query: What is the meaning of thalassemia?

title: Thalassemia

text: in favor of voluntary premarital screening to detect carriers of thalassemia and marriage between both carriers are strongly discouraged. Mild thalassemia: people with thalassemia traits do not require medical or follow-up care after the initial diagnosis is made. People with β-thalassemia trait should be warned that their condition can be misdiagnosed as the more common iron deficiency anemia. They should avoid routine use of iron supplements; iron deficiency can develop, though, during pregnancy or from chronic bleeding. Counseling is indicated in all persons with genetic disorders, especially when the family is at risk of a severe form of disease that

title: Thalassemia

text: Thalassemia Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production. Symptoms depend on the type and can vary from none to severe. Often there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood cells). Anemia can result in feeling tired and pale skin. There may also be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, yellowish skin, and dark urine. Slow growth may occur in children. Thalassemias are genetic disorders inherited from a person's parents. There are two main types, alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia. The severity of alpha and beta thalassemia depends on how many of the four genes for alpha globin

title: Thalassemia

text: transcription. Efforts involve trying to disrupt the fetal globin gene promoter. Thalassemia Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production. Symptoms depend on the type and can vary from none to severe. Often there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood cells). Anemia can result in feeling tired and pale skin. There may also be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, yellowish skin, and dark urine. Slow growth may occur in children. Thalassemias are genetic disorders inherited from a person's parents. There are two main types, alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia. The severity of alpha and beta thalassemia

title: Sickle cell-beta thalassemia

text: Sickle cell-beta thalassemia "Sickle cell-beta thalassemia" (Sickle cell-β thalassemia) is an inherited blood disorder. The disease may range in severity from being relatively benign and like sickle cell trait to being similar to sickle cell disease. Patients with sickle cell-beta thalassemia may present with painful crises similar to patients with sickle cell disease Sickle cell-beta thalassemia is caused by inheritance of a sickle cell allele from one parent and a beta thalassemia allele from the other. A sickle allele is always the same mutation of the beta-globin gene (glutamic acid to valine at amino acid six). In contrast, beta-thalassemia alleles

title: Management of thalassemia

text: Management of thalassemia Treatment of the inherited blood disorder thalassemia depends upon the level of severity. For mild forms of the condition, advice and counseling are often all that are necessary. For more severe forms, treatment may consist in blood transfusion; chelation therapy to reverse iron overload, using drugs such as deferoxamine, deferiprone, or deferasirox; medication with the antioxidant indicaxanthin to prevent the breakdown of hemoglobin; or a bone marrow transplant using material from a compatible donor, or from the patient's mother. Population screening has had some success as a preventive measure. Patients with thalassemia gradually accumulate high levels of

title: Management of thalassemia

text: very young people. Management of thalassemia Treatment of the inherited blood disorder thalassemia depends upon the level of severity. For mild forms of the condition, advice and counseling are often all that are necessary. For more severe forms, treatment may consist in blood transfusion; chelation therapy to reverse iron overload, using drugs such as deferoxamine, deferiprone, or deferasirox; medication with the antioxidant indicaxanthin to prevent the breakdown of hemoglobin; or a bone marrow transplant using material from a compatible donor, or from the patient's mother. Population screening has had some success as a preventive measure. Patients with thalassemia gradually accumulate

title: Sickle cell-beta thalassemia

text: and splenectomy is frequently performed. Vaccination against encapsulated bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended. Sickle cell-beta thalassemia "Sickle cell-beta thalassemia" (Sickle cell-β thalassemia) is an inherited blood disorder. The disease may range in severity from being relatively benign and like sickle cell trait to being similar to sickle cell disease. Patients with sickle cell-beta thalassemia may present with painful crises similar to patients with sickle cell disease Sickle cell-beta thalassemia is caused by inheritance of a sickle cell allele from one parent and a beta thalassemia allele from the other. A sickle allele is always the same mutation of the

title: Alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis

text: normal hemoglobin, these variants tend to cause few or no health problems. A loss of two of the four alpha-globin alleles results in alpha thalassemia trait. People with alpha thalassemia trait may have unusually small, pale red blood cells and mild anemia. A loss of one alpha-globin allele is found in alpha thalassemia silent carriers. These individuals typically live a life with no thalassemia related signs or symptoms. Alpha thalassemia is a faintly common blood disorder worldwide. Thousands of infants with Hb Bart syndrome and HbH disease are born each year, particularly in Southeast Asia. Alpha thalassemia also occurs frequently

title: Beta thalassemia

text: patient age is 23 with only 1% of consultants the patient is older than 75 and 69% were 15-59 year olds. The Children’s Hospital Oakland formed an international network to combat thalassemia. “It is the world’s most common genetic blood disorder and is rapidly increasing”. 7% of the world’s population are carriers and 400,000 babies are born with the trait annually. It is usually fatal in infancy if blood transfusions are not initiated immediately. Beta thalassemia Beta thalassemias (β thalassemias) are a group of inherited blood disorders. They are forms of thalassemia caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the

text: Alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis Alpha Thalassemia-Abnormal Morphogensis is a group of blood disorders that affect the way the body makes hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It's made up of alpha globin and beta globin. Normally each person has four genes for alpha globin, Alpha thalassemia happens when one or more of the genes that control the making of alpha globin is absent or defective. It can cause anemia ranging from mild to severe. Also causing Genital abnormalities and terminal transverse limb defectiveness which is why it is called abnormal

text: blood pressure with swelling (preeclampsia), premature delivery, and abnormal bleeding. Alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis Alpha Thalassemia-Abnormal Morphogensis is a group of blood disorders that affect the way the body makes hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It's made up of alpha globin and beta globin. Normally each person has four genes for alpha globin, Alpha thalassemia happens when one or more of the genes that control the making of alpha globin is absent or defective. It can cause anemia ranging from mild to severe. Also causing Genital abnormalities and terminal

title: Beta thalassemia

text: survival advantage on carriers (known as heterozygous advantage), thus perpetuating the mutation. In that respect, the various thalassemias resemble another genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin, sickle-cell disease. The disorder affects all genders but is more prevalent in certain ethnicities and age groups. 20 people die per year causing thalassemia to be listed as a “rare disease”. In the United States, thalassemia’s prevalence is approximately 1 in 272,000 or 1,000 people. There have been 4,000 hospitalized cases in England in 2002 and 9,233 consultant episodes for thalassemia. Men accounted for 53% of hospital consultant episodes and women accounted for 47%. The mean

title: Beta thalassemia

text: Beta thalassemia Beta thalassemias (β thalassemias) are a group of inherited blood disorders. They are forms of thalassemia caused by reduced or absent synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin that result in variable outcomes ranging from severe anemia to clinically asymptomatic individuals. Global annual incidence is estimated at one in 100,000. Beta thalassemias are caused by mutations in the "HBB" gene on chromosome 11, inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. The severity of the disease depends on the nature of the mutation. HBB blockage over time leads to decreased beta-chain synthesis. The body's inability to construct new beta-chains leads

title: Delta-beta thalassemia

text: of delta-beta thalassemia, one finds delta and beta chains have deletion, therefore gamma genes are what is transcribed (made an RNA copy of) on the impaired chromosome. When one inherits two delta mutations, no hemoglobin A2 (alpha2, delta2) can be formed. Hematologically, however, this is innocuous because only 2-3% of normal adult hemoglobin is hemoglobin A2. The individual will have normal hematological parameters (erythrocyte count, total hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume). The delta-beta thalassemia demonstrates one mutation is at the +69 position. The importance of recognizing the existence of delta-beta thalassemia is seen best in cases where it may mask the

title: Alpha-thalassemia

text: Alpha-thalassemia Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia, α-thalassaemia) is a form of thalassemia involving the genes "HBA1" and "HBA2". Alpha-thalassemia is due to impaired production of alpha chains from 1, 2, 3, or all 4 of the alpha globin genes, leading to a relative excess of beta globin chains. The degree of impairment is based on which clinical phenotype is present (how many genes are affected). The presentation of individuals with alpha-thalassemia consists of: Alpha-thalassemias are most commonly inherited in a Mendelian recessive manner. They are also associated with deletions of chromosome 16p. Alpha thalassemia can also be acquired under rare circumstances. The mechanism

title: Alpha-thalassemia

text: are carriers of beta-thalassaemia genes, while 10% of the population carry alpha-thalassaemia genes. Alpha-thalassemia Alpha-thalassemia (α-thalassemia, α-thalassaemia) is a form of thalassemia involving the genes "HBA1" and "HBA2". Alpha-thalassemia is due to impaired production of alpha chains from 1, 2, 3, or all 4 of the alpha globin genes, leading to a relative excess of beta globin chains. The degree of impairment is based on which clinical phenotype is present (how many genes are affected). The presentation of individuals with alpha-thalassemia consists of: Alpha-thalassemias are most commonly inherited in a Mendelian recessive manner. They are also associated with deletions of

title: Beta thalassemia

text: and thalassemia minor. All people with thalassemia are susceptible to health complications that involve the spleen (which is often enlarged and frequently removed) and gallstones. These complications are mostly found in thalassemia major and intermedia patients. Individuals with beta thalassemia major usually present within the first two years of life with severe anemia, poor growth, and skeletal abnormalities during infancy. Untreated thalassemia major eventually leads to death, usually by heart failure; therefore, birth screening is very important. Excess iron causes serious complications within the liver, heart, and endocrine glands. Severe symptoms include liver cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, and in extreme cases,

title: Delta-beta thalassemia

text: diagnosis of beta thalassemia trait. In beta thalassemia, an increase in hemoglobin A2 results. However, the co-existence of a delta-beta thalassemia mutation will decrease the value of the hemoglobin A2 into the normal range, thereby obscuring the diagnosis of beta thalassemia trait The diagnosis of delta-beta thalassemia is done via hypochromic microcytic red cell indices. This test is a part of a CBC, and could be employed to diagnose the reason the individual might have anemia, in this case due to thalassemia. In terms of treatment for delta-beta thalassemia one possible concern would be anemia, where, therefore, blood transfusions would

title: Delta-beta thalassemia

text: Delta-beta thalassemia Delta-beta thalassemia is a form of thalassemia, and is autosomal recessive in terms of heredity. It is associated with "hemoglobin subunit delta." An individual with delta-beta thalassemia is usually asymptomatic, however microcytosis can occur where the red blood cells are abnormally small. In regards to genetics, delta-beta thalassemia is autosomal recessive, which means both parents (two copies of the gene) must be present. A carrier gets a normal gene to produce hemoglobin A, from one parent and the other parent supplies a gene which makes no hemoglobin A. Delta-beta thalassemia is considered rare. In terms of the pathophysiology

title: Beta thalassemia

text: or grandparents suffered from beta thalassemia there is a high probability of the mutated gene being inherited by an offspring. Even if a child does not have beta thalassemia major, they can still be a carrier resulting in future offspring having beta thalassemia. Another risk factor is because of certain ancestry. Beta thalassemia occurs most often in people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African ancestry. Abdominal pain due to hypersplenism and splenic infarction and right-upper quadrant pain caused by gallstones are major clinical manifestations. However, diagnosing thalassemiæ from symptoms alone is inadequate. Physicians note these signs as

title: Thalassemia

text: β-thalassemia have some protection against coronary heart disease. Normally, the majority of adult hemoglobin (HbA) is composed of four protein chains, two α and two β globin chains arranged into a heterotetramer. In thalassemia, patients have defects in either the α or β globin chain, causing production of abnormal red blood cells (In sickle-cell disease, the mutation is specific to β globin). The thalassemias are classified according to which chain of the hemoglobin molecule is affected. In α-thalassemias, production of the α globin chain is affected, while in β-thalassemia, production of the β globin chain is affected. The β globin

title: Thalassemia

text: other hemoglobinopathies. The most common of these are: Thalassemia can be diagnosed via a complete blood count, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and DNA testing. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends all people thinking of becoming pregnant be tested to see if they have thalassemia. Genetic counseling and genetic testing are recommended for families who carry a thalassemia trait. A screening policy exists in Cyprus to reduce the rate of thalassemia, which, since the program's implementation in the 1970s (which also includes prenatal screening and abortion), has reduced the number of children born with the disease from one of every 158

title: Thalassemia

text: poorer populations only have access to limited diagnostic facilities together with blood transfusions. In some developing countries, there are virtually no facilities for diagnosis or management of thalassemia. The word "thalassemia" () derives from the Greek " thalassa" (θάλασσα), "sea", and New Latin "-emia" (from Greek "haema" (αἷμα), "blood"). It was coined because the condition called "Mediterranean anemia" was first described in people of Mediterranean ethnicities. "Mediterranean anemia" was renamed thalassemia major once the genetics were better understood. The word "thalassemia" was first used in 1932. In 2008, in Spain, a baby was selectively implanted to be a cure for

title: Delta-beta thalassemia

text: be given to the affected individual (though blood transfusions might introduce complications, as well). Stem cell transplant is another option, but the donor and the individual who will receive the bone marrow transplant must be compatible, the risks involved should be evaluated, as well Delta-beta thalassemia Delta-beta thalassemia is a form of thalassemia, and is autosomal recessive in terms of heredity. It is associated with "hemoglobin subunit delta." An individual with delta-beta thalassemia is usually asymptomatic, however microcytosis can occur where the red blood cells are abnormally small. In regards to genetics, delta-beta thalassemia is autosomal recessive, which means both

title: Thalassemia

text: his brother's thalassemia. The child was born from an embryo screened to be free of the disease before implantation with "in vitro" fertilization. The baby's supply of immunologically compatible cord blood was saved for transplantation to his brother. The transplantation was considered successful. In 2009, a group of doctors and specialists in Chennai and Coimbatore registered the successful treatment of thalassemia in a child using an unaffected sibling's umbilical cord blood. Gene therapy is being studied for thalassemia. The procedure involves collecting hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the affected person's blood. The HSCs then have a beta-globin gene added using

title: Thalassemia

text: may be prevented. People with severe thalassemia require medical treatment. A blood transfusion regimen was the first measure effective in prolonging life. Multiple blood transfusions can result in iron overload. The iron overload related to thalassemia may be treated by chelation therapy with the medications deferoxamine, deferiprone, or deferasirox. These treatments have resulted in improving life expectancy in those with thalassemia major. Deferoxamine is only effective via daily injections which makes its long-term use more difficult. It has the benefit of being inexpensive and decent long-term safety. Adverse effects are primary skin reactions around the injection site and hearing loss.

title: Thalassemia

text: thalassemia. Bone marrow transplantation may offer the possibility of a cure in young people who have an HLA-matched donor. Success rates have been in the 80–90% range. Mortality from the procedure is about 3%. There are no randomized controlled trials which have tested the safety and efficacy of non-identical donor bone marrow transplantation in persons with β- thalassemia who are dependent on blood transfusion. If the person does not have an HLA-matched compatible donor, another method called bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from haploidentical mother to child (mismatched donor) may be used. In a study of 31 people, the thalassemia-free survival

text: morphogenesis. This is most commonly found in people of African, Middle Eastern, Chinese, Southeast Asian and occasionally, Mediterranean descent. Thalassemia is an inherited condition. It's carried in the genes and passed on from parents to children. People who are carriers of a thalassemia gene show no thalassemia symptoms and might not even know they are carriers. If both parents are carriers, they can pass the disease to their kids. Thalassemia is not contagious. While there are many different types of thalassemia, the two main are alpha and beta. Beta thalassemia happens when the body has a problem producing beta globin,

title: Management of thalassemia

text: in a child using a sibling's umbilical cord blood. It is possible to be cured, by a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from compatible donor. In low-risk young people, the thalassemia-free survival rate is 87%; the mortality risk is 3%. The drawback is that this method requires an HLA-matched compatible donor. If the person does not have an HLA-matched compatible donor, there is another method called bone marrow transplantation from haploidentical mother to child (mismatched donor), in which the donor is the mother. The results are these: thalassemia-free survival rate 70%, rejection 23%, and mortality 7%. The best results are with

title: Beta thalassemia

text: liver cancer. Heart failure, growth impairment, diabetes and osteoporosis are life-threatening contributors brought upon by TM. The main cardiac abnormalities seen to have resulted from thalassemia and iron overload include left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, valveulopathies, arrhythmias, and pericarditis. Increased gastrointestinal iron absorption is seen in all grades of beta thalassemia and increased red blood cell destruction by the spleen due to ineffective erythropoiesis further releases additional iron into the bloodstream. Two major groups of mutations can be distinguished: Beta thalassemia is a hereditary disease affecting hemoglobin. As with about half of all hereditary diseases, an inherited

title: Alpha-thalassemia

text: cases found that in utero transfusion can lead to favorable outcomes. Successful hematopoietic cell transplantation was eventually carried out in four patients. Worldwide distribution of inherited alpha-thalassemia corresponds to areas of malaria exposure, suggesting a protective role. Thus, alpha-thalassemia is common in sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, and generally tropical (and subtropical) regions. The epidemiology of alpha-thalassemia in the US reflects this global distribution pattern. More specifically, HbH disease is seen in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, while Hb Bart hydrops fetalis is acknowledged in Southeast Asia only. The data indicate that 15% of the Greek and Turkish Cypriots

title: Management of thalassemia

text: by patients receiving blood transfusions for thalassemia. An additional benefit of the use of deferasirox instead of desferoxamine is that, unlike desferoxamine, early studies have indicated that deferasirox does not have a significant impact on the growth and development of pediatric thalassemia patients. In a study by Cappellini et al. it was shown that children receiving the treatment displayed continual near-normal growth and development over a 5-year study period. Deferasirox can, however, have a wide variety of side effects. These may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, and joint pains. Some evidence has been shown of a link to gastrointestinal disorders experienced

title: Management of thalassemia

text: to radicals. The mechanism of its function, however, is still unknown. Indicaxanthin has high bioavailability and minimal side effects, like vomiting or diarrhea. In 2008, in Spain, a baby was selectively implanted in order to be a cure for his brother's thalassemia. The child was born from an embryo screened to be free of the disease before implantation with In vitro fertilization. The baby's supply of immunologically compatible cord blood was saved for transplantation to his brother. The transplantation was considered successful. In 2009, a group of doctors and specialists in Chennai and Coimbatore registered the successful treatment of thalassemia

title: Management of thalassemia

text: the plasma, and transfer the iron to deferoxamine which goes on to expel it from the body. DFP was also found to be significantly more effective than deferoxamine in treating myocardial siderosis in patients with thalassemia major: DFP is thought to improve the function of mitochondria in the heart by accessing and redistributing labile iron in cardiac cells. Thalassemia patients may also be faced with potential oxidative damage to brain cells as the brain has high oxygen demands, but contains relatively low levels of antioxidant agents for protection against oxidation. The presence of excess iron in the brain may lead

title: Beta thalassemia

text: Further genetic analysis may include HPLC should routine electrophoresis prove difficult. Beta thalassemia is a hereditary disease allowing for a preventative treatment by carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis. It can be prevented if one parent has normal genes, giving rise to screenings that empower carriers to select partners with normal hemoglobin. A study aimed at detecting the genes that could give rise to offspring with sickle cell disease. Patients diagnosed with beta thalassemia have MCH ≤ 26 pg and an RDW < 19. Of 10,148 patients, 1,739 patients had a hemoglobin phenotype and RDW consistent with beta thalassemia. After the

title: Thalassemia

text: and on the presence of mutations in one or both alleles. Mutated alleles are called β when partial function is conserved (either the protein has a reduced function, or it functions normally but is produced in reduced quantity) or β, when no functioning protein is produced. The situation of both alleles determines the clinical picture: As well as alpha and beta chains present in hemoglobin, about 3% of adult hemoglobin is made of alpha and delta chains. Just as with beta thalassemia, mutations that affect the ability of this gene to produce delta chains can occur. Thalassemia can coexist with

title: Thalassemia

text: rate 70%, rejection 23%, and mortality 7%. The best results are with very young people. The beta form of thalassemia is particularly prevalent among Mediterranean peoples, and this geographical association is responsible for its original name. Thalassemia resulted in 25,000 deaths in 2013 down from 36,000 deaths in 1990. In Europe, the highest concentrations of the disease are found in Greece, coastal regions in Turkey (particularly the Aegean Region such as Izmir, Balikesir, Aydin, Mugla, and Mediterranean Region such as Antalya, Adana, Mersin), in parts of Italy, particularly southern Italy and the lower Po valley. The major Mediterranean islands (except

title: Thalassemia

text: may be required. As of 2013, thalassemia occurs in about 280 million people, with about 439,000 having severe disease. It is most common among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African descent. Males and females have similar rates of disease. It resulted in 16,800 deaths in 2015, down from 36,000 deaths in 1990. Those who have minor degrees of thalassemia, similar to those with sickle-cell trait, have some protection against malaria, explaining why they are more common in regions of the world where malaria exists. Both α- and β-thalassemias are often inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

title: Beta thalassemia

text: narrowing of patients, the HbA2 levels were tested presenting 77 patients with beta thalassemia. This screening procedure proved insensitive in populations of West African ancestry because of the indicators has high prevalence of alpha thalassemia. Countries have programs distributing information about the reproductive risks associated with carriers of haemoglobinopathies. Thalassemia carrier screening programs have educational programs in schools, armed forces, and through mass media as well as providing counseling to carriers and carrier couples. Screening has showed reduced incidence; by 1995 the prevalence in Italy reduced from 1:250 to 1:4000, and a 95% decrease in that region. The decrease in

title: Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome

text: Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATRX), also called alpha-thalassemia X-linked mental retardation, nondeletion type or ATR-X syndrome, is a condition caused by a mutated gene. Females with this mutated gene have no specific signs or features, but may demonstrate skewed X chromosome inactivation. Hemizygous males tend to be moderately intellectually disabled and have physical characteristics including coarse facial features, microcephaly (small head size), hypertelorism (widely spaced eyes), a depressed nasal bridge, a tented upper lip, and an everted lower lip. Mild or moderate anemia, associated with alpha-thalassemia, is part of the condition. It is associated with "ATRX".

title: Thalassemia

text: Latin America. Estimates suggest that approximately 1.5% of the global population (80 - 90 million people) are β-thalassemia carriers. However, exact data on carrier rates in many populations are lacking, particularly in developing areas of the world known or expected to be heavily affected. Because of the prevalence of the disease in countries with little knowledge of thalassemia, access to proper treatment and diagnosis can be difficult. While there are some diagnostic and treatment facilities in developing countries, in most cases these are not provided by government services, and are available only to patients that can afford them. In general,

title: Beta thalassemia

text: incidence has benefitted those affected with thalassemia, as the demand for blood has decreased, therefore improving the supply of treatment. Affected children require regular lifelong blood transfusion and can have complications, which may involve the spleen. Bone marrow transplants can be curative for some children. Patients receive frequent blood transfusions that lead to or potentiate iron overload. Iron chelation treatment is necessary to prevent damage to internal organs. Advances in iron chelation treatments allow patients with thalassemia major to live long lives with access to proper treatment. Popular chelators include deferoxamine and deferiprone. The most common patient deferoxamine complaint is

title: Alpha-thalassemia

text: alpha-thalassemia is primarily by laboratory evaluation and molecular diagnosis. Alpha-thalassemia can be mistaken for iron-deficiency anaemia on a full blood count or blood film, as both conditions have a microcytic anaemia. Serum iron and serum ferritin can be used to exclude iron-deficiency anaemia. Two genetic loci exist for α globin, thus four alleles are in diploid cells. Two alleles are maternal and two alleles are paternal in origin. The severity of the α-thalassemias is correlated with the number of affected α-globin; alleles: the greater, the more severe will be the manifestations of the disease. When noting the genotype, an "α"

title: Beta thalassemia

text: feasibly treat both beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. The technology is based on delivery of a lentiviral vector carrying both the human β-globin gene and an ankyrin insulator to improve gene transcription and translation, and boost levels of β-globin production. Patients with thalassemia major are more inclined to have a splenectomy. The medical cases of splenectomies have been declining in recent years due to decreased prevalence of hypersplenism in adequately transfused patients. Patients with hypersplenism are inclined to have a lower amount of healthy blood cells in their body than normal and reveal symptoms of anemia. Iron rich patients need

title: Alpha-thalassemia

text: indicates a functional alpha chain, and '-' a pathological one. Treatment for alpha-thalassemia may consist of blood transfusions, and possible splenectomy; additionally, gallstones may be a problem that would require surgery. Secondary complications from febrile episode should be monitored, and most individuals live without any need for treatment Additionally, stem cell transplantation should be considered as a treatment (and cure), which is best done in early age. Other options, such as gene therapy, are still being developed. A study by Kreger et al combining a retrospective review of three cases of alpha thalassemia major and a literature review of 17

text: Xq13.3 and XH2 belongs to the subgroup SNF2 . This group is important for regulating the transcription of the alpha genes . Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATRX), also called alpha-thalassemia X-linked mental retardation, nondeletion type or ATR-X syndrome, is a condition caused by a mutated gene. Females with this mutated gene have no specific signs or features, but may demonstrate skewed X chromosome inactivation. Hemizygous males tend to be moderately intellectually disabled and have physical characteristics including coarse facial features, microcephaly (small head size), hypertelorism (widely spaced eyes), a depressed nasal bridge, a tented upper lip,

text: in people from Mediterranean countries, North Africa, the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. People with alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis encounter many different types of symptoms and characteristics of carrying and living with this trait. People with the characteristic features of alpha thalassemia experience a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin, that prevents enough oxygen to reach the body’s tissues. Affected individuals also have a shortage of red blood cells (Anemia) causing pale skin, weakness, fatigue, and more serious complications. There are two types of Alpha Thalassemia Abnormal Morphogenesis that can cause more major health problems. The more severe one

title: Beta thalassemia

text: to the underproduction of HbA. Reductions in HbA available overall to fill the red blood cells in turn leads to microcytic anemia. Microcytic anemia ultimately develops in respect to inadequate HBB protein for sufficient red blood cell functioning. Due to this factor, the patient may require blood transfusions to make up for the blockage in the beta-chains. Repeated blood transfusions can lead to build-up of iron overload, ultimately resulting in iron toxicity. This iron toxicity can cause various problems, including myocardial siderosis and heart failure leading to the patient’s death. Three main forms have been described: thalassemia major, thalassemia intermedia,

title: What Is Life

text: love song – perhaps a "lovingly crafted paen" to Harrison's wife Pattie, as Alan Clayson puts it – or a devotional song like many of Harrison's compositions. Ian Inglis writes that the song title suggests a "philosophical debate about the meaning of life", yet its rendering as ""what is my life"" in the choruses "reshapes [the meaning] completely". Theologian Dale Allison finds no religious content in "What Is Life" but notes the "failure of words to express feelings" implied in the opening line (""What I feel, I can't say""), a recurring theme of Harrison's spiritual songs such as "That Is

title: Meaning of life

text: under?"; "What is blocking my ability to enjoy things?"; "Why do I neglect loved-ones?".) "See also: Existential Therapy and Irvin Yalom" Logical positivists ask: "What is the meaning of life?", "What is the meaning in asking?" and "If there are no objective values, then, is life meaningless?" Ludwig Wittgenstein and the logical positivists said: "Expressed in language, the question is meaningless"; because, "in" life the statement the "meaning of x", usually denotes the "consequences" of x, or the "significance" of x, or "what is notable" about x, etc., thus, when the meaning of life concept equals "x", in the statement

text: making proteins called Alpha goblin which is a component of hemoglobin. People have two copies of the HBA2 gene in each cell. Each copy is called an allele. For each gene, one allele is inherited from a person’s father, and the other is inherited from a person’s mother. As a result, there are four alleles that produce alpha globin. The different types of alpha thalassemia result from the loss of some sort or all of these alleles. Hb Bart syndrome, the most severe form of alpha thalassemia, results from the loss of all four alpha globin alleles. HbH disease is

text: has 46 of them. Each package is arranged into 23 pairs with one of each pair coming from the mother and from the father. When a child has alpha thalassemia, there is a change in chromosome 16. Alpha globin is made on chromosome 16, so if any gene that tells chromosome 16 to produce alpha globin is missing or mutated, less hemoglobin is made. This affects hemoglobin and decreases the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the body. Alpha Thalassemia typically results from deletion involving the HBA1 and HBA2 genes. Both of these genes provide instructions for

title: Meaning of life

text: Meaning of life The meaning of life, or the answer to the question "What is the meaning of life?", pertains to the significance of living or existence in general. Many other related questions include: "Why are we here?", "What is life all about?", or "What is the purpose of existence?" There have been a large number of proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds. The search for life's meaning has produced much philosophical, scientific, theological, and metaphysical speculation throughout history. Different people and cultures believe different things for the answer to this question. The meaning

title: Management of thalassemia

text: by some people who have received the treatment. Indicaxanthin is a pigment derived from the cactus pear fruit and can be used as an antioxidant. Dietary indicaxanthin has been shown to have protective effects on RBCs in people with beta thalassemia. It has a structure similar to that of amino acids, and is amphiphilic: it is able to bind to cell membranes through charge-related interactions with polar head groups of membrane constituents, as well through adsorption to the lipid aggregates. Upon ex vivo introduction to thalassemic blood, indicaxanthin was shown to accumulate within RBCs. Hb undergoes the following oxidation reaction

title: Management of thalassemia

text: plasma; transferrin acts as a transporter, carrying iron through blood and providing cells with the metal through endocytosis. Transferrin is highly specific to iron (III), and binds to it with an equilibrium constant of 10 M at a pH of 7.4. Thalassemia results in nontransferrin-bound iron being available in blood as all the transferrin becomes fully saturated. This free iron is toxic to the body since it catalyzes reactions that generate free hydroxyl radicals. These radicals may induce lipid peroxidation of organelles like lysosomes, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic membranes. The resulting lipid peroxides may interact with other molecules to form cross

title: The Meaning of Meaning

text: The Meaning of Meaning The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923) is a book by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. It is accompanied by two supplementary essays by Bronisław Malinowski and F. G. Crookshank. Although the original text was published in 1923 it has been used as a textbook in many fields including linguistics, philosophy, language, cognitive science and most recently semantics and semiotics in general. The book has been in print continuously since 1923. The most recent edition is the critical edition prepared by

title: Meaning of life

text: show to add emphasis to the finale. Meaning of life The meaning of life, or the answer to the question "What is the meaning of life?", pertains to the significance of living or existence in general. Many other related questions include: "Why are we here?", "What is life all about?", or "What is the purpose of existence?" There have been a large number of proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds. The search for life's meaning has produced much philosophical, scientific, theological, and metaphysical speculation throughout history. Different people and cultures believe different things for

text: a component of hemoglobin. It is caused by mutations in the "HBB" gene which make instructions for making the protein beta globin. Alpha Thalassemia happens when the body has a problem producing alpha globin. This prevents oxygen from reaching the body's tissues and can cause a loss of red blood cells. Some children with alpha thalassemia have no symptoms and require no treatment. Others with more severe cases need regular blood transfusions to treat anemia and other symptoms. They also may require surgery in early years to repair the abnormalities they were born with or else physical and occupational therapy

title: The Meaning of Meaning

text: book and the Ayer book would, in turn, influence Alec King and Martin Ketley in the writing of their book "The Control of Language", which appeared in 1939, and which influenced C. S. Lewis in the writing of his defence of natural law and objective values, "The Abolition of Man" (1943). The Meaning of Meaning The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923) is a book by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. It is accompanied by two supplementary essays by Bronisław Malinowski and F. G. Crookshank.

title: Meaning (philosophy of language)

text: semantic meaning, elaborating on the work of ordinary language philosophers Paul Grice and Keith Donnellan. The speaker's meaning is what the speaker intends to refer to by saying something; the semantic meaning is what the words uttered by the speaker mean according to the language. In some cases, people do not say what they mean; in other cases, they say something that is in error. In both these cases, the speaker's meaning and the semantic meaning seem to be different. Sometimes words do not actually express what the speaker wants them to express; so words will mean one thing, and

title: Meaning of life

text: of the meaning of life could be reinterpreted as "What is the meaning of "my" life?" This approach emphasizes that the question is personal—and avoids focusing on cosmic or religious questions about overarching purpose. There are many therapeutic responses to this question. For example, Viktor Frankl argues for "Dereflection", which translates largely as: cease endlessly reflecting on the self; instead, engage in life. On the whole, the therapeutic response is that the question itself—what is the meaning of life?—evaporates when one is fully engaged in life. (The question then morphs into more specific worries such as "What delusions am I

text: histone H3 lysine-4 trimethyltransferase, which is a known target for ATRX and 2-BHMT2 encodes for betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, which catalyzes the methylation of homocysteine . ATR association can be separated into two groups. ATR-16 syndrome patients have a 1-2Mb deletion on the top of the chromosome 16 p-arm and are associated with a Mendelian inheritance of a-thalassemia . ATR-X syndrome patients have no deletion in chromosome 16, a-thalassemia is rare, and this syndrome is consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance . However, both groups have similar phenotypes . The phenotypes resulting from ATR-X are due to skewed x-inactivation . When X- inactivation

title: Thalassemia

text: the Balearics) such as Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, Corsica, Cyprus, and Crete are heavily affected in particular. Other Mediterranean people, as well as those in the vicinity of the Mediterranean, also have high rates of thalassemia, including people from West Asia and North Africa. Far from the Mediterranean, South Asians are also affected, with the world's highest concentration of carriers (30% of the population) being in the Maldives. Nowadays, it is found in populations living in Africa, the Americas, and in Tharu people in the Terai region of Nepal and India. It is believed to account for much lower malaria sicknesses

title: Thalassemia

text: a lentiviral vector. After destroying the affected person's bone marrow with a dose of chemotherapy (a myeloablative conditioning regimen), the altered HSCs are infused back into the affected person where they become engrafted in the bone marrow where they proliferate. This potentially results in a progressive increase in hemoglobin A2 synthesis in all subsequent developing red blood cells, with resultant resolution of the anemia. While one person with beta thalassemia has no longer required blood transfusions following treatment within a research trial, it is not an approved treatment as of 2018. HbF induction is an attempt to reactivatefetal globin gene

text: caused by loss of three of the four alpha globin alleles. In these two conditions, a shortage of alpha globin prevents cells from making normal hemoglobin. Instead, cells produce abnormal forms of hemoglobin called hemoglobin Bart (Hb Bart) or hemoglobin H (HbH). These abnormal hemoglobin molecules cannot effectively carry oxygen to the body’s tissues. The substitution of Hb Bart or HbH for normal hemoglobin causes anemia and the other serious health problems associated with Alpha Thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis. Two additional variants of alpha thalassemia abnormal morphogenesis are rated to a reduced amount of alpha globin. Because cells still produce some

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: Thalassemia

text: and deaths, accounting for the historic ability of Tharus to survive in areas with heavy malaria infestation, where others could not. Thalassemias are particularly associated with people of Mediterranean origin, Arabs (especially Palestinians and people of Palestinian descent), and Asians. The Maldives has the highest incidence of thalassemia in the world with a carrier rate of 18% of the population. The estimated prevalence is 16% in people from Cyprus, 1% in Thailand, and 3–8% in populations from Bangladesh, China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan. Thalassemias also occur in descendants of people from Mediterranean countries (e.g. Greece, Italy, Spain, and others), in

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: Thalassemia

text: Cases of dominantly inherited α- and β-thalassemias have been reported, the first of which was in an Irish family with two deletions of 4 and 11 bp in exon 3 interrupted by an insertion of 5 bp in the β-globin gene. For the autosomal recessive forms of the disease, both parents must be carriers for a child to be affected. If both parents carry a hemoglobinopathy trait, the risk is 25% for each pregnancy for an affected child. Having a single genetic variant for thalassemia may protect against malaria and thus can be an advantage. People diagnosed with heterozygous (carrier)

title: Meaning of life

text: with millions of followers: Chondogyo, Tenrikyo, Cao Đài, and Seicho-No-Ie. New religions typically have unique explanations for the meaning of life. For example, in Tenrikyo, one is expected to live a Joyous Life by participating in practices that create happiness for oneself and others. "What is the meaning of life?" is a question many people ask themselves at some point during their lives, most in the context "What is the purpose of life?". Some popular answers include: The mystery of life and its true meaning is an often recurring subject in popular culture, featured in entertainment media and various forms

title: Thalassemia

text: births to almost zero. Greece also has a screening program to identify people who are carriers. In Iran as a premarital screening, the man's red cell indices are checked first, if he has microcytosis (mean cell hemoglobin < 27 pg or mean red cell volume < 80 fl), the woman is tested. When both are microcytic, their hemoglobin A2 concentrations are measured. If both have a concentration above 3.5% (diagnostic of thalassemia trait) they are referred to the local designated health post for genetic counseling. Large scale awareness campaigns are being organized in India both by government and non-government organizations

title: The Meaning of the City

text: meaning arises within an ensemble of contradictory statements. So doing, Ellul does not seek to explain why the Bible says what it says on the subject of cities, but to show what it says. It is within the framework of his critique of technique (see "The Technological Society") that Ellul approaches the city. In effect, according to him, the city is the place where technique becomes system, preventing man from living in freedom. And according to Ellul, this freedom arises in work within proximity to God, and later in the perfect example of Jesus Christ. Thus, "if one follows Ellul,

title: What Is Love

text: at number two in the United Kingdom and Germany and hit number one in 13 other countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Zimbabwe. Debuting at number 87 on 28 August 1993, the song reached number 11 on the Hot 100 in the United States. The song also peaked at number 12 in Australia. By March 1994, worldwide sales of "What Is Love" had already reached 2.6 million. When asked about the meaning of "What Is Love" in a 2015 interview, Haddaway said: "Billboard" wrote about the song: "Glorious pop/house ditty recently topped

title: Beta thalassemia

text: Although not life-threatening on its own, it can affect quality of life due to the anemia. Minor often coexists with other conditions such as asthma and can cause iron overload of the liver and in those with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, lead to more severe outcomes. The beta form of thalassemia is particularly prevalent among the Mediterranean peoples and this geographical association is responsible for its naming: "thalassa" ("θάλασσα") is the Greek word for sea and "haema" ("αἷμα") is the Greek word for blood. In Europe, the highest concentrations of the disease are found in Greece and the Turkish coastal

title: Beta thalassemia

text: in Europe in 2018. Iron overload is an unavoidable consequence of chronic transfusion therapy, necessary for patients with beta thalassemia. Iron chelation is a medical therapy that avoids the complications of iron overload. The iron overload can be removed by Deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, which has a dose- dependent effect on iron burden. Every unit of transfused blood contains 200–250 mg of iron and the body has no natural mechanism to remove excess iron. Deferasirox is a vital part in the patients health after blood transfusions.During normal iron homeostasis the circulating iron is bound to transferrin, but with an

title: Beta thalassemia

text: hemoglobin A2 and slightly increased hemoglobin F. Skeletal changes associated with expansion of the bone marrow: All beta thalassemias may exhibit abnormal red blood cells, a family history is followed by DNA analysis. This test is used to investigate deletions and mutations in the alpha- and beta-globin-producing genes. Family studies can be done to evaluate carrier status and the types of mutations present in other family members. DNA testing is not routine, but can help diagnose thalassemia and determine carrier status. In most cases the treating physician uses a clinical prediagnosis assessing anemia symptoms: fatigue, breathlessness and poor exercise tolerance.

title: Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life

text: Towards the episode’s end, Dawkins interviews actor Ricky Gervais who is a known atheist of his ideals of what the meaning of life is. Gervais states that for life to be meaningful one must love what they do, and center their life around meaningful relationships. That it doesn’t matter what exactly you do, but that you must do something with your life that you enjoy. To the question "Why does an atheist bother to get up in the morning?", Dawkins argues that we each have to forge our own sense of meaning. For him, it is awe and wonder in

title: Thalassemia

text: chains are encoded by a single gene on chromosome 11; α globin chains are encoded by two closely linked genes on chromosome 16. Thus, in a normal person with two copies of each chromosome, two loci encode the β chain, and four loci encode the α chain. Deletion of one of the α loci has a high prevalence in people of African or Asian descent, making them more likely to develop α-thalassemia. β-Thalassemias are not only common in Africans, but also in Greeks and Italians. The α-thalassemias involve the genes "HBA1" and "HBA2", inherited in a Mendelian recessive fashion. Two

title: Beta thalassemia

text: regions. The major Mediterranean islands (except the Balearics) such as Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Cyprus, Malta and Crete are heavily affected in particular. Other Mediterranean peoples, as well as those in the vicinity of the Mediterranean, also have high incidence rates, including people from West Asia and North Africa. The data indicate that 15% of the Greek and Turkish Cypriots are carriers of beta-thalassaemia genes, while 10% of the population carry alpha-thalassaemia genes. The thalassemia trait may confer a degree of protection against malaria, which is or was prevalent in the regions where the trait is common, thus conferring a selective

title: Beta thalassemia

text: that they are painful and inconvenient. The oral chelator deferasirox was approved for use in 2005 in some countries, it offers some hope with compliance at a higher cost. Bone marrow transplantation is the only cure and is indicated for patients with severe thalassemia major. Transplantation can eliminate a patient's dependence on transfusions. Absent a matching donor, a savior sibling can be conceived by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to be free of the disease as well as to match the recipient's human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. Scientists at Weill Cornell Medical College have developed a gene therapy strategy that could

title: Beta thalassemia

text: mutation damages the assembly of the messenger-type RNA (mRNA) that is transcribed from a chromosome. DNA contains both the instructions (genes) for stringing amino acids together into proteins, as well as stretches of DNA that play important roles in regulating produced protein levels. In thalassemia, an additional, contiguous length or a discontinuous fragment of non-coding instructions are included in the mRNA. This happens because the mutation obliterates the boundary between the intronic and exonic portions. Because all the coding sections may still be present, normal hemoglobin may be produced and the added material, if it produces pathology, instead disrupts regulatory

title: Beta thalassemia

text: associative due to this disease's complexity. The following associative signs can attest to the severity of the phenotype: pallor, poor growth, inadequate food intake, splenomegaly, jaundice, maxillary hyperplasia, dental malocclusion, cholelithiasis, systolic ejection murmur in the presence of severe anemia and pathologic fractures. Based on symptoms, tests are ordered for a differential diagnosis. These tests include complete blood count; hemoglobin electrophoresis; serum transferrin, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity; urine urobilin and urobilogen; peripheral blood smear, which may show codocytes, or target cells; hematocrit; and serum bilirubin. The expected pattern on hemoglobin electrophoresis in people with beta-thalassemia is an increased level of

title: Beta thalassemia

text: left arm elevated above the head to properly make the incision. The camera is inserted along with four other trocars: one placed in the left subcostal area, one inserted at the midpoint between the first and third, one 4 cm right of the midline, and the fourth positioned on the midline to retract the spleen. Long-term transfusion therapy to maintain the patient’s hemoglobin level above 9-10 g/dL (normal levels are 13.8 for males, and 12.1 for females). Patients are transfused by meeting strict criteria ensuring their safety. They must have: confirmed laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia major, and hemoglobin levels less

title: Meaning of life

text: and significance. In contrast, Wong has proposed a four-component solution to the question of meaning in life, with the four components purpose, understanding, responsibility, and enjoyment (PURE): Thus, a sense of significance permeates every dimension of meaning, rather than stands as a separate factor. Although most psychology researchers consider meaning in life as a subjective feeling or judgment, most philosophers (e.g., Thaddeus Metz, Daniel Haybron) propose that there are also objective, concrete criteria for what constitutes meaning in life. Wong has proposed that whether life is meaningful depends not only on subjective feelings but, more importantly, on whether a person's

title: Preservation of meaning

text: top of a Koran, or a Guru Granth Sahib is repaired rather than ceremoniously cremated, the spiritual integrity of these texts is compromised or destroyed, and the physical object is void of spiritual or cultural meaning. It may at this point actually cease to be what it had been previously identified as, at least in terms of its cultural or spiritual meaning. Admittedly, more work and research needs to be done in regard to preservation of meaning in the area of Library Science. However, it is necessary for libraries and archival institutions to assess their preservation priorities in consideration of

title: Meaning of life

text: the usual basis of meaning, not the logic of verbal symbol manipulation. Computers use logic programming to effectively query databases but humans rely on a trained biological neural network. Post modern philosophies that use the indeterminacy of symbolic language to deny definite meaning ignore those who feel they know what they mean and feel that their interlocutors know what they mean. Choosing the correct metaphor results in enough common understanding to pursue questions such as the meaning of life. Improved knowledge of brain function should result in better treatments producing healthier brains. When combined with more effective training, a sound

title: Maps of Meaning

text: idea what to make of the book". In 2018, the professor of philosophy Paul Thagard wrote a highly critical review for "Psychology Today" about the book, describing it as murky and arguing that it is a "defective as a work of anthropology, psychology, philosophy, and politics". Maps of Meaning Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief is a 1999 book by Canadian clinical psychologist and psychology professor Jordan Peterson. The book describes a comprehensive theory for how people construct meaning, in a way that is compatible with the modern scientific understanding of how the brain functions. It examines the "structure

title: Meaning (philosophy of language)

text: what people intend to convey by them might mean another. The meaning of the expression, in such cases, is ambiguous. W.V. Quine attacked both verificationism and the very notion of meaning in his famous essay, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism". In it, he suggested that meaning was nothing more than a vague and dispensable notion. Instead, he asserted, what was more interesting to study was the synonymy between signs. He also pointed out that verificationism was tied to the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements, and asserted that such a divide was defended ambiguously. He also suggested that the unit of

title: Theatre of Meaning

text: a work, they bring their own meaning to it again. A work is just paper covered in words, a building made of bricks. The words are the bricks, when you look at one brick on its own; you as an individual bring your own meaning to what the brick means, based on your own knowledge of the world. Thus each person can have an entirely different view on a work, because each person will interpret words differently." Continuing with the idea that the text is transient, "once the text is performed and has been stamped with the meaning given by

title: What Is the What

text: writes: "Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art." The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees

title: Meaning of life

text: humanistic approach poses the question, "What is the meaning of "my" life?" Questions about the meaning of life have been expressed in a broad variety of ways, including the following: These questions have resulted in a wide range of competing answers and arguments, from scientific theories, to philosophical, theological, and spiritual explanations. Many members of the scientific community and philosophy of science communities think that science can provide the relevant context, and set of parameters necessary for dealing with topics related to the meaning of life. In their view, science can offer a wide range of insights on topics ranging

title: The Meaning of the City

text: this point. The city has grown to the size foretold by Ellul and Charbonneau, who were witnessing the urbanization of the world, the universalization of technique, and the standardization of all civilizations. Indeed, in 2008, the world's urban population surpassed its rural population. Where Charbonneau applied the symbol of Babylon, Ellul focuses on Ninevah. The big city is a mass which cannot survive without sacrificing liberty. "This, then, is what separates the two men: against the catastrophism of Charbonneau, Ellul presents a Christian hope, which leads from the Garden of Eden to the New Jerusalem foretold in Revelations.". The Meaning

title: Meaning (philosophy of language)

text: something other than itself to the mind" ("Signum est quod se ipsum sensui et praeter se aliquid animo ostendit"; "De dial.", 1975, 86). The types of meanings vary according to the types of the thing that is being represented. Namely: All subsequent inquiries emphasize some particular perspectives within the general AAA framework. The major contemporary positions of meaning come under the following partial definitions of meaning: The evaluation of meaning according to each one of the five major substantive theories of meaning and truth is presented below. The question of what is a proper basis for deciding how words, symbols,

title: This Is What the Truth Feels Like

text: few weeks before its release. The seventh track, "Send Me a Picture", has dancehall elements, and was described as a sexting ode by several publications; furthermore, Mapes stated the song has a "Bieber-hits-the-islands vibe", while Annie Zaleski of "The A.V. Club" summarized its meaning as "captur[ing] the delicious anticipation of a crush potentially texting a snap". "Red Flag" begins with "an intro that sounds like a melting violin", followed by Stefani scorning her ex: "This is what happens when you don't listen to what your mother say." Amanda Dykan of AltWire found it reminiscent of 2000's "Ex-Girlfriend" and compared Stefani's

title: Beta thalassemia

text: functions enough to produce anemia. Hemoblogin's normal alpha and beta subunits each have an iron-containing central portion (heme) that allows the protein chain of a subunit to fold around it. Normal adult hemoglobin contains 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits. Thalassemias typically affect only the mRNAs for production of the beta chains (hence the name). Since the mutation may be a change in only a single base (single-nucleotide polymorphism), on-going efforts seek gene therapies to make that single correction. Family history and ancestry are factors that increase the risk of beta thalassemia. Depending on your family history, if your parents

title: Meaning (philosophy of language)

text: refine and/or refute proposed meanings and truths. Though not widely known, a new variation of the pragmatic theory was defined and wielded successfully from the 20th century forward. Defined and named by William Ernest Hocking, this variation is known as "negative pragmatism". Essentially, what works may or may not be true, but what fails cannot be true because the truth and its meaning always works. James and Dewey's ideas also ascribe meaning and truth to repeated testing which is "self-corrective" over time. Pragmatism and negative pragmatism are also closely aligned with the coherence theory of truth in that any testing

title: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life

text: of Brian". With this, it wasn't so clear. In the end, we just said: 'Well, what the heck. We have got lots of good material, let's give it the loosest structure, which will be the meaning of life'". After the film's title was chosen, Douglas Adams called Jones to tell him he had just finished a new book, to be called "The Meaning of Liff"; Jones was initially concerned about the similarity in titles, which led to the scene in the title sequence of a tombstone which, when hit by a flash of lightning, changes from "The Meaning of Liff"

title: Original meaning

text: may prove a faint-hearted originalist") (Scalia, "Originalism: The Lesser Evil", 57 U. Cin. L. Rev. 849 at 864). Original meaning In the context of United States constitutional interpretation, original meaning is the dominant form of the legal theory of originalism today. It was made popular by Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia and contends that the terms of the United States Constitution should be interpreted as meaning what they meant when they were ratified, which is to say, it asks the question: "What would a reasonable person living at the time of ratification have understood these words to mean?" The theory

title: Original meaning

text: Original meaning In the context of United States constitutional interpretation, original meaning is the dominant form of the legal theory of originalism today. It was made popular by Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia and contends that the terms of the United States Constitution should be interpreted as meaning what they meant when they were ratified, which is to say, it asks the question: "What would a reasonable person living at the time of ratification have understood these words to mean?" The theory stands in equal opposition to interpretivist theories such as original intent, and legal realist theories such as that

title: Meaning (philosophy of language)

text: the word "the" has a meaning, but one would be hard-pressed to find a mental representation that fits it. Still another objection lies in the observation that certain linguistic items name something in the real world, and are meaningful, yet which we have no mental representations to deal with. For instance, it is not known what Newton's father looked like, yet the phrase ""Newton's father"" still has meaning. Another problem is that of composition — that it is difficult to explain how words and phrases combine into sentences if only ideas were involved in meaning. Eleanor Rosch and George Lakoff