query: Name a symptom of mononucleosis.

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: of anti-i specificity. Diagnostic modalities for infectious mononucleosis include: The presence of an enlarged spleen, and swollen posterior cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes are the most useful to suspect a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. On the other hand, the absence of swollen cervical lymph nodes and fatigue are the most useful to dismiss the idea of infectious mononucleosis as the correct diagnosis. The insensitivity of the physical examination in detecting an enlarged spleen means it should not be used as evidence against infectious mononucleosis. A physical examination may also show petechiae in the palate. The heterophile antibody test works

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: 1964. The link with infectious mononucleosis was uncovered in 1967 by Werner and Gertrude Henle at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, after a laboratory technician handling the virus contracted the disease: comparison of serum samples collected from the technician before and after the onset revealed development of antibodies to the virus. Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the disease produces few or no symptoms. In young adults, the disease often results in fever, sore throat,

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: about 8% of sore throats. About 45 out of 100,000 people develop infectious mono each year in the United States. Nearly 95% of people have had an EBV infection by the time they are adults. The disease occurs equally at all times of the year. Mononucleosis was first described in the 1920s and is colloquially known as "the kissing disease". The signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis vary with age. Before puberty, the disease typically only produces flu-like symptoms, if any at all. When found, symptoms tend to be similar to those of common throat infections (mild pharyngitis, with or

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the disease produces few or no symptoms. In young adults, the disease often results in fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, and tiredness. Most people recover in two to four weeks; however, feeling tired may last for months. The liver or spleen may also become swollen, and in less than one percent of cases splenic rupture may occur. While usually caused by Epstein–Barr virus, also known

title: Symptom

text: sometimes, high blood pressure). Constitutional or general symptoms are those related to the systemic effects of a disease (e.g., fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss). They affect the entire body rather than a specific organ or location. The terms "chief complaint", "presenting symptom", "iatrotropic symptom", or "presenting complaint" are used to describe the initial concern which brings a patient to a doctor. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a "cardinal symptom". Non-specific symptoms are self-reported symptoms that do not indicate a specific disease process or involve an isolated body system. For example, fatigue is a feature

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: may develop into systemic EBV-positive T cell lymphoma. Infectious mononucleosis mainly affects younger adults. When older adults do catch the disease, they less often have characteristic signs and symptoms such as the sore throat and lymphadenopathy. Instead, they may primarily experience prolonged fever, fatigue, malaise and body pains. They are more likely to have liver enlargement and jaundice. People over 40 years of age are more likely to develop serious illness. (See Prognosis.) The exact length of time between infection and symptoms is unclear. A review of the literature made an estimate of 33–49 days. In adolescents and young adults,

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: symptoms are thought to appear around 4–6 weeks after initial infection. Onset is often gradual, though it can be abrupt. The main symptoms may be preceded by 1–2 weeks of fatigue, feeling unwell and body aches. About 90% of cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein–Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses. It is one of the most commonly found viruses throughout the world. Contrary to common belief, the Epstein–Barr virus is not highly contagious. It can only be contracted through direct contact with an infected person’s saliva, such as through kissing or sharing

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: (PIT) for patients with multisomatoform disorder has shown its long-term efficacy for improving the physical quality of life in patients with multiple, difficult-to-treat, medically unexplained symptoms. Antidepressant medication has also been used to treat some of the symptoms of depression and anxiety that are common among people who have somatic symptom disorder. Medications will not cure somatic symptom disorder, but can help the treatment process when combined with CBT. Somatic symptom disorder A somatic symptom disorder, formerly known as a somatoform disorder, is any mental disorder which manifests as physical symptoms that suggest illness or injury, but which cannot be

title: Symptom Checklist 90

text: scores among global distress indices. The primary symptom dimensions that are assessed are somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism, and a category of "additional items" which helps clinicians assess other aspect of the clients symptoms (e.g. item 19, "poor appetite"). The three indices are global wellness index, hardiness, and symptom free. A high number of studies have been conducted demonstrating the reliability, validity, and utility of the instrument. It is one of the most widely used measures of psychological distress in clinical practice and research. Symptom Checklist 90 The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: without tonsillitis). In adolescence and young adulthood, the disease presents with a characteristic triad: Another major symptom is feeling tired. Headaches are common, and abdominal pains with nausea or vomiting sometimes also occur. Symptoms most often disappear after about 2–4 weeks. However, fatigue and a general feeling of being unwell (malaise) may sometimes last for months. Fatigue lasts more than one month in an estimated 28% of cases. Mild fever, swollen neck glands and body aches may also persist beyond 4 weeks. Most people are able to resume their usual activities within 2–3 months. The most prominent sign of the

title: Symptom targeted intervention

text: are under way on the effectiveness of STI in patients with a variety of chronic diseases, including an ongoing multi-center IRB-approved research study involving the University of Maryland, University of Utah, and University of Minnesota, on the use of STI with solid organ transplant recipients. Symptom targeted intervention Symptom targeted intervention (STI) is a clinical program being used in medical settings to help patients who struggle with symptoms of depression or anxiety or adherence to treatment plans but who are not interested in receiving outpatient mental health treatment. STI is an individualized therapeutic model and clinical program that teaches patients

title: Symptom targeted intervention

text: Symptom targeted intervention Symptom targeted intervention (STI) is a clinical program being used in medical settings to help patients who struggle with symptoms of depression or anxiety or adherence to treatment plans but who are not interested in receiving outpatient mental health treatment. STI is an individualized therapeutic model and clinical program that teaches patients brief, effective ways to cope with difficult thoughts, feelings, and behaviors using evidence-based interventions. Its individualized engagement process employs techniques from solution-focused therapy, using a Rogerian, patient-centered philosophy. This engagement process ensures that even challenging, at-risk, and non-adherent patients are able to participate. Social workers

title: Symptom

text: of many acute and chronic medical conditions, which may or may not be mental, and may be either a primary or secondary symptom. Fatigue is also a normal, healthy condition when experienced after exertion or at the end of a day. In describing mental disorders, especially schizophrenia, symptoms can be divided into positive and negative symptoms. Some symptoms occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses. For example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has a significantly smaller number of possible causes than nausea does. Some

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: are sometimes similar to those of other illnesses and may last for years. Usually, the symptoms begin appearing during adolescence, and patients are diagnosed before the age of 30 years. Symptoms may occur across cultures and gender. Other common symptoms include anxiety and depression. However, since anxiety and depression are also very common in persons with confirmed medical illnesses, it remains possible that such symptoms are a consequence of the physical impairment, rather than a cause. Somatic symptom disorders are not the result of conscious malingering (fabricating or exaggerating symptoms for secondary motives) or factitious disorders (deliberately producing, feigning, or

title: Symptom targeted intervention

text: and other mental health practitioners and medical professionals use STI to assist patients with a number of specific concerns, from sleep and stress to pain management, relationships and mood management. STI’s coping tools are cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness interventions that have been condensed and modified to make them user friendly and effective in brief sessions. After meeting with the clinician, the patient takes charge, performing interventions at home through assignments that extend and reinforce learning. Using STI, the clinician helps the patient identify the most problematic symptom of the depression (such as depressed mood, insomnia, anxiety, rumination, irritability, negative

title: Functional neurological symptom disorder

text: was historically much controversy surrounding the FND diagnosis. Many doctors continue to believe that all FND patients have unresolved traumatic events (often of a sexual nature) which are being expressed in a physical way. However, some doctors do not believe this to be the case. Wessely and White have argued that FND may merely be an unexplained somatic illness (like fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, or chronic fatigue syndrome) rather than a psychiatric condition. Online resources include: Functional neurological symptom disorder A functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which patients experience neurological symptoms such as weakness, movement disorders, sensory

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: throat). However, ampicillin and amoxicillin are not recommended during acute Epstein–Barr virus infection as a diffuse rash may develop. Splenomegaly is a common symptom of infectious mononucleosis and health care providers may consider using abdominal ultrasonography to get insight into the enlargement of a person's spleen. However, because spleen size varies greatly, ultrasonography is not a valid technique for assessing spleen enlargement and should not be used in typical circumstances or to make routine decisions about fitness for playing sports. Serious complications are uncommon, occurring in less than 5% of cases: Once the acute symptoms of an initial infection disappear,

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: an acute Epstein–Barr-virus infection. A differential diagnosis of acute infectious mononucleosis needs to take into consideration acute cytomegalovirus infection and "Toxoplasma gondii" infections. Because their management is much the same, it is not always helpful, or possible, to distinguish between Epstein–Barr-virus mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infection. However, in pregnant women, differentiation of mononucleosis from toxoplasmosis is important, since it is associated with significant consequences for the fetus. Acute HIV infection can mimic signs similar to those of infectious mononucleosis, and tests should be performed for pregnant women for the same reason as toxoplasmosis. People with infectious mononucleosis are sometimes misdiagnosed with

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: virus. Immunoglobulin G (IgG), when positive, mainly reflects a past infection, whereas immunoglobulin M (IgM) mainly reflects a current infection. EBV-targeting antibodies can also be classified according to which part of the virus they bind to: When negative, these tests are more accurate than the heterophile antibody test in ruling out infectious mononucleosis. When positive, they feature similar specificity to the heterophile antibody test. Therefore, these tests are useful for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis in people with highly suggestive symptoms and a negative heterophile antibody test. About 10% of people who present a clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis do not have

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: refer to any monocytosis (excessive numbers of circulating monocytes), but today it usually is used in its narrower sense of infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by EBV and of which monocytosis is a finding. The term "infectious mononucleosis" was coined in 1920 by Thomas Peck Sprunt and Frank Alexander Evans in a classic clinical description of the disease published in the "Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital", entitled "Mononuclear leukocytosis in reaction to acute infection (infectious mononucleosis)". The Epstein–Barr virus was first identified in Burkitt's lymphoma cells by Michael Anthony Epstein and Yvonne Barr at the University of Bristol in

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: CD21). The host immune response involves cytotoxic (CD8-positive) T cells against infected B lymphocytes, resulting in enlarged, atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells). When the infection is acute (recent onset, instead of chronic), heterophile antibodies are produced. Cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and "Toxoplasma gondii" (toxoplasmosis) infections can cause symptoms similar to infectious mononucleosis, but a heterophile antibody test will test negative and differentiate those infections from infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis is sometimes accompanied by secondary cold agglutinin disease, an autoimmune disease in which abnormal circulating antibodies directed against red blood cells can lead to a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The cold agglutinin detected is

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: cause vague physical symptoms (or may be subclinical), and during this phase the virus can spread to others. The characteristic symptomatology of infectious mononucleosis does not appear to have been reported until the late nineteenth century. In 1885, the renowned Russian pediatrician Nil Filatov reported an infectious process he called "idiopathic denitis" exhibiting symptoms that correspond to infectious mononucleosis, and in 1889 a German balneologist and pediatrician, Emil Pfeiffer, independently reported similar cases (some of lesser severity) that tended to cluster in families, for which he coined the term "Drüsenfieber" ("glandular fever"). The word "mononucleosis" has several senses. It can

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: a streptococcal pharyngitis (because of the symptoms of fever, pharyngitis and adenopathy) and are given antibiotics such as ampicillin or amoxicillin as treatment. Other conditions from which to distinguish infectious mononucleosis include leukemia, tonsillitis, diphtheria, common cold and influenza (flu). Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting, so only symptomatic or supportive treatments are used. The need for rest and return to usual activities after the acute phase of the infection may reasonably be based on the person's general energy levels. Nevertheless, in an effort to decrease the risk of splenic rupture experts advise avoidance of contact sports and other heavy physical

title: Symptom

text: deals with the signs and indications of a disease. Symptom A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and cannot be measured directly, whereas a sign is objectively observable by others. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a

title: Symptom

text: Symptom A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and cannot be measured directly, whereas a sign is objectively observable by others. For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder

title: International Prostate Symptom Score

text: International Prostate Symptom Score The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is an eight-question written screening tool used to screen for, rapidly diagnose, track the symptoms of, and suggest management of the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It contains seven questions related to symptoms related to BPH and one question related to the patient's perceived quality of life. Created in 1992 by the American Urological Association, it originally lacked the eighth quality of life question, hence its original name: the American Urological Association symptom score (AUA-7). The seven questions relating to symptoms experienced in the last month include feeling of

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: toothbrushes. About 95% of the population has been exposed to this virus by the age of 40, but only 15–20% of teenagers and about 40% of exposed adults actually become infected. A minority of cases of infectious mononucleosis is caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another type of herpes virus. This virus is found in body fluids including saliva, urine, blood, and tears. A person becomes infected with this virus by direct contact with infected body fluids. Cytomegalovirus is most commonly transmitted through kissing and sexual intercourse. It can also be transferred from an infected mother to her unborn child. This

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: may be useful if there is a risk of airway obstruction, a very low platelet count, or hemolytic anemia. There is little evidence to support the use of antivirals such as aciclovir and valacyclovir although they may reduce initial viral shedding. Although antivirals are not recommended for people with simple infectious mononucleosis, they may be useful (in conjunction with steroids) in the management of severe EBV manifestations, such as EBV meningitis, peripheral neuritis, hepatitis, or hematologic complications. Although antibiotics exert no antiviral action they may be indicated to treat bacterial secondary infections of the throat, such as with streptococcus (strep

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: they often do not return. But once infected, the patient carries the virus for the rest of his or her life. The virus typically lives dormantly in B lymphocytes. Independent infections of mononucleosis may be contracted multiple times, regardless of whether the patient is already carrying the virus dormantly. Periodically, the virus can reactivate, during which time the patient is again infectious, but usually without any symptoms of illness. Usually, a patient has few, if any, further symptoms or problems from the latent B lymphocyte infection. However, in susceptible hosts under the appropriate environmental stressors, the virus can reactivate and

title: Infectious mononucleosis

text: to penicillins again in the future. Occasional cases of erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme have been reported. Seizures may also occasionally occur. Spleen enlargement is common in the second and third weeks, although this may not be apparent on physical examination. Rarely the spleen may rupture. There may also be some enlargement of the liver. Jaundice occurs only occasionally. It generally gets better on its own in people who are otherwise healthy. When caused by EBV, infectious mononucleosis is classified as one of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Occasionally the disease may persist and result in a chronic infection. This

title: Symptom of the Universe (song)

text: Symptom of the Universe (song) "Symptom of the Universe" is a song by the heavy metal band Black Sabbath, from their 1975 album "Sabotage". The song was an early influence on the development of thrash metal. "Symptom of the Universe" was composed largely by guitarist Tony Iommi, with lyrics by Geezer Butler. Its closing passage, very unlike the rest of the song, evolved from an in-studio jam, created spontaneously in a single day. Live versions can be heard on the albums "Past Lives", "Cross Purposes Live" and "Live... Gathered in Their Masses", as well as the "Never Say Die!" concert

title: Symptom of the Universe (song)

title: Functional symptom

text: Functional symptom A functional symptom is a medical symptom, with no known physical cause. It arises from a problem in the ‘functioning’ of the nervous system, and not due to a structural or pathologically defined disease. Functional symptoms are increasingly viewed within a framework in which psychological, physiological and biological factors should be considered to be relevant. Historically, there has often been fierce debate about whether certain problems are predominantly related to an abnormality of structure (disease) or function (abnormal nervous system functioning), and what are at one stage posited to be functional symptoms are sometimes later reclassified as organic,

title: Functional symptom

text: as medicine. A common trend is to see functional symptoms and syndromes such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and functional neurological symptoms such as functional weakness as symptoms in which both biological and psychological factors are relevant, without one necessarily being dominant. Functional symptom A functional symptom is a medical symptom, with no known physical cause. It arises from a problem in the ‘functioning’ of the nervous system, and not due to a structural or pathologically defined disease. Functional symptoms are increasingly viewed within a framework in which psychological, physiological and biological factors should be considered to be relevant. Historically,

title: Limited symptom attack

text: Limited symptom attack A limited symptom attack (LSA), also referred to as a limited symptom panic attack (LPA), is a milder, less comprehensive form of panic attack, with fewer than four panic related symptoms being experienced (APA 1994). For example, a sudden episode of intense dizziness or trembling accompanied by fear that something terrible is about to happen. Many people with panic disorder have a mixture of full blown and limited symptom attacks. LSAs often manifest in anxiety disorders, phobias, panic disorder and agoraphobia. However, experiencing an LSA is not necessarily indicative of mental illness. Often persons recovering from or

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: requires a specific number of somatic symptoms. The ICD-10, the latest version of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, classifies conversion disorder as a dissociative disorder. ICD-10 still includes somatization syndrome. Additional proposed somatic symptom disorders are: These disorders have been proposed because the recognized somatic symptom disorders are either too restrictive or too broad. In a study of 119 primary care patients, the following prevalences were found: Each of the specific somatic symptom disorders has its own diagnostic criteria. Somatic symptom disorder has been a controversial diagnosis, since it was historically based primarily on negative

title: British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory

text: brain injury showed patients endorsed all 13 items on the (BC-PSI) at significantly higher rates. CONCLUSIONS: "Clinicians need to be cautious when interpreting questionnaires and be aware of the possibility of nonspecific symptom endorsement, symptom overendorsement, symptom expectations influencing symptom endorsement, and the nocebo effect." British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory The British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (BC-PSI), is a 16 item self-report inventory designed to measure both the frequency, and intensity of the ICD-10 criteria for Post concussion syndrome, which is a common occurrence in cases of mild traumatic brain injury. The (BC-PSI) asks the respondent to rate the severity

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: Somatic symptom disorder A somatic symptom disorder, formerly known as a somatoform disorder, is any mental disorder which manifests as physical symptoms that suggest illness or injury, but which cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition or by the direct effect of a substance, and are not attributable to another mental disorder (e.g., panic disorder). Somatic symptom disorders, as a group, are included in a number of diagnostic schemes of mental illness, including the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders". (Before DSM-5 this disorder was split into "somatization disorder" and "undifferentiated somatoform disorder".) In people who have

title: Limited symptom attack

text: being treated for panic attacks and panic disorder will experience LSAs. According to the DSM-IV, during an LSA, fewer than four of the following symptoms would be experienced, in contrast to a full blown panic attack, which must include four or more symptoms. As with a panic attack, an LSA typically peaks in 10 minutes. However, attacks can be as short as one to five minutes or can form a series of episodes waxing and waning for a period of hours. Limited symptom attack A limited symptom attack (LSA), also referred to as a limited symptom panic attack (LPA), is

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: exaggerating symptoms). Somatic symptom disorder is difficult to diagnose and treat. Some advocates of the diagnosis believe this is because proper diagnosis and treatment requires psychiatrists to work with neurologists on patients with this disorder. Somatic symptom disorders are a group of disorders, all of which fit the definition of physical symptoms similar to those observed in physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical cause. As such, they are a diagnosis of exclusion. Somatic symptoms may be generalized in four major medical categories: neurological, cardiac, pain, and gastrointestinal somatic symptoms. Somatic symptom disorders used to be

title: Symptom Checklist 90

text: Symptom Checklist 90 The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a relatively brief self-report psychometric instrument (questionnaire) published by the Clinical Assessment division of the Pearson Assessment & Information group. It is designed to evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology. It is also used in measuring the progress and outcome of psychiatric and psychological treatments or for research purposes. According to the overview given by the publisher, the SCL-90-R is normed on individuals 13 years and older. It consists of 90 items and takes 12–15 minutes to administer, yielding nine scores along primary symptom dimensions and three

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: recognized as Somatoform disorders in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" of the American Psychiatric Association. The following were conditions under the term Somatoform Disorders: In the newest version of DSM-5 (2013) somatic symptom disorders are recognized under the term Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Included among these disorders are false pregnancy, psychogenic urinary retention, and mass psychogenic illness (so-called mass hysteria). Somatization disorder as a mental disorder was recognized in the DSM-IV-TR classification system, but in the latest version DSM-5, it was combined with undifferentiated somatoform disorder to become "somatic symptom disorder", a diagnosis which no longer

title: Child PTSD Symptom Scale

text: (DSM-V) made changes to the diagnosis of PTSD, and new research needs to ascertain whether the DSM changes alter the accuracy of the CPSS. CPSS stands for Child PTSD Symptom Scale, CPSS-I is the CPSS Interview, and CPSS-SR is the CPSS Self Report. The CPSS consists of 26 self-report measures to childhood PTSD diagnostic symptoms developed by Edna Foa, that assesses PTSD diagnostic criteria and symptom severity in children ages 8 to 18. It includes 2 event items, 17 symptom items, and 7 functional impairment items. Symptom items are rated on a 4-point frequency scale (0 = "not at all"

title: Somatic Symptom Scale - 8

text: Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 The Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 (SSS-8) is a brief self-report questionnaire used to assess somatic symptom burden. It measures the perceived burden of common somatic symptoms. These symptoms were originally chosen to reflect common symptoms in primary care but they are relevant for a large number of diseases and mental disorders. The SSS-8 is a brief version of the popular Patient Health Questionnaire - 15 (PHQ-15). Respondents rate how much they were bothered by common somatic symptoms within the last seven days on a five-point Likert scale. Ratings are summed up to make a

title: Somatic Symptom Scale - 8

text: as a short version of the PHQ-15 which makes it preferable for assessment in time restricted settings." The original SSS-8 was published in English. To date (February 2017), two official psychometrically validated and culturally adapted translations are available: Planned translations: Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 The Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 (SSS-8) is a brief self-report questionnaire used to assess somatic symptom burden. It measures the perceived burden of common somatic symptoms. These symptoms were originally chosen to reflect common symptoms in primary care but they are relevant for a large number of diseases and mental disorders. The SSS-8 is

title: Symptom Checklists "O" and "S"

text: Symptom Checklists "O" and "S" Symptom Checklists "O" and "S" (KO "O" and KO "S") are self-report questionnaires used for determining the presence of neurotic disorders, assessment of changes of symptom intensity, and evaluation of effectiveness of treatment in terms of symptom reduction or intensification. The KO "O" derives from SCL-90-R. In comparison to SCL-90-R it differs mainly in the lack of items referring to psychotic symptoms and inclusion of questions about the most common symptoms in patients with neurotic disorders observed between 1975 and 1978. KO "O" was designed as one of a set of tools used for collecting

title: Symptom Checklists "O" and "S"

text: disorder (in the terms of ICD-10 F-40 group) a patient is suffering from. Factor analysis lead to creation 14 KO "O" scales. 8 of those scales correspond to ICD-10 diagnostic units (however, the scales' values does not have diagnostic importance, instead the values have only descriptive significance). Symptom Checklists "O" and "S" Symptom Checklists "O" and "S" (KO "O" and KO "S") are self-report questionnaires used for determining the presence of neurotic disorders, assessment of changes of symptom intensity, and evaluation of effectiveness of treatment in terms of symptom reduction or intensification. The KO "O" derives from SCL-90-R. In comparison

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: been diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder, medical test results are either normal or do not explain the person's symptoms, and history and physical examination do not indicate the presence of a known medical condition that could cause them, though the DSM-5 cautions that this alone is not sufficient for diagnosis. The patient must also be excessively worried about their symptoms, and this worry must be judged to be out of proportion to the severity of the physical complaints themselves. A diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder requires that the subject have recurring somatic complaints for at least six months. Symptoms

title: Trauma symptom inventory

text: Trauma symptom inventory The Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) is a Psychological evaluation/assessment instrument that taps symptoms of Posttraumatic stress disorder and other posttraumatic emotional problems. It was originally published in 1995 by its developer, John Briere. It is one of the most widely used measures of posttraumatic symptomatology. The TSI is relatively unique in comparison to other measures of posttraumatic symptomatology, in that it is a multi-scale instrument, including 10 scales of various forms of clinical psychopathology related to psychological trauma. Also unique, it has three validity scales in order to assess the trauma victim's test-taking attitude, such as overreporting,

title: Pediatric Symptom Checklist

text: may under- or over-report their symptoms. Pediatric Symptom Checklist The Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) is a 35-item parent-report questionnaire designed to identify children with difficulties in psychosocial functioning. Its primary purpose is to alert pediatricians at an early point about which children would benefit from further assessment. A positive result on the overall scale indicates that the child in question would benefit from further evaluation. It is not a diagnostic tool. The PSC has subscales which measure inner distress and mood, interpersonal relations and behavior, and attention.The PSC is also used in pediatrics and other settings to measure changes in

title: Pediatric Symptom Checklist

text: Pediatric Symptom Checklist The Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) is a 35-item parent-report questionnaire designed to identify children with difficulties in psychosocial functioning. Its primary purpose is to alert pediatricians at an early point about which children would benefit from further assessment. A positive result on the overall scale indicates that the child in question would benefit from further evaluation. It is not a diagnostic tool. The PSC has subscales which measure inner distress and mood, interpersonal relations and behavior, and attention.The PSC is also used in pediatrics and other settings to measure changes in psychosocial functioning over time. Michael Jellinek,

title: Alice in Wonderland syndrome

text: physician Raoul Leroy in 1909, based on the small people that inhabited the island of Lilliput in the novel. Complete and partial forms of the Alice in Wonderland syndrome exist in a range of disorders, including epilepsy, intoxicants, infectious states, fevers, and brain lesions. Furthermore, the syndrome is commonly associated with migraines, as well as the use of psychoactive drugs. It can also be the initial symptom of the Epstein–Barr virus (see mononucleosis), and a relationship between the syndrome and mononucleosis has been suggested. Epstein-Barr Virus appears to be the most common cause in children, while for adults it is

text: British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory The British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (BC-PSI), is a 16 item self-report inventory designed to measure both the frequency, and intensity of the ICD-10 criteria for Post concussion syndrome, which is a common occurrence in cases of mild traumatic brain injury. The (BC-PSI) asks the respondent to rate the severity of 13 symptoms rated on a six-point Likert-type rating scale that measures the frequency and intensity of each symptom in the past two weeks. The two ratings are multiplied (how often × how bad) to create a single score for each item. These product-based scores

title: Symptom Checklists "O" and "S"

text: information about patients who begin treatment due to psychogenic functional disorders, and especially neurotic disorders. KO "O" was originally developed in Polish and later English, German and Russian adaptations of the questionnaire were created. Apart from KO "O", three other shorten Polish versions of the questionnaire – Symptom Checklist "S-I" (KO "S-I"), Symptom Checklist "S-II" (KO "S-II") and Symptom Checklist "S-III" (KO "S-III") – were designed to enable quick diagnosis of neurotic disorders (screening). Both KO "O" and KO "S" were created by a team of researchers led by Jerzy Aleksandrowicz in the Psychotherapeutic Unit of the Psychiatry Department of

text: are then converted to item scores that reflect both the frequency and intensity of symptom endorsement (range = 0–4). Item product scores convert to item total scores: <br>0–1 = 0, 2–3 = 1, 4–6 = 2, 8–12 = 3, and 15+ = 4. Item scores of 3> reflect moderate to severe symptom endorsement, Item scores from 1 - 2 reflect mild endorsement of the symptom BC-PSI items For most patients with MTBI the cognitive, psychological, and psychosocial symptoms do not last longer than three to six months.. Those in which the symptoms persist longer may be diagnosed with postconcussion syndrome

text: Functional neurological symptom disorder A functional neurological disorder (FND) is a condition in which patients experience neurological symptoms such as weakness, movement disorders, sensory symptoms and blackouts. The brain of a patient with functional neurological symptom disorder is structurally normal, but functions incorrectly. According to consensus from the literature and from physicians and psychologists practicing in the field, functional symptoms are also called 'medically unexplained'. Historically, other terms have been used to describe these symptoms. Symptoms of functional neurological disorders are clinically recognisable, but are not categorically associated with a definable organic disease. The intended contrast is with an organic

title: Child PTSD Symptom Scale

text: a clinical setting. This, however, is problematic because personal interviews are expensive for the families or schools that take part in them, especially when large groups of children are studied, and time consuming. Thus, the CPSS was created to combat these limitations without the need for a supplemental interview. Validated screening tests like the CPSS tests the efficacy of treatment techniques. Without CPSS, the treatments would have no valid test, and children who have experienced trauma will not get the help they require. Child PTSD Symptom Scale The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) is a free checklist designed for children

title: International Prostate Symptom Score

text: perceived quality of life, is assigned a score of 0 (delighted) to 6 (terrible). The mnemonic "FUN WISE" can be used to remember the seven questions relating to symptoms of BPH. They are as follows: In research, the IPSS is used to standardise patients' complaints/symptoms. A meta-analysis on the subject of the influence of position on urodynamics noted that, in most cases however, the IPSS was not used (or not used adequately) by physicians. International Prostate Symptom Score The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is an eight-question written screening tool used to screen for, rapidly diagnose, track the symptoms of,

title: Child PTSD Symptom Scale

text: Child PTSD Symptom Scale The Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) is a free checklist designed for children and adolescents to report traumatic events and symptoms that they might feel afterward. The items cover the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specifically, the symptoms and clusters used in the DSM-IV. Although relatively new, there has been a fair amount of research on the CPSS due to the frequency of traumatic events involving children. The CPSS is usually administered to school children within school boundaries, or in an off-site location to assess symptoms of trauma. Some, but not all, people experience symptoms

title: Symptom

text: symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which may understandably lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain. A sign has the potential to be objectively observed by someone other than the patient, whereas a symptom does not. There is a correlation between this difference and the difference between the medical history and the physical examination. Symptoms belong only to the history, whereas signs can often belong to both. Clinical signs

title: Symptom

text: than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic. The term is sometimes also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to "symptoms of pregnancy". Many people use the term sign and symptom interchangeably. Symptoms may be briefly acute or a more prolonged but acute or chronic, relapsing or remitting. Asymptomatic conditions also exist (e.g. subclinical infections and silent diseases like

title: Symptom Checklists "O" and "S"

text: from an individual to choose 1 of 4 optional answers concerning each symptom: (0) "the symptom was absent", (a) "it was present and it was mildly severe", (b) "it was present and it was moderately severe ", (c) "it was present and it was very severe". The KO "S-III" (screening version), which was updated in 2011, consists of 82 items. A set of all the answers determine the OWK coefficient that refers to the global intensity of symptoms typical for neurotic disorders. OWK coefficient allows quick diagnosis of a neurotic disorder (with above 90% accuracy), without indicating which particular neurotic

title: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory

text: that help guide selection of treatment targets. The original motivation for developing the checklist was to aid with research and gathering of fairly large amounts of data in schools; however, the creators soon saw the possible application of these symptom inventories in clinical settings. To that end, they began work in 1986 on an instrument that would be used by teachers and parents to give a comprehensive look at a youth's emotional and behavioral symptoms. This led to the earliest measure related to the CASI- the Stony Brook Child Symptom Inventory-3 (CSI-3). In 1987 this was followed by the CSI-3R

title: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory

text: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory The Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory (CASI) is a behavioral rating checklist created by Dr. Kenneth Gadow and Dr. Joyce Sprafkin that assesses a range of behaviors related to common emotional and behavior disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM), including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, major depressive episode, mania, dysthymic disorder (now pervasive depressive disorder in DSM-5), schizophrenia, autistic spectrum disorder, anorexia, and bulimia. In addition, one or two key symptoms of each of the following disorders

title: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory

text: is available about the version that corresponds with the DSM-5. There are many other checklists available for assessing emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. These include: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory The Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory (CASI) is a behavioral rating checklist created by Dr. Kenneth Gadow and Dr. Joyce Sprafkin that assesses a range of behaviors related to common emotional and behavior disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM), including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, major depressive episode, mania,

title: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory

text: account for modifications in the DSM. The inventories provide a low cost way of gathering information efficiently and organizing it in a way that maps to diagnostic classifications. The checklists also make it straightforward to collect and compare information from multiple informants. Teachers and parents oftentimes spend much more time with the youth than the clinician does. There are both parent and teacher checklists available. Clinicians can look at both the Symptom Count scores and the Symptom Severity scores and analyze them in order to determine whether or not it surpasses the Clinical Cutoff score. The assessment can be used

title: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory

text: are also included: obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobia, panic attack, motor tics, vocal tics, and substance use. CASI combines the Child Symptom Inventory (CSI) and the Adolescent Symptom Inventory (ASI), letting it apply to both children and adolescents ages 5 to 18. The CASI is a self-report questionnaire completed by the child's caregiver or teacher to detect signs of psychiatric disorders in multiple settings. Compared to other widely used checklists for youths, the CASI maps more closely to DSM diagnoses, with scoring systems that map to the diagnostic criteria as well as providing a severity score. Other measures are more likely

title: Symptom of the Universe (song)

text: video. It is also the opening track on Ozzy Osbourne's 1982 live album, "Speak of the Devil". The song is featured in the video games "Skate 2" and "Brütal Legend". The main riff to "Symptom of the Universe" is considered to be a structural and sonic predecessor to thrash metal, a heavy metal subgenre which emerged in the early 1980s. Tony Iommi said of the song "It starts with an acoustic bit. Then it goes into the up-tempo stuff to give it that dynamic, and it does have a lot of changes to it, including the jam at the end."

title: Aura (symptom)

text: Aura (symptom) An aura is a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with migraines or seizures. The aura stage precedes a seizure in epilepsy but can happen at any stage of a migraine. It often manifests as the perception of a strange light, an unpleasant smell, or confusing thoughts or experiences. Some people experience aura without a subsequent migraine or seizure (see silent migraine). Auras vary by individual experience; some people experience smells, lights, or hallucinations. Less known symptoms of the eye include disturbances, where the eyes roll in the back of the head caused by photosensitivity. A sufferer of this

title: Aura (symptom)

text: the temporo-occipital cortex at the location of the auditory association areas. An aura sensation can include some or a combination of the following: Aura (symptom) An aura is a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with migraines or seizures. The aura stage precedes a seizure in epilepsy but can happen at any stage of a migraine. It often manifests as the perception of a strange light, an unpleasant smell, or confusing thoughts or experiences. Some people experience aura without a subsequent migraine or seizure (see silent migraine). Auras vary by individual experience; some people experience smells, lights, or hallucinations. Less known

title: Anorexia (symptom)

text: Anorexia (symptom) Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite. While the term in non-scientific publications is often used interchangeably with anorexia nervosa, many possible causes exist for a decreased appetite, some of which may be harmless, while others indicate a serious clinical condition or pose a significant risk. For example, anorexia of infection is part of the acute phase response (APR) to infection. The APR can be triggered by lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls, bacterial DNA, and double-stranded viral RNA, and viral glycoproteins, which can trigger

title: Anorexia (symptom)

text: appetite, such as neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, histamine, norepinephrine, corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone). Anorexia is a relatively common condition that can lead patients to have dangerous electrolyte imbalances, leading to acquired long QT syndrome which can result in sudden cardiac death. This can develop over a prolonged period of time, and the risk is further heightened when feeding resumes after a period of abstaining from consumption. Care must be taken under such circumstances to avoid potentially fatal complications of refeeding syndrome. Anorexia (symptom) Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is

title: PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version

text: PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version (PSS-SR) is a 17-item self-reported questionnaire to assess symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Each of the 17 items describe PTSD symptoms which respondents rate in terms of their frequency or severity using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (not at all or only one time) to 3 (almost always or five or more times per week). Ratings on items are summed to create three subscales, including re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal, as well as a total score (that ranges from 0 to 51). All items of the PSS-SR should

text: be answered and assessment is done by total score. The total score higher than 13 indicates on likelihood of PTSD. PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version (PSS-SR) is a 17-item self-reported questionnaire to assess symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Each of the 17 items describe PTSD symptoms which respondents rate in terms of their frequency or severity using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (not at all or only one time) to 3 (almost always or five or more times per week). Ratings on items are summed to create three subscales, including re-experiencing, avoidance,

title: Pediatric Symptom Checklist

text: 12 to optimize sensitivity. A study done with the Dutch PSC found it to have good internal consistency and validity. Dutch children’s mean PSC scores, as well as scores on other symptom checklists, were lower than those of American children indicating differences in levels of symptoms reported by parents based on country. A lower cut-off score of 22 had to be adopted to reach a similar level of sensitivity and specificity to the US version. The German translation of the PSC was used in a study of Austrian preschool children and found to be valid and reliable. The mean PSC

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: it a risk of mislabeling a sizable proportion of the population as mentally ill. “Millions of people could be mislabeled, with the burden falling disproportionately on women, because they are more likely to be casually dismissed as ‘catastrophizers’ when presenting with physical symptoms.” Psychotherapy, more specifically, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), is the most widely used form of treatment for Somatic symptom disorder. In 2016, a randomized 12-week study suggested steady and significant improvement in health anxiety measures with cognitive behavioral therapy compared to the control group. CBT can help in some of the following ways: Moreover, brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy

title: Somatic symptom disorder

text: criteria - that is, the absence of a medical explanation for the presenting physical complaints. Consequently, any person suffering from a poorly understood illness can potentially fulfill the criteria for this psychiatric diagnosis, even if they exhibit no psychiatric symptoms in the conventional sense. In 2013-4, there were several widely publicized cases of individuals being involuntarily admitted to psychiatric wards on the basis of this diagnosis alone. This has raised concerns about the consequences of potential misuse of this diagnostic category. In the opinion of Allen Frances, chair of the DSM-IV task force, the DSM-5's somatic symptom disorder brings with

title: Pediatric Symptom Checklist

text: MD, created the PSC and has researched it over more than thirty years in collaboration with J. Michael Murphy, Ed.D. and other investigators. The PSC has been used in more than 200 studies in the US and other countries and has been endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the state of Massachusetts, the government of Chile and many other organizations. The PSC was designed because none of the available instruments offered the "optimal combination of efficiency, ease of administration, and screening accuracy" (p. 451). The first draft was a shortened and revised form of the Washington Symptom Checklist (WSCL)

title: Symptom targeted intervention

text: depressive episode is transformed. In this sense, STI is related to Bowen’s systemic theory and its interactional dynamics. Using STI, the patient and clinician focus on one element, or symptom, helping the patient avoid feeling overwhelmed by multiple problems. The parallel process is also in effect: Clinicians may be similarly overwhelmed by attempting to tackle multiple symptoms in their depressed patients. Also central to STI is the cognitive triangle, which illustrates how one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected and dependent upon one another. If a behavior changes, thoughts and feelings change; if a thought changes, behaviors and feelings

title: Symptom targeted intervention

text: thinking, social isolation), then together the clinician and patient address that symptom using STI’s evidence-based selection of brief cognitive, behavioral, and mindfulness techniques. The emphasis is on keeping interactions brief since mental health treatment in the primary care setting is typically time limited—although the Collaborative Care and Integrated Care models provides hope for improved and expanded mental health services in the primary care setting. As patients learn better coping skills, they become more engaged with their treatment and more adherent to doctors’ recommendations. STI also gives social workers ways to uncover their clinical strengths and tools to continue to work

title: Child PTSD Symptom Scale

text: treat large groups of children at a time after a traumatic event. The test was created by Edna B. Foa and colleagues in 2001 as an adaptation to The PTSD Symptom Scale (PSS) created by Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum in 1993. The changes made between these two versions were mainly to make the vocabulary more easily understandable for youth. The original version of the CPSS by Foa established a clinical cutoff score greater than or equal to 11 and yielded 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity. However, it has since been established that a clinical cutoff score of 15 is

title: Child PTSD Symptom Scale

text: more appropriate. The CPSS was created with the intention of quickly and efficiently assessing all PTSD symptoms in many children. The following DSM-IV criteria for PTSD needed to be assessed in the three symptom clusters using a 7 item assessment: re-experiencing, avoidance, arousal symptoms and trauma-related functional impairments. The severity of the symptoms above also needed to be assessed, and the CPSS would need to be able to predict the onset of PTSD symptoms in a child if they were to experience trauma. The test needed to be a more practical length for use in schools, research, and communities at

title: Child PTSD Symptom Scale

text: to 3 = "5 or more times a week"). The CPSS gives a total symptom severity scale score (ranging from 0 to 51) and a total severity of impairment score (ranging from 0 to 7). The length of time to administer the test varies depending on who is administering the test, but it is shorter than other childhood PTSD exams such as the CPTSD-RI (Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index), CITES-2 (Children's Impact of Traumatic Events Scale-Revised), and CPTSDI (Children's PTSD Inventory). The CPSS saves money and time by involving minimal interaction with clinicians to administer and is generally used to

title: Child PTSD Symptom Scale

text: are probably the most useful ways of looking at validity. Psychological assessment is a psychological evaluation process used by clinicians, in order to help them properly produce a hypothesis from the collected patient information. The Child PTSD Symptom Scale is a self-report assessment that clinicians use to diagnose PTSD symptoms and their severity in children ages 8–18. However, PTSD can be diagnosed much earlier than 8 years of age, and sometimes the victim fears who report their traumatic experiences. Therefore, other measures, such as teacher and caregiver assessments, must be conducted. Versions are available in English and Spanish. The CPSS

text: brain syndrome, although the terms imply a level of certainty about causation that is often clinically unconfirmed. Subsets of functional neurological disorders include functional neurological symptom disorder (FNsD), conversion disorder, and psychogenic movement disorder/non-epileptic seizures. Functional neurological disorders are common in neurological services, accounting for up to one third of outpatient neurology clinic attendances, and associated with as much physical disability and distress as other neurological disorders. The diagnosis is made based on positive signs and symptoms in the history and examination during consultation of a neurologist (see below). Physiotherapy is particularly helpful for patients with motor symptoms (weakness, gait

text: presents with an inverted ankle posture or clenched fist. Positive features of dissociative or non-epileptic attacks include prolonged motionless unresponsiveness, long duration episodes (>2minutes) and symptoms of dissociation prior to the attack. These signs can be usefully discussed with patients when the diagnosis is being made. Patients with functional movement disorders and limb weakness may experience symptom onset triggered by an episode of acute pain, a physical injury or physical trauma. They may also experience symptoms when faced with a psychological stressor, but this isn't the case for most patients. Patients with functional neurological disorders are more likely to have

title: Somatic Symptom Scale - 8

text: population sample (sample size N = 2510, age > 13 years, year 2012). Internal consistency is demonstrated by Cronbach's α = 0.81. The content validity is supposed to be high because the items are derived from the well-validated PHQ-15. In addition, Zijlema et al. (2013) reviewed 99 scientific publications which presented 40 instruments designed to assess somatic symptoms, somatization, or medically unexplained symptoms. They conclude that a valid measure of somatic symptom burden should include items about "cardiopulmonary (including autonomic symptoms), gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and general symptoms." The SSS-8 includes items from all four domains. The SSS-8 showed positive associations with

title: Micropsia

text: of psychological conditions in which patients visualize people as small objects as a way to control others in response to their insecurities and feelings of weakness. In some adults who experienced loneliness as children, micropsia may arise as a mirror of prior feelings of separation from people and objects. Micropsia can be caused by swelling of the cornea due to infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and can therefore present as an initial symptom of EBV mononucleosis, a disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Micropsia can result from retinal edema causing a dislocation of the receptor cells. Photoreceptor misalignment seems

title: Somatic Symptom Scale - 8

text: simple sum score (which can vary between 0 and 32 points). The SSS-8 includes the following symptoms: The SSS-8 is a short version of the frequently used and well-validated Patient Health Questionnaire - 15 (PHQ-15). The SSS-8 was designed to be used in settings with restricted measurement time. The items from the PHQ-15 which were included in the SSS-8 were selected according to three criteria: Symptom prevalence in primary care settings, associations with measures of functioning and health related quality of life, and commonalities with other items included in the scale. Psychometric properties were examined in a representative German general

title: Splenomegaly

text: a common symptom and health care providers may consider using abdominal ultrasonography to get insight into a person's condition. However, because spleen size varies greatly, ultrasonography is not a valid technique for assessing spleen enlargement and should not be used in typical circumstances or to make routine decisions about fitness for playing sports. The most common causes of splenomegaly in developed countries are infectious mononucleosis, splenic infiltration with cancer cells from a hematological malignancy and portal hypertension (most commonly secondary to liver disease, and sarcoidosis). Splenomegaly may also come from bacterial infections, such as syphilis or an infection of the

title: Testicular immunology

text: under severe infections. Despite all the data on the effects of bacteria on normal testis parameters, there is little experimental data regarding its effect on rodent fertility. Testicular inflammation can be a symptom of the following diseases: Coxsackie A virus, varicella (chicken pox) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dengue fever, Epstein Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis, syphilis, leprosy, tuberculosis. Testicular immunology Testicular Immunology is the study of the immune system within the testis. It includes an investigation of the effects of infection, inflammation and immune factors on testicular function. Two unique characteristics of testicular immunology are evident: (1) the testis is described

title: Alice in Wonderland syndrome

text: Alice in Wonderland syndrome Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AiWS), also known as Todd's syndrome or dysmetropsia, is a disorienting neuropsychological condition that affects perception. People may experience distortions in visual perception such as micropsia (objects appearing small), macropsia (objects appearing large), pelopsia (objects appearing to be closer than they are), or teleopsia (objects appearing to be further away than they are). Size distortion may occur in other sensory modalities as well. AiWS is often associated with migraines, brain tumors, and psychoactive drug use. It can also be the initial symptom of the Epstein–Barr Virus (see mononucleosis). AiWS can be caused

text: should include professionals from multiple departments, including neurologists, general practitioners (or primary health care providers), physiotherapists, occupational therapists. At the same time, ruling out secondary gain, malingering, conversion disorder and other factors, including the time and financial resources involved in assessing and treating patients who demand hospital resources but would be better served in psychological settings, must all be balanced. Functional neurological symptom disorder can very rarely mimic many other conditions. Some alternative diagnoses for FND that are often considered include: The main caveat however is that these conditions can co-exist and can be the trigger for functional neurological disorder.

title: Matt Holliday

text: the Toronto Blue Jays. He became the 93rd player in major league history to reach that milestone along with 2,000 hits. On June 28, Holliday was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a viral infection. On July 5, it was revealed that Holliday tested positive for an Epstein-Barr virus, a symptom associated with mononucleosis. He hit a game-tying home run in the ninth inning versus Craig Kimbrel of the Boston Red Sox on July 15, which the Yankees eventually won in 16 innings, 4−1. On August 6, Holliday was again placed on the 10-day disabled list due to

title: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory

text: authors saw this need and began to create a symptom checklist in 1984 that was based on the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Their goal was to obtain information about children who were receiving special education services so that they could assign them into groups based on their learning and behavioral problems that were more relevant to conventional psychiatric diagnoses (need citation). In this way, the measures helped gather information that helped the clinician form a diagnostic impression. The items also rated the severity of the symptoms. Adding them created a severity score

title: Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory

text: based on the revised third edition of the DSM (DSM-III-R). The CSI-3R included both teacher and parent checklists. The teacher checklist focused on youth behaviors more likely take place in a school setting. In 1990, Dr. Gabrielle Carlson adapted the parent checklist from the CSI-3R for use with adolescents, which became the first version of the Adolescent Symptom Inventory (ASI-3R). After the fourth edition of the DSM was published in 1994, the CSI-4 was developed in response to those changes. The CSI-4 was available in both Spanish and English. In 1995, the ASI was also updated to the ASI-4 to

title: Management of schizophrenia

text: the studies may have an increased risk of bias. "Note: Only adjuncts for which at least one double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial has provided support are listed in this table." Acronyms used: DB-RPCT — Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. DB-RCT — Double-blind randomized controlled trial. "Note: Global in the context of schizophrenia symptoms here refers to all four symptom clusters." † No secondary sources could be found on the utility of the drug in question, treating the symptom in question (or any symptom in the case of where † has been placed next to the drug's name). Psychotherapy is also widely recommended,

title: James Corson Niederman

text: for EBV antibodies never developed infectious mononucleosis (IM). The pre-illness samples of students, who later developed infectious mononucleosis tested negative for EBV antibodies. Therefore, the presence of EBV antibodies indicated immunity from infectious mononucleosis. The study demonstrated that EBV is not simply a passenger virus, it is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis. This was a remarkable discovery, since at the time the cause of IM was a mystery. James Corson Niederman James Corson Niederman (born November 27, 1924) is an American epidemiologist whose research identified the Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of infectious mononucleosis in a study published in

title: Name A Game

text: an order of that particular game, Name A Game make further copies so that it does not have to master again from VHS. Name A Game Name A Game was a DVD (formerly VHS) service provided by the Visual Entertainment Group that allows fans of Australian rules football to purchase games that they have been interested in from the past, or to collect their club’s games from the current season. Name A Game was originally established as a VHS service in the early 1990s to collect games telecast by Channel Seven in full for future viewing. Initially only about half

title: A Hard Name

text: and Labrador. "A Hard Name" ends with archival television footage of him performing, playing the guitar and singing for other young residents of the home. Zweig admitted to be intimidated about doing these interviews: However, the ex-convicts interviewed were surprisingly open to Zweig and allowed themselves to be shown as vulnerable. "A Hard Name" premiered May 3, 2009 at the Royal Cinema in Toronto. The film received the Genie Award for best feature-length documentary. It was also chosen as one of the top ten audience favourites at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. A Hard Name A Hard Name