query: Who invented the cotton gin?

title: Cotton gin

text: American Civil War. Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws, and offer far higher productivity than their hand-powered precursors. Eli Whitney invented his cotton gin in 1793. He began to work on this project after moving to Georgia in search of work. Given that farmers were desperately searching for a way to make cotton farming profitable, a woman named Catharine Greene provided Whitney with funding to create the first cotton gin. Whitney created two cotton gins: a small one that could be hand-cranked and a large one that could be driven by a horse or water

title: Cotton gin

text: and John Murray had all been issued patents for improvements to the cotton gin by 1796. However, the evidence indicates Whitney did invent the saw gin, for which he is famous. Although he spent many years in court attempting to enforce his patent against planters who made unauthorized copies, a change in patent law ultimately made his claim legally enforceable – too late for him to make much money from the device in the single year remaining before the patent expired. While Whitney's gin facilitated the cleaning of seeds from short-staple cotton, it damaged the fibers of (extra-long staple) cotton

title: Cotton gin

text: a day. The McCarthy gin used a reciprocating knife to detach seed from the lint. Vibration caused by the reciprocating motion limited the speed at which the gin could operate. In the middle of the 20th Century gins using a rotating blade replaced ones using a reciprocating blade. These descendants of the McCarthy gin are the only gins now used for extra-long staple cotton in the United States. Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin, cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds. With Eli Whitney’s gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable

title: Cotton gin

text: the "churka" or "charkha", was introduced to the United States in the mid-18th century, when it was adopted in the southern United States. The device was adopted for cleaning long-staple cotton, but was not suitable for the short-staple cotton that was more common in certain states such as Georgia. Several modifications were made to the Indian roller gin by Mr. Krebs in 1772 and Joseph Eve in 1788, but their uses remained limited to the long-staple variety, up until Eli Whitney's development of a short-staple cotton gin in 1793. Eli Whitney (1765–1825) applied for a patent of his cotton gin

title: Cotton gin

text: remained virtually unchanged up to the present time. A modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793 and patented in 1794. Whitney's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through, while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also led to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton workers rapidly increased. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the

title: Cotton gin

text: in separating out the seeds and cotton. To date, Greene's role in the invention of the gin has not been verified independently. Whitney's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning of lint per day. The model consisted of a wooden cylinder surrounded by rows of slender spikes, which pulled the lint through the bars of a comb-like grid. The grids were closely spaced, preventing the seeds from passing through. Loose cotton was brushed off, preventing the mechanism from jamming. Many contemporary inventors attempted to develop a design that would process short staple cotton, and Hodgen Holmes, Robert Watkins, William Longstreet,

title: Cotton gin

text: on October 28, 1793; the patent was granted on March 14, 1794, but was not validated until 1807. Whitney's patent was assigned patent number 72X. There is slight controversy over whether the idea of the modern cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney. The popular image of Whitney inventing the cotton gin is attributed to an article on the subject written in the early 1870s and later reprinted in 1910 in "The Library of Southern Literature". In this article, the author claimed Catharine Littlefield Greene suggested to Whitney the use of a brush-like component instrumental

title: History of cotton

text: become an important—and temporarily the largest—consumer for British cotton goods. In 1791, U.S. cotton production was small, at only 900,000 kilograms. Several factors contributed to the growth of the cotton industry in the U.S.: the increasing British demand; innovations in spinning, weaving, and steam power; inexpensive land; and a slave labour force. The modern cotton gin, invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, enormously grew the American cotton industry, which was previously limited by the speed of manual removal of seeds from the fibre, and helped cotton to surpass tobacco as the primary cash crop of the South. By 1801 the

title: Cotton

text: American Eli Whitney in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s, a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured

title: Denison Olmsted

text: was first published in the American Journal of Science in 1832, seven years after Whitney’s death. Details of early biographies differed, with one of the most important differences being the state of practice of cotton ginning at the time of Whitney’s invention. Olmsted said workers used their fingers to separate seed from cotton, whereas others said roller gins were widely used. Thus, Olmsted said Whitney invented the cotton gin, whereas others credited him with the more modest accomplishment of inventing a new and more efficient kind of gin. Most later biographers, especially after the Civil War, adopted Olmsted’s version. Meanwhile,

title: Cotton gin

text: in the cotton production. Cotton gin A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. The fibers are then processed into various cotton goods such as linens, while any undamaged cotton is used largely for textiles like clothing. The separated seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil. Handheld roller gins had been used in the Indian subcontinent since at earliest AD 500 and then in other regions. The Indian worm-gear roller gin, invented some time around the sixteenth century,

title: Cotton gin

text: Cotton gin A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. The fibers are then processed into various cotton goods such as linens, while any undamaged cotton is used largely for textiles like clothing. The separated seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil. Handheld roller gins had been used in the Indian subcontinent since at earliest AD 500 and then in other regions. The Indian worm-gear roller gin, invented some time around the sixteenth century, has, according to Lakwete,

title: Cotton gin

text: of labor for the separation. Many simple seed-removing devices had been invented, but until the innovation of the cotton gin, most required significant operator attention and worked only on a small scale. The earliest versions of the cotton gin consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood. Evidence for this type of gin has been found in Africa, Asia, and North America. The first documentation of the cotton gin by contemporary scholars is found in the fifth century AD, in the form of Buddhist paintings depicting a single-roller gin in

title: Cotton gin

text: power. Thanks to the cotton gin, the amount of raw cotton yielded had doubled each decade after 1800. A single-roller cotton gin came into use in India by the 5th century. An improvement invented in India was the two-roller gin, known as the "churka", "charki", or "wooden-worm-worked roller". Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods ("bolls") of the cotton plant where the fibers ("lint") in the bolls are tightly interwoven with seeds. To make the fibers usable, the seeds and fibers must first be separated, a task which had been previously performed manually, with production of cotton requiring hours

title: Cotton gin

text: by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by water power. The worm gear roller gin, which was invented in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th to 14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century, and is still used in the Indian subcontinent through to the present day. Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle

title: Cotton gin

text: ("Gossypium barbadense"). In 1840 Fones McCarthy received a patent for a "Smooth Cylinder Cotton-gin", a roller gin. McCarthy's gin was marketed for use with both short-staple and extra-long staple cotton, but was particularly useful for processing long-staple cotton. After McCarthy's patent expired in 1861, McCarthy type gins were manufactured in Britain and sold around the world. McCarthy's gin was adopted for cleaning the Sea Island variety of extra-long staple cotton grown in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It cleaned cotton several times faster than the older gins, and, when powered by one horse, produced 150 to 200 pounds of lint

title: Cotton gin

text: into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labour was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly. The Indian roller cotton gin, known as

title: Floyd Cotton Gin

text: Places in 1992. Floyd Cotton Gin The Floyd Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin at the junction of Arkansas Highway 31 and Arkansas Highway 305 in Floyd, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood frame building roughly L-shaped with a single-story section extending its southern end and a two-story section projecting east under a continuation of the sloping gabled roof. This gin was built in the 1930s, when White County was one of the nation's leading producers of cotton. It is one of five gins in the county to survive from that period. The gin was listed on the National

title: Floyd Cotton Gin

text: Floyd Cotton Gin The Floyd Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin at the junction of Arkansas Highway 31 and Arkansas Highway 305 in Floyd, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood frame building roughly L-shaped with a single-story section extending its southern end and a two-story section projecting east under a continuation of the sloping gabled roof. This gin was built in the 1930s, when White County was one of the nation's leading producers of cotton. It is one of five gins in the county to survive from that period. The gin was listed on the National Register of Historic

title: Cotton Gin Port, Mississippi

text: old town can still be found between the Tenn-Tom Waterway and the Tombigbee River, and relics from the old settlement can be seen at the Amory Municipal Museum. Chief Levi Colbert is said to have lived on the bluff west of Cotton Gin Port, near the old cotton gin where there was a large spreading oak known as the council tree. Cotton Gin Port, Mississippi Cotton Gin Port is a ghost town in Monroe County, Mississippi, United States. Cotton Gin Port was located at on the east bank of the Tombigbee river. Cotton Gin Port was the first town in

title: Judd Hill Cotton Gin

text: Judd Hill Cotton Gin The Judd Hill Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin in Judd Hill, Arkansas. The gin was part of the Judd Hill Plantation, which was established by businessman Orange Judd Hill in the 1920s and sold to Hill's daughter and her husband, Esther and Samuel Chapin, in 1933. The cotton gin was built on the plantation circa 1930; its brick construction, designed to prevent fires, makes it a rarity among extant cotton gins. The plantation was successful throughout the 1940s and became one of the largest farms in Poinsett County. The cotton gin ceased operations in

title: Hanger Cotton Gin

text: Hanger Cotton Gin The Hanger Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin in Sweet Home, Arkansas. Built about 1876, it is a rare surviving example of a steam-powered gin. The main building is a three-story frame structure covered in board-and-batten siding. The gin was only operated commercially for a brief period, and was out of service by 1892. Since then, the building has been used as a barn and grain storage facility. It was probably built by Peter Hanger, whose family has been prominent in the Little Rock business community since that time. The gin was listed on the National

title: Cotton gin

text: Civil War. In modern cotton production, cotton arrives at industrial cotton gins either in trailers, in compressed rectangular "modules" weighing up to 10 metric tons each or in polyethylene wrapped round modules similar to a bale of hay produced during the picking process by the most recent generation of cotton pickers. Cotton arriving at the gin is sucked in via a pipe, approximately in diameter, that is swung over the cotton. This pipe is usually manually operated, but is increasingly automated in modern cotton plants. The need for trailers to haul the product to the gin has been drastically reduced

title: Judd Hill Cotton Gin

text: the 1970s or 1980s, but the plantation is still operated by the Judd Hill Foundation established by Esther Chapin. On September 28, 2005, the cotton gin was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Judd Hill Cotton Gin The Judd Hill Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin in Judd Hill, Arkansas. The gin was part of the Judd Hill Plantation, which was established by businessman Orange Judd Hill in the 1920s and sold to Hill's daughter and her husband, Esther and Samuel Chapin, in 1933. The cotton gin was built on the plantation circa 1930; its brick construction,

title: Hanger Cotton Gin

text: Register of Historic Places in 1976. Hanger Cotton Gin The Hanger Cotton Gin is a historic cotton gin in Sweet Home, Arkansas. Built about 1876, it is a rare surviving example of a steam-powered gin. The main building is a three-story frame structure covered in board-and-batten siding. The gin was only operated commercially for a brief period, and was out of service by 1892. Since then, the building has been used as a barn and grain storage facility. It was probably built by Peter Hanger, whose family has been prominent in the Little Rock business community since that time. The

title: Cotton gin

text: 1860, black slave labor from the American South was providing two-thirds of the world’s supply of cotton, and up to 80% of the crucial British market. The cotton gin thus “transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe's first agricultural powerhouse". Because of its inadvertent effect on American slavery, and on its ensuring that the South's economy developed in the direction of plantation-based agriculture (while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere, such as in the North), the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the American

title: Cotton gin

text: the Ajanta Caves in western India. These early gins were difficult to use and required a great deal of skill. A narrow single roller was necessary to expel the seeds from the cotton without crushing the seeds. The design was similar to that of a mealing stone, which was used to grind grain. The early history of the cotton gin is ambiguous, because archeologists likely mistook the cotton gin's parts for other tools. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade

title: Cotton Gin Port, Mississippi

text: Cotton Gin Port, Mississippi Cotton Gin Port is a ghost town in Monroe County, Mississippi, United States. Cotton Gin Port was located at on the east bank of the Tombigbee river. Cotton Gin Port was the first town in north Mississippi, although initially it was part of Marion County in the Alabama Territory. The new demarcation lines of 1820-21 put it in Mississippi. The site was located on the east bank of the Tombigbee River at a crossing of vital Indian trails. It was a base of expeditions of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1736 and Vaudreuil in 1752.

title: Piazza Cotton Gin

text: the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. Piazza Cotton Gin The Piazza Cotton Gin is located on the Frogmore Plantation at 11656 U.S. Highway 84, about west of Ferriday, Louisiana in Concordia Parish, Louisiana. The building containing the cotton gin press was built c.1880, while the machinery was added c.1900. It is a two-story building with ginning/pressing equipment. It was moved to its current location from across the Mississippi River in Rodney, Mississippi in 1997. The building is estimated to have been started c.1880 based on square nails used in its construction; some of the equipment bears 1883 and

title: Piazza Cotton Gin

text: Piazza Cotton Gin The Piazza Cotton Gin is located on the Frogmore Plantation at 11656 U.S. Highway 84, about west of Ferriday, Louisiana in Concordia Parish, Louisiana. The building containing the cotton gin press was built c.1880, while the machinery was added c.1900. It is a two-story building with ginning/pressing equipment. It was moved to its current location from across the Mississippi River in Rodney, Mississippi in 1997. The building is estimated to have been started c.1880 based on square nails used in its construction; some of the equipment bears 1883 and 1884 patent dates. The property was listed on

title: Walnut Hill Cotton Gin

text: Walnut Hill Cotton Gin The Walnut Hill Plantation cotton gin house was built in the mid to late 1840s by Alonzo T. Mial, a prominent planter and commission merchant in 19th century North Carolina. It holds the distinction of being one of only a few surviving cotton gin houses in the state, and is likely the only one to have retained the majority of its original ginning equipment. The gin house is a -story-tall, hand-hewn timber frame structure, approximately wide and deep. The frontmost two-thirds of the structure is supported by tall, thick granite ashlar pillars that form a square,

title: Walnut Hill Cotton Gin

text: house and converted it to a private residence, where they have lived since. Their work won them an AIA North Carolina Design Merit award in 2011. Walnut Hill Cotton Gin The Walnut Hill Plantation cotton gin house was built in the mid to late 1840s by Alonzo T. Mial, a prominent planter and commission merchant in 19th century North Carolina. It holds the distinction of being one of only a few surviving cotton gin houses in the state, and is likely the only one to have retained the majority of its original ginning equipment. The gin house is a -story-tall,

title: Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District

text: Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District The Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District encompasses the only cotton gin extant in the Rohwer area of Desha County, Arkansas. The gin was built in 1950 by O. O. Kemp, a few years after the closure of the Rohwer War Relocation Center, where as many as 10,000 Japanese-Americans were interned during the Second World War. After the center's closure much of its land was returned to agricultural use, and Kemp built this gin near the Missouri Pacific Railroad line that ran through Rohwer. In addition to the gin, the complex Kemp built includes a pump

title: Cotton gin

text: foreign matter, such as sticks and burrs, while the cotton is held by rapidly rotating saw cylinders. The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of "ginning ribs", which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs. The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via an auger conveyor system. The seed is reused for planting or is sent to an oil mill to be further processed into cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal. The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time

title: Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District

text: house, scale house, and office. This entire complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District The Kemp Cotton Gin Historic District encompasses the only cotton gin extant in the Rohwer area of Desha County, Arkansas. The gin was built in 1950 by O. O. Kemp, a few years after the closure of the Rohwer War Relocation Center, where as many as 10,000 Japanese-Americans were interned during the Second World War. After the center's closure much of its land was returned to agricultural use, and Kemp built this gin near the Missouri

title: Cotton Gin Port, Mississippi

text: The Kansas City, Memphis & Birmingham Railroad caused extinction as the townfolk moved to the new town of Amory. The early U.S. government built a cotton gin in 1801 at Cotton Gin Port as part of a "plan of civilization" for the local Chickasaw Indians, and soon became recognized as a Chickasaw Indian trading post. A road, Gaines Trace, was built to the town in 1811 and 1812. This road ran from close to Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River to Cotton Gin Port, where it crossed the Tombigbee; it then proceeded south to Fort Stoddert. The ruins of the

title: Cotton gin

text: business, creating many fortunes in the Antebellum South. Cities such as New Orleans, Louisiana; Mobile, Alabama; Charleston, South Carolina; and Galveston, Texas became major shipping ports, deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South. Additionally, the greatly expanded supply of cotton created strong demand for textile machinery and improved machine designs that replaced wooden parts with metal. This led to the invention of many machine tools in the early 19th century. The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States, concentrated mostly in the South. Cotton production expanded from

title: Cotton gin

text: to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping. Modern gins can process up to of cotton per hour. Modern cotton gins create a substantial amount of cotton gin residue (CGR) consisting of sticks, leaves, dirt, immature bolls, and cottonseed. Research is currently under way to investigate the use of this waste in producing ethanol. Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition in processing, there is difficulty in creating a consistent ethanol process, but there is potential to further maximize the utilization of waste

title: John H. Johnston Cotton Gin Historic District

text: The gin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. John H. Johnston Cotton Gin Historic District The John H. Johnston Cotton Gin Historic District encompasses a historic cotton gin in the small community of Levesque, Arkansas. The main building of the gin was built in 1941, and was built out of reinforced concrete, instead of the more usual steel, owing to a metal shortage in World War II. It has some Moderne styling, with smooth surfaces and rounded corners. The gin also distinctively incorporates a seed storage facility at its rear. Its ancillary structures, which include

title: Cotton gin

text: 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850. As a result, the region became even more dependent on plantations and slavery, with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy. While it took a single slave about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds, a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day. The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850. By

text: John H. Johnston Cotton Gin Historic District The John H. Johnston Cotton Gin Historic District encompasses a historic cotton gin in the small community of Levesque, Arkansas. The main building of the gin was built in 1941, and was built out of reinforced concrete, instead of the more usual steel, owing to a metal shortage in World War II. It has some Moderne styling, with smooth surfaces and rounded corners. The gin also distinctively incorporates a seed storage facility at its rear. Its ancillary structures, which include a shed, privy, and cyclone structure, are wood-framed with metal siding and roofing.

title: Walnut Hill Cotton Gin

text: that drove the gin. In 1875, Mial replaced the mules with a 15-horsepower steam engine, which considerably increased the gin's production capacity. The gin house received a number of other upgrades as ginning technology progressed over the following fifty years. The Walnut Hill cotton gin ceased operation in the mid-1930s, shortly after the death of Millard Mial, Alonzo T. Mial's oldest son. Architect Jim Smith, of HagerSmith Design, PA in Raleigh, and his wife purchased the gin house in 1992 and spent the following decade stabilizing the structure to halt its deterioration. Between 2003 and 2005, they renovated the gin

title: Walnut Hill Cotton Gin

text: open-air space on the ground floor in which the mule track and power shaft were located. The rear third of the gin house rests on short, granite rubble piers, and housed the ground-floor pressing and packaging rooms. Most of the ginning equipment resided on the second floor of the gin house. The third floor was used for storage of baled cotton. The gin was originally powered by two to four mules hitched to horizontal sweeps that turned the vertical power shaft. The power shaft was connected to a series of cog wheels that ultimately transferred power to the leather belt

title: History of cotton

text: gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century, and is still used in India through to the present day. Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles,

title: Cotton

text: industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century. Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. The most important center of cotton production was the Bengal Subah province, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka. The worm gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some

title: History of cotton

text: century, and was then introduced to other countries from there. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by water power. The spinning wheel was invented in India, between 500 and 1000 CE. The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning wheel come from the Islamic world in the eleventh century. Egyptians grew and spun cotton from 6–700 CE. Cotton was a common fabric during the Middle Ages, and was

title: Burton Farmers Gin

text: Burton Farmers Gin The Burton Farmers Gin is a 2- and 3-story cotton gin house located close to the commercial district of Burton, Texas. It has also been known as Burton Farmers Gin Association's Site No. 3. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. There were 4300 gins in Texas in 1912, according to a Texas Almanac. In the early 20th century, small towns in Washington County, Texas reportedly could support one or two gins. Location next to a railroad or close to cotton production was essential. Burton Farmers Gin was one of four gins

title: Burton Farmers Gin

title: Cotton Belt

text: Cotton Belt The Cotton Belt is a region of the Southern United States where cotton was the predominant cash crop from the late 18th century into the 20th century. Before the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton production was limited to coastal plain areas of South Carolina and Georgia, and, on a smaller scale, along the lower Mississippi River. The cotton gin allowed profitable processing of short-staple cotton, which could be grown in the upland regions of the Deep South. After 1793 the Natchez District rapidly became the leading cotton-producing region in Mississippi. Natchez planters developed new cotton

title: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)

text: with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""The Man Who Invented Christmas" adds holiday magic to the writing of "A Christmas Carol", putting a sweetly revisionist spin on the story behind a classic yuletide tale." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 60 out of 100, based 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same

title: Cotton

text: cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labour was used to feed them, they

title: Cotton gin

text: since the introduction of modules. If the cotton is shipped in modules, the module feeder breaks the modules apart using spiked rollers and extracts the largest pieces of foreign material from the cotton. The module feeder's loose cotton is then sucked into the same starting point as the trailer cotton. The cotton then enters a dryer, which removes excess moisture.The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating, spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton. Finer foreign material, such as soil and leaves, passes through rods or screens for removal. The stick machine uses centrifugal force to remove larger

title: Gin gang

text: Wiltshire and Berkshire had 8 between them. Conversely, the Napoleonic Wars of 1803 to 1815 created a dearth of labour and a corresponding demand for gin gangs in Cornwall, Devon, and Dorset. The truly portable horse engine was invented around 1840; this obviated the necessity for building further gin gangs. No gin gang remains in operation commercially; the known examples outside museums are either derelict or have been renovated as barn conversions. The surviving Low Walworth gin gang was built around the late 18th century. In Northumberland examples exist in Harlow Hill, Hepple, Redesmouth and Stanton. In North Yorkshire two

title: Robert S. Munger

text: Robert S. Munger Robert Sylvester Munger (1854-1923) and his wife Mary (1857-1924) invented the "system cotton gin." Robert became an executive in some of the largest gin manufacturing companies in the United States. He was also a philanthropist who supported numerous causes in the Birmingham, Alabama area. Robert Munger's father, Henry, ran a sawmill and cotton gin in Rutersville, Texas. Robert's boyhood tasks included working alongside his father's slaves in the sawmill and cotton gin. Robert studied Latin and law at Trinity University in Tehuacana, Texas. However, his studies were interrupted when his father called him back home to run

title: Farmers Union Gin Company

text: Farmers Union Gin Company Farmers Union Gin Company was an American cotton processing company located in San Marcos, Texas. Its main facility, located at 120 Grove Street, is now a registered historic site. In 1908, Henry Kellerman, J. H. Barbee, A. H. Fleming, I. B. Rylander, and J. H. Williams acquired the premises of 120 Grove Street. They then established in 1909 the Farmers Union Gin Company under the leadership of Oscar Calvin Smith, Sr. (b. 1876 d. 1948, Texas Cotton Ginners Association organizer and director, San Marcos city commissioner 1924–1941 and mayor 1941–1942), an organization which would proceed to

title: Gin Gin, Queensland

text: and their stockmen as punitive measures to these deaths. The Gin Gin district is nicknamed "Wild Scotsman Country" due to the capture of one of Queensland's few bushrangers, James Alpin McPherson, in the area on 30 March 1866. McPherson, who went by the same nickname, was captured at Monduran Station, north of town. Gin Gin Post Office opened on 15 March 1875. Gin Gin Provisional School opened on 26 June 1882. It closed on 31 October 1890 to be replaced by Gin Gin State School which opened on 3 November 1890 with 8 students under teacher Arthur William Moore. In

title: Cotton

text: Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited Safavid Persia, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia. During the Han dynasty (207 BC - 220 AD), cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of Yunnan. Egyptians grew and spun cotton in the first seven centuries of the Christian era. Handheld roller cotton gins had been used in India since the 6th century, and was then introduced to other countries from there. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was

title: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)

text: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same name by Les Standiford. It stars Dan Stevens, Christopher Plummer, and Jonathan Pryce. The plot follows Charles Dickens (Stevens) at the time when he wrote "A Christmas Carol", and how Dickens' fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge (Plummer) was influenced by his real-life father, John Dickens (Pryce). It was released by Bleecker Street in the United States on 22 November 2017 and in the United Kingdom on 1 December

title: History of cotton

text: was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy

title: Weldon Gin Company Historic District

text: 2008. Weldon Gin Company Historic District The Weldon Gin Company Historic District encompasses a historic cotton gin complex in Weldon, Arkansas. With a history dating to 1833, the Weldon Gin Company was long a staple of the local economy. Located in the center of the town at the junction of Weldon and Washington Streets, the company complex includes a main gin building, built in 1939, and four outbuildings. The present mill was built to replace an earlier steam-powered mill after electricity was introduced to the area in the 1930s. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places

title: Weldon Gin Company Historic District

text: Weldon Gin Company Historic District The Weldon Gin Company Historic District encompasses a historic cotton gin complex in Weldon, Arkansas. With a history dating to 1833, the Weldon Gin Company was long a staple of the local economy. Located in the center of the town at the junction of Weldon and Washington Streets, the company complex includes a main gin building, built in 1939, and four outbuildings. The present mill was built to replace an earlier steam-powered mill after electricity was introduced to the area in the 1930s. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in

title: The British Cotton Growing Association

text: be grown there, but lack of economic transport made the cost of production excessive. The withdrawal of government support to the Association and decline in cotton prices after the First World War ended its interest in that area. The BCGA set-up an experimental cotton farm in the Tzaneen area near the Limpopo in 1903 and, a cotton gin was installed there in 1905. In 1913, in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, further experimental sites for cotton were established at Rustenburg and at Barberton. These with Tzaneen became the three main centres of cotton production, all in the Transvaal. However,

title: Gin Gin, Queensland

text: 1956, the school expanded to offer secondary schooling, until a separate Gin Gin State High School was established on 1 February 1972. Gin Gin State Pre-School opened on 25 October 1977 and closed in 2006 when it was absorbed into Gin Gin State School. The Gin Gin Library opened in 1992. Gin Gin has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: Gin Gin, like Bundaberg, is heavily dependent on the sugar industry, with sugarcane plantations dotted throughout the area. An extensive system of sugar cane tramways service the area. Cattle production also features prominently. In recent years small cropping has taken

title: Farmers Union Gin Company

text: operate San Marcos' largest industrial facility at the time. The gin continued operations until 1966 and was later recognized by both the Texas Historical Commission and National Register of Historic Places. The present building was constructed in 1911 as a replacement for one that was destroyed by fire. Farmers Union Gin Company Farmers Union Gin Company was an American cotton processing company located in San Marcos, Texas. Its main facility, located at 120 Grove Street, is now a registered historic site. In 1908, Henry Kellerman, J. H. Barbee, A. H. Fleming, I. B. Rylander, and J. H. Williams acquired the

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: Gin Gin railway station Gin Gin railway station is a heritage-listed railway station at Mulgrave Street, Gin Gin, Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1888 to . It is also known as Gin Gin Railway Station, Goods Shed & Refreshment Rooms. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000. The township of Gin Gin was gazetted in 1877, consisting of an area of some three thousand acres on the Gin Gin run. Gin Gin was an original station of the first section of the Mount Perry railway line which opened from North Bundaberg to

title: Gin Gin, Queensland

text: bushranger James MacPherson. The Wild Scotsman Markets are held next to the historical Grounds each Saturday morning. Gin Gin is the eighteenth town mentioned in the original (Australian) version of the song "I've Been Everywhere". At the 2006 census, Gin Gin had a population of 892. Gin Gin, Queensland Gin Gin is a small town and rural locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located on the Bruce Highway, approximately west of Bundaberg and north-west of Brisbane, the state capital. The town owes its existence to its strategic location about halfway between Brisbane and Rockhampton. It is often

title: Gin Gin, Queensland

text: Gin Gin, Queensland Gin Gin is a small town and rural locality in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. It is located on the Bruce Highway, approximately west of Bundaberg and north-west of Brisbane, the state capital. The town owes its existence to its strategic location about halfway between Brisbane and Rockhampton. It is often used as a stop-over point for drivers travelling between these two centres. In the 2011 census, Gin Gin had a population of 1,190 people. The town name "Gin Gin" has sometimes been said to derive from a local Aboriginal word indicating "red soil thick scrub". However,

title: Cotton

text: using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname ""Cottonopolis"" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade. Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the modern cotton gin by the

title: Gin and tonic

text: that they were all invented and named before the worlds concerned made contact with any other worlds." James Bond specifies a recipe for a gin and tonic while in Kingston, Jamaica, in the book "Dr. No". Unusually it involves the juice of a whole lime. In the movie "The Year of Living Dangerously", Colonel Henderson, when he first meets Guy Hamilton, complains when his gin and tonic is served with ice, explaining that only Americans drink it like that. On the popular sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", character Barney Stinson played by Neil Patrick Harris is often heard ordering

title: Cotton production in the United States

text: industry continued to be very important for blacks in the southern United States, much more so than for whites. By the late 1920s around two-thirds of all African-American tenants and almost three-fourths of the croppers worked on cotton farms. Three out of four black farm operators earned at least 40% of their income from cotton farming during this period. Studies conducted during the same period indicated that two in three black women from black landowning families were involved in cotton farming. The introduction of modern textile machinery such as the spinning jenny, power loom, and cotton gin brought in more

title: Cotton module builder

text: Cotton module builder The cotton module builder is a machine used in the harvest and processing of cotton. The module builder has helped to solve a logistical bottleneck by allowing cotton to be harvested quickly and compressed into large modules which are then covered and temporarily stored at the edge of the field. The modules are later loaded onto trucks and transported to a cotton gin for processing. In 1971 the first experimental cotton module builder was designed and built by a team led by Professor Lambert H. Wilkes at Texas A&M University in cooperation with Cotton Incorporated. Cotton module

title: Cotton Belt

text: region, but agricultural land in the region is now used primarily for commodity crops such as corn, wheat, soybeans, and peanuts; livestock; and commercial timber production. Rice has also become a very valuable agricultural crop in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. Cotton Belt The Cotton Belt is a region of the Southern United States where cotton was the predominant cash crop from the late 18th century into the 20th century. Before the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton production was limited to coastal plain areas of South Carolina and Georgia, and, on a smaller scale, along the lower Mississippi

title: Cotton pad

text: item for sale. In 1891 "The Laredo Times" ran a story about women who put cotton balls in their cheeks to make themselves appear less thin. An 1898 patent by Jerome B. Dillon for a new type of umbilical bandage used an "antiseptic, absorbent cotton pad" to carry out its function. In 1937, Joseph A. Voss invented a machine which unraveled rolls of cotton and cut them at a fixed interval into cotton pads, starting the widespread consumption of cotton balls and pads. Companies producing cotton balls took out ads in newspapers as early as 1948 to promote their uses

title: Gin Gin, Queensland

text: off across farms in the district, with varied success. Gin Gin State School opened in 1882 with only one teacher in one building. Now it caters for around 450 students, mainly of rural background. As well as the students from Gin Gin itself, many students travel, mainly by bus, from surrounding properties and townships like Wallaville, Bullyard, Tirroan, McIlwraith, Maroondan and Mount Perry. The Bundaberg Regional Council operates a public library at 4 Dear Street. The "Wild Scotsman Festival" used to be held in Gin Gin on the third week of March each year to commemorate the capture of the

title: Robert S. Munger

text: both faster and with better quality. Between the Civil War and 1880, a number of new features became widely used for ginning. These included steam power instead of animal power, an automatic feeder to assure that the gin stand ran smoothly, a condenser to make the clean cotton coming out of the gin easier to handle, and indoor presses so that cotton no longer had to be carried across the gin yard to be baled. In 1879, Robert and Mary Munger invented system ginning while running Robert’s fathers gin in Rutersville. They later moved to Mexia, Texas, built a system

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: the economic development of rural Queensland. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Its use as a museum also is important in the interpretation of the complex and its significance to the local community. Gin Gin railway station Gin Gin railway station is a heritage-listed railway station at Mulgrave Street, Gin Gin, Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1888 to . It is also known as Gin Gin Railway Station, Goods Shed & Refreshment Rooms. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on

title: Cotton

text: is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated to the fifth millennium BC have been found in the Indus Valley Civilization. Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, accounting

title: Cotton picker

text: plant. The seed-cotton is then removed from the spindles by a counter-rotating doffer and is then blown up into the basket. Once the basket is full the picker dumps the seed-cotton into a "module builder". The module builder creates a compact "brick" of seed-cotton, weighing in at approximately 21,000 lb (16 un-ginned bales), which can be stored in the field or in the "gin yard" until it is ginned. Each ginned bale weighs roughly 480 lb (218.2 kg). In c.2008 the Case IH Module Express 625 was designed in collaboration with ginners and growers to provide a cotton picker with

title: Gin Gin, Queensland

text: it has also been postulated that the name comes from the Western Australian locality of Gingin. In the early 1850s, Arthur and Alfred Henry Brown who may have owned the Gingin pastoral property in the western colony, bought the large sheep station of Tirroan from William Forster which encompassed most of the Bundaberg region. Upon completion of the deal, the Brown brothers renamed the run Gin Gin after the property on the other side of the continent. The run was later purchased by Sir Thomas McIlwraith, who was Premier of Queensland three times between 1879 and 1893. The modern town

title: Gin Craze

text: Bishop of Sodor and Man, Thomas Wilson, who, in 1736, had complained that gin produced a "drunken ungovernable set of people". Prominent anti-gin campaigners included Henry Fielding (whose 1751 "Enquiry into the Late Increase in Robbers" blamed gin consumption for both increased crime and increased ill health among children), Josiah Tucker, Daniel Defoe (who had originally campaigned for the liberalisation of distilling, but later complained that drunken mothers were threatening to produce a "fine spindle-shanked generation" of children), and – briefly – William Hogarth. Hogarth's engraving "Gin Lane" is a well known image of the gin craze, and is often

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: in 1960 and removed in 1961, due to declining traffic revenues. The Gin Gin to Tirroan section was closed in 1989. The final section of the Bundaberg Railway, beyond the Versatile Toft siding (North Bundaberg to Gin Gin), closed officially to traffic on 25 January 1993, although services had been suspended in 1991. The line was sold for removal, with rail being sold off to local sugar mills for use on their tram networks. Part of the former right-of-way has been adapted for use by the Bingera Mill for its sugar tramway. The Gin Gin station complex was leased to

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: Mount Perry line was mainly from dairying, livestock and timber traffic, with sugar traffic from Gin Gin east to the Gibson and Howes mill. From 1 November 1960 the Mount Perry railway was closed beyond Tirroan, due to declining revenue. The railway beyond Tirroan was dismantled in 1961. After the transfer of sugar cane traffic from the Watawa plantation area in 1964, to the Gin Gin Central Sugar Mill at Wallaville there was little traffic beyond Gin Gin other than stock specials to the cattle loading railhead at Tirroan. The section of line from Tirroan to Mount Perry was closed

title: Gin pahit

text: Gin pahit Gin Pahit is an alcoholic drink made with gin and bitters, as enjoyed in colonial Malaya. The name means "bitter gin" in Malay. The recipe, according to the food and beverage service of the Raffles Hotel, is 1½ ounces of gin and ½ ounce of Angostura bitters. At least one book on drinks from the 1930s describes it as identical to a pink gin, which would imply considerably less bitters. It was referred to by the writer W. Somerset Maugham. For example, his short story, "P. & O." (Copyright 1926), Maugham's character Gallagher, an Irishman who had lived

title: Lancaster Cotton Oil Company

text: Hull House (1937), Cotton Seed Processing Plant (1907), Oil Storage Tanks and Shed (1907), Cotton Gin (1907), and an office (1907). It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Lancaster Cotton Oil Company Lancaster Cotton Oil Company is a historic factory complex and national historic district located at Lancaster, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It encompasses five contributing buildings and six contributing structures associated with the Lancaster Cotton Oil Company established in 1907. The Lancaster Cotton Oil Company office and seed house burned in 1913 and were replaced as the company continued to grow. After the post-World

title: Gin

text: beverage of no less than 40 per cent ABV (80 proof) that possesses the characteristic flavour of juniper berries. Gin produced only through distillation or redistillation of aromatics with an alcoholic wash can be further distinguished and marketed as "distilled gin". The Canadian Food and Drug Regulation recognises gin with three different definitions (Genever, Gin, London or Dry gin) that loosely approximate the US definitions. Whereas a more detailed regulation is provided for Holland gin or genever, no distinction is made between compounded gin and distilled gin. Either compounded or distilled gin can be labeled as Dry Gin or London

title: Cotton candy

text: not generally available to the average person. Others suggest versions of spun sugar originated in Italy as early as the 15th century. Machine-spun cotton candy was invented in 1897 by dentist William Morrison and confectioner John C. Wharton, and first introduced to a wide audience at the 1904 World's Fair as "Fairy Floss" with great success, selling 68,655 boxes at 25¢ per box (equivalent to $6 per box today). Joseph Lascaux, a dentist from New Orleans, Louisiana, invented a similar cotton candy machine in 1921. In fact, the Lascaux patent named the sweet confection “cotton candy” and the "fairy floss"

title: Cotton

text: time around the 16th century, and is still used in India through to the present day. Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for

title: Mughal Empire

text: trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century. The worm gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century, and is still used in India through to the present day. Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns

title: Burton Farmers Gin

text: that operated in Burton; two ceased operations by the 1910s and the Bauer Gin operated until 1948; these others are all gone. This gin was established by a group of farmers who formed the Burton Farmers Gin Association in 1913. Built in 1914, the gin has gone through numerous alteration and additions. The gin has a 125-HP Bessemer engine, which replaced the original steam engine in 1926. The gin ceased operations in 1974 but its equipment remained in place, and it was in "magnificent" condition. As of 1991, the only other surviving gin was a brick ginhouse in Brenham, Texas.

title: The Gin Game

text: an expected closing date of January 10, 2016. It stars James Earl Jones and Cicely Tyson, with direction by Leonard Foglia. Adaptations for television versions were made in 1981 with Cronyn and Tandy. Dick Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore appeared in a televised film on PBS in May 2003. "The Gin Game" won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for 1978. The Pulitzer jury, in awarding the prize, said: "The one new play...of sufficient originality, invention and staying power was 'The Gin Game'". The Gin Game The Gin Game is a two-person, two-act play by Donald L. Coburn that premiered

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: the Gin Gin and District Historical Society in 1993, following closure of the railway. The complex was purchased by the Kolan Shire Council in 1995 for the use of the Historical Society. Other buildings have been transported on to the site by the Gin Gin and District Historical Society including a school house, and police residence, barn and indigenous museum (housed within the former goods shed). The additional buildings have not been relocated to the immediate vicinity of the former railway yard, and as a result do not detract from the visual appeal of the railway complex Within the former

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: line. A new goods shed, and combined shelter shed and station office were built in 1888/89. A refreshment room was provided from the period of 1891 until 1960. The shed was destroyed by fire on 7 November 1917. In 1928 the complex consisted of a station building, lamp room, trucking (cattle handling) yards, goods shed with crane, trike sheds and the station master's residence. Gin Gin was to become the major regional transport centre within the central part of the Burnett area, and a major transport centre within the region. Given that Gin Gin was also situated on the main

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. The Gin Gin Railway Station and Complex is important as a substantially intact example of a country branchline station and its associated buildings and infrastructure. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. The Gin Gin Railway Station and Complex is important as a substantially intact example of a country branchline station and its associated buildings and infrastructure. Its survival as a relatively intact group of railway buildings dating from various periods allows for the interpretation of the importance of the Queensland Railway network in

title: Gin Gin railway station

text: goods shed is a timber-framed weatherboard clad building with out shade and with windows sealed through boarding. It has one sliding door mounted on opposite sides of the shed, and the loading platform has been partly demolished. Goods crane is a one-ton whip crane bearing a manufacturing plate of Sargeant engineers, Brisbane. The former Station Masters house is a simply detailed building elevated with a corrugated iron hipped roof and verandah post brackets. The building at present is occupied by the Gin Gin and District Historical Society. Gin Gin Railway Station and Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register

title: Gin Family Association

text: Gin Family Association Gin Sun Hall Benevolent Association (), also referred to as the Gin Family Association, was founded by members of the (甄) clan, who emigrated from China to various parts of the world, seeking a better life. The Chinese surname 甄 is transliterated to a number of forms, including Chin, Gyn, Gean, Gen, Gene, Jen, Jin, Ying, Yan, Yen and Zhen. Gin Family Associations around the world are usually named in honor of the common ancestor of the Clan from the Pearl River Delta of China, Gin Sun Hall (甄舜河,). Today, there are a number of Gin Sun

title: Gin

text: illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings "Beer Street and Gin Lane" (1751), described by the BBC as "arguably the most potent anti-drug poster ever conceived." The negative reputation of gin survives today in the English language, in terms like "gin mills" or the American phrase "gin joints" to describe disreputable bars, or "gin-soaked" to refer to drunks. The epithet "mother's ruin" is a common British name for gin, the origin of which is the subject of ongoing debate. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually

title: Gin people

text: Mandarin, and another third who are bilingual in the Gin and Han Chinese languages. The survey suggested a decline in the use of the Gin language, but in the 2000s, there appeared to be a revival in the use of the language. In addition to using Hanzi, the Gin have their unique Zinan script, referred to as Chu Nom in Vietnamese, which is similar to the Zhuang old script. Created on the basis of the script of the Han people towards the end of the 13th century, it is found in old song books and religious scriptures. Most Gin read

title: Gin people

text: Gin people The Gin or Jing people (; Yale: "Gīng juhk"; Vietnamese: "Kinh tộc" or "người Kinh") are an ethnic minority group that live in southeastern China, who are descendants of ethnic Vietnamese. The native name of the Gin, Kinh, simply means Vietnamese people and the Chinese character for the ethnic group, 京, is the same as in Sino-Vietnamese. They mainly live on three islands off the coast of Dongxing, Fangchenggang, in the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi. The Gin population was estimated to be just over 28,000 as of 2010. This number does not include the 36,205 Vietnamese nationals

title: Cotton picker

text: Cotton picker The cotton picker is a machine that automates cotton harvesting in a way that reduces harvest time and maximizes efficiency. Cotton picking was originally done by hand. In many societies, like America, slave and serf labor was utilized to pick the cotton, increasing the plantation owner's profit margins (See Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade). The first practical cotton picker was invented over a period of years beginning in the late 1920s by John Daniel Rust (1892–1954) with the later help of his brother Mack Rust. Other inventors had tried designs with a barbed spindle to twist cotton fibers onto the

title: Go for Gin

text: Go for Gin Go for Gin (foaled April 18, 1991 in Kentucky) is an American thoroughbred racehorse best known as the winner of the 1994 Kentucky Derby. He was sired by Cormorant out of the dam Never Knock. He was ridden in the Derby by Chris McCarron, who had previously won the race on Alysheba. Born in Kentucky in 1991, Go for Gin was bred by Pamela duPont Darmstadt and trained by Nick Zito, who also trained 1991 Kentucky Derby winner Strike the Gold. In 1995, Go for Gin suffered a small tear of a tendon sheath in his left