query: How many types of lemurs are there?

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: the rest of the lemurs, with a diploid chromosome count of 2n=30. Based on its anatomy, researchers have found support for classifying the genus "Daubentonia" as a specialized indriid, a sister group to all strepsirrhines, and an indeterminate taxon within the primates. In 1931, Schwarz labeled the aye-aye as an offshoot of Indriidae, claiming that all lemurs were monophyletic, whereas Reginald Innes Pocock had previously placed the aye-aye outside of the lemurs. In that same year, Anthony and Coupin classified the aye-aye under infraorder Chiromyiformes, a sister group to the other strepsirrhines. Colin Groves upheld this classification in 2005 because

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: into the Oligocene (30 mya). The dates for this divergence window span the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event, during which time climate cooling took place and changes in ocean currents altered weather patterns. Outside of Madagascar, these dates also coincide with the divergence of the lorisoid primates and five major clades of squirrels, all occupying niches similar to those of lemurs. The dates do not suggest that increased predation drove family-level divergence since the first carnivores arrived on the island between 24 and 18 mya. The precise relationship between the four of the five families of lemurs is disputed since they diverged

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: Taxonomy of lemurs The taxonomic history of lemurs dates back to 1758 when Carl Linnaeus first classified them, and the taxonomy remains controversial today, with approximately 70 to 100 species and subspecies recognized, depending on how the term "species" is defined. Having undergone their own independent evolution on Madagascar, lemurs have diversified to fill many niches normally filled by other types of mammals. They include the smallest primates in the world, and once included some of the largest. Since the arrival of humans approximately 2,000 years ago, lemurs have become restricted to 10% of the island, or approximately , and

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: lemurs have diversified to fill many niches normally filled by other types of mammals. They include the smallest primates in the world, and once included some of the largest. Since the arrival of humans approximately 2,000 years ago, lemurs are now restricted to 10% of the island, or approximately , with many facing extinction. Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini. Like other strepsirrhine primates, such as lorises, pottos, and galagos, they share ancestral traits with early primates. In this regard, lemurs are popularly confused with ancestral primates; however, lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes, but

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: their arrival on Madagascar, lemurs have diversified both in behavior and morphology. Their diversity rivals that of the monkeys and apes found throughout the rest of the world, especially when the recently extinct subfossil lemurs are considered. Ranging in size from the Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, the world's smallest primate, to the extinct "Archaeoindris fontoynonti", lemurs evolved diverse forms of locomotion, varying levels of social complexity, and unique adaptations to the local climate. They went on to fill many niches normally occupied by monkeys, squirrels, woodpeckers, and large grazing ungulates. In addition to the incredible diversity between lemur families, there

title: Lemurs' Park

text: The main attraction, for which the park is named, is its free-ranging lemurs. Featured daily feeding times occur every two hours between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. There are nine species, seven of which are active during the day (diurnal) and two are active at night (nocturnal). Many of the lemurs are confiscated pets, and the staff work towards rehabilitating them for reintroduction into the wild. Confiscated pet lemurs are entrusted to Lemurs' Park by the Ministry of Water and Forests (Ministère des eaux et Forêts) for ex situ conservation. This allows the urban population near Antananarivo to see free-ranging

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: 1990s, there have been suggestions that the ruffed lemurs might be related to indriids or a sister group to Lemuridae and Indriidae and that the bamboo lemurs are related to the sportive lemurs, but neither view is supported by molecular phylogeny. The sportive lemurs and the extinct koala lemurs (Megaladapidae) both lack upper incisors in the permanent dentition, and in 1981, Groves placed both together in the family Megaladapidae, which he renamed Lepilemuridae in 2005 because that older name takes precedence. Genetic research does not support a close relationship between the sportive and koala lemurs and instead places the koala

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: Sometimes distinctions are made due to very slight differences in pelage coloration. For instance, three distinctly colored types of mouse lemur were discovered in a multi-year study in Beza Mahafaly Reserve in southern Madagascar, but rather than being separate species, DNA tests revealed that they all belonged to a single species, the reddish-gray mouse lemur ("Microcebus griseorufus"). For this reason, further research is needed to confirm or deny the recent species splits. Only through detailed studies of morphology, ecology, behavior, and genetics can the true number of lemur species be determined. Taxonomy of lemurs The taxonomic history of lemurs dates

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that the some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors, but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India. Since the first taxonomic classification of lemurs, many changes have been made to lemur taxonomy. Within the primate order, treeshrews (order Scandentia) were considered basal, prosimian primates—close relatives of lemurs—until the 1980s. Colugos, also incorrectly referred to as "flying lemurs", were once considered lemur-like primates, but were reclassified as close relatives of bats, and more recently as close relatives

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: identical to a previously described species. Genetic and morphological differences seem to suggest that they are cryptic species, but there is still debate whether these merit full species status or should be regarded as subspecies of previously identified, "core" species. Both brown lemurs and mouse lemurs were initially divided into a small number of species, either with no distinguishable subspecies (in the case of mouse lemurs) or with several distinguishable subspecies (in the case of brown lemurs). With molecular research suggesting a more distant split in both genera, these subspecies or undistinguished populations have been promoted to species status. In

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: Board and CEO of CI, and Mittermeier. In the third edition, the "Introduction" was written only by Mittermeier. In it, they emphasize the richness of Madagascar's primate diversity, summarize the conservation efforts and opportunities for preserving that diversity, and highlight recent discoveries, while also acknowledging the need for additional research. The chapter entitled "Origins of Lemurs" ("Origin of the Lemurs" in the third edition) briefly summarizes the theories on how lemurs came to Madagascar and the difficulty in resolving the mystery. "Discovery and Study of the Living Lemurs" reviews the history of exploration, field research, and taxonomic nomenclature of lemurs,

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: features. Since the 19th century, the classification of lemurs above the genus level has seen many changes. Early taxonomists proposed a variety of classifications for lemurs, but generally separated indriids from other lemurs and placed the aye-aye in a major group of its own; some classified the dwarf and mouse lemurs with the galagos. In 1915, William King Gregory published a classification that remained generally accepted over the next decades. He placed all the lemurs together in a "series" Lemuriformes and recognized three families: Daubentoniidae, Indriidae, and Lemuridae (including the current Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae). George Gaylord Simpson's influential 1945 classification

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: are thought to have been active during the day. Not only were they unlike the living lemurs in both size and appearance, they also filled ecological niches that no longer exist or are now left unoccupied. Large parts of Madagascar, which are now devoid of forests and lemurs, once hosted diverse primate communities that included more than 20 species covering the full range of lemur sizes. Evolution of lemurs The evolutionary history of lemurs occurred in isolation from other primates, on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini, which

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: and simian lineages. Media sources inaccurately dubbed the fossil as a "missing link" between lemurs and humans. Lemurs were traditionally thought to have evolved during the Eocene (55 to 37 mya) based on the fossil record, although molecular tests suggest the Paleocene (66 to 56 mya) or later. Until recently, they were thought to have descended directly from the diverse group of adapiforms due to several shared postcranial traits, as well as long snouts and small brains. Although adapiforms also had lemur-like auditory bullae, a prosimian characteristic, they had smaller brains and longer snouts than lemurs. There are also several

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: lemurs as a sister group to Lemuridae; therefore, the two are now placed in separate families (Lepilemuridae for the sportive lemurs and Megaladapidae for the koala lemurs). The sloth lemurs (Palaeopropithecidae) and monkey lemurs (Archaeolemuridae) were classified as subfamilies within Indriidae as late as 1982, but are now recognized as separate families. The relationships among the families of lemurs have been problematic and have yet to be definitively resolved. Two competing phylogenies exist based on genetic and molecular data. One approach (Horvath "et al".) looks at a larger number of genes, but among fewer species. This results in Lemuridae being

title: Blittable types

text: The following are some commonly used non-blittable types in the .NET framework: There are many more blittable and non-blittable types, and user-defined types may fit in either category depending on how they are defined (MSDN). This very restrictive notion of blittable types appears to limit the usefulness of the interoperability services provided by .NET, but this is not so. While blittable types allow a straightforward definition of interoperable types, various ways exist to explicitly define how a non-blittable type should be converted by the interop marshaler. For example, in the .NET languages there are many attributes which can be applied

title: Types of motorcycles

text: Types of motorcycles There are many systems for classifying types of motorcycles, describing how the motorcycles are put to use, or the designer's intent, or some combination of the two. Six main categories are widely recognized: cruiser, sport, touring, standard, dual-purpose, and dirt bike. Sometimes sport touring motorcycles are recognized as a seventh category. Strong lines are sometimes drawn between motorcycles and their smaller cousins, mopeds, scooters, and underbones, but other classification schemes include these as types of motorcycles. There is no universal system for classifying all types of motorcycles. There are strict classification systems enforced by competitive motorcycle sport

title: Types of motorcycles

title: Lemurs' Park

text: lemurs in a natural environment. In addition to rehabilitation, Lemurs' Park has also successfully bred Coquerel's sifakas ("Propithecus coquereli") since 2007. Because many of these lemurs have become endangered as a result of deforestation in Madagascar, Lemurs' Park participates in a reforestation program supported by Colas Madagascar and Total Madagascar. Between December 2008 and May 2013, approximately 37,163 students and 1,270 teachers from the public primary schools around Antananarivo have helped plant 170 native trees and participated in environmental education at Lemurs' Park. For many of the children, this program has allowed them to see free-ranging lemurs for the first

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: Evolution of lemurs The evolutionary history of lemurs occurred in isolation from other primates, on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini, which branched off from other primates less than 63 mya (million years ago). They share some traits with the most basal primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans. Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates. Lemurs are thought to have evolved during the Eocene or earlier, sharing a closest common ancestor with lorises, pottos, and galagos (lorisoids). Fossils from Africa

title: How Many Miles to Babylon?

text: How Many Miles to Babylon? "How Many Miles to Babylon" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 8148. The accepted modern lyrics are: <poem>How many miles to Babylon? Three score miles and ten. Can I get there by candle-light? Yes, and back again.. If your heels are nimble and your toes are light, You may get there by candle-light.</poem> A longer Scottish version has the lyrics: <poem>King and Queen of Cantelon, How many miles to Babylon? Eight and eight, and other eight. Will I get there by candle-light? If your horse be

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: of mammals placed the treeshrews and the fossil "Anagale" (both now classified outside Primates) inside Lemuriformes and classified the fossil families Plesiadapidae and Adapidae in a superfamily Lemuroidea with most of the lemurs. Although treeshrews, plesiadapids, and the like are now no longer considered to be closely related to lemurs, disagreements persist over the classification of lemurs and related groups, resulting in competing arrangements of the infraorders and superfamilies within Strepsirrhini. In one taxonomy, infraorder Lemuriformes contains all living strepsirrhines in two superfamilies, Lemuroidea for all lemurs and Lorisoidea for the lorisoids (lorisids and galagos). Alternatively, the lorisoids are sometimes

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: change to a wetter climate in Madagascar, as new weather patterns generated monsoons and likely influenced the plant life. This difference in evolutionary divergence between the two genera may be due to differences in their activity patterns. True lemurs are often diurnal, allowing potential mates to distinguish each other as well as other related species visually. Mouse lemurs, on the other hand, are nocturnal, reducing their ability to use visual signals for mate selection. Instead, they use olfactory and auditory signaling. For these reasons, true lemurs may have evolved sexual dichromatism while mouse lemurs evolved to be cryptic species. Since

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: and Ernst Haeckel suggested that Madagascar and India were once part of a southern continent—named Lemuria by Sclater—that has since disappeared under the Indian Ocean. By the early 20th century, oceanic dispersal emerged as the most popular explanation for how lemurs reached the island. The idea first took shape under the anti-plate tectonics movement of the early 1900s, when renowned paleontologist William Diller Matthew proposed the idea in his influential article "Climate and Evolution" in 1915. In the article, Matthew could only account for the presence of lemurs in Madagascar by "rafting". In the 1940s, American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: island before Madagascar pulled away from Africa, an evolutionary process known as vicariance. In support of this, mammalian fossils on Madagascar from the Cretaceous (see Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar) include gondwanatheres and other mammalian groups that would not have been ancestral to lemurs or the other endemic mammals present on the island today. With Madagascar already geographically isolated by the Paleocene and lemur diversification dating to the same time, an explanation was needed for how lemurs had made it to the island. In the 19th century, prior to the theory of continental drift, scientists including Philip Sclater, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: edition went on to recognize 101 lemur taxa (97 species and 6 subspecies) and suggested that future research could reveal as many as 110 to 125 taxa. Lemurs of Madagascar (book) Lemurs of Madagascar is a 2010 reference work and field guide for the lemurs of Madagascar, giving descriptions and biogeographic data for the known species. The primary contributor is Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International, and the cover art and illustrations were drawn by Stephen D. Nash. Currently in its third edition, the book provides details about all known lemur species, general information about lemurs and their history, and

title: Island of Lemurs: Madagascar

text: Island of Lemurs: Madagascar Island of Lemurs: Madagascar is a 2014 Canadian-American-Malagasy nature documentary film directed by David Douglas about lemurs in Madagascar. The film was released through Warner Bros. on April 4, 2014. It is narrated by Morgan Freeman. The film takes place on Madagascar, and focuses on lemurs. The film also highlights Dr. Patricia C. Wright's efforts on her mission to help lemurs survive in the modern world. The film also focuses on the endangered levels of lemur species, who are losing their populations due to agricultural fires. The film was released on April 4, 2014. The film

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: from northwestern Madagascar by humans within the last few hundred years. Molecular studies on "Eulemur fulvus fulvus" (from the mainland) and "E. f. mayottensis" (from the Comoro Islands) and on Comoro and mainland mongoose lemurs have supported this assumption by showing no genetic differences between the two populations. Because all lemurs, including these two brown lemur species, are only native to the island of Madagascar, they are considered to be endemic. Historically, lemurs ranged across the entire island inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including dry deciduous forests, lowland forests, spiny thickets, subhumid forests, montane forest, and mangrove. Today, their

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: (out of print), "Nocturnal Lemurs", and "Diurnal and Cathemeral Lemurs". The "Nocturnal Lemurs" booklet contains 65 species from eight genera. "Diurnal and Cathemeral Lemurs" hosts 34 species and subspecies from seven genera, along with illustrations to show male and female fur color differences in the genus "Eulemur" and color morphs for the indri and ruffed lemur species. A fifth and sixth pocket field guides are planned following the publication of the third edition of the field guide. All three editions are split into multiple chapters, sections, and appendices. In the second and third editions, the inside of the front and

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: a 1974 paper, by 2001 regarded the idea as refuted. Classifications in the first half of the 20th century divided lemurs into three families: Daubentoniidae, Indriidae, and Lemuridae, with the latter including the current Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae. Because of concerns that Lemuridae might not be monophyletic, the family was later split; in 1982 Tattersall separated the Cheirogaleidae for the dwarf lemurs, mouse lemurs and relatives, and the Lepilemuridae for the sportive lemurs and bamboo lemurs (including the greater bamboo lemur). This classification is still used, except that the bamboo lemurs were moved back to Lemuridae. From the 1970s to the

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: the protection of isolated and distinct lemur populations. Not everyone in the scientific community supports these taxonomic changes, with some preferring instead an estimate of 50 living species. Since their arrival on Madagascar, a biogeographically isolated island with a unique mammalian fauna, lemurs have diversified both in behavior and morphology. Their diversity rivals that of the monkeys and apes found throughout the rest of the world, especially when the recently extinct subfossil lemurs are considered. Ranging in size from the Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, probably the world's smallest primate, to the extinct "Archaeoindris fontoynonti", the largest known prosimian, lemurs evolved

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: diverse forms of locomotion, varying levels of social complexity, and unique adaptations to the local climate. They went on to fill many niches normally occupied by monkeys, squirrels, woodpeckers, and large grazing ungulates. In addition to the incredible diversity between lemur families, there has also been great diversification among closely related lemurs. The arrival of humans on the island 1,500 to 2,000 years ago has taken a significant toll, not only on the size of lemur populations, but also on their diversity. Due to habitat destruction and hunting, at least 17 species and 8 genera have gone extinct and many

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: starting from the 1625 description of a ring-tailed lemur to contemporary research by Western and Malagasy scientists. "The Extinct Lemurs" discusses the recently extinct subfossil lemurs, including the monkey lemurs, sloth lemurs, and koala lemurs. "Conservation of Lemurs" details the threats lemurs face, such as habitat destruction and hunting for bushmeat, and conservation efforts aimed at their protection, from the in-situ and ex-situ programs of the Madagascar Fauna Group to the promise by Madagascar's former president Marc Ravalomanana to triple the country's protected areas over five years, known as the Durban Vision. In the third edition, a new chapter was

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: many face extinction. Concerns over lemur conservation have affected lemur taxonomy, since distinct species receive increased conservation attention compared to subspecies. The relationship between the aye-aye and the rest of the lemurs has had the greatest impact on lemur taxonomy at the family rank and above. Genetic analysis of this relationship has also clarified lemur phylogeny and supports the hypothesis that lemurs rafted to Madagascar. Despite general agreement on phylogeny, the taxonomy is still under debate. At the genus level, the taxonomy has been relatively stable since 1931, but a number of additional genera have been recognized since then. Since

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: and (initially) John Edward Gray. By 1862, William Henry Flower, a comparative anatomist, was arguing against moving strepsirrhines out of Quadrumana into Insectivora (a now-abandoned biological grouping), claiming that their brain had features transitional between other primates and "inferior" mammals. In 1863, Thomas Henry Huxley restored the order Primates to include humans, other apes, monkeys, lemurs, and even colugos. However, opposition continued with many specialists arguing that lemurs (or "Half-apes") should be placed in their own order. In 1873, English comparative anatomist St. George Jackson Mivart countered these arguments and proceeded to define the primates by a list of anatomical

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: "Lemurs of Madagascar" and becoming more pronounced in the second edition. He noted that more than half of the new species added in the second edition were promoted subspecies and questioned whether Madagascar could produce so many monotypic species. Prior to the release of the third edition of "Lemurs of Madagascar", many of the major contributors, as well as Colin Groves, teamed up in 2008 to compile an updated lemur species list, published under the title "Lemur diversity in Madagascar" in the "International Journal of Primatology". In it, 99 lemur taxa were recognized (97 species and 3 subspecies). The third

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: to have diverged due to habitat fragmentation when humans arrived on the island roughly 2,000 years ago. Only recently has molecular research shown a more distant split in these genera. Most surprising were the mouse lemurs, a group which is now thought to contain cryptic species, meaning they are indistinguishable from each other based solely on appearance. In contrast, true lemurs are easier to distinguish and exhibit sexual dichromatism. Studies in karyology, molecular genetics, and biogeographic patterns have also assisted in understanding their phylogeny and diversification. Although the divergence estimates for these two genera are imprecise, they overlap with a

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: during this narrow and distant window. Although all studies place Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae as a sister clade to Indriidae and Lemuridae, some suggest that Cheirogaleidae and Lepilemuridae diverged first, while others suggest that Indriidae and Lemuridae were the first to branch off. The second major episode of diversification occurred during the Late Miocene, approximately 8 to 12 mya, and included the true lemurs ("Eulemur") and the mouse lemurs ("Microcebus"). This event coincided with the beginning of the Indian monsoons, the last major change in climate to affect Madagascar. The populations of both the true lemurs and mouse lemurs were thought

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: added, entitled "Madagascar's Ancient Geological History", written by Maarten de Wit from the University of Cape Town. In it, three billion years of geological and biological history are explored in detail. The majority of the book, including the chapter "The Living Lemurs" and separate sections on each taxonomic group of lemur, providing detailed accounts of all lemur species known up until the time of publication, from the tiny mouse lemurs to the large indri and diademed sifaka. In the first and second editions, the chapter "The Living Lemurs" is broken first into sections on families, and then into species clumped

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: of the world's 25 most endangered primates. One distinctive morph (possibly a species or subspecies) of sifaka, has not been so fortunate, having been extirpated from all known localities. Unless trends change, extinctions are likely to continue. Until recently, giant species of lemur existed on Madagascar. Now represented only by recent or subfossil remains, they were modern forms and are counted as part of the rich lemur diversity that evolved in isolation. Some of their adaptations were unlike those seen in lemurs today. All 17 extinct lemurs were larger than the extant forms, some weighing as much as , and

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: has also been great diversification among closely related lemurs. Yet despite separation by geographical barriers or by niche differentiation in sympatry, occasionally hybridization can occur. Lemur diversification has also created generalist species, such as the true lemurs of northern Madagascar, which are very adaptable, mostly nondescript, and found throughout most of the island's forests. Most of the 99 living lemur taxa are found only on Madagascar. Two species, the common brown lemur ("Eulemur fulvus") and the mongoose lemur ("Eulemur mongoz"), can also be found on the Comoro Islands, although it is assumed that both species were introduced to the islands

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: in 1931, but a number of later changes have become accepted: There is widespread disagreement on aspects of species-level lemur taxonomy, particularly concerning the recent increase in the number of recognized species. According to Russell Mittermeier, the president of Conservation International (CI), taxonomist Colin Groves, and others, there are currently 101 recognized species or subspecies of extant lemur, divided into five families and 15 genera. Conversely, other experts in the field label this as a possible example of taxonomic inflation, and prefer instead an estimate of at least 50 species. All sides generally agree that the recently extinct subfossil lemurs

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: others have become threatened. Historically, lemurs ranged across the entire island inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including dry deciduous forests, lowland forests, spiny thickets, subhumid forests, montane forest, and mangrove. Today, their collective range is restricted to 10% of the island, or approximately . Most of the remaining forests and lemurs are found along the periphery of the island. The center of the island, the Hauts-Plateaux, was converted by early settlers to rice paddies and grassland through slash-and-burn agriculture, known locally as "tavy". As erosion depleted the soil, the cyclical forest regrowth and burning ended as the forest gradually

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: and unique, highly flexible middle finger, are so perfectly adapted for their uses in extractive foraging that they could not have evolved gradually through natural selection. More recently, the aye-aye's placement has posed problems for the rafting hypothesis for the primate colonization of Madagascar. If this species does not form a monophyletic group with the rest of the lemurs, then multiple colonization events would have had to occur to explain the occurrence of lemurs on Madagascar. Until Owen published a definitive anatomical study in 1866, early naturalists were uncertain whether the aye-aye (genus "Daubentonia") was a primate, rodent, or marsupial.

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: other morphological differences. Most noticeably, adapiforms lack a key derived trait, the toothcomb, and possibly the toilet-claw, found not only in extant (living) strepsirrhines but also in tarsiers. Unlike lemurs, adapiforms exhibited a fused mandibular symphysis (a characteristic of simians) and also possessed four premolars, instead of three or two. Comparative studies of the cytochrome "b" gene, which are frequently used to determine phylogenetic relationships among mammals—particularly within families and genera—have been used to show that lemurs share common ancestry with lorisoids. This conclusion is also corroborated by the shared strepsirrhine toothcomb, an unusual trait that is unlikely to have

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: the 1990s, there has been a steep increase in the number of recognized lemur species and subspecies through the discovery of new species, the elevation of existing subspecies to full species status, and the recognition of new species among previously known populations that were not even distinct subspecies. Currently living lemur species are divided into five families and 15 genera. If the extinct subfossil lemurs are included, three families, eight genera, and 17 species would be added to the count. The recent rise in species numbers is due to both improved genetic analysis and a push in conservation to encourage

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: molecular evidence. In addition, these families diverged from their last common ancestor approximately 42 mya; such distant splits create a lot of noise for molecular techniques. Early distribution of lemur species among genera differed in a number of ways from current taxonomy. For example, the fork-marked lemurs were initially placed in "Lemur" and then in "Microcebus" with the mouse lemurs before being placed in their own genus "Phaner", and Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major split the "Cheirogaleus medius" species group of the dwarf lemurs into a separate genus "Opolemur", but this was not accepted. Genus-level taxonomy was largely stabilized by Schwarz

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: evolution. Using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, a single colonization has been estimated at 62 to 65 mya based on the split between the aye-aye and the rest of the lemurs. On the other hand, the sparse fossil record and some estimates based on other nuclear genes support a more recent estimate of 40 to 52 mya. Furthermore, a fossil strepsirrhine primate from Africa, "Plesiopithecus", may suggest that the aye-aye and the rest of the lemurs diverged in Africa, which would require at least two colonization events. Once safely established on Madagascar, with its limited mammalian population, the lemurs

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: until decades later, when Ernst Schwarz standardized it in 1931. It was not until the 1990s that this nomenclature started to see a new wave of taxonomic change. Although Carl Linnaeus originally grouped the first "lemurs" he classified under the order Primates, lemurs and other non-human primates were later separated from humans by being placed in the order Quadrumana by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1775. (He also placed humans in the order Bimana.) This view was upheld by other famous naturalists and zoologists of the time, including Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (who first placed lemurs in Strepsirrhini in 1812), Georges Cuvier,

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: Lemurs of Madagascar (book) Lemurs of Madagascar is a 2010 reference work and field guide for the lemurs of Madagascar, giving descriptions and biogeographic data for the known species. The primary contributor is Russell Mittermeier, president of Conservation International, and the cover art and illustrations were drawn by Stephen D. Nash. Currently in its third edition, the book provides details about all known lemur species, general information about lemurs and their history, and also helps travelers identify species they may encounter. Four related pocket field guides have also been released, containing color illustrations of each species, miniature range maps, and

title: Lemurs' Park

text: of the park's lemurs were confiscated pets, entrusted to the park by the Ministry of Water and Forests. The lemurs are rehabilitated and bred for reintroduction into the wild. The park also collaborates with Colas Madagascar and TOTAL Madagascar to provide environmental education to local primary school children and to plant native trees as part of a reforestation program. Most of the park's staff come from the neighboring communities. Established around 2000, Lemurs' Park is a private, botanical park situated next to the Katsaoka River and between the villages of Fenoarivo and Imerintsiatosika, southwest of Antananarivo along Route Nationale 1

title: Lemurs' Park

text: Visits to the park do not require advance booking, although reservations are required to take the park's minibus from the heart of Antananarivo (Analakely) to the facility. The cost of the shuttle includes the admission into the park. The shuttle departs at 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. each day. Lemurs' Park also has a liaison office in Antananarivo that is only open on Monday. Lemurs' Park Lemurs' Park (also known locally as Parc de lémuriens à Madagascar) is a small botanical garden and lemur reserve covering , and is located southwest of Antananarivo, Madagascar. It was founded around 2000 by

title: Lemurs' Park

text: Lemurs' Park Lemurs' Park (also known locally as Parc de lémuriens à Madagascar) is a small botanical garden and lemur reserve covering , and is located southwest of Antananarivo, Madagascar. It was founded around 2000 by Laurent Amouric and Maxime Allorge. Most of its nine lemur species are free-ranging within the park, which also contains more than 70 of Madagascar's endemic plant species. The park is open to the public, offering guided tours as well as standard amenities, a gift shop, and a restaurant. Visitors can arrange transportation between downtown Antananarivo and Lemurs' Park on a private park shuttle. Most

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues, particularly on cryptic species, such as mouse lemurs, which cannot be distinguished visually. This threefold increase in less than two decades has not had universal support among taxonomists and lemur researchers. In many cases, classifications ultimately depends upon which species concept is used. Due to the critical condition that most Malagasy primate populations are in, taxonomists and conservationists sometimes favor splitting them into separate species to develop an effective strategy for the conservation of the full range of lemur diversity.

title: I Belong to You/How Many Ways

text: Awards. "How Many Ways" was co-written by Braxton herself and sampled the song "God Make Me Funky" by The Headhunters featuring Pointer Sisters. The protagonist of the composition, co-written by Braxton herself, declares there are many ways in which she loves her man. The music video for "How Many Ways" features Braxton and Shemar Moore riding in a car, frolicking in a playground, and on a veranda. A remix produced by R. Kelly also was released to radio and music television stations. "I Belong to You/How Many Ways" peaked at number 28 on January 21, 1995. I Belong to You/How

title: How Many Licks?

text: VH1 wrote that the single and other tracks from "The Notorious K.I.M." have a "glossier and far more commercial" sound than the rapper's previous releases. The lyrics of "How Many Licks?" are part of a movement in 1990s hip hop music to express sexuality positively. Sexuality studies professor Thomas A. Foster wrote that Lil' Kim reverses a trend in hip hop music which objectifies women for the male gaze and celebrates male sexuality. Gender studies scholar Aine McGlynn described "How Many Licks?" as one of the most sexually-explicit songs to receive airplay. The lyrics describe a woman's interest in oral

title: How Many Licks?

text: cover version of "How Many Licks?", which Josh Middleton of the "Philadelphia" praised as "outstanding". Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Notorious K.I.M.". How Many Licks? "How Many Licks?" is a song by American rapper Lil' Kim featuring vocals by American musician Sisqó from her second studio album, "The Notorious K.I.M." (2000). It was released as the record's second single in 2000. Mario Winans and Sean Combs produced "How Many Licks?", and wrote it with Lil' Kim and Sisqó. The hip hop song samples the "Knight Rider" theme song, with lyrics expressing a woman's desire for oral sex

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: Eocene. As Madagascar edged above the subtropical ridge and India moved closer to Asia, the climate became less dry and the arid spiny bush retreated to the south and southwest. Lemurs have diversified greatly since first reaching Madagascar. The aye-aye and its extinct relations are thought to have diverged first, shortly after colonization. According to molecular studies, there have since been two major episodes of diversification, from which all other known extant and extinct family lineages emerged. The remaining families diverged in the first diversification episode, during a 10 to 12 million-year window between the Late Eocene (42 mya) and

title: How Many Licks?

text: "a celebration of autonomous female sexuality" to a "vulgar, demeaning moment of black female objectification". Some critics compared "How Many Licks?" to Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj's 2014 single, "Anaconda". Alex Kristelis of "Bustle" noted that both songs focused on men's appreciation of the singer's body. A "Khaleej Times" writer called "Anaconda" a "blatant copy" of "How Many Licks?", with Minaj's song sharing "the lyrical blue print and theme" of Lil' Kim's. "Westword"'s Cory Lamz wrote that Minaj parodied "How Many Licks?" and its associated visuals in the music video for her 2011 single "Stupid Hoe". According to Michael Arceneaux, "How

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: on where to see each species, as well as checklists to help people keep track of their sightings. The purpose of the book is defined in the "Introduction" as follows: Four pocket field guides have also been published by CI, intended strictly to help people identify lemurs in the field by providing over 100 species illustrations. All illustrations, including the detailed cover art, were drawn by Nash. Checklists for their respective lemur species are included with these guides, along with thumbnail range maps for each species. The four pocket guides include two editions of "Lemurs of Madagascar Pocket Identification Guide"

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: desire for more information about the roles lemurs play in their ecosystem. Though he praised it for being useful to tourists, researchers, students, resource managers, and conservationists, he expressed concern over its lack of availability in the bookstores of Madagascar. The completely revised second edition of "Lemurs of Madagascar" was reviewed in detail in the "American Journal of Primatology" by Stacey Tecot. Each chapter, section, and appendix was thoroughly summarized, and as with the reviews of previous editions, the chapter on subfossil lemurs was noted as one of the more "fascinating" parts of the book, particularly due to its colorful

title: Laredo Lemurs

text: by a deteriorating ballpark and the "inability of the local market to support professional baseball." In September 2013, the Lemurs' Tano Tijerina, a former minor-league pitcher in the Milwaukee Brewers' system, and the incoming County Judge for Webb County, was the starting pitcher in the inaugural "Family Chevrolet Sister Cities Baseball Classic" at Uni-Trade Stadium. On May 3, 2017, the Lemurs announced that they would be withdrawing from the American Association and would not operate a team in 2017. Laredo Lemurs The Laredo Lemurs were a professional baseball team based in Laredo, Texas, that played in the independent American Association

title: Island of Lemurs: Madagascar

text: Golden Trailer Awards, which were awarded respectively to "Blackfish" and "Despicable Me 2". Mark Mothersbaugh scored the film. Chang of "Variety" wrote that Motherbaugh's score would " too often surges when silence would have been more effective." Hanitrarivo Rasoanaivo, a Malagasy native, and her band Tarika sung a local version of American pop songs, featured in the film. "I Will Survive" and "Be My Baby" were among these songs. According to "The Hollywood Reporter", the music "conveys the joy of observing the lemurs in action." Island of Lemurs: Madagascar Island of Lemurs: Madagascar is a 2014 Canadian-American-Malagasy nature documentary film

title: How Many Fucks

text: "How Many Fucks" received positive reviews from music critics, with some complimenting its "sexy" appeal. A music video was released the same day of the single release, and featured Jayne in several "risqué" outfits. "How Many Fucks" was written by Justin Tranter and Myah Marie, while its production was handled by Adam "Gage" Bruce. As described by Jennifer Pearson of "Daily Mail" stated that the single would likely "lift her from relative obscurity" and joked that the lyrics "drop[ped] the F-bomb several times to answer that question," referring to the song's title. Musically, "How Many Fucks" is a pop rap

title: How Many Birds

text: How Many Birds "How Many Birds" is a song written by Barry Gibb, recorded by the Bee Gees in 1966 for the "Spicks and Specks" album. Recording took place at St. Clair Studios, Hurstville outside Sydney. The song was recorded on one-track tape machines and required the use of sound-on-sound for all overdubs. "How Many Birds" was recorded around April and May 1966 as part of the sessions for what became the Spicks and Specks album. The song starts with a guitar riff and the chord became E as Barry sings the introduction. After Barry sings the lines, the song

title: How Many Words

text: 13, 2008. Lewis performed the song live on the March 6, 2008 results show of the seventh season of "American Idol". The single has sold 94,000 copies to date. How Many Words "How Many Words" is the official second single by the singer-songwriter Blake Lewis, from his debut album "A.D.D. (Audio Day Dream)". The song was expected to be followed by "Know My Name", and then "Without You". However, due to being dropped by Arista Records, "How Many Words" is the final single from his debut album. He is expected to release a single from his second album at the

title: How Many Words

text: How Many Words "How Many Words" is the official second single by the singer-songwriter Blake Lewis, from his debut album "A.D.D. (Audio Day Dream)". The song was expected to be followed by "Know My Name", and then "Without You". However, due to being dropped by Arista Records, "How Many Words" is the final single from his debut album. He is expected to release a single from his second album at the end of 2009. The single was released to mainstream radio format on March 10, 2008. Also, an EP featuring remixes of the song was released onto iTunes on May

title: How Many Licks?

text: How Many Licks? "How Many Licks?" is a song by American rapper Lil' Kim featuring vocals by American musician Sisqó from her second studio album, "The Notorious K.I.M." (2000). It was released as the record's second single in 2000. Mario Winans and Sean Combs produced "How Many Licks?", and wrote it with Lil' Kim and Sisqó. The hip hop song samples the "Knight Rider" theme song, with lyrics expressing a woman's desire for oral sex and her sexual relationships with a variety of men. The chorus is a reference to the advertising slogan for Tootsie Pops. A remix by The

title: How Many Fucks

text: How Many Fucks "How Many Fucks" (censored as "How Many F**ks") is a song recorded by American singer Erika Jayne for her upcoming second studio album. Released as the album's lead single, the song was first distributed digitally on April 19, 2016, accompanied by the simultaneous release of a music video. In the video, Jayne performed "seductive" dance moves and wore "risqué" costumes. The song was written by Justin Tranter and Myah Marie, while Adam "Gage" Bruce solely produced the track. Musically, the single is a pop-rap and EDM track that discusses living carefree and without doubt. After its release,

title: How Many Fucks

text: Housewives of Beverly Hills"'s co-star, Lisa Vanderpump. How Many Fucks "How Many Fucks" (censored as "How Many F**ks") is a song recorded by American singer Erika Jayne for her upcoming second studio album. Released as the album's lead single, the song was first distributed digitally on April 19, 2016, accompanied by the simultaneous release of a music video. In the video, Jayne performed "seductive" dance moves and wore "risqué" costumes. The song was written by Justin Tranter and Myah Marie, while Adam "Gage" Bruce solely produced the track. Musically, the single is a pop-rap and EDM track that discusses living

title: How Are You

text: realizes that he has to leave, as he's "gotta thousand little things I better do. Ah, but it was really good to talk to you. Be on my way, I'm bound to see you on the street again someday, and when I do I'll say How are you?" The reuniting theme of "How Are You" is also apparent in its follow-up single, "Lost and Found". "How Are You", like most Kinks tracks, is sung by Ray Davies. The track also, like many others on "Think Visual", makes use of synthesizers. "How Are You" was first released in November 1986 on

title: Lemurs of Madagascar (book)

text: back covers include a quick visual reference, with color-coded illustrations for each lemur type and colored tabs to help locate their corresponding sections. A section entitled "How to Use this Field Guide" is included between the "Introduction" and the first chapter. In this section, the layout of the book is discussed in detail, including the quick visual reference, chapters, appendices, references, and lemur-watching checklist. The chapter "The Living Lemurs" is discussed in great detail, including each section heading used for all the lemur species. The "Introduction" in the first two editions was written by Peter A. Seligmann, Chairman of the

title: Types of mesh

text: to know how good your mesh is from the point of purpose of comparative results. There are two types of two-dimensional cell shapes that are commonly used. These are the triangle and the quadrilateral. Computationally poor elements will have sharp internal angles or short edges or both. This cell shape consists of 3 sides and is one of the simplest types of mesh. A triangular surface mesh is always quick and easy to create. It is most common in unstructured grids. This cell shape is a basic 4 sided one as shown in the figure. It is most common in

title: Types of snow

text: terms for falling snow: Types of snow Types of snow can be designated by the shape of its flakes, description of how it is falling, and by how it collects on the ground. A blizzard and snow storm indicate heavy snowfalls over a large area, snow squalls give heavy snowfalls over narrow bands, while flurries are used for the lightest snowfall. Types which fall in the form of a ball, rather than a flake, are known as graupel, with sleet and snow grains as types of graupel. Once on the ground, snow can be categorized as powdery when fluffy, granular

title: Types of snow

text: Types of snow Types of snow can be designated by the shape of its flakes, description of how it is falling, and by how it collects on the ground. A blizzard and snow storm indicate heavy snowfalls over a large area, snow squalls give heavy snowfalls over narrow bands, while flurries are used for the lightest snowfall. Types which fall in the form of a ball, rather than a flake, are known as graupel, with sleet and snow grains as types of graupel. Once on the ground, snow can be categorized as powdery when fluffy, granular when it begins the

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: should be classified in three families, eight genera, and 17 species. Over the past two decades, the number of recognized lemur species has more than tripled according to some experts. In 1994, 32 distinct species were named in the first edition of Conservation International's field guide, "Lemurs of Madagascar", and 68 were described in the 2nd edition, published in 2006. In December 2008, Russell Mittermeier, Colin Groves, and other experts co-wrote an article in the "International Journal of Primatology" classifying 99 species and subspecies. In late 2010, the 3rd edition of "Lemurs of Madagascar" listed 101 taxa. The number of

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: which have been known as "lemurs" ever since. The name derives from the Latin term "lemures", which refers to the "spirits of the dead" from Roman mythology. According to Linnaeus' own explanation, the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris. Being familiar with the works of Virgil and Ovid and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, Linnaeus adapted the term "lemur" for these nocturnal primates. However, it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost-like appearance, reflective eyes, and ghostly cries of lemurs. It

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: increased faunal diversity, including the diversity and complexity of lemur communities. Having evolved in Madagascar's challenging environment, replete with poor soils, extreme shifts in poor, seasonal plant productivity, and devastating climatic events such as extended droughts and annual cyclones, lemurs have adopted unique combinations of unusual traits to survive, distinguishing them significantly from other primates. In response to limited, seasonal resources, lemurs may exhibit seasonal fat storage, hypometabolism (including torpor and hibernation in some cheirogaleids), small group sizes, low encephalization (relative brain size), cathemerality (activity both day and night), and/or strict breeding seasons. Secondarily, extreme resource limitations and seasonal breeding

title: Lemurs' Park

text: (RN1) in the direction of Ampefy. It functions as a lemur reserve that gradually reintroduces captive-born lemurs back into nature. The park was founded by Laurent Amouric and Maxime Allorge, the grandson of Pierre Boiteau, Founding Director of the Tsimbazaza Zoo (Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza) in Antananarivo. The park, which primarily consists of pine forest and bamboo vegetation, contains nearly 6,000 trees and more than 70 plant species endemic to Madagascar, all of which are segregated into separate climatic zones throughout the park. Lemurs' Park also has a vivarium which houses chameleons, radiated tortoises, iguanas and other lizards.

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: by strepsirrhine primates. Molecular tests may offer support, since they show that the aye-aye was the first to diverge in the lemur clade and that the other lemur families did not diverge until much later. Often classified with the galagos by early students, the cheirogaleids (dwarf and mouse lemurs) were placed with the other lemurs from Gregory's 1915 classification until the early 1970s, when several anthropologists proposed that they were more closely related to lorisoids, based on morphological data. However, relevant genetic studies unanimously place cheirogaleids within the lemuroid clade and Groves himself, who had promoted the cheirogaleid-lorisoid relationship in

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: he was not entirely convinced the aye-aye formed a clade with the rest of the Malagasy lemurs, despite molecular tests that had shown Daubentoniidae was basal to all Lemuroidea. Another interpretation of the aye-aye's origins has once again called into question the single origins of the lemurs. The aye-aye and a fossil strepsirrhine primate from Africa, "Plesiopithecus", share similarities in the shape of the skull and the morphology of the lower jaw, which suggest that the latter could be an early relative of the aye-aye. However, the placement of an aye-aye ancestor in Africa would require multiple colonizations of Madagascar

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: placed in their own infraorder, Lorisiformes, separate from the lemurs. Yet another classification published by Colin Groves placed the aye-aye in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes, while the rest of the lemurs were placed in Lemuriformes and the lorisoids in Lorisiformes. The classification of several lemur taxa has elicited particular debate. Most significantly, the placement of the aye-aye has been controversial since its introduction to Western science in 1782, and it has been a topic of debate until very recently. Arguing against Darwin's theory of natural selection, Richard Owen claimed in 1863 that the aye-aye's distinct characteristics, including its ever-growing incisors

title: Taxonomy of lemurs

text: Claire's mouse lemur has distinct mtDNA, but not nDNA, it is likely to contain a population descended from a related group of females, but which still disperses and interbreeds with nearby populations. Traditionally, karyology has been considered when determining species status. For example, in 2006, three new species of sportive lemur were named based partly on karyotypes. From the lemurs studied so far, the diploid number of chromosomes varies between 2n=20 and 2n=66. In the case of the brown lemurs, the diploid number ranges from 2n=44 to 2n=60 while the individual chromosome sizes vary considerably, despite strong similarities in morphology.

title: How Are You

text: At The Factory" as though it was the second single. It reached #16 on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks chart. On his review of "Think Visual", David Wild of "Rolling Stone" wrote, "the melancholy "How Are You" is another of Ray's well-crafted songs of love and loss." The track also appeared on the compilation album, "Picture Book". Like many other Kinks singles of the 1980s, a promotional video for "How Are You" was filmed, featuring Ray Davies. Unusually, the video "How Are You" (as well as those for the two other singles from "Think Visual") was not directed by Julien Temple,

title: How Many Licks?

text: (Oh My)", Neal wrote that Tweet's focus on masturbation was a better expression of black female sexuality. The remix of "How Many Licks?" was also praised in retrospective reviews. In a 2015 article, Michael Arceneaux of VH1 called it "an under-appreciated gem" and suggested that Lil' Kim record another collaboration with Neptunes member Pharrell Williams in the future. According to Arceneaux, the remix is treated with "great reverence" by fans. Mark Anthony Neal was more critical of the remix due to Fabolous' lyrics ("Oops, there goes my kids on your face"), saying that the addition changed the song's message from

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: coined the term "sweepstakes dispersal" for such unlikely events. As plate tectonics theory took hold, oceanic dispersal fell out of favor and was even considered by many researchers to be "miraculous" if it occurred. Despite the low likelihood of its occurrence, oceanic dispersal remains the most accepted explanation for numerous vertebrate colonizations of Madagascar, including that of the lemurs. Although unlikely, over long periods of time terrestrial animals can occasionally raft to remote islands on floating mats of tangled vegetation, which get flushed out to sea from major rivers by floodwaters. Any extended ocean voyage without fresh water or food

title: There are known knowns

text: there are four types of men: There are known knowns "There are known knowns" is a phrase from a response United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld gave to a question at a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) news briefing on February 12, 2002 about the lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups. Rumsfeld stated: The statement became the subject of much commentary, including a documentary by Academy Award–winning film director Errol Morris. Rumsfeld's statement brought much fame and public attention to the concepts of known knowns, known

title: Evolution of lemurs

text: evolved independently on Madagascar. Primates first evolved sometime between the Middle Cretaceous and the early Paleocene periods on either the supercontinent of Laurasia or in Africa. According to molecular clock studies, the last common ancestor of all primates dates to around 79.6 mya, although the earliest known fossil primates are only 54–55 million years old. The closest relatives of primates are the extinct plesiadapiforms, the modern colugos (commonly and inaccurately named "flying lemurs"), and treeshrews. Some of the earliest known true primates are represented by the fossil groups Omomyidae, Eosimiidae, and Adapiformes. The relationship between known fossil primate families remains

title: How Many Drinks?

text: 2013. It has since peaked at #69 on the week of July 20, 2013, and spent a total of 20 weeks on the chart. How Many Drinks? "How Many Drinks?" is a song by American recording artist Miguel, taken from his critically acclaimed second studio album, "Kaleidoscope Dream". The song was produced by Salaam Remi. A remixed single featuring Kendrick Lamar on an added third verse was released as the album's third single on March 3, 2013. It received a nomination for Best R&B Performance at the 56th Grammy Awards held in January 2014. The music video, directed by Clark

title: How Many Licks?

text: Lawrence and features the singer as a sex doll in three sexual fantasies. Sisqó did not appear in the video due to conflicts with his record label, Def Jam. Although music critics praised the visual, its treatment of sexuality elicited varied opinions from academics. It was also compared to music videos by other artists, including Minaj's 2011 single "Stupid Hoe" and American rapper Missy Elliott's 1997 single "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)". In addition to the clip, Lil' Kim promoted "How Many Licks?" with live performances. Mario Winans and Sean Combs produced "How Many Licks?" and wrote it with Lil'

title: How Many Licks?

text: Neptunes has additional vocals from American artists Kelis, Lil' Cease, and Snoop Dogg. "How Many Licks?" was praised by music critics after its release and in retrospective reviews; the Neptunes remix also received positive reviews. However, African-American studies professor Mark Anthony Neal criticized the song's treatment of black female sexuality. Commentators compared its content to Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj's 2014 single, "Anaconda". "How Many Licks?" peaked at number 75 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and charted in several other countries, but was not as commercially successful as Lil' Kim's previous releases. The song's music video was directed by Francis

title: How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?

text: about how many could perch at the same time on the head of a pin"". Dorothy L. Sayers argued that the question was "simply a debating exercise" and that the answer "usually adjudged correct" was stated as, "Angels are pure intelligences, not material, but limited, so that they have location in space, but not extension." Sayers compares the question to that of how many people's thoughts can be concentrated upon a particular pin at the same time. She concludes that infinitely many angels can be located on the head of a pin, since they do not occupy any space there:

title: How Many More Times

text: Wolf's "How Many More Years" (1951), as well as other songs by blues musicians he admired at the time of recording. In 1970, "How Many More Times" was dropped from Led Zeppelin's typical setlist, although they continued to perform it on occasion until the early stages of their 1975 North American tour, when it was re-introduced in full as a result of Jimmy Page's injured finger, which temporarily prevented him from playing the more challenging "Dazed and Confused". In a contemporary review for "Led Zeppelin" on release, John Mendelsohn of "Rolling Stone" called "How Many More Times" as the album's

title: How Many Birds

text: gets faster. The singer states that he's lonely without his girl and doesn't know what to do. The Kids covered the song the same year, lead vocalist Michael Griffith and Tony Borg singing to the Bee Gees backing tracks. The Kids never recorded again but the fact that they chose this song to record proves that the Saint Clair tapes were not discarded when the studio closed, and were presumably in Nat Kipner's hands. But Kipner today has no idea where they went to. How Many Birds "How Many Birds" is a song written by Barry Gibb, recorded by the

title: How Many Drinks?

text: How Many Drinks? "How Many Drinks?" is a song by American recording artist Miguel, taken from his critically acclaimed second studio album, "Kaleidoscope Dream". The song was produced by Salaam Remi. A remixed single featuring Kendrick Lamar on an added third verse was released as the album's third single on March 3, 2013. It received a nomination for Best R&B Performance at the 56th Grammy Awards held in January 2014. The music video, directed by Clark Jackson, was released on April 22, 2013 on VEVO. The song debuted at 88 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on week ending May 4,

title: How Many More Times

text: "most representative cut". Mendelsohn complimented Page's guitar solo and Bonham's drumming but criticized Plant's vocals, calling them "strained and unconvincing". How Many More Times "How Many More Times" is the ninth and final track on English rock band Led Zeppelin's 1969 debut album "Led Zeppelin". The song is credited in the album liner to Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham, but Robert Plant was later added to the ASCAP credits. At eight and a half minutes, "How Many More Times" is the longest song on the album. It is one of three Led Zeppelin songs on which Page

title: How Many More Times

text: How Many More Times "How Many More Times" is the ninth and final track on English rock band Led Zeppelin's 1969 debut album "Led Zeppelin". The song is credited in the album liner to Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham, but Robert Plant was later added to the ASCAP credits. At eight and a half minutes, "How Many More Times" is the longest song on the album. It is one of three Led Zeppelin songs on which Page used bowed guitar. In an interview he gave to "Guitar World" magazine in 1993, Page stated that the song "was

title: Types of nationalism

text: lost homeland and the sense of difference from circumambient cultures in which Diasporic people live becomes an identity unto itself. Types of nationalism Many scholars argue that there is more than one type of nationalism. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also

title: Types of nationalism

text: Types of nationalism Many scholars argue that there is more than one type of nationalism. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location. Some political theorists make the case that any distinction between

title: How Many More Years

text: the central guitar lick in rock 'n' roll, and that's the first time we heard that played on a distorted guitar. It was an old big band lick, turned into something completely fresh. How Many More Years "How Many More Years" is a blues song written and originally recorded by Howlin' Wolf (born Chester Burnett) in July 1951. Recorded at the Memphis Recording Service – which later became the Sun Studio – it was released by Chess Records and reached no.4 on the "Billboard" R&B chart. Musician and record producer T-Bone Burnett has described "How Many More Years" as "in