query: When was the first practical camera invented?

title: Camera

text: were provided to Daguerre as well as Niépce's son, Isidore. In the 1830s, the English scientist Henry Fox Talbot independently invented a process to fix camera images using silver salts. Although dismayed that Daguerre had beaten him to the announcement of photography, on January 31, 1839 he submitted a pamphlet to the Royal Institution entitled "Some Account of the Art of Photogenic Drawing", which was the first published description of photography. Within two years, Talbot developed a two-step process for creating photographs on paper, which he called calotypes. The calotyping process was the first to utilize negative prints, which reverse

title: History of the camera

text: to light necessary for viewing it. In the mid-1820s, Niépce used a sliding wooden box camera made by Parisian opticians Charles and Vincent Chevalier to experiment with photography on surfaces thinly coated with Bitumen of Judea. The bitumen slowly hardened in the brightest areas of the image. The unhardened bitumen was then dissolved away. One of those photographs has survived. After Niépce's death in 1833, his partner Louis Daguerre continued to experiment and by 1837 had created the first practical photographic process, which he named the daguerreotype and publicly unveiled in 1839. Daguerre treated a silver-plated sheet of copper with

title: Schmidt camera

text: Schmidt camera A Schmidt camera, also referred to as the Schmidt telescope, is a catadioptric astrophotographic telescope designed to provide wide fields of view with limited aberrations. The design was invented by Bernhard Schmidt in 1930. Some notable examples are the Samuel Oschin telescope (formerly Palomar Schmidt), the UK Schmidt Telescope and the ESO Schmidt; these provided the major source of all-sky photographic imaging from 1950 until 2000, when electronic detectors took over. A recent example is the Kepler spacecraft exoplanet finder. Other related designs are the Wright Camera and Lurie–Houghton telescope. The Schmidt camera was invented by German-Estonian optician

title: Invented (album)

text: think it's our best work so far. I have little complaints about it." On August 10, 2010, "My Best Theory" was released as a single, and released to radio on August 17. "Invented " was released on September 28 through Interscope Records. Upon release, "Invented" included four individual pictures, designed to look like instant camera photographs, outwith the album's standard CD artwork. "Coffee and Cigarettes" was released to radio on November 23. In May and June 2011, the group went on a headlining tour of the US. Following this, the group appeared at Glastonbury Festival in the UK. "Invented" received

title: Imago camera

text: Imago camera IMAGO is an analog, walk-in, large format photo camera. It creates life-size self-portraits of people on 62 x 200 cm photographic paper via direct exposure. Since a negative is not created, every image is unique and cannot be reprinted. The images are colloquially referred to as "Imago-grams." The only existing camera was built in the 1970's by German physicist Werner Kraus and artist Erhard Hößle. It is based on an optical system invented by Werner Kraus for scientific purposes. The camera was in museum storage from 1976 to 2006, when it was rediscovered and rebuilt by the inventor's

title: Invented here

text: employees. One quotation that sums up the philosophy of "Invented Here" is "Gee, it can't be worth much if someone local thought of it first." Invented here Invented here is an opposite of "not invented here" and occurs when management of an organisation is uncomfortable with innovation or development conducted in-house. Reasons this might be the case are varied, and range from a lack of confidence in the staff within the organisation to a desire to have a third party to blame in the event that a project fails. One effect of this version of "invented here" is that detailed

title: History of the camera

text: back to the factory for processing and reloading when the roll was finished. By the end of the 19th century Eastman had expanded his lineup to several models including both box and folding cameras. In 1900, Eastman took mass-market photography one step further with the Brownie, a simple and very inexpensive box camera that introduced the concept of the snapshot. The Brownie was extremely popular and various models remained on sale until the 1960s. Film also allowed the movie camera to develop from an expensive toy to a practical commercial tool. Despite the advances in low-cost photography made possible by

title: Camera stabilizer

text: operator Garrett Brown invented the Steadicam, a body-mounted stabilization apparatus for motion picture cameras, which uses springs as shock absorbers. In 1991, Martin Philip Stevens (born in England in 1963) invented a hand-held camera stabilizer for motion-picture and video cameras, called the "Glidecam". Some camera stabilization machines use gyroscopes to sense disruptive motion. The Artemis Trinity system from Arri combines a mechanical and electronic stabilization. Although a tripod can hold a camera stably, stationary platforms are not regarded as camera stabilizers. A camera shoulder brace stabilizes by shifting the weight of the camera to the operator's shoulder. This allows for

title: Instant camera

text: bodied but most came with an electronic flash. This was followed by other various plastic cameras based on spectra, captiva, and izone film. Polaroid also invented and manufactured an instant movie camera system was called Polavision. The kit included a camera, film, and a movie viewer. When the movie was shot, it would be taken out of the camera and then inserted into the viewer for development, then viewed after development. This format was close to Super 8 mm film. Polavision film was different from normal film in that it was an additive film, mixing the primary colors (red, green,

title: Land Camera

text: Land Camera Land Cameras are instant cameras with self-developing film named after their inventor, Edwin Land, who created them while working for Research Row in Boston, Massachusetts. They were manufactured by Polaroid between the years of 1947 and 1983. Though Polaroid continued producing instant cameras after 1983, the name 'Land' was dropped from the camera name since Edwin Land retired in 1982. The first commercially available model was the "Polaroid Land Camera Model 95", which produced prints in about 1 minute, was first sold to the public on November 28, 1948. The process, invented by Polaroid founder Edwin Land, was

title: History of the camera

text: was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was envisioned by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before such an application was possible. The first partially successful photograph of a camera image was made in approximately 1816 by Nicéphore Niépce, using a very small camera of his own making and a piece of paper coated with silver chloride, which darkened where it was exposed to light. No means of removing the remaining unaffected silver chloride was known to Niépce, so the photograph was not permanent, eventually becoming entirely darkened by the overall exposure

title: Camera eats first

text: together and enhance intimacy—is lost. The 'Camera Eats First" behavior may result in worsening relationships and weakening connection with others in contrast with the positive effect mentioned. Camera eats first ‘Camera Eats First’ is the behavior and global phenomenon of people taking photos of their meals with digital or smartphone cameras before they eat, mostly followed by uploading the photos to the social media. The term refers to how people feed their cameras first by taking photos of their food before feeding themselves. It derives from professional food photography while the behavior of the ‘Camera Eats First’ is generally for

title: History of the camera

text: finally made so-called "instantaneous" snapshot exposures practical. For the first time, a tripod or other support was no longer an absolute necessity. With daylight and a fast plate or film, a small camera could be hand-held while taking the picture. The ranks of amateur photographers swelled and informal "candid" portraits became popular. There was a proliferation of camera designs, from single- and twin-lens reflexes to large and bulky field cameras, simple box cameras, and even "detective cameras" disguised as pocket watches, hats, or other objects. The short exposure times that made candid photography possible also necessitated another innovation, the mechanical

title: History of the single-lens reflex camera

text: advent of digital point-and-shoot cameras in 1990s through the 2010s with LCD viewfinder displays reduced the appeal of the SLR for the low end of the market. The mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera is increasingly challenging the mid price range market. But the SLR remains the camera design of choice for most professional and ambitious amateur photographers. The photographic single-lens reflex camera (SLR) was invented in 1861 by Thomas Sutton, a photography author and camera inventor who ran a photography related company together with Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard on Jersey. Only a few of his SLR's were made. The first production SLR with

title: Apostolic Camera

text: duties of the Apostolic Camera. The Camerarius ("camerlengo, chamberlain") became one of the highest officers in the government of the Papal States, until the beginning of the 19th century, when new methods of administration called for other officials. In 1870 what remained of the Papal States was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy and ceased to exist, replaced by the diminutive Vatican City: the Apostolic Camera ceased almost entirely to exercise any practical influence on the papal administration, and the income of the papal treasury since chiefly derived from Peter's-pence and other donations contributed by the faithful, the Camera lost

title: Digital camera

text: information about the astronauts' position. As with Texas Instruments employee Willis Adcock's filmless camera (US patent 4,057,830) in 1972, the technology had yet to catch up with the concept. The Cromemco Cyclops was an all-digital camera introduced as a commercial product in 1975. Its design was published as a hobbyist construction project in the February 1975 issue of "Popular Electronics" magazine, and it used a 32×32 Metal Oxide Semiconductor sensor. Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak, invented and built the first self-contained electronic camera that used a charge-coupled device image sensor in 1975. Early uses were mainly military and

title: Camera eats first

text: Camera eats first ‘Camera Eats First’ is the behavior and global phenomenon of people taking photos of their meals with digital or smartphone cameras before they eat, mostly followed by uploading the photos to the social media. The term refers to how people feed their cameras first by taking photos of their food before feeding themselves. It derives from professional food photography while the behavior of the ‘Camera Eats First’ is generally for personal use such as keeping photographic food diaries instead of commercial purposes. It can also be referred as online food photography, food porn and photogenic food. One

title: Excelsior Wet Plate Camera

text: it into a sort of cupboard was thought novel. Excelsior Wet Plate Camera The Excelsior Wet Plate Camera is a type of wet plate camera invented by August Semmendinger, one of the first manufacturers of wet plate photography. Excelsior cameras were manufactured in both New York City and Fort Lee, New Jersey starting in 1859. August Semmendinger began to manufacture cameras in 1859 in New York City at Nos. 410 & 412 West 16th Street under the business name "A. Semmendinger & Sons". He was one of the first major manufacturers of wet plate cameras, a type of photography that

title: Excelsior Wet Plate Camera

text: Excelsior Wet Plate Camera The Excelsior Wet Plate Camera is a type of wet plate camera invented by August Semmendinger, one of the first manufacturers of wet plate photography. Excelsior cameras were manufactured in both New York City and Fort Lee, New Jersey starting in 1859. August Semmendinger began to manufacture cameras in 1859 in New York City at Nos. 410 & 412 West 16th Street under the business name "A. Semmendinger & Sons". He was one of the first major manufacturers of wet plate cameras, a type of photography that was discovered eight years prior in 1851 by Frederick

title: Pinhole camera model

text: Pinhole camera model The pinhole camera model describes the mathematical relationship between the coordinates of a point in three-dimensional space and its projection onto the image plane of an "ideal" pinhole camera, where the camera aperture is described as a point and no lenses are used to focus light. The model does not include, for example, geometric distortions or blurring of unfocused objects caused by lenses and finite sized apertures. It also does not take into account that most practical cameras have only discrete image coordinates. This means that the pinhole camera model can only be used as a first

title: Hand-held camera

text: very practical to simultaneously support, aim, and crank by hand, yet they were sometimes used in that way by pioneering filmmakers. In the 1890s, brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière developed the fairly compact Cinematograph which could be mounted on a tripod or carried by the cameraman, and it also served as the film projector. In 1908 with a hand-held Lumière camera, Wilbur Wright was filmed flying his aircraft on the outskirts of Paris. Thomas Edison developed a portable film camera in 1896. Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński first demonstrated a hand-held film camera in 1898 but it was not reliable. From

title: Camera eats first

text: something is missing from the savoring experience. The 'Camera Eats First' behavior was banned in some French restaurants, as diners may infringe upon chefs' intellectual property. Some French chefs criticized that this behavior would ruin the surprise of future diners, as they might have seen the photos of dishes shared on the internet before coming to the restaurant. Diners posting the photos on social media may give rise to intellectual property disputes about other chefs copying the ideas and presentation of the plates, which are the creative elements contributed by the original chefs. The "Camera Eats First" behavior may be

title: Multiplane camera

text: the entire scene was shot using a horizontal camera. The Tabletop process was used to create distinctive results in Fleischer's "Betty Boop", "Popeye the Sailor", and "Color Classics" cartoons. The most famous multiplane camera was invented by William Garity for the Walt Disney Studios to be used in the production of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". The camera was completed in early 1937 and tested in a "Silly Symphony" called "The Old Mill", which won the 1937 Academy Award for Animated Short Film. Disney's multiplane camera, which used up to seven layers of artwork (painted in oils on glass)

title: Projector camera systems

text: workspace between users with overlapping video technique which was invented by the researcher John Tang in Xerox PARC, 1991. Digital Desk and Double Digital Desk was the first prototypes of pro-cam systems developed by Xerox Research Center Europe. ShareTable was the first prototype which is deployed in the field and tested with real users created by Lana Yarosh et al. at 2009. Microsoft Research has introduced the IllumiShare system which was an application of pro-cam systems at 2012. HP Inc. created a consumer pro-cam product named Sprout and released to market at the end of 2014. Projector camera systems Projector-camera

title: Digital single-lens reflex camera

text: rapid development of digital photography. For their contribution to digital photography Boyle and Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009. In 1975 Kodak engineer Steven Sasson invented the first digital still camera, which used a Fairchild 100×100 pixel CCD. On August 25, 1981 Sony unveiled a prototype of the Sony Mavica. This camera was an analog electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and a SLR viewfinder. In 1986, the Kodak Microelectronics Technology Division developed a 1.3 MP CCD image sensor, the first with more than 1 million pixels. In 1987, this sensor was integrated with a Canon

title: Invented here

text: Invented here Invented here is an opposite of "not invented here" and occurs when management of an organisation is uncomfortable with innovation or development conducted in-house. Reasons this might be the case are varied, and range from a lack of confidence in the staff within the organisation to a desire to have a third party to blame in the event that a project fails. One effect of this version of "invented here" is that detailed knowledge of the innovation or development never passes to permanent employees, resulting in recurring additional expenditure and a lack of goodwill and bankable experience by

title: Leica Camera

text: landscape photography, particularly during mountain hikes, the Leica was the first practical 35 mm camera that used standard cinema 35 mm film. The Leica transports the film horizontally, extending the frame size to 24×36mm with a 2:3 aspect ratio, instead of the 18×24 mm of cinema cameras, which transport the film vertically. The Leica had several model iterations, and in 1923, Barnack convinced his boss, Ernst Leitz II, to make a preproduction series of 31 cameras for the factory and outside photographers to test. Though the prototypes received mixed reception, Ernst Leitz decided in 1924 to produce the camera. It

title: Movie camera

text: powered by an electric motor and was capable of shooting with the new sprocketed film. To govern the intermittent movement of the film in the camera, allowing the strip to stop long enough so each frame could be fully exposed and then advancing it quickly (in about 1/460 of a second) to the next frame, the sprocket wheel that engaged the strip was driven by an escapement disc mechanism—the first practical system for the high-speed stop-and-go film movement that would be the foundation for the next century of cinematography. The Lumière Domitor camera, owned by brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière,

title: TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes

text: the vein of "Candid Camera", which were dropped from the series during the time of the NBC specials, have been reintroduced. During the show's original two-year run on NBC, it sparked a number of imitators on other networks, most notably the ABC series "Foul-ups, Bleeps & Blunders". That show aired bloopers from "" for the first time on American network television. ABC's ersatz series never matched the ratings of the original, however. After "Bloopers" left NBC, the network launched its own similar series, "Most Outrageous Moments", which lasted until 2009. TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes

title: Camera eats first

text: reason for the rise of ‘Camera Eats First’ is the rise of digital convenience. The global participation in social media is on continual surge with the advancement in technology and commonness of digital devices that serve as mediums for social media. The veteran food photographer of The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and Saveur magazine Dave Hagerman mentioned that Instagram, contains the most examples of ‘Camera Eats First’ photos. This platform provides a way for people to share and indulge in their common obsession of food globally, thus encouraging taking pictures of food for personal use. More importantly,

title: History of the camera

text: Kwanon prototype. Japanese cameras would begin to become popular in the West after Korean War veterans and soldiers stationed in Japan brought them back to the United States and elsewhere. The first practical reflex camera was the Franke & Heidecke Rolleiflex medium format TLR of 1928. Though both single- and twin-lens reflex cameras had been available for decades, they were too bulky to achieve much popularity. The Rolleiflex, however, was sufficiently compact to achieve widespread popularity and the medium-format TLR design became popular for both high- and low-end cameras. A similar revolution in SLR design began in 1933 with the

title: Brownie (camera)

text: Brownie (camera) The Brownie was a long-running popular series of simple and inexpensive cameras made by Eastman Kodak. Introduced in 1900, it introduced the snapshot to the masses. It was a basic cardboard box camera with a simple meniscus lens that took 2 1/4-inch square pictures on 117 roll film. It was conceived and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films. Because of its simple controls and initial price of $1 () along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, The Brownie camera surpassed its marketing goal. It was invented by Frank A. Brownell. The name comes

title: Candid Camera

text: stupid, and we’re going to find ways to underscore that. In 1964, Cornell University's Department of Psychology asked for and received permission to maintain an archive of "Candid Camera" and "Candid Microphone" episodes for educational research and study purposes. Candid Camera Candid Camera was a popular and long running American hidden camera reality television series. Versions of the show appeared on television from 1948 until 2014. Originally created and produced by Allen Funt, it often featured practical jokes, and initially began on radio as The Candid Microphone on June 28, 1947. After a series of theatrical film shorts, also titled

title: Multiplane camera

text: layers of flat artwork before a horizontal camera, was invented by former Walt Disney Studios animator/director Ub Iwerks in 1933, using parts from an old Chevrolet automobile. His multiplane camera was used in a number of the Iwerks Studio's "Willie Whopper" and "Comicolor" cartoons of the mid-1930s. The technicians at Fleischer Studios created a distantly related device, called the "Stereoptical Camera" or "Setback", in 1934. Their apparatus used three-dimensional miniature sets built to the scale of the animation artwork. The animation cels were placed within the setup so that various objects could pass in front of and behind them, and

title: When I Was Young (song)

text: Named Sandoz" is named after the drug company that invented LSD. Later it was used for a German TV commercial. In the early 1980s Burdon began to mention many stars who died at the end of the song. When I Was Young (song) "When I Was Young" is a song with a countercultural theme released in early 1967 by Eric Burdon, with The Animals and was written by five of the band members Eric Burdon (vocals), Barry Jenkins (drums), John Weider (guitar/violin), Vic Briggs (guitar), and Danny McCulloch (bass). It charted in Australia peaking No. 2 and stayed 4 weeks

title: Pinhole camera

text: Pinhole camera A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a tiny aperture, a "pinhole" – effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, which is known as the camera obscura effect. The camera obscura or pinhole image is a natural optical phenomenon. Early known descriptions are found in the Chinese Mozi writings (circa 500 BC) and the Aristotelian "Problems" (circa 300 BC – 600 AD). A practical demonstration of the pinhole effect

title: The Practical Pig

text: of the resourceful. When interrogated by Practical about the whereabouts of his brothers, the Wolf first claims to have never heard of the two, and the lie detector goes into action; a needle on the machine's indicator points to "lie", two steam whistles blow in the manner of a wolf-whistle to signify the claim as such and the machine washes the Wolf's mouth out with soap. Then the Wolf claims to have not seen the two pigs, and gets a spanking from the lie detector. Lastly, he tries to fool the machine into thinking he and Practical are "pals" but

title: Shaky camera

text: In 1981, the "shaky cam" style was named, and given new energy. In the film "The Evil Dead", director Sam Raimi ordered Tim Philo, his cinematographer, to bolt a camera to a two-by-four-inch piece of lumber, 22 inches long, and have two strong grips hold it and run down a city block, bumping over fallen bodies, following a female character, after which the camera was swung roughly around to go the other way. Another shaky camera effect invented on that film was one the crew called "Blank-O-Cam", where the cameraman would lie on a blanket and be carried in it

title: Erich Kästner (camera designer)

text: He died in Penzberg. Erich Kästner (camera designer) Erich Kurt Kästner (5 April 1911 – 31 January 2005) was a German movie camera designer. He was born in Jena. During his work for ARRI, he invented the spinning mirror reflex shutter for film cameras, which was first used in the Arriflex 35 in 1937. It allows the operator to have a viewfinder image equal to the recorded picture. Kästner received a Gordon E. Sawyer Award in 1992 and an Oscar in 1973 (Class II technical award [plaque]) and 1982 (Academy Award of Merit [statuette]). In 1994 he won the Bavarian

title: Erich Kästner (camera designer)

text: Erich Kästner (camera designer) Erich Kurt Kästner (5 April 1911 – 31 January 2005) was a German movie camera designer. He was born in Jena. During his work for ARRI, he invented the spinning mirror reflex shutter for film cameras, which was first used in the Arriflex 35 in 1937. It allows the operator to have a viewfinder image equal to the recorded picture. Kästner received a Gordon E. Sawyer Award in 1992 and an Oscar in 1973 (Class II technical award [plaque]) and 1982 (Academy Award of Merit [statuette]). In 1994 he won the Bavarian Film Awards Honorary Award

title: Candid Camera

text: Candid Camera Candid Camera was a popular and long running American hidden camera reality television series. Versions of the show appeared on television from 1948 until 2014. Originally created and produced by Allen Funt, it often featured practical jokes, and initially began on radio as The Candid Microphone on June 28, 1947. After a series of theatrical film shorts, also titled "Candid Microphone", Funt's concept came to television on August 10, 1948, and continued into the 1970s. Aside from occasional specials in the 1980s and 1990s, the show was off air until making a comeback on CBS in 1996, before

title: Thermographic camera

text: This was soon outdone by the first true IR iceberg detector, which did not use thermopiles, patented in 1914 by R.D. Parker. This was followed up by G.A. Barker’s proposal to use the IR system to detect forest fires in 1934. The technique was not truly industrialized until it was used in the analysis of heating uniformity in hot steel strips in 1935. In 1929, Hungarian physicist Kálmán Tihanyi invented the infrared-sensitive (night vision) electronic television camera for anti-aircraft defense in Britain. The first thermographic cameras developed were infrared line scanners. This was created by the US military and Texas

title: Miller Camera Support Equipment

text: Miller Camera Support Equipment Miller Camera Support Equipment is the commercial name of R. E. Miller Pty Ltd, an independent Australian manufacturer of tripods, fluid heads and various accessories for professional camera systems (dollies, spreaders and other camera supports such as monopods and pedestal systems). The company supplies ENG/EFP equipment to broadcast and government. Miller is also the distributor of Lowel lighting equipment in Australia. Robert Eric Miller, an Australian engineer from Sydney, invented the fluid head for motion picture cameras for which he was granted an Australian patent in 1946 and US patent in 1949. He founded Miller Camera

title: Camera Lucida (book)

text: its tendency to naturalise what are in fact invented and highly structured meanings. His examples deal with press photographs and advertising, which make good use of this property (or bad use of it, as the case may be). Published two months prior to his death in 1980, "Camera Lucida" is Barthes' first and only book devoted to photography. By now his tactics in writing, always shifting and complex, favouring the dialectical to the morally or politically 'committed' (Sartre), had once again changed. If sentimentality can be seen as a tactic in the late career of Roland Barthes, then "Camera Lucida"

title: Movie camera

text: was created by Charles Moisson, the chief mechanic at the Lumière works in Lyon in 1894. The camera used paper film 35 millimeters wide, but in 1895, the Lumière brothers shifted to celluloid film, which they bought from New-York’s Celluloid Manufacturing Co. This they covered with their own Etiquette-bleue emulsion, had it cut into strips and perforated. In 1894, the Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński constructed a projector and camera in one, an invention he called the Pleograph. Due to the work of Le Prince, Friese-Greene, Edison, and the Lumière brothers, the movie camera had become a practical reality by the

title: Leme panoramic camera

text: a process that went on for some years. On April 23, 1962 the patent was awarded under No. 61.472. About 20 years after the patent was awarded, a similar system appeared in the United States, but without the internal device mentioned above. The camera remained out of use for 15 years. At the end of 1997, it was taken up again, improved, and put to use once more. Leme panoramic camera The Leme panoramic camera was invented by Sebastião Carvalho Leme (1918-2007), a photographer living in Marília, São Paulo, Brazil. In 1957, an entrepreneur requested a picture of his buildings,

title: Hand-held camera

text: André Debrie in 1908. Though expensive, it slowly built in popularity from about 1915. By the mid-1920s it was, in sheer numbers, the most-used film camera of any kind. The problem of hand-cranking and supporting the camera, and simultaneously aiming and focusing it, was difficult to solve. A variety of automatic cranking systems were developed to free one of the cameraman's hands. Various cameras were invented which replaced the hand crank with an electric motor, or with a mainspring and gears, or with gears driven by compressed air. The Aeroscope was a compressed air camera designed by Prószyński, one that

title: We Invented the Remix

text: album on sale or at a comparable price it's just not a good investment. The only thing P. Diddy "Invented" here was a mediocre album." We Invented the Remix We Invented the Remix is a remix album by P. Diddy and The Bad Boy Family, released on May 14, 2002. It features remixes of hit singles by artists from P. Diddy's Bad Boy Records record label. The album reached number one of the U.S. "Billboard" 200 albums chart for a week and was later certified Platinum for shipments of over one million copies. The album also reached number 17 on

title: The Practical Pig

text: not to eat until he captures Practical. They tell him that they'll wait until he returns with Practical, but as soon as he leaves, they prepare to bake Fiddler and Fifer into a pie. The Wolf's messenger boy disguise is seen through when he blows the fake letter under Practical's door. Realizing his brothers have been captured, Practical sees an excellent chance to try out his new invention. The welcome mat then drops in beneath the Wolf's feet, and he falls into a pit below. He is next seen strapped into a chair in Practical's house, helpless against the technology

title: Movie camera

text: the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion. Since the 2010s, film-based movie cameras have been largely (but not completely) replaced by digital movie cameras. An interesting forerunner to the movie camera was the machine invented by Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory in 1845. A photosensitive surface was drawn slowly past the aperture diaphragm of the camera by a clockwork mechanism to enable continuous recording over a 12- or 24-hour period. Ronalds applied his cameras to trace the ongoing variations of scientific instruments and they were used in observatories around the world for over a century. In 1876,

text: 1939, Kamerawerk Niedersedlitz Dresden presented the Praktiflex at the Leipzig spring fair. The camera was a waist type with an M40x1 screw mount and a horizontal cloth focal shutter. This camera is the pattern for most of the 35 mm SLR cameras, and also the Japanese and the digital SLR cameras today. After the war, Praktiflex was the most manufactured 35 mm SLR in Dresden, especially for the Russians as reparations. KW changed to the M42 screw mount invented at Zeiss for Contax S. In 1949, it was redesigned with longer shutter speeds. The name was changed to Praktica. In

title: Imago camera

text: daughter, artist Susanna Kraus. In 1970, physicist Werner Kraus was commissioned to photographically document the Daimler-Benz Wankel engine’s combustion cycle. For this purpose, he invented a photo-optical system which captured images on a 1:1 scale. Later, based on the same system, Kraus, together with the artist and sculptor Erhard Hößle, built the IMAGO Camera. The camera and its photographs were exhibited in Munich during the Fluxes-movement. It operated for several years, but was archived in 1978 due to cessation of production of the photographic paper, which was essential for its operation. It was later stored in the archive of the

title: Apostolic Camera

text: its practical importance as a board of finance, for the revenue known as Peter's-pence is managed by a special commission. The officials who since constituted the camera — the cardinal-camerlengo, the vice-camerlengo, the auditor, the general treasurer (an office unoccupied since 1870) and seven cameral clerics — hold in reality quasi-honorary offices. The Apostolic Camera must be distinguished from the treasury or camera of the College of Cardinals, presided over by the cardinal-camerlengo ("Camerarius Sacri Collegii Cardinalium"). It had charge of the common revenues of the College of Cardinals, and appears among the curial institutions after the close of the

title: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)

text: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same name by Les Standiford. It stars Dan Stevens, Christopher Plummer, and Jonathan Pryce. The plot follows Charles Dickens (Stevens) at the time when he wrote "A Christmas Carol", and how Dickens' fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge (Plummer) was influenced by his real-life father, John Dickens (Pryce). It was released by Bleecker Street in the United States on 22 November 2017 and in the United Kingdom on 1 December

title: Digital single-lens reflex camera

text: which uses Nikon F-mount lenses. This camera, in addition to having live preview, has the ability to record in the infrared and ultraviolet spectra of light. In August 2010 Sony released series of DSLRs allowing 3D photography. It was accomplished by sweeping the camera horizontally or vertically in Sweep Panorama 3D mode. The picture could be saved as ultra-wide panoramic image or as 3D photography to be viewed on BRAVIA 3D television set. In 1969 Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invented the first successful imaging technology using a digital sensor, a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device). CCD would allow the

title: Schmidt camera

text: optical axis of the Schmidt design creates a Schmidt-Newtonian telescope. The addition of a convex secondary mirror to the Schmidt design directing light through a hole in the primary mirror creates a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. The last two designs are popular with telescope manufacturers because they are compact and use simple spherical optics. A short list of notable and/or large aperture Schmidt cameras. Schmidt camera A Schmidt camera, also referred to as the Schmidt telescope, is a catadioptric astrophotographic telescope designed to provide wide fields of view with limited aberrations. The design was invented by Bernhard Schmidt in 1930. Some notable

title: Traffic enforcement camera

text: timestamps enabled the speed to be calculated, and the photo enabled identification of the driver. The Dutch company "Gatsometer BV", which was founded in 1958 by rally driver Maurice Gatsonides, produced the 'Gatsometer'. Gatsonides wished to better monitor his average speed on a race track and invented the device in order to improve his lap times. The company later started supplying these devices as police speed enforcement tools. The first systems introduced in the late 1960s used film cameras to take their pictures. Gatsometer introduced the first red light camera in 1965, the first radar for use with road traffic

title: Disposable camera

text: with missing photo opportunities, H. M. Stiles had invented a way to enclose 35mm film in an inexpensive enclosure without the expensive precision film transport mechanism. It cost $1.29. Though incredibly similar to the familiar single-use cameras today, Photo-Pac failed to make a permanent impression on the market. In 1966, a French company called FEX introduced a disposable bakelite camera called "Photo Pack Matic", featuring 12 photos (4×4 cm). The currently familiar disposable camera was developed by Fujifilm in 1986. Their "Utsurun-Desu" ("It takes pictures") or QuickSnap line used 35 mm film, while Eastman Kodak's 1987 Fling was based on

title: I Invented Sex

text: I Invented Sex "I Invented Sex" is a song by American R&B singer Trey Songz, and features Canadian recording artist Drake. Together, they wrote the song alongside Tony Scales and its producer, Los Da Mystro. It was released to urban airplay as the third single from Songz's third studio album "Ready" on October 13, 2009. The song features a sensual message, accompanied by heavy percussion. "I Invented Sex" received positive reviews, and reached number forty-two on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and became Songz's first song to top the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Its official remix features fellow R&B singers Keri

title: The Practical Theatre Company

text: earning the group its first of many Joseph Jefferson awards. The turning point that third season came when the prominent director Sheldon Patinkin came to the JLA to judge the group’s third improvisational comedy revue "Scubba Hey" for the Joseph Jefferson Committee. Patinkin's involvement with The Practical Theatre helped to accelerate the young company's development, artistically and from a business standpoint. "Scubba Hey" featured Barrosse, Hall, Pearson and Louis-Dreyfus, whom Barrosse and Pearson met when they performed together in the 1980 Mee-Ow Show at Northwestern. "Scubba Hey" was a critical and box office hit, and the group closed its first

title: Schmidt camera

text: follow satellites in the sky – were used by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to track artificial satellites from the late 1950s to mid-1970s. The Mersenne-Schmidt camera consists of a concave paraboloidal primary mirror, a convex spherical secondary mirror, and a concave spherical tertiary mirror. The first two mirrors (a Mersenne configuration) perform the same function of the correcting plate of the conventional Schmidt. This form was invented by Paul in 1935 A later paper by Baker introduced the Paul-Baker design, a similar configuration but with a flat focal plane. The addition of a flat secondary mirror at 45° to the

title: Camera

text: the exposure of the photographic medium and instantly returns after the exposure. No SLR camera before 1954 had this feature, although the mirror on some early SLR cameras was entirely operated by the force exerted on the shutter release and only returned when the finger pressure was released. The Asahiflex II, released by Japanese company Asahi (Pentax) in 1954, was the world's first SLR camera with an instant return mirror. The first camera using digital electronics to capture and store images was developed by Kodak engineer Steven Sasson in 1975. He used a charge-coupled device (CCD) provided by Fairchild Semiconductor,

title: Video camera tube

text: the first practical version of a fully electronic imaging device for television. Unfortunately, it had very poor light sensitivity, and was therefore primarily useful only where illumination was exceptionally high (typically over 685 cd/m²). However, it was ideal for industrial applications, such as monitoring the bright interior of an industrial furnace. Due to their poor light sensitivity, image dissectors were rarely used in television broadcasting, except to scan film and other transparencies. In April 1933, Farnsworth submitted a patent application also entitled "Image Dissector", but which actually detailed a CRT-type camera tube. This is among the first patents to propose

title: Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry camera

text: The camera has been used for studies in chemical reaction dynamics, imaging mass spectrometry, and neutron time-of-flight imaging. Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry camera The Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry camera (PImMS) is an ultrafast imaging sensor designed for time-of-flight particle imaging. It was invented by professors of chemistry at the University of Oxford, Mark Brouard and Claire Vallance., Renato Turchetta from IMASENIC (formerly at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), and Andrei Nomerotski from Brookhaven National Labs (formerly at the Department of Physics, University of Oxford). The camera and accompanying software have been further developed by Iain Sedgwick (STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory),

title: Practical Computing

text: Practical Computing Practical Computing was a UK computer magazine published . The magazine was published by IPC Electrical Electronic Press Ltd. The first edition was released in August 1978 as a special computer show edition, and the second issue was October 1978. The magazine carried on to 1987 when it merged with "Business Computing". In September 1989, it was renamed "Management Computing". It provided in-depth reviews and previews of the latest hardware and software for the information technology enthusiasts and professionals, initially providing a mix of articles aimed at hobbyists and at small business people, later focusing its attention increasingly

title: Camera obscura

text: so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms. The term "camera obscura" also refers to constructions or devices that make use of the principle within a box, tent or room. Camerae obscurae with a lens in the opening have been used since the second half of the 16th century and became popular as an aid for drawing and painting. The camera obscura box was developed further into the photographic camera in the first half of the 19th century when camera obscura boxes were used to expose light-sensitive materials to the projected image. The camera obscura was used

title: History of the camera

text: in 1948. This was the Polaroid Model 95, the world's first viable instant-picture camera. Known as a Land Camera after its inventor, Edwin Land, the Model 95 used a patented chemical process to produce finished positive prints from the exposed negatives in under a minute. The Land Camera caught on despite its relatively high price and the Polaroid lineup had expanded to dozens of models by the 1960s. The first Polaroid camera aimed at the popular market, the Model 20 Swinger of 1965, was a huge success and remains one of the top-selling cameras of all time. The first camera

title: History of the camera

text: keep the data in memory. This camera was never marketed to the public. The first digital camera of any kind ever sold commercially was possibly the MegaVision Tessera in 1987 though there is not extensive documentation of its sale known. The first "portable" digital camera that was actually marketed commercially was sold in December 1989 in Japan, the DS-X by Fuji The first commercially available portable digital camera in the United States was the Dycam Model 1, first shipped in November 1990. It was originally a commercial failure because it was black and white, low in resolution, and cost nearly

title: Invented (album)

text: during its opening week, and debuted at number five on the "Billboard" Rock Albums chart and number eleven on the "Billboard" 200. All songs written and composed by Jimmy Eat World. The following personnel contributed to "Invented": Invented (album) Invented is the seventh studio album by American rock band Jimmy Eat World, released on September 28, 2010 through Interscope Records. Recorded primarily at the band's home-based studio, the album was co-produced by Mark Trombino, who had previously worked on the band's earlier material; "Static Prevails" (1996), "Clarity" (1999) and "Bleed American" (2001). The album was preceded by the single "My

title: Camera Mainichi

text: Camera Mainichi As in most mass-market photography magazines, much of the editorial content of "Camera Mainichi" was devoted to news and reviews of cameras, lenses, and other equipment. But from the start it found space for first-rate and unconventional photography, and especially during the period 1963–78 when it was edited by Shōji Yamagishi it seemed more adventurous than its major rivals "Asahi Camera" and "Nippon Camera" (which both survived it). After Yamagishi left, it devoted more space to fashion and mildly erotic photography. "Camera Mainichi" was based in Tokyo. The last editor of the magazine was Kazuo Nishii. The magazine

title: Leme panoramic camera

text: Leme panoramic camera The Leme panoramic camera was invented by Sebastião Carvalho Leme (1918-2007), a photographer living in Marília, São Paulo, Brazil. In 1957, an entrepreneur requested a picture of his buildings, which stood at three of the corners of a street-crossing, and he wanted to show the group of buildings in one single photo, which would have to cover 360°. Using a Rolleiflex with a panoramic head, ten negatives were taken that, enlarged and mounted, resulted in a 360° photo. Leme then addressed the challenge of taking a 360° photo in a single negative. The demonstration of his eventual

title: Practical Mechanics

text: home, for example a Geiger counter, or an aeroplane for £25 (not including the cost of an engine). The early issues were in black and white. The magazine began printing in color at an unknown date. "Practical Mechanics" was one of a number of DIY British publications, including "Practical Householder", "Practical Motorist", and "Practical Wireless", also founded by Frederick J. Camm. Practical Mechanics Practical Mechanics was a monthly British magazine devoted mostly to home mechanics and technology. It was first published by George Newnes, Ltd., in October 1933, and ran for 352 issues until the magazine's termination in August 1963.

title: Video camera tube

text: side. This configurations allows the use of a straight camera tube, because the scene to be transmitted, the charge storage plate, and the electron gun can be aligned one after the other. The first fully functional low-velocity scanning beam tube, the CPS Emitron, was invented and demonstrated by the EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg. In 1934, the EMI engineers Blumlein and McGee filed for patents for "television transmitting systems" where a charge storage plate was shielded by a pair of special grids, a negative (or slightly positive) grid lay very close to the plate, and a positive

title: We Invented the Remix

text: We Invented the Remix We Invented the Remix is a remix album by P. Diddy and The Bad Boy Family, released on May 14, 2002. It features remixes of hit singles by artists from P. Diddy's Bad Boy Records record label. The album reached number one of the U.S. "Billboard" 200 albums chart for a week and was later certified Platinum for shipments of over one million copies. The album also reached number 17 on the UK Albums Chart. The album featured the hit singles "I Need a Girl (Part 1)", which reached number two in the U.S., and "I

title: When Was the Last Time

text: When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. "If I Told You" was released as the album's lead single on July 5, 2016. It reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart dated June 24, 2017, becoming his first No. 1 since "Wagon Wheel" in 2013. The album's second single, "For the First Time," was released on July 24, 2017. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Country

title: Leica Camera

text: Leica Camera Leica Camera AG is a German company that manufactures cameras, lenses, binoculars, rifle scopes and ophthalmic lenses. The company was founded by Ernst Leitz in 1914. The name Leica is derived from the first three letters of his surname (Leitz) and the first two of the word camera: lei-ca. Leica Camera AG is 45% owned by The Blackstone Group which licenses the Leica brand name from the independently-owned Leica Microsystems GmbH. From the year 1907 to the 1950s, the buildings that formed Leica factory were built on Ernst Leitz Street (Wetzlar) and remained until 1986, when the factory

title: Digital camera back

text: and as long as 17 hours in extremely cold situations can remain noise-free on a digital camera back. In practice a 30-second exposure on a Sinar 75 evolution with a built-in fan-assisted Peltier-cooled CCD represents the state of the art for practical purposes. The resolution of digital camera backs (in 2017, up to 101 megapixels, IQ3 100) is higher than any fixed sensor digital camera (in 2017, up to 51 megapixels, Hasselblad X1D). and captures more detail per pixel due to the omission of an anti-aliasing filter. Each pixel is also able to capture more dynamic range due to higher

title: The Practical Joker

text: computer starts playing practical jokes on the crew. On stardate 3183.3, The Federation starship "Enterprise" is attacked by three Romulan D-7 class battlecruisers. Captain Kirk orders the ship into a nearby gaseous energy field to hide, knowing that the Romulans would be unwilling to follow in after them. Sometime later, the crew begin to suffer a series of practical jokes, beginning with glasses leaking and utensils turning to rubber, a uniform tunic for the captain with "Kirk is a Jerk" emblazoned on the back, and a mysterious optical device on the bridge science station which when looked into leaves blackened

title: The Practical Joker

text: The Practical Joker "The Practical Joker" is the third episode of the of the American animated science fiction television series "", the 19th episode overall. It first aired in the NBC Saturday morning lineup on September 21, 1974, and was written by American television writers Chuck Menville and Len Janson who together also wrote the episode "Once Upon a Planet". Set in the 23rd century, the series follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (voiced by William Shatner) and the crew of the Starfleet starship "Enterprise". In this episode, after the "Enterprise" passes through an unusual cloud the ship's

title: History of the camera

text: include high resolution digital cameras. Notes History of the camera The history of the camera can be traced much further back than the introduction of photography. Cameras evolved from the camera obscura, and continued to change through many generations of photographic technology, including daguerreotypes, calotypes, dry plates, film, and to the modern day with digital cameras. The forerunner to the photographic camera was the "camera obscura". Camera obscura (Latin for "dark room") is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through

title: History of the camera

text: History of the camera The history of the camera can be traced much further back than the introduction of photography. Cameras evolved from the camera obscura, and continued to change through many generations of photographic technology, including daguerreotypes, calotypes, dry plates, film, and to the modern day with digital cameras. The forerunner to the photographic camera was the "camera obscura". Camera obscura (Latin for "dark room") is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen

title: Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry camera

text: Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry camera The Pixel Imaging Mass Spectrometry camera (PImMS) is an ultrafast imaging sensor designed for time-of-flight particle imaging. It was invented by professors of chemistry at the University of Oxford, Mark Brouard and Claire Vallance., Renato Turchetta from IMASENIC (formerly at the STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), and Andrei Nomerotski from Brookhaven National Labs (formerly at the Department of Physics, University of Oxford). The camera and accompanying software have been further developed by Iain Sedgwick (STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory), Jaya John John (Department of Physics, University of Oxford), and Jason Lee (Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford).

title: Apollo TV camera

text: operations. In the 1940s, CBS Laboratories invented an early color system that utilized a wheel, containing six color filters, rotated in front of a single video camera tube to generate the RGB signal. Called a field-sequential color system, it used interlaced video, with sequentially alternating color video fields to produce one complete video frame. That meant that the first field would be red, the second blue, and the third field green – matching the color filters on the wheel and also in a different order than NTSC. This system was both simpler and more reliable than a standard three-tube color

title: High-speed camera

text: decay rate and intensity gain which has a direct relationship on the camera's exposure. Pulsed x-ray sources limit frame rate and should be properly synchronized with camera frame captures. In 1950 Morton Sultanoff, an engineer for the U.S. Army at Aberdeen Proving ground, invented a super high-speed camera that took frames at one-millionth of a second, and was fast enough to record the shock wave of a small explosion. High Speed digital cameras have been used to study how mines dropped from the air will deploy in near-shore regions, including development of various weapon systems. In 2005 high speed digital

title: Invented (album)

text: swallowed by impactful percussion that are engulfed by storm clouds of dynamic guitar work and melody." Kyle Ryan of "The A.V. Club" was also favorable in his review and gave the album a "B+" grade. He wrote, "songs boast huge-sounding guitars, like “Evidence,” “Invented,” and “My Best Theory,” whose thick fuzz recalls Smashing Pumpkins. But the seven-minute “Invented” spends more time exploring a sparser mood, as does the six-minute-plus closer, “Mixtape”. In the end, Jimmy Eat World strikes a balance between its basics (big guitars and catchy sing-alongs) and the musical growth of the past 16 years. "Invented" is less

title: Folding camera

text: the Polaroid SX-70 Instant film camera, and the Speed Graphic press cameras used folding designs into the 1970s. The typical amateur camera of the early 20th Century made various "postcard" sized negatives around 4" × 5". By the 1930s 6cm × 9cm cameras for either the 120 or 620 film size, were highly popular. The use of folding cameras declined in the late 1930s with advances in lens technology allowing superior enlargement, high quality images on smaller negatives, and shorter distances between the lens and the film. 35mm film made small-sized cameras practical without using bellows. Lens technology allowed 120/620

title: The Practical Pig

text: The Practical Pig The Practical Pig is a Silly Symphonies cartoon. It was released on February 24, 1939, and directed by Dick Rickard. It was the second-to-last Silly Symphony made, and the fourth and final cartoon starring The Three Pigs. Like its prequels, "The Practical Pig" incorporates the song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?". Unlike the previous Three Little Pigs Silly Symphonies, this was released as a standalone "Three Little Pigs Cartoon", suggesting that they were to get their own series of cartoons. It is also the second-to-last Silly Symphonies cartoon. Practical Pig is hard at work building

title: The Practical Pig

text: Practical tells them ""Remember, this hurts me worse than it does you"", but much to his chagrin, the machine takes him literally and also gives him a spanking as the cartoon ends. In Stieg Larsson's thriller "The Girl Who Played with Fire", the fiercely independent protagonist Lisbeth Salander several times uses the term "Practical Pig" for the journalist Mikael Blomkvist, whose efforts to help her she both appreciates and resents. The Practical Pig The Practical Pig is a Silly Symphonies cartoon. It was released on February 24, 1939, and directed by Dick Rickard. It was the second-to-last Silly Symphony made,

title: Practical idealism

text: an independent candidate in the 1984 presidential elections. This was the first introduction of the phrase in U.S. presidential politics. (United Press International 1984) (New Haven Journal Courier 1984) (New Haven Register 1984) Former Democratic Vice President Al Gore also used the phrase in the 1990s, as did Republican Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in the 2000s. American political scientist Jack Godwin elaborates on the doctrine of practical idealism in "The Arrow and the Olive Branch: Practical Idealism in US Foreign Policy". Practical idealism Practical idealism is a term first used by John Dewey in 1917 and subsequently adopted by

title: Camera lens

text: that blocks most rays of light, ideally selecting one ray to the object for each point on the image sensor. Pinhole lenses have a few severe limitations: Practical lenses can be thought of as an answer to the question: "how can a pinhole lens be modified to admit more light and give a smaller spot size?". A first step is to put a simple convex lens at the pinhole with a focal length equal to the distance to the film plane (assuming the camera will take pictures of distant objects). This allows the pinhole to be opened up significantly (fourth

title: Aerial photography

text: creating a perception of depth that could aid in cartography and in intelligence derived from aerial images. The Royal Flying Corps recon pilots began to use cameras for recording their observations in 1914 and by the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915, the entire system of German trenches was being photographed. In 1916 the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map-making. The first purpose-built and practical aerial camera was invented by Captain John Moore-Brabazon in 1915 with the help of the Thornton-Pickard company, greatly enhancing the efficiency of aerial photography. The camera was inserted into

title: Bowditch's American Practical Navigator

text: lunar observations and to plot the correct position of the ship. "The New Practical Navigator" was published in 1799, followed by a second edition in 1800. By 1802, when Blunt was ready to publish a third edition, Nathaniel Bowditch and others had corrected so many errors in Moore's work that Blunt decided to publish it as the first edition of a new work, "The New American Practical Navigator". The current edition of the "American Practical Navigator" traces its pedigree to that 1802 edition. Edmund M. Blunt continued to publish the book until 1833; upon his retirement, his sons, Edmund and

title: Critique of Practical Reason

text: reason and therefore discusses how the "Critique of Practical Reason" compares to the "Critique of Pure Reason". The first Critique, "of Pure Reason", was a criticism of the pretensions of those who use pure theoretical reason, who claim to attain metaphysical truths beyond the ken of applied reasoning. The conclusion was that pure theoretical reason must be restrained, because it produces confused arguments when applied outside of its appropriate sphere. However, the "Critique of Practical Reason" is "not" a critique of "pure" practical reason, but rather a defense of it as being capable of grounding behavior superior to that grounded

title: History of the camera

text: Adcock designed a filmless camera that was not digital and applied for a patent in 1972, but it is not known whether it was ever built. The Cromemco CYCLOPS introduced as a hobbyist construction project in 1975 was the first digital camera to be interfaced to a microcomputer. The first recorded attempt at building a self-contained digital camera was in 1975 by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. It used the then-new solid-state CCD image sensor chips developed by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973. The camera weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg), recorded black and white images to a compact cassette

title: Practical theology

text: Practical theology Practical theology is an academic discipline that examines and reflects on religious practices in order to understand the theology that is enacted in those practices and in order to consider how theological theory and theological practices can be more fully aligned, changed, or improved. Practical theology has often sought to address a perceived disconnection between theology as an academic discipline or dogmatics on the one hand, and the life and practice of the Church on the other. As articulated by Richard Osmer, the four key questions and tasks in practical theology are: Practical theology was first introduced by

title: Cane handle camera

text: inventor has recently produced a magazine camera, which is contained within the handle of a cane. Cane-handle cameras were invented a dozen or more years ago and were designed especially for travellers. However they proved impractical owing to the fact that but a small supply of plates or films could be carried at the time in a cane. The camera illustrated uses rolls of film, a number of which may be stored in the hollow crook of the handle. The film passes from its roller in the magazine over a plate, which guides it in the focal plane for exposure,

title: Camera eats first

text: keeping a photogenic food diary is being treated as a form of self representation, showing who they are from what they eat in accordance to the quote of “Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are,” by the French philosopher and gourmand Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, 1825. The 'Camera Eats First' phenomenon is becoming more common all over the world with the emergence of smartphone and social media. After taking photos of their food, people will usually share the photos on social media such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest. According to Webstagram, there are more

title: Camera eats first

text: hand, some chefs in Hong Kong would take "food porn" photos and post them on social media because they thought that the "Camera Eats First" phenomenon served as a channel for them to collect feedback from customers which is a vital information for them to make improvements to their dishes. According to a study mentioned on Bit of News, taking photos of pleasurable food, such as cakes, before eating it can increase the savoring — "the increased anticipation built up from taking photos of the food made it taste better." If people don't take a photo, they may even feel

title: Camera eats first

text: needs of “belongingness and love” and “esteem” according to the Maslow's hierarchy of needs as they can share their experiences and show off to the world what they are eating. Sharing food photos can facilitate people’s obsession with food, but it can also help promote restaurants. Sharing of food photo can be a visual pull that will subconsciously alert people to check out new restaurants. Carmel Winery, a restaurant in Israel, gained $400,000 from free promotion by food photos on social media and successfully boosted its sales by 13% owing to the help of “Camera Eats First”. On the other

title: The Sydney Camera Circle

text: styles. In this ambition they shared the ideals of the Heidelberg School of Australian painters. The group was dominated by amateurs interested in photography as an art form who shared constructive criticism and support at their meetings, exhibiting their work under the name of The Sydney Camera Circle. The group continued as an entity until 1978 when membership was dwindling in competition with that of the Australian Photographic Society and the Camera Club of Sydney. Dates show period of membership: The Sydney Camera Circle The Sydney Camera Circle was a Pictorialist photographic society formed in 1916 in Sydney, Australia. It