknowledge that the problem is

title: 2005 South Wales E. coli O157 outbreak

text: is what led to the tragedy such as the E-coli outbreak. I agree that all businesses that are dealing with raw and cooked meats need to have in place an effective and working asset plan. Professor Pennington has come to the conclusion that William Tudor is to blame for the E-coli outbreak that killed our 5-year-old son and we now look to move on to the Inquest into our son’s death where we hope the coroner will reach an appropriate verdict. On Mothers Day 2014 I do not want to be standing here sympathising with another family that has lost

title: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: a statement by Dr. Murray McQuigge, Walkerton's Medical Officer of Health, reflecting medical investigators' then-current understanding that Walkerton's water system was presumed to be secure and not involved in the outbreak. McQuigge's quoted opinion also characterized "E. coli" as "unlikely" to be the source of the gastroenteritis outbreak. By 12 p.m. on May 21, however, laboratory results had confirmed enough cases of "E. coli" O157 in area gastroenteritis patients to merit a declaration by the Bruce-Grey-Owen-Sound Health Unit that an infective outbreak existed and was being caused by "E. coli" O157 contamination somewhere. The Health Unit issued an outbreak number

title: 2009 United Kingdom E. coli outbreak

text: 2009 United Kingdom E. coli outbreak The 2009 "E. coli" outbreak in the United Kingdom was an outbreak of "E. coli" in visitors to a farm in Surrey from August to September 2009. 93 people were affected, most of whom were under 10 years of age. Of those affected, 27 were hospitalized and 17 developed hemolytic uremic syndrome. Investigations by the Health Protection Agency implicated a petting barn at Godstone Farm as a possible source of the outbreak. Fecal samples from several animals in the barn later tested positive for the strain of "E. coli" in the patients, again indicating

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: available to provide reducing power. The anaerobic growth is possible due to the expression of a transmembrane citrate-succinate antiporter gene, "citT", which was first identified in 1998. This gene is co-regulated with other genes involved in citrate fermentation found on the "cit" operon, which is turned on only when oxygen is absent. The inability to grow aerobically on citrate, referred to as a Cit phenotype, is considered a defining characteristic of "E. coli" as a species, and one that has been a valuable means of differentiating "E. coli" from pathogenic "Salmonella". While Cit strains of "E. coli" have been isolated

title: 2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks

text: ill with "E. coli" infections after eating at Taco John's. On December 18, 2006, the Minnesota Department of Health reported that 37 probable "E. coli" cases had been reported in connection with the Taco John's "E. coli" outbreak, nine people were confirmed ill with "E. coli", eight people were hospitalized, and one person had developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The Taco John's "E. coli" outbreak was traced to contaminated lettuce sold in foods at Taco John's restaurants that were supplied by a Minneapolis lettuce supplier. In response to the Taco John's "E. coli" outbreak, Taco John's agreed to reimburse ill individuals for

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: then co-existed thereafter. Phylogenetic analysis of clones of the two types isolated from different generations demonstrated that the S and L types belonged to distinct, co-existing lineages in the population, and might be undergoing incipient speciation. "E. coli" is normally unable to grow aerobically on citrate due to the inability to express a citrate transporter when oxygen is present. However, "E. coli" has a complete citric acid cycle, and therefore metabolizes citrate as an intermediate during aerobic growth on other substances, including glucose. Most "E. coli" can grow anaerobically on citrate via fermentation, if a co-substrate such as glucose is

title: 2015 United States E. coli outbreak

text: suggested that rotisserie chicken salad made and sold in Costco Wholesale stores in several states was the likely source of the outbreak. 2015 United States E. coli outbreak The 2015 United States "E. coli" outbreak is an incident in the United States involving the spread of through contaminated celery which was consumed in chicken salad at various large retailers. A product recall covering more than one dozen states and over 155,000 products has taken place as a result of the incident. Nineteen cases of "E. coli" were linked to the outbreak, across seven states, primarily in the western half of

title: 2015 United States E. coli outbreak

text: 2015 United States E. coli outbreak The 2015 United States "E. coli" outbreak is an incident in the United States involving the spread of through contaminated celery which was consumed in chicken salad at various large retailers. A product recall covering more than one dozen states and over 155,000 products has taken place as a result of the incident. Nineteen cases of "E. coli" were linked to the outbreak, across seven states, primarily in the western half of the United States. Of these reported cases, five resulted in hospitalization, with two patients developing hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a type of kidney failure;

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: This collection of samples is referred to as the "frozen fossil record", and provides a history of the evolution of each population through the entire experiment. The populations are also regularly screened for changes in mean fitness, and supplemental experiments are regularly performed to study interesting developments in the populations. , the "E. coli" populations have been under study for over 64,500 generations, and are thought to have undergone enough spontaneous mutations that every possible single point mutation in the "E. coli" genome has occurred multiple times. The strain of "E. coli" Lenski chose to use in the long-term evolution

title: E. Coli Metabolome Database

text: text search of the database's textual data, including names, synonyms, numbers and identifiers. The ECMDB employs a software tool called "Elastic Search" that allows misspellings and fuzzy text matching. Using the text search, users may select either metabolites or proteins in the "search for" field using the pull-down box located on the right side of the text search box. In this way it is possible to restrict the search to only return results for those items associated with E. coli metabolites or with E. coli proteins. The ECMB has 7 selectable tabs located at the top of every page including:

title: 2009 United Kingdom E. coli outbreak

text: that the barn may have been the source of the outbreak. Godstone Farm voluntarily closed the barn in September 2009, after which there were no further cases. 2009 United Kingdom E. coli outbreak The 2009 "E. coli" outbreak in the United Kingdom was an outbreak of "E. coli" in visitors to a farm in Surrey from August to September 2009. 93 people were affected, most of whom were under 10 years of age. Of those affected, 27 were hospitalized and 17 developed hemolytic uremic syndrome. Investigations by the Health Protection Agency implicated a petting barn at Godstone Farm as a

title: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: and certification of operators, a quality management system for water suppliers, and more competent enforcement. In Ontario, these requirements have been incorporated into new legislation. The lessons learned from this incident were described by Kim Vicente in his book "". A 2005 CBC Television docudrama called "Betrayed" was based loosely upon the Walkerton "E. coli" outbreak. On May 11, 2018 the "Toronto Star" reported that Robbie Schnurr had doctors assist him in committing suicide due to suffering caused by the outbreak. Walkerton E. coli outbreak The 2000 Walkerton outbreak of waterborne gastroenteritis was the result of a contamination of the

title: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: and alerted neighbouring health units of its situation, as well as notifying a variety of Walkerton-centred government and management bodies, including the Walkerton PUC.1. Shortly after the definitive laboratory results were received, McQuigge, representing BGOSHU, contacted David Thompson, the mayor of Brockton, Walkerton's parent municipality. According to McQuigge, the conversation involved McQuigge alerting Thompson to the fact that that community members were falling ill with potentially fatal "E. coli" infections; according to Thompson, "E. coli" was not mentioned in the conversation and he was left with the impression that the illnesses presented no imminent threat to public health. Despite their

title: Entamoeba coli

text: need to treat for "E. coli", due to the rarity of this parasite becoming infectious. In one exceptional situation, "E. coli" was found to be infectious: in northern Europe, stool samples and electron microscopy revealed large populations of the amoeba within a group of patients with persistent diarrhea. Some types of treatments may need to be used due to large populations. Some arsenical compounds are shown to treat the trophozoite stage, like carbarsone. Other compounds used to treat large populations of "E. coli" include diloxanide furoate, and this usually is used in antiamebic therapy. Entamoeba coli Entamoeba coli is a

title: Escherichia coli

text: (EHEC), but not all EHEC strains are closely related. In fact, four different species of "Shigella" are nested among "E. coli" strains ("vide supra"), while "E. albertii" and "E. fergusonii" are outside this group. Indeed, all "Shigella" species were placed within a single subspecies of "E. coli" in a phylogenomic study that included the type strain, and for this reason an according reclassification is difficult. All commonly used research strains of "E. coli" belong to group A and are derived mainly from Clifton's K-12 strain (λ⁺ F⁺; O16) and to a lesser degree from d'Herelle's "Bacillus coli" strain (B strain)(O7).

title: Entamoeba coli

text: noticing the eight nuclei found in the mature form. To diagnosis for "E. coli", a stool sample is usually tested. This is the best method to check to see if the parasite is "E. coli" and not "E. histolytica". This usually involves checking the cysts for the size, shape, and the number of nuclei. "E. coli" has cysts in size to 10 to 35 micrometers, the shape is irregular, oval with a shell-like appearance that is more uniformed compared to "E. histolytica", and has up to eight nuclei in the cyst compared to the four nuclei of "E. histolytica". To

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: 2011. Enterohemorrhagic "E. coli" has been linked to foodborne outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome around the world since at least the early 1980s. The majority of disease has been attributed to "E. coli" with the serotype ; however, over 100 "E. coli" serotypes have been associated with human diarrheal disease. In the five years before the outbreak (2006 to 2010) Germany experienced an average of 218 cases of EHEC gastroenteritis and 13 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome each year. According to the Geman National Reference Centre for "Salmonella" and Other Enteric Pathogens, the most common serotypes in

title: Escherichia coli

text: avoid cross-contamination of utensils and work spaces when preparing food. Because of its long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation, "E. coli" plays an important role in modern biological engineering and industrial microbiology. The work of Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer in "E. coli", using plasmids and restriction enzymes to create recombinant DNA, became a foundation of biotechnology. "E. coli" is a very versatile host for the production of heterologous proteins, and various protein expression systems have been developed which allow the production of recombinant proteins in "E. coli". Researchers can introduce genes into the microbes using

title: Escherichia coli

text: "E. coli" strains (the pangenome) exceeds 16,000. This very large variety of component genes has been interpreted to mean that two-thirds of the "E. coli" pangenome originated in other species and arrived through the process of horizontal gene transfer. Genes in "E. coli" are usually named by 4-letter acronyms that derive from their function (when known) and italicized. For instance, "recA" is named after its role in homologous recombination plus the letter A. Functionally related genes are named "recB", "recC", "recD" etc. The proteins are named by uppercase acronyms, e.g. RecA, RecB, etc. When the genome of "E. coli" was

title: 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak

text: to fund research in preventing food-borne illnesses. In addition, the company spent roughly another $12 million settling about a dozen lawsuits from families whose children were infected. To boost sales following the recall, Odwalla reformulated five products to remove their apple juice content, and released them in November 1996. Flash pasteurization, as well as several other safety precautions, were introduced to the manufacturing process, and the juices reappeared on store shelves on December 5, 1996. The outbreak was profiled in the fourth-season episode of "Forensic Files" titled "Core Evidence." 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak The 1996 Odwalla "E. coli" outbreak

title: Escherichia coli in molecular biology

text: or if it had a branching pattern. "E. coli" was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of "E. coli" K-12 was published by "Science" in 1997. The long-term evolution experiments using "E. coli", begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of major evolutionary shifts in the laboratory. In this experiment, one population of "E. coli" unexpectedly evolved the ability to aerobically metabolize citrate. This capacity is extremely rare in "E. coli". As the inability to grow aerobically is normally used as a diagnostic criterion with which to differentiate "E. coli"

title: Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli

text: of intestinal pathogenic "E. coli" including enterotoxigenic "E. coli" (ETEC), enteropathogenic "E. coli" (EPEC), enteroinvasive "E. coli" (EIEC), enteroaggregative "E. coli" (EAEC), and diffusely adherent "E. coli" (DAEC). The best known of these strains is , but non-O157 strains cause an estimated 36,000 illnesses, 1,000 hospitalizations and 30 deaths in the United States yearly. Food safety specialists recognize "Big Six" strains: O26; O45; O103; O111; O121; and O145. A was caused by another STEC, . This strain has both enteroaggregative and enterohemorrhagic properties. Both the O145 and O104 strains can cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS); the former strain shown to account

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: Enteric "E. coli" (EC) are classified on the basis of serological characteristics and virulence properties. The major pathotypes of "E. coli" that cause diarrhea are listed below. Transmission of pathogenic "E. coli" often occurs via fecal–oral transmission. Common routes of transmission include: unhygienic food preparation, farm contamination due to manure fertilization, irrigation of crops with contaminated greywater or raw sewage, feral pigs on cropland, or direct consumption of sewage-contaminated water. Dairy and beef cattle are primary reservoirs of "E. coli" O157:H7, and they can carry it asymptomatically and shed it in their feces. Food products associated with "E. coli" outbreaks

title: Escherichia coli

text: function have been expressed using the N-linked glycosylation system of "Campylobacter jejuni" engineered into "E. coli". Modified "E. coli" cells have been used in vaccine development, bioremediation, production of biofuels, lighting, and production of immobilised enzymes. Strain K-12 is a mutant form of "E. coli" that over-expresses the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP). The mutation arises due to a defect in the gene that constantly codes for the enzyme. A gene that is producing a product without any inhibition is said to have constitutive activity. This particular mutant form is used to isolate and purify the aforementioned enzyme. Strain OP50 of

text: the "E. coli" laced fresh spinach reached 111. On September 19, it was reported that there may be a link to a further death in Ohio and irrigation water is being investigated as a possible source. This is the 9th outbreak traced to the Salinas Valley in California and the 25th leafy green "E. coli" outbreak (spinach or lettuce) in the United States since 1993. On September 20, the CDC announced that the genetic fingerprint, a PFGE pattern, of "E. coli" O157 isolated from an opened package of "Dole Baby Spinach, Best if Used by August 30" packed by Natural

title: Escherichia coli O157:H7

text: On SMAC agar O157 colonies appear clear due to their inability to ferment sorbitol, while the colonies of the usual sorbitol-fermenting serotypes of "E. coli" appear red. Sorbitol nonfermenting colonies are tested for the somatic O157 antigen before being confirmed as "E. coli" O157. Like all cultures, diagnosis is time-consuming with this method; swifter diagnosis is possible using quick "E. coli" DNA extraction method plus PCR techniques. Newer technologies using fluorescent and antibody detection are also under development. "E. coli" O157:H7 infection is nationally reportable in the USA, Great Britain, and Germany and is reportable in most US states. It

title: E. coli long-term evolution experiment

text: open-ended means of empirical examination of central features of evolution. The experiment was begun with three principal goals: As the experiment has continued, its scope has grown as new questions in evolutionary biology have arisen that it can be used to address, as the populations' evolution has presented new phenomena to study, and as technology and methodological techniques have advanced. The use of "E. coli" as the experimental organism has allowed many generations and large populations to be studied in a relatively short period of time. Moreover, due to the long use of "E .coli" as a principle model organism

title: Entamoeba coli

text: compare "Entamoeba" spp. The DNA-based diagnostic tests include the use of DNA extraction, PCR, microarrays, and typing methods.For example, one DNA-based diagnostic test that is changing how "Entamoeba" spp. is being diagnosis faster and more accurate is by using the "Reverse Line Hybridization Assay" test. This test main purpose is to detect and different Entamoeba spp. in stool samples in order to find the causative agent of amoebic dysentery, "E. histolytica". This test involves the use of gene sequencing, and seeing what different genomes each "Entamoeba" spp. has to help detect the deadly "E. histolytica". "E. coli" are mostly harmless

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated that emerging strains of "E. coli" are a significant problem, but regulatory bodies in the US have concentrated on the more infamous "E. coli" O157 serotype. The FDA noted nearly all of America's fresh produce is grown in the US and areas of Central America, and the EU has not been a significant source of fresh produce for the US. Other countries, including Nigeria, Hong Kong, and Thailand, expressed concern regarding imported produce. By 1 June, Italian, Austrian, and French cucumber sales had begun to decline sharply, but the Austrian Health Ministry

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: told the Egyptian press the problem had nothing to do with Egypt and instead asserted, "Israel is waging a commercial war against Egyptian exports." Canada and the United States reported cases of "E. coli" infection that had been acquired in Europe. On 2 June, Canada brought in stricter anti "E. coli"-related food inspections, and by 3 June the Public Health Agency of Canada said no Canadians had been reported sick with the strain as of that date. The Canadian government also brought in heavier import and hygiene restrictions on EU cucumbers, lettuces, and tomatoes. The United States Department of Agriculture

title: Escherichia coli

text: "E. coli" occurs at 37 °C (98.6 °F), but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures up to 49 °C (120 °F). "E. coli" grows in a variety of defined laboratory media, such as lysogeny broth, or any medium that contains glucose, ammonium phosphate monobasic, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate, dibasic, and water. Growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, using a large variety of redox pairs, including the oxidation of pyruvic acid, formic acid, hydrogen, and amino acids, and the reduction of substrates such as oxygen, nitrate, fumarate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and trimethylamine N-oxide. "E. coli" is

title: Entamoeba coli

text: parasites, and do not cause harm to the host. However, there have been cases of internal bleeding. Usually, the cytoplasm of the "E. coli" "does not contain red blood cells, except in the rare case of patients with intestinal hemorrhage" that leads to blood in the stools of these patients. This may lead to intestinal lesions. Other problems that "E. coli" causes are usually result from having too many in the large intestine. For example, large populations of "E. coli" may lead to "dyspepsia, hyperacidity, gastritis, and indigestion"; these are common problems of most intestinal parasites. There is generally no

title: Pathogenic Escherichia coli

text: recognizes as self the K1 antigen, as it resembles the cerebral glycopeptides, this leads to a severe meningitis in the neonates. Some "E. coli" strains contain a polyketide synthase genomic island ("pks"), which encodes a multi-enzymatic machinery that produces colibactin, a substance that damages DNA. About 20% of humans are colonized with "E. coli" that harbor the "pks" island. Colibactin can cause cellular senescence or cancer by damaging DNA. However, the mucosal barrier prevents "E. coli" from reaching the surface of enterocytes. Mucin production diminishes in the presence of inflammation. Only when some inflammatory condition co-occurs with "E. coli" infection

title: Escherichia coli in molecular biology

text: of immobilised enzymes. "E. coli" have been used successfully to produce proteins previously thought difficult or impossible in "E. coli", such as those containing multiple disulfide bonds or those requiring post-translational modification for stability or function. The cellular environment of "E. coli" is normally too reducing for disulphide bonds to form, proteins with disulphide bonds therefore may be secreted to its periplasmic space, however, mutants in which the reduction of both thioredoxins and glutathione is impaired also allow disulphide bonded proteins to be produced in the cytoplasm of "E. coli". It has also been used to produce proteins with various

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: fool-proof in nature before it was publicised in future. Spain then rejected a €150,000,000/£135,000,000 the European Commission's compensation deal for their farmers who were hit by the "E. coli" outbreak, on 8 June, saying it was too small. France, European Union's largest agricultural grower, said it would support the plan to compensate producers hurt by the outbreak, according to the French Agriculture Minister Bruno Le Maire. Ministers from both EU and Russia were scheduled to meet on 8 June over Russia's earlier decision to ban all its vegetable imports from the EU. On 8 June, the EU's "E. coli" O104:H4

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: Croatia, and Russia. The ban on EU vegetables was lifted on 10 June, but stiff safety measures remained in place. Many countries took restrictive action. Egypt was a focus of the epidemiological investigation because the fenugreek seeds were imported into Germany from Egypt. Egypt's Minister of Health Ashraf Hatem denied his nation had any patients infected with the new "E. coli" strain, due to the strict precautions brought in to test overseas tourists entering the country on 2 June. Responding to claims that Egyptian fenugreek seeds were the cause of the "E. coli" outbreak, Egyptian Minister of Agriculture Ayman Abu-Hadid

title: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

text: outbreak in Europe. German hospitals were nearly overwhelmed by the number of "E. coli" victims. A spokesman for the agriculture ministry in Lower Saxony, warned people on 5 June to stop eating local bean sprouts, as they had become the latest suspected cause of the "E. coli" outbreak. A farm in Bienenbuettel, Lower Saxony, was announced as the probable source, but on 6 June, officials said this could not be substantiated by tests. Of the 40 samples from the farm that were being examined, 23 had tested negative. But on 10 June, the head of the Robert Koch Institute confirmed

title: Escherichia coli

text: topography of gene structure. Prior to Benzer's research, it was not known whether the gene was a linear structure, or if it had a branching pattern. "E. coli" was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of "E. coli" K12 was published by "Science" in 1997. By evaluating the possible combination of nanotechnologies with landscape ecology, complex habitat landscapes can be generated with details at the nanoscale. On such synthetic ecosystems, evolutionary experiments with "E. coli" have been performed to study the spatial biophysics of adaptation in an island biogeography on-chip. Studies are also

title: Escherichia coli

text: plasmids which permit high level expression of protein, and such protein may be mass-produced in industrial fermentation processes. One of the first useful applications of recombinant DNA technology was the manipulation of "E. coli" to produce human insulin. Many proteins previously thought difficult or impossible to be expressed in "E. coli" in folded form have been successfully expressed in "E. coli". For example, proteins with multiple disulphide bonds may be produced in the periplasmic space or in the cytoplasm of mutants rendered sufficiently oxidizing to allow disulphide-bonds to form, while proteins requiring post-translational modification such as glycosylation for stability or

title: Escherichia coli

text: hemolytic uremic syndrome, however, healthy individuals of all ages are at risk to the severe consequences that may arise as a result of being infected with "E. coli". Some strains of "E. coli" for example O157:H7, can produce Shiga toxin (classified as a bioterrorism agent). This toxin causes premature destruction of the red blood cells, which then clog the body's filtering system, the kidneys, causing hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS).Unlike most "E. coli" that naturally live in the gut, the Shiga toxin that causes inflammatory responses in target cells of the gut (the lesions the toxin leaves behind are the reason why

title: Escherichia coli in molecular biology

text: post-translational modifications, including glycoproteins by using the N-linked glycosylation system of "Campylobacter jejuni" engineered into "E. coli". Efforts are currently under way to expand this technology to produce complex glycosylations. Studies are also being performed into programming "E. coli" to potentially solve complicated mathematics problems such as the Hamiltonian path problem. "E. coli" is frequently used as a model organism in microbiology studies. Cultivated strains (e.g. "E. coli" K-12) are well-adapted to the laboratory environment, and, unlike wild type strains, have lost their ability to thrive in the intestine. Many lab strains lose their ability to form biofilms. These features

title: Escherichia coli in molecular biology

text: in turn passed it to Jacques Bronfenbrenner (B. coli P.C.), who passed it to Delbrück and Luria. This strain gave rise to several other strains, such as REL606 and BL21. "E. coli" C is morphologically distinct from other "E. coli" strains; it is more spherical in shape and has a distinct distribution of its nucleoid. The W strain was isolated from the soil near Rutgers University by Selman Waksman. Because of its long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation, "E. coli" also plays an important role in modern biological engineering and industrial microbiology. The work of Stanley Norman

title: Escherichia coli O104:H4

text: genome of the O104:H4 outbreak strain. The O104:H4 strain is characterized by these genetic markers: The European Commission (EC) integrated approach to food safety defines a case of Shiga-like toxin-producing "E. coli" (STEC) diarrhea caused by O104:H4 by an acute onset of diarrhea or bloody diarrhea together with the detection of the Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or the Shiga gene "stx2". Prior to the 2011 outbreak, only one case identified as O104:H4 had been observed, in a woman in South Korea in 2005. "E. coli" O104 is a Shiga toxin–producing "E. coli" (STEC). The toxins cause illness and the associated