query: What nuclear-powered Russian submarine sank in the Norwegian Sea on April 7, 1989?

title: Norwegian Sea

text: Ocean and thus to the United States, and the major Soviet port of Murmansk was just behind the border of the Norwegian and Barents Sea. The countermeasures by the NATO countries resulted in a significant naval presence in the Norwegian Sea and intense cat-and-mouse games between Soviet and NATO aircraft, ships, and especially submarines. A relic of the Cold War in the Norwegian Sea, the Soviet nuclear submarine K-278 Komsomolets, sank in 1989 southwest of Bear Island, at the border of the Norwegian and Barents seas, with radioactive material onboard that poses potential danger to flora and fauna. The Norwegian

title: Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets

text: Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets K-278 "Komsomolets" was the only Project 685 "Plavnik" (Плавник, meaning "fin", also known by its NATO reporting name of "Mike"-class) nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Soviet Navy. On 4 August 1984 "K-278 " reached a record submergence depth of in the Norwegian Sea. The boat sank in 1989 and is currently resting on the floor of the Barents Sea, one mile deep, with its nuclear reactor and two nuclear warheads still on board. The single Project 685 was developed to test technologies for Soviet 4th generation nuclear submarines. Although primarily intended as a developmental model, it

title: Komsomolets Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society

text: Komsomolets Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society The "Komsomolets" Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society (), literally "Society Remembering Atomic Underwater Boat VMF Komsomolets" is a charitable non-profit organization providing assistance to the families of Soviet and Russian submariners lost at sea. During the Cold War, many Soviet submarines experienced serious accidents, killing 578 submariners. , 31 fathers and mothers, 37 widows, and about 26 children survive those casualties. The pensions, allowances, and benefits to which the survivors are entitled might have been adequate in the Soviet economy, but are inadequate to support a family in the new Russian economy. In 1992, Vice Admiral

text: those with the greatest need. Komsomolets Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society The "Komsomolets" Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society (), literally "Society Remembering Atomic Underwater Boat VMF Komsomolets" is a charitable non-profit organization providing assistance to the families of Soviet and Russian submariners lost at sea. During the Cold War, many Soviet submarines experienced serious accidents, killing 578 submariners. , 31 fathers and mothers, 37 widows, and about 26 children survive those casualties. The pensions, allowances, and benefits to which the survivors are entitled might have been adequate in the Soviet economy, but are inadequate to support a family in the new Russian

title: Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets

text: Radiation Agency took several samples in August 2008 and no radiation was found. They checked for different radioactive substances including gamma emitters, plutonium, americium and strontium. In 1993, Vice Admiral (ret.) Chernov, commander of the submarine group of which the "Komsomolets" was part, founded the "Komsomolets" Nuclear Submarine Memorial Society, a charity to support the widows and orphans of his former command. Since then, the Society's charter has expanded to provide assistance to the families of all Soviet and Russian submariners lost at sea. Also, 7 April has become a day of commemoration for all submariners lost at sea. Soviet

title: Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)

text: Russian submarine Kursk (K-141) K-141 "Kursk" (, transl. , meaning "Nuclear-powered submarine "Kursk"") was an Oscar II-class nuclear-powered cruise-missile submarine of the Russian Navy. On 12 August 2000, K-141 "Kursk" was lost when it sank in the Barents Sea, killing all 118 personnel on board. K-141 "Kursk" was a Project 949A class "Antey" () submarine of the Oscar-class, known as the Oscar II by its NATO reporting name, and was the penultimate submarine of the Oscar II class designed and approved in the Soviet Union. Construction began in 1990 at the Soviet Navy military shipyards in Severodvinsk, near Arkhangelsk, in

title: Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)

text: torpedoes. "Kursk"s crew had no prior experience with HTP-powered torpedoes and had not been trained in handling or firing HTP-powered torpedoes. Due to their inexperience and lack of training, compounded by incomplete inspections and oversight, and because the "Kursk"s crew followed faulty instructions when loading the practice torpedo, Ryazantsev believes they set off a chain of events that led to the explosion. Russian submarine Kursk (K-141) K-141 "Kursk" (, transl. , meaning "Nuclear-powered submarine "Kursk"") was an Oscar II-class nuclear-powered cruise-missile submarine of the Russian Navy. On 12 August 2000, K-141 "Kursk" was lost when it sank in the Barents

title: Russian submarine Orel (K-266)

text: Russian submarine Orel (K-266) The Orel (K-266) is a Project 949AM (Antey modernized) nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine (SSGN) (NATO codename "Oscar" II). She is one of three Oscar II submarines still serving in the Russian Northern Fleet, all assigned to the 11th Submarine Division, berthed at Guba Bolshaya Lopatka (part of Zapadnaya Litsa, also known as Zaozersk), on the Kola Peninsula northwest of Severomorsk. She was laid down at the Sevmash Shipyard in Severodvinsk on 19 January 1989. From 1991-1993 she was known as "Severodvinsk", but was renamed "Orel" on 20 March 1993 (some sources say 6 April 1993) and

title: Russian submarine Severodvinsk

text: end of April 2016 and in August 2017, K-560 conducted drills using 3M14 missiles. Russian submarine Severodvinsk K-560 Severodvinsk is a nuclear attack submarine of the Russian Navy. The construction of the submarine started in 1993 and was first planned to be launched in 1998. However budgetary problems delayed the construction for years, and it was only launched on 15 June 2010. "Severodvinsk" began sea trials on 12 September 2011. The submarine returned from her first voyage by 6 October 2011. "Severodvinsk"s torpedo-launching systems have been fitted behind the compartment of the central station. On 7 November 2012, the boat

title: Nuclear submarine

text: nuclear-powered submarine was first proposed in the United States Navy by the Naval Research Laboratory's Ross Gunn in 1939. Construction of the world's first nuclear powered submarine was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Bureau of Ships and the Atomic Energy Commission. In July 1951 the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the first nuclear-powered submarine, "Nautilus", under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN (sharing names with Captain Nemo's fictional submarine in Jules Verne's "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea",

title: Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)

text: late 2008 for sea trials. The training of the crew was viewed as crucial to India's own nuclear submarine programme, known as the Arihant class submarine. After the 2008 accident, there were conflicting reports over the status of the lease. A Russian defence industry official denied that talks had been held with India on the delivery of the nuclear submarine. "Russia did not launch talks on a contract to supply India with the Nerpa nuclear-powered submarine." General of the Army Nikolay Makarov stated that Russia would commission "Nerpa" and that it would join seven other with Russia's Pacific Fleet. "The

title: Russian submarine Bryansk (K-117)

text: Russian submarine Bryansk (K-117) K-117 "Bryansk" is a Russian Project 667BDRM "Delfin"-class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. The submarine was laid down in April 1985 in the Russian Northern Machinebuilding Enterprise, Sevmash. In September 1988 the submarine was commissioned in the Soviet navy. When launched the submarine became the 1000th Russian/Soviet submarine constructed. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the submarine continued to serve in the Russian navy. In July 2002 the submarine went into overhaul and didn't return until early 2008. As of 2010 the submarine is on active duty with the Russian Northern

title: Russian submarine Bryansk (K-117)

text: Fleet. On 28 October 2010, the submarine conducted a successful SLBM launch. Russian submarine Bryansk (K-117) K-117 "Bryansk" is a Russian Project 667BDRM "Delfin"-class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. The submarine was laid down in April 1985 in the Russian Northern Machinebuilding Enterprise, Sevmash. In September 1988 the submarine was commissioned in the Soviet navy. When launched the submarine became the 1000th Russian/Soviet submarine constructed. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the submarine continued to serve in the Russian navy. In July 2002 the submarine went into overhaul and didn't return until early 2008. As

title: Russian submarine Severodvinsk

text: Russian submarine Severodvinsk K-560 Severodvinsk is a nuclear attack submarine of the Russian Navy. The construction of the submarine started in 1993 and was first planned to be launched in 1998. However budgetary problems delayed the construction for years, and it was only launched on 15 June 2010. "Severodvinsk" began sea trials on 12 September 2011. The submarine returned from her first voyage by 6 October 2011. "Severodvinsk"s torpedo-launching systems have been fitted behind the compartment of the central station. On 7 November 2012, the boat (while submerged) successfully launched a Kalibr cruise missile (anti-ship version) at a sea target

title: Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)

text: Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152) INS "Chakra" is a Project 971 (or Project 518; NATO: ) nuclear-powered attack submarine. The construction of the Nerpa submarine was started in 1993, but was then suspended due to lack of funding. The Indian Navy sponsored the building and sea trials of the submarine provided it was given to the Indian Navy on lease for 10 years. It was launched as "K-152 Nerpa" in October 2008 and entered service with the Russian Navy in late 2009. The submarine was leased to the Indian Navy in 2011 after extensive trials, and was formally commissioned into service

title: Russian submarine BS-64

text: central section containing 16 silos for ballistic missiles was removed to create space for the installation of scientific-experimental equipment, cabins for scientists and a rest room for the regular crew. As of 2008 the ship was still moored in Zvezdochka shipyard awaiting completion. The submarine was relaunched after repairs in August 2015. Following the completion of repairs it is believed that the submarine was converted to serve as carrier of mini submarine(s) (e.g., "Losharik" deep-diving nuclear powered mini-submarine). Sea trials started in the White Sea in October 2016 and the submarine was handed over to the Russian Navy in December

title: Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)

text: "Chakra" had suffered damage while entering Visakhapatnam harbor, including a large hole in the sonar dome in the bow. A Russian team visited India for a joint investigation, which to the submarine being dry docked for repairs at a cost of ₹125 crore ($20 million) to fix the damage. Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152) INS "Chakra" is a Project 971 (or Project 518; NATO: ) nuclear-powered attack submarine. The construction of the Nerpa submarine was started in 1993, but was then suspended due to lack of funding. The Indian Navy sponsored the building and sea trials of the submarine provided it

title: Decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels

text: decommissioned submarines have been in floating storage without much maintenance for more than 10 years". The situation has caused concern in other countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and the Scandinavian countries, which have contributed funding and assistance. The Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation (AMEC) was a joint Norwegian, Russian, and American government consortium (later joined by the British) set up to deal with military environmental issues, mainly the dismantling of Russia's nuclear submarine fleet in Europe. After the "somewhat acrimonious dissolution" of AMEC, the Norwegian and British governments shared the £3.9 million cost of dismantling a November

title: Russian submarine Karelia (K-18)

text: Russian submarine Karelia (K-18) K-18" Karelia" () is a Project 667BDRM "Delfin"-class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine currently in service with the Russian Navy. It was built in Severodvinsk by Sevmash shipbuilding company and was commissioned in 1989. It was refitted from 2004 to 2009, after which it returned to the navy. K-18 "Karelia" has a length of overall, a beam of and a draft of . She displaces and has a test diving depth of . The complement is about 135-140. The boat is powered by two VM-4 pressurized water reactors which drive two shafts

text: removed in 2008. NS "Sibir" was taken out of service in 1992 due to a problem in the vessel’s steam generation system. The "Barents Observer" reported on 3 November 2008 that the Russian authorities were preparing to decommission and scrap "Sibir". In 2010, the deputy chief engineer of Atomflot, the Russian nuclear fleet operator, reported that "all radioactive [materials] have been unloaded" from "Siber", but the "decommissioning decision has not been made yet, however." Decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels The decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels is an issue of major concern to the United States and to the Scandinavian countries

title: Russian submarine Losharik

text: Russian submarine Losharik Losharik () is the nickname of a Russian submarine. A popular but incorrect name (which many media sources still use) for this submarine type is "Project 210". The real name is AS-12 (, where "АС" stands for "Атомная Станция" from the official Russian naval term "атомная глубоководная станция", "nuclear deepwater station") of Project 10831. It is powered by a nuclear reactor and is believed to be able to operate at a depth of many 1000s metres due to the unique spherical construction elements. The exact operational depth is unknown but it is known that this submarine operated

text: Decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels The decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels is an issue of major concern to the United States and to the Scandinavian countries near Russia. From 1950 to 2003, the Soviet Union and its major successor state, Russia, constructed the largest nuclear-powered navy in the world, more ships than all other navies combined: 248 submarines (91 attack submarines, 62 cruise missile submarines, 91 ballistic missile submarines and four research submarines), four Kirov class battlecruisers, and a missile test ship, as well as nine icebreakers. Many were or are powered by two reactors each, bringing the total to

title: Russian submarine Ekaterinburg (K-84)

text: Russian submarine Ekaterinburg (K-84) K-84" Ekaterinburg" () is a Project 667BDRM "Delfin" class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. The submarine was laid down on 17 February 1982 at the Russian Northern Machine-Building Enterprise (Sevmash). It was commissioned into the Soviet Navy on 30 December 1985. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the submarine continued to serve in the Russian Navy. Initially known only by her hull number, in February 1999 she was renamed after the city of Yekaterinburg. Construction of the nuclear submarine "Ekaterinburg" (K-84) began at the Northern Machinebuilding Enterprise (Sevmash) in Severodvinsk on

title: Nuclear submarine

text: reactor pump (used to circulate reactor coolant), also creates noise, as opposed to a conventional submarine, which can move about on almost silent electric motors. Some of the most serious nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll in the world have involved nuclear submarine mishaps. To date, all of these were units of the former Soviet Union. Reactor accidents that resulted in core damage and release of radioactivity from nuclear-powered submarines include: Nuclear submarine A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor. The performance advantages of nuclear submarines over "conventional" (typically diesel-electric) submarines are considerable. Nuclear propulsion,

title: Russian submarine Karelia (K-18)

text: launched, and Putin was made an honorary submariner after he followed the traditional submariner's ritual of drinking seawater. Russian submarine Karelia (K-18) K-18" Karelia" () is a Project 667BDRM "Delfin"-class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine currently in service with the Russian Navy. It was built in Severodvinsk by Sevmash shipbuilding company and was commissioned in 1989. It was refitted from 2004 to 2009, after which it returned to the navy. K-18 "Karelia" has a length of overall, a beam of and a draft of . She displaces and has a test diving depth of . The

title: Russian submarine Orel (K-266)

text: that a fire broke out "in the ninth section of the sub close to the stern". The fire was caused by insulation materials catching fire during welding. It was reported the submarine did not have nuclear weapons or fuel on board at the time. First modernized unit, "Project 949AM". Russian submarine Orel (K-266) The Orel (K-266) is a Project 949AM (Antey modernized) nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine (SSGN) (NATO codename "Oscar" II). She is one of three Oscar II submarines still serving in the Russian Northern Fleet, all assigned to the 11th Submarine Division, berthed at Guba Bolshaya Lopatka (part of

title: Nuclear submarine

text: and another that served with distinction in World War II). The Westinghouse Corporation was assigned to build its reactor. After the submarine was completed at the Electric Boat Company, First Lady Mamie Eisenhower broke the traditional bottle of champagne on "Nautilus" bow, and she was commissioned , on 30 September 1954. On 17 January 1955, she departed Groton, Connecticut to begin sea trials. The submarine was long, and cost about $55 million. The Soviet Union soon followed the United States in developing nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950s. Stimulated by the U.S. development of "Nautilus", Soviet work on nuclear propulsion reactors

title: Nuclear-powered icebreaker

text: nuclear icebreaker, a "universal" vessel that could navigate both shallower rivers and the freezing depths of the Arctic. Russian s are used to force through the ice for the benefit of cargo ships and other vessels along the Northern Sea Route, which comprises the eastern part of the Barents Sea, the Pechora Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, and the Eastern Siberian Sea to the Bering Strait. Other important ports include Dikson, Tiksi, and Pevek. Of six "Arktika"-class icebreakers built in 1975–2007, four are currently in service. Two shallow-draft nuclear-powered icebreakers, "Vaygach" and "Taymyr", have been built for shallow

title: Nuclear-powered icebreaker

text: these ice-breaking duties. During the winter, the ice along the Northern Sea Route varies in thickness from 1.2 to 2.0 metres (3.9 to 6.5 feet). The ice in central parts of the Arctic Ocean is on average 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) thick. Nuclear-powered icebreakers can force through this ice at speeds up to 10 knots (19 km/h, 12 mph). In ice-free waters the maximum speed of the nuclear-powered icebreakers is as much as 21 knots (39 km/h, 24 mph). In August 2012 Russia's state-owned nuclear corporation, Rosatom, signed a contract to begin construction on what will be the world's largest

title: Nuclear-powered icebreaker

text: Nuclear-powered icebreaker A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a nuclear-powered ship purpose-built for use in waters covered with ice. The only country constructing nuclear-powered icebreakers is Russia. Nuclear-powered icebreakers have been constructed by the USSR and later Russia primarily to aid shipping along the Northern Sea Route in the frozen Arctic waterways north of Siberia. Nuclear-powered icebreakers are much more powerful than their diesel-powered counterparts, and although nuclear propulsion is expensive to install and maintain, very heavy fuel demands and limitations on range, compounded with the difficulty of refueling in arctic region, can make diesel vessels less practical and economical overall for

title: Nuclear submarine

text: combined. Today, six countries deploy some form of nuclear-powered strategic submarines: the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, China, and India. Several other countries, including Argentina and Brazil, have ongoing projects in different phases to build nuclear-powered submarines. In the United Kingdom, all former and current nuclear submarines of the British Royal Navy (with the exception of three: , and ) have been constructed in Barrow-in-Furness (at BAE Systems Submarine Solutions or its predecessor VSEL) where construction of nuclear submarines continues. "Conqueror" the only nuclear-powered submarine ever to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes, sinking the cruiser with

title: Nuclear submarine

text: Nuclear submarine A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor. The performance advantages of nuclear submarines over "conventional" (typically diesel-electric) submarines are considerable. Nuclear propulsion, being completely independent of air, frees the submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines. The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long periods of time; and the long interval between refuelings grants a range virtually unlimited, making the only limits on voyage times being imposed by such factors as the need to restock food

title: Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)

text: kerosene fuel tank in the torpedo and set off an explosion equal to of TNT. The submarine sank in relatively shallow water, bottoming at about off Severomorsk, at . A second explosion 135 seconds after the initial event was equivalent to 3-7 tons of TNT. The explosions blew a large hole in the hull and collapsed the first three compartments of the sub, killing or incapacitating all but 23 of the 118 personnel on board. Though the British and Norwegian navies offered assistance, Russia initially refused all help. All 118 sailors and officers aboard "Kursk" died. The Russian Admiralty initially

title: Russian submarine Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets (K-433)

text: Russian submarine Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets (K-433) K-433 Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets is a Russian Project 667BDR Kalmar class (NATO reporting name: Delta III) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. The submarine was built for the Soviet Navy and has continued to serve in the Russian Navy. "K-433" was put in reserve in 1997 and remained there until 2004 when it was recommissioned. , it is on active duty. The submarine is slated to be retired and replaced by the Borei class submarine in the coming years. On October 28, 2010 the submarine carried out a successful R-29R missile test. The submarine sustained minor

text: damage when a fishing vessel collided with it on September 22, 2011. Russian submarine Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets (K-433) K-433 Svyatoy Georgiy Pobedonosets is a Russian Project 667BDR Kalmar class (NATO reporting name: Delta III) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine. The submarine was built for the Soviet Navy and has continued to serve in the Russian Navy. "K-433" was put in reserve in 1997 and remained there until 2004 when it was recommissioned. , it is on active duty. The submarine is slated to be retired and replaced by the Borei class submarine in the coming years. On October 28, 2010 the

title: Russian floating nuclear power station

text: of nuclear-powered icebreakers that are also used for scientific and Arctic tourism expeditions. The Russians have commented that a nuclear reactor that sinks, such as the similar reactor on the submarine in the Kursk submarine disaster, can be raised and probably put back into operation. Floating nuclear power stations are planned to be used mainly in the Russian Arctic. Five of these will be used by Gazprom for offshore oil and gas field development and for operations on the Kola and Yamal peninsulas. Other locations include Dudinka on the Taymyr Peninsula, Vilyuchinsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Pevek on the

title: Nuclear-powered icebreaker

text: 2013, Quark Expeditions was listing the "50 Years of Victory" in the company fleet and offering it for a North Pole cruise. Nuclear-powered icebreaker A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a nuclear-powered ship purpose-built for use in waters covered with ice. The only country constructing nuclear-powered icebreakers is Russia. Nuclear-powered icebreakers have been constructed by the USSR and later Russia primarily to aid shipping along the Northern Sea Route in the frozen Arctic waterways north of Siberia. Nuclear-powered icebreakers are much more powerful than their diesel-powered counterparts, and although nuclear propulsion is expensive to install and maintain, very heavy fuel demands and

title: Russian submarine Tula (K-114)

text: Russian submarine Tula (K-114) K-114" Tula" (К-114 "Тула") is a Project 667BDRM "Delfin"-class (NATO reporting name: Delta-IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN). As such, she carries a complement of R-29RM "Shtil" and R-29RMU "Sineva" nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) as her primary deterrent mission, along with anti-ship missiles and torpedoes, the latter for self-defense. Built in Severodvinsk during the late 1980s, she served with the Soviet Navy before being transferred to the Russian Navy following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. "Tula" underwent an extensive overhaul during 2000–2004 and was fitted with upgraded "Shtil" SLBMs, several of which were launched

title: Nuclear-powered icebreaker

text: accident resulted in one of the three OK-150 reactors being damaged beyond repair. All three reactors were removed, and replaced by two OK-900 reactors; the ship returned to service in 1970. The "Lenin" was taken out of operation in November 1989 and laid up at Atomflot, the base for nuclear-powered icebreakers, in the Murmansk Fjord. Conversion to a museum ship was scheduled to be completed . "Arktika" class icebreakers are the bulk of the Russian nuclear icebreaker fleet; six of Russia's ten nuclear civilian ships are "Arktika"s. Since they have been built over a period of thirty years, ships of

title: Russian submarine Kazan (2016)

text: Russian Navy in 2018. Kazan has been launched on 31 March 2017 and began its sea trials on 24 September 2018. SSGN "Kazan" features prominently in the "Kirov" novel series by John Schettler. At the end of the first season, the modern submarine battles a US task force near the Kuril Islands and then hunts down rebellious captain Karpov on board the battlecruiser "Kirov". Russian submarine Kazan (2016) K-561 Kazan is a Russian nuclear attack submarine of the . It is the second boat of the project, separated from the first by 16 years (1993–2009). Considerable changes were made to

text: class submarine. Under AMEC's successor, Cooperative Threat Reduction, the British government financed the dismantling of two Oscar I submarines. The Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program has been responsible for the deactivation and destruction of many weapons, including 33 nuclear submarines. With the "Star of Hope" program, Japan has funded the dismantling of five Victor III and one Charlie I submarines in the Far East. Security is also an issue. Russian sailors have been convicted and jailed for two 1993 thefts of highly enriched uranium from fuel rods. In 1994, Russian officials caught two North Korean agents trying to buy submarine

title: Submarine

text: a real threat, and because of its stealth, can force an enemy navy to waste resources searching large areas of ocean and protecting ships against attack. This advantage was vividly demonstrated in the 1982 Falklands War when the British nuclear-powered submarine sank the Argentine cruiser . After the sinking the Argentine Navy recognized that they had no effective defense against submarine attack, and the Argentine surface fleet withdrew to port for the remainder of the war, though an Argentine submarine remained at sea. Although the majority of the world's submarines are military, there are some civilian submarines, which are used

title: Russian submarine B-871

text: the Russian Black Sea Fleet. On 19 September of the same year at the initiative of "Alrosa" and a number of veterans of the Navy signed an agreement on patronage over the boat stock company "Alrosa". From August 1998 to April 1999 the vessel was held in Sevastopol for repairs. In January 2004, given the name of the B-871 "Alrosa". On August 2008 took part in fights off the Abkhazian coast and landed to Suhumi shore on pier. On 5 August 2009, the submarine conducted deep tests after dock repairs. In the tests, the boat sank to the working depth

title: Russian submarine Vepr (K-157)

text: mental disorder and had been inhaling intoxicants. When Kuzminykh volunteered for the submarine service, he passed additional medical and psychiatric tests with high marks. This article is based on information from the Bellona Foundation and various news stories. Russian submarine Vepr (K-157) "Vepr" (K-157) ( literally means "wild boar") is a Project 971 "Schuka-B" (also known by the NATO reporting name "Akula-II") class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Russian Navy. Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1990 by Sevmash. She was launched on 10 December 1994, commissioned on 25 November 1995, and homeported in Gadzhievo. Shortly before midnight,

title: Russian submarine Tula (K-114)

text: 11 aircraft and 5,000 sailors. "Tula" launched the "Sineva" again on 4 March 2010 after an unremarkable 2009. The test was successful, as was another launch of two more missiles, on 6 August 2010, aimed at the Kura Test Range. On 29 September 2011, "Tula" conducted the latest launch of the "Sineva" missile aimed at Kura from the Barents Sea. "Tula" received a second major overhaul in 2014 by the Ship Repair Center "Zvezdochka" and returned to active service in December 2017. Russian submarine Tula (K-114) K-114" Tula" (К-114 "Тула") is a Project 667BDRM "Delfin"-class (NATO reporting name: Delta-IV) nuclear-powered

text: the large number of government bodies involved, resulting in much confusion and competition. The breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 further complicated matters. Russia assumed responsibility for all of the Soviet Navy's nuclear-powered ships, but agreements between agencies responsible for decommissioning had to be renegotiated. The major issues are financial. In 1995, a Northern Fleet submarine based near Murmansk nearly suffered a nuclear meltdown when power was cut off due to unpaid electricity bills. Decommissioned vessels are often left in floating storage until funds can be allocated for their dismantling. As of November 2001, "up to 40% of the

title: Russian submarine Verkhoturye (K-51)

text: Russian submarine Verkhoturye (K-51) K-51" Verkhoturye" () is the lead submarine of the Project 667BDRM "Delfin" class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines currently in service with the Russian Navy. It was built at the Sevmash shipbuilding company in Severodvinsk between 1981 and 1984 and was commissioned in 1984. It is named after the city of Verkhoturye. "K-51 Verkhoturye" has a length of overall, beam of and draft of . It displaces and can dive up to . It carries a complement of 135–140 sailors. Two VM-4 pressurized water reactors power the submarine, and drive two shafts

text: experimental attack submarine of the November class that went into service in October 1963. A reactor malfunction on 24 May 1968 resulted in the release of radioactive gas into the engine room and fatal exposures to nine crewmen. Replacing the reactor was considered and discarded. "K-27" was officially decommissioned on 1 February 1979. "The empty spaces of the reactor and equipment associated with the reactor ... were filled with a solidifying radiation-resistant preservative" and she was scuttled off the northeastern coast of Novaya Zemlya on 6 September 1982. "K-159" sank in the Barents Sea on 30 August 2003, while being

title: Russian submarine Vepr (K-157)

text: Russian submarine Vepr (K-157) "Vepr" (K-157) ( literally means "wild boar") is a Project 971 "Schuka-B" (also known by the NATO reporting name "Akula-II") class nuclear-powered attack submarine of the Russian Navy. Her keel was laid down on 16 June 1990 by Sevmash. She was launched on 10 December 1994, commissioned on 25 November 1995, and homeported in Gadzhievo. Shortly before midnight, 10 September 1998, "Vepr" was in port at Severomorsk. Alexander Kuzminykh, a 19-year-old seaman who was being detained on punishment charges, broke out from his quarters, killed his guard by stabbing him with a chisel, then seized his

title: Norwegian Sea

text: Norwegian Sea The Norwegian Sea () is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast. In the southwest, it is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a submarine ridge running between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. To the north, the Jan Mayen Ridge separates it from the Greenland Sea. Unlike many other seas, most of the bottom of the Norwegian Sea is not part of a continental shelf and therefore lies at a great depth of about two kilometres on average. Rich deposits

title: German submarine U-286

text: This patrol took her three times to the Norwegian Sea and Murmansk, but success continued to elude her. She arrived in Harstad, (northwest of Narvik). on 7 January 1945. The boat's third foray was relatively uneventful, starting and finishing in Harstad. The submarine sank the British frigate in the Kola Inlet from Murmansk on 29 April 1945. Her success was short-lived; she was attacked and sunk by gunfire from the British frigates , , and in the Barents Sea later that day north of Murmansk at with the loss of her entire crew of 51 men. "U-286" took part in

title: Russian submarine Arkhangelsk (K-525)

text: Russian submarine Arkhangelsk (K-525) K-525 "Arkhangelsk" () was an Oscar I-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Soviet Navy, and later the Russian Navy. She was the first of the two Oscar I (the Soviet classification was Project 949 Granit) vessels constructed, the other being K-206. A further 11 submarines of an improved class, Project 949A (Antey) (called Oscar II by NATO), were subsequently constructed. The submarine was placed in reserve in 1991, and decommissioned in 1996. Scrapping of the boats at Sevmash started in January 2004, funded by the British Government under the Cooperative Threat Reduction program. They had

title: Russian submarine Arkhangelsk (K-525)

text: been reduced to a three-compartment unit (of the original ten watertight compartments) by 2006. Russian submarine Arkhangelsk (K-525) K-525 "Arkhangelsk" () was an Oscar I-class nuclear-powered cruise missile submarine of the Soviet Navy, and later the Russian Navy. She was the first of the two Oscar I (the Soviet classification was Project 949 Granit) vessels constructed, the other being K-206. A further 11 submarines of an improved class, Project 949A (Antey) (called Oscar II by NATO), were subsequently constructed. The submarine was placed in reserve in 1991, and decommissioned in 1996. Scrapping of the boats at Sevmash started in January

title: Russian submarine Verkhoturye (K-51)

text: re-fit. Russian submarine Verkhoturye (K-51) K-51" Verkhoturye" () is the lead submarine of the Project 667BDRM "Delfin" class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines currently in service with the Russian Navy. It was built at the Sevmash shipbuilding company in Severodvinsk between 1981 and 1984 and was commissioned in 1984. It is named after the city of Verkhoturye. "K-51 Verkhoturye" has a length of overall, beam of and draft of . It displaces and can dive up to . It carries a complement of 135–140 sailors. Two VM-4 pressurized water reactors power the submarine, and drive two

title: Soviet submarine K-8

text: Soviet submarine K-8 K-8 was a of the Soviet Northern Fleet that sank in the Bay of Biscay with her nuclear weapons on board on April 12, 1970. A fire on April 8 had disabled the submarine and it was being towed in rough seas. Fifty-two crewmen were killed attempting the salvage of the boat when it sank. On 13 October 1960, while operating in the Barents Sea, "K-8" suffered a ruptured steam generator tube, causing a loss-of-coolant accident. While the crew jury-rigged a system to supply emergency cooling water to the reactor, preventing a reactor core meltdown, large amounts

title: Submarine Cargo Vessel

text: for surface icebreaking. The concept of Submarine Freight Transportation System (SFTS) was suggested in 1997 by Vladimir Postnikov. Present time this system is considered as a sea subsystem of Global Intelligent Transportation System. Submarine Cargo Vessel The Submarine Cargo Vessel () is a proposed idea from the Russian Rubin Design Bureau. The idea is to use decommissioned SSBNs ("nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine") from the Russian Navy to carry cargo under the Arctic Ocean. The reason for this solution is that it would be considerably cheaper than designing and producing an entirely new type of submarine. The basis for the project

text: scrapping between 1990 and 1994. On 4 June 1997, a Charlie "sank in a harbor on the Kamchatka Peninsula". However, a local official reported that the reactor core had already been removed. On 21 November 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi reached an agreement to dismantle five decommissioned nuclear submarines, among them a Charlie I, the latter "the first project in Kamchatka under the Japan-Russia cooperation framework." According to some sources, all 16 Victor Is and seven Victor IIs were decommissioned by 1996. One cited "various sources" in estimating that "somewhere between 8 and 15

title: Soviet submarine K-8

text: poisoning and the flooding of the surfaced submarine during 80 hours of damage control in stormy conditions. Seventy-three crewmen survived. "K-8" sank with four nuclear torpedoes out of total 24 on board to a depth of approximately northwest of Spain. Soviet submarine K-8 K-8 was a of the Soviet Northern Fleet that sank in the Bay of Biscay with her nuclear weapons on board on April 12, 1970. A fire on April 8 had disabled the submarine and it was being towed in rough seas. Fifty-two crewmen were killed attempting the salvage of the boat when it sank. On 13

title: Russian Narval-class submarine

text: Russian Narval-class submarine The "Narval" class were a group of submarines built for the Imperial Russian Navy. They were designed by the Electric Boat Company and ordered in the 1911 programme as the "Holland 31A" design. The Narval class had advanced features including watertight bulkheads, a crash diving tank and gravitationally filled ballast tanks which did not feature in contemporary Russian-designed boats. The boats were well regarded by the Russian Navy and served in the Black Sea Fleet during World War I, during which they sank 8 merchant ships and 74 coastal vessels. In end of 1917 the submarines were

title: Kursk submarine disaster

text: naval base. It is among a memorial to sailors who perished during peacetime. It lists the names of the crew members. On 31 July 2012, divers representing the relatives of "Kursk"s crew and the Northern Fleet command placed an Orthodox cross on the floor of the Barents Sea at the site of the disaster. Kursk submarine disaster The sinking of the nuclear-powered "Kursk" (Russian: ), took place during the first major Russian naval exercise in more than ten years, in the Barents Sea on 12 August 2000, killing all 118 personnel on board. The Russian government and navy came under

title: German submarine U-7 (1935)

text: German submarine U-7 (1935) German submarine "U-7" was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine", based out of Kiel during World War II. It was one of the smaller versions, and was first launched on 29 June 1935 with a crew of 29. Its first commander was Kurt Freiwald. "U-7" would have 16 commanders over the course of its service, the last being Günther Loeschcke. During the war "U-7" was responsible for sinking two vessels. On 18 February 1944, west of Pillau, "U-7" sank in what is believed to have been a malfunction during a diving manoeuvre. There were

title: German submarine U-7 (1935)

text: until 11 March 1935, and launched on 29 June 1935, within weeks of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which granted Germany parity with the British Empire in submarines. Commissioned on 18 July 1935 with "Kapitänleutnant" Kurt Freiwald in command, "U-7" mainly served as a training boat except for two brief deployments during the Invasion of Poland in 1939 and Operation Weserübung in 1940. On 18 February 1944, west of Pillau, "U-7" sank in what is believed to have been a malfunction during a diving manoeuvre. There were no survivors. German submarine U-7 (1935) German submarine "U-7" was a Type IIB U-boat

title: November-class submarine

text: 15 November 1961, launched 7 September 1962, and commissioned 27 December 1962. Laid down 4 April 1962, launched 22 October 1962, and commissioned 31 December 1962. On 30 August 2003, the submarine K-159 sank during stormy weather while being towed to the shipyard in Snezhnogorsk, Murmansk Oblast for scrapping (K-159 was decommissioned in 1987.) Nine sailors died in the accident and one was rescued. K-159 was found and investigated by Russian deep-sea vehicles the same day in the point 69°22.64'N, 33°49.51'E (Barents Sea, 2.4 miles from Kildin Island) at a depth of 248 m. K-159 performed 9 missions and passed

title: French submarine Améthyste (S605)

text: submarine . Varuna 10 was a two-phase naval exercise, with the harbor phase taking place between 7–11 January and the sea phase between 11–14 January in the Arabian Sea. The fanion of "Améthyste" is decorated: French submarine Améthyste (S605) L'Améthyste is a nuclear-powered attack submarine of the French Navy, the fifth of the "Rubis" type. The boat's name is a pun on a precious stone (Amethyst) and the acronym "AMElioration Tactique, HydrodYnamique, Silence, Transmission, Ecoute" ("Tactical, hydrodynamics, silence and transmission improvements"). The "boat" is most likely the first vessel to serve in the French submarine fleet under that namesake. The

title: Soviet submarine L-3

text: film "The Hunt for Red October", the fictional Soviet Alfa class nuclear-powered attack submarine is named the "V.K. Konovalov". Soviet submarine L-3 The World War II Soviet submarine "L-3" belonged to the L-class or "Leninets" class of minelayer submarines. It had been named "Bolshevik" and later "Frunzenets", before it was decided that submarines should stop having names and carry numbers instead. Under Captain of the 3rd Rank Vladimir Konovalov, "L-3" was one of the most successful Soviet submarines of World War II. On 16 April 1945, it sank the German refugee transport ""Goya"", an event that (if calculated by loss

title: Russian submarine Forel

text: by railway, together with a team of German engineers to train the Russian crew, and was commissioned at Kronstadt on 21 August 1904. It was then sent via the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok, arriving on 29 September, and joined the Siberian Flotilla on 2 October, becoming the first Russian submarine in the Pacific. Although the submarine did not see combat during the Russo-Japanese War, its presence had an important psychological effect. "Forel" continued to operate out of Vladivostok after the war; however, by 1908 it was considered obsolete and was re-classed as a training vessel. The submarine sank in an

title: November-class submarine

text: 9 September 1957. Launched 31 May 1959. Commissioned 31 December 1959. On 12 April 1970, after four days on the surface, K-8 sank returning from patrol and participation in the large scale "Okean-70" naval exercise. The accident occurred due to short circuits that took place in III and VII compartments simultaneously at a depth of 120 m and a subsequent fire in the air-conditioning system. This was the first loss of a Soviet nuclear-powered submarine. 52 sailors including the commander, Captain 2nd Rank Vsevolod Borisovich Bessonov, died due to CO2 poisoning and the flooding of the surfaced submarine during 80

title: Skipjack-class submarine

text: Fleet Reactor) during development. The S5W was used on 98 U.S. nuclear submarines of 8 classes and the first British nuclear submarine, , making it the most-used US Navy reactor design to date. "Skipjack" was authorized in the FY 1956 new construction program and commissioned in April 1959. Each hull cost around $40 million. "Skipjack" was certified as the "world's fastest submarine" after initial sea trials in March 1959, although the actual speed attained was classified. The "Skipjack"s remained the fastest US nuclear-powered submarines until the first of the "Los Angeles" class entered service in 1974. This was due to

title: November-class submarine

text: November-class submarine The Project 627 (Russian – проект 627 "Кит" ("Whale"), NATO – November) class submarine was the Soviet Union's first class of nuclear-powered submarines. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) used the standard radio communication phonetic alphabet to denote submarine classes. November class was the designation for this initial series of Soviet nuclear-powered torpedo attack submarines, which were in service from 1958 through 1991. All but one have been disposed of, with Submarine K-3, the first nuclear submarine built for the Soviet Navy, possibly being preserved as a memorial. More than 135 Soviet organizations (20 design bureaus, 35 research

title: Yasen-class submarine

text: Works. A VSK rescue pod is carried in the sail. At the end of April 2016, K-560 conducted a drill using Kalibr missiles. Yasen-class submarine The Yasen-class submarine (Russian: Проект 885 "Ясень", "ash tree"; NATO reporting name: "Severodvinsk", also known erroneously as the "Graney" class) is the newest Russian nuclear-powered multipurpose attack submarine. Based on the and the , it is projected to replace Russia's Soviet-era attack submarines, both the "Akula" and . Yasen-class submarines were designed by the Malakhit Central Design Bureau, formed by the combination of SKB-143 and TsKB-16, with work on the initial design scheduled for start

title: Soviet submarine S-7

text: Soviet submarine S-7 S-7 was a "Stalinets"-class submarine of the Soviet Navy. Her keel was laid down by Krasnoye Sormovo in Gorkiy on 14 December 1936. She was launched on 5 April 1937 and commissioned on 30 June 1940 in the Baltic Fleet. During World War II, the submarine was under the command of Captain Sergei Prokofievich Lisin and took part in the Soviet submarine Baltic Sea campaign in 1942. "S-7" scored victories, but was sunk in action. The submarine made all her victories in summer 1942, having some success against the German-Swedish iron ore shipping lines (the main target

title: Kursk submarine disaster

text: Kursk submarine disaster The sinking of the nuclear-powered "Kursk" (Russian: ), took place during the first major Russian naval exercise in more than ten years, in the Barents Sea on 12 August 2000, killing all 118 personnel on board. The Russian government and navy came under intense criticism over the incident. Nearby ships registered the initial explosion and a second, much larger, explosion which registered 4.2 on the Richter scale on seismographs as far away as Alaska, yet the Russian Navy did not realise that the sub had sunk and did not initiate a search for more than six hours,

title: USS Thresher (SSN-593)

text: USS Thresher (SSN-593) The second USS "Thresher" (SSN-593) was the lead boat of her class of nuclear-powered attack submarines in the United States Navy. She was the U.S. Navy's second submarine to be named after the thresher shark. On 10 April 1963, "Thresher" sank during deep-diving tests about east of Boston, Massachusetts, killing all 129 crew and shipyard personnel aboard in the deadliest submarine disaster ever. Her loss was a watershed for the U.S. Navy, leading to the implementation of a rigorous submarine safety program known as SUBSAFE. The first nuclear submarine lost at sea, "Thresher" was also the first

title: Norwegian Sea

text: winds, pressure differences, sea water temperature, and salinity and agreed well with later measurements. Until the 20th century, the coasts of the Norwegian Sea were sparsely populated and therefore shipping in the sea was mostly focused on fishing, whaling, and occasional coastal transportation. Since the late 19th century, the Norwegian Coastal Express sea line has been established, connecting the more densely populated south with the north of Norway by at least one trip a day. The importance of shipping in the Norwegian Sea also increased with the expansion of the Russian and Soviet navies in the Barents Sea and development

title: Norwegian rocket incident

text: of , resembling a U.S. Navy submarine-launched Trident missile. As a result, fearing a high-altitude nuclear attack that could blind Russian radar, Russian nuclear forces were put on high alert. The "Cheget", Russia's "nuclear briefcase", was brought to Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who then had to decide whether to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike against the United States. Russian observers determined that there was no nuclear attack and did not retaliate. The Norwegian rocket incident was a few minutes of post-Cold War nuclear tension that took place nearly four years after the end of the Cold War. While not as

title: Barents Sea

text: surface merchant raiding attack on a British convoy that later became known as the Battle of the Barents Sea. Under the command of Oskar Kummetz, the German warships sank minelayer HMS "Bramble" and destroyer , but in turn lost destroyer and was severely damaged by British gunfire. The Germans later retreated and the British convoy arrived safely at Murmansk shortly afterwards. During the Cold War, the Soviet Red Banner Northern Fleet used the southern reaches of the sea as a ballistic missile submarine bastion, a strategy that Russia continues. Nuclear contamination from dumped Russian naval reactors is an environmental concern

title: Russian submarine Daniil Moskovsky (B-414)

text: the Barents Sea the submarine responded to a distress call and rescued two fisherman when their boat began sinking off the coast of the Kola Peninsula, reported to be somewhere between Liinakhamari and Teriberka. A spokesperson for the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet said the rescue was accomplished despite adverse weather conditions. Russian submarine Daniil Moskovsky (B-414) B-414 Daniil Moskovsky is a Project 671RTM "Schuka" (NATO: Victor III) attack submarine of the Russian Northern Fleet. The submarine was laid down in 1989, launched and commissioned in 1990. It was known as K-414 before renaming in 1992. In 1994 B-414 took part

title: Polaris (UK nuclear programme)

text: behind its American counterpart was the lack of a high-ranking champion who would push nuclear submarine development. This changed when Admiral Lord Mountbatten became First Sea Lord in April 1955. In June he secured the approval of the Board of Admiralty to build a nuclear-powered submarine. This coincided with Admiral Arleigh Burke's appointment as the US Navy's Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) in August. Mountbatten visited the United States in October, and through his friendship with Burke, arranged for US Navy cooperation in submarine development. Burke's support was crucial, as the United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy was

title: Russian submarine B-871

text: a little more than a month. On 12 May 2013, "Alrosa", together with the Ukrainian submarine "Zaporozhye" were present at the celebration of the 230th anniversary of the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol. Russian submarine B-871 Russian submarine B-871 "Alrosa" is an diesel-electric that joined the Soviet Fleet in 1990 and is active with the Russian Black Sea Fleet as of 2011. In June 2011 she took part in a NATO submarine rescue exercise, 'Bold Monarch 2011,' the first Russian submarine to do so. Instead of a conventional propeller "Alrosa" uses a pump jet propulsion system. The boat was laid

title: November-class submarine

text: (the work was performed by Severodvinsk shipyard No. 893 "Zvezdochka"). K-27 was towed to a special training area in the Kara Sea and scuttled there on 6 September 1982 in the point 72°31'N 55°30'E (north-east coast of Novaya Zemlya, Stepovoy Bay) at a depth 33 m only (in contravention of an IAEA requirement which asked to scuttle the submarine somewhere at a depth not less than 3,000–4,000 m). The soviet war machine (book) November-class submarine The Project 627 (Russian – проект 627 "Кит" ("Whale"), NATO – November) class submarine was the Soviet Union's first class of nuclear-powered submarines. The North

title: Norwegian rocket incident

text: according to the scenario, the real attack would start. After stage separation, the rocket launch appeared on radar similar to multiple reentry vehicles (MRVs); the Russian control center did not immediately realize that the Norwegian scientific rocket was headed out to sea, rather than toward Russia. Tracking the trajectory took 8 of the 10 minutes allotted to the process of deciding whether to launch a nuclear response to an impending attack. (A submarine-launched Trident missile from the Barents Sea would be able to reach mainland Russia in 10 minutes.) This event resulted in a full alert being passed up through

title: Nuclear-powered aircraft

text: To date there is no publicly available evidence to verify these statements. The Pentagon is aware of a Russian test of a nuclear-powered cruise missile but the system is still under development and had crashed in the Arctic in 2017. A RAND Corporation researcher specializing in Russia said "My guess is they're not bluffing, that they've flight-tested this thing. But that's incredible." According to a CSIS fellow, such a nuclear powered missile "has an almost unlimited range -- you could have it flying around for long periods of time before you order it to hit something" Putin's statements and the

title: Nuclear marine propulsion

text: the 26,500 tonne Russian . The smallest nuclear warships to date are the 2,700 tonne French attack submarines. The US Navy operated an unarmed nuclear submarine, the NR-1 Deep Submergence Craft, between 1969 and 2008, which was not a combat vessel but was the smallest nuclear powered submarine at 400 tons. United States and France have built nuclear aircraft carriers. The United States Navy has examples of these vessels, utilising the D2G and C1W reactors. Nuclear-powered, civil merchant ships have not developed beyond a few experimental ships. The US-built , completed in 1962, was primarily a demonstration of civil nuclear

text: defense ministry announced it will decommission and dismantle the three remaining boats to comply with the START III treaty and because the newer Borei class submarines require smaller crews and are less costly to maintain. "K-284 Akula", the lead ship of the , "was decommissioned in 1995 to avoid the expense of a reactor refueling". NS "Lenin", the world's first nuclear-powered surface and civilian ship, was decommissioned in 1989. It was subsequently converted to a museum ship. Of the six Arktika class icebreakers, two are no longer in service. NS "Arktika" was taken out of service and had its reactor

title: USS Sea Devil (SSN-664)

text: the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, began on 1 March 1998 and was completed on 7 September 1999. USS Sea Devil (SSN-664) USS "Sea Devil" (SSN-664), a "Sturgeon"-class attack submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the sea devil ("Manta birostria"), also known as the manta ray or devil ray, the largest of all living rays, noted for power and endurance. The contract to build "Sea Devil" was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia. on 28 May

title: Russian submarine Sankt Peterburg (B-585)

text: St. Petersburg class over its predecessor were the incorporation of improved anechoic coating (to minimize sonar contact), extended cruise range, and the upgrade to newer weapons for anti-submarine and anti-ship operations. St. Petersburg-class boats can also conduct reconnaissance and defend naval facilities and sea lanes. Amid a severe shortage of funds experienced during the 1990s following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the keel of "Sankt Peterburg" was laid down on 26 December 1997, in Saint Petersburg by Admiralty Shipyard. The company specialises in submarine construction, having built more than 300 boats, including the and nuclear-powered submarines. By 2006, two

title: German submarine U-1053

text: submarine surfaced, her bow suddenly stuck up into the air at a steep angle and the submarine sank quickly in the sea stern first. Other boats came to the scene and even heard knocking from the inside of the submarine from the trapped crew. The submarine sank to a depth of taken all 45 crew, engineers and foremen with her. The accident was probably a result of an operational error at the Snorkel facility, but sabotage was also suspected. The wreck of "U-1053" was located at on 18 March 2010 and her discovery was announced by the Norwegian Navy. The

title: Russian submarine Murmansk (K-206)

text: (of the original ten watertight compartments) by 2006. Russian submarine Murmansk (K-206) K-206 "Murmansk" was a nuclear-powered of the Soviet Navy, and later the Russian Navy. She was the second of the two Oscar I (the Soviet classification was Project 949 Granit) vessels constructed, the other being K-525. A further 11 submarines of an improved class, Project 949A (Antey) (called Oscar II by NATO), were subsequently constructed. The vessel was placed in reserve in 1994, and decommissioned in 1996. Scrapping of the boats at Sevmash started in January 2004, funded by the British Government under the Cooperative Threat Reduction program.

title: Russian submarine Murmansk (K-206)

text: Russian submarine Murmansk (K-206) K-206 "Murmansk" was a nuclear-powered of the Soviet Navy, and later the Russian Navy. She was the second of the two Oscar I (the Soviet classification was Project 949 Granit) vessels constructed, the other being K-525. A further 11 submarines of an improved class, Project 949A (Antey) (called Oscar II by NATO), were subsequently constructed. The vessel was placed in reserve in 1994, and decommissioned in 1996. Scrapping of the boats at Sevmash started in January 2004, funded by the British Government under the Cooperative Threat Reduction program. They had been reduced to a three-compartment unit

title: Russian submarine Dmitriy Donskoi (TK-208)

text: on the Kura Test Range on the Kamchatka Peninsula. In August 2009, Patriarch Kirill visited the submarine and met his crewmen. On 9 December 2009, "Dmitriy Donskoy" launched a Bulava missile. The third stage of the missile failed, and it was visible in Norway making a glowing spiral in the sky. On 7 October 2010, the submarine launched another Bulava ballistic missile from the White Sea. Targets at the Kura Test Range in the Russian Far East were successfully hit. "Dmitriy Donskoy" and the rest of the Typhoons are to be replaced by the Russian fourth-generation submarine class, the .

title: German submarine U-757

text: "U-757" sank the Norwegian "Fernhill" on 7 August 1943, thirty-one days into her sixty-day patrol, 4,116 tons of shipping lost in the sea. Of the ship's forty-four crewmen, forty survived the attack, being rescued by the American tanker "Idaho" two days later. On 8 January 1944 in the North Atlantic, south-west of Ireland, "U-757" was hit by depth charges from the British frigate and the Canadian corvette . "U-757" went down with all 49 seamen, at position . "U-757" took part in five wolfpacks, namely. German submarine U-757 German submarine "U-757" was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's

title: Borei-class submarine

text: was reported that the submarine would undergo up to six trials before being commissioned but the problem with the Bulava missile could delay it even more. On 28 September 2010 "Yuriy Dolgorukiy" completed company sea trials. By late October the Russian Pacific Fleet was fully prepared to host Russia's new Borei-class strategic nuclear-powered submarines. It is expected that four subs will be deployed in the Northern fleet and four subs in the Pacific fleet. On 9 November 2010 "Yuriy Dolgorukiy" passed all sea trials directed to new equipment and systems. Initially, the plan was to conduct the first torpedo launches

title: Norwegian Sea

text: largest damage to the Norwegian Sea was caused by extensive fishing, whaling, and pollution. The British nuclear complex of Sellafield is one of the greatest polluters, discharging radioactive waste into the sea. Other contamination is mostly by oil and toxic substances, but also from the great number of ships sunk during the two world wars. The environmental protection of the Norwegian Sea is mainly regulated by the OSPAR Convention. Fishing has been practised near the Lofoten archipelago for hundreds of years. The coastal waters of the remote Lofoten islands are one of the richest fishing areas in Europe, as most

title: Norwegian Sea

text: Greenland, and Barents Seas, were the most productive whaling area in the world. However, extensive hunting had wiped out the whales in that region by the early 20th century. For many centuries, the Norwegian Sea was regarded as the edge of the known world. The disappearance of ships there, due to the natural disasters, induced legends of monsters that stopped and sank ships (kraken). As late as in 1845, the "Encyclopædia metropolitana" contained a multi-page review by Erik Pontoppidan (1698–1764) on ship-sinking sea monsters half a mile in size. Many legends might be based on the work "Historia de gentibus

title: Norwegian Sea

text: off the coast regions appeared on the maps in the 17th century as an important part of the then sought Northern Sea Route and a rich whaling ground. Jan Mayen island was discovered in 1607 and become an important base of Dutch whalers. The Dutchman Willem Barents discovered Bear Island and Svalbard, which was then used by Russian whalers called pomors. The islands on the edge of the Norwegian Sea have been rapidly divided between nations. During the peaks of whaling, some 300 ships with 12,000 crew members were yearly visiting Svalbard. The first depth measurements of the Norwegian Sea

title: Russian submarine Vladimir Monomakh

text: developed in Russia, the "Bulava" (NATO designation SS-N-32). "Vladimir Monomakh" and its sister ships will replace the Delta III and IV classes in the Russian Navy. The submarine was launched on 30 December 2012 and had begun moored tests in January 2013. The submarine finished its first sea trials on 8 October 2013 when returning from a 25-day trial at sea. On 9 September 2014 a Bulava missile was launched from the submarine. "Vladimir Monomakh" entered service on 19 December 2014. It arrived to its permanent base in the Pacific Fleet on 26 September 2016. Russian submarine Vladimir Monomakh K-551

title: Nuclear industry in South Australia

text: was more likely. Authors from UCL Australia have written opinion pieces and produced research papers on the topic. In 2016, the contract for the supply of Australia's Future Submarines Project was awarded to French company Direction des Constructions Navales Services (DCNS), and the Barracuda-class submarine was selected. The Barracuda-class submarine is currently a nuclear powered submarine, but the Australian Government has sought a modified design with diesel-powered pump jet propulsion. The other bidders which were competing for the tender do not make nuclear powered submarines. Australian Cabinet ministers have discussed the merits of keeping the nuclear propulsion option open by

title: Nuclear-powered aircraft

text: Nuclear-powered aircraft A nuclear-powered aircraft is a concept for an aircraft intended to be powered by nuclear energy. The intention was to produce a jet engine that would heat compressed air with heat from fission, instead of heat from burning fuel. During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union researched nuclear-powered bomber aircraft, the greater endurance of which could enhance nuclear deterrence, but neither country created any such operational aircraft. One inadequately solved design problem was the need for heavy shielding to protect the crew and those on the ground from acute radiation syndrome; other potential problems included

title: Russian submarine Alexander Nevsky (K-550)

text: Russian submarine Alexander Nevsky (K-550) K-550 Alexander Nevsky (Александр Невский, "Aleksandr Nevskij") is a Russian nuclear ballistic missile submarine of the fourth generation (Project 955A). Named after the Russian saint Alexander Nevsky, the submarine was laid down in March 2004 and was first planned to be launched in 2009. However, budgetary problems and repeated failures of the submarine's main weapon, the Bulava SLBM missile, pushed the launch date forward. Russian officials have however claimed that the submarine has been completed on time and even ahead of schedule. The submarine was to have been rolled out from its construction hall on

title: Russian hospital ship Vpered

text: German Navy submarine SM "U-38" in the Black Sea between Rizeh and Batum. She sank shortly after. She was not carrying any wounded soldiers at the time, but seven people died in her sinking. Her survivors were saved a short time later. The Russian Empire claimed that Ottoman forces sank "Vperiod" rather than the Germans. The Ottoman Empire replied that both ships were sunk by mines. Russian hospital ship Vpered HS "Vpered" () was a Russian hospital ship that was torpedoed by the Imperial German Navy submarine SM "U-38" on 8 July 1916. SS "Vpered" was built at the Stabilimento