query: Which planet did the spacecraft Magellan enable scientists to research extensively?

title: Magellan scientists

text: was just coming to a close. The Magellan Project Science room became notorious for its hanging of long thermal print strips of image data (FBIDRs) along the walls of a spacious room. This was the first form in which the imagery of the surface of Venus was seen due to the long, narrow swathes acquired by the spacecraft. Significant guests during the mission's operation included Margaret Thatcher. After the initial investigation stage Magellan's full data set was released for public consumption. Magellan scientists The Magellan project was set up so that the initial images and data from the Magellan probe

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: method has since been used extensively on later interplanetary missions. The sixth and final orbiting cycle was another extension to the two previous gravimetric studies. Toward the end of the cycle, a final experiment was conducted, known as the "Windmill" experiment to provide data on the composition of the upper atmosphere of Venus. "Magellan" performed 1,783 orbits before the end of the cycle on October 13, 1994, when the spacecraft entered the atmosphere and disintegrated. In September 1994, the orbit of "Magellan" was lowered to begin the "Windmill experiment". During the experiment, the spacecraft was oriented with the solar arrays

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: to place it into orbit around Venus. Prior to "Magellan", all spacecraft SRM firings had involved spinning spacecraft, which made control of the SRM a much easier task. In a typical spin mode, any unwanted forces related to SRM or nozzle mis-alignments are cancelled out. In the case of "Magellan", the spacecraft design did not lend itself to spinning, so the resulting propulsion system design had to accommodate the challenging control issues with the large Star 48B SRM. The Star 48B, containing 2,014 kg of solid propellant, developed a thrust of ~89,000 Newton (20,000 lbf) shortly after firing; therefore, even

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: planet, before the end of the cycle on August 29, 1994. Aerobraking had long been sought as a method for slowing the orbit of interplanetary spacecraft. Previous suggestions included the need for aeroshells that proved too complicated and expensive for most missions. Testing a new approach to the method, a plan was devised to drop the orbit of "Magellan" into the outermost region of the Venusian atmosphere. Slight friction on the spacecraft slowed the velocity over a period, slightly longer than two months, bringing the spacecraft into an approximately circular orbit from 180-kilometers at periapsis to 540-kilometers at apoapsis. The

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: This maneuver required extensive use of the reaction wheels to rotate the spacecraft as it imaged the surface for 37-minutes and as it pointed toward Earth for two hours. The primary mission intended for the spacecraft to return images of at least 70 percent of the surface during one Venusian day, which lasts 243 Earth days as the planet slowly spins. To avoid overly-redundant data at the highest and lowest latitudes, the "Magellan" probe alternated between a "Northern-swath", a region designated as 90 degrees north latitude to 54 degrees south latitude, and a "Southern-swath", designated as 76 degrees north latitude

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: Magellan (spacecraft) The Magellan spacecraft, also referred to as the Venus Radar Mapper, was a robotic space probe launched by NASA of the United States, on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus by using synthetic aperture radar and to measure the planetary gravitational field. The "Magellan" probe was the first interplanetary mission to be launched from the Space Shuttle, the first one to use the Inertial Upper Stage booster for launching, and the first spacecraft to test aerobraking as a method for circularizing its orbit. "Magellan" was the fifth successful NASA mission to Venus, and it ended

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: should land on Venus by 1:00 PM PDT Thursday, October 13, 1994. Magellan (spacecraft) The Magellan spacecraft, also referred to as the Venus Radar Mapper, was a robotic space probe launched by NASA of the United States, on May 4, 1989, to map the surface of Venus by using synthetic aperture radar and to measure the planetary gravitational field. The "Magellan" probe was the first interplanetary mission to be launched from the Space Shuttle, the first one to use the Inertial Upper Stage booster for launching, and the first spacecraft to test aerobraking as a method for circularizing its orbit.

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: launches, the decision was made to launch "Magellan" in May, and into an orbit that would require one year, three months, before encountering Venus. On August 10, 1990, "Magellan" encountered Venus and began the orbital insertion maneuver which placed the spacecraft into a three-hour, nine minute, elliptical orbit that brought the spacecraft 295-kilometers from the surface at about 10 degrees North during the periapsis and out to 7762-kilometers during apoapsis. During each orbit, the space probe captured radar data while the spacecraft was closest to the surface, and then transmit it back to Earth as it moved away from Venus.

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: atmosphere. At this altitude the spacecraft encountered sufficient ram pressure to raise temperatures on the solar arrays to 126 degrees Celsius. On October 13, 1994 at 10:05:00 UTC, communication was lost when the spacecraft entered radio occultation behind Venus. The team continued to listen for another signal from the spacecraft until 18:00:00 UTC, when the mission was determined to have concluded. Although much of "Magellan" was expected to vaporize due to atmospheric stresses, some amount of wreckage is thought have hit the surface by 20:00:00 UTC. Quoted from Status Report - October 13, 1994 Communication with the "Magellan" spacecraft was

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: broadly, perpendicular to the orbital path, where they could act as paddles as they impacted molecules of the upper-Venusian atmosphere. Countering this force, the thrusters fired to keep the spacecraft from spinning. This provided data on the basic oxygen gas-surface interaction. This was useful for understanding the impact of upper-atmospheric forces which aided in designing future Earth-orbiting satellites, and methods for aerobraking during future planetary spacecraft missions. "Magellan" created the first (and currently the best) near-photographic quality, high resolution radar mapping of the planet's surface features. Prior Venus missions had created low resolution radar globes of general, continent-sized formations. "Magellan",

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: its attached Inertial Upper Stage booster were deployed from "Atlantis" and launched on May 5, 1989 01:06:00 UTC, sending the spacecraft into a Type IV heliocentric orbit where it would circle the Sun 1.5 times, before reaching Venus 15 months later on August 10, 1990. Originally, the "Magellan" had been scheduled for launch in 1988 with a trajectory lasting six months. However, due to the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster in 1986, several missions, including "Galileo" and "Magellan", were deferred until shuttle flights resumed in September 1988. "Magellan" was planned to be launched with a liquid-fueled, Centaur-G upper-stage booster, carried in

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: tapes were played back. Thick and opaque, the atmosphere of Venus required a method beyond optical survey, to map the surface of the planet. The resolution of conventional radar depends entirely on the size of the antenna, which is greatly restricted by costs, physical constraints by launch vehicles and the complexity of maneuvering a large apparatus to provide high resolution data. "Magellan" addressed this problem by using a method known as synthetic aperture, where a large antenna is imitated by processing the information gathered by ground computers. The "Magellan" high-gain parabolic antenna, oriented 28°–78° to the right or left of

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: renderings of the surface. Approximately 21.3% of the surface was imaged in stereo by the end of the cycle on September 13, 1992, increasing the overall coverage of the surface to 98%. Upon completing cycle 3, "Magellan" ceased imaging the surface. Instead, beginning mid-September 1992, the "Magellan" maintained pointing of the high-gain antenna toward Earth where the Deep Space Network began recording a constant stream of telemetry. This constant signal allowed the DSN to collect information on the gravitational field of Venus by monitoring the velocity of the spacecraft. Areas of higher gravitation would slightly increase the velocity of the

title: 4055 Magellan

text: a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (). The large variation suggests an elongated shape. This minor planet was named after Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães; c. 1480–1521), who led and died on the first circumnavigation of the Earth during 1519–1522. The minor planet is also named after the modern "Magellan" spacecraft, which was launched by NASA in 1989 and went on to map the surface of Venus. The Portuguese navigator is also honored by the craters Magelhaens on Mars and "Magelhaens" on the Moon. The official naming citation was published

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: nadir, emitted thousands of microwave pulses that passed through the clouds and to the surface of Venus, illuminating a swath of land. The Radar System then recorded the brightness of each pulse as it reflected back off the side surfaces of rocks, cliffs, volcanoes and other geologic features, as a form of backscatter. To increase the imaging resolution, "Magellan" recorded a series of data bursts for a particular location during multiple instances called, "looks". Each "look" slightly overlapped the previous, returning slightly different information for the same location, as the spacecraft moved in orbit. After transmitting the data back to

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: to 68 degrees south latitude. However, due to periapsis being 10 degrees north of the equatorial line, imaging the South Pole region was unlikely. The primary mission began on September 15, 1990, with the intention to provide a "left-looking" map of 70% of the Venusian surface at a minimum resolution of 1-kilometer/pixel. During cycle 1, the altitude of the spacecraft varied from 2000-kilometers at the north pole, to 290-kilometers near periapsis. Upon completion during May 15, 1991, having made 1,792 orbits, "Magellan" had mapped approximately 83.7% of the surface with a resolution between 101 and 250-meters/pixel. Beginning immediately after the

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: Earth, Doppler modeling was used to take the overlapping "looks" and combine them into a continuous, high resolution image of the surface. In addition to the radar data, Magellan collected several other types of scientific measurements. These included detailed measurements of the Venus gravitational field, measurements of the atmospheric density, and radio occultation data on the atmospheric profile. "Magellan" was launched on May 4, 1989, at 18:46:59 UTC by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from KSC Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, aboard Space Shuttle "Atlantis" during mission STS-30. Once in orbit, the "Magellan" and

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: however, finally allowed detailed imaging and analysis of craters, hills, ridges, and other geologic formations, to a degree comparable to the visible-light photographic mapping of other planets. "Magellan"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s global radar map currently remains as the most detailed Venus map in existence, although the planned Russian Venera-D may carry a radar that can achieve the same, if not better resolution as the radar used by "Magellan". On September 9, 1994, a press release outlined the termination of the "Magellan" mission. Due to the degradation of the power output from the solar arrays and onboard components, and having completed all objectives successfully,

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: an eleven-year gap in U.S. interplanetary probe launches. Beginning in the late 1970s, scientists pushed for a radar mapping mission to Venus. They first sought to construct a spacecraft named the "Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar" (VOIR), but it became clear that the mission would be beyond the budget constraints during the ensuing years. The VOIR mission was canceled in 1982. A simplified radar mission proposal was recommended by the Solar System Exploration Committee, and this one was submitted and accepted as the Venus Radar Mapper program in 1983. The proposal included a limited focus and a single primary scientific instrument.

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle. However, the entire Centaur-G program was canceled after the "Challenger" disaster, and the "Magellan" probe had to be modified to be attached to the less-powerful Inertial Upper Stage. The next best opportunity for launching occurred in October 1989. Further complicating the launch however, was the launching of the "Galileo" mission to Jupiter, one that included a fly-by of Venus. Intended for launch in 1986, the pressures to ensure a launch for "Galileo" in 1989, mixed with a short launch-window necessitating a mid-October launch, resulted in replanning the "Magellan" mission. Weary of rapid shuttle

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: the mission was to end in mid-October. The termination sequence began in late August 1994, with a series of orbital trim maneuvers which lowered the spacecraft into the outermost layers of the Venusian atmosphere to allow the Windmill experiment to begin on September 6, 1994. The experiment lasted for two weeks and was followed by subsequent orbital trim maneuvers, further lowering the altitude of the spacecraft for the final termination phase. On October 11, 1994, moving at a velocity of 7 kilometers/second, the final orbital trim maneuver was performed, placing the spacecraft 139.7 kilometers above the surface, well within the

title: Ferdinand Magellan

text: although they had faithfully maintained the ship's log. They lost one day because they traveled west during their circumnavigation of the globe, opposite to Earth's daily rotation. This caused great excitement at the time, and a special delegation was sent to the Pope to explain the oddity to him. The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honour those who complete a circumnavigation and make other contributions to humanity. Two of the closest galaxies, the Magellanic Clouds in the southern celestial hemisphere, were named for Magellan sometime after 1800. The Magellan probe, which mapped the planet Venus from 1990

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: lost early Wednesday morning, following an aggressive series of five Orbit Trim Maneuvers (OTMs) on Tuesday, October 11, which took the orbit down into the upper atmosphere of Venus. The Termination experiment (extension of September "Windmill" experiment) design was expected to result in final loss of the spacecraft due to a negative power margin. This was not a problem since spacecraft power would have been too low to sustain operations in the next few weeks due to continuing solar cell loss. Thus, a final controlled experiment was designed to maximize mission return. This final, low altitude was necessary to study

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: with additional helium that could be connected to the main tank prior to the critical Venus orbit insertion burn to ensure maximum thrust from the 445 N thrusters during the SRM firing. Other hardware regarding orientation of the spacecraft consists of a set of gyroscopes and a star scanner. For communications, the spacecraft included a lightweight graphite/aluminum, 3.7-meter high-gain antenna left over from the Voyager Program and a medium-gain antenna spare from the Mariner 9 mission. A low-gain antenna attached to the high-gain antenna, was also included for contingencies. When communicating with the Deep Space Network, the spacecraft was able

title: Slew (spacecraft)

text: Magellan probe that once per orbit interrupted the scanning of the Venus surface making a large turn to direct its high gain antenna to the Earth for data transmission. Slew (spacecraft) Slew and slewing are terms which can refer to a spacecraft's orientation or movement in reference to a plane or fixed position such as Earth, the Sun, another celestial body or other point in space. During space flight, a craft's attitude must be controlled for reasons dependent upon the craft's mission. Keeping a spacecraft slewed properly is vital toward ensuring that its high-gain antenna remains oriented toward Earth for

title: Venus

text: the closest planet to Earth, Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration. It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft ("Mariner 2" in 1962), and the first to be successfully landed on (by "Venera 7" in 1970). Venus's thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light, and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991. Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions, but they are hindered by Venus's hostile surface conditions. Venus is one of the four terrestrial planets in

title: Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

text: mission. Whereas the probes entered the atmosphere in 1978, the orbiter would stay in orbit throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s. (see Pioneer Venus Orbiter) The next major mission was the Magellan spacecraft, which was an orbiter capable mapping Venus by seeing through its opaque clouds with radar. Another NASA entry probe mission was the Galileo probe, which was for planet Jupiter. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe bus was constructed by the Hughes Aircraft Company, built around the HS-507 bus. It was cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of and a mass of . Unlike the probes, which did not

title: Magellan scientists

text: Magellan scientists The Magellan project was set up so that the initial images and data from the Magellan probe were only for use and study by a team of principal investigators from a variety of universities and institutions, and by the Magellan Project Science Team. These scientists were responsible for validating the data, contributing input for spacecraft acquisition of data, and interpreting the data results for their release to the public. Data were shared with three visiting Soviet scientists (Alexander Basilevsky, Effaim Akim and Alexander Zacharov), a first, and sensitive issue, for NASA at the time considering the Cold War

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: This was also a preplanned experiment option. At this point, the spacecraft was expected to survive only two orbits. "Magellan" continued to maintain communication for three more orbits, even though the power continued to drop below 23 volts and eventually reached 20.4 volts. At this time, one battery went off-line, and the spacecraft was defined as power starved. Communication was lost at 3:02 AM PDT just as "Magellan" was about to enter an Earth occultation on orbit 15032. Contact was not re-established. Tracking operations were continued to 11:00 AM but no signal was seen, and none was expected. The spacecraft

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: In 1985, the mission was renamed "Magellan", in honor of the sixteenth-century Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, known for his exploration, mapping, and circumnavigation of the Earth. The objectives of the mission included: The spacecraft was designed and built by the Martin Marietta Company, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) managed the mission for NASA. Elizabeth Beyer served as the program manager and Joseph Boyce served as the lead program scientist for the NASA headquarters. For JPL, Douglas Griffith served as the "Magellan" project manager and R. Stephen Saunders served as the lead project scientist. To save costs, most of the

title: Magellan Planet Search Program

text: Magellan Planet Search Program The Magellan Planet Search Program is a ground-based search for extrasolar planets that makes use of the radial velocity method. It began gathering data in December 2002 using the MIKE echelle spectrograph mounted on the 6.5m Magellan II "Clay" telescope located within the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. In 2010, the program began using the newly commissioned Planet Finder Spectrograph (PFS), an instrument purpose-built for precise radial velocity measurement. The Magellan Planet Search uses a molecular Iodine absorption cell to imprint a set of extremely well known absorption lines onto each stellar spectrum that act as

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: "Magellan" probe was made up of spare parts from various missions, including the Voyager program, "Galileo", "Ulysses", and Mariner 9. The main body of the spacecraft, a spare one from the Voyager missions, was a 10-sided aluminum bus, containing the computers, data recorders, and other subsystems. The spacecraft measured 6.4 meters tall and 4.6 meters in diameter. Overall, the spacecraft weighed 1,035 kilograms and carried 2,414 kilograms of propellant for a total mass of 3,449 kilograms. The spacecraft's attitude control (orientation) was designed to be three-axis stabilized, including during the firing of the Star 48B solid rocket motor (SRM) used

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: to simultaneously receive commands at 1.2 kilobits/second in the S-band and transmit data at 268.8 kilobits/second in the X-band. "Magellan" was powered by two square solar arrays, each measuring 2.5 meters across. Together, the arrays supplied 1,200 watts of power at the beginning of the mission. However, over the course of the mission the solar arrays gradually degraded due to frequent, extreme temperature changes. To power the spacecraft while occulted from the Sun, twin 30 amp-hour, 26-cell, nickel-cadmium batteries were included. The batteries recharged as the spacecraft received direct sunlight. The computing system on the spacecraft, partially modified equipment from

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: spacecraft, registering as a Doppler shift in the signal. The space craft completed 1,878 orbits until completion of the cycle on May 23, 1993; a loss of data at the beginning of the cycle necessitated an additional 10 days of gravitational study. At the end of the fourth cycle in May 1993, the orbit of "Magellan" was circularized using a technique known as aerobraking. The circularized orbit allowed a much higher resolution of gravimetric data to be acquired when cycle 5 began on August 3, 1993. The spacecraft performed 2,855 orbits and provided high-resolution gravimetric data for 94% of the

title: Magellan Planet Search Program

text: discovered a number of extrasolar planets using MIKE data alone, PFS data alone, a combination of the two, and a combination of these and data collected using other telescopes and instruments. For example, an early announcement was made in January 2010 regarding the discovery of five long period, Jovian mass planets in eccentric orbits around G and K type dwarfs. As of December 2013, the program had announced the following discoveries: Magellan Planet Search Program The Magellan Planet Search Program is a ground-based search for extrasolar planets that makes use of the radial velocity method. It began gathering data in

title: Magellan Planet Search Program

text: a fiducial wavelength reference. In the early years of the program, MIKE spectra were collected with a resolving power, R, of about 65,000 and achieved velocity precision of several meters per second. Using PFS, most spectra are collected with a resolving power of about 80,000 and velocity precision closer to one meter per second. The program has surveyed approximately 500 stars with spectral types ranging from F7 to M5. Stars included in the program were initially chosen to minimize overlap with two complementary surveys: the Anglo-Australian Planet Search (AAT) and the Keck Hi-Res planet search. The Magellan Planet Search has

title: Ice Planet (film)

text: planet has a breathable atmosphere and earth-like gravity, but an unknown force field keeps the "Magellan" and the 1426 refugees on board trapped on the surface. The planet's orbit is also highly unusual, resembling that of a spacecraft rather than a planet. It is located so far from Earth even the Andromeda galaxy is not visible in the sky. The "Magellan" is stranded and its crew has to cope with the fact that returning to Earth is impossible. Rumla now reveals to the astonished crew that six years previously, a meteor crashed into a remote area of Sumatra. The meteor

title: Dwarf planet

text: history. On March 6, 2015, the "Dawn" spacecraft began to orbit Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit a dwarf planet. On July 14, 2015, the "New Horizons" space probe flew by Pluto and its five moons. Dawn has also explored the former dwarf planet Vesta. Phoebe has been explored by Cassini (most recently) and Voyager 2, which also explored Triton. These three are thought to be former dwarf planets and therefore their exploration helps in the study of the evolution of dwarf planets. In the immediate aftermath of the IAU definition of dwarf planet, some scientists expressed their disagreement

title: Ice Planet (film)

text: explore their immediate surroundings. A ground survey team discovers a vast subterranean energy network with a power source located some 500 kilometers from the ship. Meanwhile, in orbit around the icy planet, two reconnaissance craft launched by the "Magellan" are attacked and destroyed by the same enormous alien spacecraft that destroyed Newton 5 and the Io military base. One pilot manages to eject, and the "Magellan" rescue team trying to locate him discovers an artificial cavern where the power source is located. A Native American-like tribe called the "Inaku" also lives there and it is not clear how they ended

title: Ice Planet (film)

text: commander Noah Trager, aided by recently graduated space cadets, manages to escape to the nearby "Magellan" research vessel commanded by professor Karteez Rumla. Rumla (encouraged by Senator Jeremy Uvan who was on the military base) insists that the "Magellan" continue its original classified mission rather than return to Earth. Pursued by the alien spaceship, the refugees head toward section 9 in space—the "Magellan"'s original destination—when the research vessel suddenly is ejected into hyperspace by an unknown space phenomenon. After traveling through interstellar space, the vessel is drawn towards an unidentified ice planet where it lands automatically in a crater. The

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: the "Galileo", included two ATAC-16 computers, as one redundant system, located in the attitude-control subsystem, and four RCA 1802 microprocessors, as two redundant systems, to control the command and data subsystem (CDS). The CDS was able to store commands for up to three days, and also to autonomously control the spacecraft if problems were to arise while mission operators were not in contact with the spacecraft. For storing the commands and recorded data, the spacecraft also included two multitrack digital tape recorders, able to store up to 225 megabytes of data until contact with the Earth was restored and the

title: 4055 Magellan

text: by the Minor Planet Center on 2 December 1990 (). 4055 Magellan 4055 Magellan, provisional designation , is a bright and eccentric asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 2.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 February 1985, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It was later named for Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. "Magellan" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.2–2.4 AU once every 2 years and 6 months (897 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.33 and an inclination of 23° with respect

title: Darwin (spacecraft)

text: and the Darwin spacecraft would have been capable of detecting these atmospheric components. Planet Gliese 581 d, discovered in 2007, was considered a good candidate for the Darwin project. It orbits within the theoretical habitable zone of its star, and scientists surmise that conditions on the planet might be conducive to supporting life. The interferometric version of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder mission is similar in concept to Darwin and also has very similar scientific aims. According to NASA's 2007 budget documentation, released on February 6, 2006, the project was deferred indefinitely, and in June 2011 the project was reported as

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: end of cycle 1, cycle 2 was intended to provide data for the existing gaps in the map collected during first cycle, including a large portion of the southern hemisphere. To do this, "Magellan" had to be reoriented, changing the gathering method to "right-looking". Upon completion during mid-January 1992, cycle 2 provided data for 54.5% of the surface, and combined with the previous cycle, a map containing 96% of the surface could be constructed. Immediately after cycle 2, cycle 3 began collecting data for stereo imagery on the surface that would later allow the ground team to construct, clear, three-dimensional

title: Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility

text: altitude to launch their payloads out of Earth orbit. More than ten tests of Centaur rockets here enabled the later successful launches in the Pioneer, Voyager, and Viking programs. Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility The Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, now known as the In-Space Propulsion Facility, is (according to NASA), the "world’s only facility capable of testing full-scale upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions." The facility, located at NASA's Plum Brook Station of the Glenn Research Center near Sandusky, Ohio, was built in 1968. Its first major use was for testing stages of the Centaur Rocket, which

title: Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility

text: Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility The Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, now known as the In-Space Propulsion Facility, is (according to NASA), the "world’s only facility capable of testing full-scale upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions." The facility, located at NASA's Plum Brook Station of the Glenn Research Center near Sandusky, Ohio, was built in 1968. Its first major use was for testing stages of the Centaur Rocket, which was used to launch some of America's most important space probes. The facility was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. NASA's Plum Brook Station is located off Taylor

title: Cybergenic Ranger: Secret of the Seventh Planet

text: Cybergenic Ranger: Secret of the Seventh Planet Cybergenic Ranger: Secret of the Seventh Planet is a computer game developed by Symtus in 1990 for MS-DOS. In "Cybergenic Ranger: Secret of the Seventh Planet", the player was launched out of a spacecraft by his parents to save him from certain death by renegade robots, and saved when someone gave him cybergenic enhancements. The character thus becomes the Cybergenic Ranger, to battle the renegade robots that killed his parents. The player's ship starts off with no weaponry at all, requiring the player to search planets to find items that will enable the

title: Galileo (spacecraft)

text: out of the planning stages. Following the cancellation of Europa Orbiter, a lower-cost versions called Europa Multiple Flyby Mission was studied. These studies led to the Europa Clipper being approved in 2015, and is currently planned for launch in the mid-2020s. Investigators and researchers came from the following institutions, and included famous scientists such as Carl Sagan and James Van Allen. Builders: Crew of STS-34: Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo was an American unmanned spacecraft that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other Solar System bodies. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, it consisted of an

title: Phoenix (spacecraft)

text: Phoenix (spacecraft) Phoenix was a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission on Mars under the Mars Scout Program. The "Phoenix" lander landed on Mars on May 25, 2008. Mission scientists used instruments aboard the lander to assess the local habitability and to research the history of water there. The total mission cost was about US $386 million, which includes cost of the launch. The multi-agency program was headed by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, under the direction of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The program was a partnership of universities in the United States, Canada,

title: Flight dynamics (spacecraft)

text: and feasibility studies, certain simplified assumptions may be made to enable delta-v calculation with very small error: Since interplanetary spacecraft spend a large period of time in heliocentric orbit between the planets, which are at relatively large distances away from each other, the patched-conic approximation is much more accurate for interplanetary trajectories than for translunar trajectories. The patch point between the hyperbolic trajectory relative to the departure planet and the heliocentric transfer orbit occurs at the planet's sphere of influence radius relative to the Sun, as defined above in Orbital flight. Given the Sun's mass ratio of 333,432 times that

title: Spacecraft Planet Instrument C-matrix Events

text: all freely available from the NAIF website. Prospective users are cautioned that it takes some effort to learn to use this software: it is targeted for professionals in the space exploration business. Spacecraft Planet Instrument C-matrix Events SPICE is a NASA ancillary information system used to compute geometric information used in planning and analyzing science observations obtained from robotic spacecraft. It is also used in planning missions and conducting numerous engineering functions needed to carry out those missions. SPICE was developed at NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF), located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It has become the "de

title: Spacecraft naming

text: Spacecraft naming Spacecraft and their missions are given descriptive, sometimes technical names, by scientists, engineers and administrators involved. Space agencies sometimes open the naming up to the public or to school children in the form of essay contests. The entry from Ms. Nina DiMauro's class at Emily Dickinson Elementary School in Bozeman, Montana suggesting Ebb and Flow for the twin spacecraft was chosen from entries from 900 classrooms in 45 states. Maria Zuber, principal investigator on the mission commented on the student's research before selecting the names and its appropriateness for a mission measuring gravity. The name "Sojourner" was chosen

text: Spacecraft Planet Instrument C-matrix Events SPICE is a NASA ancillary information system used to compute geometric information used in planning and analyzing science observations obtained from robotic spacecraft. It is also used in planning missions and conducting numerous engineering functions needed to carry out those missions. SPICE was developed at NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF), located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It has become the "de facto" standard for handling much of the so-called observation geometry information on NASA's planetary missions, and it is now widely used in support of science data analysis on planetary missions of other

title: Planck (spacecraft)

text: February 2015. Some of the results include: Project scientists worked too with BICEP2 scientists to release joint research in 2015 answering whether a signal detected by BICEP2 was evidence of primordial gravitational waves, or was simple background noise from dust in the Milky Way galaxy. Their results suggest the latter. Planck (spacecraft) Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013, which mapped the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution. The mission substantially improved upon observations made by the NASA

title: Magellan Data and Mapping Strategies

text: Magellan Data and Mapping Strategies Magellan Data and Mapping Strategies, now called Magellan Strategies, is a survey research, data mining and campaign consulting firm located in Louisville, Colorado. The company's clients include Republican Party candidates, conservative political organizations, non-profit organizations, trade associations, businesses and local governments. The firm was founded in November 2006. Using quantitative and qualitative survey research methods, the firm helps Republican candidates, conservative organizations, trade associations and governments better understand voter opinion. In addition to survey research, the company provides predictive voter modeling, voter data analysis and campaign consulting services. Magellan is a member of the Marketing

title: STS-34

text: rain-showers within of Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. The weather conditions were in violation of the launch commit criteria for a Return To Launch Site (RTLS) landing in the event of an aborted flight. The primary payload, the "Galileo" spacecraft with its attached Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), was successfully deployed on its journey to Jupiter. STS-34 was only the second shuttle flight to deploy a planetary spacecraft, the first being STS-30, which deployed the "Magellan" spacecraft. "Galileo" became the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet and to penetrate the atmosphere of an outer planet. Also, the spacecraft was

title: Magellan (spacecraft)

text: the effects of a carbon dioxide atmosphere. The final OTM took the periapsis to where the sensible drag on the spacecraft was very evident. The solar panel temperatures rose to 126 deg. C. and the attitude control system fired all available Y-axis thrusters to counteract the torques. However, attitude control was maintained to the end. The main bus voltage dropped to 24.7 volts after five orbits, and it was predicted that attitude control would be lost if the power dropped below 24 volts. It was decided to enhance the Windmill experiment by changing the panel angles for the remaining orbits.

title: Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion

text: differs from the typical chemical-powered spacecraft, where the engines run only in short intervals of time, while the spacecraft mostly follows an inertial trajectory. When near a planet, low-thrust propulsion may not offset the gravitational attraction of the planet. An electric rocket engine cannot provide enough thrust to lift the vehicle from a planet's surface, but a low thrust applied for a long interval can allow a spacecraft to maneuver near a planet. Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion An electrically-powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical energy to change the velocity of a spacecraft. Most of these kinds of spacecraft propulsion systems

title: The Martians (scientists)

text: The joke was that Hungarian scientists are actually descendants of a Martian scout force which landed in Budapest around the year 1900, and later departed after the planet was found unsuitable, but leaving behind children by several Earth women, children who all became the famous scientists. John von Neumann used a number of facts as mock evidence to support this claim, such as the close geographic proximity of the Martian's birthplaces; the well-traceable career path, which started with an interest in chemistry, led the individual in question to German universities where he moved towards physics, at which point the Martian

title: Ferdinand Magellan

text: to Patagonia, passing through the Strait of Magellan into a body of water he named the "peaceful sea" (the modern Pacific Ocean). Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition reached the Spice Islands in 1521 and returned home via the Indian Ocean to complete the first circuit of the globe. Magellan did not complete the entire voyage, as he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines in 1521. His gift, the Santo Niño de Cebú image, remains one of his legacies during his arrival. Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on

title: Spacecraft naming

text: mythical lost city of Atlantis, described by Plato as where Atlas was located. The competition began in 1988 and the winning name was announced on May 10, 1989. Contest guidelines had students select a name based on an exploratory or research sea vessel, HMS "Endeavour" was the overwhelming selection among the 6,154. Spacecraft naming Spacecraft and their missions are given descriptive, sometimes technical names, by scientists, engineers and administrators involved. Space agencies sometimes open the naming up to the public or to school children in the form of essay contests. The entry from Ms. Nina DiMauro's class at Emily Dickinson

title: Psyche (spacecraft)

text: round of Discovery mission selection, with launch set for 2023 as the 14th Discovery mission. In May 2017 the launch date was moved up to target a more efficient trajectory, launching in 2022 and arriving in 2026 with a Mars gravity assist in 2023. The "Psyche" spacecraft will use solar electric propulsion, and the scientific payload will be an imager, a magnetometer, and a gamma-ray spectrometer. Data shows asteroid to have a diameter of about . Scientists think that could be the exposed core of an early planet that could have been as large as Mars and lost its surface

title: Advanced Research and Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft

text: Advanced Research and Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft ARCTUS (the "Advanced Research and Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft") was a proposed design by Astrotech Corporation and developed with its partners Lockheed Martin, United Launch Alliance, Cimarron and Odyssey Space Research for a robotic spacecraft that would deliver cargo to the International Space Station, NASA COTS program. ARCTUS was planned to be launched by an Atlas V rocket. Its pressurized cargo module would return to Earth and be recovered with a mid-air retrieval operation. The ARPO system is designed to take the ARCTUS vehicle from the ISS stay-out zone to the ISS capture

text: "Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)" The ECLSS will maintain the pressurized environment (temperature and pressure) within the cargo requirements during all flight phases, as well crew requirements, while docked. The system will utilize SPACEHAB and ISS heritage hardware and a design similar to other ISS modules in order to minimize crew training and procedure development. Advanced Research and Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft ARCTUS (the "Advanced Research and Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft") was a proposed design by Astrotech Corporation and developed with its partners Lockheed Martin, United Launch Alliance, Cimarron and Odyssey Space Research for a robotic spacecraft that

title: Fidelity Magellan Fund

text: In addition, Vinik's strategy would have avoided the dot-com bust. Robert ‘Bob’ Stansky is a direct disciple of Peter Lynch’s having worked as his research assistant from 1984 to 1987. During his time at Magellan Stansky managed to return 238% for the fund. However, the S&P 500 index returned 274% during the same period. This marked the only regime where Magellan underperformed the market. Magellan’s portfolio closely resembled the S&P 500 during Stansky’s tenure—so much so that Stansky himself helped coin the phrase ‘closet indexer’. Harry W. Lange represented a change for the Magellan fund. His approach was known as

title: Magellan Navigation

text: an independent company. It was once owned by Orbital Sciences Corporation, which purchased it in 1994. In 2001, Thales Group purchased the Magellan division of Orbital Sciences for about $70 million and the Company became known as Thales Navigation. Five years later, private equity firm Shah Capital Partners and other investors purchased Thales Navigation for $170 million and the company was officially renamed Magellan Navigation. Magellan was the creator of the Magellan NAV 1000—the world’s first commercial handheld GPS receiver, which debuted in 1989. In 1997, Magellan also introduced the first handheld global satellite communicator—the GSC 100. Later consumer handheld

title: Astron (spacecraft)

text: Astron (spacecraft) Astron was a Soviet spacecraft launched on 23 March 1983 at 12:45:06 UTC, using Proton launcher, which was designed to fulfill an astrophysics mission. It was based on the 4MV spacecraft design and was operational for six years as the largest ultraviolet space telescope during its lifetime. The project was headed by Alexandr Boyarchuk. The spacecraft was designed and constructed by the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and NPO Lavochkin. A group of scientists from these institutions was awarded the USSR State Prize for their work on Astron. "Astron"s payload consisted of an 80 cm ultraviolet telescope which was designed

title: Magellan Health

text: new holding company, changing its name to Magellan Health Services. In 1999 the company moved to Green Spring's old headquarters in Columbia, Maryland. In 2004, the company headquarters moved to Connecticut. In 2014, the company moved its headquarters from Connecticut to Scottsdale, Arizona. In 1997 Magellan acquired Merit Behavioral Care Corporation, a company which provided mental health and substance abuse services, for $460 million in cash. Magellan Health Magellan Health Inc. (formerly Magellan Health Services Inc.), is an American for-profit managed health care company, focused on behavioral healthcare. It ranked 475 on the Fortune 500 in 2018. The company began

title: The Wake of Magellan

text: "The Wake of Magellan" "quite thick plot-wise", but appreciated how the album got "right to the metal, a decidedly raw and basic metal oddly enough", despite the band remaining "king of piano-to-riff dynamic", more in the way of Kansas than of Queen, which Savatage had been compared to. The Wake of Magellan The Wake of Magellan is the tenth studio album released by the American heavy metal band Savatage. The album was released in September 1997 in Europe and Japan, and in April 1998 in the US. It is a concept album and is based on two real life events.

title: Magellan Data and Mapping Strategies

text: would win the 2010 Colorado Governors Election. 2010 gubernatorial election in Colorado. Tom Tancredo lost to Democrat John Hickenlooper on election day, November 2. Hickenlooper resoundingly beat Tancredo by a margin of 51% to 36%. Editorial page editor Curtis Hubbard of the "Denver Post" gave Magellan his "Agony of Defeat" award for the worst poll in the gubernatorial race. References Magellan Data and Mapping Strategies Magellan Data and Mapping Strategies, now called Magellan Strategies, is a survey research, data mining and campaign consulting firm located in Louisville, Colorado. The company's clients include Republican Party candidates, conservative political organizations, non-profit organizations,

title: SPICA (spacecraft)

text: astrophysics. Specific research fields include: SPICA (spacecraft) The Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), initially called HII-L2 after the launch vehicle and orbit, is a proposed infrared space telescope, follow-on to the successful Akari space observatory. It is a collaboration between European and Japanese scientists, which was selected in May 2018 by the European Space Agency (ESA) as a finalist for the next Medium class Mission 5 of the Cosmic Vision programme. Its sensitivity would be more than two orders of magnitude over both Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes. In Japan, SPICA was first proposed in 2007 as

title: Ice Planet (film)

text: refugees deliberately transported the "Magellan" across space and time for some unknown purpose. The aliens show a vision of the Earth burnt to a cinder, but it is not clear if we see the present or the future ("you must play your part", offers the alien). As the alien attack on the "Magellan" resulted in a kidnapping of a dozen people, the military launches a counterattack as the alien intelligence on the planet weakens the attacking Zedoni ship's defences. The movie ends as the ice planet is transported through another space rift into a different solar system having four moons—the

title: Dawn (spacecraft)

text: Dawn (spacecraft) Dawn is a retired space probe launched by NASA in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt, Vesta and Ceres. It was retired on 1 November 2018 and it is currently in an uncontrolled orbit about its second target, the dwarf planet Ceres. "Dawn" is the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies, the first spacecraft to visit either Vesta or Ceres, and the first to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres in March 2015, a few months before "New Horizons" flew by Pluto in July 2015.

title: Spacecraft thermal control

text: the spacecraft itself is used to block sunlight on a planet, not as part the spacecraft's thermal design. An example of a sunshield in spacecraft design is the Sunshield (JWST) on the planned James Webb Space Telescope. Spacecraft thermal control In spacecraft design, the function of the thermal control system (TCS) is to keep all the spacecraft's component systems within acceptable temperature ranges during all mission phases. It must cope with the external environment, which can vary in a wide range as the spacecraft is exposed to deep space or to solar or planetary flux, and with ejecting to space

title: Darwin (spacecraft)

text: an Earth-like planet would require about 10 hours of observation in total, spread out over several months. A 2002 design which would have used 1.5 metre mirrors was expected to take about 100 hours to get a spectrum of a possibly Earth-like planet. Were the Darwin spacecraft to detect a suitable planet, a more detailed study of its atmosphere would have been made by taking an infrared spectrum of the planet. By analyzing this spectrum, the chemistry of the atmosphere could be determined, and this could provide evidence for life on the planet. The presence of oxygen and water vapour

title: Ferdinand Magellan

text: were given the image of the Holy Child (later known as Santo Niño de Cebu) which along with a cross (Magellan's Cross) symbolizes the Christianization of the Philippines. Afterward, Rajah Humabon and his ally Datu Zula convinced Magellan to kill their enemy, Datu Lapu-Lapu, on Mactan. Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu to Christianity, as he had Humabon, but Lapu-Lapu rejected that. On the morning of 27 April 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force. During the resulting battle against Lapu-Lapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a bamboo spear, and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons. Pigafetta

title: Mission: Earth, Voyage to the Home Planet

text: Radar Lab with a view of the planet. By using three separate radar echoes, scientists were able to analyze a full image of the planet. The radar technology could penetrate obstructions, including clouds and thick outgrowth of trees. Another purpose of the mission was to analyze the ecological state of the planet and to take measurements of pollution caused by carbon monoxide. The book is based upon journal entries written by Jones during the mission. He presents a typical NASA mission member's day-to-day experiences while living on the space shuttle. Jones illustrates his account with photographs from his mission and

title: Flight dynamics (spacecraft)

text: the Sun. The desired heliocentric transfer orbit to a superior planet will have its perihelion at the departure planet, requiring the hyperbolic excess velocity to be applied in the posigrade direction, when the spacecraft is away from the Sun. To an inferior planet destination, aphelion will be at the departure planet, and the excess velocity is applied in the retrograde direction when the spacecraft is toward the Sun. For accurate mission calculations, the orbital elements of the planets must be obtained from an ephemeris, such as that published by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For the purpose of preliminary mission analysis

title: The Naked Scientists

text: to join the Naked Scientists team where they learn to participate in the programme-making process, including presenting, writing and publishing skills. In 2017 the Naked Scientists hosted their first international trainee when University of Western Australia PhD student Michael Wheeler joined the team, and in 2018 Virginia Tech students Marika Ottman and Vy Nguyen received support from Rolls-Royce to pursue a placement with the Naked Scientists. The Naked Scientists have received funding and awards from the Wellcome Trust, the Natural Environment Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Cambridge University including the Isaac Newton Trust, the Science

title: Ferdinand Magellan

text: Janeiro. Although in 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed the eastern most shores of Brazil for Portugal, Portugal did not maintain a permanent settlement there to protect its brazilwood monopoly (the French were able to help themselves to the timber without interference.) Magellan's armada arrived without Portuguese notice. There the crew was resupplied, but bad conditions caused them to delay. Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. The fleet reached Río de la Plata in early February, 1520. For overwintering, Magellan established a temporary

title: Proxima Centauri b

text: for transits combining MOST and HATSouth photometry, giving it less than a 1 percent chance of being a transiting planet. Future telescopes (the Extremely Large Telescope, the Giant Magellan Telescope, and the Thirty Meter Telescope) could have the capability to characterize Proxima Centauri b. The discovery of Proxima b was significant to Breakthrough Starshot, a proof of concept project aiming to send a fleet of miniature probes to the Alpha Centauri system. The project is led by research company Breakthrough Initiatives, and plans to develop and launch a fleet of miniature unmanned spacecraft called StarChips, which could travel at up

title: Magellan Shrine

text: beach of Barangay, erecting the cross of Magellan on the island, conversion of the local people to Christianity by baptism, and scenes of the recreation of the battle. Magellan Shrine The Magellan Shrine is a large memorial tower erected in 1866 in honor of the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan on the Mactan Island of Cebu, the Philippines. The spot is believed to be the site where Magellan was killed in the 1521 Battle of Mactan. The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan was commanding a Spanish fleet when he first came to the southern Philippines to the small island of Limasawa on

title: Magellan Aerospace

text: Mayflower Aerospace in England, becoming Magellan Aerospace UK in 2003. The Fleet Aerospace division was closed in 2003, was sold, and later re-opened as Fleet Canada Inc. Magellan Aerospace is now an integrated, international company and all of its subsidiaries are wholly owned, operating under the Magellan name. Magellan Aerospace also manufactures structures and assemblies for commercial and defence aircraft manufacturers: Magellan Aerospace Magellan Aerospace Corporation is a Canadian manufacturer of aerospace systems and components. Magellan also repairs and overhauls, tests, and provides aftermarket support services for engines, and engine structural components. The company's business units are divided into the

title: Planet 51

text: most expensive film produced in Spain. On Planet 51, green extraterrestrials live peacefully in a society reminiscent of the United States during the 1950s. One day, a mysterious spacecraft lands in the town of Glipforg. NASA astronaut Charles T. "Chuck" Baker emerges from it and is shocked to find the planet inhabited. Chuck escapes to the town's planetarium, where he meets teenage alien Lem, who works there part-time. Realizing Chuck is not a threat, Lem agrees to help return him to his spacecraft before command module "Odyssey" in Planet 51's orbit departs for Earth and leaves him stranded. Planet 51's

title: ASTERIA (spacecraft)

text: from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Arcsecond Space Telescope Enabling Research in Astrophysics (ASTERIA) is a six-unit (6U) CubeSat space telescope deployed from the International Space Station (ISS) and it is currently testing new technologies for the detection of exoplanets using the transit method. The program is funded at JPL through the Phaeton Program for training early career employees. The mission will last for 90 days, but an extended mission of up to one year is possible if the spacecraft performs well and funds are available. ASTERIA's capabilities will enable precision photometry to be performed on an opportunistic basis

title: Alien Planet

text: spacecraft named "Von Braun", leaving Earth's orbit. Traveling at 20% the speed of light (37,000 miles/s), it reaches Darwin IV in 42 years. Upon reaching orbit, it deploys the "Darwin Reconnaissance Orbiter", which looks for potential landing sites for the probes. The first probe, "Balboa," explodes along with its lifting body transport during entry, because one of its wings failed to unfold. Two backup probes, "Leonardo da Vinci" (nicknamed Leo) and "Isaac Newton" (nicknamed Ike), successfully land on the planet, and learn much about its bizarre indigenous lifeforms, including an apparently sapient species. The robotic probes sent out to research

title: Magellan Aerospace

text: Magellan Aerospace Magellan Aerospace Corporation is a Canadian manufacturer of aerospace systems and components. Magellan also repairs and overhauls, tests, and provides aftermarket support services for engines, and engine structural components. The company's business units are divided into the product areas of aeroengines, aerostructures, rockets and space, and specialty products. Its corporate offices in Mississauga, Ontario, Magellan operates in facilities throughout Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Magellan is a component supplier for the Airbus A380, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, and Bombardier's complete line of business and commuter aircraft. Magellan also supplies gas

title: European Space Research and Technology Centre

text: European Space Research and Technology Centre The European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) is the European Space Agency's main technology development and test centre for spacecraft and space technology. It is situated in Noordwijk, South Holland, in the western Netherlands, although several kilometers off the village but immediately linked to the most Northern district of the nearby town Katwijk. At ESTEC, about 2500 engineers, technicians and scientists work hands-on with mission design, spacecraft and space technology. ESTEC provides extensive testing facilities to verify the proper operation of spacecraft, such as the Large Space Simulator (LSS), acoustic and electromagnetic testing

title: Mars Space Flight Facility

text: also the principal investigator for Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES). In addition, the facility houses the Mars Education Program, which provides workshops, field trips, and other opportunities for teachers and students to join with scientists in Mars exploration. Mars Space Flight Facility The Mars Space Flight Facility is located at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona. The facility is a research center in Arizona State University's School for Earth and Space Exploration. Scientists, researchers, and students there specialize in using instruments on spacecraft at Mars for remote sensing research primarily concerning the geology and mineralogy of the planet. The instruments based

title: Magellan Shrine

text: Magellan Shrine The Magellan Shrine is a large memorial tower erected in 1866 in honor of the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan on the Mactan Island of Cebu, the Philippines. The spot is believed to be the site where Magellan was killed in the 1521 Battle of Mactan. The Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan was commanding a Spanish fleet when he first came to the southern Philippines to the small island of Limasawa on 7 April 1521. He was the first European to set foot in the Philippines. Due to inadequate food supplies, he was forced to land at Cebu. Landing in

title: Escape from the Fallen Planet

text: to date was "Interstellar Satellite", which tells the story of the spacecraft that is longing for the heavenly home ("I’ll escape this fallen planet, to the everlasting light"). Another hit on contemporary Christian music radio was "Life of the Party", that talks about having a greater reward awaiting in heaven, prior to being saved. The album was re-mastered and released in 2011 as a 25th Anniversary Edition with one bonus track. Escape from the Fallen Planet Escape From the Fallen Planet is a 1986 new wave/pop album by Crumbächer. Playing on the theological concept of mankind's fall from Eden, the

title: Magellan Shrine

text: islands. Magellan launched a naval war against Lapu-Lapu with an armada of three boats carrying Spanish soldiers and 20 boats carrying Cebuanos. In this battle, which took place on 27 April 1521, Lapu-Lapu fought valiantly with his men, armed with wooden shields, bows and arrows, and lances. Magellan and his army of Spanish soldiers and Cebuanos could not withstand the attack and were forced to retreat to their boats. Magellan was fatally wounded in the battle. He was hit on the leg by a poisoned arrow and also attacked with spears and other weapons. A spear had struck his head.

title: The Naked Scientists

text: pertinent to, African countries. This project ran until 2010. In August 2012, BBC East announced an impending change to the Sunday schedule, which would see the show discontinued. In response to public reaction, the head of BBC East, Mick Rawsthorne, was interviewed on national radio about the decision to end the programme. Rawsthorne explained that the "Naked Scientists" did not fit the station's core purpose of providing "local radio". However, Rawsthorne did acknowledge the quality of the "Naked Scientists" programming and recognised that, with Cambridge University at the heart of Cambridgeshire, special consideration should be made for science in Cambridgeshire.

title: Magellan Navigation

text: products included the Magellan GPS 2000, GPS 315, Meridian, SporTrak, and Magellan RoadMate models. The MobileMapper CE and ProMark3 have been marketed to professionals like surveyors and GIS (geographic information systems) users. The consumer division of Magellan was purchased by Mio Technology subsidiary of MiTAC on December 15, 2008, who changed the name to "MiTAC Digital Corporation". Magellan develops and distributes vehicle navigation, crossover GPS, and outdoor handheld navigation products. The Company also produces customized mapping software for topographic, marine, and street navigation. Current GPS products as of 2016 include: Magellan GPS units include a variety of different viewing options,

title: Swing Lo Magellan

text: catalog number is DNO1012. Music: Swing Lo Magellan Swing Lo Magellan is the sixth studio album by American experimental rock group Dirty Projectors, which was released on Domino Records on July 10, 2012 in the United States and July 9, 2012 internationally. The album cover features Dave Longstreth and Amber Coffman talking to one of their neighbors in Upstate New York, where "Swing Lo Magellan" was recorded. The photo was taken by Dave Longstreth's brother. The album was written, recorded, produced and mixed by Dirty Projectors frontman Dave Longstreth in Delaware County, New York. "Swing Lo Magellan" recording sessions spanned

title: Swing Lo Magellan

text: Swing Lo Magellan Swing Lo Magellan is the sixth studio album by American experimental rock group Dirty Projectors, which was released on Domino Records on July 10, 2012 in the United States and July 9, 2012 internationally. The album cover features Dave Longstreth and Amber Coffman talking to one of their neighbors in Upstate New York, where "Swing Lo Magellan" was recorded. The photo was taken by Dave Longstreth's brother. The album was written, recorded, produced and mixed by Dirty Projectors frontman Dave Longstreth in Delaware County, New York. "Swing Lo Magellan" recording sessions spanned a year and resulted in

title: Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)

text: Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft) The timeline of the "Galileo" spacecraft spans its launch in 1989 to the conclusion of its mission when it dove into and destroyed itself in the atmosphere of Jupiter in 2003. The trip from Earth to Jupiter, the probe's exploration of the Jovian atmosphere, and an orbiter tour consisting of 11 orbits of Jupiter constituted "Galileos primary mission. On Jupiter Arrival Day (7 December 1995), the "Galileo" spacecraft was given a gravity-assist from Io and then subjected to the Jupiter orbit insertion (JOI) maneuver, which slowed the spacecraft down so that the planet could "catch" it.

title: Juno (spacecraft)

text: search for clues about how the planet formed, including whether it has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, mass distribution, and its deep winds, which can reach speeds up to . "Juno" is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, after the nuclear powered "Galileo" orbiter, which orbited from 1995 to 2003. Unlike all earlier spacecraft sent to the outer planets, "Juno" is powered by solar arrays, commonly used by satellites orbiting Earth and working in the inner Solar System, whereas radioisotope thermoelectric generators are commonly used for missions to the outer Solar System and

title: Magellan Navigation

text: and AAA Show Your Card & Save Member Discount locations on specific models. Magellan products currently use Navteq based maps. Map errors are handled by the Navteq Map Reporter. Errors can be reported using the Navteq Map Reporter map feedback page. Magellan Navigation Magellan Navigation, Inc. is an American producer of consumer and professional grade global positioning system receivers, named after Ferdinand Magellan, the first explorer to circumnavigate the globe. Headquartered in San Dimas, California, with European sales and engineering centers in Nantes, France and Moscow, Russia, Magellan also produces aftermarket automotive GPS units, including the Hertz Neverlost system found

title: Magellan Navigation

text: Magellan Navigation Magellan Navigation, Inc. is an American producer of consumer and professional grade global positioning system receivers, named after Ferdinand Magellan, the first explorer to circumnavigate the globe. Headquartered in San Dimas, California, with European sales and engineering centers in Nantes, France and Moscow, Russia, Magellan also produces aftermarket automotive GPS units, including the Hertz Neverlost system found in Hertz rental cars. The Maestro, RoadMate, Triton, and eXplorist lines are Magellan's current consumer offerings. The company also produces proprietary road maps (DirectRoute), topographic maps (Topo), and marine charts (BlueNav) for use with its consumer GPS receivers. Magellan started as