query: What culture developed the idea of potlatch?

title: Potlatch

text: Many of these dances are also sacred ceremonies of secret societies like the hamatsa, or display of family origin from supernatural creatures such as the dzunukwa. Chief O'wax̱a̱laga̱lis of the Kwagu'ł describes the potlatch in his famous speech to anthropologist Franz Boas, It is important to note the differences and uniqueness among the different cultural groups and nations along the coast. Each nation, tribe, and sometimes clan has its own way of practicing the potlatch with diverse presentation and meaning. The Tlingit and Kwakiutl tribes of the Pacific Northwest, for example, held potlatch ceremonies for different occasions. The Tlingit potlatches

title: Potlatch ban

text: Potlatch ban The potlatch ban was legislation forbidding the practice of the potlatch passed by the Government of Canada, begun in 1885 and lasting until 1951. First Nations saw the law as an instrument of intolerance and injustice. "Second only to the taking of land without extinguishing Indian title; the outlawing of the potlatch can be seen as the extreme to which Euro-Canadian society used its dominance against its aboriginal subjects in British Columbia." Though often ignored and circumvented, the ban remained in Canadian legal codes until 1951, when Section 149 was deleted from a revision of the "Indian Act".

title: Potlatch ban

text: potlatches, but were refused. "The legal suppression of the potlatch became a symbol, in both native and white communities, of the Canadian treatment of British Columbia Indians." The potlatch ban was never entirely effective, though it did significant cultural damage, and continued underground through the period of the ban in a number of places and ways. The potlatch ban and related banning of the sun dance and Coast Salish dancing occurred during the height of repressive colonial laws in Canada, lasting until 1951. After 1951, the "Indian Act" was amended, removing some of the more repressive measures, including the ban

title: Potlatch

text: occurred for succession (the granting of tribal titles or land) and funerals. The Kwakiutl potlatches, on the other hand, occurred for marriages and incorporating new people into the tribe (i.e. the birth of a new member of the tribe.) The potlatch, as an overarching term, is quite general, since some cultures have many words in their language for various specific types of gatherings. It is important to keep this variation in mind as most of our detailed knowledge of the potlatch was acquired from the Kwakwaka'wakw around Fort Rupert on Vancouver Island in the period 1849 to 1925, a period

title: Potlatch ban

text: feasting, dancing and giving gifts to all in attendance". It is also described somewhat more completely by "The Story of the Masks" website from the U'mista Cultural Centre in Alert Bay as "The potlatch refers to the ceremony where families gather and names are given, births are announced, marriages are conducted, and where families mourn the loss of a loved one. The potlatch is also the ceremony where a chief will pass on his rights and privileges to his eldest son." The British Columbia Indian Office, specifically the Indian Commissioner, I. W. Powell, had found the native peoples to be

title: Golden Potlatch

text: Golden Potlatch (July 12–17). The Potlatch festival was revived in 1934. In 1939, the festival celebrated the Washington State Golden Jubilee 1889 - 1939 and was billed as the Seattle Potlatch of Progress and Fleet Week. Unfortunately the Festival was again terminated by war, this time by the U.S. entry into World War II in 1941. Today the annual Seafair Celebrations at the end of July each year continue the Potlatch tradition. Golden Potlatch The Golden Potlatch (or Potlatch Days) was a festival in Seattle, Washington, United States in 1911–1914 and 1935–1941. The idea of an annual Festival in Seattle

title: Golden Potlatch

text: Golden Potlatch The Golden Potlatch (or Potlatch Days) was a festival in Seattle, Washington, United States in 1911–1914 and 1935–1941. The idea of an annual Festival in Seattle followed the success of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in 1909. The 'Golden Potlatch' event was conceived to keep Seattle in the public eye. Seattle wanted to have an event that would challenge the Portland Rose Festival and gain national attention. Seattle’s Potlatch festival was also a way for a certain class of Seattleites—specifically, the city’s new commercial elite—to tell stories about the city and its history. Called a "triumph of symbolism" by one

title: Potlatch

text: in 1951. Sustaining the customs and culture of their ancestors, indigenous people now openly hold potlatches to commit to the restoring of their ancestors' ways. Potlatches now occur frequently and increasingly more over the years as families reclaim their birthright. Anthropologist Sergei Kan was invited by the Tlingit tribe to attend several potlatch ceremonies between 1980 and 1987 and observed several similarities and differences between traditional and contemporary potlatch ceremonies. Kan notes that there was a language gap during the ceremonies between the older members of the tribe and the younger members of the tribe (age fifty and younger) due

title: Potlatch ban

text: Canada, encouraged the government to lay "an iron hand on the shoulders of the [native] people" by restricting some of their non-essential, inappropriate rituals and leading them towards what he perceived as a "healthier" European mindset. Work thus began on an amendment to the "Indian Act" of 1880. Some criticized the idea, such as James Benjamin McCullagh in his essay on the tribal lifestyle of the indigenous peoples of Canada, "The Indian Potlatch". In the third section of the "Indian Act", signed on April 19, 1884, it was declared that: Not all non-Aboriginal people supported the ban. German-born Anthropologist Franz

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: Bannock, also known as fry bread, rolls, and salads are also served. The celebration of dance for the Athabaskan people plays a vital role in the success of a potlatch. Unlike many cultures that have changed their mourning over the course of many generations, the Athabaskan people have stayed strong and true to the old ways of song and dance. Dancing is a very important part of Athabaskan culture, and it is often the focal point of the potlatch, particularly after the evening meal. During potlatches a variety of songs are sung; the first songs sung of the weeklong event

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: centered on the chiefs' house, and this is where potlatches were held. This was because the chief had the biggest cache where the food was stored. There were many different reasons to hold a potlatch in Athabaskan culture, including the birth of a child, a surplus of food, or a death in the clan. The most elaborate of Athabaskan potlatches was the mortuary or funeral potlatch. This marked "the separation of the deceased from society and is the last public expression of grief." There were slight variations in the funeral and mortuary potlatches depending on the status or role of

title: Culture of the Tlingit

text: were held for deaths, births, naming, marriages, sharing of wealth, raising totems, special events, honoring the leaders or the departed. The memorial potlatch is a major feature of Tlingit culture. A year or two following a person's death this potlatch was held to restore the balance of the community. Members of the deceased's family were allowed to stop mourning. If the deceased was an important member of the community, like a chief or a shaman for example, at the memorial potlatch his successor would be chosen. Clan members from the opposite moiety took part in the ritual by receiving gifts

title: Potlatch

text: leader of the "numaym", considered the living incarnation of the founder. Only rich people could host a potlatch. Tribal slaves were not allowed to attend a potlatch as a host or a guest. In some instances, it was possible to have multiple hosts at one potlatch ceremony (although when this occurred the hosts generally tended to be from the same family). If a member of a tribe had suffered an injury or indignity, hosting a potlatch could help to heal their tarnished reputation (or “cover his shame”, as anthropologist H. G. Barnett worded it.) The potlatch was the occasion on

title: Potlatch (software)

text: Potlatch (software) Potlatch is a free software editing tool for OpenStreetMap geodata using Adobe Flash. It is one of two editors embedded directly within the OpenStreetMap website. Potlatch 2 requires a web browser with at least version 8 of the Flash plugin installed. It continues to be actively maintained. Potlatch 1 was released mid 2006 and was the default editor on the main OpenStreetMap site until it was replaced by Potlatch 2 in April 2011. The name "Potlatch" came from the name of newsletter of the Lettrist International art collective. An alpha version of Potlatch 2, a complete reimplementation of

title: Potlatch, Idaho

text: at the time, it was one of the largest sawmills in the U.S. and was the largest white pine sawmill in the world. Most of Potlatch was built in 1906 and 1907. A total of 143 houses were built in 1906, with 58 more built the following year; other building constructed during that period include boarding houses, an ice house, a Catholic church, hotel, school, and general store. The company developed and ran Potlatch on a model mostly patterned after that used by Pullman Company for its company town in Illinois. It provide police and fire protection, a school, churches,

title: Potlatch, Idaho

text: Potlatch, Idaho Potlatch is a city in the northwest United States, located in north central Idaho in Latah County, about east of the border with Washington. On the Palouse north of Moscow, it is served by State Highway 6, and bordered on the northeast by the small community of Onaway. The population of Potlatch was 804 at the 2010 census. Potlatch was founded in 1905 as a company town by the Potlatch Corporation. The townsite was chosen because of proximity to the company's large holdings of Western White Pine on the Palouse River. Potlatch was chosen as the mill site;

title: Potlatch (software)

text: the software, was published in summer 2010. In December 2010, Potlatch 2 was released for general use. After Microsoft had granted OpenStreetMap permission to use aerial imagery from their Bing Maps service for tracing, Potlatch 2 was extended to display these images in the background. iD (current default editor on main OpenStreetMap website) is in turn a reimplementation of Potlatch 2 architecture in JavaScript. Potlatch (software) Potlatch is a free software editing tool for OpenStreetMap geodata using Adobe Flash. It is one of two editors embedded directly within the OpenStreetMap website. Potlatch 2 requires a web browser with at least

title: Potlatch

text: potlatch was "by far the most formidable of all obstacles in the way of Indians becoming Christians, or even civilized". Thus in 1884, the Indian Act was revised to include clauses banning the Potlatch and making it illegal to practice. Section 3 of the Act read, In 1888, the anthropologist Franz Boas described the potlatch ban as a failure: Eventually the potlatch law, as it became known, was amended to be more inclusive and address technicalities that had led to dismissals of prosecutions by the court. Legislation included guests who participated in the ceremony. The indigenous people were too large

title: Potlatch

text: the risk of criminal punishment, and have been studied by many anthropologists. Since the practice was de-criminalized in the post-war years, the potlatch has re-emerged in some communities. The word comes from the Chinook Jargon, meaning "to give away" or "a gift"; originally from the Nuu-chah-nulth word "paɬaˑč", to make a ceremonial gift in a potlatch. A potlatch was held on the occasion of births, deaths, adoptions, weddings, and other major events. Typically the potlatch was practiced more in the winter seasons as historically the warmer months were for procuring wealth for the family, clan, or village, then coming home

title: Potlatch ban

text: on the potlatch. After the ban was lifted, Nations on the coast began to openly potlatch again. The revival of open ceremony gained strength during the 1970s and 1980s, and it is once again widespread among many of the Nations that previously potlatched prior to the ban. Notes References Potlatch ban The potlatch ban was legislation forbidding the practice of the potlatch passed by the Government of Canada, begun in 1885 and lasting until 1951. First Nations saw the law as an instrument of intolerance and injustice. "Second only to the taking of land without extinguishing Indian title; the outlawing

title: Potlatch, Washington

text: Potlatch, Washington Potlatch is an unincorporated community in Mason County, Washington, United States. It is located on the western shore of the Great Bend of Hood Canal, near the mouth of the Skokomish River. The town's main features are Potlatch State Park and the Cushman Dam No. 2 powerhouse, which generates hydropower electricity for Tacoma. Water from Lake Kokanee on the North Fork Skokomish River is piped to the powerhouse at Potlatch. Nearly the entire flow of the river was diverted to the Potlatch Powerhouse. A 2009 settlement will result in more water from the Cushman Hydro Project, which includes

title: Golden Potlatch

text: Golden Potlatch staged three hydroplane races off Madrona Park: a 15 mile race for 16-footers, a 20 mile contest for 26 footers and a 30 mile free for all. The 1914 Potlatch suffered as a result of the previous year's riots. Potlatch was scaled back to only four days and received only subdued press coverage. After 1914, the coming of World War I and the lack of support for organizing Potlatch celebrations marked the end of the Potlatch until the mid-1930s. In 1915, a 'Smile with Nile' convention was held in Seattle during the week that had been used for

title: Potlatch, Washington

text: for miles. Potlatch borders the Skokomish Indian Tribal lands to the south. During shrimp, crab, and salmon harvesting seasons, tribal fishing operations sell their fresh catch. Potlatch, Washington Potlatch is an unincorporated community in Mason County, Washington, United States. It is located on the western shore of the Great Bend of Hood Canal, near the mouth of the Skokomish River. The town's main features are Potlatch State Park and the Cushman Dam No. 2 powerhouse, which generates hydropower electricity for Tacoma. Water from Lake Kokanee on the North Fork Skokomish River is piped to the powerhouse at Potlatch. Nearly the

title: Potlatch (steamship)

text: Co. terminated its Hood Canal service, and "Potlatch" was sold. "Potlatch" was little used following the termination of the Hood Canal service and its sale. In 1937, "Potlatch" was sold by the Georgia Company, a Puget Sound towing company, to Otis Shively who was doing business as the Shively Tow Boat Company. In 1938 the vessel was scrapped. Potlatch (steamship) Potlatch was a steamship which was operated on Hood Canal from 1912 to 1917, on Puget Sound from 1917 to 1937, although the vessel was little used after 1917. Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship "Clallam" in

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples The traditional potlatch among Athabaskan peoples was a gathering that combined aspects of competition, peacekeeping and a show of wealth. The traditional Athabaskan potlatch had "social, religious and economic significance." It was a gathering that combined aspects of competition, peacekeeping and a show of wealth. During a potlatch, members of the society with a surplus of food and supplies provide these for all members of a clan, and in situations with other clans this sharing of resources is either a competitive showing or one of creating loyalties, and sometimes both simultaneously. Traditionally the village was

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: man who does not share his possessions is, to an Athabaskan, a stingy man who is to be pitied. The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples The traditional potlatch among Athabaskan peoples was a gathering that combined aspects of competition, peacekeeping and a show of wealth. The traditional Athabaskan potlatch had "social, religious and economic significance." It was a gathering that combined aspects of competition, peacekeeping and a show of wealth. During a potlatch, members of the society with a surplus of food and supplies provide these for all members of a clan, and in situations with other clans this sharing of

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: are called the mourning songs. Traditionally new songs are song first to give thanks to the hosts that are sponsoring the potlatch, followed by the singing of old songs. Poldine Carlo, an Athabaskan from Interior Alaska, noted that "The potlatch usually lasted for a week. The first night we would have a big potlatch at the community hall and then the mourning songs were sung, the new songs first for the ones the potlatch was being given for and then the old, old songs that we have been singing for a long time. The women would stand in line all

title: What a Great Idea!

text: Idea!" premiered in 2005. What a Great Idea! 'What a Great Idea!' is a nationally syndicated television program that showcases cutting-edge new products and trendsetting new innovations by unknown inventors, hosted by veteran Home Shopping Network personality Bob Circosta. Circosta's company, Bob Circosta Communications, Inc., produces and distributes the episodes. Each infomercial lasts 30-minutes, with host Bob Circosta promoting each inventor and demonstrating the various features and attributes of the debuting product. Typically, these products lack mainstream distribution, and rely upon "What a Great Idea!" to publicize the creation. Given Circosta's long-standing relationship with HSN and his experience with the

title: What a Great Idea!

text: What a Great Idea! 'What a Great Idea!' is a nationally syndicated television program that showcases cutting-edge new products and trendsetting new innovations by unknown inventors, hosted by veteran Home Shopping Network personality Bob Circosta. Circosta's company, Bob Circosta Communications, Inc., produces and distributes the episodes. Each infomercial lasts 30-minutes, with host Bob Circosta promoting each inventor and demonstrating the various features and attributes of the debuting product. Typically, these products lack mainstream distribution, and rely upon "What a Great Idea!" to publicize the creation. Given Circosta's long-standing relationship with HSN and his experience with the infomercial world, "What a

title: Potlatch

text: a whole set of exchange practices in tribal societies characterized by "total prestations", i.e., a system of gift giving with political, religious, kinship and economic implications. These societies' economies are marked by the competitive exchange of gifts, in which gift-givers seek to out-give their competitors so as to capture important political, kinship and religious roles. Other examples of this "potlatch type" of gift economy include the Kula ring found in the Trobriand Islands. Potlatch A potlatch is a gift-giving feast practiced by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada and the United States, among whom it is traditionally

title: Potlatch River

text: to the Palouse River farther west. Native Americans of the Nez Perce tribe have lived along the Potlatch River for hundreds of years. The Potlatch River area was once a broad sweep of dry grassland bordered by forested mountains, on the eastern edge of the arid Columbia Plateau. Because of its location just southwest of the foothills of the Rockies, the Potlatch River receives much more rainfall than watersheds just to the west, such as the Palouse and Tucannon Rivers. In 1805 and again in 1806, the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed the mouth of the Potlatch River while traveling

title: Potlatch River

text: Potlatch River The Potlatch River is in the state of Idaho in the United States. About long, it is the lowermost major tributary to the Clearwater River, a tributary of the Snake River that is in turn a tributary of the Columbia River. Once surrounded by arid grasslands of the Columbia Plateau adjacent to the western foothills of the Rocky Mountains, the Potlatch today is used mainly for agriculture and irrigation purposes. Its name derives from potlatch, a type of ceremony held by the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest; one such tribe lived along the river for hundreds of

title: Potlatch River

text: fish habitat in the Potlatch. Forests cover about 57% of the Potlatch River watershed, while about 38% is used for agriculture and ranching. 78% of the land is privately owned while 14% lie within national forests. 7% is owned by the state, while the Bureau of Land Management and Bureau of Indian Affairs each have a 1% share. Many of the mountainous and forested sections of the drainage basin lie protected under national forest lands. There are several campgrounds overseen by the U.S. Forest Service in the headwaters of the Potlatch River watershed. Fishing is also good in the Potlatch

title: Potlatch

text: About a year later, the child's family would hold a potlatch and give gifts to the guests in attendance on behalf of the child. During this potlatch, the family would give the child their second name. Once the child reached about 12 years of age, they were expected to hold a potlatch of their own by giving out small gifts that they had collected to their family and tribe, at which point they would be able to receive their third name. For some cultures, such as Kwakwaka'wakw, elaborate and theatrical dances are performed reflecting the hosts' genealogy and cultural wealth.

title: Potlatch Corp.

text: divestiture of assets such as Clearwater Paper. Potlatch Corp. PotlatchDeltic Corporation (originally Potlatch Corp) is an American diversified forest products company based in Spokane, Washington. It manufactures and sells lumber, panels and particleboard and receives revenue from other assets such as mineral rights and the leasing of land as well as the sale of land considered expendable. In February 2018. Potlatch acquired Deltic Timber Corp., a smaller Arkansas-based timber company. Following the merger, the company was renamed PotlatchDeltic Corporation. The Potlatch Lumber Company was incorporated in 1903. It planned a lumber mill on the Palouse River and began construction in

title: Potlatch, Washington

text: Cushman Dam No. 1 at Lake Cushman, and Dam No. 2 at Lake Kokanee, being released into the lower North Fork Skokomish River. The town's history dates to 1900, when Thomas Bordeaux became president of the newly incorporated Potlatch Commercial and Terminal Company. The company acquired timber lands and began construction of a logging railway to access them. Potlatch was built as a company town. The hydroelectric dam at Lake Cushman and the Potlatch Powerhouse began producing electricity in 1926. The second dam at Lake Kokanee was finished in 1930. The water is conveyed to Potlatch through huge pipes, visible

title: Potlatch Corp.

text: Potlatch Corp. PotlatchDeltic Corporation (originally Potlatch Corp) is an American diversified forest products company based in Spokane, Washington. It manufactures and sells lumber, panels and particleboard and receives revenue from other assets such as mineral rights and the leasing of land as well as the sale of land considered expendable. In February 2018. Potlatch acquired Deltic Timber Corp., a smaller Arkansas-based timber company. Following the merger, the company was renamed PotlatchDeltic Corporation. The Potlatch Lumber Company was incorporated in 1903. It planned a lumber mill on the Palouse River and began construction in 1905, completed in 1906. The mill operated

title: Potlatch

text: drew government attention (and censure) to the potlatch. On occasion, preserved food was also given as a gift during a potlatch ceremony. Gifts known as "sta-bigs" consisted of preserved food that was wrapped in a mat or contained in a storage basket. Dorothy Johansen describes the dynamic: "In the "potlatch", the host in effect challenged a guest chieftain to exceed him in his 'power' to give away or to destroy goods. If the guest did not return 100 percent on the gifts received and destroy even more wealth in a bigger and better bonfire, he and his people lost face

title: Potlatch

text: Potlatch A potlatch is a gift-giving feast practiced by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada and the United States, among whom it is traditionally the primary economic system. This includes the Heiltsuk, Haida, Nuxalk, Tlingit, Makah, Tsimshian, Nuu-chah-nulth, Kwakwaka'wakw, and Coast Salish cultures. Potlatches are also a common feature of the peoples of the Interior and of the Subarctic adjoining the Northwest Coast, though mostly without the elaborate ritual and gift-giving economy of the coastal peoples (see Athabaskan potlatch). Potlatches went through a history of rigorous ban by the Canadian and American federal governments, continuing underground despite

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: for their contributions of celebration and participation in the potlatch. For instance, an exceptional dancer might be rewarded for her abilities, and likewise a grave digger or pallbearer would be compensated at a funeral potlatch. At the conclusion of a potlatch, gifts are piled high in the center of the meeting hall and distributed to guests. By distributing guns and blankets to the assembled guests, the host demonstrates his relationship to and his feelings for his paternal relatives and potential marriage partners. Through these distributions the host gains prestige as he symbolically ensures his guests' existence by giving them guns

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: served each day for potlatch attendees and are less formal than the evening meal. Breakfast is offered each morning; eggs, bacon, coffee, and potatoes are common fare. Lunch consists of soup, sandwiches, and tea. The evening meal is scheduled for a specific time and all potlatch attendees are expected to attend. It is the most significant spiritual and social event of the potlatch and is treated as such by the attendees. Large rolls of white butcher paper are rolled out on the floor to serve as place settings and many participants sit next to each other on the floor. Benches

title: Potlatch, Idaho

text: later, part of the town's commercial district, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After the mill's closure, Potlatch became a bedroom community for the university towns of Moscow and Pullman, Washington. Business and political leaders of Potlatch are making a concerted effort to attract companies involved in the firearms industry; they have set aside for such businesses, located on the former site of the mill. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Potlatch is north of the confluence of Rock Creek and the Palouse River,

title: Potlatch, Idaho

text: versus $21,964 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,449. About 11.1% of families and 15.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over. Potlatch, Idaho Potlatch is a city in the northwest United States, located in north central Idaho in Latah County, about east of the border with Washington. On the Palouse north of Moscow, it is served by State Highway 6, and bordered on the northeast by the small community of Onaway. The population of Potlatch was 804 at the

title: Golden Potlatch

text: observer, the Potlatch appropriated Native imagery to create a regional vision of civic development. The name derived from the "potlatch", the Chinook Jargon name of a festival ceremony that had been practiced by indigenous peoples of the region; "golden" reflected Seattle's role in the Klondike Gold Rush in the late 1890s. The first Golden Potlatch took place July 17–21, 1911. It used Klondike Gold Rush imagery, reenacting the 1897 arrival of the steamboat "Portland" with its legendary "ton of gold". The "Portland" carried the festival's presiding figure, King D'Oro, avatar of golden wealth, along with a retinue of hoary prospectors

title: Potlatch Corp.

text: with Gordon L. Jones, a vice-president of Potlatch, as the new company's president and CEO. Shares of Clearwater Paper (NYSE:CLW) stock were distributed to Potlatch share holders at a ratio of 1 share of Clearwater stock for every 3.5 shares of Potlatch stock held, with any fractional shares being paid in cash. Clearwater stocks began trading on December 16, 2008. In August 2012, since Clearwater Paper's stocks have failed to rise, the company prepared to split in two and sell one or both businesses. Part of the reason for the large fall in revenue after 2005 is due to the

title: Potlatch (steamship)

text: Company. "Potlatch" was specifically designed for the Seattle – Hood Canal route. "Potlatch" was 575 gross tons in overall size, long, with a beam of and depth of hold of . Power was supplied by a triple-expansion compound steam engine with cylinder diameters, from high pressure to low pressure, of , and , with piston strokes on all cylinders of . Steam was generated by two oil-fired boilers at 200 pounds (per square inch) pressure, with the overall power plant generating . "Potlatch" replaced the old sternwheeler "State of Washington" on the Hood Canal route. In 1917, Puget Sound Navigation

title: Potlatch ban

text: to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. In the letter, Sproat declared that the potlatch ceremony was "the parent of numerous vices which eat out the heart of the [native] people", and reaffirmed the words of Blenkinsop by assuring the Prime Minister that "It is not possible that the Indians can acquire property, or can become industrious with any good result, while under the influence of ... [the potlatch]". Sproat's opinion was a commonly held one for the white employers of British Columbia. Euro-Canadians saw the potlatch as a pointless ceremony that did little but advance barbarity and retract the ability

title: Potlatch River

text: River and many of its tributaries. Anglers are only permitted to catch brook trout, cutthroat trout, and rainbow and steelhead trout. The Department of Fish and Game annually stocks fish in the river. Fishing is permitted on the Potlatch from its mouth upstream to where Moose Creek joins the river near Bovill, as well as on the East Fork. Potlatch River The Potlatch River is in the state of Idaho in the United States. About long, it is the lowermost major tributary to the Clearwater River, a tributary of the Snake River that is in turn a tributary of the

title: Potlatch (steamship)

text: Potlatch (steamship) Potlatch was a steamship which was operated on Hood Canal from 1912 to 1917, on Puget Sound from 1917 to 1937, although the vessel was little used after 1917. Following the loss of the nearly-new but wooden steamship "Clallam" in 1904, Joshua Green, president of the Puget Sound Navigation Company, owner of the "Clallam" and the dominant Puget Sound shipping concern, announced that the company would replace its wooden steamships with ones built of steel. As part of this effort, the steel steamers "Potlatch" and "Sol Duc" were built simultaneously in Seattle by the Seattle Construction and Drydock

title: Potlatch Corp.

text: until 1981. The company town of Potlatch, Idaho was built to serve the mill. Over 200 buildings were designed by architect C. Ferris White for the firm. The town soon became the second biggest town in Latah County, Idaho, and the firm was the biggest taxpayer in Idaho for some years. The Commercial Historic District (Potlatch, Idaho), which includes the main administrative building of the company, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. In 1985, Canadian businessman Samuel Belzberg's First City Financial Corporation attempted a takeover of the company. Potlatch eventually bought back the corporation's 1.1

title: Golden Potlatch

text: Local boosters called themselves "Tillikums," the word for friends in Chinook jargon, and led a number of civic celebrations. The Golden Potlatch Parade provided the 'Tillikums' an opportunity to ride in decorated cars and to sponsor themed floats. Many of these are illustrated in Kopf postcards. The 1913 started with high hopes but was marred by the "Potlatch Riots". On the first day of the Potlatch some soldiers and sailors were involved in a fistfight when an IWW Industrial Workers of the World speaker supposedly 'insulted their uniforms'. A newspaper story the next day further inflamed the situation resulting in

title: Commercial Historic District (Potlatch, Idaho)

text: Street. The guide is provided by the Potlatch Historical Society. Commercial Historic District (Potlatch, Idaho) The Commercial Historic District in Potlatch, Idaho was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. In 1986, it included seven contributing buildings and a contributing object. It includes work by architect C. Ferris White and work by A.M. Homes. It includes seven buildings of the administrative center of historic Potlatch, which was a company town of the Potlatch Lumber Company, plus some additional objects. Specifically, it includes: The city of Potlatch offers a free walking tour guide, "A Walking Tour of the

text: Commercial Historic District (Potlatch, Idaho) The Commercial Historic District in Potlatch, Idaho was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. In 1986, it included seven contributing buildings and a contributing object. It includes work by architect C. Ferris White and work by A.M. Homes. It includes seven buildings of the administrative center of historic Potlatch, which was a company town of the Potlatch Lumber Company, plus some additional objects. Specifically, it includes: The city of Potlatch offers a free walking tour guide, "A Walking Tour of the Potlatch Commercial District" at the city hall, at 195 6th

title: Potlatch ban

text: Blenkinsop and Gilbert M. Sproat. Blenkinsop was a government agent commissioned to survey the lifestyle of the indigenous people in Barkley Sound. His findings on native culture were not encouraging to the Government, as he reported that there was "little hope of elevating ... [the natives] from their present state of degradation" without eliminating ceremonies such as the potlatch. Gilbert M. Sproat, on the other hand, was a "joint Federal-Provincial appointee to the Indian Reserve Commission". In this regard, he had worked closely with different native groups and tribes throughout British Columbia. In 1879, Sproat sent a strongly worded letter

title: Potlatch

text: to the fact that most of the younger members of the tribe do not speak the Tlingit language. Kan also notes that unlike traditional potlatches, contemporary Tlingit potlatches are no longer obligatory, resulting in only about 30% of the adult tribal members opting to participate in the ceremonies that Kan attended between 1980 and 1987. Despite these differences, Kan stated that he believed that many of the essential elements and spirit of the traditional potlatch were still present in the contemporary Tlingit ceremonies. In his book "The Gift", the French ethnologist, Marcel Mauss used the term potlatch to refer to

title: Potlatch

text: owned by individual aristocrats, and never by numaym, hence could circulate between groups. Coppers began to be produced in large numbers after the colonization of Vancouver Island in 1849 when war and slavery were ended. The arrival of Europeans resulted in the introduction of numerous diseases against which indigenous peoples had no immunity, resulting in a massive population decline. Competition for the fixed number of potlatch titles grew as commoners began to seek titles from which they had previously been excluded by making their own remote or dubious claims validated by a potlatch. Aristocrats increased the size of their gifts

title: What a Great Idea!

text: Great Idea!" is also utilized as a promotional vehicle to capture the imagination of home shopping channels' executive decision-makers, who often study the show for new product leads. Many of the products that debut on this program eventually launch nationwide on one of the many shop-at-home television networks. Just like HSN and QVC programs, "What a Great Idea!" offers a call-in number, where interested members of the viewing audience can order the product directly to their home. Some of the items showcased on the program include fitness DVDs, beverage coolers, educational items for children, and health products. "What a Great

title: Potlatch

text: to police and the law too difficult to enforce. Duncan Campbell Scott convinced Parliament to change the offence from criminal to summary, which meant "the agents, as justice of the peace, could try a case, convict, and sentence". Even so, except in a few small areas, the law was generally perceived as harsh and untenable. Even the Indian agents employed to enforce the legislation considered it unnecessary to prosecute, convinced instead that the potlatch would diminish as younger, educated, and more "advanced" Indians took over from the older Indians, who clung tenaciously to the custom. The potlatch ban was repealed

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: were generally similar. The potlatch generally consisted of "the feast, dancing & singing, oratory, and the distribution of gifts". The feast was provided by a wealthier member of the group to communicate "sentiment, affection, familiarity and goodwill." Dancing and singing were a reciprocation of the guests to the hosts for their generosity. Stories were told in the same manner, and for entertainment. The act of giving out gifts was possibly the most dynamic aspect of the traditional Athabaskan potlatch. This was a generous act of sharing one's wealth with the rest of the tribe, and simultaneously a show of the

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: with hunting moose specifically for a potlatch; it is not uncommon for three or more moose to be killed to feed the guests over the two or three days feasting. One account of a potlatch in the village of Tetlin claimed 22 moose were killed and butchered in preparation of a particularly large feast. In addition to moose meat, many other types of wild food are harvested or donated, such as beaver, duck, salmon, and berries. Traditional subsistence foods provide a reminder of the relationship between the Athabaskan and the land which has historically sustained them. Breakfast and lunch are

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: potlatch attendees to vent their grief; "sorry songs" give way to "happy songs" and dances, such as the calico dance, where colorful bolts of cloth are passed among female participants, who dance in a large circle. Such dances serve to restore harmony among the relationships within the tribe. A traditional Athabaskan potlatch is concluded with the giving of gifts. Valuable trade items, traditionally dentalium shells, now largely replaced by rifles, blankets, cash, and beaded items, are collected by the host from members of their mother's moiety and are redistributed by the host to members of his father's moiety in exchange

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: across the hall and dance." An excerpt from the book "Rifles, Blankets, & Beads" tells of "sorry songs" that were sung at a potlatch that took place in Tanacross: "At one potlatch in Tonacross, for example, a sequence of sorry songs began with one made especially for the person that had just died. It followed by songs for a young man who died in a house fire 10 years before; a boy who drowned in the river while attempting to draw water and for Elisha's father, who died in the 1960s." The grieving process within the Alaskan Native community is

title: Potlatch ban

text: of the native peoples to advance themselves in society. Essentially, the potlatch was an important ritual to the natives that prevented assimilation into the melting pot the Euro-Canadian government sought to enforce. Employers found similar problems. Many of the aboriginal peoples of 1800s British Columbia were often motivated to work in order to gain wealth which would permit them to buy more items for potlatches, which would result in greater honour. This work was often seasonal in nature. This was in direct contrast to the agendas of many of the "white" employers who ultimately were frustrated by what they perceived

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: jackets, calico, snowshoes, gloves, hats, coffeepots, enameled plates, snow shovels, suitcases, frying pans and many others both practical and symbolic. Dentalium shells and moose hide jackets are often worn by the host while distributing gifts. In some communities, gifts are given out while wearing gloves. If the gloves are kept, it is believed that the wealth will be stored in them, and eventually return to the giver. Often a potlatch host will fully deplete their savings and give away their entire material wealth. The potlatch is an honorable ceremony, and in giving everything away, the host gains prestige. A rich

title: What Is Your Dangerous Idea?

text: What Is Your Dangerous Idea? What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable is a book edited by John Brockman, which deals with "dangerous" ideas, or ideas that some people would react to in ways that suggest a disruption of morality and ethics. Scientists, philosophers, artists, and various other groups of people have written in to the online salon called the Edge, where thinkers in several areas post and discuss their ideas. This collection of responses forms the entirety of the book (possibly with some excluded because of the great number of posts). The basic concept behind

title: What Is Your Dangerous Idea?

text: paradox) could relate to how much people game. Miller states that the cause of the paradox might be that aliens become addicted to video games. What Is Your Dangerous Idea? What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable is a book edited by John Brockman, which deals with "dangerous" ideas, or ideas that some people would react to in ways that suggest a disruption of morality and ethics. Scientists, philosophers, artists, and various other groups of people have written in to the online salon called the Edge, where thinkers in several areas post and discuss their ideas.

title: Potlatch River

text: rainbow trout, has been impacted by the construction of dams downstream on the Snake and Columbia Rivers. The two species of dace were cumulatively the largest individual fish population in the watershed, while steelhead accounted for 58.4% of the biomass. Of all the streams sampled during the study, the West Fork Potlatch River had the highest diversity because of its relatively pristine condition. The lower section of the river suffers from chronic pollution caused by agricultural runoff. From 2005 to 2008, the population of steelhead (rainbow) trout in the watershed was recorded by the Potlatch River Steelhead Monitoring and Evaluation

title: Potlatch ban

text: suppressing the potlatch, it was also very foreign to the norms of Protestant and mercantile Britons who found it hard to comprehend. They saw the ritualistic act of giving away nearly all of one's hard-earned possessions as a sign that the indigenous people were "unstable". Under the encouragement of the Indian Reserve Allotment Commission, the Indian Reserve Commission, and the Church of England, this behaviour was deemed possibly as a destabilizing force in the nation because it was so dramatically opposed to the values of the ideal "Christian capitalist society". Two major players in the Canadian potlatch ban were George

title: Potlatch River

text: in the prairies surrounding the Potlatch River. Soil conditions generally improve as one travels southwards through the watershed, but there was a major drawback to growing crops in the southern part of the basin: the inaccessibility of water. Already scarce in the arid Potlatch River drainage, the river's water was hard to reach because of the steep canyon it passes through in most of its lower course. Farmers were restricted to growing crops that did not require irrigation, and many of the lands that did not have access to abundant-enough water were relegated to pasture or hay producing status. At

title: Golden Potlatch

text: and rambunctious dancing girls. Roughly 300,000 people attended parades, concerts, automobile races up Queen Anne Hill, and an airplane piloted by United States Navy Lt. Eugene Ely. Water events have always been a feature of Golden Potlatch (and later Seattle Seafair) events. The first Golden Potlatch in 1911 had a small United States Navy fleet; the British sent a sloop-of-war. There was even a hydroplane exhibition run by the "Triad" owned by Glenn Curtiss of airplane fame. In 1911, Robert A. Reid, Seattle, published a number of postcards as part of his Pacific Northwest Photographic Series to publicize the Golden

title: Potlatch ban

text: The issue of economics was simple in the notion that the native desire to give away all their goods was the opposite of the "Christian capitalist" values held in high esteem by Euro-Canadians. Aside from the Chiefs who were potlatching, there were other voices lent to oppose the imposition of a potlatch ban. The German-born anthropologist Franz Boas was familiar with the institution through his work on Vancouver Island. He opposed the potlatch ban and spoke out against repression of traditional religion. The first person to be charged under the law was a Sto:lo man from Chilliwack, Bill Uslick, who

title: Potlatch ban

text: Boas not only opposed the ban, with the help of his First Nations assistant, he actually hosted one. Despite this, the ban was enacted, lasting until repealed in 1951. First Nations affected by the ban quickly saw the law as an instrument of injustice and intolerance. As Canada expanded, they adhered to a number of ideologies at the time, including converting their colonial subjects to Christianity. Correctly seeing that the potlatch was at the heart of a non-Christian cultural system that opposed colonization, the potlatch was targeted by missionaries and colonial officials. Though there was an obvious political motivation for

title: Golden Potlatch

text: Potlatch. These postcards identified Seattle as a destination available by 'sea, land and rail'. The Hopf Bros Co. of Seattle published another series of postcards by Edward H Mitchell. These postcards provide a glimpse of tourist sights such as Mount Rainier and the totem pole at Pioneer Square; commercial aspects of Seattle including Colman Dock and the Grand Trunk Pacific dock; and downtown street views such as First Avenue looking north, Second Avenue looking south from Spring Street, Second Avenue Looking North, Third Avenue looking north, Fourth Avenue looking south and Pike Street looking East. The second Golden Potlatch was

title: Potlatch Corp.

text: million shares, paying $8.1 million and ending the takeover bid. With the buyback, the stock returned to the control of the Weyerhaeuser family, the descendants of the original founder. In March 2002, Potlatch sold its Cloquet, Minnesota, pulp and printing papers facilities and associated assets to Sappi Limited for US$480 million. This sale marked its exit from the coated printing papers business. Sappi closed the facilities and moved the production to its own plants in Skowhegan, Maine, and Westbrook, Maine. In 2006, Potlatch restructured to form a real estate investment trust (REIT). In this restructuring all of the company's manufacturing

title: Potlatch Corp.

text: operations are held by a wholly owned subsidiary, allowing the company to refocus on managing their large land holdings in Oregon, Idaho, Minnesota, and Arkansas. In February 2018, Potlatch acquired Deltic Timber Corp., a smaller Arkansas-based timber company. Following the merger, the company was renamed PotlatchDeltic Corporation. The merged companies owned 2 million acres of timber in total. The company owns about of land in rural Minnesota, Idaho, Wisconsin and Arkansas. The forestry products that it sells are processed at six company-owned facilities. On December 9, 2008, Clearwater Paper Corporation, previously a subsidiary of Potlatch, was created via a spin-off,

title: Golden Potlatch

text: held July 15–20, 1912. Once again postcards were distributed as 'Official Invitation to Seattle's Golden Potlatch'. Other postcards provided views of commercial streets in Seattle. The Klondike image of D’Oro was succeeded by Hyas Tyee Kopa Konoway (the Big Bug). "The Golden Potlatch," was promoted as a 'free' feast spread for the whole world and its brother. On the water, Jean Romano's wingless hydroplane, which looked like a giant spider, thrilled spectators with a 30 M.P.H. exhibition run off Harbor Island. Capitalizing on Seattle's borrowed Indian heritage, city leaders cranked up the marketing machine to promote their version of Progress.

title: Potlatch River

text: The Potlatch's course traces a southwesterly line across the eastern Columbia Plateau in the arid Rocky Mountain foothills. Two forks form the river's headwaters in the southern part of the Idaho Panhandle. The West Fork drains part of Latah County and the East Fork is in Clearwater County. These two forks combine near Helmer, and soon the river descends into a canyon that continues all the way to the mouth. While in the canyon, it receives Pine, Big Bear, Middle Potlatch and Little Potlatch Creeks from the north, and Boulder and Cedar Creeks from the south. Idaho State Highway 3

title: American Legion Cabin (Potlatch, Idaho)

text: American Legion Cabin (Potlatch, Idaho) The American Legion Cabin on US Alt. 95 in Potlatch, Idaho was constructed in 1928-29. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 because of its historically significant architecture. It was designed as a bungalow with American Craftsman influenceBungalow/Craftsman architecture and served as a clubhouse. It is a one-and-a-half-story L-shaped log bungalow building. It is significant as one of few privately built buildings in the company town of Potlatch, for its association with the American Legion, and as one of few social settings where company workers and managers interacted. It is

title: American Legion Cabin (Potlatch, Idaho)

text: a memorial to World War I servicemen from Potlatch. As of 1985 it was owned by the American Legion chapter but was leased out as a restaurant. American Legion Cabin (Potlatch, Idaho) The American Legion Cabin on US Alt. 95 in Potlatch, Idaho was constructed in 1928-29. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 because of its historically significant architecture. It was designed as a bungalow with American Craftsman influenceBungalow/Craftsman architecture and served as a clubhouse. It is a one-and-a-half-story L-shaped log bungalow building. It is significant as one of few privately built buildings in

title: Philosophy of culture

text: culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies. Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than

title: Squamish culture

text: of houses. One potlatch was recorded at Xwáýxway in 1875. In the longhouse, a large cedar slab dwelling, a large ceremony with guests of people from nearby nations, Vancouver Island, and the Interior British Columbia. This potlatch was hosted by August Jack's father, named Supple Jack. The stage of life that brought much change was filled with much attention and celebration. Young men and women may follow some of the same customs, but differ on certain specifics. The difference in their training had to do with what positions they would be taking in the community, the fact that different families

title: Potlatch

text: and so his 'power' was diminished." Hierarchical relations within and between clans, villages, and nations, were observed and reinforced through the distribution or sometimes destruction of wealth, dance performances, and other ceremonies. The status of any given family is raised not by who has the most resources, but by who distributes the most resources. The hosts demonstrate their wealth and prominence through giving away goods. Potlatch ceremonies were also used as coming-of-age rituals. When children were born, they would be given their first name at the time of their birth (which was usually associated with the location of their birthplace.)

title: Potlatch

text: daughter and her children would later be rejoined with her natal numaym and the titles returned with them. Any one individual might have several "seats" which allowed them to sit, in rank order, according to their title, as the host displayed and distributed wealth and made speeches. Besides the transfer of titles at a potlatch, the event was given "weight" by the distribution of other less important objects such as Chilkat blankets, animal skins (later Hudson Bay blankets) and ornamental "coppers". It is the distribution of large numbers of Hudson Bay blankets, and the destruction of valued coppers that first

title: Potlatch

text: in order to retain their titles and maintain social hierarchy. This resulted in massive inflation in gifting made possible by the introduction of mass-produced trade goods in the late 18th and earlier 19th centuries. Potlatching was made illegal in Canada in 1884 in an amendment to the Indian Act, largely at the urging of missionaries and government agents who considered it "a worse than useless custom" that was seen as wasteful, unproductive, and contrary to 'civilized values' of accumulation. The potlatch was seen as a key target in assimilation policies and agendas. Missionary William Duncan wrote in 1875 that the

title: Culture of violence theory

text: Culture of violence theory The culture of violence theory addresses the pervasiveness of specific violent patterns within in a societal dimension. The concept of violence being ingrained in Western society and culture has been around for at least the 20th century. Developed from structural violence, as research progressed the notion that a culture can sanction violent acts developed into what we know as culture of violence theory today. Two prominent examples of culture legitimizing violence can be seen in rape myths and victim blaming. Rape myths lead to misconstrued notions of blame; it is common for the responsibility associated with

title: Culture of violence theory

text: have been utilized for trauma responses. Culture of violence theory The culture of violence theory addresses the pervasiveness of specific violent patterns within in a societal dimension. The concept of violence being ingrained in Western society and culture has been around for at least the 20th century. Developed from structural violence, as research progressed the notion that a culture can sanction violent acts developed into what we know as culture of violence theory today. Two prominent examples of culture legitimizing violence can be seen in rape myths and victim blaming. Rape myths lead to misconstrued notions of blame; it is

title: Media culture

text: Media culture In cultural studies, media culture refers to the current Western capitalist society that emerged and developed from the 20th century, under the influence of mass media. The term alludes to the overall impact and intellectual guidance exerted by the media (primarily TV, but also the press, radio and cinema), not only on public opinion but also on tastes and values. The alternative term mass culture conveys the idea that such culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. The expression media culture, on the other hand, conveys the idea that such

title: What Is Your Dangerous Idea?

text: "The Bookbag", "What is Your Dangerous Idea?" provides an easy-to-understand explanation of the topics covered in this book. She expands by writing that the ideas make the reader think about them. The book has also been likened to "Shakespearean science" by one reviewer, due to the similar qualities it holds with William Shakespeare's works. Another reviewer summarized the various ideas, concluding that science's progress may make us realize our limits. Stephen Totilo, on MTV.com relates the book to gaming, in his article titled "Could Xbox Destroy the World?" The essay by Geoffrey Miller was discussed in how its topic (Fermi's

title: Squamish culture

text: studied and practiced event was the potlatch. It is important to note that a Sḵwxwú7mesh potlatch differed quite differently from the Northern tribes and their festivities. In a Sḵwxwú7mesh potlatch, a large feast is held and the community, nation, or neighboring nations are invited to partake. Highly wealthy families and individuals host these potlatch for different events taking place, and to distribute the resources and wealth accumulated. A potlatch would usually occur around events such as birth, coming of age, naming ceremony, marriage, or memorial event for the deceased. It is in the winter months that most potlatching take places,

title: Culture of Popular Laughter

text: Culture of Popular Laughter The Culture of Popular Laughter is a historical-anthropological theory devised by the literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin, first published in the book "Rabelais and His World", based on observations of popular culture in the Renaissance. Bakhtin analysed François Rabelais' book "Gargantua and Pantagruel" and its portrayals of "grotesque realism" (i.e. celebrations of primary needs) and carnival in which social norms were subverted. The Culture of Popular Laughter combines two literary ideas developed by Bakhtin in the same work: the idea of "Grotesque body" and "Carnivalesque" debauchery. It is distinguished from each, however, by its applications outside literary

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: abundance and superiority of the host. Modern potlatches still contain many of the traditional aspects of sharing food, giving gifts, singing, dancing and telling stories, but now the purpose has changed. Most modern potlatches can be held for similar reasons, such as a birth or a death, but now they are no longer so much a show of wealth, but a celebration to keep the tradition alive. As with other aspects of the potlatch, food plays a significant role in the social structure; providing large amounts of food for the guests is symbolic of the host's love and care for

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: his guests, and also for the nourishment he symbolically provides to future generations. Due to the overabundance of food, leftovers are distributed first to elders, then the remainder of the guests. According to Simeone, doing so is "a reminder of the host's generosity long after the event." As the potlatch is attended by dozens to hundreds of people from neighboring villages, and is often hosted by one or two people, food and money are given as a gift to the host by family members, to help offset the cost of feeding so many. Several men of the village are tasked

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: to hunt with and blankets to keep them warm. Beaded items are also commonly given as gifts at potlatches, including necklaces, moccasins, gloves, vests, and gun cases. Beads, like the dentalium they have come to replace, are symbolic of social relations that, when expressed in the form of necklaces or sashes, literally surround or embrace the individual. Today Tanacross people see dentalium shells not only as symbols of prestige but also as expressions of affection. While rifles, blankets and beaded items are traditional potlatch gifts, they are not the only ones. Other gifts might include furs, afghans, quilts, moose hide

title: The potlatch among Athabaskan peoples

text: and chairs are provided for elders. Moose is normally cooked by the men of the potlatch. It is served roasted, fried, and as moose head stew, which consists of the meaty portions of the moose's head mixed with vegetables and rice in large stew pots. Grilled and smoked salmon is served, as is soup made from round whitefish. Wild cranberries and blueberries are incorporated into desserts. The traditional wild food is supplemented by store-bought items, most notably black loose leaf tea, which was introduced to the Athabaskan by traders in the 1800s and remains a staple among present day potlatches.

title: The Society for the Preservation of Wild Culture

text: the serious and the non-serious in a way that made sense and entertained became part of the artists' work. Before there was Smith's recent definition of wild culture ("the articulated ecotone between what humans do and what they can't control in nature"), no single explanation existed around which the S.P.W.C artists" work was done. Some said that it was the vagueness of the idea, the inability to pin it down, that made it so attractive. In the absence of concrete description, Smith offered a metaphor, which he has recently modified: On the surface of a transparent painting is the human

title: Culture of ancient Rus

text: of a "double faith", the coexistence and mutual penetration of two religions—the "popular" and the "official". Popular culture has long been defined by pagan beliefs, especially in the remote regions of Kievan Rus’. Subsequently, it was defined by a simplified interpretation of Christianity and by superstitions, similar to what had happened in Western European culture. However, Russian historians’ idea of the popular culture after Christianization is primarily based on indirect data and suppositions. At the same time, the culture of the ecclesiastical and secular elite is known for its monuments, which do not allow historians to make confident conclusions on

title: Culture of the Song dynasty

text: appointments as managers of many of these enterprises, but the initiative came from Neo-Confucian officials. In a sense the Buddhist idea of compassion and many of the measures developed for its practical expression had been appropriated by the Chinese state. Although Buddhism lost its prominence in the elite circles and government sponsorships of Chinese society, this did not mean the disappeance of Buddhism from Chinese culture. Zen Buddhism continued to flourish during the Song period, as Emperor Lizong of Song had the monk Wuzhun Shifan share the Chán (Zen) doctrine with the imperial court. Much like the Eastern Roman Emperor

title: Squamish culture

text: by Supple Jack to be a part of a large potlatch. Another large longhouse was at Chi'ch'elxwikw', measuring 50 feet by 20 feet. These dwelling, holding spiritual and cultural significance are still used for traditional gatherings and ceremonies. The architectural style has also been incorporated into modern buildings in the communities. The furs of animals such as marmots, mink, weasels,and squirrels, were used for clothing. In Sḵwx̱wú7mesh culture, ceremonies, events and festivals were the highly of community life. Ranging from community gathers in feasts, to spiritual endeavours in ceremony, these events were a big part of the culture. The most

title: The Third Culture

text: period in the German and French languages, with journalists often filling the gap. However, some decades ago there were also scientists, like the physicists Heisenberg and Schrödinger and the psychologist Piaget, who fulfill the criteria Brockman named for "third culture." The German author Gabor Paal suggested that the idea of the "third culture" is a rather modern version of what Hegel called Realphilosophie ("philosophy of the real"). Also, already during the interwar period, Otto Neurath and other members of the Vienna Circle strongly propagated the need for both the unity of science and the popularization of new scientific concepts. With

title: Potlatch River

text: years before the arrival of whites. Pioneers settled the watershed and established farms and ranches in the late 19th century. After that, logging eliminated most of the forests within the watershed and the ecology of the river is still in the process of recovery. Fishing, hiking and camping are popular recreational activities on the river; 14 percent the watershed lies on public lands. Before logging and agriculture, many varieties of riparian and forest plants once populated the catchment, and several species of fish still swim the river and its tributaries. The Hoodoo Mountains are the source of the Potlatch River.