query: Who is a German philosopher?

title: William Wallace (philosopher)

text: William Wallace (philosopher) William Wallace (11 May 1844 – 18 February 1897) was a Scottish philosopher and academic who became fellow of Merton College and White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford University. He was best known for his studies of German philosophers, most notably Hegel, some of whose works he translated into highly regarded English editions. Although he had a somewhat forbidding manner, he was known as an able and effective teacher and writer who succeeded in greatly improving the understanding of German philosophy in the English-speaking world. He died at the age of 52 after a bicycle accident

title: William Wallace (philosopher)

text: next day without regaining consciousness. He is buried in Holywell Cemetery, Oxford, with his wife and one of his sons. William Wallace (philosopher) William Wallace (11 May 1844 – 18 February 1897) was a Scottish philosopher and academic who became fellow of Merton College and White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford University. He was best known for his studies of German philosophers, most notably Hegel, some of whose works he translated into highly regarded English editions. Although he had a somewhat forbidding manner, he was known as an able and effective teacher and writer who succeeded in greatly improving

title: Christian Wolff (philosopher)

text: This includes a volume that unites the three most important older biographies of Wolff. An excellent modern edition of the famous Halle speech on Chinese philosophy is: Christian Wolff (philosopher) Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf, ; also known as Wolfius; ennobled as Christian Freiherr von Wolff; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a German philosopher. Wolff was the most eminent German philosopher between Leibniz and Kant. His main achievement was a complete "oeuvre" on almost every scholarly subject of his time, displayed and unfolded according to his demonstrative-deductive, mathematical method, which perhaps represents the peak of Enlightenment rationality

title: Robert Zimmer (philosopher)

text: than a dozen languages (not yet in English). In 2010 he published a biography of Arthur Schopenhauer. He also translated a selection of essays by the 19th Century French critic and writer Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve. Zimmer is a follower of Critical rationalism. Together with Martin Morgenstern he wrote a short and popular biography of Karl Popper and edited the correspondence between Karl Popper and Hans Albert. Robert Zimmer (philosopher) Robert Zimmer (born October 25, 1953 in Trier, Germany) is a German philosopher and essayist who writes biographies and popular introductions to philosophy and to the history of philosophy. Robert Zimmer

title: Christian Wolff (philosopher)

text: Christian Wolff (philosopher) Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf, ; also known as Wolfius; ennobled as Christian Freiherr von Wolff; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a German philosopher. Wolff was the most eminent German philosopher between Leibniz and Kant. His main achievement was a complete "oeuvre" on almost every scholarly subject of his time, displayed and unfolded according to his demonstrative-deductive, mathematical method, which perhaps represents the peak of Enlightenment rationality in Germany. Wolff was also the creator of German as the language of scholarly instruction and research, although he also wrote in Latin, so that an international

title: German philosophy

text: German philosophy German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers. Søren Kierkegaard (a Danish philosopher) is frequently included in surveys of German (or Germanic) philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) was both a philosopher and a mathematician who wrote primarily in

title: Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist

text: Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (1950; second edition 1956; third edition 1968; fourth edition 1974; fifth edition 2013) is a book about the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche by the philosopher Walter Kaufmann. The book, first published by Princeton University Press, was influential and is considered a classic study. Kaufmann has been credited with helping to transform Nietzsche's reputation after World War II by dissociating him from Nazism, and making it possible for Nietzsche to be taken seriously as a philosopher. However, he has been criticized for presenting Nietzsche as an existentialist, and for other details of his

title: Philosopher

text: not covered by the Nobel Prizes, was given to philosophers Leszek Kołakowski in 2003, Paul Ricoeur in 2004, and Jürgen Habermas and Charles Taylor in 2015. Philosopher A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC). In the classical sense, a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life, focusing on resolving existential questions about the

title: Robert Kurz (philosopher)

text: Robert Kurz (philosopher) Robert Kurz (24 December 1943 – 18 July 2012) was a German Marxist philosopher, social critic, journalist and editor of the journal "Exit!". He was one of Germany's most prominent theorists of value criticism. His works have yet to be translated into, and published in, English. Robert Kurz was born on 24 December 1943 in Nuremberg to a German working-class family. Kurz studied philosophy, history and paedagogy at the university of Erlangen without taking a degree. He was a member of the Kommunistischer Arbeiterbund Deutschland, KABD (Communist Workers League of Germany) during the 1970s and was expelled

title: Robert Kurz (philosopher)

text: because of his critique of the leadership. Kurz was a co-founder of the magazine "Marxistische Kritik" ("Marxist Critique") in 1986. He died in Nuremberg. Robert Kurz (philosopher) Robert Kurz (24 December 1943 – 18 July 2012) was a German Marxist philosopher, social critic, journalist and editor of the journal "Exit!". He was one of Germany's most prominent theorists of value criticism. His works have yet to be translated into, and published in, English. Robert Kurz was born on 24 December 1943 in Nuremberg to a German working-class family. Kurz studied philosophy, history and paedagogy at the university of Erlangen without

title: German nationalism

text: until the concept of nationalism itself was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder that German nationalism began. German nationalism was Romantic in nature and was based upon the principles of collective self-determination, territorial unification and cultural identity, and a political and cultural programme to achieve those ends. The German Romantic nationalism derived from the Enlightenment era philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau's and French Revolutionary philosopher Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès' ideas of naturalism and that legitimate nations must have been conceived in the state of nature. This emphasis on the naturalness of ethno-linguistic nations continued to be upheld by the early-19th-century Romantic German

title: Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)

text: Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Walter Arnold Kaufmann (July 1, 1921 – September 4, 1980) was a German-American philosopher, translator, and poet. A prolific author, he wrote extensively on a broad range of subjects, such as authenticity and death, moral philosophy and existentialism, theism and atheism, Christianity and Judaism, as well as philosophy and literature. He served more than 30 years as a professor at Princeton University. He is renowned as a scholar and translator of Friedrich Nietzsche. He also wrote a 1965 book on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and published a translation of Goethe's "Faust". Kaufmann was raised a Lutheran. At

title: Philosopher king

text: engineering' and 'idealism', as leading directly to Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin (via Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx respectively). Philosopher king According to Plato, a philosopher king is a ruler who possesses both a love of knowledge, as well as intelligence, reliability, and a willingness to live a simple life. Such are the rulers of his utopian city Kallipolis. For such a community to ever come into being, "philosophers [must] become kings…or those now called kings [must]…genuinely and adequately philosophize" ("The Republic", 5.473d). Plato defined a philosopher firstly as its eponymous occupation: "wisdom-lover." He then distinguishes between one

title: Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)

text: From Decidophobia to Autonomy" (1973). He advocated living in accordance with what he proposed as the four cardinal virtues: ambition/humility, love, courage, and honesty. As written or published by Friedrich Nietzsche in chronological order: Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Walter Arnold Kaufmann (July 1, 1921 – September 4, 1980) was a German-American philosopher, translator, and poet. A prolific author, he wrote extensively on a broad range of subjects, such as authenticity and death, moral philosophy and existentialism, theism and atheism, Christianity and Judaism, as well as philosophy and literature. He served more than 30 years as a professor at Princeton University. He

title: Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)

text: religion, and Arthur Schopenhauer's philosophy. Schmidt was a member of the International PEN and an honorary member of the Schopenhauer Society. Alfred Schmidt (philosopher) Alfred Schmidt (; ; born 19 May 1931, Berlin – 28 August 2012, Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher. Schmidt studied history and English as well as classical philology at the Goethe University Frankfurt and later philosophy and sociology. He was a student of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer and gained his doctorate with his "The Concept of Nature in Marx". Schmidt was professor of philosophy and sociology at the University of Frankfurt from

title: Alfred Schmidt (philosopher)

text: Alfred Schmidt (philosopher) Alfred Schmidt (; ; born 19 May 1931, Berlin – 28 August 2012, Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher. Schmidt studied history and English as well as classical philology at the Goethe University Frankfurt and later philosophy and sociology. He was a student of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer and gained his doctorate with his "The Concept of Nature in Marx". Schmidt was professor of philosophy and sociology at the University of Frankfurt from 1972 and was made emeritus in 1999. Schmidt's primary research topics were the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, philosophy of

title: Peter Osborne (philosopher)

text: 1988. Entitled "The carnival of philosophy: philosophy, politics and science in Hegel and Marx", it no doubt formed some of the material for the more recently published "How to Read Marx" (Granta magazine, 2005), the fifth chapter of which recalls its title. A central influence on Osborne's thought has been the work of German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno, who figures in his early essays concerning the problem of modernity and the crisis in the visual arts Osborne's first book, "The Politics of Time: Modernity and Avant-Gard"e (Verso Books, 1995, reprinted 2011) was reflective of his general understanding of the modern

title: God is dead

text: God is dead "God is Dead" (German: ; also known as the Death of God) is a widely quoted statement by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche used the phrase in a figurative sense, to express the idea that the Enlightenment had "killed" the possibility of belief in God or any gods having ever existed. Others, such as proponents of the strongest form of the Death of God theology have used the phrase in a literal sense, meaning that the Christian God who existed at one point, has ceased to exist. The phrase first appeared in Nietzsche's 1882 collection "The Gay

text: 1974. In 2013 an edition with a new foreword by the philosopher Alexander Nehamas was published. "Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist" was reviewed by Chris Terry in "Times Higher Education". The book was also discussed by the philosopher Richard Rorty in "The New Republic". Rorty described the book as "path-breaking", but wrote that it had been superseded by the philosopher Richard Schacht's "Nietzsche" (1983), which in Rorty's view was more comprehensive, better organized and more helpful to readers who were new to Nietzsche and needed help in understanding the apparent contradictions in Nietzsche's views. "Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist" received positive reviews

title: Robert Zimmer (philosopher)

text: Robert Zimmer (philosopher) Robert Zimmer (born October 25, 1953 in Trier, Germany) is a German philosopher and essayist who writes biographies and popular introductions to philosophy and to the history of philosophy. Robert Zimmer was educated at the German universities of Saarbrücken and Düsseldorf and wrote his doctoral dissertation on Edmund Burke. From 1986 - 2013 he lived as a freelance writer and publicist in Berlin. In 2013 he moved to Stuttgart. His most popular book so far has been “Das Philosophenportal”, a collection of 16 essays on 16 different classical works of philosophy, which has been translated into more

title: Who is a Jew?

text: be threatened by the democrat who sees only "the person" and not "the Jew". Hannah Arendt repeatedly asserted a principle of claiming Jewish identity in the face of antisemitism. "If one is attacked as a Jew, one must defend oneself as a Jew. Not as a German, not as a world-citizen, not as an upholder of the Rights of Man, or whatever"; "A man attacked as a Jew cannot defend himself as an Englishman or a Frenchman. The world can only conclude from this that he is simply not defending himself at all." Wade Clark Roof (1976), a sociologist at

title: Philosopher

text: Philosopher A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy, which involves rational inquiry into areas that are outside either theology or science. The term "philosopher" comes from the Ancient Greek ("philosophos") meaning "lover of wisdom". The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BC). In the classical sense, a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life, focusing on resolving existential questions about the human condition, and not someone who discourses upon theories or comments upon authors. Typically, these particular brands of philosophy are Hellenistic ones and those who most

title: William Craig (philosopher)

text: at the age of 97. Craig is particularly remembered in two theorems that bear his name: William Craig (philosopher) William Craig (November 13, 1918 – January 13, 2016) was an American academic and philosopher, who taught at the University of California, Berkeley, in Berkeley, California. His research interests included mathematical logic, and the philosophy of science, and he is best known for the Craig interpolation theorem. William Craig was born in Nuremberg, German Empire, on November 13, 1918. He graduated from Harvard University with a Ph.D in 1951. He married Julia Rebecca Dwight Wilson and had four children: Ruth, Walter,

title: Karl Joel (philosopher)

text: of sensations fades away into one tone, all senses become one sense, which is one with feeling; the world expires in the soul and the soul dissolves in the world." Karl Joel (philosopher) Karl Joel (27 March 1864 – 23 July 1934) was a German philosopher and professor. Joel was born in Hirschberg, Silesia, and died in Walenstadt, Switzerland. His father was a rabbi who studied under Schelling. Joel was a professor at the University of Basel from 1902. His father R. Herman Joel, had been a pupil of Schelling and apparently had a great influence on his son's attitude

title: Who is a Jew?

text: proximity to the Crimean Tatars, to whom Berger views the Karaites as being related. Nazis still retained hostility towards the Karaites, on grounds of their religion; and there were a number of small scale massacres of Karaites. In German-occupied France an ordinance defined a Jew as an individual who belonged to the Jewish religion or who had more than two Jewish grandparents. The Vichy régime in southern France defined a Jew as an individual with three Jewish grandparents or two grandparents if his/her spouse was Jewish. Richard Weisberg points out that this was a potentially broader classification than the one

title: William Craig (philosopher)

text: William Craig (philosopher) William Craig (November 13, 1918 – January 13, 2016) was an American academic and philosopher, who taught at the University of California, Berkeley, in Berkeley, California. His research interests included mathematical logic, and the philosophy of science, and he is best known for the Craig interpolation theorem. William Craig was born in Nuremberg, German Empire, on November 13, 1918. He graduated from Harvard University with a Ph.D in 1951. He married Julia Rebecca Dwight Wilson and had four children: Ruth, Walter, Sarah, and Deborah. In 1959 he moved to UC Berkeley. He died on January 13, 2016,

title: Paul Weiss (philosopher)

text: Paul Weiss (philosopher) Paul Weiss (; May 19, 1901 – July 5, 2002) was an American philosopher. He was the founder of "The Review of Metaphysics" and the Metaphysical Society of America. Paul Weiss grew up on the Lower East Side of New York City. His father, Samuel Weiss (d. 1917), was a Hungarian emigrant who moved from Europe in the 1890s. He worked as a tinsmith, a coppersmith, and a boilermaker. Paul Weiss's mother, Emma Rothschild (Weiss) (d. 1915), was a German emigrant who worked as a servant until she married Samuel. Born into a Jewish family, Paul lived

title: Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?

text: Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy? Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy? is a 2013 French animated documentary film by Michel Gondry about the linguist, philosopher, and political activist Noam Chomsky. Originally titled "Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?: An Animated Conversation with Noam Chomsky", it was first screened on 12 February 2013 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The film had its European premiere in the Panorama section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 92% of critics gave the film a positive review, based upon a sample of 36, with an

title: Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?

text: average score of 7.2 out of 10. Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gave the film an average score of 76 based on 16 reviews. Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy? Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy? is a 2013 French animated documentary film by Michel Gondry about the linguist, philosopher, and political activist Noam Chomsky. Originally titled "Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?: An Animated Conversation with Noam Chomsky", it was first screened on 12 February 2013 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The film had its European premiere

title: Philosopher

text: arduously commit themselves to this lifestyle may be considered philosophers. A philosopher is one who challenges what is thought to be common sense, doesn’t know when to stop asking questions, and reexamines the old ways of thought. In a modern sense, a philosopher is an intellectual who has contributed in one or more branches of philosophy, such as aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, logic, metaphysics, social theory, and political philosophy. A philosopher may also be one who worked in the humanities or other sciences which have since split from philosophy proper over the centuries, such as the arts, history, economics, sociology, psychology,

title: Philosopher king

text: Philosopher king According to Plato, a philosopher king is a ruler who possesses both a love of knowledge, as well as intelligence, reliability, and a willingness to live a simple life. Such are the rulers of his utopian city Kallipolis. For such a community to ever come into being, "philosophers [must] become kings…or those now called kings [must]…genuinely and adequately philosophize" ("The Republic", 5.473d). Plato defined a philosopher firstly as its eponymous occupation: "wisdom-lover." He then distinguishes between one who loves true knowledge (as opposed to mere experience or education) by saying that the philosopher is the only person who

title: Karl Joel (philosopher)

text: Karl Joel (philosopher) Karl Joel (27 March 1864 – 23 July 1934) was a German philosopher and professor. Joel was born in Hirschberg, Silesia, and died in Walenstadt, Switzerland. His father was a rabbi who studied under Schelling. Joel was a professor at the University of Basel from 1902. His father R. Herman Joel, had been a pupil of Schelling and apparently had a great influence on his son's attitude toward philosophy. He was born in Hirschberg, studied in Leipzig, and spent some time in Berlin (1887–92), where he became a friend of Georg *Simmel. In 1897 he was appointed

title: Philosopher

text: linguistics, anthropology, theology, and politics. The separation of philosophy and science from theology began in Greece during the 6th century BC. Thales, an astronomer and mathematician, was considered by Aristotle to be the first philosopher of the Greek tradition. While Pythagoras coined the word, the first known elaboration on the topic was conducted by Plato. In his "Symposium", he concludes that Love is that which lacks the object it seeks. Therefore, the philosopher is one who seeks wisdom; if he attains wisdom, he would be a sage. Therefore, the philosopher in antiquity was one who lives in the constant pursuit

title: Werner Janssen (philosopher)

text: Lomonosow University of Moscow. He gave/gives guest lectures at the Universities of Perm (Ural), Vienna, Graz and Heerlen. With the pseudonym "Heinz Hof" he writes poetry. Werner Janssen (philosopher) Werner Heinrich Janssen (born 7 August 1944 in Mönchengladbach) is a Dutch/German philosopher, Germanist, author and poet under the pseudonym Heinz Hof. Werner Janssen grew up both in Germany (Monchengladbach) and in the Netherlands (Kerkrade/Heerlen). He studied at the Universities of Nijmegen, Heidelberg, Amsterdam and Aachen German language and literature, philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, ethnology, political science, psychology and dialect knowledge. Very first he graduated in 1984 to Dr. lit. at the

title: Jan Sokol (philosopher)

text: has delivered many guest lectures in various European countries and in the US, mostly on philosophy, religion, ethics and on European questions. In Czech: In English:: In German:: In English: In German: In French: In other languages: Jan Sokol (philosopher) Jan Sokol (born April 18, 1936) is a Czech philosopher, former dissident, politician and translator. He briefly served as Minister of Education, Youth and Sports in 1998 under Prime Minister Josef Tošovský. From 1990 to 1992 he was Member of Parliament for Prague. From 2000 to 2007 he served as the first dean of the Faculty of Humanities at Charles

title: A Philosopher by Lamplight

text: were also the emblem of the Darwin family which included Erasmus Darwin who was a leading member of the Lunar Society and Derby Philosophical Society which linked key men in the age of enlightenment. Experts believe that this painting was based on Salvator Rosa's "Democritus in Meditation". Wright’s friend John Hamilton Mortimer was a follower of Rosa’s so it is possible that Wright would have seen Rosa's work or an engraving of it. Democritus was a Greek philosopher who is remembered for making fun of the foolishness of mankind. Though the painting's subtitle is "A Hermit Studying Anatomy", his attitude

title: Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)

text: Ernst Bergmann (philosopher) Ernst Bergmann (7 August 1881, Colditz, Kingdom of Saxony – 16 April 1945, Naumburg) was a German philosopher and proponent of Nazism. Bergmann studied philosophy and German philology at the University of Leipzig and got his PhD in 1905. Subsequently, he continued his studies in Berlin. Later he returned to Leipzig, where he received the status of Privatdozent at the university in 1911. In 1916 he was awarded the position of Ausserordentlicher Professor (professor without chair). He developed a religious philosophy with mystical aspects. Later he embraced the ideas of the National Socialist German Workers Party and

title: Werner Janssen (philosopher)

text: Werner Janssen (philosopher) Werner Heinrich Janssen (born 7 August 1944 in Mönchengladbach) is a Dutch/German philosopher, Germanist, author and poet under the pseudonym Heinz Hof. Werner Janssen grew up both in Germany (Monchengladbach) and in the Netherlands (Kerkrade/Heerlen). He studied at the Universities of Nijmegen, Heidelberg, Amsterdam and Aachen German language and literature, philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, ethnology, political science, psychology and dialect knowledge. Very first he graduated in 1984 to Dr. lit. at the University of Amsterdam with the thesis Der Rhythmus bei Heinrich Böll, 1985 published by Peter-Lang-Verlag. At the University of Aachen, the Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University he graduated

title: Albinus (philosopher)

text: of Plato into four classes, logical, critical, physical, ethical, and mentions another division of them into Tetralogies, according to their subjects. He advises that the Alcibiades, Phaedo, Republic, and Timaeus, should be read in a series. Some of Albinus's fame is attributed to the fact that a 19th-century German scholar, J. Freudenthal, attributed Alcinous's "Handbook of Platonism" to Albinus. This attribution has since been discredited by the work of John Whittaker in 1974. Another Albinus is mentioned by Boethius and Cassiodorus, who wrote in Latin some works on music and geometry. Albinus (philosopher) Albinus (; fl. c. 150 AD) was

title: A Philosopher by Lamplight

text: Wright lived. A Philosopher by Lamplight A Philosopher by lamplight (also known as A Hermit Studying Anatomy) is a painting by Joseph Wright of Derby. It is not known when Wright painted the picture, but it was first exhibited in 1769 in London with the Society of Artists. This was one of the earliest of many lamplight or candlelight paintings and portraits for which Wright is famed. This picture was described in the catalogue of the 1801 sale as a companion to "The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus". Each has a main figure in the foreground with two subsidiary ones behind, both

title: A Philosopher by Lamplight

text: A Philosopher by Lamplight A Philosopher by lamplight (also known as A Hermit Studying Anatomy) is a painting by Joseph Wright of Derby. It is not known when Wright painted the picture, but it was first exhibited in 1769 in London with the Society of Artists. This was one of the earliest of many lamplight or candlelight paintings and portraits for which Wright is famed. This picture was described in the catalogue of the 1801 sale as a companion to "The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus". Each has a main figure in the foreground with two subsidiary ones behind, both are night

title: Who is a Jew?

text: in Jewish congregations. A person with one or two grandparents enrolled in a Jewish congregation could be classified as "Mischling", a crossbreed, of "mixed blood", if they were not a member of a Jewish congregation at the time the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. Only people with at least two of their grandparents of "German blood" could be German Reich's citizens, other Germans dropped into the new second class group of citizens, the so-called state citizens. If a person, with grandparents of the same religious combination, was enrolled as a member of a Jewish congregation in 1935 or would join later,

title: Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)

text: opinions of his colleagues Ludwig Plate and Hans F.K. Günther. In its later editions, Schmidt's journal ""Nature and Spirit"" took a detour from its monistic tradition and published works on eugenics and racial hygiene by Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz. However, their attempts to reinterpret the legacy of Ernst Haeckel into a National Socialist meaning ultimately failed. Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher) Heinrich Schmidt (December 18, 1874 – May 2, 1935) was a German archivist, naturalist, philosopher professor and a disciple of Ernst Haeckel. Schmidt was born in Heubach in the German State of Thuringia. From 1890 to 1894 he

title: Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)

text: Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher) Heinrich Schmidt (December 18, 1874 – May 2, 1935) was a German archivist, naturalist, philosopher professor and a disciple of Ernst Haeckel. Schmidt was born in Heubach in the German State of Thuringia. From 1890 to 1894 he attended a teacher training school in Hildburghausen and then worked as an elementary school teacher. In 1897 he moved on to scientific training in Jena. He studied there under the financial support of Ernst Haeckel and in 1900 became his private secretary. Since Schmidt lacked formal college training, Haeckel sent him the University of Zurich to study under his

title: A Philosopher by Lamplight

text: scenes and show old men engaged in scientific research. The painting shows an old man who is thought to be a philosopher or a pilgrim,examining a collection of human bones in a lamp-lit cave. Two smaller men, or boys, dressed as pilgrims (as identified by the scallop shells in their hats: the emblem of St James) seem to be approaching him. The size of these figures is a lot smaller than the main character in the painting. Outside the cave the dark landscape is lit by the moonlight breaking through the clouds. Shells were the sign of pilgrims but they

title: Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)

text: not a Jew. Bergmann described Adolf Hitler as the new messiah. In 1945, he committed suicide after the Allied forces captured Leipzig. Ernst Bergmann (philosopher) Ernst Bergmann (7 August 1881, Colditz, Kingdom of Saxony – 16 April 1945, Naumburg) was a German philosopher and proponent of Nazism. Bergmann studied philosophy and German philology at the University of Leipzig and got his PhD in 1905. Subsequently, he continued his studies in Berlin. Later he returned to Leipzig, where he received the status of Privatdozent at the university in 1911. In 1916 he was awarded the position of Ausserordentlicher Professor (professor without

title: Adrian Johnston (philosopher)

text: Adrian Johnston (philosopher) Adrian Johnston is an American philosopher. He is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque and a faculty member at the Emory Psychoanalytic Institute in Atlanta. Influenced by Žižek and his readings of German idealism, Johnston’s work has gained many readers among those making the materialist and realist turns in Continental philosophy. Johnston’s books are guided by his “transcendental materialism,” which in sum calls for a materialist ontology that nevertheless does not reduce away the gap or figure that is human subjectivity. Johnston argues for retooling Freud and Lacan

title: Ivan Orlov (philosopher)

text: the heliobiology of A. Chizhevsky. Around 1928, Orlov ceased publishing logical and philosophical work, turning to industrial chemistry, specifically the production of bromine and iodine, and in translating German works on chemistry into Russian. Ivan Orlov (philosopher) Orlov, Ivan Efimovich (October 1 (old style) 1886 Galich, Kostroma district Russia – 1936) was a philosopher, a forerunner of relevant and other substructural logics, and an industrial chemist. The date of his death is unknown but is believed to have occurred no earlier than 1936. Orlov studied at the Natural Sciences Faculty of Moscow University. His academic career began in 1916, when

title: Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)

text: the British Academy and member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. She has received honorary degrees from Southern Methodist University and the University of St Andrews as well as a MacArthur Fellowship. In 2016, Cartwright was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS). Nancy Cartwright (philosopher) Nancy Cartwright, Lady Hampshire, (born 24 January 1944) is a philosopher of science and is professor of philosophy at the University of California at San Diego and the University of Durham. Cartwright earned her BSc from the University of Pittsburgh in

title: Gary Smith (philosopher)

text: Germany in 2002. In 2011, the city of Berlin thanked Smith for his cultural and scholarly development of the German-American friendship and the contributions to the city with intellectual, challenging, and outstanding events with the Order of Merit of Berlin. Smith is in his second marriage to the daughter of the former Berlin Mayor, Klaus Schütz. He has a son from his first marriage and a son as well as twin daughters from his second marriage. Gary Smith (philosopher) Gary Smith (born July 26, 1954 in New Orleans) is an American philosopher and culture manager. Gary Smith grew up in

title: A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery

text: A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery, or the full title, A Philosopher giving a Lecture on the Orrery in which a lamp is put in place of the Sun, is a painting by Joseph Wright of Derby depicting a lecturer giving a demonstration of an orrery to a small audience. The painting preceded his similar "An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump" (National Gallery, London). The first of Wright's candlelit masterpieces, "Three Persons Viewing the Gladiator by Candlelight", was painted in 1765, and showed three men studying a small copy of the

title: A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery

text: Kneller". Close observation of the adult faces in the picture reveals that each one demonstrates one or other of the main phases of the moon – new moon, half moon, gibbous moon and full moon. A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery, or the full title, A Philosopher giving a Lecture on the Orrery in which a lamp is put in place of the Sun, is a painting by Joseph Wright of Derby depicting a lecturer giving a demonstration of an orrery to a small audience. The painting preceded his similar "An Experiment on a

title: Charles Butterworth (philosopher)

text: through August 2000 a German Academic Exchange Professorship at the same university. Also, during May and June 2000, he gave a series of lectures at the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris entitled "Des origines de la philosophie politique en Islam." At the University of Maryland, he has been recognized as a Distinguished Scholar-Teacher (1990–91) and he received an award in Excellence in Teaching and Mentorship (2001–02) granted by the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences. Charles Butterworth (philosopher) Charles L. Butterworth (born 1938) is a philosopher of the Straussian school and currently an emeritus professor of political philosophy at

title: Gary Smith (philosopher)

text: Gary Smith (philosopher) Gary Smith (born July 26, 1954 in New Orleans) is an American philosopher and culture manager. Gary Smith grew up in Austin, Texas. After graduating from high school in 1972, he went on to study philosophy and German in Houston and Boston as well as in Frankfurt as a DAAD scholarship recipient. After completing a dissertation on Walter Benjamin, Smith earned his doctorate in 1989 from Boston University. Between 1986 and 1992, Smith had teaching positions in Boston, Chicago, and Potsdam, Germany, as well as at the Berlin University, where he lectured on Jewish studies and philosophy.

title: Agapius (philosopher)

text: Agapius (philosopher) Agapius (; 5th-6th century) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in Athens. He was a notable philosopher in the Neoplatonist school in Athens when Marinus of Neapolis was scholarch after the death of Proclus (c. 485). He was admired for his love of learning and for putting forward difficult problems. He may be the Agapius under whom John Lydus heard some lectures on Platonist philosophy, while he was studying Aristotelian doctrines in Constantinople in 511, and of whom the poet Christodorus in his work "On the Disciples of the Great Proclus" stated that "Agapius is assuredly the last

title: Who is a Jew?

text: definition of who is a Jew is applied. When there is any doubt, the Israeli Chief Rabbinate generally determines the issue. In terms of social relations, most secular Jews view their Jewish identity as a matter of culture, heritage, nationality, or ethnicity. Ancestral aspects can be explained by the many Jews who view themselves as atheists and are defined by matrilineal descent or a Cohen (Kohen) or Levi, which is connected by ancestry. The question of "who is a Jew" is a question that is under debate. Issues related to ancestral or ethnic Jews are dealt with by the Israeli

title: Who is a Jew?

text: meaning "forced ones"), and their matrilineal descendants are likewise considered to be Jewish. Judaism has a category for those who are Jewish but who do not practice or who do not accept the tenets of Judaism, whether or not they have converted to another religion. The traditional view regarding these individuals, known as Meshumadim (), is that they are Jewish; however, there is much debate in the rabbinic literature regarding their status vis-a-vis the application of Jewish law and their participation in Jewish ritual, but not to their status as Jews. A Jew who leaves Judaism is free to return

title: Philosopher

text: of wisdom, and living in accordance to that wisdom. Disagreements arose as to what living philosophically entailed. These disagreements gave rise to different Hellenistic schools of philosophy. In consequence, the ancient philosopher thought in a tradition. As the ancient world became schism by philosophical debate, the competition lay in living in manner that would transform his whole way of living in the world. Among the last of these philosophers was Marcus Aurelius, who is widely regarded as a philosopher in the modern sense, but personally refused to call himself by such a title, since he had a duty to live

title: Who is a Jew?

text: to adopt Judaism and join a Humanistic Jewish community, and for the Society for Humanistic Judaism to adopt the person wanting to be part of the Humanistic Jewish family. As Israeli author Amos Oz puts it, "a Jew is anyone who chooses or is compelled to share a common fate with other Jews." Oz summed up his position more succinctly in a monologue published in "Tikkun", saying "Who is a Jew? Everyone who is mad enough to call himself or herself a Jew is a Jew." Israel has no single document called a constitution (the Basic Laws of Israel function

title: Peter Herrmann (social philosopher)

text: Peter Herrmann (social philosopher) Peter Herrmann is a social philosopher of German origin. Between 1995 and 2013 he worked in Ireland where he occupied at the end the position of a senior research fellow at University College Cork, School of Applied Social Studies. 2013 he moved to Rome, Italy where he worked independently, but in close connection with the Italian research institute EURISPES. From 2015 to 2017 he worked as Professor for Economics at Bangor College of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, ChangSha, PRC, and as Senior Foreign Expert. School of Public Affairs, Dept. of Social Security and

title: Who is a Jew?

text: views Jews who convert to or are raised in another religion as non-Jews. For example "...anyone who claims that Jesus is their savior is no longer a Jew..." [Contemporary American Reform Responsa, #68]. Historically, a Jew who has been declared to be a heretic (Hebrew: "min," מין) or Christian (Hebrew: "notzri," נוצרי, meaning "Nazarene") may have had a "cherem" (similar to excommunication) placed on him or her; but the practice of communal and religious exclusion does not affect their status of Jewish birth. Judaism also views as Jewish those who involuntarily convert from Judaism to another religion (Hebrew: "anusim," אנוסים,

title: David Gordon (philosopher)

text: David Gordon (philosopher) David Gordon (born April 7, 1948) is an American libertarian philosopher and intellectual historian influenced by Rothbardian views of economics. Peter J. Boettke, in his Reason Foundation "Reason Papers," Issue No. 19, Fall 1994, describes Gordon as "a philosopher and intellectual historian who is deeply influenced by the Rothbardian strand of economics." He is a senior fellow at the Ludwig von Mises Institute and editor of "The Mises Review. Gordon received degrees from University of California Los Angeles, including a Doctorate in intellectual history. He became a specialist on Murray Rothbard. In 1985 Gordon worked with professor

title: Who is a Jew?

text: definition. But, the absence of a definition of who is a Jew, for the purpose of the Law, has resulted in the divergent views of the various streams of Judaism competing for recognition. Besides the generally accepted halakhic definition of who is a Jew, the Law extended the categories of person who are entitled to immigration and citizenship to the children and grandchildren of Jews, regardless of their present religious affiliation, and their spouses. Also, converts to Judaism whose conversion was performed outside the State of Israel, regardless of who performed it, are entitled to immigration under the Law. Once

title: Michael Williams (philosopher)

text: Michael Williams (philosopher) Michael Williams (born July 6, 1947) is a British philosopher who is currently Kreiger-Eisenhower Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University, noted especially for his work in epistemology. He received his BA from the University of Oxford and his PhD. from Princeton University under the direction of Richard Rorty. He taught at Yale University, the University of Maryland, and Northwestern University prior to joining the faculty at Johns Hopkins. He is married to philosopher and Wittgenstein scholar Meredith Williams, a recently retired member of the Johns Hopkins philosophy faculty. In 2007, he was elected

title: Antoninus (philosopher)

text: Antoninus (philosopher) Antoninus () was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 4th century. He was a son of Eustathius and Sosipatra, and had a school at Canopus, Egypt. He was an older contemporary of Hypatia who lived and worked nearby in Alexandria. He devoted himself wholly to his pupils, but he never expressed any opinion upon divine matters, and although Eunapius attributes this to Antoninus' piety, he also points out that Antoninus refrained from theurgic rites "perhaps because he kept a wary eye on the imperial views and policy which were opposed to these practices." His moral conduct is

title: Who is a Jew?

text: as an uncodified constitution); however, the definition of "who is a Jew" has become an important issue in Israeli politics due to the involvement of religious parties in the Knesset. The issue of who is considered a Jew has given rise to legal controversy in Israel. There have been court cases in Israel since 1962 that have addressed the question. , anyone who immigrated to Israel after 1990 and wishes to marry or divorce via the Jewish tradition within the state limits must go through a "Judaism test" at an Orthodox Rabbinical court. In this test, a person would need

title: Who is a Jew?

text: to prove that they did not have Jewish or Muslim ancestry. Jean-Paul Sartre, who was not Jewish, suggested in "Anti-Semite and Jew" (1948) that Jewish identity "is neither national nor international, neither religious nor ethnic, nor political: it is a quasi-historical community." While Jews as individuals may be in danger from the antisemite who sees only "Jews" and not "people", Sartre argues that the Jewish experience of antisemitism preserves—even creates—the sense of Jewish community. In his most extreme statement of this view he wrote, "It is the anti-Semite who creates the Jew." Conversely, that sense of specific Jewish community may

title: Who is a Jew?

text: languages, depending on the geographic region of the speakers or their ancestors. Who is a Jew? "Who is a Jew?" ( ) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification. The question is based on ideas about Jewish personhood, which have cultural, ethnic, religious, political, genealogical, and personal dimensions. Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism follow Jewish law (Halakha), deeming a person to be Jewish if their mother is Jewish or they underwent a halakhic conversion. Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism accept both matrilineal and patrilineal descent. Karaite Judaism predominantly follows patrilineal descent. Jewish identity is also

title: Who is a Jew?

text: Who is a Jew? "Who is a Jew?" ( ) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification. The question is based on ideas about Jewish personhood, which have cultural, ethnic, religious, political, genealogical, and personal dimensions. Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism follow Jewish law (Halakha), deeming a person to be Jewish if their mother is Jewish or they underwent a halakhic conversion. Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism accept both matrilineal and patrilineal descent. Karaite Judaism predominantly follows patrilineal descent. Jewish identity is also commonly defined through ethnicity. Opinion polls have suggested that the majority of

title: Who is a Jew?

text: Jews see being Jewish as predominantly a matter of ancestry and culture, rather than religion. The definition of who is a Jew varies according to whether it is being considered by Jews on the basis of religious law and tradition or self-identification, or by non-Jews for other reasons, sometimes for prejudicial purposes. Because Jewish identity can include characteristics of an ethnicity, a religion, or peoplehood, the definition depends on either traditional or newer interpretations of Jewish law and custom. Israel's Law of Return stipulates that a Jew is someone with a Jewish mother or someone who has converted to Judaism

title: Francisco Romero (philosopher)

text: translation in 1964) is considered his master work. Romero was also editor in charge of philosophical publications at the Losada publishing house. He died in Buenos Aires in 1962. Francisco Romero (philosopher) Francisco Romero (1891–1962) was a Latin American philosopher who spearheaded a reaction against positivism. Romero was born in Seville, Spain, but spent much of his adult life in Latin America, especially Argentina, where he emigrated in 1904. He entered the Argentine army in 1910 and retired with the rank of major in 1931. He became a friend of the Argentine philosopher Alejandro Korn, and when he left military

title: Peter Menzies (philosopher)

text: Peter Menzies (philosopher) Peter Menzies (5 Feb 1953 - 6 Feb 2015) was an Australian philosopher and past president of the Australasian Association of Philosophy, who held teaching positions at Macquarie University, University of Sydney, and Australian National University. He specialized in metaphysics, especially the philosophy of causation. He became a fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 2007. Menzies was a student of Nancy Cartwright at Stanford University where he received his PhD in 1984. He and philosopher Huw Price developed a version of Agency Theory of Causation, which is statement of manipulability theory of causation. In

title: Who is a Jew?

text: the field was left empty for those who immigrated not solely on the basis of being Jewish (i.e. as a child, grandchild or spouse of a Jew only) to indicate that the person may not be a Jew. Many Israeli citizens who are not recognised by the Rabbinate as Jewish have been issued with Israeli identity cards that do not include their Hebrew calendar birth date. In 2010 the Labour Court of South Africa addressed the question of who is a Jew for the purposes of the Employment Equity Act. The question has also arisen in the United Kingdom, where

title: Agapius (philosopher)

text: but the first of all." Agapius (philosopher) Agapius (; 5th-6th century) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in Athens. He was a notable philosopher in the Neoplatonist school in Athens when Marinus of Neapolis was scholarch after the death of Proclus (c. 485). He was admired for his love of learning and for putting forward difficult problems. He may be the Agapius under whom John Lydus heard some lectures on Platonist philosophy, while he was studying Aristotelian doctrines in Constantinople in 511, and of whom the poet Christodorus in his work "On the Disciples of the Great Proclus" stated that

title: Zenodotus (philosopher)

text: Zenodotus (philosopher) Zenodotus (; ; fl. late 5th century) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived and taught in Athens. He was described as "the darling ("paidika") of Proclus." Zenodotus served under Marinus of Neapolis when Marinus succeeded Proclus as the head ("scholarch") of the school (c. 485). He was a teacher of Damascius when he came to Athens to learn philosophy (c. 492). Whereas Marinus taught mathematics and scientific courses to Damascius, Zenodotus taught the more conventional philosophy courses. He was an important philosopher in Athens during the time when Marinus and Hegias were contending for the leadership of the

title: Who is a Jew?

text: Chief Rabbinate. Orthodox halachic rules apply to converts who want to marry in Israel. Under these rules, a conversion to Judaism must strictly follow halachic standards to be recognised as valid. The rabbinate even scrutinizes Orthodox conversions, with some who have converted by orthodox authorities outside Israel not being permitted to marry in Israel. If one's ancestral line of Jewishness is in doubt, then a proper conversion would be required in order to be allowed to marry in the Orthodox community, or in Israel, where such rules govern all marriages. The Jewish status of a person in Israel is considered

title: Who is a Jew?

text: to or were raised in a faith other than Judaism, including Messianic Judaism. This definition is not the same as that in traditional Jewish law; in some respects it is deliberately wider, so as to include those non-Jewish relatives of Jews who may have been perceived to be Jewish, and thus faced antisemitism. The Law of Return does not, of itself, define the Jewish status of a person; it only deals with those who have a right of immigration to Israel. In the early 1950s, the Israeli Chief Rabbinate originally objected to the immigration of Karaite Jews to Israel, and

title: Who is a Jew?

text: a Jew was someone who practiced Judaism. The definition gradually changed in the beginning of the 20th century due to the emergence of racial ideology. The European definition is traditional in many respects, and reflects not only how the Europeans saw Jews, but also how Jews saw themselves. In the former Soviet Union, "Jewish" was a nationality by law, as with other nationalities such as Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians and others. There were certain restrictions on their civil liberties in the early years of the Soviet Union. The modern genealogical DNA test of ethnicity is certainly a non-religious definition of 'who

title: Martin Cohen (philosopher)

text: assuming that science and knowledge generally is 'a very sensible and reassuringly solid sort of affair'. He advocates the 'separation of state and science'. Martin Cohen (philosopher) Martin Cohen (born 1964) is a British philosopher, an editor and reviewer who writes on philosophy, philosophy of science and political philosophy. He is currently Visititng Research Fellow in Philosophy at the University of Hertfordshire (UK). He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University where his tutors included some of the early group of philosophers who launched the University's pioneering language and values programme, including Terry Diffey and Bernard Harrison. He obtained

title: Who is a Jew?

text: government. The government assisted them in emigrating "en masse" to Israel during the 1980s and 1990s as Jews under the Law of Return, when Ethiopia was undergoing civil war. Some who claim to be Beta Israel still live in Ethiopia. The Bnei Menashe is a group in India claiming to be descendants of the half-tribe of Menashe. Members who have studied Hebrew and who observe the Sabbath and other Jewish laws in 2005 received the support of the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel to arrange formal conversion to Judaism. Some have converted and immigrated to Israel under the Law of

title: Hermias (philosopher)

text: income from the state, in order to raise the children, enabling them to become philosophers. A "Commentary on the Phaedrus" written by Hermias survives. It consists of notes based on the lectures conducted by Syrianus concerning Plato's "Phaedrus". Hermias (philosopher) Hermias (; "Hermeias ek Phoinikes") was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD. He went to Athens and studied philosophy under Syrianus. He married Aedesia, who was a relative of Syrianus, and who had originally been betrothed to Proclus, but Proclus broke the engagement off after receiving a divine warning. Hermias brought Syrianus' teachings back to

title: Hermias (philosopher)

text: Hermias (philosopher) Hermias (; "Hermeias ek Phoinikes") was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD. He went to Athens and studied philosophy under Syrianus. He married Aedesia, who was a relative of Syrianus, and who had originally been betrothed to Proclus, but Proclus broke the engagement off after receiving a divine warning. Hermias brought Syrianus' teachings back to Alexandria, where he lectured in the school of Horapollo, receiving an income from the state. He died c. 450 AD, at a time when his children, Ammonius and Heliodorus, were still small. Aedesia, however, continued to receive an

title: John Anderson (philosopher)

text: institutions. He is, arguably, the most important philosopher who has worked in Australia. Certainly he was the most important in both the breadth and depth of influence. Among the philosophers who got their original intellectual formation from Anderson are John Passmore, John Mackie, A.J. ('Jim') Baker, David Stove and myself. There are lots more. But for every student who became a philosopher there were far, far, more in the law, in medicine, in journalism, in other academic disciplines, that were profoundly influenced by him. I am inclined to think that, especially in the thirties and forties of the last century,

title: Martin Cohen (philosopher)

text: Martin Cohen (philosopher) Martin Cohen (born 1964) is a British philosopher, an editor and reviewer who writes on philosophy, philosophy of science and political philosophy. He is currently Visititng Research Fellow in Philosophy at the University of Hertfordshire (UK). He studied philosophy and social science at Sussex University where his tutors included some of the early group of philosophers who launched the University's pioneering language and values programme, including Terry Diffey and Bernard Harrison. He obtained a teaching qualification at Keele University and his PhD in philosophy of education from the University of Exeter. After research posts at universities in

title: Robert Balfour (philosopher)

text: Robert Balfour (philosopher) Robert Balfour (c. 1553–1621; known also as Balforeus) was a Scottish philosopher. He was educated at the University of St Andrews and the University of Paris. He was for many years principal of the College of Guienne at Bordeaux. His great work is his "Commentarii in Organum Logicum Aristotelis" (Bordeaux, 1618); the copy in the British Museum contains a number of highly eulogistic poems in honour of Balfour, who is described as "Graium aemulus acer." Balfour was one of the scholars who contributed to spread over Europe the fame of the "praefervidum ingenium Scotorum." His contemporary, Thomas

title: Kanada (philosopher)

text: Kanada (philosopher) Kanada (Sanskrit: कणाद, IAST: 'Kaṇāda), also known as Kashyapa, Uluka, Kananda and Kanabhuk, was an ancient Indian natural scientist and philosopher who founded the Vaisheshika school of Indian philosophy. Estimated to have lived sometime between 6th century to 2nd century BCE, little is known about his life. His traditional name "Kanada" means "atom eater", and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic naturalism Indian philosophy in the Sanskrit text "Vaisheshika Sutra". His text is also known as "Kanada Sutras", or Aphorisms of Kanada. The school founded by Kanada attempted to explain the creation and existence

title: Alcinous (philosopher)

text: topics ranging from logic to physics to ethics. It is thought to have been intended as a manual, not for students of Platonism, but for its teachers. The treatise is written in the esoteric manner typical of the Corpus Aristotelicum, and it often appropriates popular concepts from other philosophical schools — in particular the Peripatetic and Stoic schools — which could be seen as having been prefigured in the works of Plato. Alcinous's handbook has been dated to the middle of the 2nd century AD. In 1879 the German scholar Jacob Freudenthal argued that Alcinous was really the philosopher Albinus,

title: Jacob Klein (philosopher)

text: of Plato and the Platonic tradition. As one of many Jewish scholars who were no longer safe in Europe, he fled the Nazis. . The central thesis of his work "Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra" is that the modern concept of mathematics is based on the symbolic interpretation of the Greek concept of number ("arithmos"). Klein died in 1978 in Annapolis, Maryland. Jacob Klein (philosopher) Jacob Klein (March 3, 1899 – July 16, 1978) was a Russian-American philosopher and interpreter of Plato, who worked extensively on the nature and historical origin of modern symbolic mathematics. Klein was

title: Albert of Saxony (philosopher)

text: of undeniable originality on many topics in logic and physics. Albert of Saxony (philosopher) Albert of Saxony (Latin: "Albertus de Saxonia"; c. 1320 – 8 July 1390) was a German philosopher known for his contributions to logic and physics. He was bishop of Halberstadt from 1366 until his death. Albert was born at Rickensdorf near Helmstedt, the son of a farmer in a small village; but because of his talent, he was sent to study at the University of Prague and the University of Paris. At Paris, he became a master of arts (a professor), and held this post from

title: Albert of Saxony (philosopher)

text: Albert of Saxony (philosopher) Albert of Saxony (Latin: "Albertus de Saxonia"; c. 1320 – 8 July 1390) was a German philosopher known for his contributions to logic and physics. He was bishop of Halberstadt from 1366 until his death. Albert was born at Rickensdorf near Helmstedt, the son of a farmer in a small village; but because of his talent, he was sent to study at the University of Prague and the University of Paris. At Paris, he became a master of arts (a professor), and held this post from 1351 until 1362. He also studied theology at the College

title: Mardonius (philosopher)

text: frequently visiting him for dinner in Constantinople. Mardonius is mentioned in several works by Julian, in particular his satire Misopogon ("Beard-Hater"). In the funeral oration on Julian, Libanius mentioned the positive influence Mardonius had on his pupil. Mardonius (philosopher) Mardonius, also spelled Mardonios, was a Roman rhetorician, philosopher and educator of Gothic descent. Mardonius was the childhood tutor and adviser of the 4th century Roman emperor Julian, on whom he had an immense influence. Mardonius was a eunuch of Gothic origin. He was probably a lifelong pagan. He grew up as a slave in the household of Julius Julianus, who

title: Porphyry (philosopher)

text: Porphyry (philosopher) Porphyry of Tyre (; , "Porphýrios"; , "Furfūriyūs"; c. 234 – c. 305 AD) was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was born in Tyre, in the Roman Empire. He edited and published the "Enneads", the only collection of the work of his teacher Plotinus. His commentary on Euclid's "Elements" was used as a source by Pappus of Alexandria. He also wrote many works himself on a wide variety of topics. His "Isagoge", or "Introduction", is an introduction to logic and philosophy, and in the Latin and Arabic translations it was the standard textbook on logic throughout the Middle Ages.

title: Antonius (philosopher)

text: tombs. His moral conduct is described as truly exemplary. Antonius (philosopher) Antonius was a neoplatonist philosopher from the 4th century AD. He was a son of Eustathius and Sosipatra, and had a school at Canopus, near Alexandria in Egypt. He devoted himself wholly to those who sought his instructions, but he never expressed any opinion upon religious topics, which he considered beyond man's comprehension. He and his disciples were strongly attached to the pre-Christian Roman religions; but he had acuteness enough to see that Christianity was fast becoming the dominant religion, and he predicted that after his death all the

title: Johann Jakob Müller (philosopher)

text: receiving a licentiate in on 23 October 1699,on 18 February 1700 he received his Doctorate of laws. On 5 September 1705 he took on the professorship of Ethical Moral Philosophy and Politics. Müller also took his turn at administrative duties, serving several times as dean of the Philosophy faculty. During the Winter Term of 1704/05 he served as Rector at the University of Jena. Johann Jakob Müller (philosopher) Johann Jakob Müller (31 May 1650 - 13 April 1716) was a German moral philosopher. Johann Jakob Müller was born at Jena in 1650. His father, another Johann Müller (1615-1688), was the

title: Johann Jakob Müller (philosopher)

text: Johann Jakob Müller (philosopher) Johann Jakob Müller (31 May 1650 - 13 April 1716) was a German moral philosopher. Johann Jakob Müller was born at Jena in 1650. His father, another Johann Müller (1615-1688), was the deputy head of the . Johann Jakob Müller attended the school, then under the rectorship of Johann Martin Ringler. Recognising an exceptional talent, his parents also arranged for him to receive private tutoring at home from Anton Mosnern, a churchman from nearby Saalfeld. Aged only 15 Müller started attending lectures at the university. At the Philosophy faculty his teachers included Johann Frischmuth, Erhard Weigel,

title: Who is a Jew?

text: term "ethnic Jew" does not specifically exclude practicing Jews, but they are usually simply referred to as "Jews" without the qualifying adjective "ethnic". The term can refer to people of diverse beliefs and backgrounds because genealogy largely defines who is "Jewish". "Ethnic Jew" is sometimes used to distinguish non-practicing from practicing (religious) Jews. Other terms include "non-observant Jew", "non-religious Jew", "non-practicing Jew", and "secular Jew". The term may also refer to Jews who do not practice the religion of Judaism. Typically, ethnic Jews are cognizant of their Jewish background, and may feel strong cultural (even if not religious) ties to

title: Who is a Jew?

text: rabbinate. Some sources say that the earliest Jews of Cochin, India were those who settled in the Malabar Coast during the times of King Solomon of Israel, and after the Kingdom of Israel split into two. There is historical documentation of the Jews being in Cochin after the fall of the Second Temple, from around the first century CE. Later additions were a smaller immigration of Sephardic Jews from Europe in the sixteenth century after the expulsion from Spain, and Baghdadi Jews, Arabic-speaking Jews who arrived in the late eighteenth century, at the beginning of the British colonial era. Following

title: Who is a Jew?

text: not accepted in Orthodox communities because the non-Orthodox movements perform conversions in which the new convert does not undertake to observe halakha as understood by Orthodox Judaism. A third controversy concerns persons (whether born Jews or converts to Judaism) who have converted to another religion. The traditional view is such persons remain Jewish. Reform Judaism regards such people as apostates, and states regarding Messianic Jews: "'Messianic Jews' claim that they are Jews, but we must asked ourselves whether we identify them as Jews. We can not do so as they consider Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah who has fulfilled

title: Evander (philosopher)

text: philosopher nothing is known. Several Pythagoreans of the name of Evander, who were natives of Croton, Metapontum, and Leontini, are mentioned by Iamblichus, and a Cretan Evander occurs in Plutarch. Evander (philosopher) Evander (or Euander) (), born in Phocis or Phocaea, was the pupil and successor of Lacydes, and was joint leader (scholarch) of the Academy at Athens together with Telecles. In the final ten years of Lacydes' life (c. 215-c. 205), Evander and Telecles had helped run the Academy due to Lacydes being seriously ill. They continued running the Academy after the death of Lacydes, without formally being elected

title: Hippo (philosopher)

text: as arising from both mind and water. A medieval scholium on Aristophanes' "The Clouds" attributes to Hippo the view that the heavens were like the dome () of an oven covering the Earth. Hippo (philosopher) Hippo (; , "Hippon"; fl. 5th century BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is variously described as coming from Rhegium, Metapontum, Samos, and Croton, and it is possible that there was more than one philosopher with this name. Although he was a natural philosopher, Aristotle refused to place him among the other great Pre-Socratic philosophers "because of the paltriness of his thought." At some