query: When was penicillin first used?

title: Penicillin

text: was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from "Penicillium" fungi. The term "penicillin" is often used generically to refer to benzylpenicillin (penicillin G, the original penicillin found in 1928), procaine benzylpenicillin (procaine penicillin), benzathine benzylpenicillin (benzathine penicillin), and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V). Procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin have the same antibacterial activity as benzylpenicillin but act for a longer period of time. Phenoxymethylpenicillin is less

title: Penicillin

text: competitively inhibits the excretion of penicillin, increasing penicillin's concentration and prolonging its activity. Eventually, the advent of mass-production techniques and semi-synthetic penicillins resolved the supply issues, so this use of probenecid declined. Probenecid is still useful, however, for certain infections requiring particularly high concentrations of penicillins. After World War II, Australia was the first country to make the drug available for civilian use. In the U.S., penicillin was made available to the general public on March 15, 1945. The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Edward Abraham in 1942 and was later confirmed in 1945 using X-ray crystallography

title: Penicillin

text: Orr-Ewing and G. Sanders) at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford made progress in showing the "in vivo" bactericidal action of penicillin. In 1940, they showed that penicillin effectively cured bacterial infection in mice. In 1941, they treated a policeman, Albert Alexander, with a severe face infection; his condition improved, but then supplies of penicillin ran out and he died. Subsequently, several other patients were treated successfully. In December 1942, survivors of the Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston were the first burn patients to be successfully treated with penicillin. By late 1940, the Oxford team under

title: Penicillin

text: Howard Florey had devised a method of mass-producing the drug, but yields remained low. In 1941, Florey and Heatley travelled to the US in order to interest pharmaceutical companies in producing the drug and inform them about their process. Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming for their work. The challenge of mass-producing this drug was daunting. On March 14, 1942, the first patient was treated for streptococcal septicemia with US-made penicillin produced by Merck & Co. Half of the total supply produced at the time was used on that one patient. By June 1942,

title: History of penicillin

text: Regional Research Laboratory (NRRL) in Peoria, Illinois, United States, developed methods for industrialized penicillin production and isolated higher-yielding strains of the "Penicillium" fungus. In December 1942, survivors of the Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston were the first burn patients to be successfully treated with penicillin. Simultaneous research by Jasper H. Kane and other Pfizer scientists in Brooklyn developed the practical, deep-tank fermentation method for production of large quantities of pharmaceutical-grade penicillin. Dorothy Hodgkin determined the correct chemical structure of penicillin using X-ray crystallography at Oxford in 1945. In Kundl, Tyrol, Austria, in 1952, Hans Margreiter and Ernst Brandl of Biochemie

title: History of penicillin

text: patients (one adult, the others infants) of eye infections, although a fifth patient was not so lucky. At Oxford, Howard Walter Florey organized a large and very skilled biochemical research team, notable among them Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley, to undertake clinical trials and produce a stable penicillin in quantity. In 1940, Chain and Edward Abraham reported the first indication of antibiotic resistance to penicillin, an "E. coli" strain that produced the penicillinase enzyme, which was capable of breaking down penicillin and completely negating its antibacterial effect. Between 1941 and 1943, Moyer, Coghill and Raper at the USDA Northern

title: Penicillin

text: just enough US penicillin was available to treat ten patients. In July 1943, the War Production Board drew up a plan for the mass distribution of penicillin stocks to Allied troops fighting in Europe. The results of fermentation research on corn steep liquor at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria, Illinois, allowed the United States to produce 2.3 million doses in time for the invasion of Normandy in the spring of 1944. After a worldwide search in 1943, a mouldy cantaloupe in a Peoria, Illinois market was found to contain the best strain of mould for production using the

title: Meningeal syphilis

text: syphilis uses penicillin, which has been an effective treatment used since the 1940s. Other forms also include Benzathine penicillin, which is usually used for primary and secondary syphilis (it has no resistance to penicillin however). Benzathine penicillin is used for long acting form, and if conditions worsen, penicillin G is used for late syphilis. The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, which is the response to the body after endotoxins are released by the death of harmful organisms in the human body, starts usually during the first day of antibiotic treatment. The reaction increases the person's body temperature, decreases the overall blood pressure (both

title: When My Name Was Keoko

text: When My Name Was Keoko When My Name Was Keoko is a 2002 Asian historic fiction novel written by Linda Sue Park. It was first published on March 18, 2002, through Clarion Books. The book is set in Korea during World War II, when Japan conquered Korea and was trying to destroy Korean culture. The story is told from the perspectives of two Korean siblings, Tae-yul and Sun-hee. The story takes place in Korea during the 1940s. This book is told through the different perspectives of Tae-yul and his sister, Sun-hee. They, along with all Korean citizens, are forced to

title: Penicillin

text: Penicillin Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use. About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic. Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%. All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics. Penicillin

title: Penicillin

text: the drug was so scarce and so highly valued that it became common to collect the urine from patients being treated, so that the penicillin in the urine could be isolated and reused. This was not a satisfactory solution, so researchers looked for a way to slow penicillin excretion. They hoped to find a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic acid transporter responsible for excretion, such that the transporter would preferentially excrete the competing molecule and the penicillin would be retained. The uricosuric agent probenecid proved to be suitable. When probenecid and penicillin are administered together, probenecid

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: is used concurrently with penicillin, kidney excretion of probenecid is decreased resulting in higher blood levels of penicillin in the circulation. In some instances, this would be an intended therapeutic effect. In other instances, this is an unintended side effect. Neomycin can lower the absorption of penicillin from the gastrointestinal tract resulting in lower than expected levels of penicillin in the circulation. This side effect may result in an ineffective therapeutic effect of penicillin. When methotrexate is administered with penicillin, toxicity may occur related to methotrexate. Animals are often treated with antibiotics for infections they have developed. There are side

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: 1% of people) associated with use of the penicillins include diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria, and superinfection (including candidiasis). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people) include fever, vomiting, erythema, dermatitis, angioedema, seizures (especially in people with epilepsy), and pseudomembranous colitis. When penicillin is used at high doses hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia can occur. Developing hypernatremia after administering high doses of penicillin can be a serious side effect. The side effects of penicillin can be altered by taking other medications at the same time. Taking oral contraceptives along with penicillin may lower the effects of the contraceptive. When probenecid

title: Penicillin

text: synthesis was 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), the nucleus of penicillin. Attaching different groups to the 6-APA 'nucleus' of penicillin allowed the creation of new forms of penicillin. The narrow range of treatable diseases or "spectrum of activity" of the penicillins, along with the poor activity of the orally active phenoxymethylpenicillin, led to the search for derivatives of penicillin that could treat a wider range of infections. The isolation of 6-APA, the nucleus of penicillin, allowed for the preparation of semisynthetic penicillins, with various improvements over benzylpenicillin (bioavailability, spectrum, stability, tolerance). The first major development was ampicillin in 1961. It offered a

title: Penicillin

text: active against gram-negative bacteria than benzylpenicillin. Benzylpenicillin, procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin can only be given by intravenous or intramuscular injections, but phenoxymethylpenicillin can be given by mouth because of its acidic stability. While the number of penicillin-resistant bacteria is increasing, penicillin can still be used to treat a wide range of infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Streptococci, Staphylococci, Clostridium, Neisseria, and Listeria genera. The following list illustrates minimum inhibitory concentration susceptibility data for a few medically significant bacteria: Common (≥ 1% of people) adverse drug reactions associated with use of the penicillins include diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash,

title: Penicillin

text: is a secondary metabolite of certain species of "Penicillium" and is produced when growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It is not produced during active growth. Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin. The by-product, -lysine, inhibits the production of homocitrate, so the presence of exogenous lysine should be avoided in penicillin production. The "Penicillium" cells are grown using a technique called fed-batch culture, in which the cells are constantly subject to stress, which is required for induction of penicillin production. The available carbon sources are also important: glucose inhibits penicillin production, whereas

title: History of penicillin

text: (now Sandoz) developed the first acid-stable penicillin for oral administration, Penicillin V. American chemist John C. Sheehan of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) subsequently completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. The second-generation semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotic methicillin, designed to counter first-generation-resistant penicillinases, was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1959. Methicillin-resistant forms of "Staphylococcus aureus" likely already existed at the time. History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about

title: Penicillin (band)

text: Penicillin (band) Penicillin (stylized as PENICILLIN) is a Japanese visual kei alternative rock band, formed in Tokyo in 1992. Formed by friends at Tokai University in Tokyo, Japan on February 14, 1992. Penicillin began with Chisato on vocals, Gisho on bass, O-Jiro on drums and both Yuuji and Shaisuke on guitar. Before anything was recorded however the band's line-up changed to Hakuei on vocals, Gisho on bass, O-Jiro on drums and both Shaisuke and Chisato on guitar. Their name was taken from the punk rock group "Penicillin Shock" in the manga series "To-y" and they titled their first album, which

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: some are uncommon and serious and others are rare. The route of administration of penicillin can have an effect on the development of side effects. An example of this is irritation and inflammation that develops at a peripheral infusion site when penicillin is administered intravenously. In addition, penicillin is available in different forms. There are different penicillin medications (penicillin G benzathine, penicillin G potassium, Penicillin G sodium, penicillin G procaine, and penicillin V) as well as a number of β-lactam antibiotics derived from penicillin (e.g. amoxicillin) generally also referred to as "penicillin". Side effects may only last for a short

title: Penicillin

text: caused by infected wounds among Allied forces, saving an estimated 12%–15% of lives. Availability was severely limited, however, by the difficulty of manufacturing large quantities of penicillin and by the rapid renal clearance of the drug, necessitating frequent dosing. Methods for mass production of penicillin were patented by Andrew Jackson Moyer in 1945. Florey had not patented penicillin, having been advised by Sir Henry Dale that doing so would be unethical. Penicillin is actively excreted, and about 80% of a penicillin dose is cleared from the body within three to four hours of administration. Indeed, during the early penicillin era,

title: Penicillin

text: lactose does not. The pH and the levels of nitrogen, lysine, phosphate, and oxygen of the batches must also be carefully controlled. The biotechnological method of directed evolution has been applied to produce by mutation a large number of "Penicillium" strains. These techniques include error-prone PCR, DNA shuffling, , and strand-overlap PCR. Semisynthetic penicillins are prepared starting from the penicillin nucleus 6-APA. Overall, there are three main and important steps to the biosynthesis of penicillin G (benzylpenicillin). Penicillin Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin,

title: History of penicillin

text: to concentrate the active substance involved, which he named penicillin, in 1928. Penicillin was the first modern antibiotic. During the next twelve years Fleming grew, distributed, and studied the original mold, which was determined to be a rare variant of "Penicillium notatum" (now "Penicillium chrysogenum"). Many later scientists were involved in the stabilization and mass production of penicillin and in the search for more productive strains of "Penicillium". Important contributors include Ernst Chain, Howard Florey, Norman Heatley, and Edward Abraham. Shortly after the discovery of penicillin, scientists found that some disease-causing pathogens display antibiotic resistance to penicillin. Research that aims

title: History of penicillin

text: History of penicillin The history of penicillin follows a number of observations and discoveries of apparent evidence of antibiotic activity in molds before the modern isolation of the chemical penicillin in 1928. There are anecdotes about ancient societies using molds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by various molds. However, it is unknown if the species involved were "Penicillium" species or if the antimicrobial substances produced were penicillin. The Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to suggest that a "Penicillium" mold must secrete an antibacterial substance, and the first

title: Penicillin amidase

text: Penicillin amidase Also called penicillin acylase. In enzymology, a penicillin amidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are penicillin and HO, whereas its two products are carboxylate and 6-aminopenicillanate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is penicillin amidohydrolase. Other names in common use include penicillin acylase, benzylpenicillin acylase, novozym 217, semacylase, alpha-acylamino-beta-lactam acylhydrolase, and ampicillin acylase. This enzyme participates in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis. As of late 2007,

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: transient loss of vision. Penicillin is known to become less effective as strains of bacteria become resistant. Side effects of penicillin The side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria. A side effect is an effect that is not intended with normal dosaging. Some of these reactions are visible and some occur in the body's organs or blood. Penicillins are a widely used group of medications that are effective for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections in human adults and children as

title: Penicillin

text: by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, who was also working at Oxford. She later received the Nobel prize for this and other structure determinations. Chemist John C. Sheehan at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957. Sheehan had started his studies into penicillin synthesis in 1948, and during these investigations developed new methods for the synthesis of peptides, as well as new protecting groups—groups that mask the reactivity of certain functional groups. Although the initial synthesis developed by Sheehan was not appropriate for mass production of penicillins, one of the intermediate compounds in Sheehan's

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: effects of penicillin when it is used in animals. MRSA may develop in pets as a consequence of treatment. Dogs may have side effects that include: pain in their joints, loss of appetite, vomiting, flatulence (instestinal gas), fungal infections and digestive problems. Like humans, dogs can have a similar side effect related to developing a serious allergy. A serious and possibly fatal anaphylactic can occur. Side effects that are concurrent with anaphylaxis include: breathing problems and shock. Cats and dogs have had adverse reactions to intravenous penicillin that include: hypothermia, pruritus, hypotension, tremors, seizures, blindness, vocalization, agitation, cardiac arrest and

title: Penicillin

text: called protoplasts when they lose their cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria do not lose their cell walls completely and are called spheroplasts after treatment with penicillin. Penicillin shows a synergistic effect with aminoglycosides, since the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis allows aminoglycosides to penetrate the bacterial cell wall more easily, allowing their disruption of bacterial protein synthesis within the cell. This results in a lowered MBC for susceptible organisms. Penicillins, like other "β"-lactam antibiotics, block not only the division of bacteria, including cyanobacteria, but also the division of cyanelles, the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes, and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes.

title: Penicillin

text: November 19, 1999. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth. In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J.

title: Penicillin

text: nontoxic in humans by first performing toxicity tests in animals and then on humans. His subsequent experiments on penicillin's response to heat and pH allowed Fleming to increase the stability of the compound. The one test that modern scientists would find missing from his work was the test of penicillin on an infected animal, the results of which would likely have sparked great interest in penicillin and sped its development by almost a decade. The importance of his work has been recognized by the placement of an International Historic Chemical Landmark at the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum in London on

title: Penicillin (band)

text: album, "Memories ~Japanese Masterpieces~" which is composed of songs by female singers, on March 18, 2015. The artwork for the album was drawn by Atsushi Kamijo, author of the manga from which the group took their name. Penicillin (band) Penicillin (stylized as PENICILLIN) is a Japanese visual kei alternative rock band, formed in Tokyo in 1992. Formed by friends at Tokai University in Tokyo, Japan on February 14, 1992. Penicillin began with Chisato on vocals, Gisho on bass, O-Jiro on drums and both Yuuji and Shaisuke on guitar. Before anything was recorded however the band's line-up changed to Hakuei on

title: Penicillin binding proteins

text: original penicillin molecule has increased the affinity of PBPs for penicillin, and, thus, increased effectiveness in bacteria with developing resistance. Presence of the protein penicillin binding protein 2A (PBP2A) is responsible for the antibiotic resistance seen in methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA). The β-lactam ring is a structure common to all β-lactam antibiotics. PASTA domain Penicillin binding proteins Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are a group of proteins that are characterized by their affinity for and binding of penicillin. They are a normal constituent of many bacteria; the name just reflects the way by which the protein was discovered. All β-lactam antibiotics (except

title: Penicillin amidase

text: 34 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . Penicillin amidase Also called penicillin acylase. In enzymology, a penicillin amidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are penicillin and HO, whereas its two products are carboxylate and 6-aminopenicillanate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen

title: Penicillin binding proteins

text: than one of the above reactions. The enzyme has a penicillin-insensitive transglycosylase N-terminal domain (involved in formation of linear glycan strands) and a penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain (involved in cross-linking of the peptide subunits) and the serine at the active site is conserved in all members of the PBP family. PBPs bind to β-lactam antibiotics because they are similar in chemical structure to the modular pieces that form the peptidoglycan. When they bind to penicillin, the β-lactam amide bond is ruptured to form a covalent bond with the catalytic serine residue at the PBPs active site. This is an irreversible

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: Side effects of penicillin The side effects of penicillin are bodily responses to penicillin and closely related antibiotics that do not relate directly to its effect on bacteria. A side effect is an effect that is not intended with normal dosaging. Some of these reactions are visible and some occur in the body's organs or blood. Penicillins are a widely used group of medications that are effective for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections in human adults and children as well as other species. Some side effects are predictable, of which some are common but not serious,

title: Penicillin

text: corn steep liquor process. Pfizer scientist Jasper H. Kane suggested using a deep-tank fermentation method for producing large quantities of pharmaceutical-grade penicillin. Large-scale production resulted from the development of a deep-tank fermentation plant by chemical engineer Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau. As a direct result of the war and the War Production Board, by June 1945, over 646 billion units per year were being produced. G. Raymond Rettew made a significant contribution to the American war effort by his techniques to produce commercial quantities of penicillin. During World War II, penicillin made a major difference in the number of deaths and amputations

title: Penicillin (band)

text: was released on January 26, 2011 and features current visual kei bands covering songs from bands that were important to the '90s visual kei movement. It was also covered by Jui for the similar album "Counteraction - V-Rock covered Visual Anime songs Compilation-", which was released on May 23, 2012 and features covers of songs by visual kei bands that were used in anime. They covered "Hawaiian Roller Coaster Ride", from "Lilo & Stitch", for the cover album "V-Rock Disney", which was released on September 7, 2011 and features visual kei artists covering Disney songs. Penicillin released their first cover

title: Penicillin

text: found in the broth filtrate. Despite this, he remained interested in the potential use of penicillin and presented a paper entitled "A Medium for the Isolation of Pfeiffer's Bacillus" to the Medical Research Club of London, which was met with little interest and even less enthusiasm by his peers. Had Fleming been more successful at making other scientists interested in his work, penicillin for medicinal use would possibly have been developed years earlier. Despite the lack of interest of his fellow scientists, he did conduct several experiments on the antibiotic substance he discovered. The most important result proved it was

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: time and then go away. Side effects can be relieved in some cases with non pharmacological treatment. Some side effects require treatment to correct potentially serious and sometimes fatal reactions to penicillin. Penicillin has not been found to cause birth defects. Many people have indicated that they have a side effect related to an allergic reaction to penicillin. It has been proposed that as many as 90% of those claiming to have an allergy to penicillin are able to take it. Identifying an allergy to penicillin requires a hypersensitivity skin test which diagnoses IgE-mediated immune responses caused by penicillin. This

title: History of penicillin

text: and subsequently concentrated what he later named "penicillin". During the next twelve years, Fleming grew and distributed the original mold, which was eventually identified as "Penicillium notatum" (now known as "Penicillium chrysogenum"). He was unsuccessful in making a stable form of it for mass production. Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to treat sycosis (eruptions in beard follicles) with penicillin but was unsuccessful, probably because the drug did not penetrate deep enough. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in babies, he achieved the first cure on 25 November 1930. He cured four

title: Penicillin (band)

text: was released in 1994 and produced by Kiyoshi of Media Youth, after the fictional band. However, after their first album, Shaisuke left Penicillin to join Deshabillz. The band made their major debut in 1996 with "Blue Moon" on Pioneer LDC. In 1997 the released "Limelight", which was named one of the top albums from 1989-1998 in a 2004 issue of the music magazine "Band Yarouze". They stayed on Pioneer until 1998 when they changed to East West Japan. Their sixth single released, "Romance", released January 15, 1998 ranked within the top 10 on the Oricon charts for six consecutive weeks,

title: Penicillin

text: neurotoxicity, urticaria, and superinfection (including candidiasis). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people) include fever, vomiting, erythema, dermatitis, angioedema, seizures (especially in people with epilepsy), and pseudomembranous colitis. Penicillin can also induce serum sickness or a serum sickness-like reaction in some individuals. Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity reaction that occurs one to three weeks after exposure to drugs including penicillin. It is not a true drug allergy, because allergies are type I hypersensitivity reactions, but repeated exposure to the offending agent can result in an anaphylactic reaction. Anaphylaxis will occur in approximately 0.01% of patients. Pain and inflammation at

title: Penicillin binding proteins

text: Penicillin binding proteins Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are a group of proteins that are characterized by their affinity for and binding of penicillin. They are a normal constituent of many bacteria; the name just reflects the way by which the protein was discovered. All β-lactam antibiotics (except for tabtoxinine-β-lactam, which inhibits glutamine synthetase) bind to PBPs, which are essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis. PBPs are members of a subgroup of enzymes called transpeptidases. Specifically, PBPs are DD-transpeptidases. There are a large number of PBPs, usually several in each organism, and they are found as both membrane-bound and cytoplasmic proteins. For

title: Side effects of penicillin

text: test is typically performed by an allergist who uses a skin-prick and intradermal injection of penicilloyl-polylysine, a negative control (normal saline), and a positive control (histamine). There is a common side effect that can develop when other medications are used. This is the development of cross sensitivities to other antibiotics. If someone has developed side effects when taking penicillin, these side effects may develop with a new medication even though the person has not taken the new medication before. Those medications that may cause a cross sensitivity reaction are: carbapenems, ampicillin, cefazolin, cephalosporins and cloxacillin. Common adverse drug reactions (≥

title: Penicillin

text: In contrast, they have no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants. This supports the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of plastid division in land plants. The chemical structure of penicillin is triggered with a very precise, pH-dependent directed mechanism, effected by a unique spatial assembly of molecular components, which can activate by protonation. It can travel through bodily fluids, targeting and inactivating enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis in gram-positive bacteria, meanwhile avoiding the surrounding non-targets. Penicillin can protect itself from spontaneous hydrolysis in the body in its anionic form, while storing its potential as a strong

title: Penicillin (band)

text: selling over 900,000 copies. It was the opening theme of the Sexy Commando Gaiden. After they were dropped by East West Japan they changed to Omega A.T. Music (an indie label) in 2001. Omega happens to be under Omega Project Holdings which Yoshiaki Kondou (Gisho) is the CEO of. However they were only on Omega for a year before being picked up by Hiboom, which was an indie subsidiary of Avex Trax. In 2005 when Hiboom was closed, they were picked up directly by Avex Trax and were once again on a major label. On December 12, 2005 Penicillin celebrated

title: Penicillin on Wax

text: Penicillin on Wax Penicillin on Wax is the debut studio album by American New York-based rapper Tim Dog. It was released on November 12, 1991 via Ruffhouse Records. Production was handled by several record producers, including Ced-Gee, TR Love and Moe Love from Ultramagnetic MC's, Bobby Crawford, Louis Flores, and Tim Dog himself. Fellow rapper Kool Keith made guest appearances on two tracks. The album spawned three singles, the infamous underground hit "Fuck Compton" (which disses the West Coast hip hop), "Step To Me" and "Bronx Nigga". The album peaked at number 155 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, number

title: Penicillin on Wax

text: 34 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, number 4 on the Heatseekers Albums chart. The lyrical insults were arguably the opening salvo in what would later become the East Coast versus West Coast hip hop conflict which would ultimately lead to the "beef" between Bad Boy Records and Death Row Records. Penicillin on Wax Penicillin on Wax is the debut studio album by American New York-based rapper Tim Dog. It was released on November 12, 1991 via Ruffhouse Records. Production was handled by several record producers, including Ced-Gee, TR Love and Moe Love from Ultramagnetic MC's, Bobby Crawford, Louis Flores,

title: History of penicillin

text: of a "Penicillium glaucum" mold, even curing infected guinea pigs of typhoid. He published a dissertation in 1897 but it was ignored by the Institut Pasteur. Duchesne was himself using a discovery made earlier by Arab stable boys, who used molds to cure sores on horses. He did not claim that the mold contained any antibacterial substance, only that the mold somehow protected the animals. The penicillin isolated by Fleming does not cure typhoid and so it remains unknown which substance might have responsible for Duchesne's cure. In Belgium in 1920, Andre Gratia and Sara Dath observed a fungal contamination

title: The Man That Was Used Up

text: The Man That Was Used Up "The Man That Was Used Up", sometimes subtitled "A Tale of the Late Bugaboo and Kickapoo Campaign", is a short story and satire by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in 1839 in "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine". The story follows an unnamed narrator who seeks out the famous war hero John A. B. C. Smith. He becomes suspicious that Smith has some deep secret when others refuse to describe him, instead remarking only on the latest advancements in technology. When he finally meets Smith, the man must first be assembled piece by piece. It

title: Penicillin

text: in London (now part of Imperial College), Fleming noticed a Petri dish containing Staphylococci that had been mistakenly left open was contaminated by blue-green mould from an open window, which formed a visible growth. There was a halo of inhibited bacterial growth around the mould. Fleming concluded that the mould released a substance that repressed the growth and caused lysing of the bacteria. Once Fleming made his discovery he grew a pure culture and discovered it was a "Penicillium" mould, now known as "Penicillium chrysogenum". Fleming coined the term "penicillin" to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the

title: Penicillin

text: "Penicillium" mould. Fleming asked C. J. La Touche to help identify the mould, which he incorrectly identified as "Penicillium rubrum" (later corrected by Charles Thom). He expressed initial optimism that penicillin would be a useful disinfectant, because of its high potency and minimal toxicity in comparison to antiseptics of the day, and noted its laboratory value in the isolation of "Bacillus influenzae" (now called "Haemophilus influenzae"). Fleming was a famously poor communicator and orator, which meant his findings were not initially given much attention. He was unable to convince a chemist to help him extract and stabilize the antibacterial compound

title: Penicillin

text: by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect. The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations. Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928. The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital

title: Penicillin

text: broader spectrum of activity than either of the original penicillins. Further development yielded β-lactamase-resistant penicillins, including flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and methicillin. These were significant for their activity against β-lactamase-producing bacterial species, but were ineffective against the methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA) strains that subsequently emerged. Another development of the line of true penicillins was the antipseudomonal penicillins, such as carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and piperacillin, useful for their activity against Gram-negative bacteria. However, the usefulness of the β-lactam ring was such that related antibiotics, including the mecillinams, the carbapenems and, most important, the cephalosporins, still retain it at the center of their structures. Penicillin

title: When It Was Me

text: When It Was Me "When It Was Me" is Paula DeAnda's third single on her debut album "Paula DeAnda". Paula's pensive thoughts are expressed, nonetheless sung, about how her ex-boyfriend shows much affection to his new love, when that person used to be her. According to Paula, the way he treats his girlfriend is better than the way he treated her. Paula says throughout the first and second verses that she's not jealous, but overall she really is aware of the changes, and really wants what her ex-boyfriend is giving to the other girl. This song was co-written by Ne-Yo.

title: Penicillin

text: the injection site is also common for parenterally administered benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, and, to a lesser extent, procaine benzylpenicillin. Bacteria constantly remodel their peptidoglycan cell walls, simultaneously building and breaking down portions of the cell wall as they grow and divide. "β"-Lactam antibiotics inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall; this is achieved through binding of the four-membered "β"-lactam ring of penicillin to the enzyme DD-transpeptidase. As a consequence, DD-transpeptidase cannot catalyze formation of these cross-links, and an imbalance between cell wall production and degradation develops, causing the cell to rapidly die. The enzymes that hydrolyze

title: Penicillin (band)

text: its 15th anniversary as a band. On March 9, 2007 Gisho announced that he would leave the band. His last live was his birthday on May 20, 2007 at Shibuya O-East. Since then the band has continued on as a three piece unit. During the February 11, 2008 live, it was announced the Penicillin would once again change labels, this time to Nippon Crown. As of 2010, they are now on That Records, a division of their talent agency Duplex Developments. Penicillin's song "Romance" was covered by And on the compilation "Crush! -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-". The album

title: History of penicillin

text: long periods in their hearth lofts before embarking on military campaigns in order to make a poultice of the cakes to treat wounds. In 17th-century Poland, wet bread was mixed with spider webs (which often contained fungal spores) to treat wounds. The technique was mentioned by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his 1884 book "With Fire and Sword". In England in 1640, the idea of using mold as a form of medical treatment was recorded by apothecaries such as John Parkinson, King's Herbarian, who advocated the use of mold in his book on pharmacology. The modern history of penicillin research begins in

title: When She Was Bad

text: scored a higher 3.1 million household rating. Noel Murray of "The A.V. Club" gave "When She Was Bad" a mixed review. While he praised the opening and closing scenes as well as other smaller moments, he felt that it dealt with the characters' emotions "erratically" and was not positive towards Buffy's attitude and carrying over the Master plotline. A review from the BBC called "When She Was Bad" "another excellent episode", praising its tying up plot threads from the first season and developing the relationships between characters. When She Was Bad "When She Was Bad" is the first episode in

title: Penicillin binding proteins

text: example, Spratt (1977) reports that six different PBPs are routinely detected in all strains of "E. coli" ranging in molecular weight from 40,000 to 91,000. The different PBPs occur in different numbers per cell and have varied affinities for penicillin (see appendix). The PBPs are usually broadly classified into high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) categories. Proteins that have evolved from PBPs occur in many higher organisms and include the mammalian LACTB protein. PBPs are all involved in the final stages of the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is the major component of bacterial cell walls. Bacterial cell wall synthesis is essential

title: It Was Warm and Sunny When We First Set Out

text: It Was Warm and Sunny When We First Set Out It Was Warm and Sunny When We First Set Out is the second full-length studio album from Vancouver indie rock band In Medias Res. It was produced by Jonathan Anderson, a fellow Vancouver indie act who also worked with the band on their previous record, as well as duo Dave Carswell and John Collins. Self-released on January 4, 2011, the 10-track album was initially only available as a digital download. After the band signed with Vancouver label File Under: Music on June 23, 2011, the album was released as a

title: The Man That Was Used Up

text: cannot appear in public. The narrator now understands the General's secret — he "was "the man that was used up"." The story was first published in "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine" in August 1839 and collected in Poe's 1840 anthology "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque". In 1843, Poe had the idea to print a series of pamphlets with his stories, though he printed only one: "The Man That Was Used Up" paired with "The Murders in the Rue Morgue". It sold for 12 and a half cents. Critics have identified John A. B. C. Smith as representing General Winfield Scott, one

title: Alexander Fleming

text: competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between moulds and microbes", or also Clodomiro Picado Twight whose work at the Institut Pasteur in 1923 on the inhibiting action of fungi of the "Penicillin sp." genre in the growth of staphylococci drew little interest from the directors of the Institut at the time. Fleming was the first to push these studies further by isolating the penicillin, and by being motivated enough to promote his discovery at a larger scale. Fleming also discovered very early that bacteria developed antibiotic resistance whenever too little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a

title: When Radio Was

text: in the emcee role through the first week of October, 2006. For a brief period during the early Freberg years, the show's announcer was the legendary Fred Foy (of "The Lone Ranger" fame, who would introduce Stan with "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, on "When Radio Was," with your host, Radio Hall-of-Famer Stan Freberg!") Veteran Chicago radio personality Chuck Schaden became the next host beginning with the October 9, 2006 episode, "A Salute to Stan Freberg". A recurring feature of this version was "Speaking of Radio...", featuring excerpts from Chuck's historic interviews with many of

title: When Radio Was

text: show was first syndicated by Dick Brescia Associates (1990–2003), and later Wilbur Entertainment (2003–2006), and Matrix Media, Inc. (2006–2007). In the summer of 2007, the series owner MediaBay announced the company would be going out of business in September of that year and the show was subsequently purchased in September by a group headed by Norton Herrick, former CEO of MediaBay, Inc. (the company that had purchased Radio Spirits, and thus "When Radio Was", back in 1999). The company has since changed ownership again in 2008, and is now owned by the former Radio Again (although the company retains the

title: When We Was Fab

text: the UK Singles Chart, and in the United States, the song peaked at number 23 on "Billboard" magazine's Hot 100 chart. It was Harrison's last top 40 hit in the US, and the second such hit in which the lyrics reflect on his years as a Beatle – the other being "All Those Years Ago" (1981). In 2010, AOL radio listeners chose "When We Was Fab" as one of the "10 Best George Harrison Songs", placing it number 9 on the list. The single cover incorporates Klaus Voormann's 1966 line drawing of Harrison, which was used in the album art

title: When We Was Fab

text: and Ray Cooper. The video received six nominations at the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards, including best art director for Sid Bartholomew. When We Was Fab "When We Was Fab" is a song by English musician George Harrison, which he released on his 1987 album "Cloud Nine". It was also issued as the second single from the album, in January 1988. The lyrics serve as a nostalgic reflection by Harrison on the days of Beatlemania during the 1960s, when the Beatles were first referred to as "the Fab Four". Harrison co-wrote the song with Jeff Lynne, who also co-produced the

title: When We Was Fab

text: When We Was Fab "When We Was Fab" is a song by English musician George Harrison, which he released on his 1987 album "Cloud Nine". It was also issued as the second single from the album, in January 1988. The lyrics serve as a nostalgic reflection by Harrison on the days of Beatlemania during the 1960s, when the Beatles were first referred to as "the Fab Four". Harrison co-wrote the song with Jeff Lynne, who also co-produced the track. The recording references the psychedelic sound that the Beatles had helped popularise in 1967, through its use of sitar, cello, and

title: When It Was Dark

text: When It Was Dark When It Was Dark: The Story of a Great Conspiracy (1902) is a best selling Christian novel by English author Guy Thorne, in which a plot to destroy Christianity by falsely disproving the Resurrection of Jesus leads to moral disorder and chaos in the world until it is exposed as a fraud. The title is a reference to the bible verse John 20:1, "The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre." (King James Bible), which describes the

text: the band as "poised to take the spotlight...beyond our cityscape," while praising the album's polished and cohesive sound. "The Vancouver Sun" rated the album four out of five, while categorizing it as post- and math-rock in genre. Music videos for "Hollis" and "This Could Be The One" were released in October 2011 and March 2012, respectively. The latter was produced by bassist Ryan Flowers. In February 2013, "The Center", a track intended for the album, but ultimately left out, was released by the band. It Was Warm and Sunny When We First Set Out It Was Warm and Sunny When

title: Staphylococcus aureus

text: to many commonly used antibiotics. In the UK, only 2% of all "S. aureus" isolates are sensitive to penicillin, with a similar picture in the rest of the world. The β-lactamase-resistant penicillins (methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and flucloxacillin) were developed to treat penicillin-resistant "S. aureus", and are still used as first-line treatment. Methicillin was the first antibiotic in this class to be used (it was introduced in 1959), but, only two years later, the first case of methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA) was reported in England. Despite this, MRSA generally remained an uncommon finding, even in hospital settings, until the 1990s, when

title: When I Was Young (song)

text: Named Sandoz" is named after the drug company that invented LSD. Later it was used for a German TV commercial. In the early 1980s Burdon began to mention many stars who died at the end of the song. When I Was Young (song) "When I Was Young" is a song with a countercultural theme released in early 1967 by Eric Burdon, with The Animals and was written by five of the band members Eric Burdon (vocals), Barry Jenkins (drums), John Weider (guitar/violin), Vic Briggs (guitar), and Danny McCulloch (bass). It charted in Australia peaking No. 2 and stayed 4 weeks

title: When I Was Your Girl

text: When I Was Your Girl "When I Was Your Girl" is a song by English singer-songwriter Alison Moyet, released as the first single from her eighth studio album, "The Minutes" (2013), which debuted at number five in the UK Albums Chart on 12 May 2013. On 5 May 2013, "When I Was Your Girl" reached number 104 in the UK Singles Chart. "When I Was Your Girl" received its exclusive first play on Ken Bruce's BBC Radio 2 show on 19 March 2013. The music video for the single premiered the very same day via the UK web site Digital

title: When Hell Was in Session

text: Denton, James Stockdale (who graduated with Denton at the Naval Academy), Larry Guarino, and James Robinson Risner, distinguished themselves as members of the American POW resistance movement from 1965 to 1973, helping POWs accomplish their sworn goal to "return with honor". "Return with Honor" was later used as the title of a documentary film released in 2000 about American POWs during the Vietnam War, narrated and produced by actor Tom Hanks. When Hell Was in Session When Hell Was in Session is a memoir by U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Jeremiah Denton, recounting his experiences as an American prisoner of war

title: When I Was Cool

text: the same year. When I Was Cool When I Was Cool: My Life at the Jack Kerouac School is Sam Kashner's autobiographical account of his experience as the first student at the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics, which was founded by Allen Ginsberg and Anne Waldman in honor of their late friend, Jack Kerouac. As he describes in his book, Kashner was a disgruntled Long Island teenager in the 1970s who was obsessed with the poetry and prose of the Beat generation of the 1950s. Kashner's book provides a glimpse into the lives and creative processes of his teachers

title: When I Was Cool

text: When I Was Cool When I Was Cool: My Life at the Jack Kerouac School is Sam Kashner's autobiographical account of his experience as the first student at the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics, which was founded by Allen Ginsberg and Anne Waldman in honor of their late friend, Jack Kerouac. As he describes in his book, Kashner was a disgruntled Long Island teenager in the 1970s who was obsessed with the poetry and prose of the Beat generation of the 1950s. Kashner's book provides a glimpse into the lives and creative processes of his teachers at the Jack

title: When She Was Bad

text: When She Was Bad "When She Was Bad" is the first episode in the second season of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". The episode was written and directed by series creator and executive producer Joss Whedon. The narrative follows Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) returning from her summer vacation and behaving strangely following her encounter with The Master in the previous season's finale. The Anointed One (Andrew J. Ferchland) attempts to revive the Master with a ritual involving his bones. However he requires something from the Slayer and sets a deadly trap in motion. Xander Harris (Nicholas Brendon) and Willow Rosenberg

title: When God Was a Rabbit

text: When God Was a Rabbit When God Was a Rabbit is a book by Sarah Winman that was first published in 2011. It won Winman various awards including New Writer of the Year in the Galaxy National Book Awards and was one of the books chosen by Richard & Judy in their 2011 Summer Book Club. "When God Was a Rabbit" follows the life of a young girl – Eleanor Maud (Elly for short) – as she grows up first in Essex, then Cornwall and the various characters she meets and befriends along the way. The book is named after

title: When Radio Was

text: the radio programs, usually mentioning such facts as their original airdates (when available) and incidental trivia. "When Radio Was" re-airs a wide variety of old time radio shows, typically pairing a drama and comedy, but the most frequent programs are noted below: When Radio Was When Radio Was is a syndicated radio program that re-airs old-time radio programs. The series began as a local program in Chicago, hosted by Carl Amari, who was the founder of Radio Spirits, Inc., which sells tapes and CDs of old time radio programs. Former CBS Radio executive Dick Brescia heard an in-flight version of

title: When Marnie Was There

text: back to the pier with his rowboat. When she returns to the Oiwa's, Setsu tells her that the mansion used to be a vacation home for some foreigners, but that it has been empty for a long time. Starting that night, Anna dreams of seeing a blonde girl in the mansion. On the night of the Tanabata festival, Anna gets into an argument with one of the local girls and runs away to the mansion across the marsh where she meets Marnie, the blonde girl. The two agree to keep their meeting secret and they meet again on the next

title: When Was the Last Time

text: When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. "If I Told You" was released as the album's lead single on July 5, 2016. It reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart dated June 24, 2017, becoming his first No. 1 since "Wagon Wheel" in 2013. The album's second single, "For the First Time," was released on July 24, 2017. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Country

title: When HARLIE Was One

text: for Human Analog Replication, Lethetic Intelligence Engine (originally Human Analog Robot Life Input Equivalents). HARLIE's story revolves around his relationship with David Auberson, the psychologist who is responsible for guiding HARLIE from childhood into adulthood. It is also the story of HARLIE's fight against being turned off, and the philosophical question whether or not HARLIE is human; for that matter, what it "means" to be human. "When HARLIE Was One" contains one of the first fictional representations of a computer virus (preceded by Gregory Benford in 1970), and one of the first uses of the term "virus" to describe a

title: When Jones' Ale was New

text:
drink and dye his old face,
 When Jones's ale was new, my boys, when Jones's ale was new.
 In the Copper Family version, "The Jovial Tradesmen" from rural Sussex: The first to come in was the ploughman with sweat all on his brow,
 Up with the lark at the break of day he guides the speedy plough.
 He drives his team, how they do toil
 O'er hill and valley to turn the soil,
 When Jones's ale was new, my boys, when Jones's ale was new.
 (The Copper Family version also includes verses introducing a blacksmith and a scytheman, both important

title: When I was Puerto Rican

text: States Census, there are 4,623,716 Puerto Rican Americans. The United States Census Bureau website states that in 2011 there were around 52 million Hispanic and Latino Americans. Santiago's autobiographies describe the complex process of finding an identity as a member of two different cultures. Santiago's book is available in paperback, ebook, audiobook, Spanish paperback, and Spanish audiobook editions. When I was Puerto Rican When I Was Puerto Rican is a 1993 autobiography written by Puerto Rican native Esmeralda Santiago. It is the first of three installments, followed by Almost a Woman and The Turkish Lover. This first book begins by

title: When I was Puerto Rican

text: When I was Puerto Rican When I Was Puerto Rican is a 1993 autobiography written by Puerto Rican native Esmeralda Santiago. It is the first of three installments, followed by Almost a Woman and The Turkish Lover. This first book begins by describing Santiago's life in Macún, Puerto Rico. It details the circumstances that led to her mother bringing her and her siblings to New York. The second part of the book describes Santiago's initial adjustment to life in America. The memoir closes with Santiago's audition to New York's Performing Arts High School. Esmeralda Santiago is the oldest child her

title: When She Was My Girl

text: When She Was My Girl "When She Was My Girl" is a 1981 single released by American vocal group the Four Tops. The song, their first release off Casablanca Records, helped to return the former signature Motown act to the American pop Top 40 charts, peaking at number 11 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number 10 on the "Cashbox" chart, and reaching number one on the R&B charts. Internationally, it reached number nine in Canada, number six in New Zealand, and also became their first top ten hit in the UK in nine years, reaching number three. Their top

title: When I Was Your Man

text: "When I Was Your Man" was the tenth pop track most played in 2013. "When I Was Your Man" was released on iTunes as a promotional single, leading the song to debut at number 69 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. His performance on "The Voice" re-entered the song at number 62. "When I Was Your Man" entered the top 10 the week of February 13, 2013, charting at number 9, becoming Mars' 10th top 10 single. At that time, "Locked Out of Heaven" was at number 2, and thus Mars became the first male artist to place two titles

title: When I Was a Youngster

text: song live for the first time on "The Xtra Factor" on 23 October 2011. It was featured in the opening ceremony for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. When I Was a Youngster "When I Was a Youngster" is the second official single released by British hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, from their debut studio album, "Stereo Typical". The single was released on 21 October 2011 in the United Kingdom. The song samples a ska sample from "Revolution Rock" by The Clash. A music video to accompany the release of "When I Was A Youngster" was uploaded to YouTube on

title: Big When I Was Little

text: warbling playground ditty" and "devoid of any form of meaning or emotion". A music video to accompany the release of "Big When I Was Little" was first released onto YouTube on 16 June 2013 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-nine seconds. The video shows Doolittle performing the track with her friends, while dressed in an assortment of '90-inspired outfits. Big When I Was Little "Big When I Was Little" is a song by British recording artist Eliza Doolittle. The song was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 28 July 2013 as the lead

title: When Washington Was in Vogue

text: due to its formulaic plotlines, others saw Williams’s analysis of intra-racial social politics as a fascinating window into the period. "Publishers Weekly" heralded it as “an invaluable addition to period scholarship”, while a laudatory review in "The Crisis" said the novel was “a welcome and consistently entertaining glimpse of a pivotal era”. With Christina Moore’s 2013 “Traditional Rebirth: The Epistolary Genre in When Washington Was in Vogue,” published in "African American Review", the novel (as a published whole) received its first scholarly treatment outside of McKible’s own work. When Washington Was in Vogue When Washington Was in Vogue is a

title: When Washington Was in Vogue

text: When Washington Was in Vogue When Washington Was in Vogue is a Harlem Renaissance novel written by Edward Christopher Williams, set in Washington, D.C. in 1922-3. The first epistolary novel written by an African-American, it was originally serialized in the radical magazine "The Messenger" between January 1925 and July 1926 as "The Letters of Davy Carr: A True Story of Colored Vanity Fair." Largely due to the small circulation of the magazine, "When Washington Was in Vogue" languished in obscurity until its rediscovery and subsequent publication in 2003. It follows the adventures of Davy Carr, a scholar living amongst the

title: When She Was My Girl

text: 40 showing made the group one of the few acts to have top 40 singles on the Billboard Hot 100 in three consecutive decades. "When She Was My Girl" was a Grammy nominee for best R&B song. When She Was My Girl "When She Was My Girl" is a 1981 single released by American vocal group the Four Tops. The song, their first release off Casablanca Records, helped to return the former signature Motown act to the American pop Top 40 charts, peaking at number 11 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number 10 on the "Cashbox" chart, and reaching

title: When Jones' Ale was New

text: When Jones' Ale was New "When Jones' Ale Was New" (Roud 139) is an English folk song about men of various trades drinking at an ale-house or tavern. Other titles include "Joan's Ale is New" and "When Johnson's Ale Was New". Originating in the 16th century CE it has been collected frequently from traditional singers in England, and has been found occasionally in Scotland and the USA. It has evolved over the years, and is popular as a chorus song in folk clubs in England. In the first verse "three jolly good fellows Came over the hills together" to join

title: When My Name Was Keoko

text: Korean society and telling details provide a clear picture of the siblings and their world." "Kliatt" and "Reading Time" both praised the work and "Kliatt" commented that it would be of good use in classrooms, especially those focused in literary, history, or had "students of Korean roots and good students who like substance in their stories." When My Name Was Keoko When My Name Was Keoko is a 2002 Asian historic fiction novel written by Linda Sue Park. It was first published on March 18, 2002, through Clarion Books. The book is set in Korea during World War II, when

title: When Radio Was

text: When Radio Was When Radio Was is a syndicated radio program that re-airs old-time radio programs. The series began as a local program in Chicago, hosted by Carl Amari, who was the founder of Radio Spirits, Inc., which sells tapes and CDs of old time radio programs. Former CBS Radio executive Dick Brescia heard an in-flight version of the program, and soon mounted a nationally syndicated version of the show (through Dick Brescia Associates), beginning Jan. 1, 1990 and hosted by Art Fleming. (Amari continued to do the local Chicago version until shortly after selling Radio Spirits to MediaBay.) The

title: When Was That?

text: When Was That? When Was That? is an album by Henry Threadgill released on the About Time label in 1982. The album and features five of Threadgill's compositions performed by Threadgill with Craig Harris, Olu Dara, Fred Hopkins, Brian Smith, Pheeroan akLaff and John Betsch. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek states, "Threadgill's main thrust was to create a series of modal environments whereby all instrumentalists would engage with one another in the framework of a particular tune, yet play different roles as the ensemble went on its way through the record... Ultimately, however, this band swung together, no matter

title: When Radio Was

text: name Radio Spirits). As of 2011, "When Radio Was" appears on over 200 stations in the U.S., as well as one Canadian station, CHPQ-FM in Parksville, British Columbia. The program is also carried on the Radio Classics channel on Sirius XM Satellite Radio and streamed on the Internet. Radio America currently handles syndication of "When Radio Was" on behalf of Radio Spirits. Art Fleming continued to host the nationally syndicated version until shortly before his death from cancer in 1995. Satirist Stan Freberg, then writing and hosting "Stan Freberg Here", a syndicated daily commentary for Brescia, replaced Fleming. Freberg continued

title: When Was That?

text: how far out the proceedings got. They always returned to Threadgill's magically inherent lyricism and humor in the end, and each and every track here bears that out. This is a nearly mystical album in the life of this band". "All compositions by Henry Threadgill" Recorded at Sound Ideas, New York City on September 30 and October 1, 1981 When Was That? When Was That? is an album by Henry Threadgill released on the About Time label in 1982. The album and features five of Threadgill's compositions performed by Threadgill with Craig Harris, Olu Dara, Fred Hopkins, Brian Smith, Pheeroan

title: When Marnie Was There

text: met in town, before seeing Marnie in the mansion waving goodbye to her, as Yoriko drives Anna back home. When Marnie Was There Soundtrack Music Collection, known as in Japan, is a two-disc soundtrack and image song album that was released on CD in Japan and in 113 countries worldwide (including Japan) as a digital download on the iTunes Store on 16 July 2014. The first "Image Song" disc features music composed to express the personality of the characters and feel of places in the film. The second disc features all the background music for the film. Priscilla Ahn, the

title: When Marnie Was There (novel)

text: When Marnie Was There (novel) When Marnie Was There is a novel by British author Joan G. Robinson (1910-1988), first published in 1967. The story follows Anna, a young girl who temporarily moves to Norfolk to heal after becoming ill. There she meets a mysterious girl named Marnie who lives in a house overlooking the marshes. In 2014, it was adapted by Studio Ghibli as an animated film of the same name. The book was inspired by a house in Burnham Overy and the character of Anna was based on Robinson's own experiences as a child. A young girl named