query: What Spanish explorer discovered the Mississippi River?

title: Mississippi River

text: as the "Gichi-ziibi". The Cheyenne, one of the earliest inhabitants of the upper Mississippi River, called it the "Máʼxe-éʼometaaʼe" (Big Greasy River) in the Cheyenne language. The Arapaho name for the river is "Beesniicíe". The Pawnee name is "Kickaátit". The Mississippi was spelled during French Louisiana and was also known as the Rivière Saint-Louis. On May 8, 1541, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto became the first recorded European to reach the Mississippi River, which he called "Río del Espíritu Santo" ("River of the Holy Spirit"), in the area of what is now Mississippi. In Spanish, the river is called "Río

title: Life on the Mississippi

text: Life on the Mississippi Life on the Mississippi (1883) is a memoir by Mark Twain of his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the American Civil War, and also a travel book, recounting his trip along the Mississippi River from St. Louis to New Orleans many years after the War. The book begins with a brief history of the river as reported by Europeans and Americans, beginning with the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1542. It continues with anecdotes of Twain's training as a steamboat pilot, as the 'cub' (apprentice) of an experienced pilot, Horace

title: Commerce, Mississippi

text: Commerce, Mississippi Commerce is a ghost town in Tunica County, Mississippi, United States. Commerce Landing was the town's port. Commerce is located on the Mississippi River, west of Tunica Resorts. Once a thriving river port, Commerce today is farmland surrounded by large casinos. Little remains of the original community. Commerce Landing is one of two hypothesized locations where Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto may have crossed the Mississippi River (the other is Friars Point, Mississippi). Archeological sites at Commerce have dated to around 1541, and three archeological sites near Commerce have been found to contain Late Mississippian ceramics, which corresponds

title: Friars Point, Mississippi

text: Friars Point, Mississippi Friars Point is a town in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,200 at the 2010 census, down from 1,480 in 2000. Situated on the Mississippi River, Friars Point was once a busy port town, and remains the only place in Coahoma County with public access to the river's shore. Friars Point is one of two hypothesized locations where Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto may have crossed the Mississippi River (the other is Commerce, Mississippi). The town was founded in 1836 and originally called "Farrar's Point". When the town incorporated in 1852, its name was

title: Minter City, Mississippi

text: Minter City, Mississippi Minter City is an unincorporated community located in Leflore County and in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. It is part of the Greenwood, Mississippi micropolitan area, and is within the Mississippi Delta. Mississippi Highway 8 intersects U.S. Route 49E southwest of Minter City, and the Tallahatchie River flows to the east. There is a post office located on U.S. Route 49E, with a ZIP code of 38944. Variant names for the original settlement were "Walnut Place Landing" and "Minter City Landing". Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto may have crossed the Tallahatchie River near Minter City as his party traveled

title: Hernando, Mississippi

text: Chickasaw finally signed a treaty to cede most of their lands in this area. Most of the tribe were removed to west of the Mississippi River in Indian Territory. This town was originally called Jefferson when it was settled by European Americans. It was renamed as Hernando in 1832, after the Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. He was the first European to discover the Mississippi River. Like other floodplain areas along the Mississippi, the area of the county was developed by European Americans during the antebellum years for cotton plantations, dependent on the enslaved labor of African Americans. During the

title: Minter City, Mississippi

text: city, and there is a public boat launch. Minter City, Mississippi Minter City is an unincorporated community located in Leflore County and in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. It is part of the Greenwood, Mississippi micropolitan area, and is within the Mississippi Delta. Mississippi Highway 8 intersects U.S. Route 49E southwest of Minter City, and the Tallahatchie River flows to the east. There is a post office located on U.S. Route 49E, with a ZIP code of 38944. Variant names for the original settlement were "Walnut Place Landing" and "Minter City Landing". Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto may have crossed the Tallahatchie

title: Mississippi

text: into the territory that became Mississippi was that of the Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto, who passed through the northeast part of the state in 1540, in his second expedition to the New World. In April 1699, French colonists established the first European settlement at "Fort Maurepas" (also known as Old Biloxi), built in the vicinity of present-day Ocean Springs on the Gulf Coast. It was settled by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. In 1716, the French founded Natchez on the Mississippi River (as "Fort Rosalie"); it became the dominant town and trading post of the area. The French called the

title: Arkansas River

text: thousands of years. The first Europeans to see the river were members of the Spanish Coronado expedition on June 29, 1541. Also in the 1540s, Hernando de Soto discovered the junction of the Arkansas with the Mississippi. The Spanish originally called the river "Napeste". "The name "Arkansas" was first applied by Father Jacques Marquette, who called the river "Akansa" in his journal of 1673. The Joliet-Marquette expedition travelled the Mississippi River from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin towards the Gulf of Mexico, but turned back at the mouth of the Arkansas River. By that time, they had encountered Native Americans carrying

title: Arkansas River Valley

text: Much of what is known about these early societies has been uncovered by the Arkansas Archaeological Survey and the Arkansas Archaeological Society at Carden Bottoms in Yell County near the Arkansas and Petit Jean Rivers. Research at the site has linked artifacts to cave art (pictured at right) in a cave on Petit Jean Mountain, as well as establishing links to the Caddo, Osage, and Quapaw tribes. Hernando de Soto became the first European explorer to enter Arkansas in 1541. His expedition of 600 Spanish explorers searching for gold and riches crossed into Arkansas across the Mississippi River, and explored

title: Mississippi County, Missouri

text: on the west. In 1540, the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto penetrated to the Arkansas River and perhaps well into present-day southeastern Missouri, which was then populated by various Native American tribes, including the Osage. Under pressure from a constantly advancing white settlement, the Native Americans gradually retreated westward. The area of southeastern Missouri was noted for its level swampy lowlands, subject to the seasonal flooding of the Mississippi River, which had resulted in extremely fertile soil. By 1820 American pioneers, many migrating from the southern states, had settled most of the present counties of southeastern Missouri. The settlers were

title: DeSoto County, Mississippi

text: DeSoto County, Mississippi DeSoto County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 161,252, making it the third-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Hernando. DeSoto County is part of the Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). It is the second-most populous county in the MSA. The county has lowland areas that were developed in the 19th century for cotton plantations, and hill country in the eastern part of the county. The county is named for Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto, the first European explorer to reach the

title: Mississippi River floods

text: Mississippi River floods The Mississippi River and its tributaries have flooded on numerous occasions.<ref name='SR/SSD 98-9'> </ref> This is a list of major floods. Hernando de Soto's party was passing through a village at the confluence of the Mississippi River and Arkansas River on March 18. The ensuing flood only allowed passage by canoe and inundated fields surrounding the town. The flooding reportedly lasted for 40 days. From December to June the City of New Orleans was inundated. In July, severe flooding of the Mississippi River resulted from a hurricane landfall. All of the lower Mississippi River was inundated by

title: Sunflower Landing, Mississippi

text: Sunflower Landing, Mississippi Sunflower Landing is an unincorporated community in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. The settlement is located on the easternmost shore of Desoto Lake, an oxbow lake. Prior to 1942, Desoto Lake was part of the contiguous Mississippi River, and Sunflower Landing was a riverport on the eastern shore of Sunflower Bend. A commission appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 determined that Sunflower Landing was the "most likely" place where explorer Hernando de Soto and his expedition crossed the Mississippi River in 1541. It was theorized that de Soto and his men spent a month building flatboats

title: History of Randolph, Tennessee

text: provided, but that they were two distinct places. History of Randolph, Tennessee Randolph is an unincorporated rural community in Tipton County, Tennessee, United States, located on the banks of the Mississippi River. The lands of the Mississippi River Basin were inhabited by Paleo-Indians and later Native American tribes of the Mississippian culture for thousands of years. The Tipton Phase people and the Chickasaw Indian tribe populated the Mississippi River valley near Randolph during the Mississippian period. In 1541, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto crossed the Mississippi River at or near Randolph. French explorer Cavelier de La Salle built the first

title: History of Randolph, Tennessee

text: History of Randolph, Tennessee Randolph is an unincorporated rural community in Tipton County, Tennessee, United States, located on the banks of the Mississippi River. The lands of the Mississippi River Basin were inhabited by Paleo-Indians and later Native American tribes of the Mississippian culture for thousands of years. The Tipton Phase people and the Chickasaw Indian tribe populated the Mississippi River valley near Randolph during the Mississippian period. In 1541, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto crossed the Mississippi River at or near Randolph. French explorer Cavelier de La Salle built the first French fortification at or near Randolph on his

title: Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations

text: and La Guajira departments. The territory was discovered by Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojeda in 1499, though he never landed. A short time later, Juan de la Cosa, another Spanish explorer, landed on what is today called Cabo de la Vela (Cape of Sails) in the Guajira Peninsula. In 1502, on another coast of present-day Colombia, near the Gulf of Urabá, Spanish explorers led by Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored and conquered the area near the Atrato River. There they founded Santa María la Antigua del Darién (c. 1509) and the now-vanished town of San Sebastian de Urabá (c. 1508-1510),

title: Old Spanish Fort (Pascagoula, Mississippi)

text: Old Spanish Fort (Pascagoula, Mississippi) Old Spanish Fort, also known as "Old French Fort" and "LaPointe-Krebs House", was built on the shore of Lake Catahoula (Krebs Lake) near what is now Pascagoula, Mississippi, by French Canadian Joseph Simon de la Pointe. Construction of the house dates back to 1757, based on dendrochronology examination of structural timbers, making it the state's oldest surviving building, the state's only French Colonial structure still in existence, and the oldest scientifically-confirmed standing structure in the Mississippi River Valley. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and was designated a

title: Capes on the Mississippi River

text: not just the ocean. Spanish authorities also used the term "cabo" (cape) for points on the Mississippi River. Along the Mississippi River between St. Louis and Cairo there are a number of capes of French origin. Capes on the Mississippi River The term cape has a different tradition of usage in the American Midwest along the Mississippi River. The middle Mississippi River Valley once formed part of the French Colonies of Quebec and Louisiana, also referred to as Upper Louisiana (Haute-Louisiane) or the Illinois Country (Pays des Illinois). The Illinois Country also included the left bank of the Mississippi River

title: Mississippi River

text: to 1898, operated a luxurious fleet of steamers between St. Louis and New Orleans. Italian explorer Giacomo Beltrami, wrote about his journey on the Virginia, which was the first steam boat to make it to Fort St. Anthony in Minnesota. He referred to his voyage as a promenade that was once a journey on the Mississippi. The steamboat era changed the economic and political life of the Mississippi, as well as the nature of travel itself. The Mississippi was completely changed by the steamboat era as it transformed into a flourishing tourists trade. Control of the river was a strategic

title: William Dunbar (explorer)

text: Dearborn. Dunbar used his experience from the first Red River expedition to plan this one; among his ideas was to use a boat suited for inland exploration in the trans-Mississippi region. This expedition was led by astronomer/surveyor Thomas Freeman and medical student Peter Custis, and it reached up the river before being halted by a Spanish military force. William Dunbar (explorer) William Dunbar (1750–1810) was a Scottish and American merchant, plantation owner, naturalist, astronomer and explorer. William Dunbar was born in Duffus House, Duffus Parish near Elgin, Scotland. His family's roots can be traced back to at least the tenth

title: Mississippi River Delta

text: follows: The history and culture that is linked to the Mississippi River Delta is as unique as its geologic landscape. The mouth of the Mississippi River was discovered in 1519 by Alvarez de Pineda of Spain. Robert Cavelier de La Salle claimed the territory around the mouth of the Mississippi River for France in 1682, and the region grew with importance with its strategic location for trade and security. In 1699 the French built their first crude fort at La Balize, on the Southeast Pass in Pass á Loutre, to control passage on the Mississippi. By 1721, they had built

title: Spanish Fort Site (Holly Bluff, Mississippi)

text: Spanish Fort Site (Holly Bluff, Mississippi) The Spanish Fort Site (22-SH-500) is an archaeological site in the Delta region of the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is one of three major earthwork sites in the far southern portion of the Yazoo River valley, and it has been designated a historic site because of its archaeological value. Despite its name, the site was not built by the Spanish, and its original purpose is believed to have been ceremonial, not martial. The Spanish Fort Site lies along the Sunflower River nearly downstream from the community of Holly Bluff. Along with the nearby

text: National Register. Spanish Fort Site (Holly Bluff, Mississippi) The Spanish Fort Site (22-SH-500) is an archaeological site in the Delta region of the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is one of three major earthwork sites in the far southern portion of the Yazoo River valley, and it has been designated a historic site because of its archaeological value. Despite its name, the site was not built by the Spanish, and its original purpose is believed to have been ceremonial, not martial. The Spanish Fort Site lies along the Sunflower River nearly downstream from the community of Holly Bluff. Along with

title: Mississippi River Watershed Conservation Programs

text: Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force and USDA programs such as the Upper Mississippi River Forestry Partnership and the Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative contribute to conserving what is left of the Mississippi River watershed. Conservation of the Mississippi River Watershed has become an important issue that many organizations are undertaking because the capacity of the river to remove nutrients from the water is decreasing and the surrounding ecosystems are being diminished. The Mississippi River Basin encompasses 31 U.S. states with an area of 1,837,000 square miles. The Mississippi River's capacity to remove nutrients has diminished due to a range

title: Yazoo River

text: Yazoo River The Yazoo River is a river in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is considered by some to mark the southern boundary of what is called the Mississippi Delta, a broad floodplain that was cultivated for cotton plantations before the American Civil War. It has continued to be devoted to large-scale agriculture. The Yazoo River was named by French explorer La Salle in 1682 as "Rivière des Yazous" in reference to the Yazoo tribe living near the river's mouth at its confluence with the Mississippi. The exact meaning of the term is unclear. One long held belief is

title: Mississippi River

text: discharge of the Mississippi at Thebes, Illinois (just upriver from Cairo) is . Thus, by volume, the main branch of the Mississippi River system at Cairo can be considered to be the Ohio River (and the Allegheny River further upstream), rather than the Middle Mississippi. In addition to the Ohio River, the major tributaries of the Lower Mississippi River are the White River, flowing in at the White River National Wildlife Refuge in east central Arkansas; the Arkansas River, joining the Mississippi at Arkansas Post; the Big Black River in Mississippi; and the Yazoo River, meeting the Mississippi at Vicksburg,

title: Mississippi River Delta

text: its residents. The Mississippi River Delta is home to more than two million people. The location of the delta at the mouth of the Mississippi River allowed for the area to be a cultural gateway into the United States, and influenced the mix of nationalities which settled in the area over time, forming the diversity of the region. Louisiana's first 18th century colonists were French, but they were soon joined by Spanish and Acadian settlers. The region has been home to other European-immigrant ethnic groups, beginning in the 19th century, including German, Sicilian, and Irish. There are also the Africans,

title: Mississippi River System

text: Mississippi River, was used by Union armies as a means of invading and was host to several large battles during the U.S. Civil War. Mark Twain is regarded as having a large impact on molding U.S. literature into what it is today because of his profound works on adventures and life on the rivers. Today, the Mississippi River System, along with its connecting tributaries, is primarily used for transporting agricultural and manufactured goods across the span of the country. Among these goods is iron, steel, and mine products. The two largest rivers in the system, the Mississippi and Missouri, share

title: Mississippi River

text: following the death of La Salle. The French built the small fort of La Balise there to control passage. In 1718, about upriver, New Orleans was established along the river crescent by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, with construction patterned after the 1711 resettlement on Mobile Bay of Mobile, the capital of French Louisiana at the time. Following Britain's victory in the Seven Years War the Mississippi became the border between the British and Spanish Empires. The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Great Britain rights to all land east of the Mississippi and Spain rights to land west of

title: Mississippi River

text: either side. The height of these bluffs decreases to the south of Dubuque, though they are still significant through Savanna, Illinois. This topography contrasts strongly with the Lower Mississippi, which is a meandering river in a broad, flat area, only rarely flowing alongside a bluff (as at Vicksburg, Mississippi). The Mississippi River is known as the Middle Mississippi from the Upper Mississippi River's confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri, for to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois. The Middle Mississippi is relatively free-flowing. From St. Louis to the Ohio River confluence, the Middle Mississippi

title: River aux Vases (Mississippi River)

text: by the Spanish government to establish a sugar mill along the creek. Over time the area around River aux Vases became known as a breeding center for mules. Mining was also prominent in the area and River aux Vases sandstone was used in the abutments of Eads Bridge in downtown St. Louis, with decorative onyx and limestone quarried nearby. River aux Vases rises near Jonca in Union Township in the western part of Ste. Genevieve County, and flows east through Hawn State Park and empties into the Mississippi River about two miles north of St. Marys, Missouri at an elevation

title: Mississippi River

text: falls over for an average rate of . At its confluence with the Ohio River, the Middle Mississippi is above sea level. Apart from the Missouri and Meramec rivers of Missouri and the Kaskaskia River of Illinois, no major tributaries enter the Middle Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is called the Lower Mississippi River from its confluence with the Ohio River to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about . At the confluence of the Ohio and the Middle Mississippi, the long-term mean discharge of the Ohio at Cairo, Illinois is , while the long-term mean

title: Capes on the Mississippi River

text: Capes on the Mississippi River The term cape has a different tradition of usage in the American Midwest along the Mississippi River. The middle Mississippi River Valley once formed part of the French Colonies of Quebec and Louisiana, also referred to as Upper Louisiana (Haute-Louisiane) or the Illinois Country (Pays des Illinois). The Illinois Country also included the left bank of the Mississippi River in present-day Missouri. The French explorers and mapmakers used the word cape (or in French, "cap") to describe the bluffs and promontories along the Mississippi River. A "cap" could sit next to any body of water,

title: Nitrate in the Mississippi River Basin

text: Mississippi River from changing course.This study shows that from 1980 to 2010, the nitrate concentrations remained constant; however, there was a 12% increase in the concentration from 2000 to 2010. The sources of this nitrogen are unknown and the reasons as to why nitrate is increasing in some areas of the Mississippi River Basin while decreasing in others is still a mystery. However, nitrate concentrations were higher during the fall and winter months as opposed to the spring and summer months. This general increasing trend is what leads scientists to believe the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico at

title: Mississippi River

text: Mississippi. The widest point of the Mississippi River is in the Lower Mississippi portion where it exceeds in width in several places. Deliberate water diversion at the Old River Control Structure in Louisiana allows the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana to be a major distributary of the Mississippi River, with 30% of the Mississippi flowing to the Gulf of Mexico by this route, rather than continuing down the Mississippi's current channel past Baton Rouge and New Orleans on a longer route to the Gulf. Although the Red River is commonly thought to be a tributary, it is actually not, because its

title: Mississippi River

text: the river itself, its watershed, its outflow, its prehistoric and historic course changes, and possibilities of future course changes. The New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway and its adjacent lands. The Mississippi River can be divided into three sections: the Upper Mississippi, the river from its headwaters to the confluence with the Missouri River; the Middle Mississippi, which is downriver from the Missouri to the Ohio River; and the Lower Mississippi, which flows from the Ohio

title: Upper Mississippi River

text: The collapse of ice dams holding back Glacial Lake Duluth and Glacial Lake Grantsburg carved out the Dalles of the St. Croix River. "The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during what had been referred to as the 'Nebraskan' glaciation. Current terminology would place this as Pre-Illinoian Stage." The Driftless Area is a portion of North America left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes. Inasmuch as the Wisconsin glaciation formed lobes that met (and blocked) where the Mississippi now flows, and given that huge amounts

title: Mississippi River campaigns

text: Mississippi River campaigns The Mississippi River campaigns, within the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, were a series of military actions by the Union Army during which Union troops, helped by Union Navy gunboats and river ironclads, took control of the Cumberland River, the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River, main north-south avenues of transport. In July 1863, the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States of America was split from the Confederate States east of the river when the Union gained control of the entire Mississippi River. The Union then controlled a main artery of transportation for the South,

title: Lower Mississippi River

text: Lower Mississippi River The Lower Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River downstream of Cairo, Illinois. From the confluence of the Ohio River and Upper Mississippi River at Cairo, the Lower flows just under 1600 kilometers (1000 mi) to the Gulf of Mexico. It is the most heavily travelled component of the Mississippi River System. Unlike on the upper rivers, there are no locks or dams on the Lower Mississippi. The river is, however, constrained by levees and dikes to control flooding and secure a navigation channel for barges. The Old River Control Structure, the Bonnet Carré Spillway,

title: Lower Mississippi River

text: allow New Panamax ship depths. Lower Mississippi River The Lower Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River downstream of Cairo, Illinois. From the confluence of the Ohio River and Upper Mississippi River at Cairo, the Lower flows just under 1600 kilometers (1000 mi) to the Gulf of Mexico. It is the most heavily travelled component of the Mississippi River System. Unlike on the upper rivers, there are no locks or dams on the Lower Mississippi. The river is, however, constrained by levees and dikes to control flooding and secure a navigation channel for barges. The Old River Control

title: Mississippi River campaigns

text: forces of the Western Gunboat Flotilla, predecessor of the Mississippi River Squadron, were led by Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote. Key military actions along the Mississippi River included the Island No. 10, the Battle of Memphis, Siege of Vicksburg, and Siege of Port Hudson. Mississippi River campaigns The Mississippi River campaigns, within the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, were a series of military actions by the Union Army during which Union troops, helped by Union Navy gunboats and river ironclads, took control of the Cumberland River, the Tennessee River and the Mississippi River, main north-south avenues of transport.

title: Mississippi River

text: on the Upper Mississippi is a simple steel culvert, through which the river (locally named "Nicolet Creek") flows north from Lake Nicolet under "Wilderness Road" to the West Arm of Lake Itasca, within Itasca State Park. The earliest bridge across the Mississippi River was built in 1855. It spanned the river in Minneapolis where the current Hennepin Avenue Bridge is located. No highway or railroad tunnels cross under the Mississippi River. The first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was built in 1856. It spanned the river between the Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois and Davenport, Iowa. Steamboat captains of the

title: Mississippi River

text: flowing into Cass Lake, the name of the river changes to "Gaa-miskwaawaakokaag-ziibi" (Red Cedar River) and then out of Lake Winnibigoshish as "Wiinibiigoonzhish-ziibi" (Miserable Wretched Dirty Water River), "Gichi-ziibi" (Big River) after the confluence with the Leech Lake River, then finally as "Misi-ziibi" (Great River) after the confluence with the Crow Wing River. After the expeditions by Giacomo Beltrami and Henry Schoolcraft, the longest stream above the juncture of the Crow Wing River and "Gichi-ziibi" was named "Mississippi River". The Mississippi River Band of Chippewa Indians, known as the "Gichi-ziibiwininiwag", are named after the stretch of the Mississippi River known

title: Coldwater River (Mississippi)

text: Coldwater River (Mississippi) The Coldwater River is a river which flows for through northwestern Mississippi in the United States. It is a tributary of the Tallahatchie River, and part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, via the Yazoo River. In the past, the Coldwater River has been referred to as the Okalopasaw, Copasaw, or Cold Water River. The one-word name "Coldwater" was officially settled upon in 1891. The Coldwater River rises in Marshall County, Mississippi, along Mississippi Highway 4 near the Benton County line. The river then flows northwest through a corner of Benton County and then the breadth

title: Mississippi River System

text: Mississippi River System The Mississippi River System, also referred to as the Western Rivers, is a mostly riverine network of the United States which includes the Mississippi River and connecting waterways. The Mississippi River is the largest drainage basin in the United States. In the United States, the Mississippi drains about forty-one percent of the country's rivers. From the perspective of natural geography and hydrology, the system consists of the Mississippi River itself and its numerous natural tributaries and distributaries. The major tributaries are the Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio and Red rivers. Given their flow volumes, major Ohio River tributaries

title: Upper Mississippi River

text: provide a collective 123 meters (404 ft) of lift. The Army Corps of Engineers has studied expanding locks 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 on the Upper Mississippi. Upper Mississippi River The Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of Cairo, Illinois, United States. From the headwaters at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, the river flows approximately 2000 kilometers (1250 mi) to Cairo, where it is joined by the Ohio River to form the Lower Mississippi River. In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the

title: Mississippi River

text: the Great Lakes. In 1848, the continental divide separating the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley was breached by the Illinois and Michigan canal via the Chicago River. This both accelerated the development, and forever changed the ecology of the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes. In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France, calling the river "Colbert River" after Jean-Baptiste Colbert and the region "La Louisiane", for King Louis XIV. On March 2, 1699, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi,

title: Mississippi River

text: Mississippi River basin was largely shaped by the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the most recent Ice Age. The southernmost extent of this enormous glaciation extended well into the present-day United States and Mississippi basin. When the ice sheet began to recede, hundreds of feet of rich sediment were deposited, creating the flat and fertile landscape of the Mississippi Valley. During the melt, giant glacial rivers found drainage paths into the Mississippi watershed, creating such features as the Minnesota River, James River, and Milk River valleys. When the ice sheet completely retreated, many of these "temporary" rivers found paths to Hudson

title: Upper Mississippi River

text: Upper Mississippi River The Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of Cairo, Illinois, United States. From the headwaters at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, the river flows approximately 2000 kilometers (1250 mi) to Cairo, where it is joined by the Ohio River to form the Lower Mississippi River. In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the now-extinct Glacial River Warren which carved the valley of the Minnesota River, permitting the immense Glacial Lake Agassiz to join the world's oceans at the Gulf of Mexico.

title: Mississippi River System

text: Mississippi at Pere Marquette State Park, which is near Grafton. The confluence of the rivers offers vistas that seem endless. The Illinois River is relatively shallow, just like the Mississippi. In addition, the Illinois River is a "managed" river, just as the Mississippi River is. In 1848, the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River through the Illinois River to promote commerce. The Missouri River is a long stream that originates in southwest Montana and flows southeasterly for 2,522 miles; passing through six states before finally entering the Mississippi River at St. Louis. The

title: Philadelphia, Mississippi

text: boots to flour, feed and fashion. Many thousands of years ago, Paleo-Indians lived in what today is referred to as the American South. The Native American Choctaw people are descended from the Mississippian and other societies in the Mississippi river valley encountered by Spanish explorers in the early 16th century. The Choctaw arose as a distinct people in the early 17th century and had trade relations with the French, British and Spanish during the colonial period. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, Choctaw lands Alabama and Mississippi were encroached on by European-American settlers. Trying to create

title: Mississippi River System

text: these problems. The Clean Water Act has reduced much of the pollution in the Mississippi River from “point sources” such as industries and water treatment plants, but problems stemming from urban runoff, and agriculture have proven more difficult to address. Mississippi River System The Mississippi River System, also referred to as the Western Rivers, is a mostly riverine network of the United States which includes the Mississippi River and connecting waterways. The Mississippi River is the largest drainage basin in the United States. In the United States, the Mississippi drains about forty-one percent of the country's rivers. From the perspective

title: Juan Pardo (explorer)

text: fully excavated one of the burned huts. They found a Spanish iron scale typical of what the expedition would have used. Clark, Larry Richard (2015). The Last Conquistadors of Southeast North America: Pedro Menendez and the Collapse of La Florida's Frontier. Morganton, NC: TimeSpan Press. Juan Pardo (explorer) Juan Pardo was a Spanish explorer who was active in the later half of the sixteenth century. He led a Spanish expedition through what is now North and South Carolina and into eastern Tennessee. He established Fort San Felipe, South Carolina (1566), and the village of Santa Elena on present-day Parris Island,

title: Fox River (Green Bay tributary)

text: roughly half the estimated 25,000 Native Americans who lived in what is today Wisconsin. The first Europeans to reach the Fox were French, beginning with explorer Jean Nicolet in 1634. In 1673 explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet canoed up the river as far as Portage. Here they made the short portage from the Fox to the Wisconsin River and then canoed on toward the Mississippi River. They established an important water route between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River known as the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway. It was likely long used by Native Americans prior to European encounter, as they

title: Mississippi River System

text: and dumping the Mississippi River. Its length of 1,469 miles allows it to flow through Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. It is the sixth longest river in the US, the second longest tributary to the Mississippi River System, and the 45th longest river in the world. The Illinois River is a principal tributary of the Mississippi River. The river runs approximately 273 miles (439 km) long, in the U.S. state of Illinois. This river was important among Native Americans and early French traders as the principal water route connecting the Great Lakes with the Mississippi. The Illinois River meets the

title: Mississippi River

text: Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the second longest river of the United States and the chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. Its source is Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The main stem is entirely within the United States; the total drainage basin is ,

title: Mississippi River

text: Lake Itasca, the Mississippi has a length of 2,320 miles (3,730 km). When measured from its longest stream source (most distant source from the sea), Brower's Spring in Montana, the source of the Missouri River, it has a length of 3,710 miles, making it the fourth longest river in the world after the Nile, Amazon, and Yangtze. When measured by the largest stream source (by water volume), the Ohio River, by extension the Allegheny River, would be the source, and the Mississippi would begin in Pennsylvania. The Mississippi River runs through or along 10 states, from Minnesota to Louisiana, and

title: Mississippi River

text: and interpreting the Mississippi River itself. The other six National Park Service sites along the river are (listed from north to south): The Mississippi basin is home to a highly diverse aquatic fauna and has been called the "mother fauna" of North American fresh water. About 375 fish species are known from the Mississippi basin, far exceeding other North Hemisphere river basin exclusively within temperate/subtropical regions, except the Yangtze. Within the Mississippi basin, streams that have their source in the Appalachian and Ozark highlands contain especially many species. Among the fish species in the basin are numerous endemics, as well

title: Mississippi River

text: Mississippi". French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century. Marquette traveled with a Sioux Indian who named it "Ne Tongo" ("Big river" in Sioux language) in 1673. Marquette proposed calling it the "River of the Immaculate Conception". When Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi Valley in the 17th century, natives guided him to a quicker way to return to French Canada via the Illinois River. When he found the Chicago Portage, he remarked that a canal of "only half a league" (less than 2 miles (3.2 km), 3 km) would join the Mississippi and

title: Mississippi River Pilot

text: Mississippi River Pilot A Mississippi River Pilot is responsible for guiding ships along the Mississippi River, including across the bar from the Gulf of Mexico, through the shifting sandbars and passages at the mouth, and upriver to New Orleans and Baton Rouge. On the Lower Mississippi River, the Associated Branch Pilots supplies River Pilots between the Gulf of Mexico and Pilottown, Louisiana. The Crescent River Port Pilots Association supplies River Pilots between Pilottown and New Orleans, Louisiana, and the New Orleans-Baton Rouge Steamship Pilots Association supplies River Pilots between New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The Associated Federal Pilots and

title: Robertson County, Tennessee

text: District (also spelled Mero), named after the Spanish Governor Esteban Rodríguez Miró of what was then Louisiana on the west side of the Mississippi River. Miró had served with Spanish troops that assisted the Americans during their war for independence. James Robertson, the explorer for whom this county was named, was trying to create an alliance with Miró that would allow free movement on the Mississippi River (which Spain controlled) to settlers on the Cumberland frontier. This territory was first known as Tennessee County before statehood. It was organized as Robertson County in 1796, at the same time as Montgomery

title: Mississippi River Pilot

text: Docking Masters of Louisiana are pilots who deal strictly with US Flagged vessels and operate from Southwest Pass to Baton Rouge, the longest transit of the 4 pilot associations in the river. "See" "Out of the River", MSNBC travelogue on Pilottown Mississippi River Pilot A Mississippi River Pilot is responsible for guiding ships along the Mississippi River, including across the bar from the Gulf of Mexico, through the shifting sandbars and passages at the mouth, and upriver to New Orleans and Baton Rouge. On the Lower Mississippi River, the Associated Branch Pilots supplies River Pilots between the Gulf of Mexico

title: Mississippi River

text: United States. This is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase "Trans-Mississippi" as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, such as "the highest peak east of the Mississippi" or "the oldest city west of the Mississippi". The FCC also uses it as the dividing line for broadcast callsigns, which begin with W to the east and K to the west, mixing together in media markets along the river. The geographical setting of the Mississippi River includes considerations of the course of

title: Mississippi River

text: water flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico through the Atchafalaya River. The Mississippi River has the world's fourth-largest drainage basin ("watershed" or "catchment"). The basin covers more than , including all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The drainage basin empties into the Gulf of Mexico, part of the Atlantic Ocean. The total catchment of the Mississippi River covers nearly 40% of the landmass of the continental United States. The highest point within the watershed is also the highest point of the Rocky Mountains, Mount Elbert at . In the United States, the Mississippi River

title: Mississippi River

text: the red swamp crayfish) are native to the Mississippi basin. Numerous introduced species are found in the Mississippi and some of these are invasive. Among the introductions are fish such as Asian carp, including the silver carp that have become infamous for outcompeting native fish and their potentially dangerous jumping behavior. They have spread throughout much of the basin, even approaching (but not yet invading) the Great Lakes. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has designated much of the Mississippi River in the state as infested waters by the exotic species zebra mussels and Eurasian watermilfoil. Mississippi River The Mississippi

title: Mississippi River

text: river, the Mississippi is further controlled by thousands of wing dikes that moderate the river's flow in order to maintain an open navigation channel and prevent the river from eroding its banks. The head of navigation on the Mississippi is the Coon Rapids Dam in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. Before it was built in 1913, steamboats could occasionally go upstream as far as Saint Cloud, Minnesota, depending on river conditions. The uppermost lock and dam on the Upper Mississippi River is the Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam in Minneapolis. Above the dam, the river's elevation is . Below the

title: Pine River (Mississippi River tributary)

text: name. Pine River (Mississippi River tributary) The Pine River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in northern Minnesota, United States. It rises in Cass County at the outlet of Pine Mountain Lake, southeast of Backus, and takes a winding route generally southeast. It passes the city of Pine River and flows into Crow Wing County, where it enters Upper and then Lower Whitefish Lake, followed by Rush Lake and Cross Lake. The river continues to wind southeast, passing through Crow Wing State Forest and entering the Mississippi northwest of Ironton. Pine River is an English translation of the Ojibwe

text: Pine River (Mississippi River tributary) The Pine River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in northern Minnesota, United States. It rises in Cass County at the outlet of Pine Mountain Lake, southeast of Backus, and takes a winding route generally southeast. It passes the city of Pine River and flows into Crow Wing County, where it enters Upper and then Lower Whitefish Lake, followed by Rush Lake and Cross Lake. The river continues to wind southeast, passing through Crow Wing State Forest and entering the Mississippi northwest of Ironton. Pine River is an English translation of the Ojibwe language

title: Mississippi River

text: Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; the Rock River at the Quad Cities; the Iowa River near Wapello, Iowa; the Skunk River south of Burlington, Iowa; and the Des Moines River at Keokuk, Iowa. Other major tributaries of the Upper Mississippi include the Crow River in Minnesota, the Chippewa River in Wisconsin, the Maquoketa River and the Wapsipinicon River in Iowa, and the Illinois River in Illinois. The Upper Mississippi is largely a multi-thread stream with many bars and islands. From its confluence with the St. Croix River downstream to Dubuque, Iowa, the river is entrenched, with high bedrock bluffs lying on

title: Upper Mississippi River

text: There are three National Park Service sites along the Upper Mississippi River. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is the National Park Service site dedicated to protecting and interpreting the Mississippi River itself. The other two National Park Service sites along the river are: Effigy Mounds National Monument and the Gateway Arch National Park (home to the Gateway Arch in St. Louis). Unlike the Lower Mississippi, much of the upper river is a series of pools created by a system of 29 locks and dams. The structures were authorized by Congress in the 1930s, and most were completed by

title: Mississippi River floods

text: The flood occurred after record-setting rainfalls across the U.S. Midwest and Plains from May to August, 1851. The State of Iowa experienced significant flooding extending to the Lower Mississippi River basin. Historical evidence suggest flooding occurred in the eastern Plains, from Nebraska to the Red River basin, but these areas were sparsely settled in 1851. Heavy rainfall also occurred in the Ohio River basin. In June, major flooding on the Mississippi River was experienced. Heavy spring rains caused the Mississippi River to overflow, breaching levees and flooding enormous swathes of the Lower Mississippi Valley. The flooding began in February and

title: History of St. Louis before 1762

text: it connected to the Pacific Ocean. On this mission, explorer Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette arrived at the Mississippi River in June 1673 and traveled past the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas River. At this point Joliet returned north after determining the river would not reach the Pacific and fearing attack by Spanish settlers. Nine years later, French explorer La Salle led an expedition south from the Illinois river to the mouth of the Mississippi and claimed the entire valley for France. La Salle named the Mississippi river basin Louisiana after

title: Mississippi River

text: of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years. Most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, ventured into the basin in increasing numbers. The

title: Mississippi River

text: the latitude of Georgia before finally mixing in so thoroughly with the ocean that it could no longer be detected by MODIS. Before 1900, the Mississippi River transported an estimated 400 million metric tons of sediment per year from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico. During the last two decades, this number was only 145 million metric tons per year. The reduction in sediment transported down the Mississippi River is the result of engineering modification of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers and their tributaries by dams, meander cutoffs, river-training structures, and

title: Mississippi River

text: bank revetments and soil erosion control programs in the areas drained by them. Over geologic time, the Mississippi River has experienced numerous large and small changes to its main course, as well as additions, deletions, and other changes among its numerous tributaries, and the lower Mississippi River has used different pathways as its main channel to the Gulf of Mexico across the delta region. Through a natural process known as avulsion or delta switching, the lower Mississippi River has shifted its final course to the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico every thousand years or so. This occurs because the

title: Mississippi River

text: the Civil War. The "Big Freeze" of 1918–19 blocked river traffic north of Memphis, Tennessee, preventing transportation of coal from southern Illinois. This resulted in widespread shortages, high prices, and rationing of coal in January and February. In the spring of 1927, the river broke out of its banks in 145 places, during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and inundated to a depth of up to . In 1962 and 1963, industrial accidents spilled of soybean oil into the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. The oil covered the Mississippi River from St. Paul to Lake Pepin, creating an ecological disaster

title: Mississippi River

text: Bay or the Arctic Ocean, leaving the Mississippi Basin with many features "oversized" for the existing rivers to have carved in the same time period. Ice sheets during the Illinoian Stage, about 300,000 to 132,000 years before present, blocked the Mississippi near Rock Island, Illinois, diverting it to its present channel farther to the west, the current western border of Illinois. The Hennepin Canal roughly follows the ancient channel of the Mississippi downstream from Rock Island to Hennepin, Illinois. South of Hennepin, to Alton, Illinois, the current Illinois River follows the ancient channel used by the Mississippi River before the

title: Mississippi River floods

text: Little Red rivers broke through the levees in Arkansas in February, flooding over with of water. The first levee break along the Mississippi River occurred a few miles south of Elaine, Arkansas on March 29. Over the next six weeks, numerous levees broke along the Mississippi River from Illinois to Louisiana, which inundated numerous towns in the Mississippi Valley. The break at Mounds Landing near Greenville, Mississippi was the single greatest crevasse to ever occur along the Mississippi River. It flooded an area wide and long with up to of water. Heavy spring rains caused a second major flood in

title: Mississippi River Festival

text: of MRF located on the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville website. Southern Illinois University Edwardsville commemorated the 40th anniversary of the first season of the Mississippi River Festival with a picnic and dedication of a plaque at the festival site on June 13, 2009 Artist, Steve Hartman, commemorated the event in a painting titled, Mississippi River Festival: Shadows at Dusk. The painting was commissioned by the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Alumni Association as a gift to the former director of alumni services. Mississippi River Festival The Mississippi River Festival (a.k.a. MRF) was a summer outdoor concert series held during the years

title: Mississippi River System

text: nearby oceans, causing constant flooding. Around two million years ago, glaciers up to 6,500 feet thick continued to disturb the environment. The receding formation of glaciers 15,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age, left large amounts of water in North America, which created the rivers. The Mississippi River stemmed from Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota where it was only a tiny outlet stream. It worked its way 2,350 miles south to the Gulf of Mexico. Today, the Mississippi River is connected to hundreds of tributaries making up the Mississippi River System. The Mississippi River and its

title: Little Mississippi River (Ontario)

text: canoeing. It is called Little to distinguish it from the larger Mississippi River of Ontario, which is distinct from the much larger Mississippi River in the United States. Little Mississippi River (Ontario) The Little Mississippi River is a river in eastern Ontario, Canada. It is the outlet river of Weslemkoon Lake and ends in the York River which in turn empties into the Madawaska River, a tributary of the Ottawa River. The river joins the York River where it flows through Conroy Marsh, a provincially significant wetland. At one time, this river was used to transport logs out of the

title: Mississippi River System

text: melting from glaciers. The bottom of the river is composed of a thin layer of clay, silt, loam, and sand, which lay above a stratum of glacial outwash. The Upper Mississippi River covers approximately half of the Mississippi River's length. About 850 miles of the river is able to be navigated, from Minneapolis-St. Paul to the Ohio River. The river sustains a large variety of marine life, including 127 species of fish and 30 species of freshwater mussels. The Arkansas River is one of the major tributaries in the Mississippi River system. It flows west to east starting in Colorado

title: Mississippi River

text: have not changed, still following the former bed of the Mississippi River as of their establishment, leaving several small isolated areas of one state across the new river channel, contiguous with the adjacent state. Also, due to a meander in the river, a small part of western Kentucky is contiguous with Tennessee, but isolated from the rest of its state. Many of the communities along the Mississippi River are listed below; most have either historic significance or cultural lore connecting them to the river. They are sequenced from the source of the river to its end. The road crossing highest

title: Mississippi River Delta

text: U.S. The coastal area is the nation's largest drainage basin and drains about 41% of the contiguous United States into the Gulf of Mexico at an average rate of 470,000 cubic feet per second. The modern Mississippi River Delta formed over the last approximately 7,000 years as the Mississippi River deposited sand, clay and silt along its banks and in adjacent basins. The Mississippi River Delta is a river-dominated delta system, influenced by the largest river in North America. The shape of the current birdfoot delta reflects the dominance the river exudes over the other hydrologic and geologic processes at

title: Red River of the South

text: parts of the new lands of the Louisiana Purchase by traveling up the Red River. He said it was "in truth, next to the Missouri, the most interesting water of the Mississippi", in a letter to William Dunbar. Having threaded the maze of bayous at the river's confluence, and the "Great Raft" of lodged driftwood, the expedition was stopped by the Spanish near what is now New Boston, Texas. In 1806, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike, under orders to ascertain the source of the Red River, ascended the Arkansas River, made his way downstream on what turned out to be the Rio

title: Mississippi River

text: of first contact with Europeans, Cahokia and many other Mississippian cities had dispersed, and archaeological finds attest to increased social stress. Modern American Indian nations inhabiting the Mississippi basin include Cheyenne, Sioux, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, Fox, Kickapoo, Tamaroa, Moingwena, Quapaw and Chickasaw. The word "Mississippi" itself comes from "Messipi", the French rendering of the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe or Algonquin) name for the river, "Misi-ziibi" (Great River). The Ojibwe called Lake Itasca "Omashkoozo-zaaga'igan" (Elk Lake) and the river flowing out of it "Omashkoozo-ziibi" (Elk River). After flowing into Lake Bemidji, the Ojibwe called the river "Bemijigamaag-ziibi" (River from the Traversing Lake). After

text: created a roller cotton gin more than two decades before the invention of Eli Whitney The name Old Spanish Fort was derived during Spanish control of the Mississippi Territory in the late 1700s, when the structure served as a fortified home of Don Enrique Ginarest, an officer in the Spanish Army, who married the granddaughter of Hugo Krebs. The structure was owned and occupied by descendants of Hugo Krebs until 1914. At present day, the La Pointe - Krebs House and Property serve as a museum for the history of Pascagoula and Jackson County. Old Spanish Fort (Pascagoula, Mississippi) Old

title: Fort Adams, Mississippi

text: British expeditionary force led by Major Arthur Loftus was ended after being attacked by Indians at this site. The site became Fort Adams after the United States and Spain settled a boundary dispute over parts of what is now southern Mississippi. The Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney's Treaty), signed in 1795, established latitude 31 N as the boundary between Spanish West Florida and Mississippi Territory. U.S. General James Wilkinson selected Loftus Heights for a military post in 1798 on the advice of Captain Isaac Guion. The site, on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River about six miles upriver from the

title: Kern River

text: nearly drowned in the turbulent waters. Kern was the topographer of Fremont's third expedition through the American West. Before this, the Kern River was known as the "Rio de San Felipe" as named by Spanish missionary explorer Fr. Francisco Garcés when he explored the Bakersfield area on May 1, 1776. On August 2, 1806, Padre Zavidea renamed the river La Porciuncula for the day of the Porciuncula Indulgence. It was locally known as Po-sun-co-la until its renaming by Fremont. Gold was discovered along the upper river in 1853. The snowmelt that fed the river resulted in periodic torrential flooding in

title: Meadville, Mississippi

text: alive into the Mississippi River to die. Their bodies were discovered in July 1964 during the hunt for three civil rights workers who disappeared in June 1964. In November 1964 two men were arrested for the murders, but the district attorney dropped the charges for what he said was insufficient evidence. They were two of six men killed by Klan chapters in a wave of violence from January to December 1964 in the area of Natchez, southwest Mississippi, and Concordia Parish, Louisiana. Additional Klan murders followed from 1965 to 1967. Two other bodies of African-American males were found in the

title: Mississippi River

text: River has also experienced major pollution and environmental problems – most notably elevated nutrient and chemical levels from agricultural runoff, the primary contributor to the Gulf of Mexico dead zone. The word Mississippi itself comes from "Misi zipi", the French rendering of the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe or Algonquin) name for the river, "Misi-ziibi" (Great River). In the 18th century, the river was the primary western boundary of the young United States, and since the country's expansion westward, the Mississippi River has been widely considered a convenient if approximate dividing line between the Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern United States, and the Western

title: Mississippi River Delta

text: of the delta. This process by which the river changes course is known as avulsion, or delta-switching, and forms the variety of landscapes that make up the Mississippi River Delta. The Atchafalaya River is the largest distributary of the Mississippi River and is also considered to be an influential part of the continual land-building processes within the Mississippi River Delta. The river's tributary channel was formed approximately 500 years ago and the Atchafalaya and Wax Lake deltas emerged around the middle of the twentieth century. Starting with the earliest European settlement, man has struggled with the delta's natural cycle of

title: Mississippi River Trail

text: Mississippi River Trail The Mississippi River Trail (or MRT) is a designated bicycle and pedestrian trail that traverses the shores of the Mississippi River in the United States. The trail goes from the headwaters at Lake Itasca in Minnesota to near the mouth of the river in Venice, Louisiana. Much of the trail follows roadways used by motor vehicles, although some of the route is on multi-use trails. According to the MRT website, the trail is divided into three sections: Northern, Central, and Southern. Also, in some locations trails are along both sides of the river. The MRT begins at

title: Mississippi River (Ontario)

text: Mississippi River (Ontario) The Mississippi River is a tributary of the Ottawa River in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is in length from its source at Mackavoy Lake, has a drainage area of , and has a mean discharge of . There are more than 250 lakes in the watershed. Communities along the river include the village of Lanark, the towns of Carleton Place, Mississippi Mills (including towns of Almonte and Pakenham), and Galetta. Here it enters the Ottawa River. The origin of the river's name is something of a mystery; although its current spelling may be derived from that of

title: Mississippi River floods

text: the worst since the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 as measured by duration, square miles inundated, persons displaced, crop and property damage and number of record river levels. In April, Red River Landing reached , the 8th highest crest on record. Between April 11 and May 12, heavy rain in the Mississippi River Valley necessitated the opening of the Bonnet Carre Spillway for the first time in 11 years. 160 bays were opened for 31 days. Red River Landing crested at on April 24, the 3rd highest on record . The Mississippi River floods in April and May 2011 were

title: Arkansas River

text: European trinkets, and feared confrontation with Spanish conquistadors. Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, a French trader, explorer and nobleman had led an expedition into what is now Oklahoma in 1718–19. His original objective was to establish a trading post near the present city of Texarkana, Arkansas, but he then extended his trip overland as far north as the Arkansas River (which he designated as the "Alcansas"). The explorer wrote he and 9 other men, including three Caddo guides and 22 horses loaded with trade goods had come to a native settlement overlooking the river, where there were about 6,000 natives,

title: Mississippi River floods

text: Spillway has been opened, deliberately flooding of rural Louisiana to save most of Baton Rouge and New Orleans. The Upper Mississippi River flooded in the summer of 2014 as the result of record rainfall in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois. The middle portion of the Mississippi is expected to approach historical record flooding. The National Weather Service anticipates a 48.5 ft. crest at Cape Girardeau, Missouri on May 5, 2017, which is within 6 inches of the January 2, 2016 crest of 48.86 ft. Mississippi River floods The Mississippi River and its tributaries have flooded on numerous occasions.<ref name='SR/SSD 98-9'>

title: Big Black River (Mississippi)

text: Big Black River (Mississippi) Big Black River is a river in the U.S. state of Mississippi and a tributary of the Mississippi River. Its origin () is in Webster County near the town of Eupora in the north central part of the state. From there it flows in a generally southwest direction until it merges with the Mississippi River south of the city of Vicksburg. It is the major contributor to the Big Black River Basin. It forms part of the northern border of Choctaw County, passes through Montgomery County, and forms the eastern border of Holmes County and the

title: Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)

text: Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana) The Pearl River is a river in the U.S. states of Mississippi and Louisiana. It forms in Neshoba County, Mississippi from the confluence of Nanih Waiya and Tallahaga creeks. and has a meander length of . The lower part of the river forms part of the boundary between Mississippi and Louisiana. The river contains large areas of bottomland hardwood swamp and cypress swamp, providing habitat for many species of wildlife including sturgeon and black bears. There was once hope that Ivory-billed woodpeckers might survive here, but this now seems unlikely. The mouth of the river provides important