query: When did communist control end in Hungary?

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: ties with the United States and the rest of Europe. End of communism in Hungary (1989) The Communist rule in the Hungarian People's Republic came to an end in 1989. The events were part of the Revolutions of 1989, known in Hungarian as the Rendszerváltás (lit., "regime change" or "system change"). Decades before the Round Table Talks, political and economic forces within Hungary put pressure on Hungarian communism. These pressures contributed to the fall of communism in Hungary in 1989. The New Economic Mechanism was the only set of economic reform in Eastern Europe enacted after the wave of 1950s

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: End of communism in Hungary (1989) The Communist rule in the Hungarian People's Republic came to an end in 1989. The events were part of the Revolutions of 1989, known in Hungarian as the Rendszerváltás (lit., "regime change" or "system change"). Decades before the Round Table Talks, political and economic forces within Hungary put pressure on Hungarian communism. These pressures contributed to the fall of communism in Hungary in 1989. The New Economic Mechanism was the only set of economic reform in Eastern Europe enacted after the wave of 1950s and 60s revolutions that survived past 1968. Despite this, it

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: not make their peace" with the real effects of the economic system. By 1985, with political instability accompanying the economic instability, Kádár and the regime were forced to recognize the impending collapse of communism in Hungary. In 1988, Communist Hungary also started making it easier for its own citizens to travel to the west, which led to May 1989’s removal of Hungary’s barbed wire fence with Austria. This allowed East Germans, who were allowed only to travel to Communist countries, to go to Hungary and escape to West Germany through Austria, never to again return to communist East Germany. Putting

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: October 1989, the Communist Party convened its last congress and re-established itself as the Hungarian Socialist Party. In a historic session from 16 October to 20 October, the parliament adopted legislation providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election. The legislation transformed Hungary from a People's Republic into the Republic of Hungary, guaranteed human and civil rights, and created an institutional structure that ensured separation of powers among the judicial, legislative, and executive branches of government. On 23 October 1989 at Kossuth tér, Budapest, the Republic of Hungary was proclaimed. The first free parliamentary election, held in May

title: Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary

text: Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary appears to be a persistent phenomenon. During the communist period in Hungary antisemitism did not manifest itself in its classic form. It was chiefly seen as a fascist-Hungarist ideology, and the communist elite made sure that all antisemitic literature was destroyed after World War II. During the 1989 transition from communism to democracy, and the introduction of free speech and a free press, antisemitism appeared almost immediately, and continued to re-emerge. This phenomenon has led to a heated debate as to whether economic and social changes were the cause of the sudden

title: Social Democratic Party of Hungary

text: legal status is unclear. The MSZDP did not participate in the 2018 general election. "Party merged to Socialist Party of Hungary (1919)" "Party merged to Hungarian Working People's Party (1948–1956)" "Party disbanded (1956–1989)" Social Democratic Party of Hungary The Social Democratic Party of Hungary (, MSZDP) is a social democratic political party in Hungary. Historically, the party was dissolved during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany (1944-1945) and the communist period of Hungary from 1948 to 1989, after being forced into a merger with the Communist Party. It worked legally for a short time during the Revolution of 1956.

title: Communist Control Act of 1954

text: Communist Control Act of 1954 The Communist Control Act (68 Stat. 775, 50 U.S.C. 841-844) is a piece of United States federal legislation, signed into law by President Dwight Eisenhower on 24 August 1954, which outlaws the Communist Party of the United States and criminalizes membership in, or support for the Party or "Communist-action" organizations and defines evidence to be considered by a jury in determining participation in the activities, planning, actions, objectives, or purposes of such organizations. Created during the period of the Second Red Scare (1946–1954), the Act was one of many bills drafted with the intention of

title: Communist Control Act of 1954

text: However, the Supreme Court of the United States has not ruled on the act's constitutionality. Despite that, no administration has tried to enforce it. The provisions of the act outlawing the party have not been repealed. Nevertheless, the Communist Party USA continues to exist in the 21st century. Communist Control Act of 1954 The Communist Control Act (68 Stat. 775, 50 U.S.C. 841-844) is a piece of United States federal legislation, signed into law by President Dwight Eisenhower on 24 August 1954, which outlaws the Communist Party of the United States and criminalizes membership in, or support for the Party

title: Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary

text: who consider themselves followers of the fascist-Hungarist tradition. The anti-Zionism that ruled the mainstream discourse during communism did not disappear after the 1989 transition, and it sometimes re-emerged in the form of antisemitism. In the early years of the post-communist era, antisemitism in far-right papers and radio broadcasts was common but of limited impact. According to both Jewish and non-Jewish public opinion polls conducted in the past few years, antisemitism in Hungary has gained strength in recent years, or, at the very least, has become more pronounced in public discourse. It manifests itself mainly in the media and in the

title: Croatia–Hungary relations

text: Army in 1944 and 1945, and confirmed by the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947. As World War II was replaced by the Cold War, Hungarian–Croatian relations were substantially dictated by the Soviet Union; it dominated the Eastern Bloc, which included Hungary and Communist-ruled Yugoslavia (which in turn comprised Croatia as its constituent part), as defined by the Tito–Stalin split. This situation ended with the revolutions of 1989, the end of Communism in Hungary and the breakup of Yugoslavia. Hungary recognised Croatian independence on 15 January 1992 (with the rest of the European Economic Community member states), and established diplomatic relations

title: Green Party of Hungary

text: any seats. Green Party of Hungary The Green Party of Hungary (; MZP), also known mostly by its shortened form Green Party, was the first green political party in Hungary and also in post-communist countries, formed on 19 November 1989 following the end of communism. Several former active members of the Duna Kör had participated in the foundation of the party in Budapest on 19 November 1989. The first branches had already established in Debrecen (23 October) and Szeged (8 November). The national congress elected a 15-member national board and 7-member presidency (its members were including Gábor Hraskó and Erzsébet

title: Green Party of Hungary

text: Green Party of Hungary The Green Party of Hungary (; MZP), also known mostly by its shortened form Green Party, was the first green political party in Hungary and also in post-communist countries, formed on 19 November 1989 following the end of communism. Several former active members of the Duna Kör had participated in the foundation of the party in Budapest on 19 November 1989. The first branches had already established in Debrecen (23 October) and Szeged (8 November). The national congress elected a 15-member national board and 7-member presidency (its members were including Gábor Hraskó and Erzsébet Schmuck). The

title: Pornography in Hungary

text: Pornography in Hungary The history of pornography in Hungary mainly dates from the period after the fall of communism in 1989. The production and distribution of pornography was illegal under their Socialist system, but the laws were liberalised with the fall of the Hungarian People's Republic. Permissive government policies soon propelled the country to the forefront of the European pornography industry. Several foreign directors were attracted to the country's liberal legislation. Eventually, domestic producers began to prosper as well, and several actresses made big names for themselves within the industry. During the communist era, pornography was considered a product of

title: Hungary–Russia relations

text: of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The People's Republic of Hungary ("Magyar Népköztársaság") was the official state name of Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Communist period under the guidance of the Soviet Union. Following the Soviet occupation of Hungary after World War II, the Soviets set up a police system that persecuted all opposition through direct force and propaganda, hoping this would lead to a Communist victory in the elections of 1946 . Despite these efforts, the Hungarian Communist Party came in third place in the elections, prompting the Soviets

title: Kingdom of Hungary

text: struggle." What emerged was a communist state lasting until October 1989 when the Communists agreed to give up their monopoly on power, paving the way for free elections in March 1990. In today's free republic, the Kingdom is regarded as one long stage in the development of the state. This sense of continuity is reflected in the republic's national symbols such as the Holy Crown of Hungary and the Coat of arms of Hungary, which are the same as when the monarchy was still in place. Several holidays, the official language (Hungarian), and the capital city Budapest have also been

title: Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)

text: the Malaysian government. When the Communist bloc in Europe collapsed in the late 1980s, the MCP had accepted the fact that they did not have any chance to form a communist government in Malaya. Malaysia by that time was one of the newly developed nations in Asia. Malaysia’s economy was strong and the majority of Malaysia’s citizens refused to accept communist ideology. After a series of negotiations between the Malaysian Government and the MCP, with the Thais acting as mediators, the MCP finally agreed to sign a Peace Accord in Haadyai, Thailand on 2 December 1989. The peace accord did

title: Hungary

text: 1 January 2012. The new electoral law also entered into force that day. The voters elected 199 MPs instead of previous 386 lawmakers. The current political landscape in Hungary is dominated by the conservative Fidesz, who have a near supermajority, and two medium-sized parties, the left-wing Hungarian Socialist Party ("MSZP") and nationalist Jobbik. The democratic character of the Hungarian parliament was reestablished with the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of communist dictatorship in 1989. Today's parliament is still called "Országgyűlés" just like in royal times, but in order to differentiate between the historical royal diet is referred

title: Social Democratic Party of Hungary

text: Social Democratic Party of Hungary The Social Democratic Party of Hungary (, MSZDP) is a social democratic political party in Hungary. Historically, the party was dissolved during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany (1944-1945) and the communist period of Hungary from 1948 to 1989, after being forced into a merger with the Communist Party. It worked legally for a short time during the Revolution of 1956. It was a government party as a part of the Károlyi Government (1918-1919), Berinkey Government, Peidl Government (1919), Interim National Assembly (1944-1945) and Dinnyés Government (1947-1948). It was reorganized after Hungary's transition from

title: Hungary in World War II

text: of Hungary was formally abolished and replaced by the Second Republic of Hungary. Post-war Hungary was eventually taken over by a Soviet-allied government and became part of the Eastern Bloc. The People's Republic of Hungary was declared in 1949 and lasted until the Revolutions of 1989 and the End of Communism in Hungary. Hungary in World War II During World War II, the Kingdom of Hungary was a member of the Axis powers. In the 1930s, the Kingdom of Hungary relied on increased trade with Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to pull itself out of the Great Depression. Hungarian politics

title: History of Christianity in Hungary

text: the "Double Monarchy" at the end of the First World War, King Charles IV (1916–1918) abdicated on November 16, 1918, and the prime minister, Count Mihály Károlyi proclaimed Hungary a republic. Mihály Károlyi decided to hand over power "to the proletariat" when the Entente Powers issued an ultimatum, demanding the evacuation of a large zone east of the Tisza. The new government led by the Communist Béla Kun declared Hungary a soviet republic on March 21, 1919. The counter-revolutionary propaganda did not fail to emphasize that over half of the commissars were of Jewish origin. Under the new regime Church

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: is usually given as the main reason for the regime’s decision to negotiate with the opposition, and a prime pressure that caused the fall of communism in Hungary. After Poland's Contract Sejm, Hungary was next to revert to a non-communist government. Although Hungary had achieved some lasting economic reforms and limited political liberalization during the 1980s, major reforms only occurred following the replacement of János Kádár as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1988. That same year, the Parliament adopted a "democracy package", which included trade union pluralism; freedom of association, assembly, and the press; a new electoral law;

title: Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary

text: questions asking whether people believed that there had been an increase or decrease in antisemitism in Hungary ‘in the recent past’, 63 per cent said they thought that antisemitism had increased. In an attempt to identify how respondents formed these opinions, it appeared that their attitudes towards the intensity and range of antisemitism in contemporary Hungary were based primarily on media reports rather than on personal experience of any antisemitic incident. Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary appears to be a persistent phenomenon. During the communist period in Hungary antisemitism did not manifest itself in its classic form.

title: Collectivization in Hungary

text: Collectivization in Hungary In the Hungarian People's Republic, agricultural collectivization was attempted a number of times in the late 1940s, until it was finally successful in the early 1960s. By consolidating individual landowning farmers into agricultural co-operatives, the Communist government hoped to increase production and efficiency, and put agriculture under the control of the state. In early 1945, the provisional Hungarian government had appointed “land claimants” committees to examine the situation of the peasantry and develop a plan for land reform. When the proposed legislation was passed in March, it merely acknowledged the seizures the peasants had already undertaken. Prior

title: Hungary–Soviet Union relations

text: and replaced by the Republic of Hungary. The gradual takeover by the Communists was completed on August 18, 1949, when Hungary became the People's Republic of Hungary. The presence of Soviet troops in Hungary was formalized by the 1949 mutual assistance treaty, which granted the Soviet Union rights to a continued military presence, assuring ultimate political control. The Soviet forces in Hungary were part of the so-called Central Group of Forces headquartered in Baden, near Vienna. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Communist government of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies. After announcing their willingness

title: Diet of Hungary

text: still had huge power, which however he chose not to use in order to give the Hungarians more control over their own affairs. The democratic character of the Hungarian parliament was reestablished with the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of communist dictatorship. Today's parliament is still called "Országgyűlés" just like in royal times, but in order to differentiate between the two phases is referred to as National Assembly of Hungary now, as opposed to the historical royal diet. Free English language book about the history of parliamentarism in Hungary (Content: 22 pages, PDF format, link to the

title: Hinduism in Hungary

text: as a fully recognized churches in Hungary. Brahma Kumaris has 4 Centres in Hungary Hinduism in Hungary Hinduism is a minor religion in Hungary. The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) runs the Bhaktivedanta Theological College in Hungary. The Hungarian government donated a building for the Bhaktivedanta Theological College. Krishna devotees first appeared in Hungary at the end of the 1970s, but only in the second wave of the mission, in the mid 1980s, did a viable community develop. The leaders of ISKCON mention 8,000-12,000 devotees living in Hungary. According to Tamas Barabas (one of the leaders of the ISKCON),

title: Salesians in Hungary

text: in Hungary. The Salesians had to abandon their work. Although they were officially dismissed, many of the former religious continued to live their sacred life. By the end of the communist regime, only 83 Salesians remained in Hungary to begin working once again in the spirit of Don Bosco: to serve the poor and neglected youth. Foundation: 2001 The Salesians bought the site "Bécsi út 173" in 1999. It is the base for the present Provincial House. Its foundation stone was laid down on May 24, 2001. The building was finally completed and blessed on January 1, 2002. Its functions

title: Reformed Church in Hungary

text: 1948 that brought all work and personnel of the Church under the control of the state and the Communist Party. The forty years of Communist rule brought a great setback for the Hungarian churches, and only the political changes of the 1990s brought about relief. Thereafter, a "free church in free state" model was adopted. The Reformed Church in Hungary accepts the Bible as the word of God. Beyond the early creeds Athanasian Creed, Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, it accepts the Heidelberg Catechism, and the Second Helvetic Confession. In order to organize church life on regional and national levels, the

title: Women in Hungary

text: Women in Hungary The roles of women in Hungary have changed significantly over the past 200 years. Historically, in the present day territory of Hungary, discourses on women’s roles, rights, and political access, along with feminist movements, have developed within the context of extremely traditional gender roles that were influenced by Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism and Calvinism. More recently, the Communist doctrine on women’s place in society was also influential. The post-communist era in Hungary has produced a number of organizations to address the needs of the nation’s women and mobilize female voters, and several universities now have gender studies programs.

title: Bahá'í Faith in Hungary

text: are spread among some 65 localities in Hungary. In accordance with a 2011 religion law 82 religious groups, including the Bahá'ís, asked to be officially recognized by the parliament. In February 2012 this registration was established for the Bahá'ís among others though some were excluded. Bahá'í Faith in Hungary The Bahá'í Faith in Hungary started in various mentions of the religion in the 19th century followed by `Abdu'l-Bahá's trip to Hungary in 1913 when Hungary's first Bahá'í joined the religion. The community suffered from World War II and communist rule until the 1980s. The National Assembly was elected in 1992

title: Bahá'í Faith in Hungary

text: Bahá'í Faith in Hungary The Bahá'í Faith in Hungary started in various mentions of the religion in the 19th century followed by `Abdu'l-Bahá's trip to Hungary in 1913 when Hungary's first Bahá'í joined the religion. The community suffered from World War II and communist rule until the 1980s. The National Assembly was elected in 1992 and growth since then places 2002 estimates by Bahá'ís at between 1100 and 1200 Bahá’is in Hungary, many are Roma. However, according to the 2005 Association of Religion Data Archives data there are close to some 290. Perhaps the first mention of the religion in

title: Hinduism in Hungary

text: Hinduism in Hungary Hinduism is a minor religion in Hungary. The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) runs the Bhaktivedanta Theological College in Hungary. The Hungarian government donated a building for the Bhaktivedanta Theological College. Krishna devotees first appeared in Hungary at the end of the 1970s, but only in the second wave of the mission, in the mid 1980s, did a viable community develop. The leaders of ISKCON mention 8,000-12,000 devotees living in Hungary. According to Tamas Barabas (one of the leaders of the ISKCON), 190-200 live in temples, 700-900 practice their religion seriously, on the four festivals 9,000-10,000

title: Armenia–Hungary relations

text: Armenia–Hungary relations Armenia–Hungary relations refer to the diplomatic relations between Armenia and Hungary. Since the end of World War II, the two countries were under communist domination as both Hungary (Hungarian People's Republic) and Armenia (Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) was a satellite state and the constituent republic of the Soviet Union respectively. Diplomatic relations between the two nations started at the end of the Cold War, mainly with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. There are around 15,000 people of Armenian descent living in Hungary. On 31 August 2012, Armenia severed relations with Hungary following the extradition of

title: When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You

text: hid".."If you loved me with all of your heart/You'd never take a million dollars to part". He would use the instrumental of this song as both an instrumental track (with several Gaye ad-libs) and as the reprise of the album to end it. The song served as the template for Daryl Hall's song "Stop Loving Me, Stop Loving You," from his 1993 solo album, "Soul Alone." After being played the song by a friend and thinking it was an unreleased bootleg, Hall reworked the tune as a standard-structured R&B/pop song. When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop

title: Armenia–Hungary relations

text: the decision to free Safarov. In April 2013, Armenia’s acting Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan said that "Armenia [was] ready to settle relations with Hungary, but Budapest should undertake steps". Armenia–Hungary relations Armenia–Hungary relations refer to the diplomatic relations between Armenia and Hungary. Since the end of World War II, the two countries were under communist domination as both Hungary (Hungarian People's Republic) and Armenia (Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) was a satellite state and the constituent republic of the Soviet Union respectively. Diplomatic relations between the two nations started at the end of the Cold War, mainly with the dissolution of

title: Women in Hungary

text: As of 2014, women made up 10.1% of the parliament. Women were seen as a vital part of the productivity of the state, both as mothers and wives of male workers, and as workers themselves. Although women were included in the workforce in a more equal way under communist rule, they generally were placed under greater state control with regard to their personal freedoms, especially concerning reproductive rights, sexuality, and family life. Despite the official discourse on equality, the communist regime did not seek to genuinely address the deep social fabric of gender subordination. Nevertheless, women did see some gains

title: Energy in Hungary

text: 2009 forecast expects Hungary to reach 1.2 GW of installed wind capacity in this time. In the end of 2010 wind power capacity was 295 MW. In 2007, emissions of carbon dioxide totalled 53.9 million tonnes or around 5.4 tonnes per capita when the EU-27 average was 7.9 tonnes per capita. Energy in Hungary Energy in Hungary describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Hungary. Energy policy of Hungary describes the politics of Hungary related to energy. Hungary had in 2017 four operating nuclear power reactors, constructed between 1982 and 1987, at the Paks Nuclear Power Plant. MOL

title: Communist party

text: Communist parties are illegal in Estonia, Indonesia, Iran, Latvia, Lithuania, Myanmar, Poland, Romania, South Korea, Ukraine, Georgia, Hungary, and partyless countries. The Communist Party USA is also banned in the United States under the Communist Control Act, however the Act was never enforced and the Party still exists today. Some U.S. states also have their own laws banning the CPUSA; likewise none of those laws have ever been enforced. As the membership of a Communist party was to be limited to active cadres in Lenin's theory, there was a need for networks of separate organizations to mobilize mass support for

title: History of the Jews in Hungary

text: only 140,000 Jews remained in Hungary, down from 750,000 in 1941. The difficult economic situation coupled with the lingering anti-Semitic attitude of the population prompted a wave of migration. Between 1945 and 1949, 40,000–50,000 Jews left Hungary for Israel (30,000–35,000) and Western countries (15,000–20,000). People of Jewish origin dominated the post-war Communist regime until 1952–53 when many were removed in a series of purges. During its first years, the regime's top membership and secret police were almost entirely Jewish, albeit naturally anti-religious. Leaders like Mátyás Rákosi, Ernő Gerő and Peter Gabor repudiated Judaism and were strict atheists per Communist doctrine.

title: Hungary in World War II

text: at the Sándor Petőfi monument in Budapest to demand an "independent democratic Hungary". The underground Hungarian Communist Party published newspaper and leaflets, 500 communist activists were arrested and the party's leaders Ferenc Rуzsa and Zуtan Schцnherz were executed. The Hungarian underground opposition contributed little to the military defeat of National Socialism. In July 1943 the Smallholders Party adopted Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky's policy of working more closely with Hungarian Social Democratic Party and the Communists and on 31 July demanded from the government an end to hostilities and joining the Allies even at the price of armed conflict with Germany. At the

title: Canada–Hungary relations

text: In August 1914, the United Kingdom declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Germany. Canada joined British forces and fought together during World War I. At the end of the war in 1918, Hungary became an independent nation. During World War II, Canadian and Hungarian troops fought against each other during the Western Allied invasion of Germany. At the end of the war, Hungary became a communist state. Between 1948 and 1952 some 12,000 postwar displaced Hungarians arrived to Canada. As a result of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, over 30,000 Hungarians left Hungary between 1956–1957 and emigrated to Canada

title: Hungary between the World Wars

text: 1919 marked the end of this state and the creation of a new communist state known as Hungarian Soviet Republic. The rise of the Hungarian Communist Party (HCP) to power was rapid. The party was organized in a Moscow hotel on November 4, 1918, when a group of Hungarian prisoners of war and communist sympathizers formed a Central Committee and dispatched members to Hungary to recruit new members, propagate the party's ideas, and radicalize Károlyi's government. By February 1919, the party numbered 30,000 to 40,000 members, including many unemployed ex-soldiers, young intellectuals, and Jews. In the same month, Béla Kun

title: Salesians in Hungary

text: Salesians in Hungary The Salesians of Don Bosco, generally known simply as the Salesians, is the third largest religious institute in the Catholic Church. It has operated in Hungary since 1913, where its clergy established numerous schools. It has a Hungarian province, the institute's smallest province. The first Salesian priest in Hungary was Károly Zafféry. By the middle of the 20th century, Salesians were present in and in other less significance communities. According to Salesian school entries, in the year 1950, there were 280 Salesian religious in Hungary working in 15 places. However, the communist government prohibited every religious institute

title: Healthcare in Hungary

text: The free-market shift initiated after the end of communist rule years ago put a strain on the largely centralised, wholly tax-funded public health system, which required far-reaching reforms. These resulted in the creation of the National Healthcare Fund (), in 1993. The OEP, predominantly based on a social insurance system, is the public organization currently controlling the management of health care in Hungary. 83% of the financing for health care comes from taxes and other public revenues. Participation in the insurance scheme is mandatory for everyone in the workforce, including the self-employed. Most private hospitals also operate under the OEP

title: Elections in Hungary

text: Assembly of Hungary the most significantly since the end of the communist one-party system, as two brand new political forces could have got to the National Assembly while two formerly parliamentary parties fell out and the support of previous ruling party had significantly decreased (from 48.2% to 15.3% of seats, from 40.3% to 19.3% of votes). The numbers come from the legislature's inaugural session. Later changes may occur: Parties Elections for mayors and municipalities () occur every four years in the autumn following the general elections. On the local elections, the following are elected directly by the voters: in Budapest

title: History of the Jews in Hungary

text: following the war's end. With the defeat and dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Hungary would be forced by the Allies to adhere to the Treaty of Trianon, which ceded to neighboring nations fully two-thirds of Hungary's imperial territory and two thirds of its population, including a third of its ethnically Magyar citizens and many Jews. These losses provoked deep anger and hostility in the remaining Hungarian population. The first post-war government was led by Mihály Károlyi, and was the first modern effort at liberal democratic government in Hungary. But it was cut short in a spasm of communist revolution, which

title: Hungary between the World Wars

text: Emperor of Austria and the last King of Hungary. He was not asked to fill the vacant Hungarian throne. The government of Horthy immediately declared null and void all laws and edicts passed by the Karolyi and Kun regimes, in effect renouncing the 1918 armistice. Horthy's authoritarianism and the violent anti-communist backlash resulted in interwar Hungary having one of the quietest political landscapes in Eastern Europe. Later on, when he wished to take out loans from the West, they pressured him into democratic reforms. Horthy only did as much as he absolutely had to, since the Western powers were geographically

text: When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You "When Did You Stop Loving Me, When Did I Stop Loving You" is a 1978 song recorded by singer Marvin Gaye for his "Here, My Dear" album, following his 1976 divorce when he was ordered to give half the takings of his next album to ex-wife Anna Gaye. In the album, he "poured his emotions into songs agonisingly documenting their relationship's rise and fall." The song was a six-minute-long opus that has been considered the centerpiece of the "Here, My Dear" album. As if offering confessional testimony to

title: Hungarian Communist Party

text: the Communist International. The Communist Party of Hungary (KMP) was first established as The "Party of Communists from Hungary" in late 1918 by Béla Kun, a former journalist who fought for Austria-Hungary in World War I. After spending time in a POW camp, Kun, along with several associates, set up the initial workings of the KMP in Moscow in October 1918. These first members returned to Hungary in November, and on the 24th officially created the KMP. The Communist party chose "The Party of Communists from Hungary" (Hungarian: Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) title instead of "Hungarian Communist Party", because - at

title: Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board

text: Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 351 U.S. 115 (1956) and 367 U.S. 1 (1961), was a Cold War-era federal court case in the United States involving the compelled registration of the Communist Party of the United States, under a statute requiring that all organizations determined to be directed or controlled by the "world Communist movement" publicly disclose detailed information as to their officers, funds, and membership. The case resulted in two opinions from the Supreme Court of the United States, the second of which upheld the constitutionality

title: History of Christianity in Hungary

text: radical land reform which affected 82% of the lands owned by the Churches. The occupation forces inflicted wreaked havoc on the population: men and women were deported to the Soviet Union as forced laborer, and there was large-scale rape of women throughout Hungary by the Soviet occupation forces. Bishop Vilmos Apor was himself mortally wounded when he attempted to save a young girl from rape at the hands of drunken Soviet soldiers. In spite of a monarchist campaign led by József Mindszenty, Archbishop of Esztergom, Hungary was declared a republic on February 1, 1946. The Communist Party acquired power step

title: History of Christianity in Hungary

text: property, along with schools so far run by the Churches, was nationalized. After 133 days of rule, the Communist regime collapsed when its offensive against the advancing Romanian troops proved abortive. After general elections, a new Parliament was convoked and Hungary was again proclaimed a kingdom. A "numerus clausus law" was soon adopted to reduce the ratio of Jewish students in universities. However, following the punitive Treaty of Trianon of June 4, 1920, that stripped Hungary of two-third of its territory, irredentism became the dominant political ideology. During the predominant "Christian course" of the interwar period, the Churches received extensive

title: Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–45

text: 47,000 ethnic Serbs were killed in Vojvodina between 1941 and 1948. About half of the Serb victims were killed by occupational forces and the other half of them were executed by post-war communist authorities). During World War II, in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied Yugoslavia. The Vojvodina region was divided into three occupation zones: Banat was placed under direct German control as an autonomous region within the area governed by the Military Administration in Serbia, Bačka was attached back to Horthy's Hungary and Syrmia was attached to the Independent State of Croatia. Since the beginning of the occupation, the

title: Hungary–Slovakia relations

text: Slovak historian Ladislav Deák, during communist rule in Hungary, most of the Slovak minority who did not emigrate were stripped of their Slovak identity. Jenő Kaltenbach, Hungarian ex-ombudsman for national minorities and president of the German Minority Self-Government in Hungary, said that "minorities in Hungary, without exception, are on edge of abyss of their identity", "the national minorities were practically assimilated and action programs for them are just an illusion". He also said that the Hungarian minority language law is "nice to hear, but full of unrealised law norms". In August 2009 the Hungarian president, László Sólyom, planned a visit

title: Narrow-gauge railways in Hungary

text: way to get around. In 1968 the Communist government started to implement a policy to dismantle the narrow-gauge network in favour of road traffic. Freight haulage on the few remaining lines continued to decline until 1990 from when a patchwork of railways was gradually taken over by associations and forest managements for tourist purposes. State Railways operated narrow-gauge railways at Nyíregyháza and Kecskemét that played a role in regional transport until December 2009. Most railways have a track gauge of , unless otherwise specified. Narrow-gauge railways in Hungary The former Austria-Hungary empire had a narrow-gauge rail network thousands of kilometres

title: Croatia in union with Hungary

text: of the Hungarian nobles refused to do so and opted for Wenceslaus, the son of Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia, who was in 1301 crowned King of Hungary in Székesfehérvár. Civil war followed in Hungary, but it did not affect Croatia, which was under the firm authority of Paul Šubić. Earlier in 1299 Paul gained control over Bosnia, so his title was from then "Ban of the Croats and Lord of Bosnia" (). He gave his brother Mladen I Šubić the title of Ban of Bosnia. At that time the power of Paul extended from Gvozd to the Neretva, and

title: Second Army (Hungary)

text: of the Soviet Union. Adolf Hitler did not directly ask for, nor necessarily want, Hungarian assistance at that time. Most of the Hungarian forces, including the three field armies, were initially relegated to duties within the reenlarged Hungarian state. Hungary regained substantial portions of its territories that had been ceded following the loss of World War I and the resultant Treaty of Trianon. At the end of June, 1941, Germany summoned Hungary to join in the attack on the Soviet Union. Hungary continued to resist joining in the war. The matter was settled on June 26, 1941, when the Soviet

title: Germans of Hungary

text: critical industries, miners, indispensable craftsmen or agricultural workers were also exempted, unless they had been members of the Volksbund or Waffen SS. Exemption Committees were established by the Government, but in reality they were under the control of the Communist Party. Thus it occurred, on occasion, that wealthy Swabians who had not been members of the Volksbund were expelled whereas working class Germans, now members of the Hungarian Communist Party, were exempted, even though they were previously members of the Volksbund. Voices were raised in Hungary against these arbitrary expulsions. The liberal parties, particularly the Smallholder Party and the surviving

title: Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568)

text: Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568) The Habsburgs and their allies and the Ottoman Empire engaged in a series of military campaigns against one another in Hungary between 1526 and 1568. While overall the Ottomans had the upper hand, the war failed to produce any decisive result. The Ottoman army remained very powerful in the open field but it often lost a significant amount of time besieging the many fortresses of the Hungarian frontier and its communication lines were now dangerously overstretched. At the end of the conflict, Hungary had been split into several different zones of control, between the Ottomans,

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: NEM’s introduction, the regime began restricting and limiting application of the market mechanisms that were originally implemented. This made it clear that the huge industrial combines, which had more ideological than economic value, would continue to receive the same state protection as in the past, underlining a basic weakness in the system. By the 1980s, Hungary began to suffer from inflation, which particularly hurt people on fixed incomes. Hungary ran a massive foreign debt, and poverty became widespread. Following the institutionalization of the NEM in the 1970s, price hikes became commonplace in Hungary. However, Kádár, the General Secretary of the

title: Religion in Hungary

text: branches serving approximately 5000 members. Historically, Hungary was home to a significant Jewish community, especially when many Jews, persecuted in Russia, found refuge in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 19th century. The census of January 1941 found that 4.3% of the population, or around 400,000 people, were considered religious Jews. In 2011, only 10,965 Jews (0.1% of the population) remained. Some Hungarian Jews were able to escape the Holocaust during World War II, but most (perhaps 550,000) either were deported to concentration camps, from which the majority did not return, or were murdered by the Arrow Cross fascists. Most

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: Between 12 March 1990 and 19 June 1991 the Soviet troops ("Southern Group of Forces") left Hungary. The last units commanded by General Viktor Silov crossed the Hungarian-Ukrainian border at Záhony - Csap. The total number of Soviet military and civilian personnel stationed in Hungary was around 100,000. The withdrawal was performed with 35,000 railway cars. Since 2001, by a special bill passed in the Hungarian Parliament, 16 June was declared a national memorial day. On 16 March 1999, Hungary joined NATO and on 1 May 2004, along with its fellow Visegrad companions, it joined the European Union, strengthening its

title: Healthcare in Hungary

text: framework. Because of past hiring policies, Hungarian hospitals often have redundancies of doctors, and a lack of nurses, resulting in an unproductive misuse of human resources. So-called "gratitude payments", another communist legacy, require in practice a cash payment to have access to better treatments. According to the survey conducted by the Euro health consumer index in 2015 Hungary was among the European countries in which unofficial payments to doctors were reported most commonly. Medical treatment deemed "medically necessary" is provided free of charge for European citizens in the country. As a high-income nation, Hungary has a relatively developed health infrastructure.

title: Hungarian Communist Party

text: Hungarian Communist Party The Party of Communists in Hungary (), renamed Hungarian Communist Party () in October 1944, was founded on November 24, 1918, and was in power in Hungary briefly from March to August 1919 under Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The communist government was overthrown by the Romanian Army and driven underground. The party regained power following World War II and held power from 1945 under the leadership of Mátyás Rákosi. In 1948 the party merged with the Social Democrats to become the Hungarian Working People's Party. The Communist Party of Hungary was a member of

title: Communist Party of Fiume

text: into the 1920s. The main party cadres came from Hungary after the end of the revolution. Ella (Gabriella) Seidenfeld was the liaison of the Partito comunista di Fiume with the Communist Party of Italy and later became long-time companion of author Ignazio Silone. In a letter sent by the Communist Party of Italy to the Federazione gioventù comunista di Fiume it is transparent that the Partito comunista di Fiume is considered by the Communist Party of Italy as a "trait d'union" with the Yugoslavs. Nevertheless, as for the Fascists, for the Communist Party of the Free State of Fiume the

title: Women in Hungary

text: (voting for the first time in 1922); and full suffrage in 1945, but as in other communist states, civil rights of both men and women were symbolic, as the system was an authoritarian one. During the communist era, women were members of the parliament (they made up 18% of members in 1949 and 30% in 1980), but this was merely for the facade, as they had little power in practice, with the key players deciding policies being men. Hungary held its first free elections after the fall of communism, and only 7% of the elected members were women in 1990.

title: Coat of arms of Hungary

text: lore rested upon the tree of life connecting the earth with the netherworld and the skies preserved for longer as a device belonging to the ruling house. Some other stamps were also issued. 13. colnect.com/en/stamps/list/country/6955-Hungary/year/1958/page/4. Mi:HU 1529A-32A, Sn:HU 1191-93, Yt:HU 1245-47. 14. colnect.com/en/stamps/list/country/6955-Hungary/year/1941/page/4,5. colnect.com/en/stamps/list/country/6955-Hungary/year/1942/page/4. colnect.com/en/stamps/list/country/6955-Hungary/year/1944/page/2,3. colnect.com/en/stamps/list/country/6955-Hungary/year/1945/page/10,11,12. Coat of arms of Hungary The current coat of arms of Hungary was reinstated on July 3, 1990, after the end of communist rule. The arms have been used before, both with and without the Holy Crown of Hungary, sometimes as part of a larger, more complex coat of arms, and its elements date

title: Communist nostalgia

text: they were expressed in generic terms, such as "return to Europe", "to Western values", etc. This resulted in utopian expectations regarding capitalism and democracy. When confronted with the hardships of the transition, the "post-revolutionary utopianism" produced "post-revolutionary disenchantment". Communist nostalgia Communist nostalgia, Communism nostalgia, Socialist nostalgia, etc., is the nostalgia for Communist times, a phenomenon observed in various post-Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. The best-known examples are "Ostalgie", nostalgia for the Soviet Union, PRL nostalgia and Yugo-nostalgia, but similar phenomena have also been studied for Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary. On the other hand, the phenomenon is

title: Austria–Hungary relations

text: Hungary to move to West Germany via Hungary and Austria immediately. Hungarian sources later commented that at the time of this photo opportunity most of the Iron Curtain had already been demolished. Both countries are members of the European Union, and since the end of 2007 the Schengen Agreement has allowed citizens to cross the border without control wherever there is a right of way. Austrian entrepreneurs have set up or bought banks, factories and shops in Hungary, vintners from Burgenland make wine in Hungary, and Austrian farmers have bought or leased Hungarian farmland. Austrians living in the east of

title: Coat of arms of Hungary

text: Coat of arms of Hungary The current coat of arms of Hungary was reinstated on July 3, 1990, after the end of communist rule. The arms have been used before, both with and without the Holy Crown of Hungary, sometimes as part of a larger, more complex coat of arms, and its elements date back to the Middle Ages. The shield is split into two parts: The most common motifs of the ninth and the early tenth centuries -the griffin, wolf and hind- seldom figure in later Hungarian iconography and heraldic symbolism, however the Hawk or Turul which in shamanistic

title: Austria–Hungary relations

text: Esztergom in Hungary. Another refugee of 1956 was Prince Pál Esterházy. Expropriated in Hungary, he lived from his vast estate in Burgenland (which as of 2013 belongs to his widow Melinda Esterhazy). But as Burgenland seemed too close to communist Hungary for him, he preferred to reside in Zurich with his wife. During the 1970s, János Kádár reduced the oppression by the communist dictatorship and practiced politics called "Gulyás Communism". Bruno Kreisky was head of government in Austria, and official relations between Hungary and Austria thawed. Commentators, referring to the names of the two politicians, spoke of a new "K

title: History of Hungary

text: piecemeal introduction of the Communist regime in Hungary, therefore when they set up a provisional government in Debrecen on 21 December 1944, they were careful to include representatives of several moderate parties. Following the demands of the Western Allies for a democratic election, the Soviets authorized the only essentially free election held in post-war eastern Europe in Hungary in November 1945. This was also the first election held in Hungary on the basis of universal franchise. People voted for party lists, not for individual candidates. At the elections, the Independent Smallholders' Party, a center-right peasant party, won 57% of the

title: Red Terror (Hungary)

text: Red Terror (Hungary) The Red Terror in Hungary () was a period of heightened political tension and suppression in 1919 during the four-month period of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, primarily towards anti-communist forces. The communist party and communist policies had considerable popular support among the proletarian masses of large industrial centers - especially in Budapest - where the working class represented a higher ratio of the inhabitants. In the Hungarian countryside, the authority of the government was often nonexistent, serving as a launch-point for anti-communist insurgency. The new government followed the Soviet solution: the party established its revolutionary terror groups

title: Hungary

text: affected by a severe economic recession. The Antall government's austerity measures proved unpopular, and the Communist Party's legal and political heir, the Socialist Party, won the subsequent 1994 elections. This abrupt shift in the political landscape was repeated in 1998 and 2002; each electoral cycle, the governing party was ousted and the erstwhile opposition elected. Like most other post-communist European states, however, Hungary broadly pursued an integrationist agenda, joining NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. As a NATO member, Hungary was involved in the Yugoslav Wars. In 2006, major protests erupted after it leaked that socialist PM

text: how optimistic he seemed, he always reflected back on his marriage to Anna and how at one point, she called the cops on him for a domestic dispute. The title is not spoken until the final verse, when Marvin croons in his trademark falsetto about where did the love go in their relationship. Written and produced solely by the artist himself, the song was unusual for having no distinct melody, no bridge and no distinct chorus and for its length. However, it did have near melodic consistencies, such as "Memories of the things we did/Some we're proud of, some we

title: History of rent control in England and Wales

text: a large number of houses where the recoverable rent would have kept them in control. Just when it must have seemed that the end of control was in sight, the threat of war revived fears of the excessive rent increases that led to the initial introduction of control in 1915, the "Rent and Mortgage Interest Restrictions Act 1939" was introduced. All dwellings not already subject to control, and with rateable values that did not exceed £100 in London, £90 in Scotland and £75 elsewhere were brought back into control. It also brought to an end the creeping decontrol under the

title: Rock music in Hungary

text: new songs: "Another Way" and "Merciful Sea". Rock music in Hungary Hungarian rock has been a part of the popular music of Hungary since the early 1960s. The first major bands were Illés, Metró and Omega. At the time, rock was not approved of by the Hungarian Communist authorities. In the 1970s, the Communists cracked down on rock, and Illés was banned from recording. Some members of the other bands formed a supergroup called Locomotiv GT, while the band Omega became very popular in Germany. In 1968, the New Economic Mechanism was introduced, intending on revitalizing the Hungarian economy, while

title: Rock music in Hungary

text: Rock music in Hungary Hungarian rock has been a part of the popular music of Hungary since the early 1960s. The first major bands were Illés, Metró and Omega. At the time, rock was not approved of by the Hungarian Communist authorities. In the 1970s, the Communists cracked down on rock, and Illés was banned from recording. Some members of the other bands formed a supergroup called Locomotiv GT, while the band Omega became very popular in Germany. In 1968, the New Economic Mechanism was introduced, intending on revitalizing the Hungarian economy, while the band Illés won almost every prize

title: Green Party of Hungary

text: MZP did not have a strong central management, two centers of power emerged (Southern Transdanubia and Cisdanubia). After the failure 1990 election, the Debrecen branch led by Árpád Kotsis left the party to establish the Regional Green Party of Hungary (MRZP). When Zoltán Medveczki became Party President in March 1993, the party gradually changed its political position from moderate to radical right-wing. The MZP adopted anti-liberal, anti-communist, anti-Semitic and pro-fascist elements to its program and also criticized privatization and market economy. Medveczki also founded and registered the party's paramilitary wing, the Alliance of National Green Youth. Despite its green ideology,

title: Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary

text: leaders". Regarding the 2007 ADL survey, Mr. Foxman has said: The ADL Global 100 survey released in 2014 reported that Hungary is the most anti-Semitic country in Eastern Europe, with 41% of the population harboring antisemitic views. Unlike most of Europe, the level of antisemitism in Hungary is highest among the young, at the rate of 50% among adults under the age of 35. Scholars were divided as to whether post-communist antisemitism – on the background of a cleavage structure with the main divide being between universalist Westernization and particularist nationalist – has become a cultural code which plays a

title: Women in Hungary

text: In the 21st century, the entry in the European Union has led to a more 'Westernized' culture. In 1790, a man named Péter Bárány petitioned the National Gathering of Hungarian Noblemen to grant female nobles the right to observe the Gathering's proceedings. He argued that these women would be better prepared to raise politically active, patriotic sons, but the assembly did not accept his petition. The first women’s organization to form in Hungary was the Pester Women's Charitable Society, founded in 1817; by the end of the nineteenth century there were several hundred similar organizations throughout the kingdom, although, for

title: János Kádár

text: the communist hierarchy was not an easy one, Rákosi's party deputy Ernő Gerő felt his decision to dissolve the party during the war was a rash decision, and others, who worked alongside Kádár during the war felt he had been over-promoted and were keen to put an end to it. His political eclipse did not last long, and when Rákosi returned he became a member of the newly formed Politburo of the Communist Party of Hungary. Later on, in February 1945, Rákosi was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of Hungary. Rákosi's leadership consisted of Mihály Farkas the Minister

title: End of communism in Hungary (1989)

text: foreign and communist relations at risk, Hungary’s Foreign Minister declared in September that it would not stop the thousands of East Germans fleeing to Austria. This reflected Hungary’s general attitude towards the communist satellite setup: popular opinion was against communism, and Hungarians wanted independence. With Gorbachev’s new policy of not using military action in the satellite states, and of permitting general sovereignty within the confines of each individual country, obeying popular public opinion was necessary. The imposition of order though military force was also out of the question. Imre Pozsgay told the Communist Party’s general secretary that "a Hungarian soldier

title: History of the Communist Party USA

text: nascent farmer-labor parties. Under pressure from the Comintern, the party broke off relations with both groups in 1924. In 1925, the Comintern through its representative Sergei Gusev ordered the majority Foster faction to surrender control to Ruthenberg's faction, which Foster complied. However, the factional infighting within the Communist Party did not end as the Communist leadership of the New York locals of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) lost the 1926 strike of cloakmakers in New York City in large part because of intra-party factional rivalries. Ruthenberg died in 1927 and his ally Lovestone succeeded him as party secretary.

title: Esti Hírlap

text: Esti Hírlap Esti Hírlap (meaning "Evening Paper" in English) was an evening newspaper published in Hungary between 1956 and 1996. "Esti Hírlap" was first published on 24 December 1956 and was a Communist evening paper. Its start was a reflection of the political consolidation in Hungary. The paper was the successor of "Esti Budapest", another evening paper, and was based in Budapest. Until the end of the communist regime in Hungary the paper was under the control of the Hungarian Communist Party. During this period it covered significant events which were regarded as appropriate for the people by the Communist

title: Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)

text: Civic Democratic Party (Hungary) The Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet, and he resigned as party leader

title: Communist Party (Burma)

text: the party leadership initiated a disciplinary process against Thakin Soe. Thakin Soe demanded that control over the Central Committee be handed over to him and his associates. Thakin Than Tun and Thein Pe did commit self-criticism (and temporarily resigned from their posts), but did not agree to Soe's demand to make him the party leader. Soe himself was removed from the Central Committee. In response Soe broke with the Communist Party of Burma and formed the Communist Party (Burma). Thakin Tin Mya and six members of the Communist Party of Burma sided with Thakin Soe's new party. The party was

title: Reformed Church in Hungary

text: I, the Peace Treaty of Trianon in 1920 greatly altered the shape of the Hungarian Reformed Church. It cut off two-thirds of Hungary's territories, and consequently a large number of Hungarian Reformed people now live in the surrounding countries. Proportion of Protestants within Hungary has been stable over the last century (1938-2010), oscillating between 10% and 20% of the population. Another trial came to the Church with the Communist dictatorship following World War II. After the confiscation of church estates, schools and institutions, the Communist government forced the Reformed Church to sign an agreement with the state on 7 October

title: Hungarian Communist Party

text: presented with a single list from the Communist-controlled Independent Democratic Front. Hungarian Communist Party The Party of Communists in Hungary (), renamed Hungarian Communist Party () in October 1944, was founded on November 24, 1918, and was in power in Hungary briefly from March to August 1919 under Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The communist government was overthrown by the Romanian Army and driven underground. The party regained power following World War II and held power from 1945 under the leadership of Mátyás Rákosi. In 1948 the party merged with the Social Democrats to become the Hungarian Working

title: Slovaks in Hungary

text: dates back to the Middle Ages.> In the 9th-10th century, the Slovak-populated territories were part of the Great Moravia. Subsequently, in the 9th century these areas were included into the Principality of Hungary out of which the Kingdom of Hungary emerged in AD.1000. In the 16th century, after the Battle of Mohács during the Turkish wars, the Kingdom of Hungary was split into three parts and the Slovak-populated regions mostly became part of the Habsburg controlled Royal Hungary. After the Ottomans were defeated in the end of the 17th century, all Slovak-populated areas were included into the Habsburg Kingdom of

title: Hungary–Slovakia relations

text: Slovakia and Hungary in late 1944 came under the full control of Germany. On the other hand, the anti-Hitler coalition, by reinstating Czechoslovakia, removed from the daily agenda the interstate Slovak–Hungarian relations until 1993. The "Budapest Treaty" of 1977, between Hungary and Czechoslovakia, was a plan to tame the Danube and increase its navigability with levees, dams, locks, overflow channels, and designated flood plains, and to generate hydroelectricity. The joint project was intended to cover the entire 150 km stretch of the Danube as it forms the border between Slovakia and Hungary, from the upstream, western, end at Čunovo, Slovakia,

title: Communist Control Act of 1954

text: intention of directly tackling the “root of evil,” the Communist Party members. Through an amendment by Senator Daniel, both the Butler and Humphrey bills were merged into one, winning unanimous approval in the Senate from both Democrats and Republicans. The overwhelming support provided by the liberals has attracted much attention from historians such as Mary McAuliffe (). McAuliffe argues that the perceived gravity of the threat of Communism during the Cold War led some liberals to ignore the fact that the CCA suspended the citizenship rights of the Communist Party members. Most liberal Democrats did not even offer a token

title: Germans of Hungary

text: democratic press, criticized the sweeping nature of classifying every ethnic German as a traitor. Cardinal József Mindszenty (he was of Swabian origin), as head of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary and a fierce anti-communist, repeatedly protested the property confiscation and expulsion of all ethnic Germans. He addressed world public opinion, strongly condemning what was happening in Hungary. These protests had no effect, and with the increasing communist domination of the Hungarian Government, the opposition was gradually eliminated. (In 1949 Mindszenty was tried for treason by the Communist Government and given a life sentence. In the 1956 Hungarian revolution, he

title: Red Terror (Hungary)

text: revolutionaries and Jews are known as the "White Terror" and were far more brutal, extensive and indiscriminate than the Red Terror. Red Terror (Hungary) The Red Terror in Hungary () was a period of heightened political tension and suppression in 1919 during the four-month period of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, primarily towards anti-communist forces. The communist party and communist policies had considerable popular support among the proletarian masses of large industrial centers - especially in Budapest - where the working class represented a higher ratio of the inhabitants. In the Hungarian countryside, the authority of the government was often nonexistent,

title: Hungary

text: Battle of Lechfeld in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the West. The year 972 marked the date when the ruling prince () Géza of the Árpád dynasty officially started to integrate Hungary into the Christian Western Europe. His first-born son, Saint Stephen I, became the first King of Hungary after defeating his pagan uncle Koppány, who also claimed the throne. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognized as a Catholic Apostolic Kingdom. Applying to Pope Sylvester II, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the Holy Crown of Hungary,

title: Hungary–Poland relations

text: Isaszeg. After the Battle of Temesvár in August 1849, and the Hungarian capitulation at Világos, eight hundred of the remnants of the Legion escaped to Turkey. During the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21), after the Bela Kun government in Hungary was overthrown, Hungary offered to send 30,000 cavalry to Poland's aid, but the Czechoslovak government refused to allow them through the demilitarized zone that had existed between Czechoslovakia and Hungary since the end of the First World War. Nevertheless, some Hungarian munitions trains did reach Poland. From the Middle Ages well into the 20th century, Poland and Hungary had shared a historic

title: Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

text: needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of former Kingdom of Hungary was reduced by around 70%; despite these enormous territorial and demographic losses, the smaller heavily war-torn Royal Hungary remained economically more important than Austria or Kingdom of Bohemia even by the end of 16th century. Territory of present-day Slovakia and northwestern Transdanubia were constant parts of this polity while the control was often switched at region of northeastern Hungary between Royal Hungary and Principality of Transylvania. The central territories of the medieval Hungarian kingdom were annexed by the Ottoman

title: Ukrainians in Hungary

text: As a result of the First Vienna Award, the southern part of Transcarpathia became part of Hungary again in 1938. After the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1939, Hungary occupied and annexed the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia. After the World War II, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as a part of the province of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic by the Treaty of Paris in 1947. The Rusyns descend from Ruthenian peoples who did not adopt the use of the ethnonym "Ukrainian" in the early 20th century. Ukrainians today living in Hungary have Western-Ukrainian and Transcarpathian roots who moved

title: Religion in Hungary

text: Religion in Hungary Religion in Hungary has been dominated by forms of Christianity for centuries. According to the 2011 census, 54.2% of the Hungarians declared to believe in Christianity, of whom 38.9% were Catholics (for the majority following the Roman rite, and a minority the Greek rite), 13.8% were Protestants (11.6% were Calvinists and 2.2% were Lutherans), 0.1% were Orthodox Christians, and 1.3% were members of other Christian groups. At the same time, 27.2% of the Hungarians did not declare a religious affliation, 16.7% declared explicitly to be not religious and 1.5% atheists. Minority religions practised in Hungary include Buddhism

title: János Kádár

text: than their Eastern Bloc counterparts to go about their daily lives. His regime was far more humane than other Communist regimes, especially so when compared to the first seven years of undisguised Communist rule in Hungary. Nonetheless, the Communists maintained absolute control over the government and also encouraged citizens to join party organizations. The National Assembly, like its counterparts in other Communist countries, was elected on the basis of a single Communist-dominated list and did little more than approve decisions already made by the MSZMP and its Politburo. The secret police, while operating with somewhat more restraint than their counterparts