query: When was the women's suffrage amendment ratified?

title: Universal suffrage

text: classes of convicted criminals, and those punished for certain electoral offenses" sometimes lack the right to vote. In the United States, the term "suffrage" is often associated specifically with women's suffrage; a movement to extend the franchise to women began in the mid-nineteenth century and culminated in the 1920, when the United States ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing the right of women to vote. In most countries, universal suffrage (the right to vote but not necessarily the right to be a candidate) followed about a generation after universal male suffrage. Notable exceptions in Europe were

title: National American Woman Suffrage Association

text: would support ratification. Nonetheless, the legislature of the southern state of Tennessee ratified the amendment by one vote on August 18, 1920, providing the last state approval needed. The Nineteenth Amendment, the women's suffrage amendment, became the law of the land on August 26, 1920, when it was certified by the United States Secretary of State. Six months before the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, the NAWSA held its last convention. That convention created the League of Women Voters as the NAWSA's successor on February 14, 1920, with Maud Wood Park, former head of the NAWSA's Congressional Committee, as its president.

title: Women's suffrage in states of the United States

text: days of January 1920, National Woman's Party members Dora Lewis and Mabel Vernon travel to Kentucky to assure success, and on January 6, Kentucky became the 23rd state to ratify the 19th Amendment. On December 15, 1920, the Kentucky Equal Rights Association officially becomes the Kentucky League of Women Voters. Mary Bronaugh of Louisville was the first president of the state chapter. See more on this state's suffrage history at the Kentucky Woman Suffrage Project. The 19th Amendment, which insures women the right to vote, was ratified August 18, 1920. However, Maryland did not ratify the Amendment until March 29,

title: New England Woman Suffrage Association

text: again elected president in 1893 and served until her death in 1910. Alice Stone Blackwell, Lucy Stone's daughter, was president from 1911 until the organization ceased to exist in 1920. When the Nineteenth Amendment, which secured suffrage for women, was ratified in 1920, the NEWSA simply ceased to function rather than formally dissolving. New England Woman Suffrage Association The New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) was established in November 1868 to campaign for the right of women to vote in the U.S. Its principal leaders were Julia Ward Howe, its first president, and Lucy Stone, who later became president. It

title: Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association

text: the 19th amendment. However, as support for women's suffrage grew, opposition to women's voting rights also increased in Connecticut. Two of Connecticut’s senators voted against the amendment. There was also a counter movement led by The Connecticut Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. These arguments were built on the belief the women were unfit to vote. Although there was opposition to women's right to vote, on May 21, 1919, the nineteenth amendment was passed, and later ratified on August 18, 1920. After accomplishing this goal, the CWSA voted to disband on June 3, 1921. Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association The Connecticut Woman

title: Black suffrage

text: women in voting, regardless of their race, until the passage of the 19th Amendment which was ratified by the United States Congress on August 18 and then certified by law on August 26, 1920. Black suffrage Black suffrage is Black people's right to vote. Black suffrage has been at issue in countries established under conditions of white supremacy. It may be limited through official or informal ("de facto") discrimination. In many places, black people have obtained suffrage through national independence. It should also be pointed out that "Black suffrage" in the United States in the aftermath of the American Civil

title: Women's suffrage

text: at local canton level between 1959 in the cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel and 1991 in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, and Liechtenstein in 1984. In addition, although women in Portugal obtained suffrage in 1931, this was with stronger restrictions than those of men; full gender equality in voting was only granted in 1976. The United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920. Brazil implemented full voting rights for women in 1932. Canada and some Latin American nations passed women's suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin

title: 1893 Colorado women's suffrage referendum

text: electorate turned out to vote, with 35,798 voting in favor and 29,551 voting against The following year, three Colorado women - Clara Cressingham, Carrie Clyde Holly and Frances Klock - became the first women to be elected to any legislature in U.S. history when they were elected to the Colorado House of Representatives. In 1919 the US congress voted in favor off the 19th amendment and needed 36 states to vote in its favor. This amendment was ratified on December 15th, 1920 by Colorado. Colorado was one of 35 other states that had recognized women's suffrage rights in 1920. 1893

title: History of women in the United States

text: In 1920, Tennessee was the 36th to do so, meeting the 3/4s (of then 48 states) required for enactment; the remaining states ratified later. The amendment passed the Tennessee Senate easily. However, as it moved on to the House, vigorous opposition came from people in the liquor industry, who thought that if women got the vote, they would use it to pass Prohibition. Distillery lobbyists came to fight the amendment, bringing liquor. “Both suffrage and anti-suffrage men were reeling through the hall in an advanced state of intoxication,” suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt reported. Nevertheless, the suffragists thought they could count

title: Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States

text: National American Woman Suffrage Association holds its convention in St. Louis, where Carrie Chapman Catt rallies to transform the association into the League of Women Voters. 1919: In January, the National Women's Party lights and guards a "Watchfire for Freedom." It is maintained until the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution passes the U.S. Senate on June 4. 1920: The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, stating, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 1920: In the

title: Votes for Women (speech)

text: Votes for Women (speech) Votes for Women, a popular slogan in the campaign for women's suffrage in the United States, was also the title of a January 20, 1901 speech by American author and humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known as Mark Twain. In this speech Twain spoke out for women's full enfranchisment in the electoral process and predicted that within twenty-five years, they would have the ballot. This proved to be true, the Women's Suffrage Amendment to the Constitution being passed by the United States Congress in 1919 and ratified by all the states in 1920. Less true was

title: Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial

text: Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial The Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial is located at Market Square in downtown Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It honors the women who campaigned for the state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to give women the right to vote. Tennessee was the final state to ratify the amendment and have it added to the Constitution, and thus was the focus of considerable effort both from local women and women who travelled from other states to assist them. The ratification vote was passed on August 18, 1920. The sculpture was commissioned by the Suffrage

title: Women's suffrage

text: in 1920. According to the article, "Nineteenth Amendment", by Leslie Goldstein from the Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, "by the end it also included jail sentences, and hunger strikes in jail accompanied by brutal force feedings; mob violence; and legislative votes so close that partisans were carried in on stretchers" (Goldstein, 2008). Even after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, women were still facing problems. For instance, when women had registered to vote in Maryland, "residents sued to have the women's names removed from the registry on the grounds that the amendment itself was unconstitutional" (Goldstein, 2008).

title: Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association

text: convinced lawmakers to act. In 1919, the Minnesota legislature recognized women's right to vote in presidential elections. The same year, the legislature ratified the Nineteenth Amendment. However, the amendment did not take effect until 1920, when it was ratified by two-thirds the required of the states. With their right to vote secured, the MWSA became the Minnesota League of Women Voters, selecting Clara Ueland as their first president. The League is still active in Minnesota politics today, publishing a voting guide to inform voters on candidate positions on issues affecting women. A memorial to the achievements of the MWSA currently

title: Lillian Feickert

text: to have a state suffrage amendment approved in 1915, she worked harder than ever before and was selected to lead several organizations in their attempt to have the federal suffrage amendment ratified. The state legislature officially ratified the amendment on February 10, 1920. In 1920, the New Jersey State Republican Party recognized Feickert's achievements and named her vice-chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee. With this position, Feickert was assigned the job of organizing the Republican women in New Jersey. At the same time, she was also appointed treasurer of the New Jersey League of Women Voters, a position

title: New England Woman Suffrage Association

text: New England Woman Suffrage Association The New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) was established in November 1868 to campaign for the right of women to vote in the U.S. Its principal leaders were Julia Ward Howe, its first president, and Lucy Stone, who later became president. It was active until 1920, when suffrage for women was secured by the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The NEWSA was formed during a period when a split was developing within the women's rights movement and also between one wing of that movement and the abolitionist movement. Disagreement was especially sharp over the

title: Women's suffrage

text: in 1919, and American women won the vote on 26 August 1920 with the passage of the 19th Amendment (the Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities). Irish women won the same voting rights as men in the Irish Free State constitution, 1922. In 1928, British women won suffrage on the same terms as men, that is, for persons 21 years old and older. Suffrage of Turkish women introduced in 1930 for local elections and in 1934 for national elections. By the time French women were granted the suffrage in July 1944 by Charles de Gaulle's

title: Iowa

text: were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920 that women had full suffrage in Iowa. Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment, in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution. Iowa did add the word "women" to the Iowa Constitution in 1998. After Amendment, it reads: "All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inalienable

title: History of Woman Suffrage

text: number of books she was storing in the attic of the house she shared with sister because the weight was threatening to collapse the structure. Volumes 5 and 6 were published in 1922 by the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), long after Anthony's death in 1906. Written edited by Harper, they are a pair of volumes that cover different aspects of the period from 1900 to 1920, the year that the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. That amendment, popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, prevents the denial of voting rights on the basis of

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: making it the law throughout the United States. Thus the 1920 election became the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state. Three other states, Connecticut, Vermont and Delaware, passed the amendment by 1923. They were eventually followed by others in the south. Nearly twenty years later Maryland ratified the amendment in 1941. After another ten years, in 1952, Virginia ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, followed by Alabama in 1953. After another 16 years Florida and South Carolina passed the necessary votes to ratify in 1969, followed two years later by Georgia, Louisiana and

title: Politics of the United States

text: that wanted to work for suffrage on the federal level and to push for more governmental changes, such as the granting of property rights to married women. The second group, the American Woman Suffrage Association formed by Lucy Stone, aimed to give women the right to vote. In 1890, the two groups merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). The NAWSA then mobilized to obtain support state-by-state, and by 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, giving women the right to vote. Student activism against the Vietnam War in the 1960s prompted the

title: College Equal Suffrage League

text: Thomas served as the first president and Maud Wood Park as vice president. The NCESL continued to recruit people to the suffrage cause until 1917 when the organization disband. Many of the League's members would play major roles in helping to push the Nineteenth Amendment through Congress, campaigning on the federal level and later serving in organizations like the League of Women Voters, which formed in 1920. College Equal Suffrage League The College Equal Suffrage League (CESL) was an American woman suffrage organization founded in 1900 by Maud Wood Park and Inez Haynes Irwin ("nee" Gillmore), as a way to

title: Caroline Katzenstein

text: B. Newell, Mrs. Percy Read, Ella Riegel, Elizabeth Rogers, Mrs. Townsend Scott, Helen Todd, and Margaret Whittemore. The "Suffrage Special" was successful, and the National Women's Party was formed in Chicago that June. Katzenstein remained active in the Philadelphia suffrage movement when the the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on August 26, 1920. Katzenstein was still involved with the NWP following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, and when the Women Teachers Organization of Philadelphia approached the party for aid in their fight for equal pay, she offered to help publicize their efforts. The Woodruff and

title: Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association

text: the Women's Municipal League of Boston and then the home of physician Louis Agassiz Shaw, Jr. In 1920, after the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution gave women the vote, the MWSA became the Massachusetts League of Women Voters. Records pertaining to the history of the MWSA are held by Radcliffe College's Schlesinger Library. Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association The Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA) was an American organization devoted to women's suffrage in Massachusetts. It was active from 1870 to 1919. The MWSA was founded in 1870 by suffrage activists Julia Ward Howe, Lucy Stone, Henry Browne Blackwell,

title: Feminism in the United States

text: In 1874 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was founded by Annie Wittenmyer to work for the prohibition of alcohol; with Frances Willard at its head (starting in 1876), the WCTU also became an important force in the fight for women's suffrage. In 1878 a woman suffrage amendment was first introduced in the United States Congress, but it did not pass. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, giving white women the right to vote; the first wave of feminism is considered to have ended with that victory. Margaret Higgins Sanger, was one of the first American birth control activists.

title: Equal Suffrage League of Virginia

text: Equal Suffrage League of Virginia The Equal Suffrage League of Virginia was an organization created in 1909 with the goal of achieving equal voting rights for women in the U.S. state of Virginia. It had close parallels in many other U.S. states. In 1920, with the new 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowing women to vote in all states, the Equal Suffrage League reorganized and became the Virginia League of Women Voters, associated with the national League of Women Voters. There were 18 original founders. Lila Meade Valentine was the first president. Kate Waller Barrett was Vice President. Adele

title: Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government

text: it. Afterwards, BESAGG became the Boston League of Women Voters. Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government The Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government (BESAGG) was an American organization devoted to women's suffrage in Massachusetts. It was active from 1901 to 1920. Like the College Equal Suffrage League, it attracted younger, less risk-averse members than some of the more established organizations (such as the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association). BESAGG played an important role in the ratification of the 19th amendment in Massachusetts. After 1920, it became the Boston League of Women Voters. The Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good

title: Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment

text: Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment The Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment was an amendment to the constitution of the U.S. state of Oregon, establishing women's suffrage, which was passed by ballot initiative in 1912. It had previously been placed on the ballot, initially by referral from the Oregon Legislative Assembly and later by popular initiative, in 1884, 1900, 1906, 1908, and 1910. When the initiative was ratified in 1912, Oregon became the seventh state to extend the right to vote to women. Ballot measure #2 on the state's 1906 ballot was the "first attempt in American political history to amend the constitution

title: New England Woman Suffrage Association

text: resolution. Two months later, however, when the Fifteenth Amendment was in danger of becoming stalled in Congress, Stone backed away from that position and declared that "Woman must wait for the Negro." The NEWSA supported the Fifteenth Amendment, believing that achieving suffrage for all men would be a step toward suffrage for women. The wing of the women's movement associated with the NEWSA expected the Republican Party to push for women's suffrage after the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified (an expectation that was not realized). Julia Ward Howe, author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," was elected as the NEWSA's

text: whether to enfranchise women and/or black males. Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traverse the state speaking in favor of women's suffrage. Both women's and black male suffrage is voted down. 1868: The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, introducing the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time, in Section 2 of the amendment. 1869: The territory of Wyoming is the first to grant unrestricted suffrage to women. 1869: The suffrage movement splits into the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. The NWSA is formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

title: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: two rival organizations: the National Woman Suffrage Association of Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who opposed the amendment, and the American Woman Suffrage Association of Lucy Stone and Henry Browne Blackwell, who supported it. The two groups remained divided until the 1890s. Nevada was the first state to ratify the amendment, on March 1, 1869. The New England states and most Midwest states also ratified the amendment soon after its proposal. Southern states still controlled by Radical reconstruction governments, such as North Carolina, also swiftly ratified. Newly elected President Ulysses S. Grant strongly endorsed the amendment, calling it

text: Carolina accepted the implications of the Nineteenth Amendment, but at the same time passed a law excluding women from jury duty within the state. South Carolina finally ratified the Nineteenth Amendment in 1969. Suffragist Virginia Durant Young's former home, and newspaper office, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1983. Woman suffrage entered the public forum in Tennessee in 1876 when a Mississippi suffragist, Mrs. Napoleon Cromwell, spoke before the male delegates to the state Democratic convention held in Nashville. Her ten-minute speech asked the assembly to adopt a resolution for woman suffrage. Her appeal

title: Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance

text: are members of municipal councils. In the United States of America the Federal Suffrage Amendment had passed both Houses of Congress and had been ratified by thirty-five of the necessary thirty-six States. Serbia, Belgium and Roumania had granted Municipal suffrage to women and the Zionists of Palestine and the Commune of Fiume had given to them full equal suffrage and eligibility. ... It was decided to arrange at the next congress a session at which only enfranchised women should speak. . . . The Catholic Woman Suffrage Society of Great Britain was accepted as a member of the Alliance. On

title: 1867 Kansas suffrage referendum

text: 1867 Kansas suffrage referendum The U.S. state of Kansas held a referendum on November on a proposed constitutional amendment to grant women the full right to vote on November 5, 1867. It was the first-ever referendum on women's suffrage in U.S. history, and specifically sought to amend Section 1, Article 5 of the state constitution to "eliminate the word "male" from the clause defining the qualifications of an elector." The amendment had been approved by the legislature, but had to be ratified by the all-white-male electorate of the state; the proposed amendment shared the November ballot with a proposition to

title: Equal Suffrage League (St. Louis)

text: the program to express their gratitude for Missouri's ratification of the amendment. The ladies assembled on stage under the direction of Alice Martin. Ten women grouped in the center of the stage to represent the ten states that had ratified the nineteenth amendment. As the lights went up in the theatre, the audience applauded. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller, honorary president of the Missouri Woman Suffrage Association, gave a speech and gave Mrs. Fred L. English, president of the Equal Suffrage League of St. Louis, the banner of Missouri. The State suffrage organization held a convention in October 16–18 at the

title: New England Woman Suffrage Association

text: headquartered. Instead of distancing itself from the Republican Party, as Anthony and Stanton were doing, the planners for the NEWSA convention worked to attract Republican support and seated leading Republican politicians, including a U.S. senator, on the speaker's platform. At the time of the NEWSA convention, Congress was considering the proposed Fifteenth Amendment, which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race but would not, as many women suffragists had hoped, also prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex. (The amendment was approved by Congress in February 1869 and ratified by the states in 1870.) At the convention,

text: part of the developing split. The bitter rivalry between the two organizations created a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades. Even after the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870, differences between the two organizations remained. The AWSA worked almost exclusively for women's suffrage while the NWSA initially worked on a wide range of issues, including divorce reform and equal pay for women. The AWSA included both men and women among its leadership while the NWSA was led by women. The AWSA worked for suffrage mostly at the state level while the NWSA worked more at the national level. The AWSA

text: When the proposed suffrage amendment to the Constitution was rejected by the Senate in 1887, it received no votes at all from southern senators. This indicated a problem for the future because it was almost impossible for any amendment to be ratified by the required number of states without at least some support from the South. Henry Blackwell proposed a solution: convince southern political leaders that they could ensure white supremacy in their region by enfranchising educated women, who would predominantly be white. Blackwell presented his plan to politicians from Mississippi, who gave it serious consideration, a development that drew

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: when that amendment was officially ratified. In 1872 disgust with corruption in government led to a mass defection of abolitionists and other social reformers from the Republicans to the short-lived Liberal Republican Party. The rivalry between the two women's groups was so bitter, however, that a merger proved to be impossible until 1890. In 1869 Francis and Virginia Minor, husband and wife suffragists from Missouri, outlined a strategy that came to be known as the New Departure, which engaged the suffrage movement for several years. Arguing that the U.S. Constitution implicitly enfranchised women, this strategy relied heavily on Section 1

title: Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment

text: of a state by the direct initiative of the people, and without any intervention by the legislature." The initiative failed, with 36,902 votes in favor and 47,075 against. Abigail Scott Duniway was a longtime advocate for women's suffrage in Oregon. Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment The Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment was an amendment to the constitution of the U.S. state of Oregon, establishing women's suffrage, which was passed by ballot initiative in 1912. It had previously been placed on the ballot, initially by referral from the Oregon Legislative Assembly and later by popular initiative, in 1884, 1900, 1906, 1908, and 1910.

text: McCarran-Walter Act, giving first generation Japanese Americans, including women, citizenship and voting rights. 1964: The Twenty-fourth Amendment is ratified by two-thirds of the states, formally abolishing poll taxes and literacy tests which were heavily used against African-American and poor white women and men. 1965: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 strenuously prohibits racial discrimination in voting, resulting in greatly-increased voting by African American women and men. 1966: "Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections" strikes down poll taxes at all levels of government. 1984: Mississippi becomes the last state in the union to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Timeline of women's suffrage

text: protection under the laws, but the election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1868 convinced a majority of Republicans that protecting the franchise of black male voters was important for the party's future. On February 26, 1869, after rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment, Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning franchise restrictions on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude. After surviving a difficult ratification fight, the amendment was certified as duly ratified and part of the Constitution on March 30, 1870. United States Supreme Court decisions in the late nineteenth century interpreted the amendment

title: Women's suffrage

text: years of opposition, Wilson changed his position in 1918 to advocate women's suffrage as a war measure. The key vote came on June 4, 1919, when the Senate approved the amendment by 56 to 25 after four hours of debate, during which Democratic Senators opposed to the amendment filibustered to prevent a roll call until their absent Senators could be protected by pairs. The Ayes included 36 (82%) Republicans and 20 (54%) Democrats. The Nays comprised 8 (18%) Republicans and 17 (46%) Democrats. The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited state or federal sex-based restrictions on voting, was ratified by sufficient states

title: Dallas Equal Suffrage Association

text: constitutional state amendment authorizing full suffrage for women. Present at that signing was also Minnie Fisher Cunningham, the president of the Texas Equal Suffrage Association (TESA). Both women received gold pens the governor had used. The referendum for the suffrage amendment was scheduled for vote on May 24, 1919 and the DESA mounted a "well-organized campaign" in favor of the amendment. Support for the amendment was strong, at around 60 percent of voters in favor, in Dallas, even though the amendment was eventually defeated. Mahoney "blamed the vote of foreign-born citizens, chiefly Germans" for the defeat of the amendment. Though

title: Women in the United States

text: Women in the United States This is about women in the United States today. For the history of women in the United States, please see History of women in the United States. The United States has never ratified the U.N.'s Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, although it played an important role in drafting the treaty. As of 2014, the United States is thus one of only seven nations which have not ratified it – also including Iran, Palau, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tonga. The United States has ratified the Equal Rights Amendment. Child

title: Universal suffrage

text: Liberia in Africa initially extended suffrage to all adult males, but subsequently restricted it based on property requirements. The German Empire implemented full male suffrage in 1871. In the United States, the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870 during the Reconstruction era, provided that "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This amendment was intended to guarantee the right to vote to African Americans, many of whom had been

text: both referendum bids were unsuccessful. A constitutional amendment finally granted women the right to vote in 1910. After Wyoming gained statehood, Colorado and Idaho were the next two states to give women the vote. In 1893, a referendum in Colorado made that state the second state to give women suffrage and the first state where the men voted to give women the right to vote. Later, Idaho approved a constitutional amendment in 1896 with a statewide vote giving women the right to vote. California's voters granted women's suffrage in 1911, when they adopted Proposition 4. Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee (October

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: for the split was the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a reconstruction amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of race. Stanton and Anthony opposed its passage unless it was accompanied by another amendment that would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of sex. They said that by effectively enfranchising all men while excluding all women, the amendment would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior to women. Male power and privilege was at the root of society's ills, Stanton argued, and nothing should be done to

text: This convention then formed the Tennessee Equal Rights Association, electing Lide Meriwether president and Bettie M. Donelson of Nashville, secretary. Two separate state associations formed in 1914—the Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association and the Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association, Incorporated. They both affiliated with the National American Woman Suffrage Association and in 1918 combined to form the Tennessee Woman Suffrage Association. Due to the work by suffragists, in 1919 the Tennessee legislature passed an amendment to the state constitution granting only presidential and municipal suffrage for women. When the Susan B. Anthony amendment came to the Tennessee legislature, thirty-five other states had

title: Human Rights (Women in Armed Forces) Amendment Act 2007

text: Human Rights (Women in Armed Forces) Amendment Act 2007 The Human Rights (Women in Armed Forces) Amendment Act 2007 is an Act of Parliament passed in New Zealand in 2007. It removed an exemption from the Human Rights Act 1993 which barred women from serving in combat roles in the New Zealand Defence Force. When New Zealand ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1985, it reserved the right not to apply the Convention insofar as it conflicted with existing policies prohibiting women from taking up combat roles in the military. The

title: Equal Suffrage League (St. Louis)

text: saying, "fifty years ago my grandmother came before the Missouri legislature and asked for the enfranchisement of women; twenty-five years ago, my mother came to make the same request; tonight I am asking for the ballot for women. Are you going to make it necessary for my daughter to appear in her turn?" Ms. Fordyce's daughter would not have to make the same appeal, as soon suffrage was supported at the federal level. The Missouri legislature ratified the Susan B. Anthony Amendment to the U.S. Constitution during a special session in July of that year. Governor Gardner called a special

title: Texas Equal Suffrage Association

text: Texas women to vote. TESA lobbied federal representatives to support the federal amendment. In June 1919, Texas became the first state in the South to ratify the federal suffrage amendment. Both senators and ten out of eighteen House members were in support of the amendment. On October 10, 1919, TESA reorganized as the Texas League of Women Voters with Jessie Daniel Ames as the first president. The Austin Women Suffrage Association (AWSA) was founded on December 4, 1908 and served as an auxiliary of TESA. Jane Y. McCallum served as president of AWSA starting in 1915. Texas Equal Suffrage Association

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: seated leading Republican politicians, including a U.S. senator, on the speaker's platform. Amid increasing confidence that the Fifteenth Amendment, which would in effect enfranchise black men, was assured of passage, Lucy Stone, a future president of the NEWSA, showed her preference for enfranchising both women and African Americans by unexpectedly introducing a resolution calling for the Republican Party to "drop its watchword of 'Manhood Suffrage'" and to support universal suffrage instead. Despite opposition by Frederick Douglass and others, Stone convinced the meeting to approve the resolution. Two months later, however, when the Fifteenth Amendment was in danger of becoming stalled

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: the NAWSA, charged with reviving the drive for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women. She and her coworker Lucy Burns organized a suffrage parade in Washington on the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration as president. Opponents of the march turned the event into a near riot, which ended only when a cavalry unit of the army was brought in to restore order. Public outrage over the incident, which cost the chief of police his job, brought publicity to the movement and gave it fresh momentum. In 1914 Paul and her followers began referring to the proposed suffrage amendment as

title: Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial

text: Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial The Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial, located in the grounds of the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, Minnesota, commemorates 25 women whose achievements were important to the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA). The MWSA led the campaign for the state legislature to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, to give women the right to vote. Minnesota was the 15th state to ratify the amendment, doing so in 1919. The idea for the memorial was raised by members of the Minnesota League of Women Voters and a design competition was held. The winning design,

title: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: Since the 1860s, an increasing number of states had given women the right to vote, but several states still denied women the right to vote at the time the amendment was ratified. The Nineteenth Amendment was originally introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent. Forty-one years later, in 1919, Congress submitted it to the states for ratification. It was ratified by three-fourths of the states a year later, with Tennessee's ratification being the last needed to add the amendment to the Constitution. In "Leser v. Garnett" (1922), the Supreme Court rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally

text: voting rights for women were unsuccessful. In 1915 a state constitutional amendment that would have given women the vote was defeated in a popular referendum. BESAGG was the smallest and most important of the three main suffrage organizations active in Massachusetts after 1900. The older, more established, Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA) was allied with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the virulently anti-Catholic Loyal Women of America. The College Equal Suffrage League (CESL), also founded by Maud Wood Park, was specifically designed to attract college students and alumnae to the suffrage movement. When BESAGG was founded, the suffrage movement

text: suffragists, formed the South Carolina Equal Rights Association (SCERA) in 1890. In 1892, described as a "staunch male supporter," General Robert R. Hemphill, a state legislator, introduced an amendment for women's suffrage. This amendment was voted down 21 to 14. Over the 1890s a number of laws were revised to extend women more property rights. Virginia Durant Young died in 1906, and with her death came the end of SCERA and other efforts within the state for women's suffrage. Women's suffrage finally came to South Carolina through the Nineteenth Amendment after the amendment was passed by Congress in 1919. South

title: Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial

text: committees to further the cause of woman suffrage. After the war, she continued her organizational activities as president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial The Minnesota Woman Suffrage Memorial, located in the grounds of the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, Minnesota, commemorates 25 women whose achievements were important to the Minnesota Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA). The MWSA led the campaign for the state legislature to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, to give women the right to vote. Minnesota was the 15th state to ratify the amendment, doing so in

title: Dallas Equal Suffrage Association

text: a state amendment didn't pass, on June 28, 1919, Texas became the first southern state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that gave women the right to vote nationwide. The contributions of DESA affected the opinions of women who were not members of the organization, some of whom marched in the Patriotic Parade or convinced men to vote for women's suffrage. DESA eventually merged with the League of Women Voters in October 1919. Dallas Equal Suffrage Association The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) was an organization formed in Dallas, Texas in 1913 to support the cause

title: 1867 Kansas suffrage referendum

text: at the same time. While African-American men in Kansas would gain the right to vote under the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, it would take two decades for women of all races in Kansas to win suffrage in municipal elections (in 1887), and it would take until 1912 for women to vote in all elections in Kansas. 1867 Kansas suffrage referendum The U.S. state of Kansas held a referendum on November on a proposed constitutional amendment to grant women the full right to vote on November 5, 1867. It was the first-ever referendum on women's suffrage in U.S. history, and specifically

text: by Alice Paul, focused almost exclusively on the national amendment. The larger NAWSA, under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt, also made the suffrage amendment its top priority. In September 1918, President Wilson spoke before the Senate, asking for the suffrage amendment to be approved. The amendment was approved by Congress in 1919 and by the required number of states a year later. On the whole, western states and territories were more favorable to women's suffrage than eastern ones. It has been suggested that western areas, faced with a shortage of women on the frontier, "sweetened the deal" in order

title: United States Senate Select Committee on Woman Suffrage

text: United States Senate Select Committee on Woman Suffrage The Select Committee on Woman Suffrage was a select committee of the United States Senate from 1882-1921 It was established to consider an amendment to the United States Constitution granting women the right to vote in the United States. The Senate established the select committee on January 9, 1882, when it approved a resolution offered by Senator George Hoar of Massachusetts. The committee was directed to consider "all petitions, bills, and resolves asking for the extension of suffrage to women or the removal of their legal disabilities." The first constitutional amendment granting

text: constitution grants women suffrage. 1918: The jailed suffragists are released from prison. An appellate court rules all the arrests were illegal. 1918: The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which eventually granted women suffrage, passes the U.S. House with exactly a two-thirds vote but loses by two votes in the Senate. Jeannette Rankin opens debate on it in the House, and President Wilson addresses the Senate in support of it. 1918: President Wilson declares his support for women's suffrage. 1919: Michigan grants women full suffrage. 1919: Oklahoma grants women full suffrage. 1919: South Dakota grants women full suffrage. 1919: The

text: is held. She is denied a trial by jury and loses her case. She never pays the $100 fine for voting. 1873: There is a suffrage demonstration at the Centennial of the Boston Tea Party. 1874: In the case of "Minor v. Happersett", the Supreme Court rules that the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution does not grant women the right to vote. 1874: There is a referendum in Michigan on women's suffrage, but women's suffrage loses. 1875: Women in Michigan and Minnesota win the right to vote in school elections. 1878: A federal amendment to grant women the right

text: their citizens on the ground of sex" in 1865. In another attempt, an amendment proposed in the House of Representatives called for limited suffrage for women who were spinsters or widows and owned property in 1888. Two rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), were formed in 1869. The NWSA, led by suffrage leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, attempted several unsuccessful court challenges in the mid-1870s. Their legal case, known as the "New Departure" strategy, was that the Fourteenth Amendment (granting universal citizenship) and Fifteenth Amendment (granting the vote

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: was Laura Clay, who convinced the NAWSA to launch a state-by-state campaign in the South based on Blackwell's strategy. Clay was one of several southern NAWSA members who opposed the idea of a national women's suffrage amendment on the grounds that it would impinge on states' rights. (A generation later Clay campaigned against the pending national amendment during the final battle for its ratification.) Amid predictions by some proponents of this strategy that the South would lead the way in the enfranchisement of women, suffrage organizations were established throughout the region. Anthony, Catt and Blackwell campaigned for suffrage in the

title: Woman Suffrage Party

text: Woman Suffrage Party The Woman Suffrage Party (WSP) was a New York city political organization dedicated to women's suffrage. It was founded in New York by Carrie Chapman Catt at the Convention of Disfranchised Women in 1909. WSP called itself "a political union of existing equal suffrage organizations in the City of New York." WSP was many New York women's first experience with politics and "contributed directly to the passage of a woman suffrage amendment in New York state." The Woman Suffrage Party started with the Convention of Disfranchised Women. The Convention took place in Carnegie Hall on October 29,

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: very similar to the suffragists themselves, but used a counter-crusading style warning of the evils that suffrage would bring to women. They rejected leadership by men and stressed the importance of independent women in philanthropy and social betterment. NYSAOWS was narrowly defeated in New York in 1916 and the state voted to give women the vote. The organization moved to Washington to oppose the federal constitutional amendment for suffrage, becoming the "National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage" (NAOWS), where it was taken over by men, and assumed a much harsher rhetorical tone, especially in attacking "red radicalism". After 1919 the

title: The Law that Never Was

text: for each amendment, whether the ratification must be by each state's legislature or by a constitutional convention in each state; for the Sixteenth Amendment, Congress specified ratification by the legislatures. There were 48 states in the Union in 1913 — the year when the Sixteenth Amendment was finally ratified — which meant that the Amendment required ratification by the legislatures of 36 states to become effective. In February 1913, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox issued a proclamation that 38 states had ratified the amendment. (According to Congressional analysis, a total of 42 states had ratified the amendment as of

text: laws that will enfranchise white women only. 1913: The Senate votes on a women's suffrage amendment, but it does not pass. 1914: Nevada grants women suffrage. 1914: Montana grants women suffrage. 1914: The Congressional Union alienates leaders of the National American Woman Suffrage Association by campaigning against pro-suffrage Democrats in the congressional elections. 1915: Carrie Chapman Catt replaces Anna Howard Shaw as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, partly due to the constant turmoil on the National Board caused by Shaw's lack of administrative expertise. 1916: Alice Paul and others break away from the National American Woman Suffrage

title: New England Woman Suffrage Association

text: a focal point for discord within the women's movement. Some members of the women's movement, such as Abby Kelley Foster, supported the amendment because they believed that suffrage for African American males was a more pressing need than suffrage for women. Others, such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, opposed any amendment that would in effect enfranchise all men while excluding all women, believing it would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority to the idea that men were superior to women. Lucy Stone, who played a leading role in the NEWSA, argued that suffrage for

text: 1893 Colorado women's suffrage referendum A referendum on women's suffrage was held in Colorado on November 7, 1893 to ratify a proposed constitutional amendment, HB 118, to prohibit discrimination against women voting. The amendment was drafted by lawyer J. Warner Mills of Denver and sponsored by Rep. J.T. Heath of Montrose County. The amendment passed with support from the Colorado Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association, a grassroots coalition of women's organizations, churches, political parties, charity groups, unions and farmer's alliances. This was the first time in U.S. history that a state referendum had passed women's suffrage into law. 55% of the

text: was a dedicated women's suffrage advocate. He had frequently attempted to insert women's suffrage provisions into unrelated bills, but did not formally introduce a constitutional amendment until January 1878. Stanton and other women testified before the Senate in support of the amendment. The proposal sat in a committee until it was considered by the full Senate and rejected in a 16 to 34 vote in 1887. A three-decade period known as "the doldrums" followed, during which the amendment was not considered by Congress and the women's suffrage movement achieved few victories. During this period, the suffragists pressed for the right

title: New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage

text: not to grant suffrage to women. The association drew large crowds, like the one at Glens Falls City Hall in February 1915, when NYSAOWS president, Alice Hill Chittenden, spoke. After women in New York won the right to vote in 1917, NYSAOWS reorganized to work towards the repeal of women's suffrage. They also decided to fight against a country-wide granting of women's suffrage. After the 19th Amendment passed, the Brooklyn Auxiliary of the NYSAOWS met in the home of Carolyn Putnam (Mrs. W.A Putnam) to discuss working against the federal amendment. NYSAOWS eventually decided to transition into a new organization,

title: Universal manhood suffrage

text: the United States, the rise of Jacksonian democracy from the 1820s to 1850s led to a close approximation of universal manhood suffrage among whites being adopted in all states by 1856. Poorer white male citizens gained representation; however, tax-paying requirements remained in five states until 1860 and in two states until the 20th century. The expansion of suffrage was largely peaceful, excepting the Rhode Island Dorr Rebellion. Most African-American males remained excluded; though the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, upheld their voting rights, they were denied the right to vote in many places for another

text: the delegates to create a league of women voters. A resolution was passed to form this league as a separate unit of NAWSA, with membership coming from states who allowed women to vote. The league was charged with achieving full suffrage and consideration of legislation that affected women in states where they were able to vote. On the last day of the convention, the Missouri senate passed legislation giving women the right to vote in presidential elections in Missouri and a resolution to submit a constitutional amendment for full suffrage. In June of that year, the Nineteenth Amendment was passed.

title: Women's suffrage in Utah

text: would have to be ratified in Utah's State Constitution. Women's suffrage in Utah Women's suffrage in Utah was first granted in 1870, in the pre-federal period, decades before statehood. Among all U.S. states, only Wyoming granted suffrage to women earlier than Utah. However, in 1887 the Edmunds-Tucker Act was passed by Congress in an effort to curtail Mormon influence in the territorial government, disallowing the enfranchisement of the women residents within Utah Territory. As Utah Territory grew, the Mormon church's influence over the territory increased. Polygamy, at the time, was a common practice for the Mormons and the United States

title: Women's suffrage

text: the right to vote a decade or more before women in such Western European countries as France, Italy, and Belgium — a mark of Atatürk's far-reaching social changes. The campaign for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland gained momentum throughout the early part of the 19th century, as women became increasingly politically active, particularly during the campaigns to reform suffrage in the United Kingdom. John Stuart Mill, elected to Parliament in 1865 and an open advocate of female suffrage (about to publish "The Subjection of Women"), campaigned for an amendment to the Reform Act 1832

text: to vote is introduced for the first time by Senator A.A. Sargeant of California. 1880: New York state grants school suffrage to women. 1882: The U.S. House and Senate both appoint committees on women's suffrage, which both report favorably. 1883: Women in the Washington territory are granted full voting rights. 1884: The U.S. House of Representatives debates women's suffrage. 1886: The suffrage amendment is defeated two to one in the U.S. Senate. 1887: The Edmunds-Tucker act takes the vote away from women in Utah in order to suppress the Mormon vote in the Utah territory. 1887: The Supreme Court strikes

title: National Woman Suffrage Association

text: National Woman Suffrage Association The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed on May 15, 1869 in New York City The National Association was created in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over whether the woman's movement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its founders, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, opposed the Fifteenth Amendment unless it included the vote for women. Men were able to join the organization as members; however, women solely controlled the leadership of the group. The NWSA worked to secure women's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: suffrage activity in the region until the late nineteenth century. Aileen S. Kraditor identifies four distinctly Southern characteristics that were in play: 1) Southern white men held to traditional values regarding women's public roles; 2) the Solid South was tightly controlled by the Democratic Party, so playing the two parties against each other was not a feasible strategy; 3) strong support for states' rights meant there was automatic opposition to a federal constitutional amendment; 4) Jim Crow attitudes meant that expansion of the black vote (to black women) was strongly opposed. Mildred Rutherford, president of the Georgia United Daughters of

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: leaders of the women's suffrage movement during this period and were more influential in setting its direction. They sometimes used daring tactics. Anthony, for example, interrupted the official ceremonies of the 100th anniversary of the U.S. Declaration of Independence to present the NWSA's Declaration of Rights for Women. The AWSA declined any involvement in the action. Over time, the NWSA moved into closer alignment with the AWSA, placing less emphasis on confrontational actions and more on respectability, and no longer promoting a wide range of reforms. The NWSA's hopes for a federal suffrage amendment were frustrated when the Senate voted

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: North Carolina. Mississippi did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1984, sixty four years after the law was enacted nationally. Politicians responded to the newly enlarged electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women, especially prohibition, child health, public schools, and world peace. Women did respond to these issues, but in terms of general voting they shared the same outlook and the same voting behavior as men. The suffrage organization NAWSA became the League of Women Voters and Alice Paul's National Woman's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment which would pass Congress during the

title: Women's suffrage

text: the vote. In the U.S. women in the Wyoming Territory could vote as of 1869. Subsequent American suffrage groups often disagreed on tactics, with the National American Woman Suffrage Association arguing for a state-by-state campaign and the National Woman's Party focusing on an amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In 1881 the Isle of Man, an internally self-governing dependent territory of the British Crown, enfranchised women property owners. With this it provided the first action for women's suffrage within the British Isles. The Pacific commune of Franceville (now Port Vila, Vanuatu), maintained independence from 1889 to 1890, becoming the first self-governing

text: for the NAWSA. Rankin voted against the declaration of war. In November 1917, the suffrage movement achieved a major victory when a referendum to enfranchise women passed by a large margin in New York, the most populous state in the country. The powerful Tammany Hall political machine, which had previously opposed suffrage, took a neutral stance on this referendum, partly because the wives of several Tammany Hall leaders played prominent roles in the suffrage campaign. The House passed the suffrage amendment for the first time in January, 1918, but the Senate delayed its debate on the measure until September. President

text: Association (AERA), which worked for equal rights for both African Americans and white women, especially suffrage. The AERA essentially collapsed in 1869, partly because of disagreement over the proposed Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would enfranchise African American men. Leaders of the women's movement were dismayed that it would not also enfranchise women. Stanton and Anthony opposed its ratification unless it was accompanied by another amendment that would enfranchise women. Stone supported the amendment. She believed that its ratification would spur politicians to support a similar amendment for women. She said that even though the right to

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: in 1913. Some states allowed women to vote in school elections, municipal elections, or for members of the Electoral College. Some territories, like Washington, Utah, and Wyoming, allowed women to vote before they became states. As women voted in an increasing number of states, Congressmen from those states swung to support a national suffrage amendment, and paid more attention to issues such as child labor. The reform campaigns of the Progressive Era strengthened the suffrage movement. Beginning around 1900, this broad movement began at the grassroots level with such goals as combating corruption in government, eliminating child labor, and protecting

title: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

text: enforcement clause, Secretary of State Seward responded by telegraph that in fact the second clause "is really restraining in its effect, instead of enlarging the powers of Congress". White politicians throughout the South were concerned that Congress might cite the amendment's enforcement powers as a way to authorize black suffrage. When South Carolina ratified the amendment in November 1865, it issued its own interpretive declaration that "any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations, would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States". Alabama and Louisiana also declared that their

title: Women Writers' Suffrage League

text: an act of service Elizabeth Robins, Bessie Hatton and Beatrice Harraden set up a library in the military hospital in Endell Street, London. They provided reading material to the wounded soldiers. "The WWSL was formally dissolved on the 24 of January, 1919; within a year of the passing of the 1918 Representation of the People Act." WWSL had over 100 members, including several notable female suffrage authors: Women Writers' Suffrage League The Women Writers' Suffrage League (WWSL) was an organization in the United Kingdom formed in 1908 by Cicely Hamilton and Bessie Hatton. This organization collaborate with other suffragette to

title: Congressional Apportionment Amendment

text: Constitution. That number rose to ten on May 29, 1790, when Rhode Island ratified the Constitution. It rose to eleven on March 4, 1791, when Vermont joined the Union. By the end of 1791, the amendment was only one state short of adoption. However, when Kentucky attained statehood on June 1, 1792, the number of necessary ratifications climbed to twelve, and, even though Kentucky ratified the amendment that summer (along with the other eleven amendments), it was still one state short. No additional states ratified this amendment. With 50 states, 27 additional ratifications are necessary to reach the required threshold

title: Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association

text: Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association The Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA) was founded on October 28, 1869, by Isabella Beecher Hooker and Frances Ellen Burr at Connecticut's first suffrage convention. Its main goal was to persuade the Connecticut General Assembly to ratify the 19th amendment, giving women in Connecticut the right to vote. Throughout its 52 years of existence, the CWSA helped to pass local legislation and participated in the national fight for women's suffrage. It cooperated with the National Women's Suffrage Association through national protests and demonstrations. As well as advocating for women's suffrage, this association was active in promoting

title: Texas Equal Suffrage Association

text: of the federal amendment for women's right to vote. The organization also became the state chapter of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). After women earned the right to vote, TESA reformed as the Texas League of Women Voters. TESA was first formed under the name of the Texas Woman Suffrage Association (TWSA) in 1903 and which lasted in 1905. During this period, the group was led by Annette, Elizabeth and Katherine Finnigan of Houston. Suffrage clubs from Galveston and Houston sent individuals to the founding convention in 1903. Annette Finnigan was the first president of TWSA. The organization

text: Wyoming Territory (1869), Utah (1870), and Washington Territory (1883). Existing state legislatures began to consider suffrage bills, and several even held voter referenda, but they were unsuccessful. Efforts at the national level persisted through a strategy of congressional testimony, petitioning, and lobbying. There were several attempts to amend the Constitution, prior to the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment, to grant universal and limited suffrage to women. One of the attempts, the "Petition for Universal Suffrage", signed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, among others, called for a Constitutional amendment to "prohibit the several states from disenfranchising any of

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: women's suffrage, giving a huge boost to the movement. Hoping that the U.S. Supreme Court would rule that women had a constitutional right to vote, suffragists made several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed lawsuits when they were turned away. Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum. After the Supreme Court ruled against them in 1875 (Minor v. Happersett), suffragists began the decades-long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women. Much

title: Women's suffrage in the United States

text: the "Susan B. Anthony Amendment," a name that was widely adopted. Paul argued that because the Democrats would not act to enfranchise women even though they controlled the presidency and both houses of Congress, the suffrage movement should work for the defeat of all Democratic candidates regardless of an individual candidate's position on suffrage. She and Burns formed a separate lobbying group called the Congressional Union to act on this approach. Strongly disagreeing, the NAWSA in 1913 withdrew support from Paul's group and continued its practice of supporting any candidate who supported suffrage, regardless of political party. In 1916 Blatch

title: Woman suffrage parade of 1913

text: women. The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that an image of the Woman Suffrage Procession will appear on the back of a newly designed $10 bill along with images of Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Alice Paul. Designs for new $5, $10 and $20 bills will be unveiled in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote via the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Woman suffrage parade of 1913 The woman suffrage parade of 1913, officially the Woman Suffrage Procession, was the first suffragist

text: women was secured for municipal elections. A referendum for full suffrage was defeated in 1894, despite the rural syndication of the pro-suffragist "The Farmer's Wife" newspaper and a better-concerted, but fractured campaign. A third referendum campaign in 1911-1912 gained even greater support, with supporters delivering 100 petitions with 25,000 signatures to Topeka. The fact that Kansas had already banned saloons since 1880 had severely weakened the anti-suffrage opposition by eliminating their traditional voter base of saloon patrons. The 1911-1912 pro-suffrage proposers also conducted a less-perceivably-antagonistic campaign among male voters. The pro-suffrage side finally secured a women's suffrage amendment, and Kansas

title: Women Writers' Suffrage League

text: Women Writers' Suffrage League The Women Writers' Suffrage League (WWSL) was an organization in the United Kingdom formed in 1908 by Cicely Hamilton and Bessie Hatton. This organization collaborate with other suffragette to bring social awareness and equality for women. They used their writings and plays to explain the current social situations and to send a message to its public. The organization stated that it wanted "to obtain the Parliamentary Franchise for women on the same terms as it is, or may be, granted to men. Its methods are the methods proper to writers – the use of the pen."

title: History of Montana

text: men attempted to operate a farm or ranch; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling the paperwork and financial details. Efforts to write woman suffrage into Montana's 1889 constitution failed. Montana women, especially "society women", did not strongly support the suffragists. However, help from national leaders and the efforts of Montana supporters of suffrage such as Jeannette Rankin (1880–1973), led to success in 1914 when voters ratified a suffrage amendment