query: What is the name of the country in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain?

title: France–Spain border

text: France–Spain border The France–Spain border was formally defined in 1659. It separates the two countries from Hendaye and Irun in the west, running through the Pyrenees to Cerbère and Portbou on the Mediterranean Sea. The Franco-Spanish border runs for between southwestern France and northeastern Spain. It begins in the west on the Bay of Biscay at the French city of Hendaye and the Spanish city of Irun (). The border continues eastward along the Pyrenees to Andorra (). At this point, the small country interrupts the border between Spain and France for 63.7 km on the Spanish side and 56

title: France–Spain border

text: both states. France–Spain border The France–Spain border was formally defined in 1659. It separates the two countries from Hendaye and Irun in the west, running through the Pyrenees to Cerbère and Portbou on the Mediterranean Sea. The Franco-Spanish border runs for between southwestern France and northeastern Spain. It begins in the west on the Bay of Biscay at the French city of Hendaye and the Spanish city of Irun (). The border continues eastward along the Pyrenees to Andorra (). At this point, the small country interrupts the border between Spain and France for 63.7 km on the Spanish side

title: Geology of the Pyrenees

text: Zone and the North Pyrenean Zone with lower crustal fragments and lherzolites sandwiched in between were pushed back northward over the Subpyrenean Zone. Geology of the Pyrenees The Pyrenees are a 430 kilometre long, roughly east-west striking, intracontinental mountain chain that divide France, Spain, and Andorra. The belt has an extended, polycyclic geological evolution dating back to the Precambrian. The chain's present configuration is due to the collision between the microcontinent Iberia and the southwestern promontory of the European Plate (i.e. Southern France). The two continents were approaching each other since the onset of the Upper Cretaceous (Albian/Cenomanian) about 100

title: Pyrenees

text: Pyrenees The Pyrenees (; ; ; ; ; ; ) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France. Reaching a height of altitude at the peak of Aneto, the range separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extends for about from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus). For the most part, the main crest forms a divide between Spain and France, with the microstate of Andorra sandwiched in between. The Principality of Catalonia alongside with the Kingdom of Aragon in

title: Geology of the Pyrenees

text: Geology of the Pyrenees The Pyrenees are a 430 kilometre long, roughly east-west striking, intracontinental mountain chain that divide France, Spain, and Andorra. The belt has an extended, polycyclic geological evolution dating back to the Precambrian. The chain's present configuration is due to the collision between the microcontinent Iberia and the southwestern promontory of the European Plate (i.e. Southern France). The two continents were approaching each other since the onset of the Upper Cretaceous (Albian/Cenomanian) about 100 million years ago and were consequently colliding during the Paleogene (Eocene/Oligocene) 55 to 25 million years ago. After its uplift, the chain experienced

title: Tourism in Spain

text: name derives from Latin "insula maior", "larger island"; later "Maiorica", "the larger one" in comparison to Menorca, "the smaller one". Spain is a generally mountainous country, with well-known ski resorts located in several parts of the country, including the Pyrenees, the Sistema Central, the Sistema Ibérico and Sierra Nevada. For the most part, the main crest forms a massive divider between France and Spain, with the tiny country of Andorra sandwiched in between. The Crown of Aragon and the Kingdom of Navarre have historically extended on both sides of the mountain range, with small northern portions now in France and

title: Andorra–Spain border

text: Spanish side. Andorra–Spain border The border between Andorra and Spain is in the Pyrenees between northern Spain and southern Andorra. The Spanish-Andorran border runs 64 km between the south of Andorra and northern Spain (by the autonomous community of Catalonia) in the Pyrenees Mountains. Because both Spain and Andorra are situated in the same watershed, travel is easier than travel between Andorra and France. The most used languages of Andorra are also Catalan and Spanish. The border begins in the west at the Andorra-France-Spain tripoint (42 ° 36 '13 "N 1 ° 26' 30" W). It then follows a generally

title: Andorra–Spain border

text: Andorra–Spain border The border between Andorra and Spain is in the Pyrenees between northern Spain and southern Andorra. The Spanish-Andorran border runs 64 km between the south of Andorra and northern Spain (by the autonomous community of Catalonia) in the Pyrenees Mountains. Because both Spain and Andorra are situated in the same watershed, travel is easier than travel between Andorra and France. The most used languages of Andorra are also Catalan and Spanish. The border begins in the west at the Andorra-France-Spain tripoint (42 ° 36 '13 "N 1 ° 26' 30" W). It then follows a generally south-eastern direction,

title: Postage stamps and postal history of Andorra

text: Postage stamps and postal history of Andorra Andorra, officially the "Principality of Andorra", is a small country located in the Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also commonly spoken. Postal services in Andorra are unique in that they are not operated by the country itself, but by its two larger neighbouring countries, Spain and France. "Correos" of Spain and "La Poste" of France operate side by side. Both postal administrations issue their own postage stamps for use in Andorra featuring unique designs, as those of Spain and

title: Great Pyrenees

text: falls, soft, silky and abundant coat, a complete white snow color. In some cases, there is a blackish band around the eyes, but often it is completely white... It was extended once in the Republic of Andorra and part of Spain, but in Andorra is completely extirpated. It might still exist in the mountains of Spain." It is possible that Venezuelan Mucuchies breed descend from the Great Pyrenees, other Spanish breeds, and other few more breeds, that could be introduced in 16th century by Spanish conquistadors. The real spread of the Great Pyrenees out of its mountains developed in the

title: Pyrenees

text: "départements", from east to west: Pyrénées-Orientales (North Catalonia and Fenolheda), Aude, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques (the latter two of which include the Pyrenees National Park). The independent principality of Andorra is sandwiched in the eastern portion of the mountain range between the Spanish Pyrenees and French Pyrenees. Physiographically, the Pyrenees may be divided into three sections: the Atlantic (or Western), the Central, and the Eastern Pyrenees. Together, they form a distinct physiographic province of the larger Alpine System division. In the Western Pyrenees, from the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean, the average elevation

text: France are not valid. The 1931 issues were those of France overprinted "ANDORRE". Its first set of stamps was produced in 1932 inscribed "Vallees d'Andorre", which depicted churches such as Our Lady's Chapel, Meritxell and St. Michael's Church, Engolasters. In 1928 Spanish stamps were overprinted "CORREOS ANDORRA" for use in Andorra. The first set of definitives was issued in 1929. Postage stamps and postal history of Andorra Andorra, officially the "Principality of Andorra", is a small country located in the Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, French, and Portuguese are also

title: Geography of Spain

text: with France and Andorra along the Pyrenees in the northeast, with Portugal on the west, and with the small British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar near the southernmost tip. The affiliation of Gibraltar has continued to be a contentious issue between Spain and Britain. The sovereignty of the plazas de soberanía on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco is disputed by Morocco. Spain also has a small exclave inside France called Llívia. The majority of Spain's peninsular region consists of the Meseta Central, a highland plateau rimmed and dissected by mountain ranges. Other landforms include narrow coastal plains and some lowland river

title: Geography of Andorra

text: Andorra. <br> Geography of Andorra Andorra is a small, landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range and bordered by Spain and France. With an area of 468 km², it is the sixth smallest country in Europe and also the largest of the European microstates. Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at , and the average elevation of Andorra is . These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the Gran Valira river, leaves the country for Spain (at

title: Geography of Andorra

text: Geography of Andorra Andorra is a small, landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountain range and bordered by Spain and France. With an area of 468 km², it is the sixth smallest country in Europe and also the largest of the European microstates. Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the Coma Pedrosa at , and the average elevation of Andorra is . These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the Gran Valira river, leaves the country for Spain (at Andorra's lowest

title: Borders of Spain

text: extends through the provinces of Gipuzkoa, Navarre, Huesca, Lleida and Girona in Spain, and the departments of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Hautes-Pyrénées, Haute-Garonne, Ariège, Pyrénées-Orientales in France. The border goes from the mouth of Bidasoa River to a cape between Cerbère and Portbou, and crosses the Pyrenees. The Spain-Andorra border is 63.7 km long. It extends through the province of Lérida in Spain, and the parishes of La Massana, Andorra La Vella, Sant Julià de Lòria, Escaldes-Engordany and Encamp. This border is a hotspot por contraband, because of the cheapness of tobacco in Andorra. The autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and the

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees

text: Treaty of the Pyrenees The Treaty of the Pyrenees (, , , ) was signed on 7 November 1659 to end the 1635–1659 war between France and Spain, a war that was initially a part of the wider Thirty Years' War. It was signed on Pheasant Island, a river island on the border between the two countries which has remained a French-Spanish condominium since the treaty. The kings Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain were represented by their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro, respectively. France entered the Thirty Years' War after the

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees

text: peace (Portuguese Restoration War, third stage), and the Bourbons had ended the dominance of the Habsburgs. In the Pyrenees, the treaty resulted in the establishment of border customs and restriction of the free cross-border flow of people and goods. In the context of the territorial changes involved in the Treaty, France gained some territory, on both its northern and southern borders. Treaty of the Pyrenees The Treaty of the Pyrenees (, , , ) was signed on 7 November 1659 to end the 1635–1659 war between France and Spain, a war that was initially a part of the wider Thirty

title: Army of the Western Pyrenees

text: commanders with the longest tenure were Jacques Léonard Muller, who served from October 1793 to August 1794, and Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, who served from August 1794 until the army was disbanded. Emperor Napoleon appointed Moncey a Marshal of France in 1804 during the First French Empire. The "Army of the Pyrenees" was formed on 1 October 1792 and a former Minister of War, Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey was appointed to lead it. The War of the Pyrenees between Republican France and the Kingdom of Spain began on 9 March 1793. Accordingly, the original "Army of the Pyrenees" was

title: Pyrenees

text: across the northern slopes, the GR 11 across the southern slopes, and the HRP which traverses peaks and ridges along a high altitude route. In addition, there are numerous marked and unmarked trails throughout the region. "Pirena" is a dog-mushing competition held in the Pyrenees. Ski resorts in the Pyrenees include: Pyrenees The Pyrenees (; ; ; ; ; ; ) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France. Reaching a height of altitude at the peak of Aneto, the range separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe,

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees

text: the following year the war ground to a halt when the French campaign to take Milan was defeated. Peace was settled by means of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in November 1659. France gained Roussillon (including Perpignan) and the northern half of Cerdanya, Montmédy and other parts of Luxembourg, Artois and other towns in Flanders, including Arras, Béthune, Gravelines and Thionville, and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees. However, the treaty stipulated only that all "villages" north of the Pyrenees should become part of France. Because it was a villa, the historic town of Llívia, once

title: War of the Pyrenees

text: War of the Pyrenees The War of the Pyrenees, also known as War of Roussillon or War of the Convention, was the Pyrenean front of the First Coalition's war against the First French Republic. It pitted Revolutionary France against the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal from March 1793 to July 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars. The war was fought in the eastern Pyrenees, the western Pyrenees, at the French port of Toulon, and at sea. In 1793, a Spanish army invaded Roussillon in the eastern Pyrenees and maintained itself on French soil through April 1794. The French army drove

title: War of the Pyrenees

text: authorities—prime minister Manuel Godoy—and so was agreed. Notwithstanding this provision, at least the city council of San Sebastián was arrested and put to a court-martial trial in Pamplona held as of February 1796. An alliance convention between France and Spain was signed at the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso on 19 August 1796. All in all, it was a victory for the French Republic. Portugal remained in combat, however, as peace was not concluded with the Portuguese. War of the Pyrenees The War of the Pyrenees, also known as War of Roussillon or War of the Convention, was the Pyrenean

title: National and regional identity in Spain

text: provinces: Araba (Álava), Gipuzkoa (Guipúzcoa), and Bizkaia (Vizcaya, Biscay). Navarre chooses to remain outside the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. Much of the country between the coast and the Ebro Valley is mountainous. Gipuzkoa and Biscay, on the coast, are separated from the rest of Spain by the lofty Cantabrian Mountains, while Navarre is oriented inland towards Castile. Economically important features include the iron ore deposits of Biscay, the concentration of industry around the largest city of Bilbao, the Port of Bilbao, and a land communication route with France around the western end of the Pyrenees. Records of people

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees

text: the Spanish army reconquered most of Catalonia, the French retained Catalan territory north of the Pyrenees. The treaty also arranged for a marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain, the daughter of Philip IV of Spain. Maria Theresa was forced to renounce her claim to the Spanish throne, in return for a monetary settlement as part of her dowry. This settlement was never paid, a factor that eventually led to the War of Devolution in 1668. At the Meeting on the Isle of Pheasants in June 1660, the two monarchs and their ministers met, and the

title: What The Fuck France?

text: created What the Fuck France. In 2018 he followed the program with a documentary entitled Stereotrip. The videos take a tongue-in-cheek look at quintessential parts of French culture. Telerama deemed the series "excellent". The Local reported that some viewers deemed the series lighthearted humour, while others thought it was French bashing. What The Fuck France? What The Fuck France (aka What's Up France) is a Franglais YouTube channel created by Paul Taylor, in which he comments on French culture and language. Paul Taylor has Anglo-Irish ancestry, and spends his time between England, France, Quebec and Spain. Prior to creating the

title: Army of the Western Pyrenees

text: Army of the Western Pyrenees The Army of the Western Pyrenees ("Armée des Pyrénées occidentales") was one of the Republican French armies of the French Revolutionary Wars. From April 1793 until 12 October 1795, the army fought in the Basque Country and in Navarre during the War of the Pyrenees. After indecisive fighting during the first year of its existence, the army seized the Spanish port of San Sebastián in August 1794. By the time the Peace of Basel was signed on 22 July 1795, the "Army of the Western Pyrenees" held a significant portion of northeastern Spain. The army

title: France–Spain relations

text: France–Spain relations France and Spain neighbour each other, with a long border across the Pyrenees. The two countries are member states of the European Union which use the Euro as currency, and are both members of NATO and the Latin Union. Two of the most powerful kingdoms of the early modern era, France and Spain fought a 24-year war (the Franco-Spanish War) until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. The treaty was signed on the Pheasant Island between the two nations, which has since been a condominium, changing its allegiances each six months. The nations cooperated

title: Army of the Eastern Pyrenees

text: Spain joined the War of the First Coalition and invaded Rousillon on 17 April 1793. The "Army of the Pyrenees" was formed on 1 October 1792 and commanded by Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey. On 30 April 1793, the army was divided into two separate armies. The "Army of the Eastern Pyrenees" was responsible for all territory between the Rhône and the upper Garonne Rivers while the "Army of the Western Pyrenees" defended territory between the upper Garonne and the Gironde estuary. At the start of the War of the Pyrenees, Servan went to Bayonne in the west, assigning Mathieu

title: What The Fuck France?

text: What The Fuck France? What The Fuck France (aka What's Up France) is a Franglais YouTube channel created by Paul Taylor, in which he comments on French culture and language. Paul Taylor has Anglo-Irish ancestry, and spends his time between England, France, Quebec and Spain. Prior to creating the series, Taylor worked at Apple. In 2016, Taylor started a standup called Franglais, where he spoke about his experiences as an expatriate in France. Then, he wrote a YouTube skit called La Bise, about the French kiss, which racked up 3 million hits. Subsequently, he was contacted by Canal+ who together

title: Basque Country (greater region)

text: Basque Country (greater region) The Basque Country (; ; ) is the name given to the home of the Basque people. The Basque country is located in the western Pyrenees, straddling the border between France and Spain on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. "Euskal Herria" is the oldest documented Basque name for the area they inhabit, dating from the 16th century. It comprises the Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain and the Northern Basque Country in France. The region is home to the Basque people (), their language (), culture and traditions. The area

title: Basque Country (greater region)

text: competitions with points awarded for specific criteria such as time, precision, elegance and productivity. Basque Country (greater region) The Basque Country (; ; ) is the name given to the home of the Basque people. The Basque country is located in the western Pyrenees, straddling the border between France and Spain on the coast of the Bay of Biscay. "Euskal Herria" is the oldest documented Basque name for the area they inhabit, dating from the 16th century. It comprises the Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain and the Northern Basque Country in France. The region is

title: Spain in the 17th century

text: and an attempt was made to separate Andalusia from Spain. Spanish forces recovered Naples and most of Catalonia from French control but Portugal was lost permanently. In 1648, at the Peace of Westphalia, Spain assented to the emperor's accommodation with the German Protestants, and in 1654 it recognized the independence of the northern Netherlands. During the long regency for Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, validos milked Spain's treasury, and Spain's government operated principally as a dispenser of patronage. Plague, famine, floods, drought, and renewed war with France wasted the country. The Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) had

title: Mountains classification in the Tour de France

text: Mountains classification in the Tour de France The mountains classification is a secondary competition in the Tour de France, that started in 1933. It is given to the rider that gains the most points for reaching mountain summits first. The leader of the classification is named the King of the Mountains, and since 1975 wears the polka dot jersey (), a white jersey with red polka dots. The first Tour de France crossed no mountain passes, but several lesser cols. The first was the col des Echarmeaux (), on the opening stage from Paris to Lyon, on what is now

title: Pyrenees

text: ). According to Greek historian Diodorus Siculus "..in ancient times, we are told, certain herdsmen left a fire and the whole area of the mountains was entirely consumed; and due to this fire, since it raged continuously day after day, the surface of the earth was also burned and the mountains, because of what had taken place, were called the Pyrenees." The Spanish Pyrenees are part of the following provinces, from east to west: Girona, Barcelona, Lleida (all in Catalonia), Huesca (in Aragon), Navarra (in Navarre) and Gipuzkoa (in the Basque Country). The French Pyrenees are part of the following

title: Sub-Pyrenees

text: of Vic. The term "Subpirineu" was first used in 1938 by Catalan geographer and geologist Lluís Solé. He justified the separateness of the Sub-Pyrenees from the Pre-Pyrenees and the Transversal Range on the basis of the material composition of the mountains, as well as the relatively more recent character of the anticline and the evidence of fractures. The name "Sub-Pyrenees" was systematically accepted in the 1958 work "Geografia de Catalunya". Sub-Pyrenees The Sub-Pyrenees () are a mountainous region in Catalonia, Spain, forming a section of the southern foothills of the Pyrenees. They are located at the eastern end of the

title: Great Pyrenees

text: regularly to prevent infection. The Great Pyrenees is a very old breed that has been used for hundreds of years by shepherds, including those of the Basque people, who inhabit parts of the region in and around the Pyrenees Mountains of southern France and northern Spain (specifically Aragon and Navarre). Varro, a Roman author who lived in the first century BC, wrote in his treatise of rural economy "De re rustica" in 37 BC.: "The dog is essential for those who raise animals for wool. It is the guardian of livestock in general but is the natural defender of the

title: Army of the Eastern Pyrenees

text: June. The war took a severe toll on the commanders of the "Army of the Eastern Pyrenees". Aside from Dugommier's death in battle, three were executed by the guillotine and another died of disease. Five officers from the army later became Marshals of France under Napoleon. These were Pérignon, Pierre Augereau, Claude Perrin Victor, Jean Lannes and Jean-Baptiste Bessières. The execution of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette outraged the ancient monarchies of Europe. Even so, it was the First French Republic that declared war on its ancient ally the Kingdom of Spain on 7 March 1793.

title: Islam in Spain

text: north-east across the Pyrenees Mountains toward France, but were defeated by the Frankish Christian Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732. It is commonly held that the relative ease with which the Great Muslim armies conquered the Iberian Peninsula was due to the centralized nature of government under the rule of the Visigoths. After the defeat of Roderick, the Visigoth dominion over the Iberian peninsula folded and fell apart from the Northern coast of Spain, and the province of Septimania (an area of France going from the Pyrenees to Provence), all areas previously under the rule of the

title: Army of the Eastern Pyrenees

text: Army of the Eastern Pyrenees The Army of the Eastern Pyrenees ("Armée des Pyrénées Orientales") was one of the French Revolutionary armies. It fought against the Kingdom of Spain in Rousillon, the Cerdanya and Catalonia during the War of the Pyrenees. This army and the "Army of the Western Pyrenees" were formed by splitting the original "Army of the Pyrenees" at the end of April 1793 soon after the war started. Shortly after the Peace of Basel on 22 July 1795, the fighting ended and the army was dissolved on 12 October that same year. Many of its units and

title: War of the Pyrenees

text: the Spanish back into Catalonia and inflicted a serious defeat on it in November 1794. After February 1795, the war in the eastern Pyrenees became a stalemate. In the western Pyrenees, the French began to win in 1794. By 1795, the French army controlled a portion of northeast Spain. The war was brutal in at least two ways. First, the Committee of Public Safety decreed that all French royalist prisoners be executed. Second, French generals who lost battles or otherwise displeased the all-powerful representatives-on-mission were sent to prison or the guillotine with alarming frequency. Army of the Eastern Pyrenees commanders

title: World War II in the Basque Country

text: World War II in the Basque Country World War II in the Basque Country refers to the period extending from 1940 to 1944. It affected the French Basque Country, but also bordering areas across the Pyrenees on account of the instability following the end of the Spanish Civil War, and the friendship ties held by Germany, Vichy France, and the triumphant Spanish military dictatorship. In June 1937, the Northern Front of the Spanish Civil War collapsed for the Republicans. Approximately half a million Republicans and civilians fled for their lives in Spain, but possibly up to 150,000 of them were

title: Pyrenees

text: the Crown of Aragon, Occitania and the Kingdom of Navarre have historically extended on both sides of the mountain range, with smaller northern portions now in France and larger southern parts now in Spain. The demonym for the noun "Pyrenees" in English is "Pyrenean". In Greek mythology, Pyrene is a princess who gave her name to the Pyrenees. The Greek historian Herodotus says Pyrene is the name of a town in Celtic Europe. According to Silius Italicus, she was the virgin daughter of Bebryx, a king in Mediterranean Gaul by whom the hero Hercules was given hospitality during his quest

title: Battle of the Pyrenees

text: Battle of the Pyrenees The Battle of the Pyrenees was a large-scale offensive launched on 25 July 1813 by Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult from the Pyrénées region on Emperor Napoleon’s order, in the hope of relieving French garrisons under siege at Pamplona and San Sebastián. After initial success the offensive ground to a halt in face of increased allied resistance under the command of Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington. Soult abandoned the offensive on 30 July and headed toward France, having failed to relieve either garrison. The Battle of the Pyrenees involved several distinct actions. On 25 July,

title: Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco

text: a buffer zone between the Spanish Colony of Rio de Oro and Morocco. Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco The Treaty between France and Spain regarding Morocco was signed on 27 November 1912 by French and Spanish heads of state, establishing "de jure" a Spanish Zone of influence in northern and southern Morocco, both zones being "de facto" under Spanish control, while France was still regarded as the protecting power as it was the sole occupying power to sign the Treaty of Fez. The northern part was to become the zone of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco with its

title: The Country and the City

text: 306). Chapter Eight of "Raymond Williams: Hope and Defeat in the Struggle for Socialism" "A contrast between country and city, as fundamental ways of life, reaches back into classical times." The Country and the City The Country and the City is a book of cultural analysis by Raymond Williams which was first published in 1973. Coming from the Welsh border, a village in the Black Mountains, Raymond Williams found that the images of rural life taught at the University of Cambridge did not match what he had seen. As an academic at Cambridge, he studied and examined the contradiction, along

title: France–Spain border

text: back to the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees between the kingdoms of Spain and France in 1659. This would be followed by the Treaty of Llivia the following year, which transferred to France the sovereignty of several villages in the valley of Querol. Later there would be some agreements on specific areas: the agreement signed in Perpignan in 1764, which established the boundaries between Empordà and Coll Pertús and the Elizondo Treaty in 1785 establishing limits on the height of Aldudes is demarcated and Valcarlos. The final definition, that for the most part still in force, was conducted

text: Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco The Treaty between France and Spain regarding Morocco was signed on 27 November 1912 by French and Spanish heads of state, establishing "de jure" a Spanish Zone of influence in northern and southern Morocco, both zones being "de facto" under Spanish control, while France was still regarded as the protecting power as it was the sole occupying power to sign the Treaty of Fez. The northern part was to become the zone of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco with its capital in Tetuan, while the southern part was ruled from El Aiun as

title: France in the Middle Ages

text: climate. While there were great differences between the northern and southern parts of the kingdom there were equally important differences depending on the distance of mountains: mainly the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Massif Central. France had important rivers that were used as waterways: the Loire, the Rhone, the Seine as well as the Garonne. These rivers were settled earlier than the rest and important cities were founded on their banks but they were separated by large forests, marsh, and other rough terrains. Before the Romans conquered Gaul, the Gauls lived in villages organised in wider tribes. The Romans referred

title: War of the Pyrenees

text: prisoners. The Action of 14 February 1795 in the Gulf of Roses was a defeat for the French navy. At the outbreak of war, King Charles IV of Spain appointed Captain General Antonio Ricardos to command the "Army of Catalonia" in the eastern Pyrenees. Ricardos invaded the Cerdagne and captured Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans on 17 April 1793. Three days later, he routed a French force at Céret on the Tech River. In despair, the elderly French commander in charge of Roussillon, Mathieu Henri Marchant de La Houlière committed suicide. On 30 April, the French government split the "Army of the Pyrenees" into

title: France–Spain relations

text: against the terrorist-separatist group ETA, who fought for an independent Basque Country with land from both countries. The entire mainlands of both Gaul and Hispania were possessions of the Roman Empire. While the term "Spain" may be improper when used to refer to France–Spain relations before the union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1516, there has always been important relations between what are now France and Spain. One important feature of those early relations was that Catalonia & Navarre fought shoulder to shoulder with Frankish Kings (during the Carolingian dynasty), to protect Europe from

text: their food, clothing and tools in bags hung from their handlebars. The assistant organiser, Victor Breyer, stood at the summit of the Aubisque with the colleague who had proposed including the Pyrenees, Alphonse Steinès. The tour organiser, Henri Desgrange was confident enough after the Pyrenees to include the Alps in 1911. The highest climb in the race was the Cime de la Bonette-Restefond in the 1962 Tour de France, reaching 2802 m. The highest mountain finish in the Tour was at the Col du Galibier in the 2011 edition. Since 1905, the organising newspaper "l'Auto" named one cyclist of the

title: Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain

text: were such "fortifications and forts" along the line of the current frontier (Devil's Tower, El Molino), then this area was included in the cession. Furthermore, they argue, international practice at the time was that all territorial cessions included an extended surrounding area equivalent to the length of two cannon shots. When the treaty of Seville was concluded between Great Britain, France and Spain in 1729, long arguments ensued between Spain and Britain as to how far north the 'undoubted right' of Britain extended from the north face of the Rock of Gibraltar. It was finally accepted that a distance of

title: Battle of the Pyrenees

text: were 7,000. The next action was the Battle of San Marcial at the end of August. Battle of the Pyrenees The Battle of the Pyrenees was a large-scale offensive launched on 25 July 1813 by Marshal Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult from the Pyrénées region on Emperor Napoleon’s order, in the hope of relieving French garrisons under siege at Pamplona and San Sebastián. After initial success the offensive ground to a halt in face of increased allied resistance under the command of Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington. Soult abandoned the offensive on 30 July and headed toward France, having failed

title: The Tribute of the Three Cows

text: for access to the water sources in Larra and Aranz was regarded as highly advantageous to the people of Barétous. The arbitration has thereafter been ratified numerous times, including in the Peace of the Pyrenees and in the Treaty of Bayonne of 1856 between Spain and France, which settled the current border between France and Spain. The carta de paz (peace treaty) of 1375 succeeded in pacifying the relationships between both valleys, even if in 1389 amendments had to be added to specify issues related to the breeding of cattle. Thereafter the relationship between Roncal and Barétous became essentially friendly.

title: Physical geography of the Basque Country

text: (Oria), and in the others, maritime branches (Urumea, Bidasoa). The coast of Lapurdi is flatter. The beaches are longer and the slopes gentler. The rivers Bidasoa and Adour join the ocean in Lapurdi. The Basque country is mountainous. Most of the mountains are along an east-west axis, at the west of the Pyrenees. The most important rock there is limestone, but there are also mountains composed of other materials. For example, Aiako Harria is composed of granite. The highest mountain is Hiru Errege Maila. The south of Álava and Navarre is the middle east limit of Cantabrian Mountains. There are

text: mountains classification win. In 1969, Eddy Merckx won not only the general classification and the mountains classification, but also the points classification. The general classification and the mountain classification were won by the same rider ten times, by seven different cyclists: Mountains classification in the Tour de France The mountains classification is a secondary competition in the Tour de France, that started in 1933. It is given to the rider that gains the most points for reaching mountain summits first. The leader of the classification is named the King of the Mountains, and since 1975 wears the polka dot jersey

title: Battle of the Nervasos Mountains

text: Battle of the Nervasos Mountains The Battle of the Nervasos Mountains (Spanish: Batalla de los Montes Nervasos) occurred in the year 419 and was fought between a coalition of Suebi, led by King Hermeric together with allied Roman Imperial forces stationed in the Province of Hispania, against the combined forces of the Vandals and Alans who were led by their King Gunderic. This battle occurred in the context of a contemporary Germanic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. The battle took place in what is today the Province of León, Spain, and resulted in a Roman/Suebian Victory. Between the years 409

title: France–Spain relations

text: Perpignan of Philip III of France married to Isabel of Aragon, and Albigenses Crusades are some of the most famous examples) and played a significant political role in the start of the Catalan Revolt which ended with the treaty of Pyrenees. The Franco-Spanish War broke out in 1635, when French king Louis XIII felt threatened that his entire kingdom was bordered by Habsburg territories, including Spain. In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees ended the war and ceded the Spanish-possessed Catalan county of Roussillon to France, which had supported the Principality of Catalonia in a revolt against the Spanish crown.

title: John II of France

text: II, king of France, took place in Reims the following 26 September. Joanna, his second wife, was crowned queen of France at the same time. In November 1350, King John had Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu seized and summarily executed, for reasons that remain unclear, although it was rumored that he had pledged the English the County of Guînes for his release. In 1354, John's son-in-law and cousin, Charles II of Navarre, who, in addition to his Kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees mountains, border between France and Spain, also held extensive lands in Normandy, was implicated in

title: Union of Brittany and France

text: France's royal court, but the Breton merchant bourgeoisie in Saint-Malo did not identify with the interests of the Dukes of Brittany. The union of Brittany and France was a critical step in the formation of modern-day France. Geographically, the union resulted in France's northwestern border becoming the English Channel and its western border, as far south as the Pyrenees Mountains, becoming the Atlantic Ocean, save for island territories and colonies. Politically this unification marked the end to over 1000 years of efforts by various Kings of England to control Brittany, and thwarted later efforts by the King of Spain to

title: Enlightenment in Spain

text: as the Pyrenees in early July. Fighting continued in the mountains throughout the winter, though in the spring of 1814 the Allies advanced into southern France. Ferdinand was released by the French after the fall of Napoleon in 1814. On arriving in Spain, the most important question was whether he would swear by the Constitution of 1812, that the Supreme Junta had composed in his stead. The constitution, which limited the king's powers considerably in favor of a unicameral legislature, was deeply unpopular among the conservative Spanish clergy, and among the people of Spain who associated much of it with

title: France in the Middle Ages

text: lost ground to the expanding Romance during a period spanning most of the Early Middle Ages. This Proto-Basque influenced the emerging Latin-based language spoken in the area between the Garonne and the Pyrenees, eventually resulting in the dialect of Occitan called Gascon. Scandinavian Vikings invaded France from the 9th century onwards and established themselves mostly in what would come to be called Normandy. The Normans took up the langue d'oïl spoken there, although Norman French remained heavily influenced by Old Norse and its dialects. They also contributed many words to French related to sailing and farming. After the conquest of

title: Geology of the Pyrenees

text: frontal fault" or "NPFF"), a major thrust fault along which units from the North Pyrenean Zone have been transported over the Subpyrenean Zone, southernmost part of the Aquitaine Basin, their northern foreland. Their southern limit is the South Pyrenean Frontal Fault. Here, thrust slices from the Sierras Marginales and their lateral equivalents are displaced southward over the Ebro Basin. Yet in a larger, geologically more meaningful sense the Pyrenees continue farther west into the Basque and the Cantabrian mountains (the "Basque-Cantabrian chain"). They finally disappear along the continental margin of Asturias. Likewise in the east, they do not just vanish

title: Spain

text: new French Republic as a member of the first Coalition. The subsequent War of the Pyrenees polarised the country in a reaction against the gallicised elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the Peace of Basel in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola. The Prime Minister, Manuel Godoy, then ensured that Spain allied herself with France in the brief War of the Third Coalition which ended with the British victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. In 1807, a secret treaty between Napoleon and the unpopular

text: Polka Dot Jersey, during the 1975 Tour de France, was Joop Zoetemelk, and while he never won the King of the Mountains competition in the Tour De France he is considered to be one of the greatest climbers in Tour de France history. Zoetemelk did win the mountains classification in the 1971 Vuelta a Espana, as well as the general classification in the 1979 Vuelta a Espana and the 1980 Tour de France. At the top of many climbs in the Tour, there are points for the riders who are first over the top. The climbs are divided into categories

text: the old road from Autun to Lyon. The stage from Lyon to Marseille included the col de la République (), also known as the col du Grand Bois, at the edge of St-Etienne. The first major climb—the Ballon d'Alsace () in the Vosges — was featured in the 1905 race. True mountains were not included until the Pyrenees in 1910. In that year the race rode, or more walked, first the col d'Aubisque and then the nearby Tourmalet. Both climbs were mule tracks, a demanding challenge on heavy, ungeared bikes ridden by men with spare tires around their shoulders and

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: History of the Basques

text: Soule (Basses Pyrenees). The Armistice of 22 June 1940 established a German military occupation of the French Atlantic, including the French Basque Country up to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, with the rest of it being falling on the Vichy France. The whole western and central Pyrenees became a hotspot for clandestine operations and organized resistance, e.g. Comet line. Two developments during the Franco dictatorship (1939–1975) deeply affected life in the Basque Country in this period and afterward. One was a new wave of immigration from the poorer parts of Spain to Biscay and Gipuzkoa during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s in response to

title: Geography of Spain

text: valleys, the most prominent of which is the Andalusian Plain in the southwest. The country can be divided into ten natural regions or subregions: the dominant Meseta Central, the Cantabrian Mountains (Cordillera Cantabrica) and the northwest region, the "Ibérico" region, the Pyrenees, the "Penibético" region in the southeast, the Andalusian Plain, the Ebro Basin, the coastal plains, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands. These are commonly grouped into four types: the Meseta Central and associated mountains, other mountainous regions, lowland regions, and islands. The "Meseta Central" ("Inner Plateau") is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain, which

title: Sunlight between the Mountains

text: Sunlight between the Mountains Gerardo Murillo Cornado, was the real name of the artist known as Dr. Atl. He was an avid researcher of nature, and he is considered to be the ideologist of the Muralist Movement, since he imposed a style that was later absorbed by Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, José Chávez Morado, among other renowned artists. Atl began his studies in art at the workshop of Felipe Castro and finished at the Academy of San Carlos. In addition to his penchant to the plastic arts, he became interested in literature, and wrote stories, novels,

title: King of the Mountains

text: trackers such as Strava. Two riders have won the "King of the Mountains" in the Tour de France six times: Federico Bahamontes (Spain) and Lucien Van Impe (Belgium), while Richard Virenque (France) holds the record with seven wins. Gino Bartali holds the record for the Giro d'Italia, also with seven wins, while José Luis Laguía has won the Vuelta equivalent five times. No rider has won the "King of the Mountains" in all three Grand Tours in the same year. Only two riders, Federico Bahamontes and Luis Herrera, have won all three competitions in different years. Ten riders have achieved

title: Sunlight between the Mountains

text: de sol entre la sierra"], where he found the telluric force for expressive landscape validating it through color and violent strokes, which would become the guidelines for modern painting in Mexico. The study of these new insights led him to create the technique called aeropaisaje or which consists in the reproduction of full views taken from a helicopter where he made his reconnaissance trips. Sunlight between the Mountains Gerardo Murillo Cornado, was the real name of the artist known as Dr. Atl. He was an avid researcher of nature, and he is considered to be the ideologist of the Muralist

title: History of Spain

text: with France wasted the country. The Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) had ended fifty years of warfare with France, whose king, Louis XIV, found the temptation to exploit a weakened Spain too great. Louis instigated the War of Devolution (1667–68) to acquire the Spanish Netherlands. By the 17th century, the Catholic Church and Spain had showcased a close bond to one another, attesting to the fact that Spain was virtually free of Protestantism during the 16th century. In 1620, there were 100,000 Spaniards in the clergy; by 1660 the number had grown to about 200,000, and the Church owned 20%

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees

text: princess entered France. In addition, the English received Dunkirk, although they elected to sell it to France in 1662. The Treaty of the Pyrenees was the last major diplomatic achievement by Cardinal Mazarin. Combined with the Peace of Westphalia, it allowed Louis XIV remarkable stability and diplomatic advantage by means of a weakened Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé and a weakened Spanish Crown, along with the agreed dowry, which was an important element in the French king's strategy: All in all, by 1660, when the Swedish occupation of Poland was over, most of the European continent was at

title: Between the Earth and the Stars

text: Between the Earth and the Stars Between the Earth and the Stars is the debut album of American country music singer Jeff Wood. It was released on February 11, 1997 through Imprint Records. The album includes the singles "You Just Get One", "Use Mine" and "You Call That a Mountain". "You Just Get One" was originally recorded by Ty Herndon on his 1995 debut "What Mattered Most", and B. J. Thomas later released his version of "You Call That a Mountain" in 2000 from his album of the same name. Billy Hoffman also recorded the song on his 2000 album

title: World War II in the Basque Country

text: in the Pointe de Grave battle with their Gernika Battalion (Gironde). De Gaulle commented, "France will never forget the sacrifice of the Basques for the liberation of our land." World War II in the Basque Country World War II in the Basque Country refers to the period extending from 1940 to 1944. It affected the French Basque Country, but also bordering areas across the Pyrenees on account of the instability following the end of the Spanish Civil War, and the friendship ties held by Germany, Vichy France, and the triumphant Spanish military dictatorship. In June 1937, the Northern Front of

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees

text: the capital of Cerdanya, was thus unintentionally exempted from the treaty and became a Spanish exclave as part of the "comarca" of Baixa Cerdanya, in the Spanish province of Girona. This border was not properly settled until the Treaty of Bayonne was signed in 1856, with its final acts accepted 12 years later. On the western Pyrenees a definite borderline was drawn and decisions made as to the politico-administrative affiliation of bordering areas in the Basque region—Baztan, Aldude, Valcarlos. Spain was forced to recognize and confirm all of the French gains at the Peace of Westphalia. In exchange for the

title: Geology of the Pyrenees

text: intense erosion and isostatic readjustments. A cross-section through the chain shows an asymmetric flower-like structure with steeper dips on the French side. The Pyrenees are not solely the result of compressional forces, but also show an important sinistral shearing. The Pyrenees "sensu stricto" stretch in a west-northwest-east-southeast-direction (N 110) over 430 km from the Bay of Biscay in the west to the Golfe du Lion and the Golf de Roses in the east, their width across strike varying between 65 and 150 km. They are bounded in the north by the North Pyrenean Front (French: "Front nord-pyrénéen", also "North Pyrenean

title: Sub-Pyrenees

text: Sub-Pyrenees The Sub-Pyrenees () are a mountainous region in Catalonia, Spain, forming a section of the southern foothills of the Pyrenees. They are located at the eastern end of the Pre-Pyrenees, west of the Catalan Transversal Range, between the lower Ripollès and an area of the high Garrotxa. The Sub-Pyrenees consist of a series of parallel mountain ranges aligned in an east-west direction. Their shape is smooth and they are mostly covered with forest. They are cut transversally by the Ter River, between the Sant Amand (1,851 m) anticline and Bellmunt (1,515 m), the mountain massif rising over the Plain

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees

text: Spanish Habsburg victories in the Dutch Revolt in the 1620s and at the Battle of Nördlingen against Sweden in 1634. By 1640, France began to interfere in Spanish politics, aiding the revolt in Catalonia, while Spain responded by aiding the Fronde revolt in France in 1648. During the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained the Sundgau and cut off Spanish access to the Netherlands from Austria, leading to open warfare between the French and Spanish. After 23 years of war, an Anglo-French alliance was victorious at the Battle of the Dunes in June 14, 1658, but

title: The Country and the City

text: The Country and the City The Country and the City is a book of cultural analysis by Raymond Williams which was first published in 1973. Coming from the Welsh border, a village in the Black Mountains, Raymond Williams found that the images of rural life taught at the University of Cambridge did not match what he had seen. As an academic at Cambridge, he studied and examined the contradiction, along with the contrasting idea of the city, which in the United Kingdom has never been separate from the countryside. Rural life without cities had existed in other parts of the

title: History of the Jews in Spain

text: in which we dwell is called in the sacred tongue, "Sepharad", but in the language of the Arabs, the indwellers of the lands, "Alandalus" [Andalusia], the name of the capital of the kingdom, Córdoba.” According to Rabbi David Kimchi (1160–1235), in his commentary on Obadiah 1:20, Ṣarfat and Sepharad, both, refer to the Jewish captivity (Heb. "galut") expelled during the war with Titus and who went as far as the countries "Alemania" (Germany), "Escalona", France and Spain. The names Ṣarfat and Sepharad are explicitly mentioned by him as being France and Spain, respectively. Some scholars think that, in the case

title: Day of the Geese

text: Pyrenees mountains. Lekeitio is located in the province of Vizcaya or Bizkaia. The Basque population is currently around three million. They are considered to be Europe’s oldest culture, having record of inhabiting their current region in 77 B.C. Some believe that due to physical differences between Basques and other Europeans, such as unique cranial differences, that Basques are direct descendants of the Stone Age inhabitants of the Pyreneese Mountains. The extended history and unique culture of this people has been well preserved in modern times. While the rest of Spain no longer holds this competition as a part of the

title: Weltflug.tv – The Gyrocopter World Tour

text: gyroplanes in Australia, New Zealand, the USA and South America. In France, they saved themselves with a dramatic flight during a storm just into a strictly forbidden military restriction zone. When they tried to cross the Pyrenees between France and Spain, they threatened to crash into a cloud-covered massif. At the last moment a gap opened in the clouds and they were able to fly over the mountains. On the Atlantic coast, they barely escaped a storm system in which they were trapped. Shortly before the start of the flight in Africa the Gyroplane was badly damaged by another pilot

title: GR 11 (Spain)

text: the Pyrenees, frequently crossing the French-Spanish border. GR 11 (Spain) The GR 11, also known as the ruta Transpirenaica in Spain, is part of the extensive GR footpath network of paths, tracks and trails. It runs through the Spanish Pyrenees, passing only briefly into France near Candanchu. From West to East, the trail starts at Cape Higuer (Basque Country), crosses Navarre and Aragon and finishes at Cap de Creus (Catalonia.) Its exact distance is difficult to measure, roughly 840 km and a total elevation change of 39,000 m. The route is separated into 45 sections. At the end of each

title: Mountains of Sis

text: Mountains of Sis The Mountains of Sis (, or "Serra del Cis") () is a long mountain range of the Pre-Pyrenees. They are located between the valleys of rivers Isábena and the Escales Reservoir, Noguera Ribagorzana, in the Ribagorza comarca, Aragon, Spain. The ridge's highest summits are Pico de l´Amorriador (1791 m) and Puialto (1782 m). Other important summits are 1765 m high La Creu de Bonansa, 1490 m high Altaió d'Aulet and 1066 m high Tossal de Cornudella. This mountain chain rises abruptly from a plain and looks quite impressive from certain angles, therefore in ancient geographic works this

title: Mountains of Sis

text: the Sierra de Sis range. There are also abandoned villages and church buildings, as well as many ancient cattle farmers' buildings known as "borda" in the area. Peña Montañesa Mountains of Sis The Mountains of Sis (, or "Serra del Cis") () is a long mountain range of the Pre-Pyrenees. They are located between the valleys of rivers Isábena and the Escales Reservoir, Noguera Ribagorzana, in the Ribagorza comarca, Aragon, Spain. The ridge's highest summits are Pico de l´Amorriador (1791 m) and Puialto (1782 m). Other important summits are 1765 m high La Creu de Bonansa, 1490 m high Altaió

title: Enlightenment in Spain

text: grandson of King Louis XIV of France of the House of Bourbon, and the heir to the French throne. Castilian legitimists, who valued the succession of the closest heir of the king over the continuation of Habsburg rule, supported the king's plan. Spanish officials were also concerned with Spain remaining an independent country, rather than another part of the French or Austrian empires. Even so, on hearing the news that his grandson had become King of Spain, Louis XIV proclaimed, "The Pyrenees are no more." At age 17, Philip V arrived in Madrid in early 1701 without visible opposition. Philip

title: Geology of the Pyrenees

text: very similar to the Permian. It reaches 400 to 500 m in thickness and is made up of coarse conglomerates, sandstones, psammites with plant remains (Equisetites, Coniferomyelon) as well as green and red to purple claystones. At this time, the peneplanation of the Variscan orogen had reached an advanced stage and the sedimentary accommodation spaces started to widen. The sedimentary successions from the Middle Triassic to the Upper Jurassic are very similar on both sides of the Pyrenees. During Muschelkalk times, the sea advanced again, but reached only the North Pyrenean Zone and the Basque country. The resulting sediments left

title: France–Spain relations

text: arguably the first step of a process of independence of the county of Barcelona from the kingdom of France, and heralded what would become the Aragon kingdom. While independent of France and integrated in the Crown of Aragon, Barcelona remained legally a county of France and the King of France retained a "de jure" right to vote in the Catalan Courts in the next centuries. This situation generated numerous territorial conflicts between the two kingdoms to control what is now the south of France and the north of Spain (the support of Aragon to the Count of Toulouse, death in

title: History of the Jews in Spain

text: he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had been given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to a certain Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, who also ruled over a kingdom in Spain. This Heracles later renounced his throne because of his preference for his native country in Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, by whom the country of España (Spain) derives its name. The Jewish exiles transported there by the said Phiros were descended by lineage from Judah, Benjamin, Shimon and Levi, and were, according to Abrabanel,

title: The Rain in Spain

text: play. According to "The Disciple and His Devil", the biography of Gabriel Pascal by his wife Valerie, it was he who introduced the famous phonetic exercises "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain" and "In Hertford, Hereford, and Hampshire, hurricanes hardly ever happen" into the script of the film, the first of which was later used in the song in "My Fair Lady". Rain in Spain does not actually stay mainly in the plain; it falls mainly in the Pyrenees. In Spanish, the phrase was translated as "La lluvia en Sevilla es una maravilla" (The rain in Seville

title: Great Pyrenees

text: in the journal "Acclimatization" and written by the canine expert Kermadec, says: "There in the Pyrenees various types of large dogs, called Mountain Dogs, and among other, two very different varieties: -One, We might designate with the name "Dog of the Western Pyrenees," particularly widespread around Bagneres-de-Bigorre; have a thick snout, hanging lips, rounded ears, a little curly coat black and white, seems to be largely the strain of large dogs designated with the name Terra-Nova Dogs, widespread throughout France. -The Second type is the "Dog of the Eastern Pyrenees" is large, very slender shape, pointed snout, pointy ears and

title: Geology of the Pyrenees

text: continued and the flysch basin carried on subsiding. In the east, the continental red beds of the "Garumnian facies" (whose deposition started already at the close of the Cretaceous) were laid down, mainly alluvial and paludial facies. At the same time, the first tectonic shortenings and uplifts affected the eastern Pyrenees. In the western Pyrenees, the marine sedimentation also carried on during the Eocene. In two subsiding basins on both sides of today's chain, limestones, marls, foraminiferous sandstones, and sandstones with a benthic fauna were sedimented. The Eocene sedimentary successions along the French northern edge of the Pyrenees (in the

title: Army of the Western Pyrenees

text: their recruitment areas, desertion was so severe that only 4,000 arrived at their destination. At the beginning of the War of the Pyrenees, Spanish government decided to attack in the eastern Pyrenees while holding in the west. The Spanish had 8,000 regulars and between 9,000 and 10,000 militia in Navarre and Gipuzkoa, while from 4,000 to 5,000 troops held Aragon. The Spanish commander in the west, Ventura Caro y Fontes mounted a quick offensive across the lower Bidasoa River near Hendaye. The French volunteers panicked and ran away, allowing their opponents to capture the Camp de Jolimont by 30 April

title: The Tribute of the Three Cows

text: Owing to the 1990s mad cow disease scandal, Spain and France banned mutual exports of non-quarantined cattle, so nowadays the cows involved in the tribute are returned to Barétous after the ceremony, and the "tribute" is paid for in money instead, amounting to the value of three cows. The valley of Roncal is the easternmost valley of the navarrese Pyrenees, whilst the valley of Barétous is the first pyrenean valley of Béarn. Historically, Roncal belonged to the kingdom of Navarre, that held territory both in the southern side of the Pyrenees (centred around Pamplona) and on the northern mountain side,

title: Pyrenees

text: winter sports such as alpine skiing and mountaineering. The Pyrenees are also a good place for athletes to do high-altitude training in the summertime, such as by bicycling and cross-country running. In the summer and the autumn, the Pyrenees are usually featured in two of cycling's grand tours, the Tour de France held annually in July and the Vuelta a España held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often crucial legs of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region. Three main long-distance footpaths run the length of the mountain range: the GR 10

title: Pyrenees (Victoria)

text: smaller plantings of Semillon and Pinot Grigio, while the main varieties of Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon are well supported by a range of other varieties from France such as Merlot, Cabernet Franc and Grenache, Italy for Sangiovese, Nebbiolo and Lagrein and Spain for Tempranillo. Tourism is a very important part of the region's economy, with many wineries offering cellar-door tastings. Accommodation and dining are available at several of the wineries as the region continues to develop tourism infrastructure. Exports are also significant for many wineries with sales into China, the US and Scandinavia. Pyrenees (Victoria) The Pyrenees is a wine

title: Geology of the Pyrenees

text: total glaciated surface area amounted to 45 km in 1870, whereas in 2005 a mere 5 km were left. The Pyrenees have experienced a very long geological evolution with multiple orogenies. Neoproterozoic crustal remains (Canigou, Agly) hint at possible Cadomian domains. Indications for Caledonian movements are somewhat clearer (conglomerates and volcanic rocks in the Ordovician). During the Variscan orogeny in the Pennsylvanian, the Axial Zone and the South Pyrenean Zone became an integral part of what was to become the microcontinent Iberia. The Sierras Marginales were part of the Ebro Block, a northeastern section of Iberia. The appartenance of the