query: What country is the biggest producer of tungsten?

title: Tungsten

text: gold, which has been observed since the 1980s, or taking an existing gold bar, drilling holes, and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods. The densities are not exactly the same, and other properties of gold and tungsten differ, but gold-plated tungsten will pass superficial tests. Gold-plated tungsten is available commercially from China (the main source of tungsten), both in jewelry and as bars. Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has a high melting point, elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications, such as light bulb, cathode-ray tube, and vacuum tube filaments, heating elements, and rocket

title: Tungsten

text: extracted from its ores in several stages. The ore is eventually converted to tungsten(VI) oxide (WO), which is heated with hydrogen or carbon to produce powdered tungsten. Because of tungsten's high melting point, it is not commercially feasible to cast tungsten ingots. Instead, powdered tungsten is mixed with small amounts of powdered nickel or other metals, and sintered. During the sintering process, the nickel diffuses into the tungsten, producing an alloy. Tungsten can also be extracted by hydrogen reduction of WF: or pyrolytic decomposition: Tungsten is not traded as a futures contract and cannot be tracked on exchanges like the

title: Tungsten

text: a higher luster when polished. Sometimes manufacturers or retailers refer to tungsten carbide as a metal, but it is a ceramic. Because of tungsten carbide's hardness, rings made of this material are extremely abrasion resistant, and will hold a burnished finish longer than rings made of metallic tungsten. Tungsten carbide rings are brittle, however, and may crack under a sharp blow. The hardness and density of tungsten are applied in obtaining heavy metal alloys. A good example is high speed steel, which can contain as much as 18% tungsten. Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications

title: Tungsten

text: of different chemicals used in the "Lowry Assay" for protein content analysis. Its density, similar to that of gold, allows tungsten to be used in jewelry as an alternative to gold or platinum. Metallic tungsten is hypoallergenic, and is harder than gold alloys (though not as hard as tungsten carbide), making it useful for rings that will resist scratching, especially in designs with a brushed finish. Because the density is so similar to that of gold (tungsten is only 0.36% less dense), tungsten can also be used in counterfeiting of gold bars, such as by plating a tungsten bar with

title: Tungsten disilicide

text: annealing to convert to more conductive stoichiometric form. Tungsten silicide is a replacement for earlier tungsten films. Tungsten silicide is also used as a barrier layer between silicon and other metals, e.g. tungsten. Tungsten silicide also finds use in microelectromechanical systems and for oxidation-resistant coatings. Films of tungsten silicide can be plasma-etched using e.g. nitrogen trifluoride gas. Tungsten disilicide Tungsten silicide (WSi) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of tungsten. It is an electrically conductive ceramic material. Tungsten silicide can react violently with substances such as strong acids, fluorine, oxidizers, and interhalogens. It is used in microelectronics as a contact

title: Tungsten

text: Tungsten is essential for some archaea. The following tungsten-utilizing enzymes are known: A "wtp" system is known to selectively transport tungsten in archaea: Because tungsten is rare and its compounds are generally inert, the effects of tungsten on the environment are limited. It was at first believed to be relatively inert and an only slightly toxic metal, but beginning in the year 2000, the risk presented by tungsten alloys, its dusts and particulates to induce cancer and several other adverse effects in animals as well as humans has been highlighted from in vitro and in vivo experiments. The median lethal

title: Copper–tungsten

text: percentage of tungsten present in the composite, ranging from 3.16 at 55% tungsten to 6.1 when the composite contains 90% tungsten. An increase in tungsten leads to an increase in ultimate tensile strength up until the alloy reaches 80% tungsten and 20% copper with an ultimate tensile strength of 663 MPa. After this mixture of copper and tungsten, the ultimate tensile strength then begins to decrease fairly rapidly. Copper–tungsten Copper–tungsten (tungsten–copper, CuW, or WCu) is a mixture of copper and tungsten. As copper and tungsten are not mutually soluble, the material is composed of distinct particles of one metal dispersed

title: Tungsten

text: molybdenum by using it in a tungsten-pterin complex with molybdopterin (molybdopterin, despite its name, does not contain molybdenum, but may complex with either molybdenum or tungsten in use by living organisms). Tungsten-using enzymes typically reduce carboxylic acids to aldehydes. The tungsten oxidoreductases may also catalyse oxidations. The first tungsten-requiring enzyme to be discovered also requires selenium, and in this case the tungsten-selenium pair may function analogously to the molybdenum-sulfur pairing of some molybdenum cofactor-requiring enzymes. One of the enzymes in the oxidoreductase family which sometimes employ tungsten (bacterial formate dehydrogenase H) is known to use a selenium-molybdenum version of molybdopterin.

title: Tungsten

text: London Metal Exchange. The prices are usually quoted for tungsten concentrate or WO. If converted to the metal equivalent, they were about US$19 per kilogram in 2009. Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely tungsten carbide – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Less than 10% is used in other chemical compounds. Tungsten is mainly used in the production of hard materials based on tungsten carbide, one of the hardest carbides, with a melting point of 2770 °C. WC is an efficient electrical conductor, but WC is less

title: Tungsten

text: and target), electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten's hardness and high density give it military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are also often used as industrial catalysts. Tungsten is the only metal from the third transition series that is known to occur in biomolecules that are found in a few species of bacteria and archaea. It is the heaviest element known to be essential to any living organism. Tungsten interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and is somewhat toxic to animal life. In its raw form, tungsten is a hard steel-grey metal that is

title: Tungsten trioxide

text: Tungsten trioxide Tungsten(VI) oxide, also known as tungsten trioxide or tungstic anhydride, WO, is a chemical compound containing oxygen and the transition metal tungsten. It is obtained as an intermediate in the recovery of tungsten from its minerals. Tungsten ores are treated with alkalis to produce WO. Further reaction with carbon or hydrogen gas reduces tungsten trioxide to the pure metal. Tungsten(VI) oxide occurs naturally in the form of hydrates, which include minerals: tungstite WO·HO, meymacite WO·2HO and hydrotungstite (of the same composition as meymacite, however sometimes written as HWO). These minerals are rare to very rare secondary tungsten minerals.

title: Isotopes of tungsten

text: 183, 185, 186, with 2, and 190, the most stable being W (t 6.4 minutes). Isotopes of tungsten Naturally occurring tungsten (W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (W, W, W, and W) and one is slightly radioactive, W, with an extremely long half-life of 1.8 ± 0.2 Ea (10 years). On average, two alpha decays of W occur per gram of natural tungsten per year so for most practical purposes tungsten can be considered stable. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (hafnium) by alpha emission, but only W has been observed to do

title: Isotopes of tungsten

text: Isotopes of tungsten Naturally occurring tungsten (W) consists of five isotopes. Four are considered stable (W, W, W, and W) and one is slightly radioactive, W, with an extremely long half-life of 1.8 ± 0.2 Ea (10 years). On average, two alpha decays of W occur per gram of natural tungsten per year so for most practical purposes tungsten can be considered stable. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 (hafnium) by alpha emission, but only W has been observed to do so. The other naturally occurring isotopes have not been observed to decay, and lower bounds

title: Tungsten

text: Tungsten has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of any pure metal. The low thermal expansion and high melting point and tensile strength of tungsten originate from strong covalent bonds formed between tungsten atoms by the 5d electrons. Alloying small quantities of tungsten with steel greatly increases its toughness. Tungsten exists in two major crystalline forms: α and β. The former has a body-centered cubic structure and is the more stable form. The structure of the β phase is called A15 cubic; it is metastable, but can coexist with the α phase at ambient conditions owing to non-equilibrium synthesis or

title: Tungsten

text: engine nozzles. Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the gas tungsten arc welding process (also called tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding). Because of its conductive properties and relative chemical inertness, tungsten is also used in electrodes, and in the emitter tips in electron-beam instruments that use field emission guns, such as electron microscopes. In electronics, tungsten is used as an interconnect material in integrated circuits, between the silicon dioxide dielectric material and the transistors. It is used in metallic films, which replace the wiring

title: Tungsten

text: is similar to borosilicate glass, it is used for making glass-to-metal seals. In addition to its high melting point, when tungsten is doped with potassium, it leads to an increased shape stability (compared to non-doped tungsten). This ensures that the filament does not sag, and no undesired changes occur. Through top-down nanofabrication processes, tungsten nanowires have been fabricated and studied since 2002. Due to a particularly high surface to volume ratio, the formation of a surface oxide layer and the single crystal nature of such material, the mechanical properties differ fundamentally from those of bulk tungsten. Such tungsten nanowires have

title: Tungsten

text: for fishing lures (tungsten beads allow the fly to sink rapidly). Tungsten has seen use recently in nozzles for 3D printing; the high wear resistance and thermal conductivity of tungsten carbide improves the printing of abrasive filaments. Some cello C strings are wound with tungsten. The extra density gives this string more projection and often cellists will buy just this string and use it with three strings from a different set. Tungsten is used as an absorber on the electron telescope on the Cosmic Ray System of the two Voyager spacecraft. Sodium tungstate is used in Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, a mixture

title: Palm Tungsten

text: Tungsten T3's use. Shortly after the early 2005 release of the Tungsten T5, the Tungsten T3 was discontinued. Since then, no Palm handhelds have included a vibrating alarm, a slider to make the device smaller, or the Palm Universal Connector. The Tungsten T5, introduced in October 2004 and now discontinued, is a combination of the Tungsten E and Tungsten T3. It is the first and only Tungsten to use a 416 MHz Intel XScale PXA270 processor. It has a 320x480 TFT 16-bit Color Screen with a virtual input area like the Tungsten T3 instead of a 320x320 Color Screen with

title: Tungsten hexachloride

text: Tungsten hexachloride Tungsten hexachloride is the chemical compound of tungsten and chlorine with the formula WCl. This dark violet blue species exists as a volatile solid under standard conditions. It is an important starting reagent in the preparation of tungsten compounds. Other examples of charge-neutral hexachlorides are ReCl and MoCl. The highly volatile WF is also known. As a d ion, W(VI) forms diamagnetic derivatives. The hexachloride is octahedral with equivalent W–Cl distances of 2.24–2.26 Å. Tungsten hexachloride can be prepared by chlorinating tungsten metal in a sealed tube at 600 °C: Tungsten (VI) chloride is a blue-black solid at

title: Tungsten

text: Acetylene hydratase is an unusual metalloenzyme in that it catalyzes a hydration reaction. Two reaction mechanisms have been proposed, in one of which there is a direct interaction between the tungsten atom and the C≡C triple bond. Although a tungsten-containing xanthine dehydrogenase from bacteria has been found to contain tungsten-molydopterin and also non-protein bound selenium, a tungsten-selenium molybdopterin complex has not been definitively described. In soil, tungsten metal oxidizes to the tungstate anion. It can be selectively or non-selectively imported by some prokaryotic organisms and may substitute for molybdate in certain enzymes. Its effect on the action of these enzymes

title: Tungsten hexafluoride

text: a variation on the direct fluorination, the metal is placed in a heated reactor, slightly pressurized to , with a constant flow of WF infused with a small amount of fluorine gas. The fluorine gas in the above method can be substituted by ClF, ClF or BrF. An alternative procedure for producing tungsten fluoride is to react tungsten trioxide (WO) with HF, BrF or SF. Tungsten fluoride can also be obtained by conversion of tungsten hexachloride: On contact with water, tungsten hexafluoride gives hydrogen fluoride (HF) and tungsten oxyfluorides, eventually forming tungsten trioxide: Unlike some other metal fluorides, WF is

title: Uncle Tungsten

text: Uncle Tungsten Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood is a memoir by Oliver Sacks about his childhood published in 2001. The book is named after Sacks's Uncle Dave, secretary of a business named Tungstalite, which made incandescent lightbulbs with a tungsten filament, whom Oliver nicknamed Uncle Tungsten. According to family members, Oliver used the single nickname, Uncle Tungsten, to refer to a combination of Dave with several other individuals in the same family. Uncle Tungsten was fascinated with tungsten and believed it was the metal of the future. The book combines autobiographical elements with a primer in the history

title: Tungsten

text: is proprietary company information. U.S. reserves are 140,000 tonnes. US industrial use of wolfram is 20,000 tonnes: 15,000 tonnes are imported and the remaining 5,000 tonnes come from domestic recycling. Tungsten is considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There is a large deposit of tungsten ore on the edge of Dartmoor in the United Kingdom, which was exploited during World War I and World War II as the Hemerdon Mine. With recent increases in tungsten prices, as of 2014 this mine has been reactivated. Tungsten is

title: Tungsten carbide

text: the unit cell dimensions the following bond lengths can be determined: the distance between the tungsten atoms in a hexagonally packed layer is 291 pm, the shortest distance between tungsten atoms in adjoining layers is 284 pm, and the tungsten carbon bond length is 220 pm. The tungsten-carbon bond length is therefore comparable to the single bond in (218 pm) in which there is strongly distorted trigonal prismatic coordination of tungsten. Molecular WC has been investigated and this gas phase species has a bond length of 171 pm for . Sintered tungsten carbide - cobalt cutting tools are very abrasion

title: Tungsten diselenide

text: Tungsten diselenide Tungsten diselenide is an inorganic compound with the formula WSe. The compound adopts a hexagonal crystalline structure similar to molybdenum disulfide. Every tungsten atom is covalently bonded to six selenium ligands in a trigonal prismatic coordination sphere while each selenium is bonded to three tungsten atoms in a pyramidal geometry. The tungsten–selenium bond has a length of 0.2526 nm, and the distance between selenium atoms is 0.334 nm. Layers stack together via van der Waals interactions. WSe is a very stable semiconductor in the group-VI transition metal dichalcogenides. Heating thin films of tungsten under pressure from gaseous selenium

title: Tungsten(V) bromide

text: Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) bromide is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula WBr. The compound consists of bioctahedral structure, with two bridging bromide ligands, so its molecular formula is WBr. Tungsten(V) bromide is prepared by treating tungsten powder with bromine in the temperature range 650-1000 °C. The product is often contaminated with tungsten hexabromide. According to X-ray diffraction, the structure for tungsten pentabromide consists of an edge-shared bioctahedron. Tungsten(V) bromide is the precursor to an other tungsten compounds by reduction reactions. For example, tungsten(IV) bromide can be prepared by reduction with aluminium or tungsten. The WBr can be purified by

title: Palm Tungsten

text: a fixed input area used in the Tungsten E, E2, T, and T2. It retained the shape of the Tungsten E, but is slightly thicker, instead of the shape of Tungsten T series, where its name comes from. The Tungsten T5 is the first Palm PDA to have a 320x480 pixel screen that is all revealed instead of the "slider" used in the Tungsten T3, T2, and T, though other brands have had sliderless HVGA displays for years. It is also the first to have 256 MB of memory (versus 64 MB in the Tungsten T3), with 161.2 MB configured

title: Tungsten disilicide

text: Tungsten disilicide Tungsten silicide (WSi) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of tungsten. It is an electrically conductive ceramic material. Tungsten silicide can react violently with substances such as strong acids, fluorine, oxidizers, and interhalogens. It is used in microelectronics as a contact material, with resistivity 60–80 μΩ cm; it forms at 1000 °C. It is often used as a shunt over polysilicon lines to increase their conductivity and increase signal speed. Tungsten silicide layers can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition, e.g. using monosilane or dichlorosilane with tungsten hexafluoride as source gases. The deposited film is non-stoichiometric, and requires

title: Tungsten hexachloride

text: (R = alkyl, aryl). Reduction of WCl gives, sequentially, tungsten(V) chloride and tungsten(IV) chloride. WCl is an aggressively corrosive oxidant, and hydrolyzes to release hydrogen chloride. Tungsten hexachloride Tungsten hexachloride is the chemical compound of tungsten and chlorine with the formula WCl. This dark violet blue species exists as a volatile solid under standard conditions. It is an important starting reagent in the preparation of tungsten compounds. Other examples of charge-neutral hexachlorides are ReCl and MoCl. The highly volatile WF is also known. As a d ion, W(VI) forms diamagnetic derivatives. The hexachloride is octahedral with equivalent W–Cl distances of

title: Copper–tungsten

text: Copper–tungsten Copper–tungsten (tungsten–copper, CuW, or WCu) is a mixture of copper and tungsten. As copper and tungsten are not mutually soluble, the material is composed of distinct particles of one metal dispersed in a matrix of the other one. The microstructure is therefore rather a metal matrix composite instead of a true alloy. The material combines the properties of both metals, resulting in a material that is heat-resistant, ablation-resistant, highly thermally and electrically conductive, and easy to machine. Parts are made from the CuW composite by pressing the tungsten particles into the desired shape, sintering the compacted part, then infiltrating

title: Tungsten

text: at left). Tungsten(VI) oxide is soluble in aqueous base , forming tungstate (WO). This oxyanion condenses at lower pH values, forming polyoxotungstates. The broad range of oxidation states of tungsten is reflected in it various chlorides: Organotungsten compounds are numerous and also span a range of oxidation states. Notable examples include the trigonal prismatic W(CH) and octahedral W(CO). About 61,300 tonnes of tungsten concentrates were produced in the year 2009, and in 2010, world production of tungsten was about 68,000 tonnes. The main producers were as follows (data in tonnes): There is additional production in the U.S., but the amount

title: Palm Tungsten

text: and have four buttons for built-in applications. The Palm Universal Connector was used by the Tungsten T, Tungsten T2, Tungsten T3, Tungsten C, Tungsten W, for cradles and accessories, while the Tungsten E used a mini-USB connection; the Tungsten T5, Tungsten E2 and TX used an Athena Connector also known as the multi-connector. All Tungsten handhelds include Dataviz's Documents To Go office suite and some version of Kinoma Player, with the exception of the Tungsten W. Palm's Tungsten E was the cheapest of the Tungsten series, and as such, has been one of the most successful. It has 32 megabytes

title: Tungsten

text: designs using the Gerlich squeeze bore principle to achieve very high muzzle velocity and enhanced armor penetration from comparatively small caliber and light weight field artillery. The weapons were highly effective but a shortage of tungsten used in the shell core limited that effectiveness. Tungsten has also been used in Dense Inert Metal Explosives, which use it as dense powder to reduce collateral damage while increasing the lethality of explosives within a small radius. Tungsten(IV) sulfide is a high temperature lubricant and is a component of catalysts for hydrodesulfurization. MoS is more commonly used for such applications. Tungsten oxides are

title: Tungsten

text: potential applications in nanoelectronics and importantly as pH probes and gas sensors. In similarity to silicon nanowires, tungsten nanowires are frequently produced from a bulk tungsten precursor followed by a thermal oxidation step to control morphology in terms of length and aspect ratio. Using the Deal–Grove model it is possible to predict the oxidation kinetics of nanowires fabricated through such thermal oxidation processing. Tungsten, at atomic number "Z" = 74, is the heaviest element known to be biologically functional. It is used by some bacteria and archaea, but not in eukaryotes. For example, enzymes called oxidoreductases use tungsten similarly to

title: Tungsten

text: Tungsten Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The name "tungsten" comes from the former Swedish name for the tungstate mineral "scheelite", "tung sten" or "heavy stone". Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds rather than alone. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite. The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the

title: Tungsten

text: General Electric's attempt to patent it, overturning granted in 1913 to William D. Coolidge. Tungsten Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The name "tungsten" comes from the former Swedish name for the tungstate mineral "scheelite", "tung sten" or "heavy stone". Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively combined with other elements in chemical compounds rather than alone. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite. The free element is remarkable for its

title: Tungsten film

text: shot at night. Tungsten slide films are designed to provide accurate exposure as well as color rendition even when exposed according to exposure meter readings indicating a long exposure; tungsten film can be used to avoid reciprocity failure which often occurs when using long exposures. Common film speeds for tungsten-balanced slide film are ISO 64, 160, and 320. Tungsten film Tungsten film is photographic film designed to accurately represent colors as perceived by humans under tungsten light; the more usual color films are "daylight films", balanced to produce accurate colours under direct light from the sun or electronic flash. Tungsten

title: Tungsten

text: for an alloy of tungsten, with other metallic elements added to improve machining. Tungsten, usually alloyed with nickel and iron or cobalt to form heavy alloys, is used in kinetic energy penetrators as an alternative to depleted uranium, in applications where uranium's radioactivity is problematic even in depleted form, or where uranium's additional pyrophoric properties are not desired (for example, in ordinary small arms bullets designed to penetrate body armor). Similarly, tungsten alloys have also been used in cannon shells, grenades and missiles, to create supersonic shrapnel. Germany used tungsten during World War II to produce shells for anti-tank gun

title: Tungsten

text: so. WC is used to make wear-resistant abrasives, and "carbide" cutting tools such as knives, drills, circular saws, milling and turning tools used by the metalworking, woodworking, mining, petroleum and construction industries. Carbide tooling is actually a ceramic/metal composite, where metallic cobalt acts as a binding (matrix) material to hold the WC particles in place. This type of industrial use accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption. The jewelry industry makes rings of sintered tungsten carbide, tungsten carbide/metal composites, and also metallic tungsten. WC/metal composite rings use nickel as the metal matrix in place of cobalt because it takes

title: Tungsten hexafluoride

text: Teflon gaskets. Hexafluorides are known with other metals and metalloids. Such MF compounds characteristically form dense gases, however, when element M is heavier than tungsten, the compound is either liquid or solid at room temperature. Tungsten hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride, also known as tungsten hexafluoride, is an inorganic compound with the formula WF. It is a toxic, corrosive, colorless gas, with a density of about 13 g/L (roughly 11 times heavier than air.) It is one of the heaviest known gases under standard conditions. WF is commonly used by the semiconductor industry to form tungsten films, through the process of chemical

title: Tungsten carbide

text: cobalt serves as the matrix. Tungsten carbide is often used in armor-piercing ammunition, especially where depleted uranium is not available or is politically unacceptable. However, it is also common to use powder metallurgic tungsten alloys (in which metallic tungsten powder has been cemented with a metallic binder). projectiles were first used by German Luftwaffe tank-hunter squadrons in World War II. Owing to the limited German reserves of tungsten, material was reserved for making machine tools and small numbers of projectiles. It is an effective penetrator due to its combination of great hardness and very high density. Tungsten carbide in its

title: Tungsten hexacarbonyl

text: W(CO) is a dangerous source of volatile metal as well as CO. Tungsten hexacarbonyl Tungsten hexacarbonyl (also called tungsten carbonyl) is the chemical compound with the formula W(CO). This complex gave rise to the first example of a dihydrogen complex. This colorless compound, like its chromium and molybdenum analogs, is noteworthy as a volatile, air-stable derivative of tungsten in its zero oxidation state. W(CO) is prepared by the reduction of WCl under a pressure of carbon monoxide. The compound is relatively air-stable. It is sparingly soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. Tungsten carbonyl is widely used in electron beam-induced deposition technique

title: Tungsten hexacarbonyl

text: Tungsten hexacarbonyl Tungsten hexacarbonyl (also called tungsten carbonyl) is the chemical compound with the formula W(CO). This complex gave rise to the first example of a dihydrogen complex. This colorless compound, like its chromium and molybdenum analogs, is noteworthy as a volatile, air-stable derivative of tungsten in its zero oxidation state. W(CO) is prepared by the reduction of WCl under a pressure of carbon monoxide. The compound is relatively air-stable. It is sparingly soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. Tungsten carbonyl is widely used in electron beam-induced deposition technique - it is easily vaporized and decomposed by the electron beam providing

title: Tungsten carbide

text: National Toxicology Program. Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes through a process called sintering for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, abrasives, armor-piercing rounds, other tools and instruments, and jewelry. Tungsten carbide is approximately twice as stiff as steel, with a Young's modulus of approximately 530–700 GPa (77,000 to 102,000 ksi), and is double the density of steel—nearly midway between that of lead

title: Tungsten carbide

text: Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms. In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed into shapes through a process called sintering for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, abrasives, armor-piercing rounds, other tools and instruments, and jewelry. Tungsten carbide is approximately twice as stiff as steel, with a Young's modulus of approximately 530–700 GPa (77,000 to 102,000 ksi), and is double the density of steel—nearly midway between that of lead and gold. It

title: Tungsten

text: metatungstate ion exists as a symmetric cluster of twelve tungsten-oxygen octahedra known as the Keggin anion. Many other polyoxometalate anions exist as metastable species. The inclusion of a different atom such as phosphorus in place of the two central hydrogens in metatungstate produces a wide variety of heteropoly acids, such as phosphotungstic acid HPWO. Tungsten trioxide can form intercalation compounds with alkali metals. These are known as "bronzes"; an example is sodium tungsten bronze. In 1781, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid, tungstic acid, could be made from scheelite (at the time named tungsten). Scheele and Torbern Bergman

title: Tungsten carbide

text: rings has also led to consumers calling the material "tungsten". Tungsten carbide is prepared by reaction of tungsten metal and carbon at 1400–2000 °C. Other methods include a patented lower temperature fluid bed process that reacts either tungsten metal or blue with CO/ mixture and between 900 and 1200 °C. WC can also be produced by heating with graphite: directly at 900 °C or in hydrogen at 670 °C following by carburization in argon at 1000 °C. Chemical vapor deposition methods that have been investigated include: There are two well-characterized compounds of tungsten and carbon, WC and tungsten semicarbide, .

title: Tungsten

text: often brittle and hard to work. If made very pure, tungsten retains its hardness (which exceeds that of many steels), and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily. It is worked by forging, drawing, or extruding. Tungsten objects are also commonly formed by sintering. Of all metals in pure form, tungsten has the highest melting point (3422 °C, 6192 °F), lowest vapor pressure (at temperatures above 1650 °C, 3000 °F), and the highest tensile strength. Although carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than tungsten, carbon sublimes at atmospheric pressure instead of melting, so it has no melting point.

title: Tungsten film

text: Tungsten film Tungsten film is photographic film designed to accurately represent colors as perceived by humans under tungsten light; the more usual color films are "daylight films", balanced to produce accurate colours under direct light from the sun or electronic flash. Tungsten film was developed for photographers who use tungsten lights, also known as photofloods, which have a much lower color temperature than daylight, at 3200 kelvins. It also renders colors more accurately than daylight film under ordinary household incandescent lighting. On daylight-balanced film tungsten lighting produces a spectrally accurate rendition of a scene; but human vision adjusts to the

title: Tungsten dichloride dioxide

text: Tungsten dichloride dioxide Tungsten dichloride dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula WOCl. It is a yellow-colored solid. It is used as a precursor to other tungsten compounds. Like other tungsten halides, WOCl is sensitive to moisture, undergoing hydrolysis. WOCl is prepared by ligand redistribution reaction from tungsten trioxide and tungsten hexachloride: Using a two-zone tube furnace, a vacuum-sealed tube containing these solids is heated to 350 °C. The yellow product sublimes to the cooler end of the reaction tube. No redox occurs in this process. An alternative route highlights the oxophilicity of tungsten: This reaction, like the preceding

title: Tungsten

text: W with a half-life of 69.4 days, W with a half-life of 21.6 days, and W with a half-life of 23.72 h. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 3 hours, and most of these have half-lives below 8 minutes. Tungsten also has 4 meta states, the most stable being W ("t" 6.4 minutes). Elemental tungsten resists attack by oxygen, acids, and alkalis. The most common formal oxidation state of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from −2 to +6. Tungsten typically combines with oxygen to form the yellow tungstic oxide, WO, which

title: Copper–tungsten

text: the air are as an arc tip, arc plate, and an arc runner. Copper tungsten materials are often used for arcing contacts in SF circuit breakers that require medium and high voltages. The copper tungsten used in these circuit breakers is subject to temperatures above 20,000K, which is reached during arcing. Copper tungsten arc contacts resist arc erosion. The Spark Erosion (EDM) process calls for copper tungsten. Usually, this process is used with graphite, but as tungsten has a high melting point (3420 C) this allows the CuW electrodes to have a longer service life than the graphite electrodes. This

title: Tungsten(V) bromide

text: chemical vapor transport. Excess tungsten pentabromide and aluminum tribromide are then removed by sublimation at 240 °C. Tungsten(II) bromide can then be obtained heating the tetrabromide. At 450-500 °C, gaseous pentabromide is evolved leaving yellow-green residue of WBr. An analogous method can also be applied to the synthesis of tungsten(II) chloride. Because it is relatively easy to reduce tungsten pentahalides, they can be used as alternative synthetic routes to tungsten (IV) halide adducts. For example, reaction of WBr with pyridine gives WBr(py). Tungsten(V) bromide Tungsten(V) bromide is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula WBr. The compound consists of bioctahedral

title: Here Is What Is

text: Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It was first released in December 2007 as a high-quality download, and later released on CD on March 18, 2008. The album is the result of the same project that led to the 2007 documentary "Here Is What Is" that premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival in September. The movie documents the aesthetics and creative process behind Lanois' approach to music making and recording. The album has been presented as a direct soundtrack to this film, and

title: Tungsten(IV) chloride

text: alternatingly bonding (2.688 Å) and nonbonding (3.787 Å). Tungsten(IV) chloride Tungsten(IV)-chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula WCl. It is a diamagnetic black solid. The compound is of interest in research as one of a handful of binary tungsten chlorides. WCl is usually prepared by reduction tungsten hexachloride. Many reductants have been reported, including red phosphorus, tungsten hexacarbonyl, gallium, tin, and antimony. The latter is reported to be optimal: Like most binary metal halides, WCl is polymeric. It consists of a linear chains of tungsten atoms each in octahedral geometry. Of six chloride ligands attached to each W center,

title: Tungsten dichloride dioxide

text: of the inorganic solid, but are generated in situ from WOCl. Tungsten dichloride dioxide Tungsten dichloride dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula WOCl. It is a yellow-colored solid. It is used as a precursor to other tungsten compounds. Like other tungsten halides, WOCl is sensitive to moisture, undergoing hydrolysis. WOCl is prepared by ligand redistribution reaction from tungsten trioxide and tungsten hexachloride: Using a two-zone tube furnace, a vacuum-sealed tube containing these solids is heated to 350 °C. The yellow product sublimes to the cooler end of the reaction tube. No redox occurs in this process. An alternative

title: Tungsten(IV) chloride

text: Tungsten(IV) chloride Tungsten(IV)-chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula WCl. It is a diamagnetic black solid. The compound is of interest in research as one of a handful of binary tungsten chlorides. WCl is usually prepared by reduction tungsten hexachloride. Many reductants have been reported, including red phosphorus, tungsten hexacarbonyl, gallium, tin, and antimony. The latter is reported to be optimal: Like most binary metal halides, WCl is polymeric. It consists of a linear chains of tungsten atoms each in octahedral geometry. Of six chloride ligands attached to each W center, four are bridging ligands. The W-W separations are

title: Tungsten (music)

text: tracks the grooves properly. The needle continues to wear as it plays the record, so that by the end its diameter has increased to the point where the sharp edges may damage the grooves on subsequent plays. One famous brand of tungsten stylus was the Tungs-Tone stylus, manufactured by the Victor Talking Machine Company in the 1910s and 1920s. Tungsten (music) A Tungsten or Tungs-Tone is a type of phonograph stylus. Constructed from tungsten wire, held in a metal shank, a tungsten stylus differs from a steel stylus in that it has a cylindrical rather than a conical shape, meaning

title: Tungsten trioxide

text: Tungsten has a rich history dating back to its discovery during the 18th century. Peter Woulfe was the first to recognize a new element in the naturally occurring mineral wolframite. Tungsten was originally known as wolfram, explaining the choice of "W" for its elemental symbol. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele contributed to its discovery with his studies on the mineral scheelite. In 1841, a chemist named Robert Oxland gave the first procedures for preparing tungsten trioxide and sodium tungstate. He was granted patents for his work soon after, and is considered to be the founder of systematic tungsten chemistry. Tungsten

title: Palm Tungsten

text: superseded in April 2005, when palmOne released the Tungsten E2. The Tungsten E2, introduced on April 13, 2005 replaced the similarly named Tungsten E, has 32 MB of memory (29.7 available), a 200 MHz Intel XScale processor, 320x320 Transflective TFT color display, and runs Palm OS Garnet v5.4.7. It is and weighs . It has a standard 3.5 mm headphone jack, a longer-lasting battery than the Tungsten E, has Bluetooth capability, and a single speaker on the back. Much like the Tungsten T5 and Treo 650, it uses non-volatile flash memory, this time in the form of "Non-Volatile File System",

title: Tungsten

text: "tungsten" (from the Swedish "tung sten", "heavy stone") is used in English, French, and many other languages as the name of the element, but not in the Nordic countries. "Tungsten" was the old Swedish name for the mineral scheelite. "Wolfram" (or "volfram") is used in most European (especially Germanic and Slavic) languages and is derived from the mineral wolframite, which is the origin of the chemical symbol W. The name "wolframite" is derived from German ""wolf rahm"" ("wolf soot" or "wolf cream"), the name given to tungsten by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747. This, in turn, derives from ""lupi spuma"",

title: Palm Tungsten

text: disassemble the PDA and remove and reinstall these connectors. The Tungsten T was succeeded by the Tungsten T2. The Tungsten T2, introduced in July 2003 for US$399, was simply a minor update to the Tungsten T, and had exactly the same form factor. (Save for the label and the T|T2's slightly lighter case color, they are superficially identical.) The memory was increased to 32 megabytes, the screen was replaced with a superior (backlight) TFT LCD of the same size and resolution, Palm OS upgraded to 5.2.1, Graffiti replaced with Graffiti2. Since it is much like the Tungsten T model, PalmOne

title: Palm Tungsten

text: Palm Tungsten The Tungsten series was Palm, Inc.'s line of business-class Palm OS-based PDAs. The Tungsten series was introduced in October 2002, created as a "prosumer" line priced at $199 to $300 to compete with the popular Sony Clie and Windows Mobile PDAs. The first device in the line was the Tungsten T, making it the first Palm PDA to be labeled with a letter rather than a number and to run Palm OS 5. All of the Tungsten PDAs have a few attributes in common: All models except the Tungsten C, W, and E have Bluetooth. The Tungsten C

title: Tungsten hexafluoride

text: silicon is being consumed at higher temperatures. The deposition occurs selectively on pure Si only, but not on silicon oxide or nitride, thus the reaction is highly sensitive to contamination or substrate pre-treatment. The decomposition reaction is fast, but saturates when the tungsten layer thickness reaches 10–15 micrometers. The saturation occurs because the tungsten layer stops diffusion of WF molecules to the Si substrate which is the only catalyst of molecular decomposition in this process. If the deposition occurs not in an inert but in an oxygen containing atmosphere (air) then instead of tungsten, a tungsten oxide layer is produced.

title: Tungsten

text: the name Georg Agricola used for the element in 1546, which translates into English as "wolf's froth" and is a reference to the large amounts of tin consumed by the mineral during its extraction. Tungsten is found mainly in the minerals wolframite (iron–manganese tungstate (Fe,Mn)WO, which is a solid solution of the two minerals ferberite FeWO, and hübnerite MnWO) and scheelite (calcium tungstate (CaWO). Other tungsten minerals range in their level of abundance from moderate to very rare, and have almost no economical value. Tungsten forms chemical compounds in oxidation states from -II to VI. Higher oxidation states, always as

title: Tungsten ditelluride

text: Tungsten ditelluride Tungsten(IV) telluride (WTe) is an inorganic semimetallic chemical compound. In October 2014, tungsten ditelluride was discovered to exhibit an extremely large magnetoresistance: 13 million percent with no known saturation point. The resistance is proportional to the square of the magnetic field. This may be due to the material being the first example of a compensated semimetal, in which the number of mobile holes is the same as the number of electrons. The structure of tungsten ditelluride is layered, and the substance can be exfoliated into thin sheets down to monolayers. However electrons can easily move between the layers,

title: Tungsten hexafluoride

text: Tungsten hexafluoride Tungsten(VI) fluoride, also known as tungsten hexafluoride, is an inorganic compound with the formula WF. It is a toxic, corrosive, colorless gas, with a density of about 13 g/L (roughly 11 times heavier than air.) It is one of the heaviest known gases under standard conditions. WF is commonly used by the semiconductor industry to form tungsten films, through the process of chemical vapor deposition. This layer serves as a low-resistivity metallic "interconnect". It is one of seventeen known binary hexafluorides. The WF molecule is octahedral with the symmetry point group of O. The W–F bond distances are

title: Palm Tungsten

text: ability to use WiFi, but only as an add-on SDIO card made by PalmOne (now TCL Corporation). Palm's WiFi card is manufactured by SyChip. Encryption is restricted to WEP, the E2 does not offer WPA or WPA2. The maximum size SD card supported on the Tungsten E2 is 1 GB due to a software limitation. In order to read larger SD and SDHC cards an upgraded driver is required. The previous model (Tungsten E) has been reported to be capable of using 2 GB SD cards. The second Tungsten, the Tungsten T, introduced in November 2002 and known during development

title: Tungsten(IV) fluoride

text: tungsten metal. Tungsten(IV) fluoride Tungsten tetrafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula WF. This little studied solid has been invoked, together with tungsten pentafluoride, as an intermediate in the chemical vapor deposition of tungsten films using tungsten hexafluoride. Tungsten tetrafluoride was found to have polymeric structure based on Mössbauer spectroscopy. It has been prepared by treatment of the coordination complex WCl(MeCN) with AsF. It has been produced by from the reaction of WF and a W filament at 600-800 °C. The compound can be re-oxidized to W(VI) compounds by treatment with fluorine and chlorine: Upon heating, it disproportionates to

title: Tungsten carbide

text: is comparable with corundum (α-) in hardness and can only be polished and finished with abrasives of superior hardness such as cubic boron nitride and diamond powder, wheels, and compounds. Historically referred to as Wolfram, "Wolf Rahm", wolframite ore discovered by Peter Woulfe was then later carburized and cemented with a binder creating a composite now called "cemented tungsten carbide". Tungsten is Swedish for "heavy stone". Colloquially among workers in various industries (such as machining and carpentry), tungsten carbide is often simply called "carbide", despite the imprecision of the usage. Among the lay public, the growing popularity of tungsten carbide

title: Tungsten

text: dissolves in aqueous alkaline solutions to form tungstate ions, . Tungsten carbides (WC and WC) are produced by heating powdered tungsten with carbon. WC is resistant to chemical attack, although it reacts strongly with chlorine to form tungsten hexachloride (WCl). In aqueous solution, tungstate gives the heteropoly acids and polyoxometalate anions under neutral and acidic conditions. As tungstate is progressively treated with acid, it first yields the soluble, metastable "paratungstate A" anion, , which over time converts to the less soluble "paratungstate B" anion, . Further acidification produces the very soluble metatungstate anion, , after which equilibrium is reached. The

title: Tungsten (music)

text: Tungsten (music) A Tungsten or Tungs-Tone is a type of phonograph stylus. Constructed from tungsten wire, held in a metal shank, a tungsten stylus differs from a steel stylus in that it has a cylindrical rather than a conical shape, meaning that the cross-section of the stylus remains the same as the stylus wears down improving durability to several plays. Typically, a new steel needle is required for every record played on an old acoustic phonograph. This is because the record contains abrasive material. In the first few silent tracks this abrasion hones the steel needle to a profile that

title: Tungsten

text: used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten (or molybdenum) on silicon. The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for X-ray targets, and also for shielding from high-energy radiations (such as in the radiopharmaceutical industry for shielding radioactive samples of FDG). It is also used in gamma imaging as a material from which coded apertures are made, due to its excellent shielding properties. Tungsten powder is used as a filler material in plastic composites, which are used as a nontoxic substitute for lead in bullets, shot, and radiation shields. Since this element's thermal expansion

title: Tungsten borides

text: Tungsten borides Tungsten borides are compounds of tungsten and boron. Their most remarkable property is high hardness. The Vickers hardness of WB or WB crystals is ~20 GPa and that of WB is ~30 GPa for loads exceeding 3 N. Single crystals of WB, "x"=0.07–0.17 (about 1 cm diameter, 6 cm length) were produced by the floating zone method, and WB crystals can be grown by arc-melting a mixture of elemental tungsten and boron. WB has the same hexagonal structure as most diborides (AlB, MgB, etc.). WB has several forms, α(tetragonal), β (orthorhombic) and δ (tetragonal). δ-WB and WB crystals

title: Tungsten Network

text: one of the first vendors to push an “open network” concept, along with Basware. Tungsten Network currently serves 72% of Fortune 500 companies and 70% of the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index (FTSE). In the fall of 2017, Tungsten released its inaugural Friction Index report to showcase the amount of time that is being spent on inefficient practices. Tungsten Network is Tungsten’s core business, a worldwide buyer-supplier community that processed over £133 billion in transactions in fiscal year 2016. The network processes invoices and purchase order transactions through Tungsten Network’s online portal, with the aim to reduce human touch

title: Tungsten Network

text: of AP Automation. The company announced its release of Tungsten Bank in 2015 to Wyelands Holdings for $45 million. Shares on the London Stock Exchange (TUNG) increased 3.9% following this transaction. Tungsten saw a 20% increased revenue in 2016's final quarter - thanks to a new supplier portal launch and transmitting 16.1 million invoices in 175 countries. Tungsten is the only electronic network that has a bank, and is now regulated as a bank after months of effort. Tungsten Network provides professional electronic services for accounts payable and accounts receivable to over 203,000 suppliers in 175 countries. The company was

title: Tungsten Network

text: Tungsten Network Tungsten Network is a global electronic invoicing firm that provides supply chain financing services from international offices in the United Kingdom, United States, Bulgaria, Germany, and Malaysia. As a small- to medium-sized IT company, they have an estimated revenue of £31.3 million (GBP) as of July 2017. Tungsten Corporation Plc (TUNG) is reported to trade regularly on the London Stock Exchange. Main competitors in this arena include Tradeshift, Coupa, Ariba, Basware, Taulia and iPayables. Tungsten Network "was founded [in 2013] by Edmund Truell and Danny Truell to identify and acquire a company, business or asset within the financial

title: Palm Tungsten

text: Tungsten line slider. With many other additional features, the T3 was released with the same $399 retail price tag as the Tungsten T2 until the release of the Tungsten T5, when it was reduced to $349. Like the Tungsten T and T2, the T3 still has a front-facing speaker, microphone, vibrating alarm, indicator light, and all of their other features. Like the Tungsten E, the Tungsten T3 came with an enhanced PIM Suite which categorized all appointments and tasks on the Calendar (formerly Date Book) screen. The Enhanced PIM Software also has an improved Task suite (formerly To Do List)

title: Tungsten Network

text: as well as Sofia, Bulgaria and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tungsten officially purchased OB10 in October 2013. Tungsten Corporation finalized the acquisition of OB10 in October 2013, rebranding the e-invoicing platform “Tungsten Network”. Tungsten purchased OB10 for £99 million, as well as having signed a five-year agreement to license @UK’s Spend Analysis software. Tungsten Network provides a global cloud-based trading network built on OB10’s e-invoicing platform. The service integrates client billing and accounting systems with their suppliers’ invoicing and accounting systems. In September 2014, Tungsten acquired DocuSphere – a US-based provider of invoice-automation services. The purchase was funded by a share

title: (What Is) Love?

text: (What Is) Love? "(What Is) Love?" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled "What Is Love?", the song appeared on the soundtrack to "The Back-up Plan" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. The song was later included on Lopez's seventh studio album "Love?" (2011), as the album's title track. "(What Is) Love?" is a midtempo electropop song written by Diana "Wynter" Gordon, with the song's producer Emile "D'Mile" Dernst II. The song is about "not knowing what love is," according to Gordon. A remix of "(What Is) Love?", entitled "What Is Love? Part II", was

title: Here Is What Is

text: some of the tracks ("Beauty" and "Chest of Drawers") are conversations with Brian Eno. All songs written by Daniel Lanois unless otherwise noted. "Where Will I Be" is a new version of a song which had been previously released on Emmylou Harris' album "Wrecking Ball" in 1995. "Lovechild" and "Sacred And Secular" tracks incorporates, respectively, the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Carla", on Belladonna album, and the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Transmitter", on Shine album. Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It

title: Sodium tungsten bronze

text: melt of the reactants with electricity rather than with hydrogen. Microwave synthesis is also possible, using tungsten powder as the reducing agent. Hydrothermal (both batch and flow) syntheses are also possible. The sodium in this compound can be replaced by other alkali metals to form their tungsten bronzes, and by other metals such as tin and lead. Molybdenum bronzes also exist but are less stable than their tungsten counterparts. Sodium tungsten bronze Sodium tungsten bronze is a form of insertion compound with the formula NaWO, where "x" is equal to or less than 1. Named due to its metallic lustre,

title: Tungsten

text: used in ceramic glazes and calcium/magnesium tungstates are used widely in fluorescent lighting. Crystal tungstates are used as scintillation detectors in nuclear physics and nuclear medicine. Other salts that contain tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten oxide (WO) is incorporated into selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts found in coal-fired power plants. These catalysts convert nitrogen oxides (NO) to nitrogen (N) and water (HO) using ammonia (NH). The tungsten oxide helps with the physical strength of the catalyst and extends catalyst life. Applications requiring its high density include weights, counterweights, ballast keels for yachts, tail ballast for

title: Tungsten(IV) fluoride

text: Tungsten(IV) fluoride Tungsten tetrafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula WF. This little studied solid has been invoked, together with tungsten pentafluoride, as an intermediate in the chemical vapor deposition of tungsten films using tungsten hexafluoride. Tungsten tetrafluoride was found to have polymeric structure based on Mössbauer spectroscopy. It has been prepared by treatment of the coordination complex WCl(MeCN) with AsF. It has been produced by from the reaction of WF and a W filament at 600-800 °C. The compound can be re-oxidized to W(VI) compounds by treatment with fluorine and chlorine: Upon heating, it disproportionates to WF and

title: Tungsten carbide

text: and other abrasive surfaces. Car, motorcycle and bicycle tires with tungsten carbide studs provide better traction on ice. The tungsten carbide insert protruding from inside of a zinc or aluminium seating is commonly called a "soul" in the tire manufacturing business. These are generally preferred to steel studs because of their superior resistance to wear. Tungsten carbide may be used in farriery, the shoeing of horses, to improve traction on slippery surfaces such as roads or ice. Carbide-tipped hoof nails may be used to attach the shoes, or alternatively Borium, a trademark for tungsten carbide in a matrix of softer

title: Tungsten(III) oxide

text: foils. Tungsten(III) oxide Tungsten(III) oxide (WO) is a compound of tungsten and oxygen. It has been reported (2006) as being grown as a thin film by atomic layer deposition at temperatures between 140 and 240 °C using W(N(CH)) as a precursor. It is not referred to in major textbooks. Some older literature refers to the compound WO but as the atomic weight of tungsten was believed at the time to be 92, i.e., approximately half the modern accepted value of 183.84, the compound actually being referred to was WO. Tungsten(III) oxide is used in various types of infrared absorbing coatings

title: Tungsten(III) oxide

text: Tungsten(III) oxide Tungsten(III) oxide (WO) is a compound of tungsten and oxygen. It has been reported (2006) as being grown as a thin film by atomic layer deposition at temperatures between 140 and 240 °C using W(N(CH)) as a precursor. It is not referred to in major textbooks. Some older literature refers to the compound WO but as the atomic weight of tungsten was believed at the time to be 92, i.e., approximately half the modern accepted value of 183.84, the compound actually being referred to was WO. Tungsten(III) oxide is used in various types of infrared absorbing coatings and

title: Drake Tungsten

text: shows since at least early 2006 (see ). The pseudonym "Drake Tungsten" appears to be an homage to Episode 410 (first airing in 1992) of the comic television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. "Drake Tungsten" was one of several "tough guy names" proposed by the characters to fit the model of a monosyllabic first name followed by a metal or hard surface as a last name. Others included "Nick Pigiron" and "Russ Tilefloor." Drake Tungsten Drake Tungsten was the pseudonym that singer/songwriter Britt Daniel performed under from 1994 to 1996 as a solo artist. Britt Daniel is an indie rock

title: Tungsten Network

text: payment options. Originally launched in 2015, Tungsten Network Early Payment works by allowing suppliers to submit an electronic invoice via Tungsten Network’s digital platform in order to get paid immediately, rather than having to wait until the end of the payment term for the job. There are no credit checks or administrative delays. Tungsten Network Tungsten Network is a global electronic invoicing firm that provides supply chain financing services from international offices in the United Kingdom, United States, Bulgaria, Germany, and Malaysia. As a small- to medium-sized IT company, they have an estimated revenue of £31.3 million (GBP) as of

title: Tungsten Network

text: placing, rather than an open offer. In July 2015, Richard Hurwitz took over as Group Chief Executive Officer of Tungsten Corporation Plc and Chief Executive Officer at Tungsten Network Limited from Edmund Truell. Previously, Hurwitz had been the Chief Executive Officer for Americas at Tungsten Corporation Plc since October 2014. With 385 company employees as of 2017, Hurwitz is credited with building Tungsten’s executive management and internal teams. Personnel additions include Connie O’Brien, who joined as Chief Marketing Officer in February 2016, Prabhat Vira, the President of Tungsten Network Finance since April 2016, and Kevin Wilbur’s promotion to Vice President

title: Tungsten

text: dose LD depends strongly on the animal and the method of administration and varies between 59 mg/kg (intravenous, rabbits) and 5000 mg/kg (tungsten metal powder, intraperitoneal, rats). People can be exposed to tungsten in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 5 mg/m over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 10 mg/m. Tungsten is unique amongst the elements in that it has been the subject of patent proceedings. In 1928, a US court rejected

title: What a Country!

text: What a Country! What a Country! is an American sitcom that aired in syndication from September 27, 1986 to May 23, 1987. It was based on the 1977-1979 British sitcom "Mind Your Language". The series was intended as somewhat of a showcase for comedian Yakov Smirnoff, whose catchphrase provided the show's title. "What a Country!" is set in a class of recent immigrants to the United States who are trying to pass the citizenship test. Their teacher, Taylor Brown (played by Garrett M. Brown) is an American English language teacher, while the students include Nikolai (a Russian taxi driver), Laszlo

title: Tungsten, Northwest Territories

text: Tungsten, Northwest Territories The townsite of Tungsten (shown as Cantung on some maps) is located at Cantung Mine in the Northwest Territories. It is accessible from Watson Lake, Yukon. Tungsten was built in 1961 and the tungsten mine went into operation in 1962 as a large open pit mine in the Mackenzie Mountains. It originally consisted of several small bungalow houses. Total population of Tungsten during the 1960s was approximately 120 persons, including about 27 families. In 1968 families were housed in 28 units (single and duplex housing). Because of extremely good wages and benefits, turnover rates for the entire

title: What Is Love

text: and produced by German music producer and composer Dee Dee Halligan (Dieter Lünstedt a.k.a. Tony Hendrik) and Junior Torello (Karin Hartmann-Eisenblätter a.k.a. Karin van Haaren) of Coconut Records in Cologne. They were waiting for the right singer for the song. Trinidadian-born singer Nestor Alexander Haddaway was then chosen to sing it. He used to work as a producer, dancer and choreographer before he was signed to Coconut Records. In a 2012 interview Haddaway said about the making of "What Is Love": "What Is Love" was released in Europe in May 1993 and in the US in August 1993. It peaked

title: Tungsten hexafluoride

text: that of WF/SiH, but the tungsten layer becomes contaminated with relatively (compared to Si) heavy germanium up to concentrations of 10–15%. This increases tungsten resistance from about 5 to 200 µΩ·cm. WF can be used for the production of tungsten carbide. As a heavy gas, WF can be used as a buffer to control gas reactions. For example, it slows down the chemistry of the Ar/O/H flame and reduces the flame temperature. Tungsten hexafluoride is an extremely corrosive compound that attacks any tissue. Because of the formation of hydrofluoric acid upon reaction of WF with humidity, WF storage vessels have

title: Tungsten carbide

text: the production of water from hydrogen and oxygen at room temperature, the reduction of tungsten trioxide by hydrogen in the presence of water, and the isomerisation of 2,2-dimethylpropane to 2-methylbutane. It has been proposed as a replacement for the iridium catalyst in hydrazine-powered satellite thrusters. A tungsten carbide coating has been utilized on brake discs in high performance automotive applications to improve performance, increase service intervals and reduce brake dust. The primary health risks associated with tungsten carbide relate to inhalation of dust, leading to fibrosis. Cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide is also anticipated to be a human carcinogen by the American

title: Global Tungsten & Powders Corp.

text: Powders Corp. is made up of several businesses. Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. is a supplier for tungsten and molybdenum powders and specialty products. It is headquartered in Towanda, Pennsylvania and has an additional production site in Bruntál, Czech Republic. The company offers refractory metal powders and specialty products. Since 2008 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. is a fully owned subsidiary of the Plansee Group. To ensure security of supply of raw materials, Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. has signed several long-term supply contracts with tungsten mines in the Western world and took decisive steps

title: Palm Tungsten

text: Palm's old product line. The Tungsten E, though, did not include a vibrating alarm and indicator light like the Palm m500 series had. Since it was released at the same time as the Tungsten T3, it includes the newer PIM apps and the enhanced "agenda view" for quick viewing of to-do items and upcoming calendar items. The Tungsten E has been one of Palm's strongest sellers since its introduction, to the point where its simple slate form factor prevailed over the Tungsten T series' previous slider form factor in the development of the Tungsten T5 and the TX. It was

title: Global Tungsten & Powders Corp.

text: Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. is a supplier for tungsten and molybdenum powders and specialty products. It is headquartered in Towanda, Pennsylvania and has an additional production site in Bruntál, Czech Republic. The company offers refractory metal powders and specialty products. Since 2008 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. is a fully owned subsidiary of the Plansee Group. To ensure security of supply of raw materials, Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. has signed several long-term supply contracts with tungsten mines in the Western world and took decisive steps to expand hard and soft scrap recycling. Global

title: Sodium tungsten bronze

text: that electrons, released when the sodium atoms are ionised, are conducted readily through the tungsten t and oxygen π orbitals. This can be observed in the XPS and UPS spectra: the peak representing the tungsten 5"d" band becomes more intense as "x" rises. For values of "x" below 0.3, the bronze is semiconducting rather than metallic. When cooled sufficiently, sodium tungsten bronze becomes a superconductor, with the critical temperature ("T") for NaWO being approximately 2.2 kelvin. The first record of superconductivity in a tungsten bronze was in 1964, with a "T" of 0.57 K. When "x"=1, sodium tungsten bronze adopts