query: What amount of folic acid should an expectant mother take daily?

title: Folate

text: undesirable effects of fortification. In the U.S., the fortification program was expected to raise a person’s folic acid intake level by 70–130 µg/day; however, an increase of almost double that amount was actually observed. This could be from the fact that many foods are over-fortified by 160–175% over the required amount. Much of the elder population take supplements that add 400 µg to their daily folic acid intake. This is a concern because 70–80% of the population have detectable levels of unmetabolized folic acid in their blood, a consequence of folic acid supplementation and fortification, and high intakes are thought

title: Prenatal vitamins

text: Vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, calcium, and iron are in higher concentrations, while nutrients such as vitamin A are reduced to reflect the current understanding of the role that these compounds play in fetal development. The increased dosage of folic acid or folates reflects the American Dietetic Associations position that women should consume “400 μg per day of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods (cereals and other grains), supplements or both, in addition to consuming folate from foods in a varied diet.” Taking the appropriate amount of folic acid before conception can reduce or prevent the incidence of

title: Neural tube defect

text: proper operation of the neurulation process. Therefore, women who could become pregnant are advised to eat foods fortified with folic acid or take supplements in addition to eating folate-rich foods to reduce the risks of serious birth defects. In Canada, mandatory fortification of selected foods with folic acid has been shown to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by 46%. Women who may become pregnant are advised to get 400 micrograms of folic acid daily. Women who have previously given birth to a child with a neural tube defect may benefit from a supplement containing 4.0 mg/5.0 mg in

title: Folate

text: Folate Folate, distinct forms of which are known as folic acid, folacin, and vitamin B, is one of the B vitamins. It may be taken by mouth or by injection. The recommended adult daily intake of folate in the U.S. is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements. Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause

title: Folate

title: Ferrous salt/folic acid

text: Ferrous salt/folic acid Ferrous salt/folic acid is a supplement used to prevent iron deficiency and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy. It can also be used to treat iron deficiency anemia. It is a fixed dose combination of ferrous salt and folic acid. It is taken by mouth. Side effects may include dark stools, constipation, and abdominal pain. Caution is advised in people with hemochromatosis. Excessive use in children can cause serious problems. Ferrous salt/folic acid was approved for medical use in the United States as early as 1946. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the

title: Ferrous salt/folic acid

text: most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.07 to 1.02 USD a month. It is not currently commercially available as a combination in the United States. In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about 2.64 to 4.25 pounds per month. Ferrous salt/folic acid Ferrous salt/folic acid is a supplement used to prevent iron deficiency and folic acid deficiency during pregnancy. It can also be used to treat iron deficiency anemia. It is a fixed dose combination of ferrous salt and folic acid. It is taken by mouth.

title: Guideline Daily Amount

text: and called 'Facts Up Front'. Since introduction into the world outside the UK there has been controversy on what the GDAs actually show, for example, calculating a personal R.I., which is dependent on a person's height, weight, amount of daily activity and age, an intake rating which is about 5-10% above what that person should actually be eating and drinking. When calculating the GDAs the CIAA uses the average caloric intake needed for women because this best fits the needs of the majority of the population. Women need, on average, between 1800–2200 kilocalories (kcal) a day whereas children need between

title: Tetrahydrofolic acid

text: carbon atom by sequestering formaldehyde produced in other processes. A shortage in tetrahydrofolic acid (FH4) can cause megaloblastic anemia. Methotrexate acts on dihydrofolate reductase, like pyrimethamine or trimethoprim, as an inhibitor and thus reduces the amount of tetrahydrofolate made. This may result in megaloblastic anemia. Tetrahydrofolic acid is involved in the conversion of formiminoglutamic acid to glutamic acid; this may reduce the amount of histidine available for decarboxylation and protein synthesis, and hence the urinary histamine and formiminoglutamic acid may be decreased. Tetrahydrofolic acid Tetrahydrofolic acid, or tetrahydrofolate, is a folic acid derivative. Tetrahydrofolic acid is produced from dihydrofolic acid

title: Guideline Daily Amount

text: Guideline Daily Amount A Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) is a nutrition facts label that originally began in 1998 as a collaboration between the UK government, the food industry and consumer organizations. The process was overseen by the Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD). To help consumers make sense of the nutrition information provided on food labels, they translate science into consumer friendly information, providing guidelines on pack that help consumers put the nutrition information they read on a food label into the context of their overall diet. GDAs are guidelines for healthy adults and children about the approximate amount of calories,

title: Guideline Daily Amount

text: the diet. GDAs are now in widespread use across the food industry and appear both on the front and back of food packaging. In 2014, GDAs were beginning to be replaced by reference intakes. Guideline Daily Amount A Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) is a nutrition facts label that originally began in 1998 as a collaboration between the UK government, the food industry and consumer organizations. The process was overseen by the Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD). To help consumers make sense of the nutrition information provided on food labels, they translate science into consumer friendly information, providing guidelines on pack

title: Guideline Daily Amount

text: fat, saturated fat, total sugars, and sodium/salt. The GDA labels have the percentage of daily value per serving and the absolute amount per serving of these categories. The front-of-packages (FOP) GDAs must at least have calories listed, but the back-of-package (BOP) GDAs must list, at a minimum, these five. A modified version of the GDA system was adopted by the Australian food and beverage industry in 2006 and called the 'Daily Intake Guide'. In 2009 the original GDA system analysis as adopted as an industry standard in the European Union and in 2012 a variant was adopted in the US

title: Vitamin B12 deficiency

text: that in the United States legislation has required enriched flour to contain folic acid to reduce cases of fetal neural-tube defects, consumers may be ingesting more than they realize. To counter the masking effect of B deficiency the NIH recommends "folic acid intake from fortified food and supplements should not exceed 1,000 μg daily in healthy adults." Most importantly, B deficiency needs to be treated with B repletion. Limiting folic acid will not counter the irrevocable neurological damage that is caused by untreated B deficiency. B can be supplemented by pill or injection and appears to be equally effective in

title: Folinic acid

text: to be metabolized in the liver before it could support growth of "L. citrovorum." The synthesis of citrovorum factor by liver cells in culture was eventually accomplished from pteroylglutamic acid in the presence of suitable concentrations of ascorbic acid. The simultaneous addition of sodium formate to such systems resulted in increased citrovorum factor activity in the cell-free supernatants (producing, as now known, the 5-formyl derivative), and from this method of preparation of large amounts of the factor, its structure as levo-folinic acid (5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid) was eventually deduced. Folinic acid should be distinguished from folic acid (vitamin B). However, folinic

title: Folinic acid

text: 5-fluorouracil in treating colon cancer. In this case, folinic acid is not used for "rescue" purposes; rather, it enhances the effect of 5-fluorouracil by inhibiting thymidylate synthase. Folinic acid is also sometimes used to prevent toxic effects of high doses of antimicrobial dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. It may be prescribed in the treatment of toxoplasmosis retinitis, in combination with the folic acid antagonists pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. It has been investigated for use in Down syndrome, but a benefit has not been demonstrated. Folinic acid should not be administered intrathecally. This may produce severe adverse effects or

title: Folate

text: has been shown to cause neural tube defects and cases of spina bifida and cognitive impairment in the newborn. Because of this considerable risk, those mothers who must continue to use valproic acid or its derivatives during pregnancy to control their condition (as opposed to stopping the drug or switching to another drug or to a lesser dose) should take folic acid supplements under the direction and guidance of their health care providers. "Folic acid fortification" is a process where folic acid is added to flour with the intention of promoting public health through increasing blood folate levels in the

title: Aminopterin

text: cases of acute intoxication. Minnich et al. dosed mongrel dogs subcutaneously with aminopterin and folic acid simultaneously to test whether folic acid can rescue animals from the lethality and toxicity of aminopterin Dogs were given 0.020, 0.046, 0.044 escalated to 0.088, and 0.097 mg/kg aminopterin each day for 7 to 12 days. Folic acid was given in a weight ratio to aminopterin of 200:1 to 800:1. All animals survived. In contrast, animals given aminopterin in an amount of 0.041 mg/kg/day x 6 days without folic acid died. Thus, when the ratio of folic acid to aminopterin was 200:1 and greater,

title: What Is and What Should Never Be (Supernatural)

text: What Is and What Should Never Be (Supernatural) "What Is and What Should Never Be" is the twentieth episode of the paranormal drama television series "Supernatural"s second season. It was first broadcast on May 3, 2007 on The CW. The narrative follows series protagonist Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles) who finds himself in an alternate reality after a confrontation with a djinn . The creature appears to have fulfilled Dean's greatest wish: that his mother had not been killed when he was a child. Dean is happy in the new world until it becomes apparent that his previous work as a

title: March of Dimes

text: by pregnant women. This led to a 1989 law mandating a warning label about the risk of birth defects that alcoholic beverages still carry today. The March of Dimes has campaigned for public education on folic acid, a vitamin which can prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly if mothers have enough of it in their body. The March of Dimes has funded polls on folic acid from The Gallup Organization. Analysis of some of the results, said that women aged 18–24 years had the least awareness regarding folic acid consumption or knowledge about when it should

title: Drama City: What Should I Do?

text: Drama City: What Should I Do? Drama City: "What Should I Do?"(드라마 시티: 어떡하지?") is Episode 234 of the South Korean KBS television series, Drama City, which is a collection of single episode short dramas. Each episode has a different story, and the cast changes every week. Seong Ho, played by Lee Joon-gi, lives a poor life with his father, while his sickly mother is hospitalized. But suddenly, he is later on transported back into his father's past and discovers more about his parents and how they met. A rampant boy, whose mother is very ill, has problems coping with

title: Folate

text: that make eating normally more difficult. Also, bone marrow depression (inducing leukopenia and thrombocytopenia) and acute kidney and liver failure have been reported. Folinic acid, under the drug name leucovorin, a form of folate (formyl-THF), can help "rescue" or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate. Folinic acid is "not" the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy. Cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid have been reported in people receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy. Anyone receiving methotrexate should follow medical advice on the use of folic or

title: B vitamins

text: advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes. Also, Vitamin B (folic acid) deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folic acid intake and/or take a supplement. Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of

title: What My Mother Doesn't Know

text: What My Mother Doesn't Know What My Mother Doesn't Know (2001) is a novel in verse by Sonya Sones. The free verse novel follows ninth-grader Sophie Stein as she struggles through the daily grind of being a freshman in high school, her romantic crushes and family life. It has been translated into French, German, Indonesian and Swedish, and published as an audiobook read by Kate Reinders. At the start of the novel, Sophie finds herself dumped by her current Boyfriend Lou, then immediately falls into a new relationship with Dylan, a boy considered the height of masculine beauty by her

title: Folate

text: consistent with the reduction in pulse pressure produced by folate supplementation of 5 mg per day, since hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke. Folic supplements are inexpensive and relatively safe to use, which is why people who have had strokes or who have hyperhomocysteinemia are encouraged to consume daily B vitamins including folic acid. Studies on folic acid intake from food and folate supplementation with regards to cancer risk are based on the adequacy of chronic intake. Chronically insufficient intake of folic acid may increase the risk of colorectal, breast, ovarian, pancreas, brain, lung, cervica, and prostate cancers.

title: Your Mother Should Know

text: at Mosaic Stadium, Regina, Canada, and dropped it from the set list afterwards. Your Mother Should Know "Your Mother Should Know" is a song by the Beatles from their 1967 record "Magical Mystery Tour", released in the US as an LP on 27 November 1967 and in the UK as a double-EP on 8 December 1967. It was written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney) based on a line from the screenplay for "A Taste of Honey". McCartney said he wrote it as a production number for the movie "Magical Mystery Tour", supporting an old-fashioned dance segment that starts with

title: Your Mother Should Know

text: Your Mother Should Know "Your Mother Should Know" is a song by the Beatles from their 1967 record "Magical Mystery Tour", released in the US as an LP on 27 November 1967 and in the UK as a double-EP on 8 December 1967. It was written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney) based on a line from the screenplay for "A Taste of Honey". McCartney said he wrote it as a production number for the movie "Magical Mystery Tour", supporting an old-fashioned dance segment that starts with the Beatles coming down a grand staircase in white tuxedoes. After they descend,

title: Folinic acid

text: thus has vitamin activity equivalent to that of folic acid. Since it does not require the action of dihydrofolate reductase for its conversion, its function as a vitamin is unaffected by inhibition of this enzyme by drugs such as methotrexate. This is the classical view of folinic acid rescue therapy. In 1980s, however, folinic acid was found to reactivate the dihydrofolate reductase itself even when methotrexate exists. Although the mechanism is not very clear, the polyglutamylation of methotrexate and dihydrofolate in malignant cells is considered to play an important role in the selective reactivation of dihydrofolate reductase by folinic acid

title: Birth defect

text: fibrosis in organs, such as the liver and lungs, if the embryo is exposed. For example, a lack of folic acid, a vitamin B, in the diet of a mother can cause cellular neural tube deformities that result in spina bifida. Congenital disorders such as a neural tube deformity (NTD) can be prevented by 72% if the mother consumes 4 milligrams of folic acid before the conception and after 12 weeks of pregnancy. Folic acid, or vitamin B, aids the development of the foetal nervous system. Studies with mice have found that food deprivation of the male mouse prior to

title: Levomefolic acid

text: concentrations were found to be more than seven times higher than folic acid (129 ng/ml vs. 14.1 ng/ml). Levomefolate calcium, a calcium salt of levomefolic acid, developed and produced by Merck KGaA, is sold under the brand names Metafolin (a registered trademark of Merck KGaA) and incorporated in Deplin (trademark of Pamlab, LLC). Levomefolate magnesium is a magnesium salt of levomefolic acid, sold under the brand name Enlyte or Enlyte D by Jaymac Pharmaceuticals LLC. Preliminary research suggests that levomefolic acid (L-methylfolate) taken with a first-line antidepressant may provide an adjunctive antidepressant effect for individuals who do not respond or

title: 4-Nitrobenzoic acid

text: 4-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH(NO)COH. It is a pale yellow solid. It is a precursor to 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride, the precursor to the anesthetic procaine and folic acid. It is also a precursor to 4-aminobenzoic acid. 4-Nitrobenzoic acid is prepared by oxidation of 4-nitrotoluene using oxygen or dichromate as oxidants. Alternatively, it has been prepared by nitration of polystyrene followed by oxidation of the alkyl substituent. This method proceeds with improved para/ortho selectivity owing to the steric protection of the ortho positions by the polymer backbone. This compound has a rat of 1960 mg/kg.

title: 4-Nitrobenzoic acid

title: Folate

text: in 2009 reported use of a nutritional supplement containing folic acid at 2,500 μg/day, pyridoxine at 50 mg/day, and vitamin B at 1,000 μg/day decreased the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration by 34.7%. The amount of folic acid used in this clinical trial – 2,500 μg/day – was higher than the tolerable upper intake level of 1,000 μg. A complex interaction occurs between folic acid, vitamin B, and iron. A deficiency of one may be "masked" by excess of another, so the three must always be in balance. Folate deficiency can be caused by unhealthy diets that do not

title: Folate

text: populace. In the U.S., food is fortified with folic acid, only one of the many naturally occurring forms of folate, and a substance contributing only a minor amount to the folates in natural foods. After the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects, governments and health organizations worldwide made recommendations concerning folic acid "supplementation" for women intending to become pregnant. Because the neural tube closes in the first four weeks of gestation, often before many women even know they are pregnant, many countries in time decided to implement mandatory food fortification programs. A meta-analysis of

title: What My Mother Doesn't Know

text: glimpses through a peephole many teens may be peering through for the first time, unaware that others are seeing virtually the same new, scary, unfamiliar things." The novel appears on the ALA’s list of most frequently challenged books in 2004, 2005, and 2011. What My Mother Doesn't Know What My Mother Doesn't Know (2001) is a novel in verse by Sonya Sones. The free verse novel follows ninth-grader Sophie Stein as she struggles through the daily grind of being a freshman in high school, her romantic crushes and family life. It has been translated into French, German, Indonesian and Swedish,

title: Tetrahydrofolic acid

text: Tetrahydrofolic acid Tetrahydrofolic acid, or tetrahydrofolate, is a folic acid derivative. Tetrahydrofolic acid is produced from dihydrofolic acid by dihydrofolate reductase. This reaction is inhibited by methotrexate. It is converted into 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate by serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Many bacteria use dihydropteroate synthetase to produce dihydropteroate, a molecule without function in humans. This makes it a useful target for sulfonamide antibiotics, which compete with the PABA precursor. Tetrahydrofolic acid is a cofactor in many reactions, especially in the synthesis (or anabolism) of amino acids and nucleic acids. 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate acts as a donor of a group with one carbon atom. Tetrahydrofolate gets this extra

title: Wellbeing of Women

text: childbirth. An early donation established that a deficiency in folic acid was a factor in malformed babies. Pregnant women across the world now take folic acid supplements. The charity also funded crucial research into epidurals which means that millions of women now benefit from a relatively pain-free birth. In 1972 the charity was renamed Birthright. Research projects they funded created the ground rules that mean many thousands of women have safe laser treatment to treat cervical cancer. They also enabled breakthroughs into monitoring babies in the womb. One early pieces of research into the diagnosis of Down’s Syndrome in pregnant

title: Management of ulcerative colitis

text: (1000 µg/day) to maintain normal cell division. This may, however, be counter-productive for patients who are also taking methotrexate, which is a folic acid inhibitor. Folic acid might also be counter-productive for patients taking 6-MP and related drugs that inhibit all cell division. It is often necessary to use Corticosteroids in conjunction with 5-ASA drugs to bring about remission of ulcerative colitis. Thereafter it may be possible to maintain remission with 5-ASAs alone, though many patients require other, stronger immunosuppressive medications. Corticosteroids should not be used for long-term therapy of UC, particularly without the concomitant use of an immunomodulator or

title: Folinic acid

text: even death. Fluorouracil: Folinic acid may increase the toxicity associated with fluorouracil if the two are administered together. Some adverse effects that have occurred, particularly in elderly patients, include severe enterocolitis, diarrhea, and dehydration. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim: A potential drug interaction exists with concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and folinic acid. Folinic acid has been shown to decrease the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in the treatment of "Pneumocystis jirovecii" (formerly known as "Pneumocystis carinii"), a common cause of pneumonia in AIDS patients. Folinic acid is a 5-formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid. It is readily converted to other reduced folic acid derivatives (e.g., 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate),

title: What Is and What Should Never Be

text: What Is and What Should Never Be "What Is and What Should Never Be" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second track on "Led Zeppelin II" (1969). "What is and What Should Never Be" was one of the first songs on which Page used his soon-to-become trademark Gibson Les Paul for recording. The production makes liberal use of stereo as the guitars pan back and forth between channels. Robert Plant's vocals were phased during the verses. Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked, "The

title: Folinic acid

text: acid is a vitamer for folic acid and has the full vitamin activity of this vitamin. Levofolinic acid and its salts are the 2S- form of the molecule. They are the only forms of the molecule that are known to be biologically active. It is generally administered as the calcium or sodium salt (calcium folinate (INN), sodium folinate, leucovorin calcium, leucovorin sodium). Folinic acid Folinic acid, also known as leucovorin, is a medication used to decrease the toxic effects of methotrexate and pyrimethamine. It is also used in combination with 5-fluorouracil to treat colorectal cancer, may be used to treat

title: What Is and What Should Never Be

text: and What Should Never Be" was performed live at Led Zeppelin concerts between 1969 and 1973. A live version taken from a performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1970 can be seen on the "Led Zeppelin DVD". Another was included on disc two of the live triple album "How The West Was Won". Two more versions were included in BBC Sessions. What Is and What Should Never Be "What Is and What Should Never Be" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second

title: Notional amount

text: inverse exchange-traded funds, have the unusual property that their notional changes every day: this is because they pay the compounded daily return, so it is as if one were re-investing each day's earnings at the new daily price: if one has an inverse ETF in an asset that goes down, one has more money, which one uses to short a cheaper asset, hence one's unit notional goes up, and conversely if the asset has gone up in value. See inverse exchange-traded fund for mathematical details. Notional amount The notional amount (or notional principal amount or notional value) on a financial

title: Folinic acid

text: is a form of folic acid that does not require activation by dihydrofolate reductase to be useful to the body. Folinic acid was first made in 1945. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about 4.62 pounds per 30 mg vial. Folinic acid is given following methotrexate as part of a total chemotherapeutic plan, where it may protect against bone marrow suppression or gastrointestinal mucosa inflammation. No apparent effect is seen on pre-existing methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity. Folinic acid

title: What Should Legal Analysis Become?

text: Lorne. "The Politics of Imagination" (review of "What Should Legal Analysis Become?") 47 University of Toronto Law Journal 523 (1997) Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. "What Should Legal Analysis Become?". Verso Books, 1996. Waldron, Jeremy. "Dirty Little Secret" (review of "What Should Legal Analysis Become?"), 98 Columbia Law Review 510 (1998). What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? is a book by philosopher and politician Roberto Mangabeira Unger. First published in 1996, the book germinated from lectures Unger gave at Yale Law School, Columbia Law School, and the London School of Economics. In the book, Unger argues that in

title: 4-Aminosalicylic acid

text: be harm with use during pregnancy it has not been well studied in this population. 4-Aminosalicylic acid is believed to work by blocking the ability of bacteria to make folic acid. 4-Aminosalicylic acid was first made in 1902 and came into medical use in 1943. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. As of 2005 a course of treatment for tuberculosis costs about 2,700 USD. The main use for 4-aminosalicylic acid is for the treatment of tuberculosis infections. Aminosalicylic acid was introduced to clinical use

title: My Mother Said I Never Should

text: daughter, Margaret, aged eight; surprises her by shouting 'knickers' from beneath the piano. Doris insists on being called 'Mother' rather than 'Mummy', and pushes Margaret to practice the piano rather than answering her inquisitive, lively child's questions about the war and whether her parents say their prayers. The next scene shows Doris as a grandmother with Jackie, Margaret's daughter; now affectionate and lenient, by contrast to her relationship with Margaret. My Mother Said I Never Should My Mother Said I Never Should is a play in three acts by Charlotte Keatley. "My Mother Said I Never Should" was written in

title: Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.

text: argument that the patients were intervening agents who kept the process steps from being fully attributable to the doctors: Defendants, relying upon now overruled case law on divided infringement, argue that the actions of the patient in taking folic acid prior to pemetrexed treatment cannot be attributed to the physician because the physician does not physically place the folic acid into the patients' mouth, and because patients are instructed to obtain folic acid, either by prescription or over the counter, and take it on their own. Although the parties present extensive arguments as to whether this constitutes the physician "administering"

title: Food fortification

text: food is fortified with folic acid, which is one of the many naturally-occurring forms of folate, and which only contributes a minor amount to the folates occurring in natural foods. In many cases, such as with folate, it is an open question of whether or not there are any benefits or risks to consuming folic acid in this form. In many cases, the micronutrients added to foods in fortification are synthetic. In some cases, certain forms of micronutrients can be actively toxic in a sufficiently high dose, even if other forms are safe at the same or much higher doses.

title: Pantothenic acid

text: AIs are similar to the U.S. AIs. The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and reached the same conclusion as in United States - that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for pantothenic acid. For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For pantothenic acid labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 10 mg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 5 mg to bring it into agreement with the AI. A table of the old and new adult

title: What Should Legal Analysis Become?

text: legal institutions rest," one that may "facilitate transforming those institutions into more emancipatory forms." Sossin notes that Unger would add "prophecy" and "vision" to the pursuits of critical theory. Sossin concludes that ""What Should Legal Analysis Become?" is in many ways an illustration of Unger practicing what he preaches—reinventing and recombining ideas and elements of his previous thought into a reinvigorated critique. His analysis never fails to engage, though ... it does leave important questions unanswered." Kar, Robin Bradley. "Legal Analysis and the Perversions of Theory (review of "What Should Legal Analysis Become?"), 106 Yale Law Journal 2685 (1997) Sossin,

title: Primidone

text: butter, another ate bread, buns, and hard candy, and another could rarely be persuaded to eat in the hospital. The idea that folic acid deficiency could cause megaloblastic anemia was not new. What was new was the idea that "drugs" could cause this in well-nourished people with no intestinal abnormalities. In many cases, it was not clear which drug had caused it. It was speculated that this might be related to the structural similarity between folic acid, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone. Folic acid had been found to alleviate the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia in the 1940s, not long after it

title: Pemetrexed

text: against locally advanced and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with non-squamous histology. A Phase III study showed benefits of maintenance use of pemetrexed for non-squamous NSCLC. Activity has been shown in malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Trials are currently testing it against esophageal and other cancers. Pemetrexed is also recommended in combination with carboplatin for the first-line treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, the relative efficacy or toxicity of pemetrexed-cisplatin versus pemetrexed-carboplatin has not been established beyond what is generally thought about cisplatin or carboplatin doublet drug therapy. Patients should take folic acid and vitamin B supplement

title: Marmite

text: rich in B vitamins including thiamin (B), riboflavin (B), niacin (B), folic acid (B) and vitamin B. The sodium content of the spread is high and has caused concern, although it is the amount per serving rather than the percentage in bulk Marmite that is relevant. The main ingredient of Marmite is yeast extract, which contains a high concentration of glutamic acid. Marmite is almost gluten free. However, Unilever will not confirm that it contains less than 20 parts per million of gluten, the current European standard and the proposed US FDA standard for gluten-free labelling. Marmite should be avoided

title: Spina bifida

text: acid include whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, dried beans, leaf vegetables and fruits. Folate fortification of enriched grain products has been mandatory in the United States since 1998. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Agency of Canada and UK recommended amount of folic acid for women of childbearing age and women planning to become pregnant is at least 0.4 mg/day of folic acid from at least three months before conception, and continued for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Women who have already had a baby with spina bifida or other type of neural tube defect, or are

title: My Mother Said I Never Should

text: My Mother Said I Never Should My Mother Said I Never Should is a play in three acts by Charlotte Keatley. "My Mother Said I Never Should" was written in 1985 and was first produced at the Contact Theatre in Manchester on 25 February 1987, directed by Brigid Larmour. A revised edition premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in a production directed by Michael Attenborough on 23 February 1989 and in a revival which premiered on 29 September 2009 at the Watford Palace Theatre, again directed by Brigid Larmour. This play is about the difficult relationships between mothers and daughters

title: Xenic acid

text: Xenic acid Xenic acid is a noble gas compound formed by the dissolution of xenon trioxide in water. Its chemical formula is HXeO. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, and its decomposition is dangerous as it liberates a large amount of gaseous products: xenon, oxygen, and ozone. However, this feature is also what makes xenic acid practically useful in syntheses: there is no chance of introducing impurities to the oxidation products, as all the byproducts can be trivially evaporated. Its existence was hypothesized by Linus Pauling in 1933. Xenic acid has been used as an oxidizing agent in organic

title: Amount of substance

text: replaces the term "number of moles" which should no longer be used according to IUPAC recommendation. However, confusion can arise due to the everyday usage of the term amount and the term "enplethy" has been suggested for international usage to replace amount of substance. When amount of substance enters into a derived quantity, it is usually as the denominator: such quantities are known as molar quantities. For example, the quantity which describes the volume occupied by a given amount of substance is called the molar volume, while the quantity which describes the mass of a given amount of substance is

text: creepy look to it". He was pleased to see Smith and Palicki return, and found the character of Carmen to be "a nice addition to the family". Don Williams of BuddyTV agreed, and ranked the episode third in his list of the best episodes of the first three seasons. Deeming it the best standalone episode, he noted that it "can be embraced by anyone who enjoys clever writing, great acting, or a shirtless Jensen Ackles". General Specific Notes What Is and What Should Never Be (Supernatural) "What Is and What Should Never Be" is the twentieth episode of the paranormal

title: Levomefolic acid

text: have only a partial therapeutic response to SSRI or SNRI medication, and might be a more cost-effective adjunctive agent than second-generation antipsychotics. Levomefolic acid (and folic acid in turn) has been proposed for treatment of cardiovascular disease and advanced cancers such as breast and colorectal cancers. It bypasses several metabolic steps in the body and better binds thymidylate synthase with FdUMP, a metabolite of the drug fluorouracil. In March 2012, Merck & Cie of Switzerland, Pamlab LLC (maker of Metanx and Cerefolin, Neevo DHA, and Deplin), and South Alabama Medical Science Foundation (SAMSF) (the plaintiffs) filed a complaint in the

title: Tiaprofenic acid

text: Tiaprofenic acid Tiaprofenic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylpropionic acid (profen) class, used to treat pain, especially arthritic pain. The typical adult dose is 300 mg twice daily. It is not recommended in children. It is sparingly metabolised in the liver to two inactive metabolites. Most of the drug is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Renal disease impairs excretion, and it should be used with caution in renal disease. Long-term use of tiaprofenic acid is associated with severe cystitis, roughly 100 times more commonly than other NSAIDs. It is contraindicated in patients with cystitis and urinary

title: Sulfamethoxazole

text: Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ or SMX) is an antibiotic. It is used for bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and prostatitis and is effective against both gram negative and positive bacteria such as "Listeria monocytogenes" and "E. coli". Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and skin rashes. It is a sulfonamide and bacteriostatic. It resembles a component of folic acid. It prevents folic acid synthesis in the bacteria that must synthesize their own folic acid. Mammalian cells, and some bacteria, do not synthesize but require preformed folic acid (vitamin B9), they are therefore insensitive to sulfamethoxazole.

title: Folate

text: flours, corn meals, pastas, rice, and other grain products. This ruling took effect on 1 January 1998, and was specifically targeted to reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects in newborns. There were concerns expressed that the amount of folate added was insufficient. As a result of the folic acid fortification program, fortified grain foods became a major source of folic acid in the US diet. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia used data from 23 birth defect registries covering about half of United States births, and extrapolated their findings to the rest of the

title: Steaming

text: preferring to avoid additional fat intake may prefer steaming to methods which require cooking oil. A 2007 USDA comparison between steaming and boiling vegetables shows the most affected nutrients are folic acid and vitamin C. When compared to raw consumption, steaming reduces folic acid by 15%, and boiling reduces it by 35%. Steaming reduces vitamin C by 15%, and boiling reduces it by 25%. Steaming, compared to boiling, showed 42% higher amount of glucosinolates in broccoli cooked for medium firmness. Phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties have been found to retain significantly better through steaming than through boiling or microwaving. Steaming

title: Levomefolic acid

text: Levomefolic acid Levomefolic acid (INN) (also known as L-5-MTHF, -methylfolate and -5-methyltetrahydrofolate and (6"S")-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and (6"S")-5-MTHF) is the primary biologically active form of folate used at the cellular level for DNA reproduction, the cysteine cycle and the regulation of homocysteine. It is also the form found in circulation and transported across membranes into tissues and across the blood-brain barrier. In the cell, L-methylfolate is used in the methylation of homocysteine to form methionine and tetrahydrofolate (THF). THF is the immediate acceptor of one carbon units for the synthesis of thymidine-DNA, purines (RNA and DNA) and methionine. The un-methylated form, folic

title: Folate

text: pregnancies and those over the age of 25. Canadian public health efforts focused on promoting awareness of the importance of folic acid supplementation for all women of childbearing age and decreasing socio-economic inequalities by providing practical folic acid support to vulnerable groups of women. Folic acid food fortification became mandatory in 1998, with the fortification of 150 µg of folic acid per 100 grams of enriched flour and uncooked cereal grains. The results of folic acid fortification on the rate of neural tube defects in Canada have been positive, showing a 46% reduction in prevalence of NTDs; the magnitude of

title: Methotrexate

text: by Sidney Farber showed aminopterin, a chemical analogue of folic acid developed by Yellapragada Subbarao of Lederle, could induce remission in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The development of folic acid analogues had been prompted by the discovery that the administration of folic acid worsened leukemia, and that a diet deficient in folic acid could, conversely, produce improvement; the mechanism of action behind these effects was still unknown at the time. Other analogues of folic acid were in development, and by 1950, methotrexate (then known as amethopterin) was being proposed as a treatment for leukemia. Animal studies published in 1956

title: Anencephaly

text: of neural tube defects. Therefore, it is recommended that all women of child-bearing age consume 0.4 mg of folic acid daily, especially those attempting to conceive or who may possibly conceive, as this can reduce the risk to 0.03%. It is not advisable to wait until pregnancy has begun, since, by the time a woman knows she is pregnant, the critical time for the formation of a neural tube defect has usually already passed. A physician may prescribe even higher dosages of folic acid (5 mg/day) for women having had a previous pregnancy with a neural tube defect. In general,

text: its original broadcast, "What Is and What Should Never Be" was viewed by an estimated 3.11 million viewers, one of the lowest ratings for the season. Conversely, writer Raelle Tucker won the Constellation Award for "Best Overall 2007 Science Fiction Film or Television Script" for her work on the episode, and the episode garnered positive reviews from critics. Tina Charles of TV Guide "adored" the episode, and considered it to be Jensen Ackles' best performance of the series. She experienced an "emotional roller coaster the entire hour", finding Dean's monologue at his father's grave to be "crushing" but the lawnmower

title: Pemetrexed

text: even if levels are normal when they are on pemetrexed therapy. (In clinical trials for mesothelioma, folic acid and B12 supplementation reduced the frequency of adverse events.) It is also recommended for patients to be on a steroid (e.g., dexamethasone 4 mg twice daily) on the day prior, day of, and day after Pemetrexed infusion to avoid skin rashes. Pemetrexed, whether used alone or in combination with cisplatin, has these side effects: Pemetrexed is chemically similar to folic acid and is in the class of chemotherapy drugs called folate antimetabolites. It works by inhibiting three enzymes used in purine and

title: Folate deficiency

text: is beneficial in patients being treated with long-term, low-dose methotrexate for inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriasis, to avoid macrocytic anemia caused by folate deficiency. Folate is often also supplemented before some high dose chemotherapy treatments in an effort to protect healthy tissue. However, it may be counterproductive to take a folic acid supplement with methotrexate in cancer treatment. Folate deficiency is diagnosed with a blood test, measured as methyltetrahydrofolate (in practice, "folate" refers to all derivative of folic acid, but methylhydrofolate is the quasi unique form of "folate" in the blood). Homocysteine is elevated (5-MTHF is

text: a proposed generic version of an existing drug, such as Altima, must instruct physicians to follow exactly the claimed regimen, since the generic drug must be distributed with identical labeling to that for the original drug. Thus the doctor treating the patient would, in addition to administering the chemotherapy drug, administer the vitamin B12 by injection at times and dosages as specified in the claims of Lilly's patent. However, the patients would obtain the folic acid by prescription written by the physician and take it themselves, according to the physician’s instructions. The physician would not himself hand the folic acid

title: Pregnancy

text: the world where insufficient nutrition is common. Women living in low and middle income countries are suggested to take multiple micronutrient supplements containing iron and folic acid. These supplements have been shown to improve birth outcomes in developing countries, but do not have an effect on perinatal mortality. Adequate intake of folic acid, and iron is often recommended. In developed areas, such as Western Europe and the United States, certain nutrients such as Vitamin D and calcium, required for bone development, may also require supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation has not been shown to improve birth outcomes. Zinc supplementation has been

title: Nutritional neuroscience

text: is a link between homocysteine and cognitive performance. However, while the amount of cognitive improvement after treatment with folate is correlated with the severity of folate deficiency, the severity of cognitive decline is independent of the severity of folate deficiency. This suggests that the dementia observed may not be entirely related to levels of folate, as there could be additional factors that were not accounted for which might have an effect. Because neurulation may be completed before pregnancy is recognized, it is recommended that women capable of becoming pregnant take about 400μg of folic acid from fortified foods, supplements, or

title: Piperic acid

text: piperidine is given off during the base-hydrolysis of piperine and as-such, safety precautions should be taken. Reaction of piperic acid with strong oxidizers such as potassium permanganate or ozone, or a halogen such as bromine followed by sodium hydroxide causes oxidative cleavage of the double-bonds, yielding piperonal and piperonylic acid. Piperonal has many uses in industry and is itself a precursor to a good subsection of other chemicals. On reduction with sodium amalgam piperic acid forms α- and β-dihydropiperic acid, CHO, and the latter can take up two further atoms of hydrogen to produce tetrahydropiperic acid. Piperic acid Piperic acid

title: Xenic acid

text: chemistry. Salts of xenic acid are called "xenates", containing the anion. They tend to disproportionate into xenon gas and perxenates: The energy given off is sufficient to form ozone from diatomic oxygen: Salts containing the completely deprotonated anion are presently unknown. Xenic acid Xenic acid is a noble gas compound formed by the dissolution of xenon trioxide in water. Its chemical formula is HXeO. It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, and its decomposition is dangerous as it liberates a large amount of gaseous products: xenon, oxygen, and ozone. However, this feature is also what makes xenic acid practically useful

title: What Is and What Should Never Be

text: descending riff [of "What Is and What Should Never Be"] is amazing: It's like a bow is being drawn back, and then it releases. The rhythm of the vocals is almost like a rap. It's insane — one of their most psychedelic songs." This was also one of the first songs recorded by the band for which Robert Plant received writing credit. According to rock journalist Stephen Davis, the author of the Led Zeppelin biography "Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga", the lyrics for this song reflect a romance Plant had with his wife's younger sister. "What Is

title: Fumonisin B1

text: embryos were exposed to FB and they showed inhibited sphingolipid synthesis and growth. It caused NTD. Folic acid uptake was dramatically inhibited. Treatment after exposure with folic acid reduced NTD by 50–65%. The risks of fumonisin B1 have been evaluated by The World Health Organization’s International Programme on Chemical Safety(IPCS) and the Scientific Committee on Food(SCF) of the European Commission. They determined a tolerable daily intake(TDI) for FB1, FB2, FB3, alone or in combination of 2 µg/kg body weight. The inhibition of ceramide synthase by FB is thought to be reversible, since the binding is formed by noncovalent interactions. Factors

title: Folate

text: It has been suggested this low activity limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms "when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (1 mg/d for adults)." A number of drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of folic acid and THF. Among them are the such as trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and methotrexate; the sulfonamides (competitive inhibitors of 4-aminobenzoic acid in the reactions of dihydropteroate synthetase). Valproic acid, one of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsants that is also used to treat certain psychological conditions, is a known inhibitor of folic acid, and as such,

text: deceased girlfriend—but she was busy filming for the Texas-based television series "Friday Night Lights". Because Jessica was an integral aspect of the storyline, the production schedule was adjusted to accommodate the actress. The first five days of filming commenced for "What Is and What Should Never Be", and production then shifted to "All Hell Breaks Loose, Part One" until Palicki became available for the final three days of filming. However, she was not present for filming of the episode's climax. Instead, the actress filmed her part in front of a blue screen, and was later digitally added into the scene.

title: What Pet Should I Get?

text: saying that "the book is, if not top-flight Seuss, a very good example of his particular genius for distilling both the spirit of his times and the timeless mind-set of children." What Pet Should I Get? What Pet Should I Get? is a Dr. Seuss children's book, posthumously published in 2015. Believed to have been written between 1958 and 1962, the book chronicles the adventures of Jay and Kay from Seuss' "One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish" in their attempts to buy a pet. In a pet store, a young brother and sister (Jay and Kay) are trying

title: What Pet Should I Get?

text: What Pet Should I Get? What Pet Should I Get? is a Dr. Seuss children's book, posthumously published in 2015. Believed to have been written between 1958 and 1962, the book chronicles the adventures of Jay and Kay from Seuss' "One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish" in their attempts to buy a pet. In a pet store, a young brother and sister (Jay and Kay) are trying to choose a pet. They consider a vast array of possible pets as their deadline of noon approaches. Finally, they settle on a pet whose identity remains unrevealed. After Theodor Seuss

title: Competitive inhibition

text: in the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) active site by mimicking the substrate para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). This prevents the substrate itself from binding which halts the production of folic acid, an essential nutrient. Bacteria must synthesize folic acid because they do not have a transporter for it. Without folic acid, bacteria cannot grow and divide. Therefore, because of sulfa drugs' competitive inhibition, they are excellent antibacterial agents. An example of competitive inhibition was demonstrated experimentally for the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle. Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinic dehydrogenase. The binding

title: What Should Legal Analysis Become?

text: What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? is a book by philosopher and politician Roberto Mangabeira Unger. First published in 1996, the book germinated from lectures Unger gave at Yale Law School, Columbia Law School, and the London School of Economics. In the book, Unger argues that in order to transform society to be more radically democratic, it is necessary to penetrate the specialized professions so that we can talk about, and imagine, institutions effectively. Unger focuses on the legal profession in this book, setting forth a vision of law as "institutional imagination." He presents a program

title: Sulfuric acid

text: amount of heat evolved by dissolving the acid so the solution remains cold. After all the ice has melted, further dilution can take place using water. Sulfuric acid is non-flammable. The main occupational risks posed by this acid are skin contact leading to burns (see above) and the inhalation of aerosols. Exposure to aerosols at high concentrations leads to immediate and severe irritation of the eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes: this ceases rapidly after exposure, although there is a risk of subsequent pulmonary edema if tissue damage has been more severe. At lower concentrations, the most commonly reported symptom

title: The Daily Campus

text: amount of sarcasm, "The Daily Campus" beat writer Amanda Alnutt asked a similar follow-up question. Alnutt: What are you going to do to make sure that it doesn't happen [again]? Auriemma: You ask a lot of questions that really piss me off. You're too young to ask those questions. Older guys can ask me questions that piss me off. You're too young. You see, this is just a f---ing game. It's not the end of the world. But every question you ask is like, 'We should cancel the season now because we lost.' Relax. Alnutt: You don't think you need

title: What Pet Should I Get?

text: Seuss conceived "The Pet Shop" first but eventually decided to use the characters in a less narrative-structured book instead and developed "One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish" around them. "The Pet Shop" was reconstructed for publication by Goldsmith, who also colored the black-and-white illustrations. The reconstructed book was published by Random House in July 2015 as "What Pet Should I Get?". Random House reported it would likely publish two additional volumes based on the other material found in the same box. In "The New York Times", Maria Russo gave "What Pet Should I Get?" a largely positive review,

title: A Mother Should be Loved

text: bonus feature on its Dual Format Edition (Blu-ray + DVD) of "Late Autumn". A Mother Should be Loved The film tells of the strained relationship between a mother and her two sons after the death of the family patriarch. Ozu once said that he remembered making this early film "not because it was any good, but because my father died while I was making it". Mr. Kajiwara (Yukichi Iwata) promises his two sons, Sadao and Kosaku, a weekend trip to the beach. Later that day his wife, Chieko (Mitsuko Yoshikawa), receives a phone call informing her that her husband has

title: A Mother Should be Loved

text: A Mother Should be Loved The film tells of the strained relationship between a mother and her two sons after the death of the family patriarch. Ozu once said that he remembered making this early film "not because it was any good, but because my father died while I was making it". Mr. Kajiwara (Yukichi Iwata) promises his two sons, Sadao and Kosaku, a weekend trip to the beach. Later that day his wife, Chieko (Mitsuko Yoshikawa), receives a phone call informing her that her husband has collapsed at work. After Kajiwara's funeral, his friend Okazuki visits Chieko, asking her

title: Nutritional neuroscience

text: acid fortification. Although the protective effects of folic acid are well documented, there remains legitimate concern that fortification could lead to toxic levels in a subset of the population. For example, elevated levels of folic acid can interact with vitamin B12 deficiency to cause neurodegeneration. Furthermore, folic acid and iron can interact to exacerbate malaria. Folic acid is the most oxidized and stable form of folate, and can also be referred to as vitamin B. It rarely occurs naturally in foods, but it is the form used in vitamin supplements as well as fortified food products. Folate coenzymes are involved

title: Chemistry of ascorbic acid

text: acid solution. Electrolyzing the solution of potassium iodide produces iodine, which reacts with ascorbic acid. The end of process is determined by potentiometric titration in a manner similar to Karl Fischer titration. The amount of ascorbic acid can be calculated by Faraday's law. Another alternative uses "N"-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as the oxidizing agent, in the presence of potassium iodide and starch. The NBS first oxidizes the ascorbic acid; when the latter is exhausted, the NBS liberates the iodine from the potassium iodide, which then forms the blue-black complex with starch. Chemistry of ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with

title: An Airman's Letter to His Mother

text: of "official" war films of the period. These films should explain: "What Britain is fighting for, including contrasting British values with Nazi Germany's values; how Britain fights and the need for sacrifice if the fight is to be won." British propaganda films in Second World War also were in sharp contrast with the more racially tinged and strident examples from warring nations, especially Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Most often, British films were topical, informative and "entertaining or amusing." In the case of "An Airman's Letter to His Mother", the subject was the reading of a real letter left

title: Iodic acid

text: chloride ions, when there is an excess amount of reductant, then all iodate is converted to iodide ion. When there is an excess amount of iodate, then part of the iodate is converted to iodine. It may be used in preparation of ionization to form alkyl halides. Iodic acid is used as a strong acid in analytical chemistry. It may be used to standardize solutions of both weak and strong bases, using methyl red or methyl orange as the indicator. Iodic acid can be used to synthesize sodium or potassium iodate for increasing iodine content of salt. Iodic acid Iodic

title: Nutrition and pregnancy

text: and increased weight gain for both the mother and baby. Although more research is needed into the longer term effects on the mothers’ and infants’ health, the short term effects look promising. Supplementing one's diet with foods rich in folic acid, fruits and dark green leafy vegetables helps to prevent neural tube birth defects in the fetus. In addition, prenatal vitamins typically contain increased amounts of folic acid, iodine, iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, and calcium over the amounts found in standard multi-vitamins. Zinc supplements have reduced preterm births by around 14% mainly in low income countries where zinc

title: Aminopterin

text: all of the subjects survived on regimens that would have otherwise been uniformly fatal to all subjects. Similar effects have been noted in rodent species as well, where the range for rescue by folic acid was fairly narrow and highly dependent on the timing (optimal of 1 hour prior to aminopterin) of administration in relation to aminopterin. The temporal relationship between folic acid administration and rescue has been interpreted as the necessary period of time required for the vitamin to be converted "in vivo" to reduced forms. Aminopterin Aminopterin (or 4-aminopteroic acid), the 4-amino derivative of folic acid, is an

title: Figueres onion

text: a good source of B vitamins, such folic acid. It is resistant to cold temperatures but requires a higher amount of sun to form the bulb. It should be planted between December and January, although depending on the weather can also be planted in February. It can easily succumb to the ills of monocrop production and drop heavily in quality, so it's best when rotated with other crops, not only for nutrition but also to prevent diseases. Another peculiarity is that it requires a dry environment and it is said in Empordà, "Two days of Tramontana (wind) are better than

title: We Should Be Dead

text: We Should Be Dead We Should Be Dead were an alternative rock band from Limerick, Ireland, active from 2003 to 2010. The band released two albums, "Forget Romance, Let's Dance!" (2008) and "Dreamstate" (2010)through the POP4POP Recording Group imprint. The band relocated to Los Angeles in 2009 after signing with a Burbank-based management company. During the band's stint in Los Angeles they opted to decline an offer from NBC to take part in a reality TV show based around the band's daily activity. "We Should Be Dead" were also the inspiration for a chapter in Hugh MacLeod's bestselling book "Evil

title: Gyromitrin

text: decrease hepatic toxicity, is given at a dose of 25 mg/kg; this can be repeated up to a maximum total of 15 to 30 g daily if symptoms do not improve. Benzodiazepines are given to control seizures; as they also modulate GABA receptors they may potentially increase the effect of pyridoxine. Additionally MMH inhibits the chemical transformation of folic acid into its active form, folinic acid, this can be treated by folinic acid given at 20–200 mg daily. Monomethylhydrazine, as well as its precursors methylformylhydrazine and gyromitrin and raw "Gyromitra esculenta", have been shown to be carcinogenic in experimental animals.

title: Nutrition and cognition

text: hot topic of study. Simple dietary modification, towards fewer highly processed carbohydrates and relatively more fats ad cholesterol, is likely a protective measure against Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, folic acid has also been found to improve the memory of older people. There is some evidence that deficiency in folic acid may increase the risk of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, but there is debate about whether it lowers risk of cognitive impairment in the older population. Folic acid supplementation is shown to lower blood homocysteine levels, while folic acid deficiency can lead to a condition of high levels of

title: Folate

text: fortification was compared to countries with voluntary fortification or no fortification program, there was a 30% reduction in live births with spina bifida. The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends folic acid as the supplement or fortification ingredient, as forms of folate other than folic acid have not been studied. A meta-analysis of folate supplementation during pregnancy reported a 28% lower risk of newborn congenital heart defects. Prenatal supplementation with folic acid did not appear to reduce the risk of preterm births. One systematic review indicated no effect of folic acid on mortality, growth, body composition, respiratory, or cognitive

title: Folate

text: cardiovascular disease or birth defects. Some studies show iron–folic acid supplementation in children under five may result in increased mortality due to malaria; this has prompted the World Health Organization to alter their iron–folic acid supplementation policies for children in malaria-prone areas, such as India. Because of the difference in bioavailability between supplemented folic acid and the different forms of folate found in food, the dietary folate equivalent (DFE) system was established. One DFE is defined as 1 μg of dietary folate. One μg of folic acid supplement counts as 1.7 μg DFE. The reason for the difference is that