query: What is the Jewish alphabet called?

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: Hebrew alphabet The Hebrew alphabet (, '), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, and block script, is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language. It is also used in the writing of other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, and Judeo-Arabic. Historically, two separate abjad scripts have been used to write Hebrew. The original, old Hebrew script, known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan alphabet. The present "Jewish script" or "square script", on the contrary, is a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet

title: Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic

text: in Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic. The alphabet used in Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is the same alphabet used in modern Hebrew. Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called "Neo-Aramaic" or "Judeo-Aramaic". It was originally spoken in three villages near Aqrah in Iraq. The native name of the language is "Lishanid Janan", which means 'our language', and is similar to names used by other Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects (Lishan Didan, Lishanid Noshan). It is nearly extinct, with only about 20 elderly speakers today. Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is classified as Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, and Aramaic language. The Jewish inhabitants

title: Tajik alphabet

text: alphabet, an abjad. It is used for the Jewish Bukhori dialect primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara. Additionally, since 1940, when Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia, the use of the Hebrew Alphabet outside Hebrew liturgy fell into disuse and Bukharian Jewish publications such as books and newspapers began to appear using the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian and went to Tajik or Russian schools in Central Asia only know the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian and Tajik. Sample text: – For reference, the Persian script variant transliterated letter-for-letter into the

title: Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva

text: fact, there exists a third version, called Midrash de-Rabbi Akiva 'al ha-Taggin we-Ẓiyunim, a Midrash of Rabbi Akiva treating on the ornamentations of the letters of the alphabet with a view to finding in each of them some symbolic expression of God, Creation, the Torah, Israel, and the Jewish rites and ceremonies. This version is published in Jellinek's "B. H." v. 31-33. Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva (, "Otiot de-Rabbi Akiva") is a Midrash on the names of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Two versions or portions of the same are known to exist. Version A,

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: and was known by Jewish sages as the Ashuri alphabet (lit. "Assyrian"), since its origins were alleged to be from Assyria. Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the Jewish script letters described in this article also exist, including a variety of cursive Hebrew styles. In the remainder of this article, the term "Hebrew alphabet" refers to the square script unless otherwise indicated. The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. It does not have case, but five letters have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound , Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context. Hebrew alphabet The Hebrew alphabet (, '), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, and block script, is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language. It is also used in the writing of other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, and Judeo-Arabic. Historically, two separate abjad scripts have been used to write Hebrew. The original, old Hebrew script, known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been

title: History of the Hebrew alphabet

text: but following the rise of Christianity (and later, the rise of Islam), they gave way to the Latin and Arabic scripts, respectively. The Hebrew alphabet was later adapted in order to write down the languages of the Jewish diaspora (Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc.), and was retained all the while in relatively unadapted form throughout the diaspora for Hebrew, which remained the language of Jewish law, scriptures and scholarship. The Hebrew alphabet was also retained as the alphabet used for writing down the Hebrew language during its rebirth as an everyday modern language starting in the 18th to 19th century.

title: Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

text: began to fall out of use by the Jews in the 5th century BCE, when the Aramaic alphabet was adopted as the predominant writing system for Hebrew. The present Jewish "square-script" Hebrew alphabet evolved from the Aramaic alphabet. The Samaritans, now fewer than 1,000 people, have continued to use a derivative of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, known as the Samaritan alphabet. While the use of the script is negligible nowadays, it is present in some symbolic usage, such as the ₪1 coin and the logo of the Israeli town Nahariyah. The chart below compares the letters of the Phoenician script with

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: Samaritan alphabet. After the fall of the Persian Empire in 330 BCE, Jews used both scripts before settling on the square Assyrian form. The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the Jewish diaspora – such as Karaim, the Judeo-Arabic languages, Judaeo-Spanish, and Yiddish. The Hebrew alphabet continued in use for scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Israel. In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants,

title: Aramaic alphabet

text: considered to have its ultimate origins in Aramaic, in particular via the Pahlavi or Sogdian alphabets, as suggested by V. Thomsen, or possibly via Karosthi ("cf"., Issyk inscription). Aramaic is also considered to be the most likely source of the Brahmi script, ancestor of the Brahmic family of scripts, which includes Devanagari. Today, Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects and the Aramaic language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet. Syriac and Christian Neo-Aramaic dialects are written in the Syriac alphabet. Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet. The near-identity of the Aramaic and the classical Hebrew alphabets caused

title: History of the alphabet

text: many letters the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet had nor what their alphabetic order was. Among its descendants, the Ugaritic alphabet had 27 consonants, the South Arabian alphabets had 29, and the Phoenician alphabet 22. These scripts were arranged in two orders, an "ABGDE" order in Phoenician and an "HMĦLQ" order in the south; Ugaritic preserved both orders. Both sequences proved remarkably stable among the descendants of these scripts. The letter names proved stable among the many descendants of Phoenician, including Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek alphabet. However, they were largely abandoned in Tifinagh, Latin and Cyrillic. The letter sequence continued

title: Jewish languages

text: since the 1920s is usually written in Turkey in the Latin alphabet with a spelling similar to that of Turkish, and has been occasionally printed in the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets. Soviet authorities tried to promote the Cyrillic alphabet for Yiddish in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Also, some Yiddish-speakers have adopted the use of the Latin alphabet, in place of the Hebrew alphabet. This is predominantly to enable communications over the internet, without the need for special Hebrew keyboards. The Hebrew alphabet has also been used to transcribe a number of languages including Arabic, English, French, Spanish, German, and Greek.

title: Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

text: some Qumran documents, YHWH is written in Paleo-Hebrew while the rest of the text is in Aramaic square script. The vast majority of the Hasmonean coinage, as well as the coins of the First Jewish–Roman War and Bar Kokhba's revolt, bears Paleo-Hebrew legends. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet fell completely out of use only after 135 CE. The paleo-Hebrew alphabet continued to be used by the Samaritans and is also known as the Samaritan alphabet. The Samaritans have continued to use the script for writing both Hebrew and Aramaic texts until the present day. A comparison of the earliest Samaritan inscriptions and

title: Aramaic alphabet

text: be represented with a special control character called the Syriac Abbreviation Mark (U+070F). The Unicode block for Syriac Aramaic is U+0700–U+074F: The Imperial Aramaic alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009, with the release of version 5.2. The Unicode block for Imperial Aramaic is U+10840–U+1085F: Aramaic alphabet The ancient Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the Phoenician alphabet and became distinct from it by the 8th century BCE. It was used to write the Aramaic language and had displaced the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, itself a derivative of the Phoenician alphabet, for the writing of Hebrew. The letters all represent

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: of the Hebrew alphabet used to write Yiddish, is a true alphabet, with all vowels rendered in the spelling, except in the case of inherited Hebrew words, which typically retain their Hebrew spellings. The Arabic and Hebrew alphabets have similarities because they are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet. A distinct Hebrew variant of the Phoenician script, called by scholars the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, emerged around 800 BCE. Examples of related early inscriptions from the area include the tenth-century Gezer calendar, and the Siloam inscription (c. 700 BCE). The paleo-Hebrew alphabet was used in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

title: Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

text: block for Paleo-Hebrew, called Phoenician, is U+10900–U+1091F. It is intended for the representation of text in Palaeo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals, Ammonite, Moabite, and Punic. Paleo-Hebrew alphabet The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: ), also spelt Palaeo-Hebrew alphabet, is a variant of the Phoenician alphabet. Like the Phoenician alphabet, the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet contains 22 letters, all of which are consonants, and is described as an abjad. The term was coined by Solomon Birnbaum in 1954; he wrote, "To apply the term Phoenician to the script of the Hebrews is hardly suitable". Still,

title: Alphabet

text: rise to the Hebrew script. The South Arabian alphabet, a sister script to the Phoenician alphabet, is the script from which the Ge'ez alphabet (an abugida) is descended. Vowelless alphabets, which are not true alphabets, are called abjads, currently exemplified in scripts including Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac. The omission of vowels was not always a satisfactory solution and some "weak" consonants are sometimes used to indicate the vowel quality of a syllable (matres lectionis). These letters have a dual function since they are also used as pure consonants. The Proto-Sinaitic or Proto-Canaanite script and the Ugaritic script were the first

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: always represented by pe in its regular, not final, form "פ", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ ""shop""), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ ""Philip"") and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ ""slept deeply""). The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical rabbinical literature seem to acknowledge the historical provenance of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the Jerusalem Talmud, for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the

title: Alphabet of the Magi

text: the prophets used this letter and that they were forbidden to divulge it to mortal man." Thet alphabet is described in the pseudo-Paracelsian "Archidoxis magica", translated into English by R. Turner (1656). S.L. MacGregor Mathers included it in his 1888 edition of the "Key of Solomon" (plate XV) under the name "Alphabet of the Magi." Alphabet of the Magi Alphabet of the Magi is the modern name of a variant of the Hebrew alphabet used for inscriptions in talismans in 17th-century occultism. It is based on a variant of the Semitic alphabet given by Theseus Ambrosius (1469–1540) in his "Introductio

title: Alphabet of the Magi

text: Alphabet of the Magi Alphabet of the Magi is the modern name of a variant of the Hebrew alphabet used for inscriptions in talismans in 17th-century occultism. It is based on a variant of the Semitic alphabet given by Theseus Ambrosius (1469–1540) in his "Introductio in chaldaicam linguam" (1539, pp. 202f.) Ambrosius here simply gives variant glyphs of the Hebrew alphabet, labelled "Aleph, Beth, Gimel, Daleth, He, Vau, Zain, Hhet, Teth, Iod, Caph, Lamed, Mem, Nun, Samech, Ain, Phe, Zadai, Coph, Res, Sin, Thau". The alphabet is different from the other variants of the Semitic abjad given by Ambrosius in

title: Jewish languages

text: or other Jewish elements. This is a transitory state in the shift from use of a Jewish to a non-Jewish language, often made in the context of assimilation. This occurred, for example, with many educated German Jews who transitioned from Western Yiddish to German. This variety of German, used between 1760 and the end of the 19th century (the Haskala), was written with the Hebrew alphabet, and contained a small number of Hebrew and Yiddish loans. An example is Moses Mendelsohn's translation of the Hebrew Bible into German written with Hebrew letters. Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to

title: Syriac alphabet

text: addition to the sounds of the language, the letters of the Syriac alphabet can be used to represent numbers in a system similar to Hebrew and Greek numerals. Besides Syriac, the alphabet has been used to write other languages. When Arabic began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent after the Islamic conquest, texts were often written in Arabic with the Syriac script as knowledge of the Arabic alphabet was not yet widespread. Such writings are usually called "Karshuni" or "Garshuni" (). Garshuni is often used today in Neo-Aramaic writing, such as letters and fliers. Malayalam was

title: What Is This Thing Called Love?

text: What Is This Thing Called Love? "What Is This Thing Called Love?" is a 1929 popular song written by Cole Porter, for the musical "Wake Up and Dream". It was first performed by Elsie Carlisle in March 1929. The song has become a popular jazz standard and one of Porter's most often played compositions. "Wake Up and Dream" ran for 263 shows in London. The show was also noticed in New York, and the critics praised Tilly Losch's performance of the song. The show was produced on Broadway in December 1929; in the American rendition, "What Is This Thing Called

title: What Is This Thing Called Love?

text: forms the basis of several jazz compositions (contrafact), such as "Hot House" by Tadd Dameron What Is This Thing Called Love? "What Is This Thing Called Love?" is a 1929 popular song written by Cole Porter, for the musical "Wake Up and Dream". It was first performed by Elsie Carlisle in March 1929. The song has become a popular jazz standard and one of Porter's most often played compositions. "Wake Up and Dream" ran for 263 shows in London. The show was also noticed in New York, and the critics praised Tilly Losch's performance of the song. The show was

title: What Is This Thing Called Love? (short story)

text: other, and wind up engaging in reproductive activities after all. What Is This Thing Called Love? (short story) "What Is This Thing Called Love?" is a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov. The story was requested by Cele Goldsmith Lalli, editor of "Amazing Stories", as a satire of an article in "Playboy" called "Girls of the Slime God" which had suggested that pulp science fiction stories were concerned with aliens and sex. The story appeared in the March 1961 issue of "Amazing" as "Playboy and the Slime God", but Asimov later retitled it "What Is This Thing Called Love?"

text: What Is This Thing Called Love? (short story) "What Is This Thing Called Love?" is a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov. The story was requested by Cele Goldsmith Lalli, editor of "Amazing Stories", as a satire of an article in "Playboy" called "Girls of the Slime God" which had suggested that pulp science fiction stories were concerned with aliens and sex. The story appeared in the March 1961 issue of "Amazing" as "Playboy and the Slime God", but Asimov later retitled it "What Is This Thing Called Love?" According to Asimov, in "1938-39 ... for some half a

title: Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

text: Romanian Cyrillic alphabet The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language before 1860–1862, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet. The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was based on the Bulgarian alphabet. Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Bessarabia. It is not the same as the Russian-based Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet used in what is now Moldova for most of the Soviet era. Between its discarding and the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, a so-called transitional alphabet was in place for a few years, combining Cyrillic and

title: Alphabet

text: a new letter ՈՒ ու (which was a digraph before). The Armenian word for "alphabet" is "" (), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet Ա այբ ayb and Բ բեն ben. The Armenian script's directionality is horizontal left-to-right, like the Latin and Greek alphabets. Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters, which can then be used for purposes of collation—namely for the listing of words and other items in what is called "alphabetical order". The basic ordering of the Latin alphabet (A B C D E F G H I

title: What Is This Thing Called Love? (Alexander O'Neal song)

text: the United States, the single reached #21 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks. Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. What Is This Thing Called Love? (Alexander O'Neal song) "What Is This Thing Called Love?" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the second single from the singer's fourth solo album, "All True Man" (1991). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the "All True Man" single "All True Man", "What Is This Thing Called Love?"

text: What Is This Thing Called Love? (Alexander O'Neal song) "What Is This Thing Called Love?" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the second single from the singer's fourth solo album, "All True Man" (1991). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the "All True Man" single "All True Man", "What Is This Thing Called Love?" was released as the album's second single. Alexander O'Neal's 19th hit single and it reached #53 in the UK Singles Chart. In

title: What Is Theosophy?

text: made us forget" the existence of a genuine "Christian theosophy". He believed that modern Theosophy does not represent a synthesis of religion, philosophy and science, as its adherents say, but there is a "mixture" of them, in which there is no real religion, no real philosophy, no real science. In professor Antoine Faivre's opinion, that what Blavatsky called "Theosophy" was in fact only her own doctrine. René Guénon believed that "theosophism" is a "confused mixture" of Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, Jewish Kabbalah, Hermeticism, and occultism. A religious philosopher Sergius Bulgakov stated that [Blavatskian] Theosophy, trying to replace religion with itself, turns into

title: The Alphabet Cipher

text: this table is lost, it can easily be written out from memory, by observing that the first symbol in each column is the same as the letter naming the column, and that they are continued downwards in alphabetical order. It would only be necessary to write out the particular columns required by the key-word, but such a paper would afford an adversary the means for discovering the key-word. For a working demonstration tool for the Alphabet Cipher visit lewiscarrollresources.net The Alphabet Cipher Lewis Carroll published "The Alphabet-Cipher" in 1868, possibly in a children's magazine. It describes what is known as

title: Tibetan alphabet

text: Tibetan alphabet The Tibetan alphabet is an abugida used to write the Tibetic languages such as Tibetan, as well as Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, and sometimes Balti. The printed form of the alphabet is called uchen script while the hand-written cursive form used in everyday writing is called umê script. The alphabet is very closely linked to a broad ethnic Tibetan identity, spanning across areas in Tibet, Bhutan, India, Nepal. The Tibetan alphabet is of Indic origin and it is ancestral to the Limbu alphabet, the Lepcha alphabet, and the multilingual 'Phags-pa script. The creation of the Tibetan alphabet is attributed

title: The Alphabet Cipher

text: The Alphabet Cipher Lewis Carroll published "The Alphabet-Cipher" in 1868, possibly in a children's magazine. It describes what is known as a Vigenère cipher, a well-known scheme in cryptography. While Carroll calls this cipher "unbreakable", Kasiski had published a volume describing how to break such ciphers from five years earlier, and Charles Babbage had secretly found ways to break polyalphabetic ciphers during the Crimean War. The piece begins with a tabula recta. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Each column of this table forms a dictionary of symbols representing the alphabet: thus, in the A column, the symbol is the same as the letter represented;

title: Dinka alphabet

text: Dinka alphabet The Dinka alphabet is used by South Sudanese Dinka people. The written Dinka language is based on the ISO basic Latin alphabet, but with some added letters adapted from the International Phonetic Alphabet. The current orthography is derived from the alphabet developed for the southern Sudanese languages at the Rejaf language conference in 1928. Prior to this, several attempts at adapting the Arabic and Latin scripts to the Dinka language were made, but neither effort was met with large success. Christian missionaries were essential to the development of what became the Dinka alphabet. As you can see, Dinka

title: Alphabet

text: with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system itself, as when Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based Turkish alphabet. The standard system of symbols used by linguists to represent sounds in any language, independently of orthography, is called the International Phonetic Alphabet. Alphabet An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that represent the phonemes (basic significant sounds) of any spoken language it is used to write. This is in contrast to other types of writing systems, such as

title: Chinese alphabet

text: of the Arabic alphabet to transcribe Chinese, see: For another phonetic script in widespread use in Taiwan (often called an alphabet but actually a semi-syllabary) see: Under the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), an alphabetic script called 'Phags-pa was used to write Late Middle Chinese (as well as Tibetan and Mongolian). To translate Chinese, see: Chinese alphabet There are and have been several Chinese alphabets, that is pre-existing alphabets adapted to write down the Chinese language. However, the standard Chinese writing system uses a non-alphabetic script with an alphabet for supplementary use. There is no original alphabet native to China. China has

title: Alphabet (formal languages)

text: Alphabet (formal languages) In formal language theory, a string is defined as a finite sequence of members of an underlying base set; this set is called the alphabet of a string or collection of strings. The members of the set are called "symbols", and are typically thought of as representing letters, characters, or digits. For example, a common alphabet is {0,1}, the binary alphabet, and a binary string is a string drawn from the alphabet {0,1}. An infinite sequence of letters may be constructed from elements of an alphabet as well. If "L" is a formal language, i.e. a (possibly

title: Urdu alphabet

text: However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states. Urdu alphabet The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet known as Perso-Arabic, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet has up to 58 letters. With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman

title: Urdu alphabet

text: Urdu alphabet The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet known as Perso-Arabic, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet has up to 58 letters. With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin

text: with aliens and sex. According to Asimov the article was mostly based on "Marvel" since its contents had been the raciest. Cele Goldsmith Lalli, editor of "Amazing Stories", requested a satire of the "Playboy" article. Asimov set out to write a story telling how a sex-interested alien and humans might "really" interact. The story appeared in the March 1961 issue of "Amazing" as "Playboy and the Slime God", but when Asimov included it in his 1969 collection "Nightfall and Other Stories" he retitled it "What Is This Thing Called Love?" Goldsmith Lalli rewrote the story's last three paragraphs, a change

title: Dajnko alphabet

text: Dajnko alphabet The Dajnko alphabet () was a Slovene alphabet invented by Peter Dajnko. It was used from 1824 to 1839 mostly in Styria (in what is now eastern Slovenia). Dajnko introduced his alphabet in 1824 in his book "Lehrbuch der windischen Sprache" ("The Textbook of the Slovene Language"). He decided to replace the older Bohorič alphabet with his own new writing system because of the problems with the writing of sibilants. In 1825, Franc Serafin Metelko came up with a similar proposal, complicating the issue. The Dajnko alphabet, which was introduced to schools in 1831, was fiercely opposed by

title: History of the alphabet

text: Two variants of the Phoenician alphabet had major impacts on the history of writing: the Aramaic alphabet and the Greek alphabet. The Phoenician and Aramaic alphabets, like their Egyptian prototype, represented only consonants, a system called an "abjad". The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenician in the 7th century BCE, to become the official script of the Persian Empire, appears to be the ancestor of nearly all the modern alphabets of Asia: By at least the 8th century BCE the Greeks borrowed the Phoenician alphabet and adapted it to their own language, creating in the process the first "true"

title: Tanchangya alphabet

text: Tanchangya alphabet Tanchangya Alphabet is also called Ka-Pat is an Abugida is used for Tanchangya language. It is the southern Brahmic Language Family. Due to its same scripts family, it is little similar with Burmese alphabet, Mon alphabet, and Chakma alphabet. The Tanchangya alphabets have been introduced recently in 2012 by adopting a manuscript in Rakhine State as stated by Rupak Debnath. Though both Chakma and Tanchangya have been using the present Chakma alphabet long time back, still unconfirmed yet whose alphabets are belong to and who introduced it. John M. Clifton in his ‘’Dialects, Orthography and Society ‘’opined that

title: Alphabet City, Manhattan

text: for Manhattan's German, Polish, Hispanic, and Jewish populations. However, there is much dispute over the borders of the Lower East Side, Alphabet City, and East Village. Historically, Manhattan's Lower East Side was 14th Street at the northern end, bound on the east by East River and on the west by First Avenue; today, that same area is Alphabet City. The area's German presence in the early 20th century, in decline, virtually ended after the "General Slocum" disaster in 1904. Alphabet City is located in New York's 12th and 14th congressional districts, the New York State Assembly's 64th and 74th districts,

title: Alphabet song

text: example, "A, You're Adorable" (also known as "The Alphabet Love Song"), was recorded in 1948, by Buddy Kaye, Fred Wise, Sidney Lippman, and later Perry Como. A newer example of this is from the musical "Matilda". "School Song" is an acrostic that spells out the alphabet phonetically. The group Wee Sing released an alphabet song with the letters in reverse order, called "ZYXs". The Canadian children's TV series "The Big Comfy Couch" used a version of the song in the first episode of Season 4, "Backwards". Comedian Soupy Sales released a song in 1966 called "Backwards Alphabet" which contained the

title: Phoenician alphabet

text: Phoenician alphabet The Phoenician alphabet, called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1050 BC, is the oldest verified alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad consisting of 22 letters, all consonants, with" matres lectionis" used for some vowels in certain late varieties. It was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language, used by the civilization of Phoenicia. Phoenicia is located in modern-day Syria, Lebanon, and northern Israel. The Phoenician alphabet is derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs. It became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world,

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: Dajnko alphabet

text: N Ŋ O P R S Ȣ Z X T U Y V Ч Dajnko alphabet The Dajnko alphabet () was a Slovene alphabet invented by Peter Dajnko. It was used from 1824 to 1839 mostly in Styria (in what is now eastern Slovenia). Dajnko introduced his alphabet in 1824 in his book "Lehrbuch der windischen Sprache" ("The Textbook of the Slovene Language"). He decided to replace the older Bohorič alphabet with his own new writing system because of the problems with the writing of sibilants. In 1825, Franc Serafin Metelko came up with a similar proposal, complicating the issue.

title: Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic

text: in the Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic alphabet and eight vowels. The letters can sound differently, making 35 distinct sounds. Between the years of 1996 and 2000, three dialects of Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic were discovered. They are called Barzan, Shahe, and Bejil. Bejil is extinct. It may be related to Lishanid Noshan, which has clusters around Arbil to the south east of Barzan. There may be some similarities between Barzani and the subdialect of Lishanid Noshan formerly spoken in the village of Dobe, 50 km north of Arbil. The Sandu dialect of Jewish Neo-Aramaic is quite similar to Barzani. However, studies suggest

title: Fraser alphabet

text: alphabet, called Lisu, is U+A4D0–U+A4FF: Fraser alphabet The Fraser alphabet or Old Lisu Alphabet is an artificial script invented around 1915 by Sara Ba Thaw, a Karen preacher from Myanmar, and improved by the missionary James O. Fraser, to write the Lisu language. It is a single-case (unicameral) alphabet. It was also used for the Naxi language, e.g. the 1932 Naxi Gospel of Mark., and used in the Zaiwa or Atsi language e.g. the 1938 Atsi Gospel of Mark. The alphabet uses uppercase letters from the Latin script, and rotated versions thereof, to write consonants and vowels. Tones and nasalization

title: Phoenician alphabet

text: from one or more scripts that ultimately trace their roots back to the Phoenician alphabet. Many Western scholars believe that the Brahmi script of India and the subsequent Indic alphabets are also derived from the Aramaic script, which would make Phoenician the ancestor of virtually every alphabetic writing system in use today. However, due to an indigenous-origin hypothesis of Brahmic scripts, no definitive scholarly consensus exists. Phoenician alphabet The Phoenician alphabet, called by convention the Proto-Canaanite alphabet for inscriptions older than around 1050 BC, is the oldest verified alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad consisting of 22 letters, all

title: Uyghur Arabic alphabet

text: approved alphabet used for Uyghur in Xinjiang. It had technical shortcomings and met social resistance; Uyghur Ereb Yëziqi (UEY), an expansion of the old Chagatai alphabet based on the Arabic script, is now recognized, along with a newer Latin-based alphabet called "Uyghur Latin Yëziqi" or "ULY", replacing the former Pinyin-derived alphabet; UEY is sometimes intended when the term ""Kona Yëziq"" is used. Uyghur Arabic alphabet The Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet () is an Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in China. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets, and has been the official alphabet of

title: Alphabet St.

text: Alphabet St. "Alphabet St." is a song from American musician Prince's 1988 album, "Lovesexy". It was the first single from that album and the album's only top 10 single, reaching the top 10 in both the UK and US. Initially written as an acoustic blues song, the song's final version includes a rap by Cat Glover and is full of samples. "Alphabet St." generally echoes themes from the rest of "Lovesexy". The B-side is a remix of "Alphabet St." called "Alphabet St. ("This is not music, this is a trip")". The title and other phrases are repeated at the beginning

title: Manchu alphabet

text: particles, written at the end of the question. The Jurchens of a millennium ago became the ancestors of the Manchus when Nurhaci united the Jianzhou Jurchens (1593–1618) and his son subsequently renamed the consolidated tribes as the "Manchu". Throughout this period, the Jurchen language evolved into what we know as the Manchu language. Its script has no relation to the Manchu alphabet, however, as their script was derived from the Khitan script, which was in turn derived from Chinese characters. Manchu alphabet The Manchu alphabet is the alphabet used to write the now nearly-extinct Manchu language; a similar script is

title: N'Ko alphabet

text: in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a cultureless people, because before then, no indigenous African writing system for his language existed. N'Ko came first into use in Kankan, Guinea, as a Maninka alphabet and was disseminated from there into other Mande-speaking parts of West Africa. N'Ko Alphabet Day is April 14, relating to the date in 1949 when the script is believed to have been finalized. The introduction of the alphabet led to a movement promoting literacy in the N'Ko alphabet among Mande speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N'Ko literacy was instrumental

title: NATO phonetic alphabet

text: NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. Although often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood

title: English alphabet

text: however, have a number of digraphs. The alphabet's current form originated from Latin script about the 7th century. Since then, various letters have been added, or removed, to give the current Modern English alphabet of 26 letters, each having an upper- and lower-case form: The alphabet was derived from an original series of sixteen characters, that emerged as a way to record spoken words. The English language itself was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with the proto-form of the language itself,

title: Burmese alphabet

text: into the Latin alphabet; for this article, the MLC Transcription System is used. The Burmese alphabet is an adaptation of the Old Mon script or the Pyu script, and it is ultimately of South Indian origin, from either the Kadamba or Pallava alphabet. As with other Brahmic scripts, the Burmese alphabet is arranged into groups of five letters for stop consonants called "wek" (, from Pali ) based on articulation. Within each group, the first letter is tenuis ("plain"), the second is the aspirated homologue, the third and fourth are the voiced homologues, and the fifth is the nasal homologue.

title: Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet

text: sound it represents, "glottal stop". This is not normally a problem, because this symbol is seldom used to represent anything else. However, to specify the symbol itself, it is sometimes called a "gelded question mark". This latter name is derived from its original form as a dotless question mark in a fashion reminiscent of gelding. Diacritics are alternately named after their function: The bridge is also called the "dental sign," the under-stroke the "syllabicity sign", etc. Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) requires specific names for the symbols and diacritics used in the alphabet.

title: Deseret alphabet

text: were published in the new alphabet, all transcribed by Orson Pratt and all using the Russell's House font: "The First Deseret Alphabet Reader" (1868), "The Second Deseret Alphabet Reader" (1868), "The Book of Mormon" (1869), and a "Book of Mormon" excerpt called "First Nephi–Omni" (1869). Considerable non-printed material in the Deseret alphabet was made, including a replica headstone in Cedar City, Utah, some coinage, letters, diaries, and meeting minutes. One of the more curious items found in the Deseret alphabet is an English-Hopi dictionary prepared by two Mormon missionaries. It sat unappreciated in handwritten form at the LDS Church Archives

title: Logic alphabet

text: Logic alphabet The logic alphabet, also called the X-stem Logic Alphabet (XLA), constitutes an iconic set of symbols that systematically represents the sixteen possible binary truth functions of logic. The logic alphabet was developed by Shea Zellweger. The major emphasis of his iconic "logic alphabet" is to provide a more cognitively ergonomic notation for logic. Zellweger's visually iconic system more readily reveals, to the novice and expert alike, the underlying symmetry relationships and geometric properties of the sixteen binary connectives within Boolean algebra. Truth functions are functions from sequences of truth values to truth values. A unary truth function, for

title: History of the alphabet

text: All of the names of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet started with consonants, and these consonants were what the letters represented, something called the acrophonic principle. However, several Phoenician consonants were absent in Greek, and thus several letter names came to be pronounced with initial vowels. Since the start of the name of a letter was expected to be the sound of the letter (the acrophonic principle), in Greek these letters came to be used for vowels. For example, the Greeks had no glottal stop or voiced pharyngeal sounds, so the Phoenician letters "’alep" and "`ayin" became Greek "alpha"

title: Osage alphabet

text: Osage alphabet The Osage alphabet is a new script promulgated in 2006 for the Osage language. Unlike previous orthographies for Osage, which used the Latin script, the new Osage script has distinct letter shapes, though its derivation from Latin is apparent. It is used on the website of the language department of the Osage Nation. In its original form, Osage was a non-phonemic alphabet, which from a technical perspective is called a defective alphabet, because it did not distinguish the stop series, which are central to Osage phonology. In February 2014, a conference was held by the script's creator, Herman

title: Spelling alphabet

text: other scenarios where a spelling alphabet is useful. A spelling alphabet is also often called a phonetic alphabet, especially by amateur radio enthusiasts, recreational sailors in the US and Australia, and NATO military organizations. However, this conflicts with the usage of the same phrase in phonetics to mean a notation used for phonetic transcription or phonetic spelling, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet, which is used to indicate the sounds of human speech. Prior to spelling alphabets, the words used to indicate English letters were "a", "bee", "cee", "dee", "e", etc. Their spoken sounds are difficult to discriminate, particularly over

title: Sogdian alphabet

text: rules - they are the same as in the Aramaic alphabet, but the letter Lāmadh is repeated at the end of the alphabet for values "δ", "θ". Three main varieties of the Sogdian alphabet developed over time: Early Sogdian, an archaic non-cursive type; the sutra script, a calligraphic script used in Sogdian Buddhist scriptures; and the so-called "Uyghur" cursive script (not to be confused with the Old Uyghur alphabet). Early Sogdian dates to the early fourth century C.E., and is characterized by distinct, separated graphemes. The sutra script appears around 500 C.E., while the cursive script develops approximately a century

title: Turkish alphabet

text: of a preceding consonant (for example, while means "snow", means "profit"), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from Arabic. These are seen as variants of "a", "i", and "u" and are becoming quite rare in modern usage. In software development, the Turkish alphabet is known for requiring special logic, particularly due to the varieties of i and their lowercase and uppercase versions. This has been called the Turkish-I problem. Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have

title: Tatar alphabet

text: of Ñ, and there is no letter Íí. The Tatarstani Cabinet of Ministers about a year later issued a decree about computer-based encoding, in which the letters Ä, Ö and Ñ were present. The letter Íí is not present in either the law or the decree. About a year after, the speaker of the Tatarstani parliament mentioned in an interview that changes could be made by the parliament to the law by making corrections for certain characters in the alphabet. Some versions of Latin alphabet for Volga Tatar are as follows: (Tatar for: "Modern alphabet" based on what was considered

title: Alphabet City, Manhattan

text: Alphabet City, the East Village, and the Lower East Side, is quickly becoming gentrified; the borders of the Lower East Side differ from its historical ones in that Houston Street is now considered the northern edge, and the area north of that between Houston Street and 14th Street is considered Alphabet City. But, because the Alphabet City term is largely a relic of a high-crime era, English-speaking residents refer to Alphabet City as part of the East Village, while Spanish-speaking residents continue to refer to Alphabet City as "Loisaida". There also exists a mixed drink called a "Loisaida" that gained

title: History of the alphabet

text: of scripts that were in use during the early first millennium BCE, the Semitic alphabet became the ancestor of multiple writing systems across the Middle East, Europe, northern Africa and South Asia. Some modern authors distinguish between consonantal scripts of the Semitic type, called "abjads", and "true alphabets" in the narrow sense, the distinguishing criterion being that true alphabets consistently assign letters to both consonants and vowels on an equal basis, while in an abjad each symbol usually stands for a consonant. In this sense, the first true alphabet was the Greek alphabet, which was adapted from the Phoenician. Latin,

title: Alphabet für Liège

text: of sound vibration Jill Purce, who also called Stockhausen's attention to the work of Hans Jenny (; ). In a radio interview three months before the premiere, Stockhausen explained his purpose was to show "how sound waves always change the molecules, even the atoms of a being who listens to music, making them vibrate. And that is what we want to make visible, because most people only believe what they see" . "Alphabet" was created as a commission from the City of Liège on the initiative of Philippe Boesmans, for the Nuits de Septembre festival, and was premiered during a

title: Tatar alphabet

text: Tatar alphabet Two scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Arabic (in China), Cyrillic (in Russia and Kazakhstan). Before 1928, the Tatar language was usually written using the Arabic alphabet. The Tatar Arabic alphabet used some letters such as چ and پ also found in the Persian modification of the Arabic alphabet, and in addition used ﯓ which is called nef or sağır kef. The writing system was inherited from Bolgar. See İske imlâ. The most ancient of Tatar literature (in Bolgar) was created in the beginning of the 13th century. ("Qíssai Yosıf" by Qol-Ğäli). Until 1905 all literature

title: Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet

text: as follows: Franklin's proposed alphabet included seven letters to represent vowels. This set consisted of two new letters, in addition to five letters from the existing English alphabet: a, e, i, o, u. The first new letter was a formed as a ligature of the letters o and a, and used to represent the sound (as written in IPA). The second, ɥ, was used for . Franklin proposed the use of doubled letters to represent what he called long vowels, represented by modern phonemes thus: as the long-vowel variant for (or, in his notation, "cɩcɩ" versus "cɩ"), for ("ee" versus

title: APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet

text: APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet The APCO phonetic alphabet, a.k.a. LAPD radio alphabet, is the term for an old competing spelling alphabet to the ICAO radiotelephony alphabet, defined by the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International from 1941 to 1974, that is used by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and other local and state law enforcement agencies across the state of California and elsewhere in the United States. It is the "over the air" communication used for properly understanding a broadcast of letters in the form of easily understood words. Despite often being called a "phonetic alphabet", it is not a

title: The Ultimate Alphabet

text: books are The Ultimate Noah's Ark () and The Ultimate Spot-The-Difference Book (). This last title was published in North America as Metamorphosis (). "The Ultimate Alphabet Game" was released in June 2010 for the iPad, by Toytek, a UK-based independent games developer. The Ultimate Alphabet The Ultimate Alphabet () is a best-selling book by Mike Wilks. It is a collection of 26 paintings, each depicting a collection of objects starting with a particular letter of the alphabet. It was published in 1986 as a competition with a £10 000 prize, closing in 1988. Unlike children's alphabet books, it contains

title: Ukrainian alphabet

text: Cyrillic Ukrainian text (codice_4) from romanized Ukrainian (codice_5). Ukrainian alphabet The Ukrainian alphabet is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine. It is one of the national variations of the Cyrillic script. In Ukrainian, it is called (IPA: ; "Ukrayins’ka abetka"), from the initial letters "а" ( "a") and "б" ( "b"); ( "alfavit"); or, archaically, ( "azbuka"), from the acrophonic early Cyrillic letter names ( "az") and ( "buki"). Ukrainian text is sometimes romanised: written in the Latin alphabet, for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. See romanisation of Ukrainian for details of specific

title: Ukrainian alphabet

text: Ukrainian alphabet The Ukrainian alphabet is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine. It is one of the national variations of the Cyrillic script. In Ukrainian, it is called (IPA: ; "Ukrayins’ka abetka"), from the initial letters "а" ( "a") and "б" ( "b"); ( "alfavit"); or, archaically, ( "azbuka"), from the acrophonic early Cyrillic letter names ( "az") and ( "buki"). Ukrainian text is sometimes romanised: written in the Latin alphabet, for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. See romanisation of Ukrainian for details of specific romanisation systems. There have also been several historical

title: Tanchangya alphabet

text: the 15th century COmmon Era (during15th Century they were attacked by the Rakhine king and brought them to Arakan in 15th Century from Micchagiri, present Thaye in Magwe Division to Arakan) (Dhanyawady Aye Daw Bung, 4). It is believed that they had used the Brahmi scripts in the earlier stages who were known by the term Thek or Sakya in the northern Myanmar. Tanchangya alphabet Tanchangya Alphabet is also called Ka-Pat is an Abugida is used for Tanchangya language. It is the southern Brahmic Language Family. Due to its same scripts family, it is little similar with Burmese alphabet, Mon

title: Tajik alphabet

text: and . (Note that and are switched relative to their usage in the Turkish alphabet, which has formed the basis for other Latin scripts in the former Soviet Union.) The unusual character is called "Gha" and represents the phoneme . The character is found in the Common Turkic Alphabet in which most non-Slavic languages of the Soviet Union were written until the late 1930s. The Latin alphabet is not used today, although its adoption is advocated by certain groups. The Cyrillic script was introduced in Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the late 1930s, replacing the Latin script that had been

title: Ranked alphabet

text: unary, which is illicit, as "Arity" must be a function. Ranked alphabet In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a ranked alphabet is a pair of an ordinary alphabet "F" and a function "Arity": "F"→ℕ. Each letter in "F" has its arity so it can be used to build terms. Nullary elements (of zero arity) are also called constants. Terms built with unary symbols and constants can be considered as strings. Higher arities lead to proper trees. For instance, in the term "a,b,c" are constants, "g" is unary, and "f" is ternary. Contrariwise, cannot be a valid term, as

title: What Is the What

text: writes: "Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art." The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees

title: Alphabet City, Manhattan

text: residing in and around Alphabet City. Moreover, Kleindeutschland is the second substantial non-Anglophone urban ethnic enclave in United States history, after Philadelphia's Germantown. By the 1880s, most Germans were moving out of Kleindeutschland and relocating Uptown, to the Yorkville section of the Upper East Side. Eastern Europeans replaced Germans as the dominant ethnic group in Alphabet City during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this time, the area was considered part of the Lower East Side, and it became home to Eastern European Jewish, Irish, and Italian immigrants. It consisted of tenement housing with no running water, and

title: Abkhaz alphabet

text: In 1909, it was expanded to 55 letters by Aleksey Chochua to adjust to the extensive consonantal inventory of Abkhaz. In 1926, during the "korenizatsiya" policy in the Soviet Union, the Cyrillic alphabet was replaced by a Latin alphabet devised by Nikolay Marr. It featured 76 letters and was called the "Abkhaz analytical alphabet". In 1928, this was replaced by another Latin alphabet. (See illustration at right.) From 1938 to 1954 the Abkhaz language was written in 3 Georgian alphabets: the Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli. Since 1954, the Abkhaz language has been written in a new 62-letter Cyrillic alphabet (see

title: Chakma alphabet

text: Chakma alphabet The Chakma alphabet ("Ajhā pāṭh"), also called Ojhapath, Ojhopath, Aaojhapath, is an abugida used for the Chakma language. The Chakma alphabet is probably descended from Brahmi through Pallava. Proto Chakma developed around the 6th century CE. Old Chakma developed in the 8th century CE. Classical Literary Chakma was used in the 11th to 15th centuries and the current Standard Chakma was developed and revived in the 20th century. Classical Chakma was probably a sister script of Tai Tham and Tai Lue scripts of Northern Thailand also from the 8th century CE. Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the

title: Cham alphabet

text: Cham alphabet The Cham alphabet is an abugida used to write Cham, an Austronesian language spoken by some 230,000 Chams in Vietnam and Cambodia. It is written horizontally left to right, as in English. The Cham script is a descendant of the Brahmi script of India. Cham was one of the first scripts to develop from a Tamil Brahmi script called the Grantha alphabet some time around 200 CE. It came to Southeast Asia as part of the expansion of Hinduism and Buddhism. Hindu stone temples of the Champa civilization contain both Sanskrit and Chamic language stone inscriptions. The earliest

title: Jawi alphabet

text: Jawi alphabet Jawi (Jawi: "Jāwī"; Pattani: "Yawi"; Acehnese: "Jawoë") is an Arabic alphabet for writing Malay, Acehnese, Banjarese, Minangkabau, Tausūg and several other languages in Southeast Asia. Jawi is one of the two official scripts in Brunei and is used as an alternative script in Malaysia and Malay-dominated areas in Indonesia. It used to be the standard script for the Malay language but has since been replaced by a Latin alphabet, called "Rumi" (lit: Roman). Jawi has since been relegated to a script used for religious, cultural and some administrative purposes. Jawi can be typed with the Jawi keyboard. Its

title: Jawi alphabet

text: "غزال اونتوق ربيعة" (English: A Ghazal for Rabiah). Jawi alphabet Jawi (Jawi: "Jāwī"; Pattani: "Yawi"; Acehnese: "Jawoë") is an Arabic alphabet for writing Malay, Acehnese, Banjarese, Minangkabau, Tausūg and several other languages in Southeast Asia. Jawi is one of the two official scripts in Brunei and is used as an alternative script in Malaysia and Malay-dominated areas in Indonesia. It used to be the standard script for the Malay language but has since been replaced by a Latin alphabet, called "Rumi" (lit: Roman). Jawi has since been relegated to a script used for religious, cultural and some administrative purposes. Jawi

title: Ranked alphabet

text: Ranked alphabet In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a ranked alphabet is a pair of an ordinary alphabet "F" and a function "Arity": "F"→ℕ. Each letter in "F" has its arity so it can be used to build terms. Nullary elements (of zero arity) are also called constants. Terms built with unary symbols and constants can be considered as strings. Higher arities lead to proper trees. For instance, in the term "a,b,c" are constants, "g" is unary, and "f" is ternary. Contrariwise, cannot be a valid term, as the symbol "f" appears once as binary, and once as

title: Alphabet of Dreams

text: sister on an arduous journey across the desert. What they discover will change the world in a way that no dream could ever predict... Alphabet of Dreams received recognition as a 2007 Best Book for Young Adults from the American Library Association. Alphabet of Dreams Alphabet of Dreams (2006) is a novel by an American novelist Susan Fletcher. It was first published on 22 August 2006. Young Babak has a magnificent gift: He can dream the future. Mitra, his brave older sister, is sworn to protect him. For them to survive living on the streets, she must do whatever is

title: Latin alphabet

text: and pronunciation; for the names of the letters in English see English alphabet. Diacritics were not regularly used, but they did occur sometimes, the most common being the apex used to mark long vowels, which had previously sometimes been written doubled. However, in place of taking an apex, the letter i was written taller: . For example, what is today transcribed "Lūciī a fīliī" was written in the inscription depicted. The primary mark of punctuation was the interpunct, which was used as a word divider, though it fell out of use after 200 AD. Old Roman cursive script, also called

title: The Ultimate Alphabet

text: The Ultimate Alphabet The Ultimate Alphabet () is a best-selling book by Mike Wilks. It is a collection of 26 paintings, each depicting a collection of objects starting with a particular letter of the alphabet. It was published in 1986 as a competition with a £10 000 prize, closing in 1988. Unlike children's alphabet books, it contains unusual words, and is extremely intricately painted, with the paintings in a realistic style, but rendered surrealistic by the strange juxtaposition of subject matter. Wilks himself appears at least once in every painting, as does his trademark snail. Some of Wilks's appearances are

title: Montenegrin alphabet

text: deserving of consideration as a separate language from Serbo-Croatian. The modern version was brought into official use in early 2009 by the Ministry of Education under Sreten Škuletić. It was called the First Montenegrin Orthography, included a new Orthographic Dictionary, and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic script which was official until then. The act is a component part of the process of standardisation of the Montenegrin language, starting in mid 2008 after the adoption of Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro. Montenegrin alphabet The Montenegrin alphabet is the collective name given to "Abeceda" (Montenegrin Latin alphabet) and "Азбука" (Montenegrin Cyrillic

title: Tatar alphabet

text: Х Һ Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я Due to the Russian Federal law, only Cyrillic alphabets may have official status in regions of the Russian Federation. There is ongoing confrontation with regards to adoption of the Latin script for the Tatar language. While a Tatar version of the Latin alphabet called Jaᶇalif had been in use during the 1930s, there is controversy in the matter of Latin-based Tatar alphabet for İdel-Ural (Qazan) Tatar. The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999 and coming into force in 2001 establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A

title: Alphabet Zoo

text: from September 1993 to December 1995. The series was also transmitted on television in New Zealand on TVNZ 1 (originally called TV One). The original stories were in part written by Ann Yates. Alphabet Zoo Alphabet Zoo is a series of ten-minute programmes for young children, produced by Granada Television and was broadcast on ITV for two series in 1983 and 1984. It was presented by singer Ralph McTell and actress Nerys Hughes. Each episode is dedicated to a letter of the alphabet. The second series was directed by Lorne Magory (who also worked on several famous British programmes such

title: Danish and Norwegian alphabet

text: the letter "w" is considered an official letter. In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet: Danish and Norwegian alphabet The Danish and Norwegian alphabet, called the Dano-Norwegian alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and has consisted of the following 29 letters since 1917 (Norwegian) and 1948 (Danish). The letters c, q, w, x and z are not used in the spelling of indigenous words. They are rarely used in Norwegian, where loan words routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system. Conversely, Danish has a greater tendency to preserve the original spelling of

title: Slovene alphabet

text: was a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters, Jernej Kopitar urged the development of a new alphabet. In 1825, Franc Serafin Metelko proposed his version of the alphabet called "metelčica". However, it was banned in 1833 in favour of the bohoričica after the so-called "Suit of the Letters" ("Črkarska pravda") (1830–1833), which was won by France Prešeren and Matija Čop. Another alphabet, "dajnčica", was developed by Peter Dajnko in 1824, but did not catch on as widely as "metelčica"; it was banned in 1838 because it mixed Latin and Cyrillic characters, which was seen as a poor way to handle

title: NATO phonetic alphabet

text: Communications Division, the organization adopted the so-called "Able Baker" alphabet that was the 1943 US–UK spelling alphabet. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. From 1948–1949, , a professor of linguistics at the Université de Montréal worked closely with the ICAO to research and develop a new spelling alphabet. ICAO's directions to him were that

title: NATO phonetic alphabet

text: adopted the RAF radio alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. At least two of the terms are sometimes still used by UK civilians to spell words over the phone, namely "F for Freddie" and "S for Sugar". To enable the U.S., UK, and Australian armed forces to communicate during joint operations, in 1943 the CCB (Combined Communications Board; the combination of US and UK upper military commands) modified the U.S. military's Joint Army/Navy alphabet for use by all three nations, with the result being called the US-UK spelling alphabet.

title: Devil's Alphabet

text: and asks the spirits to end the pact, which releases their spirits from eternal purgatory. It was based on a short story "The Everlasting Club" by Arthur Gray, under the pseudonym Ingulphus. The story was first published in "The Cambridge Review" (October 27, 1910) Devil's Alphabet "Devil's Alphabet" is the second segment of the twenty-second episode from the first season (1985–86) of the television series "The New Twilight Zone". A group of young Cambridge students in Victorian England form a group called The Devil's Alphabet Society. Upon their graduation, they make an oath to meet at the same time every