query: When did the neanderthal man live?

title: Neanderthal 1

text: The site was turned into an archaeological garden, its installations symbolize the eventful history of the place. The park is part of the neighboring Neanderthal Museum, which exhibits a chronological outline of human evolution. A 2008 study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig suggested Neanderthals probably did not interbreed with anatomically modern humans, while the Neanderthal genome project published in 2010 and 2014 suggests that Neanderthals did contribute to the DNA of modern humans, including most non-Africans as well as a few African populations, through interbreeding, likely between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. Neanderthal 1 Feldhofer

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: Neanderthal extinction Neanderthal extinction began around 40,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Europe, after anatomically modern humans had reached the continent. This date, which is based on research published in "Nature" in 2014, is much earlier than previous estimates, and it was established through improved radio carbon dating methods analyzing 40 sites from Spain to Russia. The survey did not include sites in Asia, where Neanderthals may have survived longer. Evidence for continued Neanderthal presence in the Iberian Peninsula at 37,000 years ago was published in 2017. Hypotheses on the fate of the Neanderthals include violence from encroaching anatomically modern

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: adapt their hunting methods caused their extinction facing "H. sapiens" competition when Europe changed into a sparsely vegetated steppe and semi-desert during the last Ice Age. Studies of sediment layers at Mezmaiskaya Cave suggest a severe reduction of plant pollen. The damage to plant life would have led to a corresponding decline in plant-eating mammals hunted by the Neanderthals. Neanderthal extinction Neanderthal extinction began around 40,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Europe, after anatomically modern humans had reached the continent. This date, which is based on research published in "Nature" in 2014, is much earlier than previous estimates, and it

title: Neanderthal

text: likely, based upon evidence from cranial data and material culture, that Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic peoples either interbred or that the newcomers reworked Neanderthal implements "into their own kind of tools." Christopher Thomas Cairney in 1989 went further, laying out a rationale for hybridisation and adding a broader discussion of physical characteristics as well as commentary on interbreeding and its importance to adaptive European phenotypes. Cairney specifically discussed the "intermixture of racial elements" and "hybridisation." By the early 2000s, the majority of scholars supported the Out of Africa hypothesis, according to which anatomically modern humans left Africa about 50,000 years

title: Neanderthal

text: in both Europe and Asia. Hybridization between Neanderthals and Cro Magnon had been suggested on skeletal and craniological grounds since the early 20th century, and found increasing support in the later 20th century, until Neanderthal admixture was found to be present in modern populations genetics in the 2010s. Both Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans were initially thought to have evolved from "Homo erectus" between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago. "H. erectus" had emerged around 1.8 million years ago, and had long been present, in various subspecies throughout Eurasia. The divergence time between the Neanderthal and archaic "Homo sapiens" lineages is

title: Neanderthal

text: Neanderthal Neanderthals (, also ;) ("Homo neanderthalensis" or "Homo sapiens neanderthalensis") are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus "Homo", who lived in Eurasia until 40,000 years ago. Currently earliest fossils of Neanderthals in Europe are dated between 430,000 to 450,000 years ago, and thereafter Neanderthals expanded into Southwest and Central Asia. They are known from numerous fossils, as well as stone tool assemblages. Almost all assemblages younger than 160,000 years are of the so-called Mousterian techno-complex, which is characterised by tools made out of stone flakes. The type specimen is Neanderthal 1, found in Neander

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: for the United States Council of Catholic Bishops called "The Neanderthal Man" a "horror clunker" with "stylized violence and hokey menace." USCCB rated it "A-II," acceptable for "adults and adolescents," but not children. Klossner points to the many scientific inaccuracies in the film. He writes that "perhaps no film has expressed the horror and contempt too many people feel about primitive man as much as "Neanderthal Man"" and says "when Groves becomes a Neanderthal, he is a savage killer with a (completely inaccurate) apelike face and long claws." Warren agrees, noting that the Neanderthal Man "doesn't look like any reconstruction

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: of a Neanderthal man that I've ever seen; furthermore, the creature we see behaves more like a vicious ape-man monster than the Neanderthals, who were probably not much different from "Homo sapiens" in general behavior." The film also includes a sequence that Warren calls "very unusual for the period." As Nola describes her ordeal after being carried off by the Neanderthal Man, who has just murdered Buck at their picnic, her torn clothing and hysterical demeanor suggests that "the movie is clearly implying rape." The Neanderthal Man The Neanderthal Man is a 78-minute, 1953 American black-and-white science fiction film produced

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: Neanderthal Man run away. He does, but a sabretooth tiger jumps him. The posse holds off shooting for awhile as the Neanderthal Man is being mauled. Now at home on his deathbed, the Neanderthal Man changes back to Groves one final time and utters his last words: "Better ... this ...way." Listed in this order in the opening credits: Uncredited: The film's working title was "Madagascar". Production began in early December 1952 at Eagle-Lion Studios in Los Angeles. The film was released in the USA on 19 June 1953 and in Spain and Brazil at unknown dates. Three minutes was

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: and not fully on women but completely on men. They set out to find the Neanerthal Man before the State Police and Sheriff's posse can. They stop at Webb's and see that Webb has been injured by the Neanderthal Man. Jan says that Ruth's door has been smashed in and that she's gone. "I reckon he got her, too," says a dazed Webb. Dr. Fairchild tells Harkness and Jan that the posse has cornered the Neanderthal Man in a cave and that Ruth is with him. Harkness walks to the cave, alone and unarmed, and tells Ruth to let the

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: trimmed from its running time when it opened in the UK, reducing time from 78 minutes to 75 minutes. Stuntman Wally Rose was the man in the Neanderthal Man mask, not Robert Shayne. The pressbook for the movie suggested ways theater owners could bring in the audience. One idea was to "make oversize footprint stencil and paint them on sidewalks of street leading to box-office," while another was to "dress up a man in costume to simulate the 'half man-half beast' in the picture ... Use as a ballyhoo stunt in front of your theatre or in your lobby. Can

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: reverts to the Neanderthal Man. Out in the woods, he kills hunter Jim Newcomb (Robert Bray) and his dog, then returns home and becomes Groves again. He writes in his diary that this most recent regression was the fastest yet and the recovery was the slowest. "I gloried in my strength and ferocity," he writes, noting also that he was overcome by the "hungry urge to kill." Then he spontaneously turns into the Neanderthal Man and runs off. Harkness sneaks into Groves's lab and finds photos that Groves took as he experimentally regressed Celia (Jeanette Quinn), his deaf-mute maid. Buck

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: The Neanderthal Man The Neanderthal Man is a 78-minute, 1953 American black-and-white science fiction film produced independently by Aubrey Wisberg and Jack Pollexfen, as Global Productions Inc., from their own original screenplay. It starred Robert Shayne, Richard Crane and Joyce Terry, was directed by E. A. Dupont, and was originally distributed in the United States by United Artists Corp. Beverly Garland, in a supporting role, appears here in her first feature film under her new stage name (previously she went by the name of Beverly Campbell and made her screen debut as a supporting actor in the 1949 film noir

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: Hastings (Eric Colmar) and Nola go on a picnic and he snaps some glamour shots of her. But the Neanderthal Man kills him while Nola is behind a bush changing clothes. As she looks at Buck, dead on the ground, the Neanderthal Man carries her off, kicking and screaming. Oakes phones Jan and says Buck has been murdered. During the call, Celia sees Nola outside. Harkness carries Nola in. She's hysterical and her clothes are torn. Buck, she says, was killed by something "not human." Then she cries, "He tried to pull me by my hair and then he ...

title: Neanderthal Man (song)

text: hammer. The hammer blow gave it such a shock frequency-wise that the equipment just couldn't take it. At the time this was an embarrassment to all of us, but that faded into insignificance when we found ourselves with such a massive hit on our hands." The song reached No. 2 in the UK on 15 August 1970 and remained there for two weeks, kept off the top spot by Elvis Presley's "The Wonder of You". "Neanderthal Man" was the only hit by Hotlegs. An album, "" and a follow-up single, "Lady Sadie", differed markedly from the sound of "Neanderthal Man"

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: also be mounted on flat top truck and sent around town as a street bally." "The Neanderthal Man" was not well-received by critics in 1953, when it was mentioned at all. According to the "Review Digest" in the 1 August 1953 issue of "BoxOffice" magazine, the movie was rated "fair" by "Film Daily, Harrison's Reports" and "BoxOffice" itself. "The Hollywood Reporter" rated it as "very poor." The movie had not been reviewed by "Variety, Parents' Magazine" and "The New York Daily News" some six weeks after its release. In BoxOffice's "Feature Review," the anonymous reviewer wrote that "the film lends

title: Neanderthal Man (song)

text: and drummer Kevin Godley later admitted the band failed to properly capitalise on their hit with interviews or other promotional work. Neanderthal Man (song) "Neanderthal Man" is a song by Hotlegs, an English pop band that was later relaunched as 10cc. The song, initially created only as a studio exercise to test drum sounds on new recording equipment, sold over two million copies and reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 22 in the US. It reached No.1 in Italy and Germany and was also a Top 20 hit in Australia, Canada, France, Ireland and Japan. The song was

title: Neanderthal Man (song)

text: Neanderthal Man (song) "Neanderthal Man" is a song by Hotlegs, an English pop band that was later relaunched as 10cc. The song, initially created only as a studio exercise to test drum sounds on new recording equipment, sold over two million copies and reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 22 in the US. It reached No.1 in Italy and Germany and was also a Top 20 hit in Australia, Canada, France, Ireland and Japan. The song was the first to be recorded at Strawberry Studios in Stockport, England, on new four-track Ampex equipment purchased by studio owners Eric

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: waitress Nola Mason (Beverly Garland) introduces him to Ruth Marshall (Doris Merrick), who is on her way to see her fiance, Groves, but is stranded because her car has broken down. Harkness drives her to Groves's house, where Jan tells them that Groves is in LA speaking before the Naturalist's Club. Groves lectures the club on his theory that Neanderthal man was more intelligent than "modern man" because Neanderthals had bigger brains. The club members scoff at him and demand proof. Groves responds with insults. The chairman (Marshall Bradford) adjourns the meeting, telling Groves not to come back. Groves angrily

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: each day." Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film one and a half out of four stars, calling it "Colorless and cheap". General comments about "The Neanderthal Man" covered everything from direction to its overall quality as a film. Hanke calls it "a film that might be described as being scraped off the bottom of the barrel. That, of course, means the movie is like catnip to lovers of Bad Cinema," although adding that it is a "very low-rent production that is indefensible on every level." Nonetheless, Hanke rated the movie as 3 stars out of 5 and

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: classic, "D.O.A.") At home in California's High Sierras, Prof. Clifford Groves (Robert Shayne) hears glass breaking and looks up in fear from his book, "Neanderthal Man and the Stone Age". He finds his lab window smashed and room wrecked. His adult daughter Jan (Joyce Terry) is awakened by the noise. Groves sends her back to bed, telling her that he has to go to attend to business. Meanwhile, Mr. Wheeler (Frank Gerstle) spots a huge tiger while hunting. That night at Webb's Cafe the locals tease him. "Three times the size of a mountain lion and got the tusks the

title: Neanderthal Man (song)

text: Stewart, Graham Gouldman and Peter Tattersall. It featured a simple repeated chorus and a heavy drum rhythm that Gouldman's manager, Harvey Lisberg, has claimed became influential in pop music. He said: "I think a lot of people were very influenced by 'Neanderthal Man', which was something new in drum sounds, using four drums on a four-track machine. When Gary Glitter came along with his records, I thought I could hear the same sort of sound deep down in there. I think there were a lot of other people who copied the sound, maybe unintentionally." Stewart recalled that when the recording

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: "Jekyll/Hyde" rip-off," but notes favorably "the beautiful mountain settings, the colorful rustics and [Stanley] Cortez's sharp b&w photography." The Neanderthal Man mask was frequently commented upon. Ken Hanke says it was "an appalling over-the-head mask (with stylishly wavy hair) that looks exactly like what it is." Phil Hardy notes that the mask "didn't flex with [Wally Rose's] facial movements." Warren, as well, points out that "the elaborate ... mask doesn't move or flex with the performer's face, and the eyes seem to be painted on." He adds that "the makeup/mask also varies throughout the film, as if different artists worked

title: Neanderthal

text: (contemporary German "Tal"). Neanderthal 1 was known as the "Neanderthal cranium" or "Neanderthal skull" in anthropological literature, and the individual reconstructed on the basis of the skull was occasionally called "the Neanderthal man". The binomial name "Homo neanderthalensis"—extending the name "Neanderthal man" from the individual type specimen to the entire group—was first proposed by the Anglo-Irish geologist William King in a paper read to the British Association in 1863, although in the following year he stated that the specimen was not human and rejected the name. King's name had priority over the proposal put forward in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel,

title: Neanderthal

text: "Homo stupidus". Popular English usage of "Neanderthal" as shorthand for "Neanderthal man", as in "the Neanderthals" or "a Neanderthal", emerged in the popular literature of the 1920s. Since the historical spelling "-th-" in German represents the phoneme /t/ or /tʰ/, not the fricative /θ/, standard British pronunciation of "Neanderthal" is with /t/ (IPA: ). Because of the usual sound represented by digraph ⟨th⟩ in English, "Neanderthal" is also pronounced with the voiceless fricative /θ/, at least in "layman's American English" (as ). The spelling "Neandertal" is occasionally seen in English, even in scientific publications. Since "Neanderthal", or "Neandertal", is a

title: The Neanderthal Man

text: then he ..." and collapses into tears, wailing. Jan calls Webb's, tells Webb what happened and asks him to send for the local MD, Dr. Fairchild (William Fawcett). Harkness shows Jan and Celia the photos of Celia being regressed to a Neanderthal Woman. Celia signs that she has no memory of it. Harkness then notices that one of the lab cats starts to yowl whenever it sees a syringe. When he injects it (off-camera), it turns into a sabretooth (off-camera) and escapes. Jan and Harkness read Groves's diary. He has written that the serum works on cats, but not dogs,

title: Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes

text: "The Genome War"." Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes is a book by evolutionary anthropologist Svante Pääbo. The book describes Pääbo's research into the DNA of Neanderthals, extinct hominids that lived across much of Europe and the Middle East. The book is written in the style of a memoir, combining scientific findings with personal anecdotes. Pääbo describes his early interest in Egyptology, and how his work in sequencing the DNA of a mummy led him into evolutionary anthropology. He touches upon his personal life, reflecting on his father, the chemist Sune Bergström,

text: Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes is a book by evolutionary anthropologist Svante Pääbo. The book describes Pääbo's research into the DNA of Neanderthals, extinct hominids that lived across much of Europe and the Middle East. The book is written in the style of a memoir, combining scientific findings with personal anecdotes. Pääbo describes his early interest in Egyptology, and how his work in sequencing the DNA of a mummy led him into evolutionary anthropology. He touches upon his personal life, reflecting on his father, the chemist Sune Bergström, with whom he

title: Neanderthal station

text: The station is also served by bus route O12 (Posener Str – Kaldenberg – Ratinger Str) operated by Rheinbahn at 20 to 60 minute intervals. Neanderthal station Neanderthal station is a Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn station in the town of Mettmann in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was opened on 15 September 1879. It is located in the Neandertal (Neander valley), which prior to the German spelling reform of 1901 was spelled as "Neanderthal". As Neanderthal man, which was originally found in the area, and the nearby Neanderthal Museum have continued to be spelled in the old way, the spelling

title: Neanderthal station

text: Neanderthal station Neanderthal station is a Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn station in the town of Mettmann in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was opened on 15 September 1879. It is located in the Neandertal (Neander valley), which prior to the German spelling reform of 1901 was spelled as "Neanderthal". As Neanderthal man, which was originally found in the area, and the nearby Neanderthal Museum have continued to be spelled in the old way, the spelling of the station is unchanged. On 15 September 1879 the Rhenish Railway Company opened the last section of its Düsseldorf-Derendorf–Dortmund Süd railway, locally known as

title: Neanderthal Man (song)

text: asked Stewart what they had been working on, Stewart played the "Neanderthal Man" tape they had just completed. Stewart said Leahy immediately claimed, "It's fabulous! It's a hit record!" and offered a ₤500 advance. The advance was particularly timely for Stewart, who was considering selling his house and moving to something smaller to provide him with more funding for the studio. He said the first task was to create a name for the band: "We had no name for the group, of course. But we had a girl at the studio… Kathy Gill, I think her name was, who had

title: Neanderthal genetics

text: microcephalin common outside Africa, which was suggested to be of Neanderthal origin and responsible for rapid brain growth in humans, was not found in Neanderthals. Nor was the MAPT variant, a very old variant found primarily in Europeans. Positive evidence for admixture was first published in May 2010. "Those of us who live outside Africa carry a little Neanderthal DNA in us," said Pääbo, who led the study. "The proportion of Neanderthal-inherited genetic material is about 1 to 4 percent [later refined to 1.5 to 2.1 percent]. It is suggested that 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survived in modern humans,

title: Neanderthal genetics

text: males might not have had viable male offspring with AMH females. This could explain why no modern man had to date been found with a Neanderthal Y chromosome. A 2018 study concluded that interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans led initially to the exposure of each species to unfamiliar viruses. Later on, the exchange of genes granted resistance to those viruses, too. A 2014 study on epigenetics of the Neanderthal published the full DNA methylation of the Neanderthal and the Denisovan. The reconstructed DNA methylation map allowed researchers to assess gene activity levels throughout the Neanderthal genome and compare them

title: Neanderthal 1

text: his investigations at the beginning of the 21st century to the health of the Neanderthal holotype. He diagnosed pathological muscle tendon processes in several cases, a fracture of the left arm in the area of the elbow joint with a resulting deformity of the bone. The deformity resulted in a permanent impairment, as the man of the Neanderthal could no longer utilize the arm even after the healing of the fracture. On the frontal bone is a healed bone injury that is attributed to the fall on a sharp stone. Moreover, Neanderthal 1 obviously had suffered a healed bleeding of

title: Neanderthal Museum

text: daily life of our ancestors. In the garden area, which is developed in the precincts of the museum to represent the Neander Valley, there are many attractions along the labelled paths labelled such as Art trail "Human Traces”. Further, towards the Game reserve, the aurochs and the wild horses can be seen. The original excavated site where fossils of Neanderthal man were found is also close to the museum. The museum has received many appreciation medals for architecture, exhibits, its website and tourism, between 1997 and 2009, and these are: Neanderthal Museum Neanderthal Museum is a museum in Mettmann, Germany.

title: Neanderthal Museum

text: Neanderthal Museum Neanderthal Museum is a museum in Mettmann, Germany. Located at the site of the first Neanderthal man discovery in the Neandertal, it features an exhibit centered on human evolution. The museum was constructed in 1996 to a design by the architects Zamp Kelp, Julius Krauss and Arno Brandlhuber and draws about 170,000 visitors per year. The museum also includes an archaeological park on the original discovery site, a Stone Age workshop, as well as an art trail named "human traces". All signs in the museum as well as the audio guide offered by the museum are available in

title: The Neanderthal Spongecake

text: It also included a cover version of Quiet Riot's "Metal Health", which featured guest singing from Quiet Riot's late lead-singer Kevin DuBrow. The song "Buffalo" was a collaboration with the Buffalo, New York group Scary Chicken, and later resurfaced as the theme song for the A&E Network's series "Confessions of a Matchmaker". Neanderthal Spongecake resurfaced on the compilation album, "When Pigs Fly: Songs You Never Thought You'd Hear", which included Jackie Chan and Ani DiFranco doing a duet of Nat King Cole's "Unforgettable", Lesley Gore singing AC/DC's "Dirty Deeds", and Don Ho performing Peter Gabriel's "Shock The Monkey". Neanderthal Spongecake

title: Neanderthal

text: sequencing of DNA from a 90,000 year old bone fragment, Denisova 11, showed it to have belonged to a Denisovan-Neanderthal hybrid, whose father was a typical Denisovan with the Altai Neanderthal component dating to an interbreeding more than 300 generations earlier, but the specimen's mother was a Neanderthal belonging to a population more closely related to the Vindija Neanderthal than to the sequenced Altai Neanderthal genome. This suggests mobility or turnover among the distinct Neanderthal populations. According to a 2014 study by Thomas Higham and colleagues of organic samples from European sites, Neanderthals died out in Europe between 41,000 and

title: Neanderthal 1

text: S. 16</ref> Mayer's interpretations, published in 1864 in the "Archive of Anatomy" disagreed with the then already known and generally accepted "Symptoms of Rickets" (weakened bones), since Neanderthal had extremely strong bone. Nevertheless, Virchow largely accepted the anatomical findings of Mayer. Virchow described the bones as a "remarkable individual phenomenon" and as "plausible individual formation", this being the reason why the characteristics of the Neandertal finds were seen as a form of pathological change in the skeleton of modern man in German-speaking countries for many years to come. Even the accurate assessment of geologist Charles Lyell did not change this,

title: Neanderthal 1

text: in the Forbes' Quarry discovered Gibraltar 1 skull. Due to its similarity to Neandertal 1 he scoffed that even Professor Mayer should find it hard to suspect "that a "rickety" cossack of the campaign of 1814 would have holed up in the clefts of the rock of Gibraltar". Final recognition of Neanderthal man as a distinct species separate from Homo sapiens only came after 1886, after two almost complete Neanderthal skeletons were found in the Spy Cave in Belgium. The 19th century discussion first focused on the question of how the anthropological findings had to be reconciled with characteristics of

title: Neanderthal

text: common ancestor of the Neanderthal and modern human lineages. However, genetic evidence from the Sima de los Huesos fossils published in 2016 seems to suggest that "H. heidelbergensis" in its entirety should be included in the Neanderthal lineage, as "pre-Neanderthal" or "early Neanderthal", while the divergence time between the Neanderthal and modern lineages has been pushed back to before the emergence of "H. heidelbergensis", to about 600,000 to 800,000 years ago, the approximate age of "Homo antecessor". The taxonomic distinctions between "H. heidelbergensis" and Neanderthals is mostly due to a fossil gap in Europe between 300,000 and 243,000 years ago

title: Neanderthal anatomy

text: and so most likely the brain itself, were larger than in modern humans. When comparing traits to worldwide average present day human traits in Neanderthal specimens, the following traits are distinguished. The magnitude on particular trait changes with 300,000 years timeline. The large number of classic Neanderthal traits is significant because some examples of paleolithic and even modern "Homo sapiens" may sometimes show one or even a few of these traits, but not most or all of them at the same time. In October 2018, scientists announced the 3-D virtual reconstruction, for the first time, of a Neanderthal rib cage,

title: Neanderthal behavior

text: they actually spoke. A once widely believed theory that the Neanderthal vocal tract was different from that of living humans, and that they hence probably could not speak, is now discredited. The only bone in the vocal tract is the hyoid, but being fragile, no Neanderthal hyoid was found until 1983, when excavators discovered a well-preserved one on Neanderthal Kebara 2, Israel. It was largely similar to that of living humans. Although the original excavators claimed that the similarity of this bone with that of living humans implied Neanderthals were anatomically capable of speech, it is not possible to reconstruct

title: Neanderthal genome project

text: mtDNA changes then the split time may be shorter. In this study, the team stated: On the other hand, Noonan et al. found no evidence of Neanderthal admixture to the modern human genome, but they did not preclude admixture of up to 20% with a certainty better than 95%, and hence did not claim to present a definite answer to the question. In 2007, speech-related gene FOXP2 mutations identical to those in modern humans were discovered in Neanderthal DNA from the El Sidrón 1253 and 1351c specimens, suggesting Neanderthals might have shared some basic language capabilities with modern humans. General:

title: Neanderthal behavior

text: the vocal tract with information supplied by the hyoid. In particular, it does not allow to determine whether the larynx of its owner was in a low-lying position, a feature considered important in producing speech. A 2013 study on the Kebara hyoid used X-ray microtomography and finite element analysis to conclude that the Neanderthal hyoid showed microscopic features more similar to a modern human's hyoid than to a chimpanzee hyoid. To the authors, this suggested the Neanderthal hyoid was used similarly to that in living humans, that is, to produce speech. Yet, because the authors did not compare the microscopic

title: Neanderthal

text: common name, there is no authoritative prescription on its spelling, unlike the spelling of the binominal name "H. neanderthalensis", which is predicated by King 1864. The common name in German is always invariably "Neandertaler" (lit. "of the valley of Neander"), not "Neandertal", but the spelling of the name of the Neander Valley itself ("Neandertal" vs. "Neanderthal") has been affected by the species name, the names of the Neanderthal Museum and of Neanderthal station persisting with pre-1900 orthography. Ever since the discovery of the Neanderthal fossils, expert opinion has been divided as to whether Neanderthals should be considered a separate species

title: Neanderthal

text: appears more asymmetric than other hominid brains. In 2008, a group of scientists produced a study using three-dimensional computer-assisted reconstructions of Neanderthal infants based on fossils found in Russia and Syria. It indicated that Neanderthal and modern human brains were the same size at birth, but that by adulthood, the Neanderthal brain was larger than the modern human brain. They had almost the same degree of encephalisation (i.e. brain-to-body-size ratio) as modern humans. The Neanderthal skeleton suggests they consumed more per day than modern male humans of and females of . A group of researchers from the University of Tübingen

title: Neanderthal genetics

text: to modern humans. One of the major findings focused on the limb morphology of Neanderthals. Gokhman et al. found that changes in the activity levels of the HOX cluster of genes were behind many of the morphological differences between Neanderthals and modern humans, including shorter limbs, curved bones and more. Neanderthal genetics Genetic studies on Neanderthal ancient DNA became possible in the late 1990s. The Neanderthal genome project, established in 2006, presented the first fully sequenced Neanderthal genome in 2013. Since 2010, evidence for substantial admixture of Neanderthals DNA in modern populations has accumulated. The divergence time between the Neanderthal

title: Neanderthal genetics

text: notably expressed in the skin, hair and diseases of modern people. Modern human genes involved in making keratin—the protein found in skin, hair, and nails—have specially high levels of Neanderthal DNA. For example, around 66% of East Asians contain the Neanderthal skin gene, while 70% of Europeans possess the Neanderthal gene which affects skin colour. POU2F3 is found in around 66 percent of East Asians, while the Neanderthal version of BNC2, which affects skin color, among other traits, is found in 70 percent of Europeans. Neanderthal are the variants in genes that affect the risk of several diseases, including lupus,

title: Neanderthal genetics

text: Neanderthal genetics Genetic studies on Neanderthal ancient DNA became possible in the late 1990s. The Neanderthal genome project, established in 2006, presented the first fully sequenced Neanderthal genome in 2013. Since 2010, evidence for substantial admixture of Neanderthals DNA in modern populations has accumulated. The divergence time between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages is estimated at between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago. The more recent time depth has been suggested by Endicott et al. (2010) and Rieux et al. (2014) A significantly deeper time of separation, combined with repeated early admixture events, was calculated by Rogers et al. (2017).

title: Neanderthal

text: Neanderthals who mated with male humans were either rare, absent or sterile. Sequencing of the genome of a Denisovan, a distinct but related archaic hominin, from the Denisova cave in the Siberian Altai region has shown that 17% its genome represents Neanderthal DNA. Unsurprisingly, the genome from a 120,000 year old Neanderthal bone found in the same cave more closely resembled the Neanderthal DNA present in the Denisovan genome than that of Neanderthals from the Vindija cave in Croatia or the Mezmaiskaya cave in the Caucasus, suggesting that the gene flow came from a local interbreeding. However, the complete genome

title: Neanderthal

text: Africans (Yoruba people and San subjects). Ötzi the iceman, Europe's oldest preserved mummy, was found to possess an even higher percentage of Neanderthal ancestry. The two percent of Neanderthal DNA in Europeans and Asians is not the same in all Europeans and Asians: in all, approximately 20% of the Neanderthal genome appears to survive in the modern human gene pool. 2012 genetic studies seem to suggest that modern humans may have mated with "at least two groups" of archaic humans: Neanderthals and Denisovans. Some researchers suggest admixture of 3.4–7.9% in modern humans of non-African ancestry, rejecting the hypothesis of ancestral

title: Neanderthal 1

text: Neanderthal 1 Feldhofer 1, Neanderthal 1 is the scientific name of the 40,000-year-old type specimen fossil of the species "Homo neanderthalensis", found in August 1856 in a German cave, the Kleine Feldhofer Grotte in the Neandertal valley, east of Düsseldorf. In 1864 the fossil's description was first published in a scientific magazine and officially named. However, the find was not the first Neanderthal fossil discovery. Rather, the true nature and significance had not been recognized on any of the earlier fossils, and therefore no separate species' name was assigned. The discovery was made by limestone quarry miners. Neanderthal 1 consists

title: Neanderthal (novel)

text: Neanderthal (novel) Neanderthal is a bestselling novel written by John Darnton published by Random House in 1996. The plot of "Neanderthal" revolves around two rival scientists, Matt Mattison and Susan Arnot, who are sent by the United States government to search for missing Harvard anthropologist James Kellicut. Their only clue is the skull of a Neanderthal. Carbon dating shows that the skull, which should be 40,000 years old, is suspiciously only 25 years old. The Russian and American governments are competing to study the surviving Neanderthals in Tajikistan in order to learn more about their "remote viewing" capabilities. The Neanderthals

title: Neanderthal anatomy

text: La Ferrassie 1, whose lesions on both femora, tibiae and fibulae are indicative of a systemic infection or carcinoma (malignant tumour/cancer). Neanderthal children may have grown faster than modern human children. Modern humans have the slowest body growth of any mammal during childhood (the period between infancy and puberty) with lack of growth during this period being made up later in an adolescent growth spurt. The possibility that Neanderthal childhood growth was different was first raised in 1928 by the excavators of the Mousterian rock-shelter of a Neanderthal juvenile. Arthur Keith in 1931 wrote, "Apparently Neanderthal children assumed the appearances

title: Neanderthal Planet (short story)

text: Neanderthal Planet (short story) Neanderthal Planet is a science fiction short story by Brian Aldiss. It was first published in 1969, and later as part of the collection, "Neanderthal Planet", in 1970. In a futuristic Manhattan, AIs have become intelligent and independent of humans. Able to think and communicate with both great precision and speed, they find humans and their problems primitive, backward, and largely uninteresting. The 19,940 existing humans are kept on a reserve, out of the AIs' way, and are largely ignored except for when they wander into the surrounding domain of the machines. One human, Anderson, is

title: Neanderthal genome project

text: Neanderthal genome project The Neanderthal genome project is an effort of a group of scientists to sequence the Neanderthal genome, founded in July 2006. It was initiated by 454 Life Sciences, a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut in the United States and is coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. In May 2010 the project published their initial draft of the Neanderthal genome based on the analysis of four billion base remain in modern humans outside Africa. In December 2013, a high coverage genome of a Neanderthal was reported for the first time. It stemmed

title: Neanderthal genome project

title: The Neanderthal Parallax

text: and was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award the same year; "Humans" was a 2004 Hugo Award finalist. In 2017, the full trilogy was presented the Aurora Award for Best of the Decade. The initial contact between the two worlds takes place at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Sudbury, Ontario, which is also the location of a scientific research facility in the Neanderthal world. As the books unfold, the term "human" is used to refer to both species; both species agree to use the Neanderthal terms—"gliksin" for members of "Homo sapiens" and "barast" for members of "Homo neanderthalensis"—to distinguish

title: The Neanderthal Parallax

text: The Neanderthal Parallax The Neanderthal Parallax is a trilogy of novels written by Robert J. Sawyer and published by Tor. It depicts the effects of the opening of a connection between two versions of Earth in different parallel universes: the world familiar to the reader, and another where Neanderthals became the dominant intelligent hominid. The societal, spiritual and technological differences between the two worlds form the focus of the story. The trilogy's volumes are "Hominids" (published 2002), "Humans" (2003), and "Hybrids" (2003). "Hominids" first appeared as a serial in "Analog Science Fiction", won the 2003 Hugo Award for Best Novel,

title: The Neanderthal Spongecake

text: covered T-Rex's "Bang a Gong (Get It On)". The Neanderthal Spongecake The Neanderthal Spongecake was a rock band created by musician, writer, and filmmaker Cevin Soling. Soling sang lead vocals and played the acoustic guitar; other band members were Bill Brandau, Andy Thunder (the stage name of Andrew Mass), Dan Kornfeld, and Craig Boyce, who was later replaced by Mark Tomase. The band's first album was "The Side Effects of Napalm" in 1998. The press surrounding the album's release included claims that the group was the biggest band in Czechoslovakia, and that, as a child, Soling led the resistance against

title: The Neanderthal Spongecake

text: The Neanderthal Spongecake The Neanderthal Spongecake was a rock band created by musician, writer, and filmmaker Cevin Soling. Soling sang lead vocals and played the acoustic guitar; other band members were Bill Brandau, Andy Thunder (the stage name of Andrew Mass), Dan Kornfeld, and Craig Boyce, who was later replaced by Mark Tomase. The band's first album was "The Side Effects of Napalm" in 1998. The press surrounding the album's release included claims that the group was the biggest band in Czechoslovakia, and that, as a child, Soling led the resistance against Communism there. These claims were however untrue, as

title: The Neanderthal Parallax

text: to back up this belief. They believe that the gliksin theories concerning an origin of the universe exist because of the gliksin need to believe in a creator, and thus a beginning, which biases gliksin science. The story ends before any large-scale intermingling and rationalization of the two races' science can begin, so the ultimate outcome of detailed comparison between these viewpoints is unknown. At Robert J. Sawyer's website: The Neanderthal Parallax The Neanderthal Parallax is a trilogy of novels written by Robert J. Sawyer and published by Tor. It depicts the effects of the opening of a connection between

text: had a relatively distant relationship, and on his own marriage and son. He describes the emergence and development of the field of evolutionary genetics, and contributions to it made by himself and colleagues. Much of the book is devoted to his research team's efforts at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology towards mapping the Neanderthal genome as part of the Neanderthal genome project. This work brought Pääbo international fame and recognition with the publication of an initial draft of the genome in the journal "Science" in 2010, followed by a more complete analysis in 2013. The book was well

title: The Gnarly Man

text: in the ape-man "Ungo-Bungo", who appears to exhibit genuine atavistic features. After the show she goes backstage and meets the man behind the role to ask if he will agree to be examined for scientific purposes. Ungo-Bungo, who calls himself Clarence Aloysius Gaffney, proves affable but reticent about his past and reluctant to submit to examination. In time, however, he warily consents in return for surgery to correct some old injuries. Eventually it comes out that Gaffney is actually Shining Hawk, a Neanderthal Man over 50,000 years old, whose aging process was frozen early in life when he was struck

title: When a Man Loves

text: a Man Loves". This film version of "When a Man Loves" repeats the ending of "The Sea Beast", providing a happy ending rather than the tragic ending of the source material. Many of the people who worked on the previous year's "Don Juan" worked on "When a Man Loves", such as director Crosland, writer Bess Meredyth, editor Harold McCord, and director of photography Byron Haskin. When the film played in the theatre, the audience was so amazed that the sound was coming from the speakers, not from an actual live orchestra. A "New York Times" reviewer said that he, and

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: reducing the force needed and the energy spent for locomotion significantly. The walking cost of the Neanderthal male is now estimated to be 8–12% higher than that of anatomically modern males, whereas the walking cost of the Neanderthal female is considered to be virtually equal to that of anatomically modern females. Other researchers, like Yoel Rak, from Tel-Aviv University in Israel, have noted that the fossil records show that Neanderthal pelvises in comparison to modern human pelvises would have made it much harder for Neanderthals to absorb shock and to bounce off from one step to the next, giving modern

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: division resulted in less efficient extraction of resources from the environment as compared to "Homo sapiens". Researchers such as Karen L. Steudel of the University of Wisconsin have highlighted the relationship of Neanderthal anatomy (shorter and stockier than that of modern humans) and the ability to run and the requirement of energy (30% more). Nevertheless, in the recent study, researchers Martin Hora and Vladimir Sladek of Charles University in Prague show that Neanderthal lower limb configuration, particularly the combination of robust knees, long heels and short lower limbs, increased the effective mechanical advantage of Neanderthal knee and ankle extensors, thus

title: Neanderthal anatomy

text: which may help researchers better understand how this ancient human species moved and breathed. Some people thought that the large Neanderthal noses were an adaptation to the cold, but primate and arctic animal studies have shown sinus size reduction in areas of extreme cold rather than enlargement in accordance with Allen's rule. Todd C. Rae summarizes explanations about Neanderthal anatomy as trying to find explanations for the "paradox" that their traits are not cold-adapted. Therefore, Rae concludes that the design of the large and extensive Neanderthal nose was evolved for the hotter climate of the Middle East and went unchanged

title: Neanderthal 1

text: already known since 1856, The third humerus represents the remains of a second, more delicate built individual; at least three other bone fragments are also present twice. Called Neandertal 2, the find was dated at 39 240 ± 670 years old, exactly as old as Neanderthal 1. Moreover, a milk tooth was recovered and attributed to an adolescent Neanderthal. In 2004 it was stolen from the Neanderthal Museum in Erkrath, but returned a short time later. Based on the state of abrasions and the partly dissolved dental roots it was concluded, that it belonged to an 11–14 years old juvenile.

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: provided a pool of individuals capable of infecting Neanderthals and potentially preventing the epidemic from burning itself out as Neanderthal population fell. On the other hand, the same mechanism could work in reverse, and the resistance of "Homo sapiens" to Neanderthal pathogens and parasites would need explanation. An examination of human and Neanderthal genomes and adaptations regarding pathogens or parasites may shed light on this issue. Slight competitive advantage on the part of modern humans has accounted for Neanderthals' decline on a timescale of thousands of years. Generally small and widely-dispersed fossil sites suggest that Neanderthals lived in less numerous

title: Neanderthal behavior

text: whether these cuts come from Neanderthal tools or animal teeth. Upon Higham et al.'s (2010) publication of new radiocarbon dates shedding doubt on the association of Châtelperronian beads with Neanderthals, Paul Mellars wrote that “the single most impressive and hitherto widely cited pillar of evidence for the presence of complex ‘symbolic’ behavior among the late Neanderthal populations in Europe has now effectively collapsed”. This conclusion, however, is controversial, and others such as Jean-Jacques Hublin and colleagues have re-dated more material and used proteomic evidence to restate the challenged association with Neanderthal. There exists a very large number of other claims

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: have discussed the possibility that Neanderthal extinction was either precipitated or hastened by violent conflict with "Homo sapiens". Conflict and warfare are virtually ubiquitous features of hunter-gatherer societies, including conflicts over limited resources, such as prey and water. It is therefore plausible to suggest that violence, including primitive warfare, would have transpired between the two human species. The hypothesis that early humans violently replaced Neanderthals was first proposed by French palaeontologist Marcellin Boule (the first person to publish an analysis of a Neanderthal) in 1912. Several finds in both Homo-sapiens and Neanderthal bones indicate inter-species aggression from injuries (grooves in

title: Neanderthal behavior

text: of Neanderthal art, adornment, and structures. These are often taken literally by the media as showing Neanderthals were capable of symbolic thought, or "mental equals" to anatomically modern humans. As evidence of symbolism, none of them are widely accepted, although the same is true for Middle Palaeolithic anatomically modern humans. Among many others: Neanderthal behavior Almost everything about Neanderthal behaviour is controversial. From their physiology, Neanderthals are presumed to have been omnivores, but animal protein formed the majority of their dietary protein, showing them to have been apex predators and not scavengers. Some studies suggest they cooked vegetables. The quality

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: Yoruba and San probands). Modern-human findings in Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Portugal allegedly featuring Neanderthal admixtures have been published. However, the interpretation of the Portuguese specimen is disputed. Jordan, in his work "Neanderthal", points out that without some interbreeding, certain features on some "modern" skulls of Eastern European Cro-Magnon heritage are hard to explain. In another study, researchers have recently found in Peştera Muierilor, Romania, remains of European humans from ~37,000–42,000 years agowho possessed mostly diagnostic "modern" anatomical features, but "also" had distinct Neanderthal features not present in ancestral modern humans in Africa, including a large bulge at the back

title: Neanderthal behavior

text: be observed today". Early studies indicated that Neanderthals were highly carnivorous and obtained most of the protein in their diet from animal sources. However, traces of fossilized plants have been extracted from Neanderthal teeth found in Belgium and Iraq suggesting they also consumed plants on occasion. There is evidence of cannibalism among Neanderthals. Neanderthals hunted large animals, such as the mammoth. However, they are believed to have practiced cannibalism or ritual defleshing. This hypothesis was formulated after researchers found marks on Neanderthal bones similar to the bones of a dead deer butchered by Neanderthals. Neanderthal bones from various sites (Combe-Grenal

title: Neanderthal behavior

text: Neanderthal behavior Almost everything about Neanderthal behaviour is controversial. From their physiology, Neanderthals are presumed to have been omnivores, but animal protein formed the majority of their dietary protein, showing them to have been apex predators and not scavengers. Some studies suggest they cooked vegetables. The quality of stone tools at archaeological sites suggests Neanderthals were good at "expert" cognition, a form of observational learning and practice acquired through apprenticeship that relies heavily on long-term procedural memory. Neanderthal toolmaking changed little over hundreds of thousands of years. The lack of innovation was said to imply they may have had a

title: When I Was Your Man

text: the clip’s elegant framing just draws attention to...the song". "When I Was Your Man" was performed live for the first time on the season three finale of US "The Voice". Mars performed the song with two piano players and no stage production except for blue lighting. Unlike, most performers he did not sing with a contestant from the show. "Rap-Up" considered that Mars "rocked the stage" during his performance, while EW's Hillary Bussis found the crowd to "go crazy" because of his lyrics or persuading Mars "to ditch those Cee Lo shades". He also performed the song on "Jimmy Kimmel

title: Neanderthal genetics

text: the previous work at the Max Planck Institute, "Contamination was indeed an issue," and they eventually realised that 11% of their sample was modern human DNA. Since then, more of the preparation work has been done in clean areas and 4-base pair 'tags' have been added to the DNA as soon as it is extracted so the Neanderthal DNA can be identified. The project first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal in 2013 by extracting it from the phalanx bone of a 50,000-year-old Siberian Neanderthal. Among the genes shown to differ between present-day humans and Neanderthals were "RPTN", "SPAG17",

title: Neanderthal genetics

text: pulses of Neandertal admixture, are required to explain the data." Khrameeva et al. (2014), a German-Russian-Chinese collaboration, compiled a consensus Neanderthal genome based on the genome of the Altai individual and of three Vindjia individuals. This was compared to a consensus chimpanzee genome as the outgroup and to the genome of eleven modern populations (three African, three East Asian, three European). Beyond confirming the significantly higher similarity to the Neanderthal genome in non-Africans than in Africans, the study also found a difference in distribution of Neanderthal-derived sites between Europeans and East Asians, suggesting recent evolutionary pressures. Asian populations showed clustering

title: Ust'-Ishim man

text: years ago; Mal'ta boy (or MA-1), a child who lived 24,000 years ago along the Bolshaya Belaya River near today's Irkutsk in Siberia, or; La Braña man – a hunter-gatherer who lived in La Braña (modern Spain) about 8,000 years ago. Analysis of modern human genomes reveals that humans interbred with Neanderthals between 37,000 and 86,000 years ago, resulting in the DNA of humans outside Africa containing between 1.5 and 2.1 percent DNA of Neanderthal origin. Neanderthal DNA in modern humans occurs in broken fragments; however, the Neanderthal DNA in Ust'-Ishim man occurs in clusters, indicating that Ust'-Ishim man lived

title: When a Blind Man Cries

text: When a Blind Man Cries "When a Blind Man Cries" is a song by British rock band Deep Purple, originally only available as the B-side of the single "Never Before", released in 1972. It was recorded during the "Machine Head" sessions in December 1971. According to Ian Gillan, "It’s just an example, for example, if you think of the phrase 'if a blind man cries' then it's pretty sad, those who are disadvantaged tend to be less complaining than those who are able-bodied". Because guitarist Ritchie Blackmore disliked "When a Blind Man Cries", the band never played the song live

title: Neanderthal

text: (MIS 8). "Neanderthals", by conventions, are fossils which date to after this gap. The quality of the fossil record greatly increases from 130,000 years ago onwards. Specimens younger than this date make up the bulk of known Neanderthal skeletons and were the first whose anatomy was comprehensively studied. In morphological studies, the term "classic Neanderthal" may be used in a narrower sense for Neanderthals younger than 71,000 years old (MIS 4 and 3). Early Neanderthals, living before the Eemian interglacial (130 ka), are poorly known and come mostly from European sites. From 130 ka onwards, the quality of the fossil

title: Neanderthal

text: 39,000 years ago. New dating in Iberia, where Neanderthal dates as late as 28,000 years had been reported, suggests evidence of Neanderthal survival in the peninsula after 42,000 years ago is almost non-existent. Anatomically modern humans arrived in Mediterranean Europe between 45,000 and 43,000 years ago, so the two different human populations shared Europe for several thousand years. The exact nature of biological and cultural interaction between Neanderthals and other human groups is contested. Possible scenarios for the extinction of the Neanderthals are: About 55,000 years ago, the climate began to fluctuate wildly from extreme cold conditions to mild cold

title: Neanderthal

text: matching the Neanderthal genome than seen in humans of today, and this was estimated to have resulted from an inbreeding event as few as four generations earlier. However, this hybrid Romania population does not appear to have made a substantial contribution to the genomes of later Europeans. While some modern human nuclear DNA has been linked to the extinct Neanderthals, no mitochondrial DNA of Neanderthal origin has been detected, which in primates is always maternally transmitted. This observation has prompted the hypothesis that whereas female humans interbreeding with male Neanderthals were able to generate fertile offspring, the progeny of female

title: Neanderthal

text: weaker bite force than in modern humans. According to archaeologist John F. Hoffecker: A 2013 study of Neanderthal skulls suggests that their eyesight may have been better than that of modern humans, owing to larger eye sockets and larger areas of the brain devoted to vision. Neanderthals are known for their large cranial capacity, which at is larger on average than that of modern humans. One study has found that drainage of the dural venous sinuses (low pressure blood vessels that run between the meninges and skull leading down through the skull) in the occipital lobe region of Neanderthal brains

title: Neanderthal

text: Middle Palaeolithic and Early Upper Palaeolithic more than 95% of stone artifacts were drawn from local material, suggesting Neanderthals restricted themselves to more local sources. In November 2011 tests conducted at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in England on what were previously thought to be Neanderthal baby teeth, which had been unearthed in 1964 from the Grotta del Cavallo in Italy, were identified as the oldest modern human remains discovered anywhere in Europe, dating from between 43,000 and 45,000 years ago. Given that the 2014 study by Thomas Higham of Neanderthal bones and tools indicates that Neanderthals died out in

title: Neanderthal

text: on the Russian plains. Total Neanderthal effective population size has been estimated at close to 15,000 individuals (corresponding to a total population of roughly 150,000 individuals), living in small, isolated, inbred groups. Neanderthal anatomy differed from modern humans in that they had a more robust build and distinctive morphological features, especially on the cranium, which gradually accumulated more derived aspects as it was described by Marcellin Boule, particularly in certain isolated geographic regions. These include shorter limb proportions, a wider, barrel-shaped rib cage, a reduced chin, sloping forehead, and a large nose, being at the modern human higher end in

title: When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You

text: When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You" is a 1978 song recorded by singer Marvin Gaye for his "Here, My Dear" album, following his 1976 divorce when he was ordered to give half the takings of his next album to ex-wife Anna Gaye. In the album, he "poured his emotions into songs agonisingly documenting their relationship's rise and fall." The song was a six-minute-long opus that has been considered the centerpiece of the "Here, My Dear" album. As if offering confessional testimony to

title: Neanderthal 1

text: who as early as 1863 after a visit to Fuhlrott and the Neandertal had confirmed the antiquity of the find. Yet seen with the benefit of hindsight, the turning point towards the recognition of the find as not being pathologically had already occurred in 1863/64. In 1864 Irish geologist William King published a detailed description of the physique of the "Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal", in which he - largely due to the absence of other comparative possibilities - emphasized the apelike characteristics of the fossil. At the very end of this essay, in one of his footnotes, King

title: Neanderthal 1

text: still tended to classify and consider the increasingly more numerous hominid fossils as representatives of early "races" of modern man. The fossil of the Neanderthal was discovered in 1856, three years before the publication of Darwin's work On the Origin of Species. Yet the scientific debate over whether species are immutable or mutable had already been going on for a long time. Hermann Schaaffhausen considers in an 1853 treatise about the durability and transformation of species "...that species were not immortal, that they have just as the life of the individual being a beginning, a time of blooming and of

title: Neanderthal 1

text: longer than that of a recent British person. The width of the skull, however hardly surpassed the width of modern man. As Schaaffhausen before him, King described the forehead region as unusually flat, fleeing and "excessively developed" bone strips above the eyes. In his synopsis of characteristics, that deviated from modern humans, King wrote: "In these general characters the Neanderthal skull is at once observed to be singularly different from all others which admittedly belong to the human species; and they undoubtedly invest it with a close resemblance to that of a young Chimpanzee." Göttingen pathologist Michael Schultz also devoted

title: Neanderthal 1

text: and both femora - were completely preserved. Fuhlrott allegedly immediately recognized that the remains are to be attributed to a human who significantly differed from modern man. Without Fuhlrott's approval the following notice was published on September 4, 1856 in the Elberfeld newspaper and the Barmer local Journal: "In neighboring Neanderthal, a surprising discovery was made in recent days. The removal of the limestone rocks, which certainly is a dreadful deed from a picturesque point of view, revealed a cave, which had been filled with mud-clay over the centuries. While clearing away this clay a human skeleton was found, which

title: Neanderthal extinction

text: complete surprise to us," said Love Dalén, associate professor at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. If so, this would indicate that Neanderthals may have been very sensitive to climate change. A number of researchers have argued that the Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption, a volcanic eruption near Naples, Italy, about 39,280 ± 110 years ago (older estimate ~37,000 years), erupting about of magma ( bulk volume) contributed to the extinction of Neanderthal man. The argument has been developed by Golovanova et al. The theory says that although Neanderthals had encountered several Interglacials during 250,000 years in Europe, inability to

title: Neanderthal

text: burials had any symbolic meaning, are heavily contested. The debate on deliberate Neanderthal burials has been active since the 1908 discovery of the well-preserved Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 skeleton in a small hole in a cave in southwestern France. In this controversy's most recent installment, a team of French researchers reinvestigated the Chapelle-aux-Saints cave and in January 2014 reasserted the century-old claim that the 1908 Neanderthal specimen had been deliberately buried, and this has in turn been heavily criticised. A 2018 open access paper discussed, in light of recent developments in the fields of paleogenetics and paleoanthropology, whether or not Neanderthals were

title: Neanderthal

text: record increases dramatically. From then on, Neanderthal remains are found in Western, Central, Eastern, and Mediterranean Europe, as well as Southwest, Central, and Northern Asia up to the Altai Mountains in Siberia. No Neanderthal has ever been found outside Central to Western Eurasia, namely neither to the south of 30°N (Shuqba, Levant), nor east of 85°E (Denisova, Siberia). The limit of their northern range appears to have been south of 53°N (Bontnewydd, Wales), although it is difficult to assess because glacial advances destroy most human remains, the Bontnewydd tooth being exceptional. Middle Palaeolithic artefacts have been found up to 60°N

title: Neanderthal genome project

text: handled the bones at the excavation site and at the laboratory. In February 2009, the Max Planck Institute's team led by Pääbo announced that they had completed the first draft of the Neanderthal genome. An early analysis of the data suggested in "the genome of Neanderthals, a human species driven to extinction" "no significant trace of Neanderthal genes in modern humans". New results suggested that some adult Neanderthals were lactose intolerant. On the question of potentially cloning a Neanderthal, Pääbo commented, "Starting from the DNA extracted from a fossil, it is and will remain impossible." In May 2010, the project

title: Krapina Neanderthal site

text: of the Late Pleistocene. Close to this archaeological site a museum presents the origin of life on Earth and the evolution of humankind. It is situated in a park with statues of Neanderthals and contemporary fauna, such as a bear, a moose and a beaver set in the actual locations. Krapina Neanderthal site Krapina Neanderthal Site, also known as Hušnjakovo brdo (Croatian for "Hušnjakovo" hill) is a Palaeolithic site found in 1899 which has the largest number of Neanderthal fossil bones found in Central Europe in 1899. It was excavated by Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger. It is located in the western part

title: Neanderthal genome project

text: sample so to obtain new reads more samples must be destructively sequenced. Noonan's team, led by Edward Rubin, used a different technique, one in which the Neanderthal DNA is inserted into bacteria, which make multiple copies of a single fragment. They demonstrated that Neanderthal genomic sequences can be recovered using a metagenomic library-based approach. All of the DNA in the sample is "immortalized" into metagenomic libraries. A DNA fragment is selected, then propagated in microbes. The Neanderthal DNA can be sequenced or specific sequences can be studied. Overall, their results were remarkably similar. One group suggested there was a hint

title: Krapina Neanderthal site

text: Krapina Neanderthal site Krapina Neanderthal Site, also known as Hušnjakovo brdo (Croatian for "Hušnjakovo" hill) is a Palaeolithic site found in 1899 which has the largest number of Neanderthal fossil bones found in Central Europe in 1899. It was excavated by Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger. It is located in the western part of Krapina. It has been declared a paleontological monument of nature. It is an important paleontological, paleoanthropological and archaeological site. This site enabled experts from all over the world to conduct research and elaborate scientific theories about human development and how human communities in Europe lived during at the beginning