query: What is genocide?

title: Genocide studies

text: during World War II. An issue that arose for scholars when looking at the term genocide was what it actually meant. In 1944, Lemkin published a book titled "Axis Rule", which is where he introduced his idea of genocide. In chapter nine of his book, he defined genocide as being "' the destruction of a nation or ethnic group.'" After his book was published, controversy broke out concerning what genocide is specifically defined as. Many scholars believed that genocide is naturally associated with mass murder, the Holocaust being the first case, but there were also several other scholars who believed

title: Genocide denial

text: Genocide denial Genocide denial is the attempt to deny or minimize statements of the scale and severity of an incidence of genocide. Richard G. Hovannisian defines the denial as the final stage of a genocidal process and the erasing of the memories of the victim group: "Following the physical destruction of a people and their material culture, memory is all that is left and is targeted as the last victim. Complete annihilation of a people requires the banishment of recollection and suffocation of remembrance. Falsification, deception and half-truths reduce what was to what might have been or perhaps what was

title: Armenian Genocide

text: Lemkin, when he coined the term genocide in 1943, cited the Turkish extermination of the Armenians and the Nazi extermination of the Jews as defining examples of what he meant by genocide. The killings of Armenians is genocide as defined by the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 126 leading scholars of the holocaust including Elie Wiesel, and Yehuda Bauer placed a statement in "The New York Times" in June 2000 declaring the "incontestable fact of the Armenian genocide" and urging western democracies to acknowledge it. "The Institute on the Holocaust and

title: Genocide

text: includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning. Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide

title: Armenian Genocide

text: the Genocide Scholars' conclusion that the 1915 killings of Armenians constituted genocide. Bat Ye'or has suggested that "the genocide of the Armenians was a jihad". Ye'or holds jihad and what she calls "dhimmitude" to be among the "principles and values" that led to the Armenian Genocide. This perspective is challenged by Fà'iz el-Ghusein, a Bedouin Arab witness of the Armenian persecution, whose 1918 treatise aimed "to refute beforehand inventions and slanders against the Faith of Islam and against Moslems generally ... [W]hat the Armenians have suffered is to be attributed to the Committee of Union and Progress ... [I]t has

title: Rwandan genocide

text: between Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The systematic destruction of the judicial system during the genocide and civil war was a major problem. After the genocide, over one million people were potentially culpable for a role in the genocide, nearly one-fifth of the population remaining after the summer of 1994. After the genocide, the RPF pursued a policy of mass arrests for the genocide, jailing over 100,000 in the two years after the genocide. The pace of arrests overwhelmed the physical capacity of the Rwandan prison system, leading to what Amnesty International deemed "cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment". The country's nineteen

title: Cultural genocide

text: the destroyer's notion of what is appropriate. Motives may include religious ones (e.g., iconoclasm), as part of a campaign of ethnic cleansing in order to remove the evidence of a people from a specific locale or history, as part of an effort to implement a Year Zero, in which the past and its associated culture is deleted and history is "reset", the suppression of an indigenous culture by invaders and colonisers, along with many other potential reasons. The term has been used to describe the destruction of cultural heritage in connection with various events: Cultural genocide Cultural genocide or cultural

title: Cultural genocide

text: about the exact way in which genocide is committed, only stating that it is destruction with the intent to destroy a racial, religious, ethnic or national group as such. Article 7 of a 1994 draft of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples used the phrase "cultural genocide" but did not define what it meant. The complete article in the draft read as follows: This wording only appeared in a draft. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly during its 62nd session at UN Headquarters in

title: Genocide

text: Genocide Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part. The hybrid word "genocide" is a combination of the Greek word "génos" ("race, people") and the Latin suffix "-cide" ("act of killing"). The United Nations Genocide Convention, which was established in 1948, defines genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group". The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin in his 1944 book "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe"; it has been applied to the

title: Genocide

text: Holocaust, and many other mass killings including the genocide of indigenous peoples in the Americas, the Armenian Genocide, the Greek genocide, the Assyrian genocide, the Serbian genocide, the Holodomor, the Indonesian genocide, the Guatemalan genocide, the 1971 Bangladesh genocide, the Cambodian genocide, and after 1980 the Bosnian genocide, the Kurdish genocide, the Darfur genocide, and the Rwandan genocide. The Political Instability Task Force estimated that, between 1956 and 2016, a total of forty-three genocides took place, causing the death of about 50 million people. The UNHCR estimated that a further 50 million had been displaced by such episodes of violence

title: Genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay

text: for natural resources. Gilbert concludes that though planned and voluntary destruction had occurred, it is argued by the state that there was no intent to destroy the Aché, as what had happened was due to development. The allegation of genocide by the state was brought before the Inter-American Human Rights Commission which has jurisdiction on allegations of genocide carried out by a state. The commission gave a provisional ruling that Paraguay had not carried out a genocide, but stated it had concerns over "possible abuses by private persons in remote areas of the territory of Paraguay". Genocide of indigenous peoples

title: Genocide

text: definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." In turn some states such as Ethiopia, France, and Spain include political groups as legitimate genocide victims in their anti-genocide laws. Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which

title: Genocide

text: term "Bosnian genocide" is used to refer either to the killings committed by Serb forces in Srebrenica in 1995, or to ethnic cleansing that took place elsewhere during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War. In 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) judged that the 1995 Srebrenica massacre was an act of genocide. On 26 February 2007, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), in the "Bosnian Genocide Case" upheld the ICTY's earlier finding that the massacre in Srebrenica and Zepa constituted genocide, but found that the Serbian government had not participated in a wider genocide on the territory of

title: Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil

text: Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil The process that has been described as the genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil began with the Portuguese colonization of the Americas, when Pedro Álvares Cabral made landfall in what is now the country of Brazil in 1500. This started the process that led to the depopulation of the indigenous peoples in Brazil, because of disease and violent treatment by European settlers, and their gradual replacement with colonists from Europe and Africa. This process has been described as a genocide, and continues into the modern era with the ongoing destruction of indigenous peoples of

title: Armenian Genocide

text: was moved specifically by the annihilation of the Armenians to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters and coin the word "genocide" in 1943. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides, because scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out. It is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust. Turkey denies the word "genocide" is an accurate term for these crimes. In recent years, Turkey has been faced with repeated calls to recognize them as genocide. , 29 countries have officially recognized the mass killings

title: Genocide

text: to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action. Kjell Anderson uses a dichotomistic classification of genocides: "hot genocides, motivated by hate and the victims' threatening nature, with low-intensity cold genocides, rooted in victims' supposed inferiority." Articles Books Documents Research institutes, advocacy groups, and other organizations Genocide Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part. The hybrid word "genocide" is a combination of the Greek word "génos" ("race, people") and the Latin suffix "-cide" ("act of killing"). The United

title: Rwandan genocide denial

text: in the country. American lawyer Peter Erlinder, who was Lead Defence Counsel for the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, questions the planning of the killing, and so concludes that the slaughter of the Tutsi should not be called genocide. Rwandan genocide denial Rwandan genocide denial is the assertion that the Rwandan genocide did not occur in the manner or to the extent described by scholarship. The Rwandan genocide is widely acknowledged by genocide scholars to have been one of the biggest modern genocides, as many sources point to the sheer scale of the death toll as evidence for a

title: Cultural genocide

text: 1944, lawyer Raphael Lemkin distinguished a cultural component of genocide, which since then has become known as "cultural genocide". The term has since acquired rhetorical value as a phrase that is used to protest against the destruction of cultural heritage. It is also often misused as a catchphrase to condemn any form of destruction which the speaker disapproves of, without regard for the criterion of intent to destroy an affected group as such. The drafters of the 1948 Genocide Convention considered the use of the term, but later dropped it from their consideration. The legal definition of genocide is unspecific

title: Genocide (online game)

text: Genocide (online game) Genocide is a MUD, a text-based online game, focused exclusively on player-killing. Founded in 1992, it was influential as the first such "pure PK" MUD, and has met with positive critical response. "Genocide"'s gameplay is based around "wars", sessions of PvP conflict, that restart at frequent intervals. Character development as it is normally known on MUDs is completely absent, with the only advantages that experienced players have consisting of knowledge of the game structure. "Genocide"'s setting is the "Island of Genocide", which is subdivided into domains and, within domains, areas. The world is vaguely medieval fantasy in

title: Genocide (online game)

text: "Genocide" uses a game driver derived from the LPMud 3.2.1 server software, also known as the Amylaar driver. Its mudlib is homegrown. "Genocide"'s ideas influenced a number of MUDs that emulated its pure player-versus-player orientation. Genocide (online game) Genocide is a MUD, a text-based online game, focused exclusively on player-killing. Founded in 1992, it was influential as the first such "pure PK" MUD, and has met with positive critical response. "Genocide"'s gameplay is based around "wars", sessions of PvP conflict, that restart at frequent intervals. Character development as it is normally known on MUDs is completely absent, with the only

title: Armenian Genocide recognition

text: Armenian Genocide recognition Armenian Genocide recognition is the formal acceptance that the systematic massacres and forced deportation of Armenians committed by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923 constituted genocide. The consensus of historians and academic institutions on Holocaust and genocide studies recognize the Armenian Genocide. However, despite the recognition of the genocidal character of the massacre of Armenians in scholarship as well as in civil society, some governments have been reticent to officially acknowledge the killings as genocide because of political concerns about their relations with the Republic of Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Imperial authorities which

title: Genocide Organ

text: adage here)." Genocide Organ in an interview: "We never say what we think, and we never believe what we say, and if we tell the truth by accident, we hide it under so many lies that it is difficult to find out" (June 1999) Genocide Organ Genocide Organ is a German power electronics/death industrial group that formed in 1986. Taken from Remember 3xLP booklet. "Genocide Organ have provoked reaction from listeners - be those extremists who perceive the group have certain sympathies that align with their own, or vocal detractors labeling the group as racist, fascist, or more crudely -

title: Comparative genocide

text: is controversial. It is difficult to determine what leads to a genocide, when the world cannot call certain atrocities just that; genocide. Comparing genocides is difficult because there are limited cases of genocide to study and of the cases that have occurred there are few committed that are legally considered crimes of genocide. Material to make these comparisons is difficult to acquire because post-genocide societies are divided. This division creates problems with access to field research due to cultural, lingual, racial and gender barriers. Scholars who study comparative genocide look at Risk Assessment Analysis to determine whether or not a

title: Jihad and Genocide

text: to and take Muslims "at their word." Jihad and Genocide Jihad and Genocide is a 2009 book by Richard L. Rubenstein. According to Michael Berenbaum writing in "The Jewish Daily Forward", the book explores the question "do Islamic leaders mean what they say when they call for genocide of the Jews?" According to Berenbaum, Rubenstein "offers compelling evidence that significant and prominent Muslim thinkers mean what they say and say what they mean when they speak of world peace only following Islamic world conquest." Rubenstein concluded: "Muslim ire has been aroused. At least among Islamists. It will not be calmed

title: Jihad and Genocide

text: Jihad and Genocide Jihad and Genocide is a 2009 book by Richard L. Rubenstein. According to Michael Berenbaum writing in "The Jewish Daily Forward", the book explores the question "do Islamic leaders mean what they say when they call for genocide of the Jews?" According to Berenbaum, Rubenstein "offers compelling evidence that significant and prominent Muslim thinkers mean what they say and say what they mean when they speak of world peace only following Islamic world conquest." Rubenstein concluded: "Muslim ire has been aroused. At least among Islamists. It will not be calmed until the shame and the disgrace of

title: Genocide education

text: increasingly interconnected. Genocide studies – referring to academic research about the broader trends and patterns of genocide and mass atrocities – and genocide education have become more widespread in universities and schools, as genocide and mass atrocities are recurring phenomena in the world. The studies have expanded to examine theories about how and why genocide happens. Education about the particular event of the Holocaust includes considerations about the concept, planning and implementation of that genocide, and can prompt reflections as to how what we learn about the Holocaust can contribute to the prevention of mass atrocities today. Scholars and educators

title: Bosnian genocide

text: homes. This was a veritable genocide and sociocide". However, such estimations have been criticized as highly inaccurate and analysts such as George Kenney have accused the Bosnian government and the international community of sensationalism and of deliberately inflating the number of fatalities to attract international support for the Muslims. While the majority of international opinion accepts the findings of the international courts, there remains some disagreement about the extent of the genocide and to what degree Serbia was involved. The Bosnian Muslim community asserts that the Srebrenica massacre was just one instance of what was a broader genocide committed by

title: Armenian Genocide

text: agenda to press Congress and the President for an increase of economic aid for Armenia and the reduction of economic and military assistance for Turkey. The efforts also include reaffirmation of a genocide by Ottoman Turkey in 1915. Twenty-nine countries and forty-eight U.S. states have adopted resolutions acknowledging the Armenian Genocide as a "bona fide" historical event. , Israel, the United Kingdom and United States do not recognize what happened a century ago as a genocide. Despite his previous public recognition and support of genocide bills, as well as election campaign promises to formally recognize the Armenian Genocide, Barack Obama

title: Armenian Genocide denial

text: This is not an accusation of Turkey today or of the current Turkish government." As president he has been less vocal on this issue. Concerned about the negative reaction of Turkey if the president signed the petition, unnamed officials of the Foreign Ministry welcomed what they called Rivlin's "statesmanship." The Islamist Hani al-Sibai cited Justin McCarthy's work while engaging in Armenian Genocide denial. According to the "Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity", the denial of Armenian genocide is "the most patent example of a state's denial of its past". Historians mark that "the genocide of the Armenians has been

title: Rwandan genocide

text: public holidays mourning the genocide. The national mourning period begins with Kwibuka (Remembrance), the national commemoration, on 7 April and concludes with Liberation Day on 4 July. The week following 7 April is an official week of mourning, known as "Icyunamo". As a result of the genocide, nations collaborated to establish the International Criminal Court in order to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The earliest inhabitants of what is now Rwanda were the Twa, a group of aboriginal pygmy hunter-gatherers who settled in the area between 8000 BC and 3000 BC and remain in Rwanda today. Between

title: Armenian Genocide

text: Armenian state. Also in 1919, he published "The Road of No Return" ("Der Weg ohne Heimkehr"), a collection of letters he had written during what he deemed the "martyrdom" (German: "Martyrium") of the Armenians. "Destination Nowhere: The Witness" is a documentary film produced by J. Michael Hagopian that depicts Wegner's personal account of the Armenian Genocide through Wegner's own photographs. Prior to the release of the documentary, Wegner was honored at the Armenian Genocide Museum in Yerevan for championing the plight of Armenians throughout his life. Although many documents related to systematic massacres were destroyed during and after the genocide,

title: Risk factors for genocide

text: they chose are: Each risk factor has other multiple subsections that can point to more specific events that can be seen as potential risk factors for conflict. Along with the subsections, there are examples of what possible objectives could be in order to improve that specific risk factor. The International Alliance to End Genocide published Gregory Stanton’s list of ten stages of genocide, which include, in this order: These stages are can be seen with every genocide so far and can be used as red flags for future ones. Each stage has an explanation of what it is and examples

title: Armenian Genocide recognition

text: Turkish massacres of Armenians as a genocide. The Central Council of Jews in Germany has called on the German government to recognize the World War I mass murder of over one million Armenians in what was then the Ottoman Empire as a genocide. "One hundred years ago, the government of the Ottoman Empire ordered the deportation of one million Armenians. They were murdered directly, or died of starvation and dehydration in the desert," Central Council President Josef Schuster told the newspaper "Der Tagesspiegel". He added: "These terrible events should be called what they were: a genocide." Schuster said the Armenian

title: Genocide Awareness Project

text: the Pro-Choice Action Network had to publish an apology to GAP in "The Vancouver Sun" for an article it published in the newspaper earlier on February 24, 2000. Genocide Awareness Project The Genocide Awareness Project (GAP) is a movable anti-abortion display being temporarily installed on multiple university campuses in the United States and Canada since 1997. The display includes pictures they argue are of aborted fetuses or represent what an aborted fetus would look like, juxtaposed next to pictures of victims of genocide. The display is produced and managed by the Center for Bio-Ethical Reform, a privately funded United States

title: Genocide Awareness Project

text: Genocide Awareness Project The Genocide Awareness Project (GAP) is a movable anti-abortion display being temporarily installed on multiple university campuses in the United States and Canada since 1997. The display includes pictures they argue are of aborted fetuses or represent what an aborted fetus would look like, juxtaposed next to pictures of victims of genocide. The display is produced and managed by the Center for Bio-Ethical Reform, a privately funded United States organization. In 1999 the display has been on at least seventeen campuses. Gregg Cunningham, the executive director of the Los Angeles-based-center said that most people have never seen

title: Rwandan genocide

text: Rwanda, and in the UK where it is based. IBUKA is a high-profile lobby group with a particular interest in addressing justice for survivors and coordinating and leading joint survivors’ projects on a national level. A direct translation of IBUKA is “remember”, which is the objective of the umbrella association. It is composed of ten member organisations, which work to perpetuate the memory of genocide and provide support to genocide survivors. Speaking out is a sign of confidence of the survivors and being heard increases that confidence, which is what IBUKA strives to achieve. AVEGA was founded in 1995 by

title: Armenian Genocide denial

text: Eberhard Jäckel reject the designation altogether, and have met much criticism and accusations from other scholars as promoting Armenian Genocide denial. The term "genocide" was coined by the Polish Jew Raphael Lemkin in 1943, who had escaped Nazi rule, although the full extent of the Holocaust was not yet known at the time. He later used it to describe what he had heard about the Armenian Genocide: in a 1949 CBS interview with Quincy Howe, Lemkin explained, "I became interested in genocide because it happened so many times. It happened to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, Hitler took action."

title: Rwandan genocide

text: said that "many people were killed in 1994 by both sides making those who carried out the genocide and their enemies morally equivalent". He said that Philpot argued "[t]here was no one-sided conspiracy by armed Hutu forces and militias against a million defenceless Tutsi". In 2009, scholars Christian Davenport of the University of Michigan and Allan C. Stam of Dartmouth asked, "What really happened in Rwanda?" The pair do not question that an anti-Tutsi genocide took place in 1994, but their investigation led them to conclude that "conventional wisdom was only partly correct". They argue that the genocide constituted only

title: Rwandan genocide

text: of 30, would be handled by these Gacaca Courts. With this law, the government began implementing a participatory justice system, known as Gacaca, in order to address the enormous backlog of cases. The Gacaca court system traditionally dealt with conflicts within communities, but it was adapted to deal with genocide crimes. Among the principal objectives of the courts were identification of the truth about what happened during the genocide, speeding up the process of trying genocide suspects, national unity and reconciliation, and demonstrating the capacity of the Rwandan people to resolve their own problems. The Gacaca court system faced many

title: Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum

text: Panh, a Cambodian-born, French-trained filmmaker who lost his family when he was 11. The film features two Tuol Sleng survivors, Vann Nath and Chum Mey, confronting their former Khmer Rouge captors, including guards, interrogators, a doctor and a photographer. The focus of the film is the difference between the feelings of the survivors, who want to understand what happened at Tuol Sleng to warn future generations, and the former jailers, who cannot escape the horror of the genocide they helped create. Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum () is a museum in Phnom Penh, the capital of

title: Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL

text: Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, calling itself Islamic State) is recognized by the United Nations as the perpetrator of a genocide of Yazidis in Iraq. The genocide has led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis from their ancestral lands in Northern Iraq whose women and girls were forced into sexual enslavement by the Islamic State and whose men were killed by the thousands. The genocide led to the abduction of Yazidi women and massacres that killed thousands of Yazidi civilians during what has been called a "forced

title: Assyrian genocide

text: these numbers also included the Armenians and Greeks. Assyrians were not subject to genocidal policies to the extent of the Armenians. However, in some provinces, particularly Diyarbakır and Mardin, the Assyrian population was devastated. In other provinces the population was left relatively intact. Assyrians in what is now Turkey primarily lived in the provinces of Hakkari, Şırnak, and Mardin. These areas also had a sizable Kurdish population. The following newspaper articles documented the Assyrian genocide as it occurred: Hannibal Travis, Assistant Professor of Law at Florida International University, wrote in the peer-reviewed journal "Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal"

title: Genocide of indigenous peoples

text: and scholars whose work has examined this history in the context of genocide have included historian David Stannard and anthropological demographer Russell Thornton, as well as scholar activists such as Vine Deloria, Jr., Russell Means and Ward Churchill. Stannard compares the events of colonization in the Americas with the definition of genocide in the 1948 UN convention, and writes that "In light of the U.N. language—even putting aside some of its looser constructions—it is impossible to know what transpired in the Americas during the sixteenth seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and not conclude that it was genocide". Thornton describes as

title: Genocide studies

text: Genocide studies Genocide studies is an academic field of study that researches genocide. Genocide became a field of study in the mid-1940s, with the work of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term "genocide" and is the field's founding father. The Holocaust was initially the primary subject matter of genocide studies, and the field received an extra impetus in the 1990s, when the Rwandan genocide took place. The beginning of genocide research arose around the 1940s when Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish lawyer, began studying genocide. Known as the "father of the genocide convention," Lemkin made the term genocide and studied it

title: Utilitarian genocide

text: Utilitarian genocide Utilitarian genocide is one of five forms of genocide categorized and defined in 1975 by genocide scholar Vahakn Dadrian. Utilitarian genocide is distinctly different from ideologically-motivated genocides like the Holocaust and the Cambodian genocide. This form of genocide has as its aim some form of material gain, such as the seizure of territory in order to gain control of economic resources for commercial exploitation. Two given examples of this form are the genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil and the genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay. This form of genocide was highly prominent during the European colonial expansions

title: Genocide studies

text: also study the differences between males and females during genocide, by studying the lives of women survivors during the Holocaust. Genocide studies Genocide studies is an academic field of study that researches genocide. Genocide became a field of study in the mid-1940s, with the work of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term "genocide" and is the field's founding father. The Holocaust was initially the primary subject matter of genocide studies, and the field received an extra impetus in the 1990s, when the Rwandan genocide took place. The beginning of genocide research arose around the 1940s when Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish

title: Utilitarian genocide

text: of genocide has continued into the twentieth century, with the ongoing genocide of indigenous tribes in the rain forests of South America primarily due to progress and the development of resources within their territories; these regions are exploited for economic gain the indigenous peoples are considered a "hindrance" and are forcibly relocated or killed. Utilitarian genocide Utilitarian genocide is one of five forms of genocide categorized and defined in 1975 by genocide scholar Vahakn Dadrian. Utilitarian genocide is distinctly different from ideologically-motivated genocides like the Holocaust and the Cambodian genocide. This form of genocide has as its aim some form

title: Bosnian genocide denial

text: of most Serbian media. Following the end of the war, scepticism about Srebrenica continued to be widespread among Serbians. In March 2005, Miloš Milovanović, a former commander of the Serb paramilitary unit Serbian Guard who represents the Serbian Democratic Party in the Srebrenica Municipal Assembly said that "the massacre is a lie; it is propaganda to paint a bad picture of the Serbian people. The Muslims are lying; they are manipulating the numbers; they are exaggerating what happened. Far more Serbs died at Srebrenica than Muslims." Similarly to case of Rwandan genocide denial or Armenian genocide denial, revisionist and denialist

title: Armenian Genocide

text: 1972 and 1963 respectively. The Armenian Genocide is widely corroborated by international genocide scholars. The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), consisting of the world's foremost experts on genocide, unanimously passed a formal resolution affirming the factuality of the Armenian Genocide. According to IAGS, "Every book on comparative genocide studies in the English language contains a segment on the Armenian Genocide. Leading texts in the international law of genocide such as William Schabas's "Genocide in International Law" cite the Armenian Genocide as precursor to the Holocaust and as a precedent for the law on crimes against humanity. Polish jurist Raphael

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: International Association of Genocide Scholars

text: for the interdisciplinary nature of genocide studies, so universities seldom had faculty positions for genocide scholars. However, what had been a marginalized area of study became one of urgent interest and scholarship as a response to the genocides in Rwanda and the Balkans in 1994 and 1995. The Association of Genocide Scholars The idea for an organization of genocide scholars grew out of a meeting between Israel Charny, Helen Fein, Robert Melson and Roger Smith at the Remembering for the Future Two conference, held at Humboldt University in Berlin in 1994. With over 500 persons in attendance and numerous panels

title: Genocide

text: Genocide Watch, presented a briefing paper called "The 8 Stages of Genocide" at the United States Department of State. In it he suggested that genocide develops in eight stages that are "predictable but not inexorable". The Stanton paper was presented to the State Department, shortly after the Rwandan Genocide and much of its analysis is based on why that genocide occurred. The preventative measures suggested, given the briefing paper's original target audience, were those that the United States could implement directly or indirectly by using its influence on other governments. In April 2012, it was reported that Stanton would soon

title: Genocide education

text: Genocide education Genocide education refers to education about patterns and trends in the phenomenon of genocide and/or about the causes, nature and impact of particular instances of genocide. Recent Rwanda history curricula explicitly stipulate the teaching of the 1994 genocide of the Tutsi, notably through the comparison "of different genocides" with a view to "suggest ways of preventing genocide from happening again in Rwanda and elsewhere". A comparative approach has been adopted, which is clearly reflected in the 2015 Curriculum for Sustainable Development. The competence-based curriculum framework mentions "genocide studies" as a cross-cutting issue, therefore introducing the study of genocide

title: Genocide prevention

text: community, there is an increased risk of atrocity reoccurring. Genocide prevention Genocide Prevention is any act or actions that works toward averting a future genocide. One of the main goals of the United Nations with the passage of the Genocide Convention after the Second World War and Holocaust is to prevent future genocide from taking place. Since genocides take a lot of planning, resources, and involved parties to carry out, they do not just happen instantaneously. Using risk assessments, policy makers and NGO's can predict how at risk a country is for genocide. From this assessment of the risk, appropriate

title: Comparative genocide

text: responsibility has been put on the world to prevent it, rather than help a country rebuild after it occurs. This study of comparative genocide is now helping with the universality of the potential for genocide. Comparative genocide is derived from the UN Convention of Genocide, it refers to the academic and legal comparison of historical events. Past genocides can give us the insight needed on current genocides, clarifying the issues raised on potential genocides today. The flaw in studying comparative genocide is that the term genocide is an essentially contested concept. The concept itself has various interpretations and in nature

title: Black genocide

text: Stokely Carmichael, black congressman Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and SNCC member Rap Brown agreed. In October 1969, King's widow Coretta Scott King spoke at an anti-war protest held at the primarily black Morgan State College in Baltimore. Campus leaders published a statement against what they termed "black genocide" in Vietnam, blaming President Richard Nixon in the US as well as President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Vice President Nguyễn Cao Kỳ from South Vietnam. In 1969, H. Rap Brown wrote in his autobiography, "Die Nigger Die!", that American courts "conspire to commit genocide" against blacks by putting a disproportionate number of

title: Armenian Genocide

text: Turkish historian Taner Akçam states that the "Turkish sources we already possess provide sufficient information to prove that what befell the Armenians in 1915 was a Genocide." Historian Ara Sarafian similarly notes that "the available Ottoman materials, especially when used alongside alternative sources (such as United States records or Armenian survivor accounts), support the Armenian Genocide thesis." Alongside official documentation, many Turkish public figures during the time have acknowledged the systematic nature of the massacres. Historian Ahmet Refik (Altınay) wrote in 1919: "The Unionists (Committee of Union and Progress) wanted to remove the problem of Vilâyât-ı Sitte by annihilating Armenians."

title: Armenian Genocide

text: 1920s to kill the planners of the Armenian Genocide. The subsequent trial and acquittal of the assassin, Soghomon Tehlirian, had an important influence on Raphael Lemkin, a lawyer of Polish–Jewish descent who campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism". The term "genocide", created in 1943, was coined by Lemkin who was directly influenced by the massacres of Armenians during World War I. The American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief ("ACASR", also known as "Near East Relief"), established in 1915 just after the deportations began, was a charitable organization established to relieve the

title: Genocide prevention

text: Genocide prevention Genocide Prevention is any act or actions that works toward averting a future genocide. One of the main goals of the United Nations with the passage of the Genocide Convention after the Second World War and Holocaust is to prevent future genocide from taking place. Since genocides take a lot of planning, resources, and involved parties to carry out, they do not just happen instantaneously. Using risk assessments, policy makers and NGO's can predict how at risk a country is for genocide. From this assessment of the risk, appropriate steps can be taken to stop a situation from

title: Genocide

text: Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reus of genocide was met in Prijedor "With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide". About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after

title: Genocide studies

text: in academic journals such as the "Journal of Genocide Research", "Genocide Studies and Prevention", and "Zeitschcrif fur Genozidforshung", which is a German academic journal. The major reason for this increase in research can be traced back to the Rwandan genocide in the 1990s. This event showed Western scholars how prevalent genocide was. The study of genocide connected to gender has not been around that long and is still considered a side to genocide research in general. This small field was ignited after the genocides of Bosnia-Herzegonia and Rwanda where several women were raped and men were sexually abused. Feminist scholars

text: to an international campaign which resulted in the World Bank suspending loans. Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil The process that has been described as the genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil began with the Portuguese colonization of the Americas, when Pedro Álvares Cabral made landfall in what is now the country of Brazil in 1500. This started the process that led to the depopulation of the indigenous peoples in Brazil, because of disease and violent treatment by European settlers, and their gradual replacement with colonists from Europe and Africa. This process has been described as a genocide, and continues

title: Cultural genocide

text: Cultural genocide Cultural genocide or cultural cleansing is a concept that lawyer Raphael Lemkin distinguished in 1944 as a component of genocide. The term was considered in the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and juxtaposed next to the term "ethnocide," but it was removed in the final document, and simply replaced with "genocide." The precise definition of "cultural genocide" remains unclear. Some ethnologists, such as Robert Jaulin, use the term "ethnocide" as a substitute for "cultural genocide", although this usage has been criticized as engendering a risk of confusing ethnicity with culture. As early as

title: Black genocide

text: that show blacks suffering from higher death rates. Horowitz concluded that the US government could not be implicated as a conspirator, that there was no conspiracy to engage in concerted black genocide. Political scientist Joy A. James wrote in 2013 that the "logical conclusion" of American racism is genocide, and that members of the black elite are complicit, along with white Americans, in carrying out black genocide. Black genocide In the United States, black genocide refers to the genocide of African Americans both in the past and in the present. The decades of lynchings and long-term racial discrimination were first

title: Armenian Genocide

text: genocide, is responsible for reparations. In 2007, The Armenian Genocide Reparations Study Group (AGRSG) was formed with Theriault as chair, along with several other genocide scholars. In March 2015, the group released a final report entitled "Resolution with Justice — Reparations for the Armenian Genocide". The report described the legal, historical, political, and ethical aspects of Armenian Genocide reparations and proposed a comprehensive reparations package for the victims. The historian Alfred de Zayas has stated that, because of the continuing character of the crime of genocide in factual and legal terms, the remedy of restitution has not been foreclosed. Thus

title: Armenian Genocide denial

text: Armenian Genocide denial Armenian Genocide denial is the act of denying the planned systematic genocide of 1.5 million Armenians during World War I, conducted by the Ottoman government. Turkey similarly denies the genocides perpetrated against indigenous Assyrians and Greeks during the same period. As form of denialism, it can be compared to similar negationist historical revisionisms such as Holocaust denial and Nanking Massacre denial. The Armenian Genocide is almost unanimously acknowledged as a historical fact by historians and genocide scholars alike. It is also widely considered to have been the first modern genocide, with the word "genocide" itself having been

title: Bosnian genocide denial

text: often claim that genocide is result of international political conspiracy, which invoked violence itself or exeggregated or invented , Roger Booboh, who declared that "to claim that a genocide occurred is closer to the politics of surrealism than to the truth". A high-ranking Serb and a UN official have claimed that no genocide on Bosniak Muslims the took place at all: Bosnian genocide denial Bosnian genocide denial is the act of denying the planned systematic genocide or the assertion that the Bosnian genocide, allegedly planned and perpetrated by Serb academic, political and military establishment against Bosniak Muslim population of Bosnia

title: Rwandan genocide denial

text: Rwandan genocide denial Rwandan genocide denial is the assertion that the Rwandan genocide did not occur in the manner or to the extent described by scholarship. The Rwandan genocide is widely acknowledged by genocide scholars to have been one of the biggest modern genocides, as many sources point to the sheer scale of the death toll as evidence for a systematic, organized plan to eliminate the victims. Denial of the Rwandan genocide is a crime in Rwanda. A high-ranking Tutsi and a UN official have claimed that no genocide of the Tutsi took place at all: Antoine Nyetera, who claims

title: Genocide studies

text: genocide has a much broader definition and is not strictly tied to the Holocaust. In Lemkin's book, he says that "'Physical and biological genocide are always preceded by cultural genocide or by an attack on the symbols of the group or violent interference of cultural activities.'" The conclusion made is that Lemkin defines genocide as the annihlation of a group's culture even if the group themselves are not completely destroyed. Starting off as a side field to the Holocaust studies, a few scholars around the period continued Lemkin's genocide research, and in the 1900s, the field saw a tremendous growth

title: Black genocide

text: removed from a cultural past where Black women were encouraged to be breeding machines for their slave masters." Tennessee Assemblywoman Dorothy Brown said black women "should dispense quickly the notion that abortion is genocide", rather, they should look to the earliest Atlantic slave traders as the root of genocide. Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm wrote in 1970 that the linking of abortion and genocide "is male rhetoric, for male ears." However, a link between abortion and black genocide has been claimed by later observers. Mildred Fay Jefferson, a surgeon and an activist against legal abortion, wrote about black genocide in 1978, saying

title: Here Is What Is

text: Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It was first released in December 2007 as a high-quality download, and later released on CD on March 18, 2008. The album is the result of the same project that led to the 2007 documentary "Here Is What Is" that premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival in September. The movie documents the aesthetics and creative process behind Lanois' approach to music making and recording. The album has been presented as a direct soundtrack to this film, and

title: White genocide conspiracy theory

text: alt-right commentator, has previously stated that "white genocide in South Africa is real." The survivalist group the Suidlanders has claimed credit for publicizing the issue internationally. Much of the white genocide claims in South Africa rest on a misrepresentation of the Afrikaner people as conforming to the popular "Boar" stereotype as hard-working, devoutly Calvinist, gun-loving farmers. In 1989, the British journalist Patrick Brogan noted that the Afrikaners once called themselves "Boars" (farmers) because that was what they were, but the term "Boar" fell out of use in the 20th century as most of the Afrikaners moved to urban areas, making

title: Effects of genocide on youth

text: Unresolved trauma of genocide affects future generations of youth. Intergenerational effects help explain the background of these children and analyze how these experiences shape their futures. Effects include the atmosphere of the household they grew up in, pressures to succeed or act in specific ways, and how they view the world in which they live. The passing down of narratives and stories are what form present day perceptions of the past. Narratives are what form future generations' ideas of the people who were either victimized or carried out the genocide. As youth of future generations process the stories they hear

title: Armenian Genocide denial

text: a Turkish foreign ministry official that the Turkish government was trying to bribe historians and academics in the United States to deny the Armenian Genocide. Though he did not make any direct accusations, he noted the timing between what his source said with the recent publication of American historian Michael M. Gunter's book "Armenian History and the Question of Genocide". He also raised the point that the four individuals who praised Gunter's book – Hakan Yavuz of University of Utah, Guenter Lewy of University of Massachusetts, Jeremy Salt of Bilkent University, Ankara, and Edward J. Ericson of Marine Corps Command

title: Armenian Genocide recognition

text: heads in memory of all victims of this tragedy which our country has always perceived as its own pain and calamity," he said. On April 23, 2015, the Flemish Parliament of Belgium unanimously adopted a resolution to fully recognize the Armenian Genocide. The motion was put forward by all political parties of Flanders including the Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams party. The motion further called on Turkey to recognize the massacres as a genocide. On April 24, 2015, The President of Serbia, Tomislav Nikolić, stated that the people of Serbia realize what happened to the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and that

title: Armenian Genocide recognition

text: and that the issue "should be left to historians". However, the Foreign Committee report stated that "the Committee understands that what happened to Armenians, Assyrians/Syrians and Chaldeans during the Ottoman Empire's reign would probably be regarded as genocide according to the 1948 convention, if it had been in power at the time of the event". Three days prior to the debate in the Parliament, a petition, signed by over 60 renowned genocide scholars was published, calling on politicians in general, and the Swedish parliamentarians in specific, not to abuse the name of science in denying a historic fact. On March

title: Genocide

text: security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions). Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. On 21 July

title: Montebello Genocide Memorial

text: Montebello Genocide Memorial The Armenian Genocide Martyrs Monument, better known as Montebello Genocide Memorial, is a monument in Montebello, California in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. The monument, opened in April 1968, is a tower of eight arches supported on white concrete columns. The memorial was designed by Hrant Agbabian. It is the oldest and largest memorial in the United States dedicated to the Armenian Genocide victims. The inscription on the memorial plaque reads: As part of the Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, thousands of Armenians from different parts of Greater

title: Assyrian genocide

text: of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) reached a consensus that the "Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities of the Empire between 1914 and 1923 constituted a genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian and Anatolian Greeks." The IAGS referred to the work of Gaunt and Travis in passing this resolution. Gregory Stanton, the President of the IAGS in 2007–2008 and the founder of Genocide Watch, endorsed the "repudiation by the world's leading genocide scholars of the Turkish government's ninety-year denial of the Ottoman Empire's genocides against its Christian populations, including Assyrians, Greeks, and Armenians." The Assyrian genocide is sometimes also referred to as "Sayfo"

title: Rwandan genocide

text: aiding and assisting the survivors of the Rwandan genocide. Since 1997, SURF has been advocating and fundraising internationally in support of the efforts of grassroots survivors organisations in Rwanda, including IBUKA (National Umbrella of Survivors' Organisations), AVEGA (Association of Widows of the Genocide), AOCM (Association of Orphan-Headed Households), Uyisenga N'Manzi (Organisation of Child Survivors with HIV/AIDS) and Solace Ministries (Christian Survivors Support Organisation). Its focus is to ensure that the voices of survivors are listened to and heard, memories of the genocide are kept alive, victims of the genocide are never forgotten and survivors of the genocide are supported in

title: Genocide prevention

text: evolving into a genocide. The overriding aim of genocide prevention is to prevent genocide entirely before a crisis or violence begins. With the introduction of Responsibility to protect in 2001 nations have been given more leeway in the prevention of genocide or other mass atrocities. This international norm was signed by all member states of the UN. It gives any other nations the right to step in any way necessary if the state in question fails to protect its citizens from genocide or other crimes. This means that state sovereignty can be violated for the protection of a population if

title: Black genocide

text: abortion is black genocide. Pro-life activists showed the documentary to black audiences across the US. The film was criticized as propaganda and a false representation of Sanger's work. In March 2011, a series of abortion-as-genocide billboard advertisements were shown in South Chicago, an area with a large population of African Americans. From May to November 2011, presidential candidate Herman Cain criticized Planned Parenthood, calling abortion "planned genocide" and "black genocide". In 1976, sociologist Irving Louis Horowitz published an analysis of black genocide and concluded that racist vigilantism and sporadic action by individual whites was to blame for the various statistics

title: Guatemalan genocide

text: Peace Accords. On 21 August 2015, Guatemalan prosecutors presented evidence of Pérez’s involvement in the corruption ring and on 1 September, congress voted to take away his immunity, which prompted his resignation from presidency the next day. On 3 September 2015, he was arrested. The R.E.M. song ""Flowers of Guatemala"" is a commemoration of the genocide.<br> A cross statue was built to commemorate the genocide in Dos Erres. Guatemalan genocide The Guatemalan genocide, Maya(n) genocide, or Silent Holocaust refers to the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan military government's counterinsurgency operations. Massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions of

title: Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre

text: Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre The Nyamata Genocide Memorial is based around a former church south of Kigali in Rwanda, which commemorates the Rwandan genocide in 1994. The remains of 50,000 people are buried here. The memorial is based around a former church which is about south of Kigali in Rwanda, which commemorates the Rwandan genocide in 1994. This memorial centre is one of six in Rwanda that commemorate the Rwanda Genocide. The others are the Murambi Memorial Centre, Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre and Ntarama Genocide Memorial Centre and others at Kigali and Nyarubuye. The Rwanda Genocide began in April 1994.

title: We Charge Genocide

text: We Charge Genocide We Charge Genocide: The Crime of Government Against the Negro People is a paper accusing the United States government of genocide based on the UN Genocide Convention. This paper was written by the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) and presented to the United Nations at meetings in Paris in December 1951. The document pointed out that the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide defined genocide as any acts committed with "intent to destroy" a group, "in whole or in part". To build its case for black genocide, the document cited many instances of lynching

title: Armenian Genocide recognition

text: Genocide with the absolute majority of the votes. The first resolution reaffirms the decision of the Netherlands in 2004 to recognize the Armenian Genocide, while by the second resolution the foreign minister of the Netherlands will be obliged to visit Armenia and pay tribute to the victims of the Armenian Genocide at Dzidzernagapert memorial complex every 5 years. Armenian Genocide recognition Armenian Genocide recognition is the formal acceptance that the systematic massacres and forced deportation of Armenians committed by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923 constituted genocide. The consensus of historians and academic institutions on Holocaust and genocide studies

title: Comparative genocide

text: Comparative genocide Comparative Genocide is a field of study that focuses on comparing and contrasting different genocides. The purpose of this subject of study is to determine whether or not there is a pattern to the crime of genocide. The study involves the comparison of current at-risk countries, retrospective cases and the precipitating factors and the legacies surrounding past genocides. The study of comparative genocide begins with studying an at risk country and its history of mass atrocities with an attempt to determine any sort of explanation that can be considered valid as to why genocides occur. The school of

title: Genocide

text: group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research

title: Genocide education

text: build capacity and acquire historical knowledge to deal with genocides and mass atrocities. Such programmes emphasize "critical thinking, empathy and individual moral responsibility." They explore historical examples, primarily the genocide of the Jewish people and the genocide of the Tutsi, through a "Sustainable Peace Model/Framework" which seeks to link genocide education (looking back) to genocide prevention (looking into the present) to peace-building (looking forward). "Genocide education" deals with the phenomenon of genocide, while education about the Holocaust focuses above all on the causes and dynamics of the genocide of the Jewish people and responses to it. However, both fields are

title: Armenian Genocide

text: Genocide (Jerusalem), and the Institute for the Study of Genocide (NYC), have affirmed the historical fact of the Armenian Genocide". There are also a number of strictly legal examinations, including the 1919 War Commission Report, the 1948 UN War Crimes Report, the 1979 UN Genocide Report (Ruhashyankiko Report), The Permanent People’s Tribunal Verdict (1984), the 1985 UN Genocide Report (Whitaker Report), and the ICTJ Legal Memorandum (2003). Historian Stefan Ihrig observes that the Armenian Genocide was part of the prehistory of the Holocaust and that, merely ten years before Hitler's rise to power, the German debate on genocide, begun in

title: Genocide Organ

text: Genocide Organ Genocide Organ is a German power electronics/death industrial group that formed in 1986. Taken from Remember 3xLP booklet. "Genocide Organ have provoked reaction from listeners - be those extremists who perceive the group have certain sympathies that align with their own, or vocal detractors labeling the group as racist, fascist, or more crudely - hate mongers. likewise for those listeners intelligent enough (or otherwise uninterested) in making such simplistic and polarized views of Genocide Organ, merely the extremity of sound can likewise provoke reactions from revulsion through to pure pleasure (the pleasures received in pain is an amply

title: Genocide definitions

text: Genocide definitions This is a list of scholarly and international legal definitions of genocide, a word coined with "genos" (Greek: birth, kind, race) and an English suffix "-cide" by Raphael Lemkin in 1944. The precise etymology of the word however, is a compound of the ancient Greek word "γένος" (birth, genus, kind) or Latin word "gēns" (tribe, clan) and the Latin word "caedō" (cut, kill). While there are various definitions of the term, almost all international bodies of law officially adjudicate the crime of genocide pursuant to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG).

title: Armenian Genocide recognition

text: brothers, who said 25 years before the Holocaust that if we do not warn against what is going on with the Armenians, what will happen afterwards when they try to do to us…? There is a saying that the Nazis used the Armenian genocide as something that gave them permission to bring the Holocaust into reality, according to their belief that they have to discriminate against the Jewish people. 'Never again' belongs to every one of you, all the nations. We cannot allow something like that to happen." In 2015, a group of distinguished Israeli academics, artists, and former generals

title: (What Is) Love?

text: (What Is) Love? "(What Is) Love?" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled "What Is Love?", the song appeared on the soundtrack to "The Back-up Plan" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. The song was later included on Lopez's seventh studio album "Love?" (2011), as the album's title track. "(What Is) Love?" is a midtempo electropop song written by Diana "Wynter" Gordon, with the song's producer Emile "D'Mile" Dernst II. The song is about "not knowing what love is," according to Gordon. A remix of "(What Is) Love?", entitled "What Is Love? Part II", was

title: Genocide Prevention Group (Canada)

text: MP (NDP). The former chair and "ex officio" member is Lt.-GenRoméo Dallaire, Senator. The Genocide Prevention Group is currently monitoring a range of ongoing and developing situations, as well as emerging fields in genocide prevention and mass atrocity monitoring. The group has recently been involved with the W2I Project run by the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies . Due to the unofficial nature of the Genocide Prevention Group, the group does not receive Parliamentary funding. It is funded by the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies and the Genocide Prevention Group's membership fees. Genocide Prevention

title: Is the Holocaust Unique?

text: Is the Holocaust Unique? Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide is a 1995 book edited by Alan Rosenbaum. In the book, scholars compare the Holocaust to other well-known instances of genocide and mass death. The book asks whether there are any historical parallels to the Jewish Holocaust and whether Armenians, Gypsies, American Indians, or others have undergone a comparable genocide. As Alan Rosenbaum stated in regards to the book: A second edition was printed in 2000 and a third edition was released in 2009. Ward Churchill writes: An excellent topical example of what is at issue is described

title: Genocide

text: 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and later tried in The Hague accused of genocide among other crimes. On 24 March 2016, Karadžić was found guilty of genocide in Srebrenica, war crimes and crimes against humanity, 10 of the 11 charges in total, and sentenced to 40 years' imprisonment. Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 in Lazarevo, Serbia, and was tried in The Hague. The verdict, delivered on 22 November 2017 found Mladić guilty of 10 of the 11 charges, including genocide and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court

title: Genocide

text: B. Kates, Jr. state that "we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms', which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist'. If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses." According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide" (CPPCG). This also

title: Here Is What Is

text: some of the tracks ("Beauty" and "Chest of Drawers") are conversations with Brian Eno. All songs written by Daniel Lanois unless otherwise noted. "Where Will I Be" is a new version of a song which had been previously released on Emmylou Harris' album "Wrecking Ball" in 1995. "Lovechild" and "Sacred And Secular" tracks incorporates, respectively, the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Carla", on Belladonna album, and the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Transmitter", on Shine album. Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It