query: Where is bile produced?

title: Bile

text: Bile from dead mammals can be mixed with soap. This mixture, called bile soap, can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing and is a traditional and rather effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains. "Pinapaitan" is a dish in Philippine cuisine that uses bile as flavoring. In regions such as Asia where bile products are a popular ingredient in traditional medicine, the abuse of bears from which bile is farmed is common. Bile Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion

title: Bile

text: Bile Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of hepatic bile is 97% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts. Bile was the yellow bile in the four humor system of medicine, the standard of medical practice in

title: Bile bear

text: Bile bear Bile bears, sometimes called battery bears, are bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is used by some traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. It is estimated that 12,000 bears are farmed for bile in China, South Korea, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. The bear species most commonly farmed for bile is the Asiatic black bear ("Ursus thibetanus"), although the sun bear ("Helarctos malayanus"), brown bear ("Ursus arctos") and every other species are also used (the only exception being the Giant Panda which does not produce UDCA).

title: Bile bear

text: taxes. In 2012, the company tried to go public in the Shenzhen stock exchange and proposed to triple the company’s stock of captive bears, from 400 to 1,200. This provoked a large response from those opposed to bear bile farming, and met heavy challenges from activists, internet users and protesters. This was followed by a number of controversies along with public interviews. Bile bear Bile bears, sometimes called battery bears, are bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is used by some traditional Chinese medicine practitioners.

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: (also called bile salts) are produced in the liver, secreted into the biliary system, stored in the gallbladder and are released after meals stimulated by cholecystokinin. They are important for the digestion and absorption of fats (lipids) in the small intestine. Usually over 95% of the bile acids are absorbed in the terminal ileum and are taken up by the liver and resecreted. This enterohepatic circulation of bile acids takes place 4-6 times in 24 hours and usually less than 0.5 g of bile acids enter the large intestine per 24 h. When larger amounts of bile acids enter the

title: Bile

text: lacteals. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in faeces, undigested. Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble substances, such as the vitamins A, D, E, and K. Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from hemoglobin by glucuronidation. Bile tends to be alkali on average. The pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile (6.80

title: Bile duct

text: Bile duct A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile, and is present in most vertebrates. Bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine. The biliary tree (see below) is the whole network of various sized ducts branching through the liver. The path is as follows: Bile canaliculi → Canals of Hering → interlobular bile ducts

title: Bile

text: vomiting, for example – a person's vomit may be green or dark yellow, and very bitter. The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach. The color of bile is often likened to "fresh-cut grass", unlike components in the stomach that look greenish yellow or dark yellow. Bile may be forced into the stomach secondary to a weakened valve (pylorus), the presence of certain drugs including alcohol, or powerful muscular contractions and duodenal spasms. Biliary obstruction refers to a condition when bile ducts which deliver bile from the gallbladder or liver to the

title: Bile acid

text: cholesterol per day and about half of that is used for bile acid synthesis producing 400–600 mg daily. Human adults secrete between 12-18 g of bile acids into the intestine each day, mostly after meals. The bile acid pool size is between 4–6 g, which means that bile acids are recycled several times each day. About 95% of bile acids are reabsorbed by active transport in the ileum and recycled back to the liver for further secretion into the biliary system and gallbladder. This enterohepatic circulation of bile acids allows a low rate of synthesis but with large amounts being

title: Bile duct

text: → intrahepatic bile ducts → left and right hepatic ducts "merge to form" → common hepatic duct "exits liver and joins" → cystic duct (from gall bladder) "forming" → common bile duct → "joins with" pancreatic duct → "forming" ampulla of Vater → "enters" duodenum The bile duct is green like the gallbladder, because of bile stains. Inflation of a balloon in the bile duct causes, through the vagus nerve, activation of the brain stem and the insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex. Blockage or obstruction of the bile duct by gallstones, scarring from injury, or cancer prevents the

title: Bile duct

text: mutated epithelial cells (or cells showing characteristics of epithelial differentiation) that originate in the bile ducts. Cholangiocarcinoma is considered to be an incurable and rapidly lethal cancer unless both the primary tumor and any metastases can be fully removed by surgery. No potentially curative treatment exists except surgery, but most people have advanced stage disease at presentation and are inoperable at the time of diagnosis. Bile duct A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile, and is present in most vertebrates. Bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver

title: Bile acid

text: Bile acid Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Different molecular forms of bile acids can be synthesized in the liver by different species. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver, and the sodium and potassium salts of these conjugated bile acids are called bile salts. Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the

title: Bile acid

text: group of the 7th position of the steroid nucleus by the enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. This enzyme is down-regulated by cholic acid, up-regulated by cholesterol and is inhibited by the actions of the ileal hormone FGF15/19. Prior to secreting any of the bile acids (primary or secondary, see below), liver cells conjugate them with one of two amino acids, glycine or taurine, to form a total of 8 possible conjugated bile acids. These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts because of their physiologically-important acid-base properties. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and

title: Bile acid

text: and so their concentrations are tightly regulated. Activation of FXR in the liver inhibits synthesis of bile acids, and is one mechanism of feedback control when bile acid levels are too high. Secondly, FXR activation by bile acids during absorption in the intestine increases transcription and synthesis of FGF19, which then inhibits bile acid synthesis in the liver. Emerging evidence associates FXR activation with alterations in triglyceride metabolism, glucose metabolism, and liver growth. Bile acids bind to some other proteins in addition to their hormone receptors (FXR and TGR5) and their transporters. Among these protein targets, the enzyme N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: the ileum but not in the liver, jejunum or colon. When expression of these specialized transporters is reduced, the intestine is less efficient at bile acid reabsorption (Type 1 bile acid malabsorption). If intestinal motility is affected by gastro-intestinal surgery, or bile acids are deconjugated by small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, absorption is less efficient (Type 3 bile acid malabsorption). A very small proportion of the patients with no obvious disease (Type 2 bile acid malabsorption) may have mutations in ASBT, but this mutation is not more common in most patients and does not affect function. Primary bile acid diarrhea (Type

title: Accessory bile duct

text: by HIDA scan, a bile leak from an accessory bile duct post-op can be treated with a temporary biliary stent to redirect the bile from the liver into the intestine and allow the accessory duct to spontaneously seal itself or using a drainage guided by radiology. The term is named after German anatomist Hubert von Luschka (1820-1875) who described the first case in 1863. Accessory bile duct An accessory bile duct is a conduit that transports bile and is considered to be supernumerary or auxiliary to the biliary tree. It may be described by its location relative to the gallbladder

title: Bile bear

text: law. In Laos in 2011, bear bile was selling for 120,000 kip (US$15) per ml, half the average monthly wage of 240,000 kip. The monetary value of the bile comes from the traditional prescription of bear bile by doctors practicing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Bear bile contains ursodeoxycholic acid. It is purchased and consumed to treat hemorrhoids, sore throats, sores, bruising, muscle ailments, sprains, epilepsy, reduce fever, improve eyesight, break down gallstones, act as an anti-inflammatory, reduce the effects of overconsumption of alcohol, and to 'clear' the liver. It is currently found in various forms for sale including whole gallbladders,

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: 2 bile acid "malabsorption") may be caused by an overproduction of bile acids. Several groups of workers have failed to show any defect in ileal bile acid absorption in these patients, and they have an enlarged bile acid pool, rather than the reduced pool expected with malabsorption. The synthesis of bile acids in the liver is negatively regulated by the ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and lower levels of this hormone result in overproduction of bile acids, which are more than the ileum can absorb. Several methods have been developed to identify the disorder but there are difficulties

title: Bile acid

text: the peroxisomes leads to formation of a C24 bile acid. Minor pathways initiated by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 24-hydroxylase in the brain also may contribute to bile acid synthesis. 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) generates oxysterols, which may be further converted in the liver to CDCA. Cholic acid, 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid, the most abundant bile acid in humans and many other species, was discovered before chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a tri-hydroxy-bile acid with 3 hydroxyl groups (3α, 7α and 12α). In its synthesis in the liver, 12α hydroxylation is performed by the additional action of CYP8B1. As this had already been described, the

title: Bile acid

text: a pharmaceutical agent. Bile acids also act as steroid hormones, secreted from the liver, absorbed from the intestine and having various direct metabolic actions in the body through the nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), also known by its gene name . Another bile acid receptor is the cell membrane receptor known as G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 or TGR5. Many of their functions as signaling molecules in the liver and the intestines are by activating FXR, whereas TGR5 may be involved in metabolic, endocrine and neurological functions. As surfactants or detergents, bile acids are potentially toxic to cells,

title: Bile acid

text: dehydroxylation and removal of the glycine and taurine groups forms the secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Cholic acid is converted into deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid into lithocholic acid. All four of these bile acids can be taken back up into the blood stream, return to the liver, and be re-secreted in a process known as enterohepatic circulation. As amphipathic molecules with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, conjugated bile salts sit at the lipid/water interface and, at the right concentration, form micelles. The added solubility of conjugated bile salts aids in their function by preventing passive re-absorption in

title: Bile acid

text: colloidally suspended in the chyme before further processing. They also have hormonal actions throughout the body, particularly through the farnesoid X receptor and GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5). Bile acid synthesis occurs in liver cells which synthesize primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in humans) via cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of cholesterol in a multi-step process. Approximately 600 mg of bile salts are synthesized daily to replace bile acids lost in the feces, although, as described below, much larger amounts are secreted, reabsorbed in the gut and recycled. The rate-limiting step in synthesis is the addition of a hydroxyl

title: Bile acid sequestrant

text: doing so, they bind bile acids and sequester them from the enterohepatic circulation. The liver then produces more bile acids to replace those that have been lost. Because the body uses cholesterol to make bile acids, this reduces the amount of LDL cholesterol circulating in the blood. Bile acid sequestrants are large polymeric structures, and they are not significantly absorbed from the gut into the bloodstream. Thus, bile acid sequestrants, along with any bile acids bound to the drug, are excreted via the feces after passage through the gastrointestinal tract. As bile acids are biosynthesized from cholesterol, disruption of bile

title: Common bile duct

text: Common bile duct The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated CBD, is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a gall bladder. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. When the sphincter of Oddi is closed, newly synthesized bile from the liver is forced into storage in the gall bladder. When open, the stored and concentrated bile exits into the

title: Accessory bile duct

text: Accessory bile duct An accessory bile duct is a conduit that transports bile and is considered to be supernumerary or auxiliary to the biliary tree. It may be described by its location relative to the gallbladder as supravesicular (superior to the gallbladder body) or subvesicular (inferior to the gallbladder body). In the surgical literature, the term duct of Luschka is used to refer to an accessory bile duct. They are small ducts that distinctly enter the gallbladder bed, or small tributaries of minor intrahepatic radicals of the right hepatic ductal system. They can drain directly from the liver into the

title: Bile duct

text: before definite treatment such as surgery. The drain can be placed percutaneously through the liver, with the procedure then being called "percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage" (PTBD). This can additionally be performed as part of a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, then a form of interventional radiology. A biliary drain can also be used to take bile samples for diagnostic workup or disease monitoring, as well as providing a route of administration for medical substances. In infants with biliary atresia, hepatoportoenterostomy is an alternative method of providing bile drainage. Cholangiocarcinoma or bile duct cancer is a form of cancer that is composed of

title: Bile acid

text: steroid nucleus (in this case, they are bent). The term "cholan" denotes a particular steroid structure of 24 carbons, and the "24-oic acid" indicates that the carboxylic acid is found at position 24, at the end of the side-chain. Chenodeoxycholic acid is made by many species, and is the prototypic functional bile acid. An alternative (acidic) pathway of bile acid synthesis is initiated by mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), expressed in liver, and also in macrophages and other tissues. CYP27A1 contributes significantly to total bile acid synthesis by catalyzing sterol side chain oxidation, after which cleavage of a three-carbon unit in

title: Common bile duct

text: hilum of the liver). The absence of Doppler signal distinguishes it from the portal vein and hepatic artery. If clogged by a gallstone, a condition called choledocholithiasis can result. In this clogged state, the duct is especially vulnerable to an infection called ascending cholangitis. Very rare deformities of the common bile duct are cystic dilations (4 cm), choledochoceles (cystic dilation of the ampula of Vater (3–8 cm)), and biliary atresia. Blockage of the common bile duct and related jaundice has been documented since at least since the time of Erasistratus. Common bile duct The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated CBD,

title: Accessory bile duct

text: of Luschka" should be abandoned because of this ambiguity and replaced by the more specific term "subvesical bile duct". As well, the exact origin and drainage locations of the relevant duct(s) varied greatly between patients. Although they may not drain any liver parenchyma, they can be a source of a bile leak or biliary peritonitis after cholecystectomy in both adults and children. If an accessory bile duct goes unrecognized at the time of the gallbladder removal, 5–7 days post-operative the patient will develop bile peritonitis, an easily treatable complication with a morbidity rate of 44% if left untreated. Often diagnosed

title: Bile

text: Europe from around 500 BCE to the early 19th century. About 400 to 800 ml of bile is produced per day in adult human beings.. Bile or gall acts to some extent as a surfactant, helping to emulsify the lipids in food. Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side; consequently, they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) to form micelles, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating

title: Bile bear

text: trade can in principle be created by farming animals to assuage demand for wild animals which thus need not be harvested." Nonetheless, bears continue to be hunted in the wild to supply the bile farms. A survey in 2000 reported that almost all of the farms in the study supplemented their captive population of bile bears with wild-caught bears. This is claimed to be necessary because of difficulties with captive breeding. Consumers of bear bile have a strong preference for bile produced from wild bears; bile from farms may, therefore, not be a perfect substitute for bile from wild bears.

title: Bile discography

text: mixed, mastered, and engineered by Krztoff. RELEASED: 10/12/2004 LABEL: Bile Style Records FORMAT: LP INFO: Full title: "Regurge: A Bucket of Bile Best Of." This is a best of compilation containing all your favorite Bile tracks. All songs written, recorded, mixed, mastered, and engineered by Krztoff. Bile discography The discography for American rock band Bile consists of the following: RELEASED: 8/9/1994 LABEL: Energy Records FORMAT: LP INFO: "Suckpump" is now out of print. A remastered version can be found in the "Frankenhole" digipak. Written and recorded by Krztoff. Produced and engineered by Slave, Void, and Krztoff. RELEASED: 6/18/1996 LABEL: Energy

title: Bile bear

text: raw bile, pills, powder, flakes, and ointment. Because only minute amounts of bile are used in TCM, a total of 500 kg of bear bile is used by practitioners every year, but according to WSPA, more than 7,000 kg are being produced. The surplus is being used in other inessential products such as throat lozenges, shampoo, toothpaste, wine, tea, eyedrops, and general tonics. Bile products have not been found to have any medical efficacy; it is unlikely to have the efficacy claimed by Chinese herbalists. It has been stated, "These products have absolutely no benefit to health" and "Scientists have

title: Bile discography

text: mastered, recorded, and engineered by Krztoff. "Sex Reflex" was remastered and reissued in September 2003 with alternative cover art, a remixed track, and exclusion of the track "Manchurian Candy Date." RELEASED: 5/16/2000 LABEL: Bile Style Records FORMAT: LP INFO: Dubbed as Krztoff's 'solo' cd. Produced, mixed, and mastered by Krztoff during the "Sex Reflex" sessions that didn't quite fit into the Bile realm. "Love Stinks" written by Peter Wolf and Seth Justman. RELEASED: 10/29/2002 2 different versions released and tracks are differenton each. LABEL: Bile Style Records FORMAT: LP INFO: "Demonic Electronic" was written, performed, produced, recorded, mixed, engineered, and

title: Abdi Bile

text: Abdi Bile Abdi Bile (, ; born 28 December 1962) is a former middle distance runner who holds multiple Somali national records for various athletics disciplines. In 1987, he became world champion in the 1500 metres, the first Somali to do so. In 1996 he represented Somalia at the 1996 Summer Olympics for the 1500 meters. His brother, Jama Bile, ran competitively for Northern Arizona University. His son Ahmed Bile runs for Georgetown University. He was born in Las Anod, Somalia. Abdi Bile grew up in a society where most of people were nomadic. He finished his high school in

title: Bile esculin agar

text: genus "Enterococcus" are capable of growing in the presence of 40% bile (oxgall) and hydrolyzing esculin to glucose and esculetin. Esculetin combines with ferric ions to produce a black complex. For some purposes, certain bacteria are able to hydrolyze aesculin. A plate containing aesculin will fluoresce a pale blue under UV radiation. Some bacteria can hydrolise this, leading to UV dark colonies, as opposed to UV light ones. When new techniques are produced to identify enterococci, they are often compared to the use of bile esculin agar. Bile esculin agar Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) is a selective differential agar used

title: Bile discography

text: Bile discography The discography for American rock band Bile consists of the following: RELEASED: 8/9/1994 LABEL: Energy Records FORMAT: LP INFO: "Suckpump" is now out of print. A remastered version can be found in the "Frankenhole" digipak. Written and recorded by Krztoff. Produced and engineered by Slave, Void, and Krztoff. RELEASED: 6/18/1996 LABEL: Energy Records FORMAT: LP INFO: "Teknowhore" is now out of print. A remastered version can be found in the "Frankenhole" digipak. Written and recorded by Krztoff. Produced by Krztoff and Slave. Mixed by Slave. Engineered by Steve Spaperri and Patrick Gordon RELEASED: 1996 LABEL: Energy Records FORMAT:

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: large intestine, they stimulate water secretion and intestinal motility in the colon, which causes symptoms of chronic diarrhea. The ileum is very efficient at absorbing the glyco- and taurine-conjugated forms of the bile salts. The apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter (ASBT, IBAT, gene symbol "SLC10A2") is the first step in absorption at the brush-border membrane. The cytoplasmic ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP, ILBP, gene symbol "FABP6") and the basolateral heterodimer of OSTα and OSTβ transfer bile acids through and out of the cell where they eventually enter the portal vein. These bile acid transporters are all highly expressed in

title: Bile Beans

text: Limited, which also sold other patent medicines, including the Zam-Buk ointment, Pep pastilles and later Vitapointe hair conditioner. The product sold by Fulford and Gilbert was not the first patent medicine marketed as "Bile Beans". A different type of Bile Beans was invented by James F. Smith, a chemist from Texarkana, Texas, in the 1870s or 1880s, and J.F. Smith & Co traded out of St Louis, Mo. The firm also produced a product called "Smith's Blood Beans", claimed to "purify the blood" and was "put up in packages similar to Bile Beans" with "sugar coating blood red in color",

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: USA, and is underutilized even where it is available. Older methods such as the C-glycocholic breath test are no longer in routine clinical use. Measurement of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, (C4), a bile acid precursor, in serum, shows the increased bile acid synthesis found in bile acid malabsorption. This test is an alternative diagnostic means when available. Fasting blood FGF19 values may have value in the recognition of the disease and prediction of response. The various biomarkers give similar diagnostic yields of around 25% in patients with functional bowel disorders with diarrhea. In countries such as the USA, where SeHCAT is not available,

title: Bile bear

text: that 100,000 kg of synthetic UDCA was already being used each year in China, Japan and South Korea, and that the total world consumption may be double this figure. However, because of its artificial origin, synthetic UDCA is not considered by many as an acceptable substitute. In Japan, UDCA has been synthesised from cow galls, as a by-product of slaughter, since 1955. It is also produced in the U.S. by Ciba-Geigy. In 2014, Kaibao Pharmaceuticals, which supplies approximately half of the bear bile consumed in China, stated it is developing another synthetic source derived from poultry bile. The world population

title: Bile bear

text: police to bring racketeering charges against an organisation that poached an estimated 50 to 100 bears per year for a decade. It was estimated in 2008 that in North America, 40,000 American black bears are illegally poached for their gallbladders and paws each year. The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). This can be synthesized using cow or pig bile, or even using no animal ingredients. The generic drug name is Ursodiol and it is now being widely produced under brand names such as Actigall, Urso, Ursofalk, Ursogal and Ursotan. It was estimated in 2008

title: Bile salt-dependent lipase

text: Bile salt-dependent lipase Bile salt-dependent lipase (or BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (or CEL) is an enzyme produced by the adult pancreas and aids in the digestion of fats. Bile salt-stimulated lipase (or BSSL) is an equivalent enzyme found within breast milk. BSDL has been found in the pancreatic secretions of all species in which it has been looked for. BSSL, originally discovered in the milk of humans and various other primates, has since been found in the milk of many animals including dogs, cats, rats, and rabbits. More than 95% of the fat present in human milk

title: Bile acid

text: major bile salts in bile and are roughly equal in concentration. The conjugated salts of their 7-alpha-dehydroxylated derivatives, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, are also found, with derivatives of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids accounting for over 90% of human biliary bile acids. Bile acids are about 80% of the organic compounds in bile (others are phospholipids and cholesterol). An increased secretion of bile acids produces an increase in bile flow. The main function of bile acids is to allow digestion of dietary fats and oils by acting as a surfactant that emulsifies them into micelles, allowing them to be

title: Bile acid

text: in these cholestatic disorders. The relationship of bile acids to cholesterol saturation in bile and cholesterol precipitation to produce gallstones has been studied extensively. Gallstones may result from increased saturation of cholesterol or bilirubin, or from bile stasis. Lower concentrations of bile acids or phospholipids in bile reduce cholesterol solubility and lead to microcrystal formation. Oral therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid and/or ursodeoxycholic acid has been used to dissolve cholesterol gallstones. Stones may recur when treatment is stopped. Bile acid therapy may be of value to prevent stones in certain circumstances such as following bariatric surgery. Excess concentrations of bile acids

title: Bile acid

text: phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) generates bioactive lipid amides (e.g. the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide) that play important roles in several physiological pathways including stress and pain responses, appetite, and lifespan. NAPE-PLD orchestrates a direct cross-talk between lipid amide signals and bile acid physiology. As bile acids are made from endogenous cholesterol, disruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids will lower cholesterol. Bile acid sequestrants bind bile acids in the gut, preventing reabsorption. In so doing, more endogenous cholesterol is shunted into the production of bile acids, thereby lowering cholesterol levels. The sequestered bile acids are then excreted in the feces. Tests

title: Bile

text: duodenum become obstructed. The blockage of bile might cause a build up of bilirubin in the bloodstream which can result in jaundice. There are several potential causes for biliary obstruction including gallstones, cancer, trauma, choledocal cysts, or other benign causes of bile duct narrowing. The most common cause of bile duct obstruction is when gallstone(s) are dislodged from the gallbladder into the cystic duct or common bile duct resulting in a blockage. A blockage of the gallbladder or cystic duct may cause cholecystitis. If the blockage is beyond the confluence of the pancreatic duct, this may cause gallstone pancreatitis. In

title: Bile salt-dependent lipase

text: mammary gland or adult pancreas. However, newborn infants absorb lipids relatively well, considering the low level of CDL and BSDL they produce. This observation has led to the suggestion that BSDL produced by lactating mammary gland and present within milk, may compensate for the low levels of other TG-digesting enzymes and aid newborns in lipid absorption. The importance of BSSL in breast milk for the preterm infant nutrition was suggested at 2007. It was also directly shown recently. Bile salt-dependent lipase Bile salt-dependent lipase (or BSDL), also known as carboxyl ester lipase (or CEL) is an enzyme produced by the

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: Bile acid malabsorption Bile acid malabsorption, known also as bile acid diarrhea, is a cause of several gut-related problems, the main one being chronic diarrhea. It has also been called bile acid-induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy and bile salt malabsorption. It can result from malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal disease, or be a primary disorder, associated with excessive bile acid production. Treatment with bile acid sequestrants is often effective. Bile acid malabsorption was first recognized in patients with ileal disease. When other causes were recognized, and an idiopathic, primary form described, a classification into three types was proposed: Bile acids

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: retention of less than 10%, and 80% of these reported a response to cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant. Estimates of the population prevalence suggest that 1% of the adult population could have primary bile acid diarrhea (Type 2 bile acid malabsorption). Bile acid malabsorption Bile acid malabsorption, known also as bile acid diarrhea, is a cause of several gut-related problems, the main one being chronic diarrhea. It has also been called bile acid-induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy and bile salt malabsorption. It can result from malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal disease, or be a primary disorder, associated with excessive bile

title: Bile acid

text: the small intestine. As a result, the concentration of bile acids/salts in the small intestine is high enough to form micelles and solubilize lipids. "Critical micellar concentration" refers to both an intrinsic property of the bile acid itself and amount of bile acid necessary to function in the spontaneous and dynamic formation of micelles. Bile acid-containing micelles aid lipases to digest lipids and bring them near the intestinal brush border membrane, which results in fat absorption. Synthesis of bile acids is a major route of cholesterol metabolism in most species other than humans. The body produces about 800 mg of

title: Bile

text: some instances of biliary obstruction, the bile may become infected by bacteria resulting in ascending cholangitis. In medical theories prevalent in the West from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, the body's health depended on the equilibrium of four "humors", or vital fluids, two of which related to bile: blood, phlegm, "yellow bile" (choler), and "black bile". These "humors" are believed to have its roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm")

title: Bile bear

text: bile, are ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Its first recorded use was recorded in "Tang Ban Cao" ("Newly Revised Materia Medica", Tang Dynasty, 659 A.D.). The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile and gallbladders is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA); bears are the only mammals to produce significant amounts of UDCA. Initially, bile was collected from wild bears which were killed and the gall and its contents cut from the body. In the early 1980s, methods of extracting bile from live bears were developed in North Korea and farming of bile bears began. This rapidly spread to China and other

title: Common bile duct

text: duodenum. This conduction of bile is the main function of the common bile duct. The hormone cholecystokinin, when stimulated by a fatty meal, promotes bile secretion by increased production of hepatic bile, contraction of the gall bladder, and relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi. Several problems can arise within the common bile duct. A diameter of more than 8 mm is regarded as abnormal dilatation and is a sign of cholestasis. On abdominal ultrasonography, the common bile duct is generally seen most readily in the perihilar area (the border area between the common hepatic duct and the CBD, by the

title: Abdullahi Bile Noor

text: Bile is originally from northeastern regions of puntland, He was born in the coastal town of Bosaso situated in the northeastern Bari region of Somalia Graduated with honor at Somali National University Abdullahi Bile Noor Abdullahi Bile Noor (, ) better known as Bile, is a Somali politician, He served for many years in the government and has extensive experience in public policy, public administration and business. He currently serves as Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia and Member of Current cabinet. Additionally Bile is one of Somalia's longest Serving national legislators as he being privileged repeated re-elections Bile

title: Bile discography

text: EP INFO: "The Darkbeat EP" is a vinyl record released as a promotional item with two remixed tracks. The tracks are versions of "Weather Control" and "Lowest Form." Remixed and produced by Slave and Krztoff with assistance by Myk Amoia RELEASED: 3/18/1997 LABEL: Energy Records FORMAT: EP INFO: "Biledegradable" is now out of print. Tracks 6 and 7 were originally found on "The Darkbeat EP" vinyl. "My Generation" written by Peter Townshend. Produced, engineered, and mixed by Krztoff. RELEASED: 9/23/2003 2000 original 3 different versions tracks are different on each version LABEL: Bile Style Records FORMAT: LP INFO: Produced, mixed,

title: Bile acid

text: in the colon are a cause of chronic diarrhea. It is commonly found when the ileum is abnormal or has been surgically removed, as in Crohn's disease, or cause a condition that resembles diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). This condition of bile acid diarrhea/bile acid malabsorption can be diagnosed by the SeHCAT test and treated with bile acid sequestrants. Bile acids may have some importance in the development of colorectal cancer. Deoxycholic acid (DCA) is increased in the colonic contents of humans in response to a high fat diet. In populations with a high incidence of colorectal cancer, fecal concentrations

title: Bile duct

text: bile from being transported to the intestine and the active ingredient in the bile (bilirubin) instead accumulates in the blood. This condition results in jaundice, where the skin and eyes become yellow from the bilirubin in the blood. This condition also causes severe itchiness from the bilirubin deposited in the tissues. In certain types of jaundice, the urine will be noticeably darker, and the stools will be much paler than usual. This is caused by the bilirubin all going to the bloodstream and being filtered into the urine by the kidneys, instead of some being lost in the stools through

title: Bile duct

text: the ampulla of Vater. Jaundice is commonly caused by conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which causes blockage of the bile duct passing through the cancerous portion of the pancreas; cholangiocarcinoma, cancer of the bile ducts; blockage by a stone in patients with gallstones; and from scarring after injury to the bile duct during gallbladder removal. Biliary drainage is performed with a tube or catheter (called a "biliary drain", "biliary stent" or "biliary catheter") by a surgeon or, commonly, an interventional radiologist. It can be used to relieve a blockage in the bile duct, either permanently or as a temporary solution

title: Bile

text: and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile"). Excesses of black bile and yellow bile were thought to produce depression and aggression, respectively, and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words cholera (from Greek "kholé") and melancholia. In the former of those senses, the same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from "bile", the meaning of gall in English as "exasperation" or "impudence", and the Latin word "cholera", derived from the Greek "kholé", which was passed along into some Romance languages as words connoting anger, such as "colère" (French) and "cólera" (Spanish).

title: Bile Beans

text: artworks to the museum at Temple Newsam. Bile Beans Bile Beans was a laxative and tonic first marketed in the 1890s. The product supposedly contained substances extracted from a hitherto unknown vegetable source by a fictitious chemist known as Charles Forde. In the early years Bile Beans were marketed as "Charles Forde's Bile Beans for Biliousness", and sales relied heavily on newspaper advertisements. Among other cure-all claims, Bile Beans promised to "disperse unwanted fat" and "purify and enrich the blood". Although the manufacturer claimed that the formula for Bile Beans was based on a vegetable source known only to Aboriginal

title: Bile Beans

text: Bile Beans Bile Beans was a laxative and tonic first marketed in the 1890s. The product supposedly contained substances extracted from a hitherto unknown vegetable source by a fictitious chemist known as Charles Forde. In the early years Bile Beans were marketed as "Charles Forde's Bile Beans for Biliousness", and sales relied heavily on newspaper advertisements. Among other cure-all claims, Bile Beans promised to "disperse unwanted fat" and "purify and enrich the blood". Although the manufacturer claimed that the formula for Bile Beans was based on a vegetable source known only to Aboriginal Australians, its actual ingredients, which included cascara,

title: Abdullahi Bile Noor

text: parliament On Aug 13, 2000 - Bile was selected as Member of newly installed transitional parliament of Somalia and retained that post until now. State Minister of Post, Telecommunication & Technology On 17 January 2015, Bile was appointed the new State Minister of Post, Telecommunication and Technology of Somalia by Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre He previously served as Assistant Minister of Information, Postal Cooperation and Telecommunication of Somalia later formed part of government served as State Minister of Justice. Bile was later switched into Ministry of Education, Cultural & Higher Education of Somalia where he served as State Minister.

title: Bile acid:sodium symporter

text: of hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses into the hepatocyte. "SLC10A2" encodes the apical sodium bile acid transporter (ASBT) expressed in the small intestine with highest concentrations in the ileum. It is found on the brush border membrane and is also known as the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT). It is responsible for the initial uptake of bile acids from the intestine as part of the enterohepatic circulation. Inhibition of the intestinal bile acid:sodium cotransporter by elobixibat is under development for the treatment of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Bile acid:sodium symporter This family of proteins are found both in

title: Bile acid sequestrant

text: Bile acid sequestrant The bile acid sequestrants are a group of resins used to bind certain components of bile in the gastrointestinal tract. They disrupt the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids by combining with bile constituents and preventing their reabsorption from the gut. In general, they are classified as hypolipidemic agents, although they may be used for purposes other than lowering cholesterol. They are used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea due to bile acid malabsorption. Bile acid sequestrants are polymeric compounds that serve as ion-exchange resins. Bile acid sequestrants exchange anions such as chloride ions for bile acids. By

title: Abdullahi Bile Noor

text: Abdullahi Bile Noor Abdullahi Bile Noor (, ) better known as Bile, is a Somali politician, He served for many years in the government and has extensive experience in public policy, public administration and business. He currently serves as Member of the Federal Parliament of Somalia and Member of Current cabinet. Additionally Bile is one of Somalia's longest Serving national legislators as he being privileged repeated re-elections Bile had been serving for the government in many years and became cabinet member for various Somali governments, He is one of country's most popular politicians due to his long-time national service. Federal

title: Bile bear

text: in China and Vietnam, and lobbies to improve the welfare of companion animals, promote humane population management and prevent the cross border export of "meat dogs" in Asia. There are two alternative sources for bile from farmed bears, i.e. wild bears and synthetic sources. Bile from farmed bears is considered inferior to bile and gall from wild bears. Officially, 7,600 captive bears are farmed in China. According to Chinese officials, 10,000 wild bears would need to be killed each year to produce as much bile. Government officials see farming as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from

title: Bile acid sequestrant

text: class; all are synthetic polymeric resins: Bile acid sequestrant The bile acid sequestrants are a group of resins used to bind certain components of bile in the gastrointestinal tract. They disrupt the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids by combining with bile constituents and preventing their reabsorption from the gut. In general, they are classified as hypolipidemic agents, although they may be used for purposes other than lowering cholesterol. They are used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea due to bile acid malabsorption. Bile acid sequestrants are polymeric compounds that serve as ion-exchange resins. Bile acid sequestrants exchange anions such as

title: Bile acid

text: results partly related to dosage. Genetic variation in the key bile acid synthesis enzyme, CYP7A1, influenced the effectiveness of UDCA in colorectal adenoma prevention in a large trial. Bile acids may be used in subcutaneous injections to remove unwanted fat (see Mesotherapy). Deoxycholic acid as an injectable has received FDA approval to dissolve submental fat. Phase III trials showed significant responses although many subjects had mild adverse reactions of bruising, swelling, pain, numbness, erythema, and firmness around the treated area. Bile acid Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Different molecular forms

title: Bile (band)

text: to best describe their sound and live show since the band doesn't fit into any one genre. There are few bands on earth that truly share the Bile sound. Except that it's very extreme. Bile has played and toured the U.S. extensively with artists such as Pigface, KMFDM, Korn, Marilyn Manson, Ohgr, Gwar, Misfits, and Rammstein. When performing live, Bile consists of Krztoff (vocals, lead guitar), R.H. Bear (bass, effects), Brendin Ross (keyboard), and former Agnostic Front drummer Steve Gallo. Bile mainly uses drum machines and sequencers for their live experience. In 2013, Bile released the album "Built to Fuck,

title: Bile Beans

text: rhubarb, liquorice and menthol, were commonly found in pharmacies of the period. A court case initiated in Scotland in 1905 found that the Bile Bean Manufacturing Company's business was based on a fraud and conducted fraudulently, but Bile Beans continued to be sold until the 1980s nevertheless. Charles Edward Fulford (1870–1906) and Ernest Albert Gilbert (1875–1905) first sold Bile Beans in Australia in late 1897, marketed as "Gould's Bile Beans". Fulford was a Canadian who had travelled to Australia to sell Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People for his uncle, George Taylor Fulford. Fulford and Gilbert established the Bile

title: Bile acid

text: 6.5, and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water. Conjugating bile acids with amino acids lowers the pKa of the bile-acid/amino-acid conjugate to between 1 and 4. Thus conjugated bile acids are almost always in their deprotonated (A-) form in the duodenum, which makes them much more water-soluble and much more able to fulfil their physiologic function of emulsifying fats. When these bile salts are secreted into the lumen of the intestine, bacterial partial

title: Bile acid sequestrant

text: 5%) and cannot be used if the triglycerides are elevated. Chronic diarrhea may be caused by excess bile salts entering the colon rather than being absorbed at the end of the small intestine (the ileum). This condition of bile acid malabsorption occurs after surgery to the ileum, in Crohn's disease, with a number of other gastrointestinal causes, or is commonly a primary, idiopathic condition. The SeHCAT test can be used for diagnosis. Bile salt diarrhea can also be a side-effect of gallbladder removal. Bile acid sequestrants are the principal therapy for bile acid-induced diarrhea. Cholestyramine, colestipol and colesevelam have all

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: with all of them. Fecal bile acid quantification is unpleasant for both the patient and laboratory. Diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption is easily and reliably made by the SeHCAT test. This nuclear medicine test involves two scans a week apart and so measures multiple cycles of bile acid excretion and reabsorption. There is limited radiation exposure (0.3 mSv). Retention of SeHCAT at 7 days is normally above 15%; values less than 15%, 10% and 5% predict respectively mild, moderate and severe abnormal retention and an increasing likelihood of response to bile acid sequestrants. This test is not licensed in the

title: Lake Bile

text: mint ("Mentha" sp.) grow in the lake. Lake Bile Lake Bile (, means 'white lake') is a lake in the south-western Ukraine, in the delta of the Dniester River. It is located south from the village of Mayaki. The lake is 1.7 km long and 0.8 km width. It is connected with the Dniester River and its left branch Turunchuk. Similar to the other lakes of the Dniester River delta, Lake Bile is the unique biotope, inhabited by a lot of rare plant species and a nesting place of a lot of birds. The white water lily ("Nymphaea alba"), water

title: Lake Bile

text: Lake Bile Lake Bile (, means 'white lake') is a lake in the south-western Ukraine, in the delta of the Dniester River. It is located south from the village of Mayaki. The lake is 1.7 km long and 0.8 km width. It is connected with the Dniester River and its left branch Turunchuk. Similar to the other lakes of the Dniester River delta, Lake Bile is the unique biotope, inhabited by a lot of rare plant species and a nesting place of a lot of birds. The white water lily ("Nymphaea alba"), water caltrop ("Trapa natans"), brandy-bottle ("Nuphar lutea"), and

title: Bile esculin agar

text: Bile esculin agar Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) is a selective differential agar used to isolate and identify members of the genus "Enterococcus", formerly part of the "group D streptococci" (enterococci were reclassified in their own genus in 1984). Bile salts are the selective ingredient, while esculin is the differential component. "Enterococcus" hydrolyze esculin to products that react with ferric citrate in the medium to produce insoluble iron salts, resulting in the blackening of the medium. Test results must be interpreted in conjunction with gram stain morphology. Bile Esculin Agar is used primarily to differentiate "Enterococcus" from "Streptococcus". Members of the

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: phase II clinical study involving a farnesoid X receptor agonist named LJN452. Bile acid malabsorption is common in Crohn's disease but not always recognized. Most people with previous ileal resection and chronic diarrhea will have abnormal SeHCAT tests and can benefit from bile acid sequestrants. People with primary bile acid diarrhea are frequently misdiagnosed as having irritable bowel syndrome. When SeHCAT testing is performed, the diagnosis of primary bile acid diarrhea is commonly made. In a review of 18 studies of the use of SeHCAT testing in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients, 32% of 1223 people had a SeHCAT 7-day

title: Bile bear

text: poaching and are insouciant about animal welfare concerns. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance. A 2015 report indicated that the illegal trade in bear bile and gallbladder for traditional medicine is open and widespread across Malaysia and is potentially a serious threat to wild bears. In a survey of 365 traditional medicine shops across Malaysia, 175 (48%) claimed to be selling bear gallbladders and medicinal products containing bear bile. Some supporters of bile bear farms argue, "Wildlife farming offers, at first glance, an intuitively satisfying solution: a legal

title: Bile bear

text: the bears experiencing constant pain thereafter. Pathology reports have shown that bile from sick bears is often contaminated with, blood, pus, faeces, urine, bacteria and cancer cells. International concern about the welfare of bile bears began in 1993. Many bile bear farms have little or no veterinary supervision and the animal husbandry is often conducted by non-skilled attendants. In combination with the impacts of small cage sizes, their spacing and lack of internal structures, there are several indicators of poor welfare. Elevated corticosteroid concentrations are a widely acknowledged indicator of physiological stress. Corticosteroid concentrations in the hair of Asiatic black

title: Bile

text: to 7.65). Bile in the gallbladder becomes more acidic the longer a person goes without eating, though resting slows this fall in pH. As an alkali, it also has the function of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. Bile salts also act as bactericides, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food. In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces, a condition called steatorrhea. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy. Steatorrhea can

title: Bile acid

text: and D at the right. The hydroxyl groups can be in either of two configurations: either up (or out), termed beta (β; often drawn by convention as a solid line), or down, termed alpha (α; displayed as a dashed line). All bile acids have a 3-hydroxyl group, derived from the parent molecule, cholesterol, in which the 3-hydroxyl is beta. The initial step in the classical pathway of hepatic synthesis of bile acids is the enzymatic addition of a 7α hydroxyl group by cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) forming 7α-hydroxycholesterol. This is then metabolised to 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. There are multiple steps in bile acid

title: Bile acid

text: secreted into the intestine. Bile acids have other functions, including eliminating cholesterol from the body, driving the flow of bile to eliminate certain catabolites (including bilirubin), emulsifying fat-soluble vitamins to enable their absorption, and aiding in motility and the reduction of the bacteria flora found in the small intestine and biliary tract. Bile acids have metabolic actions in the body resembling those of hormones, acting through two specific receptors, the farnesoid X receptor and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor/TGR5. They bind less specifically to some other receptors and have been reported to regulate the activity of certain enzymes and ion

title: Bile acid sequestrant

text: vitamin supplementation may be considered, with appropriate intervals between dosing of the vitamins and bile acid sequestrants. In addition to bile acids, bile acid sequestrants may also bind drugs in the GI tract, preventing their absorption into the bloodstream. For this reason, it is generally advised that bile acid sequestrants be spaced several hours apart from other drugs. They can also bind fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K. This effect could result in a vitamin deficiency, and so checking blood levels and possible supplementation has been suggested. Three drugs are members of this

title: Abdi Bile

text: As a senior in high school, Ahmed won the Virginia state cross country title, the 1000m title and 1600m title along with being a two-time New Balance All-American in the 800m. Abdi Bile Abdi Bile (, ; born 28 December 1962) is a former middle distance runner who holds multiple Somali national records for various athletics disciplines. In 1987, he became world champion in the 1500 metres, the first Somali to do so. In 1996 he represented Somalia at the 1996 Summer Olympics for the 1500 meters. His brother, Jama Bile, ran competitively for Northern Arizona University. His son Ahmed

title: Bile acid

text: for bile acids are useful in both human and veterinary medicine, as they aid in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including types of cholestasis such as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, portosystemic shunt, and hepatic microvascular dysplasia in dogs. Structural or functional abnormalities of the biliary system result in an increase in bilirubin (jaundice) and in bile acids in the blood. Bile acids are related to the itching (pruritus) which is common in cholestatic conditions such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis or intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid has been used for many years

title: Bile bear

text: in the trade of bile powder. In 2007, while the wholesale price of bile powder was approximately US$410 per kg in China, the retail price increased to 25 to 50 fold in South Korea, and to 80 fold in Japan, i.e. US$33,000 per kg. Pill prices ranged from as low as $0.38 per pill (Malaysia) to $3.83 per pill (Thailand). and in the U.S., approximately $1 per pill, which is an average price between the two countries. In 2010, the Guizhentang Pharmaceutical company was one of the most successful bile extraction companies in China, paying some 10 million yuan in

title: Bile bear

text: from 9,000 to 20,000 bears on nearly 100 domestic bear farms. One company (Fujian Guizhen Tang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) alone has more than 400 black bears to supply bile using the free drip method. The bile is harvested twice a day to collect a total of approximately 130 ml from each bear per day. Before the existence of bear farms (i.e. pre-1980) the demand for bear bile in China was about 500 kilos annually. In 2008, the demand had risen to about 4,000 kilos annually. In 2009, according to the Korean Environment Ministry, 1,374 bears were raised at 74 farms

title: Bile bear

text: as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from poaching. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance. China has repeatedly been found to be the main source of bear bile products on sale throughout South-East Asia; this international trade in their parts and derivatives is strictly prohibited by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. In 2010, there were approximately 97 establishments in China keeping bile bears. In 2013, estimates of bears kept in cages in China for bile production range

title: Vanishing bile duct syndrome

text: of lost ducts. Vanishing bile duct syndrome Vanishing bile duct syndrome (or "ductopenia") is a loose collection of diseases which leads to the injury to hepatic bile ducts and eventual ductopenia. The presentation is dependent upon the underlying cause. The course can be rapid or chronic. In fetal and neonatal life the ductal plates are remodeled. The malformations can be atretic or fibrocystic. Bile duct injury and loss can result from autoimmune destruction. T cells recognize biliary epithelial cell antigens causing injury and eventual atresia. Treatment is dependent upon the underlying cause. Treatment is supportive as it is not possible

title: Vanishing bile duct syndrome

text: Vanishing bile duct syndrome Vanishing bile duct syndrome (or "ductopenia") is a loose collection of diseases which leads to the injury to hepatic bile ducts and eventual ductopenia. The presentation is dependent upon the underlying cause. The course can be rapid or chronic. In fetal and neonatal life the ductal plates are remodeled. The malformations can be atretic or fibrocystic. Bile duct injury and loss can result from autoimmune destruction. T cells recognize biliary epithelial cell antigens causing injury and eventual atresia. Treatment is dependent upon the underlying cause. Treatment is supportive as it is not possible to induce regrowth

title: Bile

text: lead to deficiencies in essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, past the small intestine (which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food) the gastrointestinal tract and gut flora are not adapted to processing fats, leading to problems in the large intestine. The cholesterol contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder, forming gallstones. Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder. However, they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid. On an empty stomach – after repeated

title: Bile acid malabsorption

text: fecal bile acids and C4 are available to make the diagnosis. Bile acid sequestrants are the main agents used to treat bile acid malabsorption. Cholestyramine and colestipol, both in powder form, have been used for many years. Unfortunately, many patients find them difficult to tolerate; although the diarrhea may improve, other symptoms such as abdominal pain and bloating may worsen. Colesevelam is a tablet and some patients tolerate this more easily. A proof of concept study of the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid has shown clinical and biochemical benefit. As of March 15, 2016, Novartis Pharmaceuticals is conducting a

title: Abdi Bile

text: a school located in Erigavo. Abdi Bile started running when he first heard of the Somali runner Jamac Karacin who got scholarship into the US. This was when running became his hobby. When Abdi was a kid he was very interested in football or soccer. Abdi Bile was a great runner but not the only runner in his family. There were many of his other siblings who were interested in running at that time. Bile won the 1500 m World Championship in 1987, running the final 800 m of the race in 1:46.00, the fastest final 800 m of any

title: Bile acid

text: of bile acids are higher, and this association suggests that increased colonic exposure to bile acids could play a role in the development of cancer. In one particular comparison, the fecal DCA concentrations in Native Africans in South Africa (who eat a low fat diet) compared to African Americans (who eat a higher fat diet) was 7.30 vs. 37.51 nmol/g wet weight stool. Native Africans in South Africa have a low incidence rate of colon cancer of less than 1:100,000, compared to the high incidence rate for male African Americans of 72:100,000. Experimental studies also suggest mechanisms for bile acids

title: Bile bear

text: Farmed bile bears live to an average age of five years old whereas healthy captive bears can live up to 35 years of age and wild bears for between 25 and 30 years. In 1994, Chinese authorities announced that no new bear farms would be licensed and in 1996, issued a special notice stating that no foreign object was allowed to be inserted into a bear body. No bears younger than 3 years of age and lighter than 100 kg were to be used for bile extraction, and bears could be confined in cages only during the time of bile

title: Bile bear

text: bile over a 5-yr production life. When the bears outlive their productive bile-producing years (around 10 years old), they are often slaughtered and harvested for their other body parts such as meat, fur, paws and gallbladders; bear paws are considered a delicacy. To facilitate the bile extraction process, mature bears are usually kept in small cages measuring approximately 130 x 70 x 60 cm. These cages are so small they prevent the bears from being able to sit upright, stand or turn around. Some bears are kept in crush cages, the sides of which can be moved inwards to restrain

title: Bile bear

text: regions. Bile bear farms were started (allegedly) to reduce hunting of wild bears, with the hope that if bear farms raised a self-sustaining population of productive animals, poachers would have little motivation to capture or kill bears in the wild. The demand for bile and gallbladders exists in Asian communities throughout the world, including the EU and the US. This demand has led to bears being hunted in the US specifically for this purpose. Several methods can be used to extract the bile. These all require surgery and include: It has been estimated that 50% to 60% of bears die

title: Bile bear

text: Both the Asiatic black bear and the sun bear are listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of Threatened Animals published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They were previously hunted for bile but factory farming has become common since hunting was banned in the 1980s. The bile can be harvested using several techniques, all of which require some degree of surgery, and may leave a permanent fistula or inserted catheter. A significant proportion of the bears die because of the stress of unskilled surgery or the infections which may occur. Farmed bile bears are housed continuously in

title: Bile (band)

text: bandmate) to regroup and record for their own label, Bile Style Records. Krztoff recorded "Sex Reflex". The album features their most popular song to date, "In League". Their song, "I Reject" appeared on the 1995 "Mortal Kombat" soundtrack. Their song "In League" appeared on the soundtrack to the 1998 Dee Snider film "Strangeland". Krztoff went on to join Pigface as guitarist in 2001. With help from Martin Atkins' distribution conduit, Bile Style Records then released "Nightmare Before Krztoff", "Black From The Dead", "Demonic Electronic", "The Copy Machine", "Frankenhole" and "Regurge" The Best o' Bile". Krztoff coined the phrase "Demonic Electronic"