query: What is bandwidth?

title: Bandwidth (computing)

text: maximum bandwidth (the physical layer net bitrate) of common Internet access technologies. For more detailed lists see Bandwidth (computing) In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth. This definition of "bandwidth" is in contrast to the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which "bandwidth" is used to refer to analog signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power.

title: Bandwidth (computing)

text: Bandwidth (computing) In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth. This definition of "bandwidth" is in contrast to the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which "bandwidth" is used to refer to analog signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power. However, the actual bit rate that can be achieved depends not only on the signal bandwidth, but

title: Coherence bandwidth

text: does not occur typically contains enough signal power to sustain reliable communications. This is the bandwidth over which the channel transfer function remains virtually constant. If the delay spread "D" over a particular cellular communication path in an urban environment is 1.9 µs, then using equation above, the coherence bandwidth is approximately 0.53 MHz, which results in frequency selective fading over the IS-95 bandwidth. Coherence bandwidth Coherence bandwidth is a statistical measurement of the range of frequencies over which the channel can be considered "flat", or in other words the approximate maximum bandwidth or frequency interval over which two frequencies

title: Coherence bandwidth

text: Coherence bandwidth Coherence bandwidth is a statistical measurement of the range of frequencies over which the channel can be considered "flat", or in other words the approximate maximum bandwidth or frequency interval over which two frequencies of a signal are likely to experience comparable or correlated amplitude fading. If the multipath time delay spread equals "D" seconds, then the coherence bandwidth formula_1 in rad/s is given approximately by the equation: Also coherence bandwidth formula_3 in Hz is given approximately by the equation: It can be reasonably assumed that the channel is flat if the coherence bandwidth is greater than the

title: Power bandwidth

text: (full-)power bandwidth to indicate the highest frequency at which the achievable peak-to-peak output voltage swing is still equal to the DC output voltage range. This is also sometimes described as the slew-rate-limited bandwidth. The full-power bandwidth formula_1 is then related to the slew rate formula_2 in volts per second and the voltage swing formula_3 by where formula_1 is expressed in hertz. In data sheets for commonly available operational amplifiers, slew rate is usually given in volts per microsecond. Power bandwidth may be specified as a frequency range or as a graph. Power bandwidth The power bandwidth of an amplifier is

title: Modal bandwidth

text: Modal bandwidth Modal Bandwidth, in the discipline of telecommunications, refers to the maximum signaling rate for a given distance or – the other way around – the maximum distance for a given signaling rate. The signaling rate can typically be measured in MHz, and the modal bandwidth is expressed as the product MHz·km. For a cable with a certain modal bandwidth, the maximum frequency can be doubled when the distance is halved and vice versa. The Modal Bandwidth is derived from the modal dispersion of the fiber and the spectral linewidth of the laser. formula_1 Modal bandwidth is sometimes referred

title: Modal bandwidth

text: to as EMBc. Modal bandwidth Modal Bandwidth, in the discipline of telecommunications, refers to the maximum signaling rate for a given distance or – the other way around – the maximum distance for a given signaling rate. The signaling rate can typically be measured in MHz, and the modal bandwidth is expressed as the product MHz·km. For a cable with a certain modal bandwidth, the maximum frequency can be doubled when the distance is halved and vice versa. The Modal Bandwidth is derived from the modal dispersion of the fiber and the spectral linewidth of the laser. formula_1 Modal bandwidth

title: Servo bandwidth

text: takes amplitude to be ±50°, the acceleration requirements calculated by two will be very different. This leads us to understand that giving servo bandwidth alone with no amplitude specification is almost useless. Also defining the bandwidth as per normal bandwidth definition does not help (ambiguity with regard to frequency at which the amplitude should go to formula_3. Servo bandwidth Servo bandwidth is the maximum trackable sinusoidal frequency of amplitude A, with tracking achieved at or before 10% of A amplitude is reached. The servo bandwidth indicates the capability of the servo to follow rapid changes in the commanded input. It

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: Bandwidth (signal processing) Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and depending on context, may specifically refer to "passband bandwidth" or "baseband bandwidth". Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. Baseband bandwidth applies to a low-pass filter or baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency. Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications,

title: Gain–bandwidth product

text: Gain–bandwidth product The gain–bandwidth product (designated as GBWP, GBW, GBP, or GB) for an amplifier is the product of the amplifier's bandwidth and the gain at which the bandwidth is measured. For devices such as operational amplifiers that are designed to have a simple one-pole frequency response, the gain–bandwidth product is nearly independent of the gain at which it is measured; in such devices the gain–bandwidth product will also be equal to the unity-gain bandwidth of the amplifier (the bandwidth within which the amplifier gain is at least 1). For an amplifier in which negative feedback reduces the gain to

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: cap that appropriately limits the total number of bytes sent per unit time. There are two types of bandwidth capping. A standard cap limits the bitrate or speed of data transfer on a broadband Internet connection. Standard capping is used to prevent individuals from consuming the entire transmission capacity of the medium. A lowered cap reduces an individual user’s bandwidth cap as a defensive measure and/or as a punishment for heavy use of the medium’s bandwidth. Oftentimes this happens without notifying the user. The difference is that bandwidth throttling regulates a bandwidth intensive device (such as a server) by limiting

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: band-reject filters, the bandwidth represents the distance between the two points in the frequency domain where the signal is formula_6 of the maximum signal amplitude (half power). In the field of antennas, two different methods of expressing relative bandwidth are used for narrowband and wideband antennas. For either, a set of criteria is established to define the extents of the bandwidth, such as input impedance, pattern, or polarization. "Percent bandwidth", usually used for narrowband antennas, is used defined as formula_7. The theoretical limit to percent bandwidth is 200%, which occurs for formula_8. "Fractional bandwidth or ratio bandwidth", usually used for

title: Gain–bandwidth product

text: The transition frequency varies with collector current, reaching a maximum for some value and declining for greater or lesser collector current. Gain–bandwidth product The gain–bandwidth product (designated as GBWP, GBW, GBP, or GB) for an amplifier is the product of the amplifier's bandwidth and the gain at which the bandwidth is measured. For devices such as operational amplifiers that are designed to have a simple one-pole frequency response, the gain–bandwidth product is nearly independent of the gain at which it is measured; in such devices the gain–bandwidth product will also be equal to the unity-gain bandwidth of the amplifier (the

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: the 1 dB-bandwidth. If the filter shows amplitude ripple within the passband, the "x" dB point refers to the point where the gain is "x" dB below the nominal passband gain rather than "x" dB below the maximum gain. A commonly used quantity is fractional bandwidth. This is the bandwidth of a device divided by its center frequency. E.g., a passband filter that has a bandwidth of 2 MHz with center frequency 10 MHz will have a fractional bandwidth of 2/10, or 20%. In communication systems, in calculations of the Shannon–Hartley channel capacity, bandwidth refers to the 3 dB-bandwidth. In

title: Servo bandwidth

text: Servo bandwidth Servo bandwidth is the maximum trackable sinusoidal frequency of amplitude A, with tracking achieved at or before 10% of A amplitude is reached. The servo bandwidth indicates the capability of the servo to follow rapid changes in the commanded input. It is usually specified as a frequency in Hertz or radian/sec. Bandwidth of systems is generally defined to be the frequency at which the system's amplitude is formula_1 times the signal amplitude. But if we apply same logic to servo systems it is difficult to analyze and develop a system to a sufficiently accurate specification. This is because

title: Carson bandwidth rule

text: hence an infinite bandwidth but, in practice, all significant sideband energy (98% or more) is concentrated within the bandwidth defined by Carson's rule. It is a useful approximation, but setting the arbitrary definition of occupied bandwidth at 98% of the power still means that the power outside the band is about formula_5 less than the carrier inside, therefore Carson's Rule is of little use in spectrum planning. Carson bandwidth rule In telecommunication, Carson's bandwidth rule defines the approximate bandwidth requirements of communications system components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad spectrum of frequencies

title: Bandwidth extension

text: Bandwidth extension Bandwidth extension of signal is defined as the deliberate process of expanding the frequency range (bandwidth) of a signal in which it contains an appreciable and useful content, and/or the frequency range in which its effects are such. Its significant advancement in recent years has led to the technology being adopted commercially in several areas including psychacoustic bass enhancement of small loudspeakers and the high frequency enhancement of coded speech and audio. Bandwidth extension has been used in both speech and audio compression applications. The algorithms used in G.729.1 and Spectral Band Replication (SBR) are two of many

title: Power bandwidth

text: Power bandwidth The power bandwidth of an amplifier is sometimes taken as the frequency range (or, rarely, the upper frequency limit) for which the rated power output of an amplifier can be maintained (without excessive distortion) to at least "half" of the full rated power. (Some specifications may mandate 100% of the rated power; sometimes referring to the full-power bandwidth.) It should not be confused with "half-power" bandwidth, only used in conjunction with filter frequency response curves, where it refers to -3dB points in the frequency response of a band-pass filter. Data sheets for operational amplifiers often use the term

title: Bandwidth (computing)

text: also on the noise on the channel. The term "bandwidth" sometimes defines the net bit rate 'peak bit rate', 'information rate,' or physical layer 'useful bit rate'), channel capacity, or the maximum throughput of a logical or physical communication path in a digital communication system. For example, bandwidth tests measure the maximum throughput of a computer network. The maximum rate that can be sustained on a link are limited by the Shannon-Hartley channel capacity for these communication systems, which is dependent on the bandwidth in hertz and the noise on the channel. Bandwidth in bit/s may also refer to consumed

title: Equivalent rectangular bandwidth

text: Equivalent rectangular bandwidth The equivalent rectangular bandwidth or ERB is a measure used in psychoacoustics, which gives an approximation to the bandwidths of the filters in human hearing, using the unrealistic but convenient simplification of modeling the filters as rectangular band-pass filters. For moderate sound levels and young listeners, the bandwidth of human auditory filters can be approximated by the polynomial equation: where "f" is the center frequency of the filter in kHz and ERB("f") is the bandwidth of the filter in Hz. The approximation is based on the results of a number of published simultaneous masking experiments and is

title: Bandwidth-delay product

text: Bandwidth-delay product In data communications, bandwidth-delay product is the product of a data link's capacity (in bits per second) and its round-trip delay time (in seconds). The result, an amount of data measured in bits (or bytes), is equivalent to the maximum amount of data on the network circuit at any given time, i.e., data that has been transmitted but not yet acknowledged. A network with a large bandwidth-delay product is commonly known as a long fat network (shortened to LFN). As defined in RFC 1072, a network is considered an LFN if its bandwidth-delay product is significantly larger than

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: calculations of the maximum symbol rate, the Nyquist sampling rate, and maximum bit rate according to the Hartley formula, the bandwidth refers to the frequency range within which the gain is non-zero, or the gain in dB is below a very large value. The fact that in equivalent baseband models of communication systems, the signal spectrum consists of both negative and positive frequencies, can lead to confusion about bandwidth, since they are sometimes referred to only by the positive half, and one will occasionally see expressions such as formula_1, where formula_2 is the total bandwidth (i.e. the maximum passband bandwidth

title: Bandwidth (computing)

text: asymptotic bandwidth (formally "asymptotic throughput") for a network is the measure of maximum throughput for a greedy source, for example when the message size (the number of packets per second from a source) approaches infinity. Asymptotic bandwidths are usually estimated by sending a number of very large messages through the network, measuring the end-to-end throughput. As other bandwidths, the asymptotic bandwidth is measured in multiples of bits per seconds. Digital bandwidth may also refer to: multimedia bit rate or average bitrate after multimedia data compression (source coding), defined as the total amount of data divided by the playback time. In

title: Gain–bandwidth product

text: below the open-loop gain, the gain–bandwidth product of the closed-loop amplifier will be approximately equal to that of the open-loop amplifier. According to S. Srinivasan, "The parameter characterizing the frequency dependence of the operational amplifier gain is the finite gain–bandwidth product (GB)." This quantity is commonly specified for operational amplifiers, and allows circuit designers to determine the maximum gain that can be extracted from the device for a given frequency (or bandwidth) and vice versa. When adding LC circuits to the input and output of an amplifier the gain rises and the bandwidth decreases, but the product is generally bounded

title: Carson bandwidth rule

text: Carson bandwidth rule In telecommunication, Carson's bandwidth rule defines the approximate bandwidth requirements of communications system components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad spectrum of frequencies rather than a single frequency. Carson's rule does not apply well when the modulating signal contains discontinuities, such as a square wave. Carson's rule originates from John Renshaw Carson's 1922 paper. Carson's bandwidth rule is expressed by the relation: For example, a typical VHF/UHF two-way radio signal using FM mode, with 5 kHz peak deviation, and a maximum audio frequency of 3 kHz, would require an approximate

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: Performance is degraded. In the case of frequency response, degradation could, for example, mean more than 3 dB below the maximum value or it could mean below a certain absolute value. As with any definition of the "width" of a function, many definitions are suitable for different purposes. In the context of, for example, the sampling theorem and Nyquist sampling rate, bandwidth typically refers to baseband bandwidth. In the context of Nyquist symbol rate or Shannon-Hartley channel capacity for communication systems it refers to passband bandwidth. The Rayleigh bandwidth of a simple radar pulse is defined as the inverse of

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: of the carrier-modulated RF signal and the minimum passband bandwidth of the physical passband channel), and formula_3 is the positive bandwidth (the baseband bandwidth of the equivalent channel model). For instance, the baseband model of the signal would require a low-pass filter with cutoff frequency of at least formula_3 to stay intact, and the physical passband channel would require a passband filter of at least formula_2 to stay intact. In signal processing and control theory the bandwidth is the frequency at which the closed-loop system gain drops 3 dB below peak. In basic electric circuit theory, when studying band-pass and

title: Servo bandwidth

text: of ambiguity with regard to frequency at which the amplitude should go to formula_1. A simple and sound definition can be sought regarding this. Let us say we want to design a position servo control system with following specifications: The above definition is not enough to design a practical control system. The definitions above have inherent problems with regard to what amplitude the manufacturer should take to design the servo with 10 Hz bandwidth. If the manufacturer takes the amplitude to be ±20° and rise time for this amplitude to be 0.025 sec (10 Hz sinusoid) and some other manufacturer

title: Narrow-bandwidth television

text: latter type, the number of lines in an image may be reduced to just a few dozen. The earliest mechanical television systems often used narrow channels for sending moving images. Often, the images were only a few dozen lines in size. However, most narrow-bandwidth TV nowadays uses computers and other electronic systems. Narrow-bandwidth television Narrow-bandwidth television (NBTV) is a type of television designed to fit into a low-bandwidth channel, in the extreme case using amateur radio voice frequency channels that only range up to a few kilohertz (though channels ranging into a few tens of kilohertz and beyond can also

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: signal processing, and spectroscopy and is one of the determinants of the capacity of a given communication channel. A key characteristic of bandwidth is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of information, regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum. For example, a 3 kHz band can carry a telephone conversation whether that band is at baseband (as in a POTS telephone line) or modulated to some higher frequency. Bandwidth is a key concept in many telecommunications applications. In radio communications, for example, bandwidth is the frequency range occupied by a

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: its duration. For example a one-microsecond pulse has a Rayleigh bandwidth of one megahertz. The essential bandwidth is defined as the portion of a signal spectrum in the frequency domain which contains most of the energy of the signal. In some contexts, the signal bandwidth in hertz refers to the frequency range in which the signal's spectral density (in W/Hz or V/Hz) is nonzero or above a small threshold value. That definition is used in calculations of the lowest sampling rate that will satisfy the sampling theorem. The threshold value is often defined relative to the maximum value, and is

title: Narrow-bandwidth television

text: Narrow-bandwidth television Narrow-bandwidth television (NBTV) is a type of television designed to fit into a low-bandwidth channel, in the extreme case using amateur radio voice frequency channels that only range up to a few kilohertz (though channels ranging into a few tens of kilohertz and beyond can also be used). This is in contrast to broadcast TV systems that use a channel about six to eight megahertz wide. There are two ways to make this work: reduce the scan rate, or reduce the image size. When the scan rate is reduced, this is referred to as slow-scan TV. With the

title: Carson bandwidth rule

text: bandwidth of 2 * (5 + 3) = 16 kHz. Standard broadcast stereo FM, with a peak deviation of 75 kHz, has a highest modulating frequency (which combines L+R and L-R) of 53 kHz. Most of the energy therefore falls within an approximate bandwidth of 2 * (75 + 53) = 256 kHz. (Geographically close FM broadcast transmitters are almost always assigned nominal center frequencies at least 400 kHz apart). Carson's bandwidth rule is often applied to transmitters, antennas, optical sources, receivers, photodetectors, and other communications system components. Any frequency modulated signal will have an "infinite" number of sidebands and

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: modulated carrier signal. An FM radio receiver's tuner spans a limited range of frequencies. A government agency (such as the Federal Communications Commission in the United States) may apportion the regionally available bandwidth to broadcast license holders so that their signals do not mutually interfere. In this context, bandwidth is also known as channel spacing. For other applications there are other definitions. One definition of bandwidth, for a system, could be the range of frequencies over which the system produces a specified level of performance. A less strict and more practically useful definition will refer to the frequencies beyond which

title: Bandwidth extension

text: examples of bandwidth extension algorithms currently in use. In these methods, the low band of the spectrum is encoded using an existing codec, whereas the high band is coarsely parameterized using fewer parameters. Many of these bandwidth extension algorithms make use of the correlation between the low band and the high band in order to predict the wider band signal from extracted lower-band features. Others encode the high band using very few bits. This is often sufficient since the ear is less sensitive to distortions in the high band compared to the low band. Most often small loudspeakers are physically

title: Bandwidth allocation

text: specializes in assisting the FCC in addressing spectrum issues such as: technical device/signal interference, spectrum efficiency, and effective public safety communications for domestic and international spectrum policies. Bandwidth allocation Bandwidth allocation is the process of assigning radio frequencies to different applications. The radio spectrum is a finite resource, which means there is great need for an effective allocation process. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission or FCC has the responsibility of allocating discrete portions of the spectrum, or bands, to various industries. The FCC did this recently, when it shifted the location of television broadcasting on the spectrum

title: Bandwidth allocation

text: Bandwidth allocation Bandwidth allocation is the process of assigning radio frequencies to different applications. The radio spectrum is a finite resource, which means there is great need for an effective allocation process. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission or FCC has the responsibility of allocating discrete portions of the spectrum, or bands, to various industries. The FCC did this recently, when it shifted the location of television broadcasting on the spectrum in order to open up more space for mobile data. Different bands of spectrum are able to transmit more data than others, and some bands of the

title: Bandwidth (computing)

text: Web hosting service, the term "bandwidth" is often incorrectly used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website or server within a prescribed period of time, for example "bandwidth consumption accumulated over a month" measured in gigabytes per month. The more accurate phrase used for this meaning of a maximum amount of data transfer each month or given period is "monthly data transfer". A similar situation can occur for end user ISPs as well, especially where network capacity is limited (for example in areas with underdeveloped internet connectivity and on wireless networks). This table shows the

title: Bandwidth extension

text: region. By boosting high frequencies and overdriving the speaker or amplifier slightly, higher harmonics can be generated. Telephone speech signals are usually very degraded in quality. Part of this degradation is due to the limited bandwidth used in the telephone systems. In most systems frequencies lower than 250 Hz are cut and bandwidth only extends to frequencies of 4 or 8 kHz. Using filtering and waveshaping low and high frequency response can be extended. By low pass filtering the lowest octave and half-wave rectifying a waveform is created with a fundamental half of the original frequency. Due to the discontinuity

title: Gain–bandwidth product

text: by the gain–bandwidth product. If the GBWP of an operational amplifier is 1 MHz, it means that the gain of the device falls to unity at 1 MHz. Hence, when the device is wired for unity gain, it will work up to 1 MHz (GBWP = gain × bandwidth, therefore if BW = 1 MHz, then gain = 1) without excessively distorting the signal. The same device when wired for a gain of 10 will work only up to 100 kHz, in accordance with the GBW product formula. Further, if the minimum frequency of operation is 1 Hz, then the

title: Bandwidth-delay product

text: link is not being kept busy and the protocol is operating below peak efficiency for the link. Protocols that hope to succeed in this respect need carefully designed self-monitoring, self-tuning algorithms. The TCP window scale option may be used to solve this problem caused by insufficient window size, which is limited to 65,535 bytes without scaling. Bandwidth-delay product In data communications, bandwidth-delay product is the product of a data link's capacity (in bits per second) and its round-trip delay time (in seconds). The result, an amount of data measured in bits (or bytes), is equivalent to the maximum amount of

title: Bisection bandwidth

text: Bisection bandwidth In computer networking, if the network is bisected into two partitions, the bisection bandwidth of a network topology is the bandwidth available between the two partitions. Bisection should be done in such a way that the bandwidth between two partitions is minimum. Bisection bandwidth gives the true bandwidth available in the entire system. Bisection bandwidth accounts for the bottleneck bandwidth of the entire network. Therefore bisection bandwidth represents bandwidth characteristics of the network better than any other metric. For a linear array with n nodes bisection bandwidth is one link bandwidth. For linear array only one link needs

title: Bisection bandwidth

text: observed that low-dimensional networks, in comparison to high-dimensional networks (e.g., binary n-cubes) with the same bisection width (e.g., tori), have reduced latency and higher hot-spot throughput. Bisection bandwidth In computer networking, if the network is bisected into two partitions, the bisection bandwidth of a network topology is the bandwidth available between the two partitions. Bisection should be done in such a way that the bandwidth between two partitions is minimum. Bisection bandwidth gives the true bandwidth available in the entire system. Bisection bandwidth accounts for the bottleneck bandwidth of the entire network. Therefore bisection bandwidth represents bandwidth characteristics of the

title: Bandwidth (computing)

text: bandwidth, corresponding to achieved throughput or goodput, i.e., the average rate of successful data transfer through a communication path. This sense applies to concepts and technologies such as bandwidth shaping, bandwidth management, bandwidth throttling, bandwidth cap, bandwidth allocation (for example bandwidth allocation protocol and dynamic bandwidth allocation), etc. A bit stream's bandwidth is proportional to the average consumed signal bandwidth in hertz (the average spectral bandwidth of the analog signal representing the bit stream) during a studied time interval. Channel bandwidth may be confused with useful data throughput (or goodput). For example, a channel with "x" bps may not necessarily

title: Memory bandwidth

text: Memory bandwidth Memory bandwidth is the rate at which data can be read from or stored into a semiconductor memory by a processor. Memory bandwidth is usually expressed in units of bytes/second, though this can vary for systems with natural data sizes that are not a multiple of the commonly used 8-bit bytes. Memory bandwidth that is advertised for a given memory or system is usually the maximum theoretical bandwidth. In practice the observed memory bandwidth will be less than (and is guaranteed not to exceed) the advertised bandwidth. A variety of computer benchmarks exist to measure sustained memory bandwidth

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: Bandwidth throttling Bandwidth throttling is the intentional slowing or speeding of an internet service by an Internet service provider (ISP). It is a reactive measure employed in communication networks to regulate network traffic and minimize bandwidth congestion. Bandwidth throttling can occur at different locations on the network. On a local area network (LAN), a system administrator ("sysadmin") may employ bandwidth throttling to help limit network congestion and server crashes. On a broader level, the Internet service provider may use bandwidth throttling to help reduce a user's usage of bandwidth that is supplied to the local network. Bandwidth throttling is also

title: Bisection bandwidth

text: to be broken to bisect the network into two partitions. For ring topology with n nodes two links should be broken to bisect the network, so bisection bandwidth becomes bandwidth of two links. For tree topology with n nodes can be bisected at the root by breaking one link, so bisection bandwidth is one link bandwidth. For Mesh topology with n nodes, formula_1 links should be broken to bisect the network, so bisection bandwidth is bandwidth of formula_1 links. For Hyper-cube topology with n nodes, n/2 links should be broken to bisect the network, so bisection bandwidth is bandwidth of

title: Coherence bandwidth

text: data signal bandwidth. The coherence bandwidth varies over cellular or PCS communications paths because the multipath spread "D" varies from path to path. Frequencies within a coherence bandwidth of one another tend to all fade in a similar or correlated fashion. One reason for designing the CDMA IS-95 waveform with a bandwidth of approximately 1.25 MHz is because in many urban signaling environments the coherence bandwidth "B" is significantly less than 1.25 MHz. Therefore, when fading occurs it occurs only over a relatively small fraction of the total CDMA signal bandwidth. The portion of the signal bandwidth over which fading

title: Bandwidth expansion

text: Bandwidth expansion Bandwidth expansion is a technique for widening the bandwidth or the resonances in an LPC filter. This is done by moving all the poles towards the origin by a constant factor formula_1. The bandwidth-expanded filter formula_2 can be easily derived from the original filter formula_3 by: Let formula_3 be expressed as: The bandwidth-expanded filter can be expressed as: In other words, each coefficient formula_8 in the original filter is simply multiplied by formula_9 in the bandwidth-expanded filter. The simplicity of this transformation makes it attractive, especially in CELP coding of speech, where it is often used for the

title: Bandwidth expansion

text: perceptual noise weighting and/or to stabilize the LPC analysis. However, when it comes to stabilizing the LPC analysis, lag windowing is often preferred to bandwidth expansion. P. Kabal, "Ill-Conditioning and Bandwidth Expansion in Linear Prediction of Speech", "Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing", pp. I-824-I-827, 2003. Bandwidth expansion Bandwidth expansion is a technique for widening the bandwidth or the resonances in an LPC filter. This is done by moving all the poles towards the origin by a constant factor formula_1. The bandwidth-expanded filter formula_2 can be easily derived from the original filter formula_3 by: Let formula_3 be expressed

title: Bandwidth (company)

text: Bandwidth (company) Bandwidth is a Communications Platform as a Service (CPaaS) company. They sell software application programming interfaces (or APIs) for voice and messaging, using their own IP voice network. Formed in 1999, Bandwidth by co-founder David Morken and . Bandwidth moved to North Carolina in at the Centennial Campus of North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina. As of December 31, 2017, Bandwidth maintains a workforce of 378 employees. Bandwidth reported Q2 2018 revenue of $48.3 million. In November 2017, the company had an initial public offering on the NASDAQ. Bandwidth offers communications APIs that allow companies to

title: Graph bandwidth

text: to be minimized is formula_2. In terms of matrices, the (unweighted) graph bandwidth is the bandwidth of the symmetric matrix which is the adjacency matrix of the graph. The bandwidth may also be defined as one less than the maximum clique size in a proper interval supergraph of the given graph, chosen to minimize its clique size . For several families of graphs, the bandwidth formula_3 is given by an explicit formula. The bandwidth of a path graph "P" on "n" vertices is 1, and for a complete graph "K" we have formula_4. For the complete bipartite graph "K", which

title: Bandwidth (company)

text: embed voice calling and messaging capability into their applications; enhanced 911 (emergency) calling; and access to virtual phone numbers. In July 2011, Bandwidth Inc. started working with Alabama's 911 (emergency) centers to allow people to send text messages, pictures and videos to 911. Bandwidth Inc. manages the assignment of telephone numbers for Google Voice— a carrier search on a Google Voice number, for example, will indicate that the carrier's identity is Bandwidth Inc. Bandwidth (company) Bandwidth is a Communications Platform as a Service (CPaaS) company. They sell software application programming interfaces (or APIs) for voice and messaging, using their own

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: wideband antennas, is defined as formula_9 and is typically presented in the form of formula_10. Fractional bandwidth is used for wideband antennas because of the compression of the percent bandwidth that occurs mathematically with percent bandwidths above 100%, which corresponds to a fractional bandwidth of 3:1. If formula_11 then formula_12. In photonics, the term "bandwidth" occurs in a variety of meanings: A related concept is the spectral linewidth of the radiation emitted by excited atoms. Bandwidth (signal processing) Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz,

title: Bandwidth (signal processing)

text: most commonly the , that is the point where the spectral density is half its maximum value (or the spectral amplitude, in V or V/Hz, is 70.7% of its maximum). The word bandwidth applies to signals as described above, but it could also apply to "systems", for example filters or communication channels. To say that a system has a certain bandwidth means that the system can process signals of that bandwidth, or that the system reduces the bandwidth of a white noise input to that bandwidth. The 3 dB bandwidth of an electronic filter or communication channel is the part

title: Memory bandwidth

text: 72 rather than 64 bits) is not counted in bandwidth specifications because the extra bits are unavailable to store user data. ECC bits are better thought of as part of the memory hardware rather than as information stored in that hardware. BSS Random Access Benchmark Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Random Memory Access on Multicores with High Productivity at ACM/IEEE HiPC 2010 Memory bandwidth Memory bandwidth is the rate at which data can be read from or stored into a semiconductor memory by a processor. Memory bandwidth is usually expressed in units of bytes/second, though this can vary for systems

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: and throttling practices with the necessary level of detail. While the net effect of some throttling and capping strategies can be hard to compare across ISPs, some basic metrics that are of interest for any kind of throttled/capped Internet connection are: Although ISPs may actively throttle bandwidth, there are several known methods to bypass the throttling of a user's bandwidth, if the throttling is focused on a particular protocol. These methods, nicknamed "workarounds", include: Bandwidth throttling Bandwidth throttling is the intentional slowing or speeding of an internet service by an Internet service provider (ISP). It is a reactive measure employed

title: Dynamic bandwidth allocation

text: Dynamic bandwidth allocation Dynamic bandwidth allocation is a technique by which traffic bandwidth in a shared telecommunications medium can be allocated on demand and fairly between different users of that bandwidth. This is a form of bandwidth management, and is essentially the same thing as statistical multiplexing. Where the sharing of a link adapts in some way to the instantaneous traffic demands of the nodes connected to the link. Dynamic bandwidth allocation takes advantage of several attributes of shared networks: (1) all users are typically not connected to the network at one time (2) even when connected, users are not

title: Memory bandwidth

text: using a variety of access patterns. These are intended to provide insight into the memory bandwidth that a system should sustain on various classes of real applications. There are three different conventions for defining the quantity of data transferred in the numerator of "bytes/second": The nomenclature differs across memory technologies, but for commodity DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, and DDR3 SDRAM memory, the total bandwidth is the product of: For example, a computer with dual-channel memory and one DDR2-800 module per channel running at 400 MHz would have a theoretical maximum memory bandwidth of: This theoretical maximum memory bandwidth is referred

title: Graph bandwidth

text: was proved by Chvátal. As a special case of this formula, the star graph formula_7 on "k" + 1 vertices has bandwidth formula_8. For the hypercube graph formula_9 on formula_10 vertices the bandwidth was determined by to be Chvatálová showed that the bandwidth of the "m" × "n" square grid graph formula_12, that is, the Cartesian product of two path graphs on formula_13 and formula_14 vertices, is equal to min{"m","n"}. The bandwidth of a graph can be bounded in terms of various other graph parameters. For instance, letting χ("G") denote the chromatic number of "G", letting diam("G") denote the diameter

title: Bandwidth Broker

text: Bandwidth Broker RFC 2638 from the IETF defines the entity of the Bandwidth Broker (BB) in the framework of differentiated services (DiffServ). According to RFC 2638, a Bandwidth Broker is an agent that has some knowledge of an organization's priorities and policies and allocates quality of service (QoS) resources with respect to those policies. In order to achieve an end-to-end allocation of resources across separate domains, the Bandwidth Broker managing a domain will have to communicate with its adjacent peers, which allows end-to-end services to be constructed out of purely bilateral agreements. Admission control is one of the main tasks

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: grounded in the strongest possible legal foundation by relying on multiple sources of authority, including: Title II of the Communications Act and Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The new rules apply to both fixed and mobile broadband service. Bright line rules: Bandwidth throttling works by limiting (throttling) the rate at which a bandwidth intensive device (a server) accepts data. If this limit is not in place, the device can overload its processing capacity. Contrary to throttling, in order to use bandwidth when available, but prevent excess, each node in a proactive system should set an outgoing bandwidth

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: or without the user ever even realizing it. In the specific case of Comcast, an equipment vendor called Sandvine developed the network management technology that throttled P2P file transfers. Those that could have their bandwidth throttled are typically someone who is constantly downloading and uploading torrents, or someone who just watches a lot of online videos. Many consider this as an unfair method of regulating the bandwidth because consumers are not getting the required bandwidth even after paying the prices set by the ISPs. By throttling the people who are using so much bandwidth, the ISPs claim to enable their

title: Bandwidth Broker

text: function as the top-level inter-domain BB. Bandwidth Broker RFC 2638 from the IETF defines the entity of the Bandwidth Broker (BB) in the framework of differentiated services (DiffServ). According to RFC 2638, a Bandwidth Broker is an agent that has some knowledge of an organization's priorities and policies and allocates quality of service (QoS) resources with respect to those policies. In order to achieve an end-to-end allocation of resources across separate domains, the Bandwidth Broker managing a domain will have to communicate with its adjacent peers, which allows end-to-end services to be constructed out of purely bilateral agreements. Admission control

title: High Bandwidth Memory

text: density, increased bandwidth, and lower power. Samsung also announced a lower cost version of HBM under development targeting mass markets. Removing the buffer die and decreasing the number of TSVs lowers cost, though at the expense of a decreased overall bandwidth (200 GB/s). High Bandwidth Memory High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a high-performance RAM interface for 3D-stacked DRAM from Samsung, AMD and Hynix. It is to be used in conjunction with high-performance graphics accelerators and network devices. The first devices to use HBM are the AMD Fiji GPUs. High Bandwidth Memory has been adopted by JEDEC as an industry standard

title: Graph bandwidth

text: of "G", the following inequalities hold: where formula_14 is the number of vertices in formula_18. If a graph "G" has bandwidth "k", then its pathwidth is at most "k" , and its tree-depth is at most "k" log("n"/"k") . In contrast, as noted in the previous section, the star graph "S", a structurally very simple example of a tree, has comparatively large bandwidth. Observe that the pathwidth of "S" is 1, and its tree-depth is 2. Some graph families of bounded degree have sublinear bandwidth: proved that if "T" is a tree of maximum degree at most ∆, then More

title: Graph bandwidth

text: Graph bandwidth In graph theory, the graph bandwidth problem is to label the "n" vertices "v" of a graph "G" with distinct integers "f"("v") so that the quantity formula_1 is minimized ("E" is the edge set of "G"). The problem may be visualized as placing the vertices of a graph at distinct integer points along the "x"-axis so that the length of the longest edge is minimized. Such placement is called linear graph arrangement, linear graph layout or linear graph placement. The weighted graph bandwidth problem is a generalization wherein the edges are assigned weights "w" and the cost function

title: Bandwidth allocation

text: bonding and encouraging the development of bandwidth-sensitive applications and devices. Alternatively, the User-in-the-loop paradigm mitigates the data crunch by shaping the demand side by involving all the users, which makes expensive over-provisioning obsolete. Bandwidth allocation can also be used in reference to the computing industry, in scenarios such as allocating bandwidth to a web site running on a server, or allocating bandwidth to a computer on a network. Allocations in computing are often administered/enforced by terminating or temporarily suspending access once the allocated bandwidth has been utilized. Setting it to high increases download speed and the connectivity of other devices

title: Graph bandwidth

text: In this context, graph bandwidth problem models the problem of placement of a set of standard cells in a single row with the goal of minimizing the maximal propagation delay (which is assumed to be proportional to wire length). Graph bandwidth In graph theory, the graph bandwidth problem is to label the "n" vertices "v" of a graph "G" with distinct integers "f"("v") so that the quantity formula_1 is minimized ("E" is the edge set of "G"). The problem may be visualized as placing the vertices of a graph at distinct integer points along the "x"-axis so that the length

title: Graph bandwidth

text: of polynomially-solvable special cases are known. A heuristic algorithm for obtaining linear graph layouts of low bandwidth is the Cuthill–McKee algorithm. Fast multilevel algorithm for graph bandwidth computation was proposed in. The interest in this problem comes from some application areas. One area is sparse matrix/band matrix handling, and general algorithms from this area, such as Cuthill–McKee algorithm, may be applied to find approximate solutions for the graph bandwidth problem. Another application domain is in electronic design automation. In standard cell design methodology, typically standard cells have the same height, and their placement is arranged in a number of rows.

title: High Bandwidth Memory

text: High Bandwidth Memory High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) is a high-performance RAM interface for 3D-stacked DRAM from Samsung, AMD and Hynix. It is to be used in conjunction with high-performance graphics accelerators and network devices. The first devices to use HBM are the AMD Fiji GPUs. High Bandwidth Memory has been adopted by JEDEC as an industry standard in October 2013. The second generation, HBM2, was accepted by JEDEC in January 2016. HBM achieves higher bandwidth while using less power in a substantially smaller form factor than DDR4 or GDDR5. This is achieved by stacking up to eight DRAM dies, including

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: additional revenue by giving users an incentive to use more expensive tiered pricing schemes, where bandwidth is not throttled. A computer network typically consists of a number of servers, which host data and provide services to clients. The Internet is a good example, in which web servers are used to host websites, providing information to a potentially very large number of client computers. Clients will make requests to servers, which will respond by sending the required data, which may be a song file, a video, and so on, depending on what the client has requested. As there will typically be

title: Dynamic bandwidth allocation

text: transmitting data (or voice or video) at all times (3) most traffic occurs in bursts -- there are gaps between packets of information that can be filled with other user traffic Different network protocols implement dynamic bandwidth allocation in different ways. These methods are typically defined in standards developed by standards bodies such as the ITU, IEEE, FSAN, or IETF. One example is defined in the ITU G.983 specification for passive optical network (PON). Dynamic bandwidth allocation Dynamic bandwidth allocation is a technique by which traffic bandwidth in a shared telecommunications medium can be allocated on demand and fairly between

title: Bandwidth guaranteed polling

text: may then decide to reallocate the remaining time slot to another ONU which does not have an SLA. The BGP algorithm may not be entirely compatible with the MPCP standard. This is because the MPCP does not provide any way for the ONU to inform the OLT about the fraction of the time slot that it wishes to use. M. Ma, Y. Zhu, T. H. Cheng, "Bandwidth Guaranteed Polling MAC Protocol for Ethernet Passive Optical Networks", INFOCOM 2003. Bandwidth guaranteed polling Bandwidth Guaranteed Polling (BGP) is a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for Ethernet passive optical networks designed by Maode Ma

title: Bandwidth guaranteed polling

text: Bandwidth guaranteed polling Bandwidth Guaranteed Polling (BGP) is a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for Ethernet passive optical networks designed by Maode Ma et al. at the National University of Singapore. This is an instance of an algorithm that allocates bandwidth based on fixed weights. BGP divides a window of time into fixed sized slots, a number of which are allocated to each Optical Network Unit (ONU). The number allocated depends upon the ONU customer's service level agreement (SLA). If an ONU does not wish to utilize its entire allocated time slot, it may inform the OLT about this. The OLT

title: Bandwidth-limited pulse

text: densities, as with ultrashort pulses in modelocked lasers. Bandwidth-limited pulse A bandwidth-limited pulse (also known as Fourier-transform-limited pulse, or more commonly, transform-limited pulse) is a pulse of a wave that has the minimum possible duration for a given spectral bandwidth. Bandwidth-limited pulses have a constant phase across all frequencies making up the pulse. Optical pulses of this type can be generated by mode-locked lasers. Any waveform can be disassembled into its spectral components by Fourier analysis or Fourier transformation. The length of a pulse thereby is determined by its complex spectral components, which include not just their relative intensities, but

title: Bandwidth-limited pulse

text: Bandwidth-limited pulse A bandwidth-limited pulse (also known as Fourier-transform-limited pulse, or more commonly, transform-limited pulse) is a pulse of a wave that has the minimum possible duration for a given spectral bandwidth. Bandwidth-limited pulses have a constant phase across all frequencies making up the pulse. Optical pulses of this type can be generated by mode-locked lasers. Any waveform can be disassembled into its spectral components by Fourier analysis or Fourier transformation. The length of a pulse thereby is determined by its complex spectral components, which include not just their relative intensities, but also the relative positions (spectral phase) of these

title: Bandwidth Broker

text: low delay and low PDV. Hence although loosely a BB allocates bandwidth, really it allocates carrier services (i.e. QoS resources). Bandwidth Brokers can be configured with organizational policies, keep track of the current allocation of marked traffic, and interpret new requests to mark traffic in light of the policies and current allocation. Bandwidth Brokers only need to establish relationships of limited trust with their peers in adjacent domains, unlike schemes that require the setting of flow specifications in routers throughout an end-to-end path. In practical technical terms, the Bandwidth Broker architecture makes it possible to keep state on an administrative

title: Bandwidth-limited pulse

text: spectral components. For different pulse shapes, the time-bandwidth product (TBP) is different. For example, formula_1 pulses have TBP of 0.315 and gaussian pulses have TBP of 0.441. A bandwidth-limited pulse can only be kept together if the dispersion of the medium the wave is travelling through is zero; otherwise dispersion management is needed to revert the effects of unwanted spectral phase changes. For example, when an ultrashort pulse passes through a block of glass, the glass medium broadens the pulse due to group velocity dispersion. Keeping pulses bandwidth-limited is necessary to compress information in time or to achieve high field

title: Bandwidth-sharing game

text: we see that when formula_28 is very small, the two conditions equal each other and thus, the fair sharing game is almost optimal. Bandwidth-sharing game A bandwidth-sharing game is a type of resource allocation game designed to model the real-world allocation of bandwidth to many users in a network. The game is popular in game theory because the conclusions can be applied to real-life networks. The game is described as follows: We also use assumptions regarding formula_3 The game arises from trying to find a price formula_14 so that every player individually optimizes their own welfare. This implies every player

title: Bandwidth Street Press

text: Bandwidth Street Press BandWidth Street Press Magazine (or in short simply BandWidth Magazine) is a free monthly tabloid-sized music and lifestyle magazine (street press) established in March 2009 and based in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. It is distributed throughout Kota Kinabalu and surrounding districts. In August 2011, the magazine expanded its territory to the Federal Territory of Labuan. The magazine is released between the 3rd to the 5th day of each month. The magazine was founded in Kota Kinabalu in March 2009 by Arthur E. Lee (former editor and publisher). Arthur E. Lee said at the time that "This magazine

title: Bandwidth-sharing game

text: Bandwidth-sharing game A bandwidth-sharing game is a type of resource allocation game designed to model the real-world allocation of bandwidth to many users in a network. The game is popular in game theory because the conclusions can be applied to real-life networks. The game is described as follows: We also use assumptions regarding formula_3 The game arises from trying to find a price formula_14 so that every player individually optimizes their own welfare. This implies every player must individually find formula_15. Solving for the maximum yields formula_16. With this maximum condition, the game then becomes a matter of finding a

title: Bandwidth Street Press

text: was hosted by DJ Jerone. BandWidth Street Press Magazine is distributed primarily throughout music stores, entertainment venues, cafes, music schools, private colleges, music studios, shopping malls, restaurants, hair salons, medical centers, night clubs, pub & bars, district libraries, fashion boutiques and so on. As of June 2009, the readership of BandWidth Street Press throughout its distribution area in Kota Kinabalu grew from 5,000 to 6,000 over the course of 4 months of operation. "BandWidth Street Press Magazine" is also one of the leading music events organiser in Kota Kinabalu. These events includes Acoustic Nite (first held at Blue Note, Shangri-La's

title: High Bandwidth Memory

text: data rates. HBM supports transfer rates of 1 GT/s per pin (transferring 1 bit), yielding an overall package bandwidth of 128 GB/s. The second generation of High Bandwidth Memory, HBM 2, also specifies up to eight dies per stack and doubles pin transfer rates up to 2 GT/s. Retaining 1024-bit wide access, HBM2 is able to reach 256 GB/s memory bandwidth per package. The HBM2 spec allows up to 8 GB per package. HBM2 is predicted to be especially useful for performance-sensitive consumer applications such as virtual reality. On January 19, 2016, Samsung announced early mass production of HBM2, at

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: throttling to control the number of requests a server responds to within a specified period of time. When a server using bandwidth throttling reaches the specified limit, it will offload new requests and not respond to them. Sometimes they may be added to a queue to be processed once the bandwidth use reaches an acceptable level, but at peak times the request rate can even exceed the capacities of such queues and requests have to be thrown away. A bandwidth intensive device, such as a server, might limit, or throttle, the rate at which it accepts data, in order to

title: Bandwidth Street Press

text: Years Stacy and Deja Voodoo Spells) 7. Bandwidth's Official Launch Party - May 2009 @ D Junction Fun Pub (A packed house of 400 pax enjoying the night where there were performances by Fingerstyle, Jiaja, DJ Nukie D, DJ Special K, DJ Yoe, DJ Mark D, Jin Hackman, Andalusia, Alvin MY, Sasuka and Kinabalu Kings) 8. Bandwidth's Acoustic Nite 2009 - April 2009 @ Blue Note, Shangri La's Tanjung Aru Resort (A packed house of 250 strong, enjoying 5 local bands performing acoustic jazz numbers) Bandwidth Street Press BandWidth Street Press Magazine (or in short simply BandWidth Magazine) is a

title: Graph bandwidth

text: generally, for planar graphs of bounded maximum degree at most "∆", a similar bound holds (cf. ): Both the unweighted and weighted versions are special cases of the quadratic bottleneck assignment problem. The bandwidth problem is NP-hard, even for some special cases. Regarding the existence of efficient approximation algorithms, it is known that the bandwidth is NP-hard to approximate within any constant, and this even holds when the input graphs are restricted to caterpillar trees with maximum hair length 2 . For the case of dense graphs, a 3-approximation algorithm was designed by . On the other hand, a number

title: Memory bandwidth

text: to as the "burst rate," which may not be sustainable. The naming convention for DDR, DDR2 and DDR3 modules specifies either a maximum speed (e.g., DDR2-800) or a maximum bandwidth (e.g., PC2-6400). The speed rating (800) is not the maximum clock speed, but twice that (because of the doubled data rate). The specified bandwidth (6400) is the maximum megabytes transferred per second using a 64-bit width. In a dual-channel mode configuration, this is effectively a 128-bit width. Thus, the memory configuration in the example can be simplified as: two DDR2-800 modules running in dual-channel mode. Two memory interfaces per module

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: avoid overloading its processing capacity. This can be done both at the local network servers or at the ISP servers. ISPs often employ deep packet inspection (DPI), which is widely available in routers or provided by special DPI equipment. Additionally, today’s networking equipment allows ISPs to collect statistics on flow sizes at line speed, which can be used to mark large flows for traffic shaping. Two ISPs, Cox and Comcast, have stated that they engage in this practice, where they limit users' bandwidth by up to 99%. Today most if not all Internet Service Providers throttle their users' bandwidth, with

title: Bandwidth throttling

text: used to speed up the Internet on speed test websites. Throttling can be used to actively limit a user's upload and download rates on programs such as video streaming, BitTorrent protocols and other file sharing applications, as well as even out the usage of the total bandwidth supplied across all users on the network. Bandwidth throttling is also often used in Internet applications, in order to spread a load over a wider network to reduce local network congestion, or over a number of servers to avoid overloading individual ones, and so reduce their risk of the system crashing, and gain

title: Low Bandwidth X

text: the new composited graphics system, along with care and attention to application and widget toolkit design, particularly care to avoid network round trips and hence latency. Low Bandwidth X In computing, LBX, or Low Bandwidth X, was a protocol to use the X Window System over network links with low bandwidth and high latency. It was introduced in X11R6.3 ("Broadway") in 1996, but never achieved wide use. It was disabled by default as of X.Org Server 7.1, and was removed for version 7.2. X was originally implemented for use with the server and client on the same machine or the

title: Low Bandwidth X

text: Low Bandwidth X In computing, LBX, or Low Bandwidth X, was a protocol to use the X Window System over network links with low bandwidth and high latency. It was introduced in X11R6.3 ("Broadway") in 1996, but never achieved wide use. It was disabled by default as of X.Org Server 7.1, and was removed for version 7.2. X was originally implemented for use with the server and client on the same machine or the same local area network. By 1996, the Internet was becoming popular, and X's performance over narrow, slow links was problematic. LBX ran as a proxy server

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: Equivalent rectangular bandwidth

text: reciprocal of ERB("f") with the constant of integration set in such a way that ERBS(0) = 0. Using the second order polynomial approximation () for ERB("f") yields: where "f" is in kHz. The VOICEBOX speech processing toolbox for MATLAB implements the conversion and its inverse as: where "f" is in Hz. Using the linear approximation () for ERB("f") yields: where "f" is in Hz. Equivalent rectangular bandwidth The equivalent rectangular bandwidth or ERB is a measure used in psychoacoustics, which gives an approximation to the bandwidths of the filters in human hearing, using the unrealistic but convenient simplification of modeling

title: Bandwidth-delay product

text: 10 bits (12,500 bytes). Ultra-high speed LANs may fall into this category, where protocol tuning is critical for achieving peak throughput, on account of their extremely high bandwidth, even though their delay is not great. While a connection with 1 Gbit/s and a round-trip time below 100 μs is no LFN, a connection with 100 Gbit/s would need to stay below 1 μs RTT to not be considered an LFN. An important example of a system where the bandwidth-delay product is large is that of geostationary satellite connections, where end-to-end delivery time is very high and link throughput may also

title: Bandwidth Street Press

text: is a great opportunity and has a great potential to build a strong music media outlet that is supportive of the local music scene completely from the grass roots level." In an interview with Sabah's "New Sabah Times", Arthur E. Lee said that "BandWidth Street Press Magazine" was distributed free at major cafes, clubs, malls as well as on the web. He explained that the term Street Press is a type of publication between a magazine and a newspaper in terms of distribution, content and audience. "BandWidth Street Press Magazine" relaunched itself after halting printing for a few months in

title: High Bandwidth Memory

text: up to 8 GB per stack. SK Hynix also announced availability of 4 GB stacks in August 2016. In late 2018, JEDEC announced an update to the HBM2 specification, providing for increased bandwidth and capacities. Up to 307GB/s per stack (2.4Gbps effective data rate) is now supported in the official specification, though products operating at this speed had already been available. Additionally, the update added support for 12-Hi stacks (12 dies) making capacities of up to 24GB per stack possible. A third generation of High Bandwidth Memory, HBM 3, was announced in 2016. HBM3 is expected to offer increased memory

title: Bandwidth-delay product

text: be high. The high end-to-end delivery time makes life difficult for stop-and-wait protocols and applications that assume rapid end-to-end response. A high bandwidth-delay product is an important problem case in the design of protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in respect of TCP tuning, because the protocol can only achieve optimum throughput if a sender sends a sufficiently large quantity of data before being required to stop and wait until a confirming message is received from the receiver, acknowledging successful receipt of that data. If the quantity of data sent is insufficient compared with the bandwidth-delay product, then the

title: High Bandwidth Memory

text: capacity, greater bandwidth, lower voltage, and lower costs. The increased density is expected to come from greater density per die and more die stacks per chip. Bandwidth is expected to be 512 GB/s or greater. No release date has been announced, though Samsung expects volume production by 2020. For the future of exascale high-performance computers, Hewlett Packard Enterprise predicts OPGHC HBM3+ and HBM4 to be released between 2022 and 2024. More stacking and higher capacity should bring more memory per socket and higher speed. HBM 3+ is planned with 4 TB/s and 1024 GB per socket. (For comparison, high-end AMD