query: In what city the first nuclear bomb exploded?

title: History of the anti-nuclear movement

text: the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division) and killed approximately 75,000 people, among them 20,000 Japanese soldiers and 20,000 Korean slave laborers. Detonation of the Fat Man device exploded over the Japanese industrial city of Nagasaki three days later after Hiroshima, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200-28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese soldiers. The two bombings remains the only events where nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Subsequently, the world's nuclear weapons stockpiles grew. Operation Crossroads was

title: Effects of nuclear explosions

text: and poses the primary risk of exposure to ionizing radiation for a large nuclear weapon. Details of nuclear weapon design also affect neutron emission: the gun-type assembly Hiroshima bomb leaked far more neutrons than the implosion type 21 kt Nagasaki bomb because the light hydrogen nuclei (protons) predominating in the exploded TNT molecules (surrounding the core of the Nagasaki bomb) slowed down neutrons very efficiently while the heavier iron atoms in the steel nose forging of the Hiroshima bomb scattered neutrons without absorbing much neutron energy. It was found in early experimentation that normally most of the neutrons released in

title: Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb

text: Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb is the debut graphic novel written and illustrated by Jonathan Fetter-Vorm. It provides an account of the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as mentioning the chain of events after. The title arises from the code-name, Trinity, given to the test site for the first nuclear weapon. The book is written as a "work of history", although Fetter-Vorm writes at the end of the book "for the most part, the dialog from the principal characters in

title: Mark 24 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 24 nuclear bomb The Mark 24 nuclear bomb was an American thermonuclear bomb design, based on the third American thermonuclear bomb test, Castle Yankee. The Mark 24 bomb was tied as the largest weight and size nuclear bomb ever deployed by the United States, with the same size and weight as the Mark 17 nuclear bomb which used a very similar design concept but unenriched Lithium. The Castle Yankee thermonuclear test was the first bomb to use enriched Lithium-6 isotope, up to perhaps 40% enrichment (the earlier Castle Bravo test had used the same enriched lithium combination but was

title: Mark 5 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 5 nuclear bomb The Mark 5 nuclear bomb and W5 nuclear warhead were a common core nuclear weapon design, designed in the early 1950s and which saw service from 1952 to 1963. The Mark 5 design was the first production American nuclear weapon which was significantly smaller than the 60 inch (150 cm) diameter implosion system of the Fat Man nuclear bomb design first used in 1945, down to 39 inches (99.1 cm) diameter. The Mark 5 design used a 92-point implosion system (see Nuclear weapon design) and a composite Uranium/Plutonium fissile material core or pit. The Mark 5

title: Mark 39 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 39 nuclear bomb The Mark 39 nuclear bomb and W39 nuclear warhead were versions of an American thermonuclear weapon, which were in service from 1957 to 1966. The Mark 39 design was a thermonuclear bomb (see Teller-Ulam design) and had a yield of 3.8 megatons. The design is an improved Mark 15 nuclear bomb design (the TX-15-X3 design and Mark 39 Mod 0 were the same design). The Mark 15 was the first lightweight US thermonuclear bomb. The W39 warhead is in diameter and long, with a weight of to . It was used on the SM-62 Snark missile,

title: Mark 36 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 36 nuclear bomb The Mark 36 was a heavy high-yield United States nuclear bomb designed in the 1950s. It was a thermonuclear bomb, using a multi-stage fusion secondary system to generate yields up to about 10 megatons. The Mark 36 was a more advanced version of the earlier Mark 21 nuclear bomb, which was a weaponized version of the "Shrimp" design, the first "dry" (lithium deuteride) fuel thermonuclear bomb the United States tested, in the Castle Bravo thermonuclear test in 1954. The Mark 21 bomb was developed and deployed immediately after Castle Bravo, in 1955. The Mark 21 design

title: Mark 39 nuclear bomb

text: into the weapon primary. This would have resulted in a significantly reduced primary yield and would not have ignited the weapon's fusion secondary stage. Mark 39 nuclear bomb The Mark 39 nuclear bomb and W39 nuclear warhead were versions of an American thermonuclear weapon, which were in service from 1957 to 1966. The Mark 39 design was a thermonuclear bomb (see Teller-Ulam design) and had a yield of 3.8 megatons. The design is an improved Mark 15 nuclear bomb design (the TX-15-X3 design and Mark 39 Mod 0 were the same design). The Mark 15 was the first lightweight US

title: Mark 13 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 13 nuclear bomb The Mark 13 nuclear bomb and its variant, the W-13 nuclear warhead, were experimental nuclear weapons developed by the United States from 1951 to 1954. The Mark 13 design was based on the earlier Mark 6 nuclear bomb design, which was in turn based on the Mark 4 nuclear bomb and the Mark 3 nuclear bomb used at the end of World War II. The Mark 13 bomb was nearly the same size as the Mark 6 nuclear bomb it was developed from; 61 inches in diameter and 128 inches long (150 cm by 320 cm),

title: B90 nuclear bomb

text: B90 nuclear bomb The B90 was an American thermonuclear bomb designed in the mid-to-late 1980s and cancelled prior to introduction into military service due to the end of the Cold War making further nuclear weapon development unnecessary. The B90 design was intended for use as a naval aircraft weapon, for use as a nuclear depth bomb and as a land attack strike bomb. It was intended to replace the B57 nuclear bomb used by the Navy. The B90 bomb design entered Phase 3 development engineering and was assigned its numerical designation in June 1988. The B90 was 13.3 inches in

title: Mark 15 nuclear bomb

text: is identical to the W39 Mod 0 design). On 5 February 1958, during a training mission flown by a B-47, a Mk 15 nuclear bomb was lost off the coast of Tybee Island, Georgia near Savannah. Mark 15 nuclear bomb The Mark 15 nuclear bomb, or Mk-15, was a 1950s American thermonuclear bomb, the first relatively lightweight (7,600 lb / 3450 kg) thermonuclear bomb created by the United States. A total of 1,200 Mark 15 bombs were produced from 1955 to 1957. There were three production variants: Mod 1, Mod 2, and Mod 3. The design was in service from

title: Mark 16 nuclear bomb

text: the TX-14 and production Mark 17 nuclear bombs in mid-1954. The planned test of the TX-16 bomb in the Castle Yankee test of Operation Castle was canceled due to the spectacular success of the "Shrimp" device in the Castle Bravo test. Mark 16 nuclear bomb The Mark 16 nuclear bomb was a large thermonuclear bomb (hydrogen bomb), based on the design of the Ivy Mike, the first thermonuclear device ever test fired. The Mark 16 is more properly designated TX-16/EC-16 as it only existed in Experimental/Emergency Capability (EC) versions. The TX-16 was notable because it was the only deployed thermonuclear

title: Mark 11 nuclear bomb

text: nuclear detonation efficiency. Mark 11 nuclear bomb The Mark 11 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb developed from the earlier Mark 8 nuclear bomb in the mid-1950s. Like the Mark 8, the Mark 11 was an earth-penetrating weapon, also known as a nuclear bunker buster bomb. As with the Mark 8, the Mark 11 was a gun-type nuclear bomb (see also Nuclear weapon design#Gun-type assembly weapon). It used a fixed large target assembly of highly enriched uranium or HEU, a gun-like barrel, and a powder charge and uranium bullet or projectile fired up the barrel into the target. The

title: Mark 8 nuclear bomb

text: bomb, was developed as a lightweight airburst (surface target) bomb. The Mark 10 project was cancelled prior to introduction into service, replaced by the much more fissile-material-efficient Mark 12 nuclear bomb implosion design. Mark 8 nuclear bomb The Mark 8 nuclear bomb was a nuclear bomb, designed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which was in service from 1952 to 1957. The Mark 8 was a gun-type nuclear bomb, which rapidly assembles several critical masses of fissile nuclear material by firing a fissile projectile or "bullet" into a hollow opening in a larger fissile "target", using a system which

title: Mark 5 nuclear bomb

text: weapons were supplied for delivery by RAF bombers but under US control, under the auspices of Project E. A Mark 5 was used as the primary fission trigger used in Ivy Mike, the first thermonuclear device in history. Mark 5 nuclear bomb The Mark 5 nuclear bomb and W5 nuclear warhead were a common core nuclear weapon design, designed in the early 1950s and which saw service from 1952 to 1963. The Mark 5 design was the first production American nuclear weapon which was significantly smaller than the 60 inch (150 cm) diameter implosion system of the Fat Man nuclear

title: Mark 11 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 11 nuclear bomb The Mark 11 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb developed from the earlier Mark 8 nuclear bomb in the mid-1950s. Like the Mark 8, the Mark 11 was an earth-penetrating weapon, also known as a nuclear bunker buster bomb. As with the Mark 8, the Mark 11 was a gun-type nuclear bomb (see also Nuclear weapon design#Gun-type assembly weapon). It used a fixed large target assembly of highly enriched uranium or HEU, a gun-like barrel, and a powder charge and uranium bullet or projectile fired up the barrel into the target. The Mark 11 was

title: Mark 15 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 15 nuclear bomb The Mark 15 nuclear bomb, or Mk-15, was a 1950s American thermonuclear bomb, the first relatively lightweight (7,600 lb / 3450 kg) thermonuclear bomb created by the United States. A total of 1,200 Mark 15 bombs were produced from 1955 to 1957. There were three production variants: Mod 1, Mod 2, and Mod 3. The design was in service from 1955 to 1965. The Mark 15 is widely described as a transitional design between fission and thermonuclear weapons. The Mark 15 was a staged weapon (see Teller-Ulam design) that used radiation implosion from a fission nuclear

title: Mark 21 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 21 nuclear bomb The Mark 21 nuclear bomb was a United States nuclear gravity bomb first produced in 1955. It was based on the TX-21 "Shrimp" prototype that had been detonated during the Castle Bravo test in March 1954. While most of the Operation Castle tests were intended to evaluate weapons intended for immediate stockpile, or which were already available for use as part of the Emergency Capability Program, Castle Bravo was intended to test a design which would drastically reduce the size and costs of the first generation of air-droppable atomic weapons (the Mk 14, Mk 17 &

title: Mark 14 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 14 nuclear bomb "For the Sinclair Research Ltd. SC/MP based computer system see MK14." For the torpedo see Mark 14 torpedo. The Mark 14 nuclear bomb was a 1950s Strategic thermonuclear weapon, the first solid-fuel staged hydrogen bomb. It was an experimental design, and only five units were produced in early 1954. It was tested in April 1954 during the Castle Union nuclear test and had a yield of 6.9 Mt. The bomb is often listed as the TX-14 (for "experimental") or EC-14 (for "Emergency Capability"). It has also been referred to as the "Alarm Clock" device though it

title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: in the Grenadier Tierra nuclear weapon test on 15 December 1984, at a reduced yield of 80 kilotonnes due to the Threshold Test Ban Treaty. With the dismantling of the last B53 bomb in 2011, the B83 became the highest yield nuclear weapon in the U.S. arsenal. The bomb is long, with a diameter of . The actual nuclear explosive package, judging from published drawings, occupies some in the forward part of the bomb case. The bomb weighs approximately . The location of the lifting lugs shows that the greater part of the total mass is contained in the nuclear

title: Nuclear depth bomb

text: Nuclear depth bomb A nuclear depth bomb is the nuclear equivalent of the conventional depth charge, and can be used in anti-submarine warfare for attacking submerged submarines. The Royal Navy, Soviet Navy, and United States Navy had nuclear depth bombs in their arsenals at one point. Due to the use of a nuclear warhead of much greater explosive power than that of the conventional depth charge, the nuclear depth bomb considerably increases the likelihood (to the point of near certainty) of the destruction of the attacked submarine. Some aircraft were cleared for using these, such as the P-2V Neptune, but

title: Nuclear depth bomb

text: accuracy and range as anti-submarine warfare technology improved. Nuclear depth bomb A nuclear depth bomb is the nuclear equivalent of the conventional depth charge, and can be used in anti-submarine warfare for attacking submerged submarines. The Royal Navy, Soviet Navy, and United States Navy had nuclear depth bombs in their arsenals at one point. Due to the use of a nuclear warhead of much greater explosive power than that of the conventional depth charge, the nuclear depth bomb considerably increases the likelihood (to the point of near certainty) of the destruction of the attacked submarine. Some aircraft were cleared for

title: Mark 18 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 18 nuclear bomb The Mark 18 nuclear bomb, also known as the SOB or Super Oralloy Bomb, was an American nuclear bomb design which was the highest yield fission bomb produced by the US. The Mark 18 had a design yield of 500 kilotons. Noted nuclear weapon designer Ted Taylor was the lead designer for the Mark 18. The Mark 18 was tested once, in the Ivy King nuclear test at the Enewetak atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The test was a complete success at full yield. The Mark 18 bomb design used an advanced 92-point implosion system, derived

title: Mark 8 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 8 nuclear bomb The Mark 8 nuclear bomb was a nuclear bomb, designed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which was in service from 1952 to 1957. The Mark 8 was a gun-type nuclear bomb, which rapidly assembles several critical masses of fissile nuclear material by firing a fissile projectile or "bullet" into a hollow opening in a larger fissile "target", using a system which closely resembles a medium-sized cannon barrel and propellant. The Mark 8 was an early earth-penetrating bomb (see nuclear bunker buster), intended to dig into the earth some distance prior to detonating. According to

title: Mark 10 nuclear bomb

text: a Nuclear bunker buster. The Mark 10 was nicknamed the "Airburst Elsie"; the Mark 8 had been nicknamed the LC or Light Casing bomb, which was then expanded to "Elsie". The Mark 10 was 12 inches in diameter and weighed 1,500 or 1,750 pounds. It had a design yield of 12 to 15 kilotons. The Mark 10 design was cancelled in 1952, replaced by the implosion-type Mark 12 nuclear bomb which was lighter and used considerably less fissile nuclear material. Mark 10 nuclear bomb The Mark 10 nuclear bomb was a proposed American nuclear bomb based on the earlier Mark

title: Mark 10 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 10 nuclear bomb The Mark 10 nuclear bomb was a proposed American nuclear bomb based on the earlier Mark 8 nuclear bomb design. The Mark 10, like the Mark 8, is a Gun-type nuclear weapon, which rapidly assembles several critical masses of fissile nuclear material by firing a fissile projectile or "bullet" into a hollow opening in a larger fissile "target", using a system which closely resembles a medium-sized cannon barrel and propellant. The Mark 10 was intended to be a general purpose airburst nuclear weapon, unlike the Mark 8 which was intended to penetrate into the ground as

title: Mark 6 nuclear bomb

text: US. Mark 18 bombs were eventually recycled into Mark 6 Mod 6 bombs after thermonuclear weapons were deployed in quantity. The Mark 18 was tested once in Operation Ivy King. Mark 6 nuclear bomb The Mark 6 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb based on the earlier Mark 4 nuclear bomb and its predecessor, the Mark 3 Fat Man nuclear bomb design. The Mark 6 was in production from 1951 to 1955 and saw service until 1962. Seven variants and versions were produced, with a total production run of all models of 1100 bombs. The basic Mark 6 design

title: Mark 6 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 6 nuclear bomb The Mark 6 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb based on the earlier Mark 4 nuclear bomb and its predecessor, the Mark 3 Fat Man nuclear bomb design. The Mark 6 was in production from 1951 to 1955 and saw service until 1962. Seven variants and versions were produced, with a total production run of all models of 1100 bombs. The basic Mark 6 design was in diameter and long, the same basic dimensions as the Mark 4 and close to the Mark 3. Various models of the Mark 6 were roughly 25% lighter than

title: Mark 16 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 16 nuclear bomb The Mark 16 nuclear bomb was a large thermonuclear bomb (hydrogen bomb), based on the design of the Ivy Mike, the first thermonuclear device ever test fired. The Mark 16 is more properly designated TX-16/EC-16 as it only existed in Experimental/Emergency Capability (EC) versions. The TX-16 was notable because it was the only deployed thermonuclear bomb which used a cryogenic liquid deuterium fusion fuel, the same fuel used in the Ivy Mike test device. The TX-16 was in fact a weaponized version of the Ivy Mike design. This required both a considerable reduction in weight of

title: B61 nuclear bomb

text: system qualification flight tests at Tonopah Test Range were reported. In October 2018, the B61-12 guided tail-kit assembly received Milestone C approval to enter the production phase; the TKA went through the traditional test program in under 11 months, achieving a 100% success rate for all 31 bomb drops. B61 nuclear bomb The B61 nuclear bomb is the primary thermonuclear gravity bomb in the United States Enduring Stockpile following the end of the Cold War. It is a low to intermediate-yield strategic and tactical nuclear weapon featuring a two-stage radiation implosion design. The B61 is of the variable yield ("dial-a-yield"

title: B46 nuclear bomb

text: B46 nuclear bomb The B46 nuclear bomb (or Mk-46) was an American high-yield thermonuclear bomb which was designed and tested in the late 1950s. It was never deployed. Though originally intended to be a production design, the B46 ended up being only an intermediate prototype which was test fired several times. These prototypes were known as TX-46 units (Test/Experimental). The B46 design roughly weighed 8,120 pounds and was about 37 inches in diameter. It was intended to have a 9 megaton yield. The design history of the B46 apparently derives most immediately from the older, larger Mark 21 nuclear bomb

title: B46 nuclear bomb

text: was redesignated the B53 nuclear bomb and W53 warhead. 50 B53 bombs were in US inactive reserves from 1997 to 2011, though none were actively deployed during that period. B46 nuclear bomb The B46 nuclear bomb (or Mk-46) was an American high-yield thermonuclear bomb which was designed and tested in the late 1950s. It was never deployed. Though originally intended to be a production design, the B46 ended up being only an intermediate prototype which was test fired several times. These prototypes were known as TX-46 units (Test/Experimental). The B46 design roughly weighed 8,120 pounds and was about 37 inches

title: Mark 18 nuclear bomb

text: from the Mark 13 nuclear bomb and its ancestors the Mark 6 nuclear bomb, Mark 4 nuclear bomb, and Fat Man Mark 3 nuclear bomb of World War II. Its normal mixed uranium/plutonium fissile core ("pit") was replaced with over 60 kg of pure highly enriched uranium or HEU. With a natural uranium tamper layer, the bomb had over four critical masses of fissile material in the core, and was unsafe: the accidental detonation of even one of the detonator triggers would likely cause a significant (many kilotons of energy yield) explosion. An aluminum/boron chain designed to absorb neutrons was

title: Mark 24 nuclear bomb

text: bomb was long, with a weight between . It was in service between 1954 and 1956, with a total of 105 units produced. The Mark 24 included a parachute to slow its descent. A Mark 24 casing is on display in the Castle Air Museum in Atwater, CA. Mark 24 nuclear bomb The Mark 24 nuclear bomb was an American thermonuclear bomb design, based on the third American thermonuclear bomb test, Castle Yankee. The Mark 24 bomb was tied as the largest weight and size nuclear bomb ever deployed by the United States, with the same size and weight as

title: Opal City

text: Knight, to protect the city from a nuclear bomb planted deep within it by the Mist. The bomb safely exploded in outer space, and the reconstruction of Opal City started. Robinson used the names of several famous persons as places names in Opal City, including: Robinson also gave Opal City - among many other things - its own professional hockey team, the Corsairs. Opal City Opal City is a fictional city set in the DC Universe. Created by James Robinson and Tony Harris, Opal City first appeared in "Starman" vol. 2 #0 (October 1994). "The Opal" has been established as

title: Anti-nuclear movement in the United States

text: Malibu were similar to those at Bodega Bay and were also abandoned. A small military test reactor exploded at the Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One in Idaho Falls in January 1961, causing 3 fatalities. This was caused by a combination of dangerous reactor design plus either sabotage, operator error by experienced operators. A further partial meltdown at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in Michigan in 1966. In his 1963 book "Change, Hope and the Bomb", David E. Lilienthal criticized nuclear developments, particularly the nuclear industry's failure to address the nuclear waste question. He argued that it would be "...

title: B57 nuclear bomb

text: Sea King. The B57 was also deployed with Canada's CF-104s in Germany, and the Royal Air Force's Nimrod from RAF St Mawgan and RAF Kinloss in the United Kingdom and Malta in the Mediterranean. B57 nuclear bomb The B57 nuclear bomb was a tactical nuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. Entering production in 1963 as the Mk 57, the bomb was designed to be dropped from high-speed tactical aircraft. It had a streamlined casing to withstand supersonic flight. It was 3 m (9 ft 10 in) long, with a diameter of about 37.5 cm (14.75

title: B61 nuclear bomb

text: B61 nuclear bomb The B61 nuclear bomb is the primary thermonuclear gravity bomb in the United States Enduring Stockpile following the end of the Cold War. It is a low to intermediate-yield strategic and tactical nuclear weapon featuring a two-stage radiation implosion design. The B61 is of the variable yield ("dial-a-yield" in informal military jargon) design with a yield of 0.3 to 340 kilotons in its various mods. It has a streamlined casing capable of withstanding supersonic flight speeds. The weapon is long, with a diameter of about . Basic weight is about , although the weights of individual weapons

title: B57 nuclear bomb

text: B57 nuclear bomb The B57 nuclear bomb was a tactical nuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. Entering production in 1963 as the Mk 57, the bomb was designed to be dropped from high-speed tactical aircraft. It had a streamlined casing to withstand supersonic flight. It was 3 m (9 ft 10 in) long, with a diameter of about 37.5 cm (14.75 in). Basic weight was approximately 227 kilograms (500 lbs). Some versions of the B57 were equipped with a parachute retarder (a 3.8 m/12.5 ft diameter nylon/kevlar ribbon parachute) to slow the weapon's descent, allowing

title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: maneuvering space vehicles to "knock" an asteroid off course, should it pose a risk to the Earth. B83 nuclear bomb The B83 thermonuclear weapon is a variable-yield unguided bomb developed by the United States in the late 1970s, entering service in 1983. With a maximum yield of , it is the most powerful nuclear free-fall weapon in the United States arsenal. It was designed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the first underground test detonation of the production B83 took place on 15 December 1984 in Nevada at Area U19ac. The B83 was based partly on the earlier B77 program,

title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: B83 nuclear bomb The B83 thermonuclear weapon is a variable-yield unguided bomb developed by the United States in the late 1970s, entering service in 1983. With a maximum yield of , it is the most powerful nuclear free-fall weapon in the United States arsenal. It was designed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the first underground test detonation of the production B83 took place on 15 December 1984 in Nevada at Area U19ac. The B83 was based partly on the earlier B77 program, which was terminated because of cost overruns. The B77 was designed with an active altitude control and

title: Mark 14 nuclear bomb

text: Union used a RACER IV primary, which resulted in 5 Mt of its total yield coming from fission, making it a very "dirty" weapon. By 1956, the components of all five of the produced Mk-14 bombs had been recycled into Mark 17s. Mark 14 nuclear bomb "For the Sinclair Research Ltd. SC/MP based computer system see MK14." For the torpedo see Mark 14 torpedo. The Mark 14 nuclear bomb was a 1950s Strategic thermonuclear weapon, the first solid-fuel staged hydrogen bomb. It was an experimental design, and only five units were produced in early 1954. It was tested in April

title: Mark 4 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 4 nuclear bomb The Mark 4 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb design produced starting in 1949 and in use until 1953. The Mark 4 was based on the earlier Mark 3 Fat Man design, used in the Trinity test and the bombing of Nagasaki. The Mark 3 was essentially handmade and constituted an emergency wartime expedient design; the Mark 4 utilized essentially the same basic principles (materials, dimensions of the nuclear core and explosive components) but reengineered the overarching system to be safer and easier to produce. The basic idea was to "GI-proof" otherwise sensitive nuclear weapons.

title: Mark 15 nuclear bomb

text: was the first US thermonuclear bomb airdrop test. The Mod 3 also appears to have had a 3.8 megaton yield. A missile warhead variant of the Mark 15, the W15 Warhead, was an ongoing project in the mid 1950s. It was canceled in early 1957. Before cancellation, it had been intended for use on the SM-62 Snark missile. Instead, the Snark ended up using the W39 (see below). The W39 nuclear warhead and B39 nuclear bomb used a common nuclear "physics package" which was derived from the Mark 15. The experimental W39 devices were initially tested as the TX-15-X3 (which

title: B41 nuclear bomb

text: B41 nuclear bomb The B-41 (also known as Mk-41) was a thermonuclear weapon deployed by the United States Strategic Air Command in the early 1960s. It was the most powerful nuclear bomb ever developed by the United States, with a maximum yield of 25 megatons. The B-41 was the only three-stage thermonuclear weapon fielded by the U.S. The development of the B-41 began in 1955 with a USAF requirement for a Class B (high-yield, over ) weapon. It was based on the "Fagotti (bassoon)" test device first fired in the Redwing Zuni test of 27 May 1956. An ICBM warhead

title: Mark 18 nuclear bomb

text: placed in the fissile pit to reduce the risk of accidental high yield detonation, and removed during the last steps of the arming sequence. Beginning in March 1953, the United States deployed a number of Mark 18 bombs. A total of 90 were manufactured and placed in service. The weapon had a short lifetime, and was replaced by thermonuclear weapons in the mid-1950s. The Mark 18 weapons were all modified into lower yield Mark 6 nuclear bomb variants in 1956. Mark 18 nuclear bomb The Mark 18 nuclear bomb, also known as the SOB or Super Oralloy Bomb, was an

title: Mark 36 nuclear bomb

text: tamper-pusher which would undergo fission during the second stage fusion burn, doubling the weapon yield. Chuck Hansen wrote in Swords of Armageddon (1995) that Mark 36 nuclear bomb was produced in two yield versions, clean and dirty. He stated that clean version of Mark 36 had a yield of 6 megatons and that dirty version of Mark 36 had a design of maximum yield of 19 megatons. Mark 36 nuclear bomb The Mark 36 was a heavy high-yield United States nuclear bomb designed in the 1950s. It was a thermonuclear bomb, using a multi-stage fusion secondary system to generate yields

title: Mark 27 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 27 nuclear bomb The Mark 27 nuclear bomb and closely related W27 warhead were two American thermonuclear bomb designs from the late 1950s. The Mark 27 was designed by the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL; now Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) starting in the mid-1950s. The Mark 27 and W27 were produced from 1958; both were retired by 1965. The basic design concept was competing with the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL; now Los Alamos National Laboratory) design that would become the Mark 28 / B28 nuclear bomb and W28 warhead. The Mark 27 was roughly twice as heavy

title: Mark 12 nuclear bomb

text: film, where the plot included an Israeli copy of the Mark-12 being lost by accident in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War in southern Syria near the Golan Heights, and then recovered by a terrorist organization. Mark 12 nuclear bomb The Mark-12 nuclear bomb was a lightweight nuclear bomb designed and manufactured by the United States which was built starting in 1954 and which saw service from then until 1962. The Mark-12 was notable for being significantly smaller in both size and weight compared to prior implosion-type nuclear weapons. For example, the overall diameter was only , compared to the

title: Mark 4 nuclear bomb

text: 4 had explosive yields of 1, 3.5, 8, 14, 21, 22, and 31 kilotons (4 to 130 TJ). A total of 550 Mark 4 nuclear weapons were produced. The Mark 4 was succeeded by the Mk6, which was generally similar but much improved. A variant called the W4 (Warhead 4), intended for use on the SM-62 Snark cruise missile, was designed but never built. The W4 design was cancelled in 1951. Mark 4 nuclear bomb The Mark 4 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb design produced starting in 1949 and in use until 1953. The Mark 4 was based

title: B90 nuclear bomb

text: diameter and 118 inches long, and weighed 780 pounds. The B90 had a design yield of 200 kilotons. The B90 was cancelled in September 1991 along with the W89 and W91 nuclear warheads and AGM-131 SRAM II and SRAM-T missile models. No B90 production models were built, though test units may have been; US nuclear weapon testing continued until 1992. B90 nuclear bomb The B90 was an American thermonuclear bomb designed in the mid-to-late 1980s and cancelled prior to introduction into military service due to the end of the Cold War making further nuclear weapon development unnecessary. The B90 design

title: Thin Man (nuclear bomb)

text: Thin Man (nuclear bomb) "Thin Man" was the code name for a proposed plutonium gun-type nuclear bomb using plutonium-239 which the United States was developing during the Manhattan Project. They aborted its development when they discovered that the spontaneous fission rate of their nuclear reactor-bred plutonium was too high for use in a gun-type design, due to the high concentration of the isotope plutonium-240. In 1942, prior to the Army taking over wartime atomic research, Robert Oppenheimer held conferences in Chicago in June and Berkeley, California, in July at which various engineers and physicists discussed nuclear bomb design issues. A

title: Mark 12 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 12 nuclear bomb The Mark-12 nuclear bomb was a lightweight nuclear bomb designed and manufactured by the United States which was built starting in 1954 and which saw service from then until 1962. The Mark-12 was notable for being significantly smaller in both size and weight compared to prior implosion-type nuclear weapons. For example, the overall diameter was only , compared to the immediately prior Mark-7 which had a diameter, and the volume of the implosion assembly was only 40% the size of the Mark-7's. There was a planned W-12 warhead variant which would have been used with the

title: Bomb City

text: Bomb City Bomb City is a 2017 American crime film directed by Jameson Brooks and co-written by Jameson Brooks and Sheldon R. Chick. The film is based on the death of Brian Deneke, the homicide that revealed the cultural clash between the local jocks and the punk community in Amarillo, Texas, and the result from the subsequent court case sparked debate over injustice in the American judicial system. The title of the film is a reference to one of the nicknames of the town of Amarillo for their nuclear weapon facilities. Brian is a teenager from Amarillo, Texas, who is

title: Mark 7 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 7 nuclear bomb Mark 7 "Thor" (or Mk-7') was the first tactical fission bomb adopted by US armed forces. It was also the first weapon to be delivered using the toss method with the help of the low-altitude bombing system (LABS). The weapon was tested in Operation Buster-Jangle. To facilitate external carry by fighter-bomber aircraft, Mark 7 was fitted with retractable stabilizer fins. The Mark 7 warhead (W7) also formed the basis of the BOAR rocket, the Mark 90 Betty nuclear depth charge, MGR-1 Honest John rocket, and MGM-5 Corporal ballistic missile. It was also supplied for delivery by

title: B61 nuclear bomb

text: Mod 12. With reductions planned of nuclear weapons in Europe, which may retire the older Mod 3 and 4 and the Mod 10 already slated for retirement, and the possibility that European nations may not build or procure new aircraft to carry the Mod 12 would eliminate the need for consolidation into a new type. While the B83 nuclear bomb is not as old as the B61, the Pentagon sees it as a "relic of the Cold War," believing that deploying a megaton-yield gravity bomb, the highest level nuclear weapon left in the U.S. inventory, to Europe is "inconceivable" at

title: Mark 13 nuclear bomb

text: a different fissile core with around 60 kilograms of highly enriched uranium (Oralloy). This was the largest pure fission nuclear bomb ever tested, with a yield of more than 500 kilotons. The Mark 18 was produced in moderate quantities (90 units) and in service from 1953 to 1956. The Mark 20 nuclear bomb was a planned successor to the Mark 13 incorporating some improvements in its design. Research was halted at the same time as the Mark 13. The Mark 20 was the same size as the Mark 13, but weighed only 6,400 lb. Mark 13 nuclear bomb The Mark

title: B28 nuclear bomb

text: War gallery. The Mark 28 armed CF-104 Starfighters in Germany, 1963–74, under the "Dual Key" protocol (both the US and Canada had to agree to use, with the weapons in US custody on Canadian bases). B28 nuclear bomb The B28, originally Mark 28, was a thermonuclear bomb carried by U.S. tactical fighter bombers, attack aircraft and bomber aircraft. From 1962 to 1972 under the NATO nuclear weapons sharing program, American B28s also equipped six Europe-based Canadian CF-104 squadrons known as the RCAF Nuclear Strike Force. It was also supplied for delivery by UK-based Royal Air Force Valiant and Canberra aircraft

title: B28 nuclear bomb

text: B28 nuclear bomb The B28, originally Mark 28, was a thermonuclear bomb carried by U.S. tactical fighter bombers, attack aircraft and bomber aircraft. From 1962 to 1972 under the NATO nuclear weapons sharing program, American B28s also equipped six Europe-based Canadian CF-104 squadrons known as the RCAF Nuclear Strike Force. It was also supplied for delivery by UK-based Royal Air Force Valiant and Canberra aircraft assigned to NATO under the command of SACEUR. In addition, certain U.S. Navy carrier based attack aircraft such as the A3D (later A-3B) Skywarrior, A4D (later A-4) Skyhawk, and A3J (later A-5A) Vigilante were equipped

title: Thin Man (nuclear bomb)

text: Little Boy enriched uranium gun design, and almost all of the research at the Los Alamos Laboratory was re-oriented around the problems of implosion for the Fat Man bomb. Thin Man (nuclear bomb) "Thin Man" was the code name for a proposed plutonium gun-type nuclear bomb using plutonium-239 which the United States was developing during the Manhattan Project. They aborted its development when they discovered that the spontaneous fission rate of their nuclear reactor-bred plutonium was too high for use in a gun-type design, due to the high concentration of the isotope plutonium-240. In 1942, prior to the Army taking

title: Mark 22 nuclear bomb

text: there was nothing that could be done to salvage the design. Mark 22 nuclear bomb The Mark 22 nuclear bomb (Mk-22) was the first thermonuclear device test by the University of California Radiation Lab (UCRL). The test was part of the "Koon" shot of Operation Castle. The Mk-22 failed to achieve anything like its intended yield due to premature heating of the secondary from exposure to neutrons. As the other UCRL test planned for the Castle series, the liquid fueled "Ramrod" device had the same basic design flaw, that test was canceled. Within a month of the bomb’s failure, the

title: Mark 22 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 22 nuclear bomb The Mark 22 nuclear bomb (Mk-22) was the first thermonuclear device test by the University of California Radiation Lab (UCRL). The test was part of the "Koon" shot of Operation Castle. The Mk-22 failed to achieve anything like its intended yield due to premature heating of the secondary from exposure to neutrons. As the other UCRL test planned for the Castle series, the liquid fueled "Ramrod" device had the same basic design flaw, that test was canceled. Within a month of the bomb’s failure, the Mk-22 was terminated because the United States Atomic Energy Commission realized

title: Swedish nuclear weapons program

text: 6 kg of plutonium. None of those involved in the project realized that this was, in fact, an overestimation. Although the program was scaled to produce 5-10 weapons per year, given the estimated production of 1 kg of Pu-239 per day, it was actually scaled to produce sixty. In the early 1950s, the rivalry between the United States and the USSR accelerated markedly. Nuclear arms production proliferation increased as significantly as the Soviet Union exploded its first nuclear bomb in 1949, and in 1953, their first hydrogen bomb. The Korean War broke out and the US adopted the strategy of

title: Mark 27 nuclear bomb

text: as the Mark W28 family and had a yield of 2 megatons versus the 1 to 1.5 megatons of the Mark W28 bombs. The W27 warhead was in diameter by long, and weighed . 20 W27 warheads were produced for the United States Navy SSM-N-8 Regulus cruise missiles. The Mark 27 bomb was in diameter by long, depending on specific version. The three versions weighed . 700 Mark 27 bombs were produced. Mark 27 nuclear bomb The Mark 27 nuclear bomb and closely related W27 warhead were two American thermonuclear bomb designs from the late 1950s. The Mark 27 was

title: Mark 90 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 90 nuclear bomb The Mark 90 nuclear bomb, given the nickname "Betty", was a cold war nuclear depth charge, developed by the United States in 1952. It had a length of , a diameter of , and a weight of , and it carried a Mark 7 nuclear warhead with a yield of 32 kilotons. Its purpose was to serve as an anti-submarine weapon for the United States Navy. A test of the Mark 90 was conducted in 1955, as Operation Wigwam. All units were withdrawn from service by 1960. On September 25, 1959, a United States Navy Martin

title: B61 nuclear bomb

text: expected to cost over $10 billion. The B61 Mod 12 tail assembly contract was awarded to Boeing on November 27, 2012 for $178 million. Boeing will use their experience with the Joint Direct Attack Munition to yield JDAM-equivalent accuracy in a nuclear bomb. This contract is only the first part of the billion dollar expense of producing and applying the tail kits, over and above the $10 billion cost to refurbish the warheads. The B61-12 uses an internal guidance system and can glide to its target. On 1 July 2015, the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) conducted the first of

title: Nuclear terrorism

text: to the U.N. Security Council, President Obama said that "Just one nuclear weapon exploded in a city -- be it New York or Moscow, Tokyo or Beijing, London or Paris -- could kill hundreds of thousands of people". It would "destabilize our security, our economies, and our very way of life". As early as December 1945, politicians worried about the possibility of smuggling nuclear weapons into the United States, though this was still in the context of a battle between the superpowers of the Cold War. Congressmen quizzed the "father of the atomic bomb," J. Robert Oppenheimer, about the possibility

title: B43 nuclear bomb

text: light until a 1989 Pentagon report revealed that a one-megaton bomb had been lost. Japan then asked for details of the incident. The B43 was phased out in the 1980s, and the last B43 weapons were retired in 1991 in favor of the newer B61 and B83 weapons. B43 nuclear bomb The B43 was a United States air-dropped variable yield nuclear weapon used by a wide variety of fighter bomber and bomber aircraft. The B43 was developed from 1956 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, entering production in 1959. It entered service in April 1961. Total production was 2,000 weapons, ending

title: B77 nuclear bomb

text: B77 nuclear bomb The B77 was a nuclear bomb designed in 1974 to match the delivery capabilities of the B-1A bomber. This included the ability to be dropped from supersonic speeds at altitudes of 60,000 feet, or in a laydown delivery at high subsonic speeds at altitudes as low as 100 feet. Meant to replace the Mk 28 and Mk 43 in the strategic role, the program was cancelled in December 1977 due to rising costs and the cancellation of the bomber it had been designed to serve. Many components of the B77 including its already tested physics package (the

title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: explosive. It has a variable yield: the destructive power is adjustable from somewhere in the low kiloton range up to a maximum of 1.2 megatons (1.2 million tons of TNT). The weapon is protected by a Category "D" Permissive Action Link (PAL) About 650 B83s were built, and the weapon remains in service as part of the United States "Enduring Stockpile". The following aircraft are capable of launching an attack using the B83 bomb: Nuclear capability has been removed from the B-1B, although it was tested with the B61 nuclear bomb in the mid-1980s, as well as with the ACM,

title: B61 nuclear bomb

text: the only U.S. gravity nuclear bomb. The Pentagon and NNSA have stated that if B61 refurbishment does not begin by 2019, components in the existing weapons could begin to fail. Tom Collina of the Arms Control Association has said that the new development could complicate arms control efforts with Russia. In 2014 Congress slashed funding for the project and called for alternates to be studied. In January 2014, former Air Force Chief of Staff Norton A. Schwartz confirmed that the B61-12 nuclear bomb upgrade would have enhanced accuracy and a lower yield with less fallout compared to previous versions of

title: B77 nuclear bomb

text: control/parachute system was tested at Mach 2.2. From a delivery altitude of 100 feet at mach 2.2, the B77 could be slowed to 40 mph allowing the delivery aircraft to be 2.3 miles past ground zero. Actual detonation time could be varied after the laydown had occurred. B77 nuclear bomb The B77 was a nuclear bomb designed in 1974 to match the delivery capabilities of the B-1A bomber. This included the ability to be dropped from supersonic speeds at altitudes of 60,000 feet, or in a laydown delivery at high subsonic speeds at altitudes as low as 100 feet. Meant

title: Mark 4 nuclear bomb

text: The Mark 4 was in diameter and long, the same basic dimensions as Mark 3. It weighed slightly more at , depending on the specific Mark 4 version. (Mark 3 weighed .) In addition to being easier to manufacture, the Mark 4 introduced the concept of in flight insertion (IFI), a weapons safety concept which was used for a number of years. An IFI bomb has either manual or mechanical assembly, which keeps the nuclear core stored outside the bomb until close to the point that it may be dropped. To arm the bomb, the fissile nuclear materials are inserted

title: Mark 13 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 13 neared production, advances in thermonuclear weapon design, particularly the Ivy Mike thermonuclear test in November 1952, made the Mark 13 obsolete. Development continued for research purposes (the Upshot-Knothole Harry test shot came months after the first thermonuclear test in Ivy Mike), and in two variant designs, but the Mark 13 proper was never deployed. The Mark 13 bomb version was cancelled in August 1953, and the W-13 warhead version was cancelled in September 1953. The Mark 18 nuclear bomb also known as the Super Oralloy Bomb (or its initials SOB) utilized the 92-point Mark 13 implosion system, but

title: Mark 90 nuclear bomb

text: P5M-2 Marlin (BuNo "135540", SG tailcode, '6', of VP-50) was patrolling out of NAS Whidbey Island when it was forced to ditch in the Pacific Ocean, about 100 miles west of the Washington-Oregon border. A Mark 90 depth charge casing was lost and never recovered, but it was not fitted with an active warhead. The ten crew members were rescued by the US Coast Guard, after ten hours in a raft. The press was not notified at the time. Mark 90 nuclear bomb The Mark 90 nuclear bomb, given the nickname "Betty", was a cold war nuclear depth charge, developed

title: B41 nuclear bomb

text: at optimal height, the B41 would generate a fireball approximately in diameter, it would have been able to destroy reinforced concrete buildings from ground zero, and it would have been able to destroy most residential structures from ground zero, while producing third degree burns from ground zero. B41 nuclear bomb The B-41 (also known as Mk-41) was a thermonuclear weapon deployed by the United States Strategic Air Command in the early 1960s. It was the most powerful nuclear bomb ever developed by the United States, with a maximum yield of 25 megatons. The B-41 was the only three-stage thermonuclear weapon

title: Mark 6 nuclear bomb

text: Robins, GA). The Mark 13 nuclear bomb and W13 missile warhead were developed as higher-efficiency Mark 6 successors, the same size and basic configuration as the Mark 6 but utilizing an improved 92-point implosion system. The Mark 13 was cancelled in August 1954 and the W13 cancelled September 1954, in both cases without ever seeing production service. The Mark 18 nuclear bomb was a follow-on to the Mark 6 and Mark 13, utilizing a fissile pit assembly with around 60 kilograms of HEU and delivering a yield of 500 kilotons, the largest pure-fission (non-thermonuclear) bomb design ever developed by the

title: B28 nuclear bomb

text: m) and weight of 1,700 lb (771 kg) to 2,320 lb (1,053 kg), depending on the model type and whether a parachute retard pack was fitted. The principal configurations were: The range of explosive yields was: The fuze mechanism on a B28 could be set for an air burst or ground burst detonation. A total of 4,500 B28s were produced. The last weapons in use were retired in 1991. The B28 bomb design has been described as the origin of a series of related nuclear warheads. The nuclear fission first stage or primary, code-named the Python primary, was reused in

title: B61 nuclear bomb

text: B61-3/4 currently deployed to the continent. F-16 and Panavia Tornado aircraft cannot interface with the new bomb due to electronic differences, but NATO countries that are buying the F-35 will be able to utilize it. The first flight test for an inert B61-12 was conducted in 2015, with a second successful test in August 2017. In November 2015, a test of the B61-12 was conducted where the bomb penetrated underground, showing its potential as a nuclear earth-penetrator. Although ground penetration was not an objective of the Mod 12 upgrade, it could allow it to take up the penetrating mission of

title: Nuclear weapon design

text: are actually two-stage thermonuclears, scaled up to the desired yield, with uranium fission, as usual, providing most of their energy. The idea of the hydrogen bomb first came to public attention in 1949, when prominent scientists openly recommended against building nuclear bombs more powerful than the standard pure-fission model, on both moral and practical grounds. Their assumption was that critical mass considerations would limit the potential size of fission explosions, but that a fusion explosion could be as large as its supply of fuel, which has no critical mass limit. In 1949, the Soviets exploded their first fission bomb, and

title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: B53 nuclear bomb The Mk/B53 was a high-yield bunker buster thermonuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. Deployed on Strategic Air Command bombers, the B53, with a yield of 9 megatons, was the most powerful weapon in the U.S. nuclear arsenal after the last B41 nuclear bombs were retired in 1976. The B53 was the basis of the W-53 warhead carried by the Titan II Missile, which was decommissioned in 1987. Although not in active service for many years before 2010, fifty B53s were retained during that time as part of the "hedge" portion of the

title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: effects at this distance. B53 nuclear bomb The Mk/B53 was a high-yield bunker buster thermonuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. Deployed on Strategic Air Command bombers, the B53, with a yield of 9 megatons, was the most powerful weapon in the U.S. nuclear arsenal after the last B41 nuclear bombs were retired in 1976. The B53 was the basis of the W-53 warhead carried by the Titan II Missile, which was decommissioned in 1987. Although not in active service for many years before 2010, fifty B53s were retained during that time as part of the

title: Mark 7 nuclear bomb

text: 15th April 1955 a test was conducted using a Mk7 warhead using a composite plutonium/uranium-233 pit, producing a 22kt yield, 33% lower than expected. As Shot MET was a military effects test the lower yield ruined many of the experiments being conducted by the DoD during the test. The DoD had not been informed of the substitution by Los Alamos. A Mark 7 casing is on display in the Cold War hangar at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. Mark 7 nuclear bomb Mark 7 "Thor" (or Mk-7') was the first tactical fission bomb

title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: Advanced Cruise Missile (now being retired). The B83 is one of the weapons considered for use in the "Nuclear Bunker Buster" project, which for a time was known as the "Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator", or "RNEP". While most efforts have focused on the smaller B61-11 nuclear bomb, Los Alamos National Laboratory was also analyzing the use of the B83 in this role. The physics package contained within the B83 has been studied for use in asteroid impact avoidance strategies against any seriously threatening near earth asteroids. Six such warheads, configured for the maximum 1.2 Mt yield, would be deployed by

title: Mark 21 nuclear bomb

text: Mk 24). At long, in diameter, and weighing , the Mk-21 was half the length and one-third the weight of the Mk-17/24 weapons it replaced. Its minimum yield was specified at four megatons. Quantity production of the Mk-21 started in December 1955 and ran until July 1956. Three marks were produced; the Mk-21C was proof tested as the Operation Redwing Navajo shot, with a yield of 4.5 megatons. Starting in June 1957 all Mk-21 bombs were converted to the more powerful Mk-36, which was removed from service in 1962. Mark 21 nuclear bomb The Mark 21 nuclear bomb was a

title: Mark 26 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 26 nuclear bomb The Mark 26 nuclear bomb was related to the Mark 21. Development of the Mk-26 started on 1 September 1954. At the end of July 1955 the design of the Mk-21 was released for production, while the design for the Mk-26 was not. The "Clean" Mk-21C which was tested in the Redwing Navajo shot did not interest the US Air Force, or AEC. As the decision not to pursue the "clean" Mk-21 closely coincided with the decision to terminate development of the Mk-26 in April 1957, it is possible that Mk-26 was the designation for the

title: Mark 26 nuclear bomb

text: clean version of the Mk-21. Mark 26 nuclear bomb The Mark 26 nuclear bomb was related to the Mark 21. Development of the Mk-26 started on 1 September 1954. At the end of July 1955 the design of the Mk-21 was released for production, while the design for the Mk-26 was not. The "Clean" Mk-21C which was tested in the Redwing Navajo shot did not interest the US Air Force, or AEC. As the decision not to pursue the "clean" Mk-21 closely coincided with the decision to terminate development of the Mk-26 in April 1957, it is possible that Mk-26

title: Mark 12 nuclear bomb

text: RIM-8 Talos missile, but it was cancelled prior to introduction into service. The complete Mark-12 bomb was in diameter, long, and weighed . It had a yield of . The Mark-12 has been speculated to have been the first deployed nuclear weapon to have used beryllium as a reflector-tamper inside the implosion assembly (see nuclear weapon design). It is believed to have used a spherical implosion assembly, levitated pit, and 92-point detonation. Though the weapon went out of service in 1962, it resurfaced in a fictional role in Tom Clancy's 1991 book "The Sum of All Fears" and the 2002

title: B28 nuclear bomb

text: several subsequent weapons. The B28 was the mainstay of SAC during the Cold War and have yet to be completely dismantled by the Defense Department (as of 2012). Nuclear researcher Chuck Hansen's research indicates that the Python primary was used in the US B28 nuclear bomb and the W28, W40, and W49 nuclear warheads. Four Mark 28 training variants (BDU-16/E) on their transporter (MHU-7/M) are on display in the Cold War Gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. The Canadian War Museum, in Ottawa, holds a Mark 28RE training variant in its Cold

title: Mark 17 nuclear bomb

text: the public: Mark 17 nuclear bomb The Mark 17 and Mark 24 were the first mass-produced hydrogen bombs deployed by the United States. The two differed in their "primary" stages. They entered service in 1954, and were phased out by 1957. Design and development originated when Los Alamos National Laboratory proposed that a bomb design using lithium deuteride with non-enriched lithium was possible. The new design was designated TX-17 on February 24, 1953. The TX-17 and 24 were tested as the "Runt" (Castle Romeo shot) device during Operation Castle in 1954. After the successful tests, basic versions of the Mk

title: Mark 17 nuclear bomb

text: Mark 17 nuclear bomb The Mark 17 and Mark 24 were the first mass-produced hydrogen bombs deployed by the United States. The two differed in their "primary" stages. They entered service in 1954, and were phased out by 1957. Design and development originated when Los Alamos National Laboratory proposed that a bomb design using lithium deuteride with non-enriched lithium was possible. The new design was designated TX-17 on February 24, 1953. The TX-17 and 24 were tested as the "Runt" (Castle Romeo shot) device during Operation Castle in 1954. After the successful tests, basic versions of the Mk 17 and

title: Warrington bomb attacks

text: Warrington bomb attacks The Warrington bombings were two separate bomb attacks that took place during early 1993 in Warrington, England. The first attack happened on 26 February, when a bomb exploded at a gas storage facility. This first explosion caused extensive damage, but no injuries. While fleeing the scene, the bombers shot and injured a police officer and two of the perpetrators were caught following a high-speed car chase. The second attack happened on 20 March, when two smaller bombs exploded in litter bins outside shops and businesses on Bridge Street. Two children were killed and dozens of people were

title: Mark 24 nuclear bomb

text: not weaponised i.e. was not built as a deployable bomb). The device tested was called the Runt II design; it was reportedly very similar to the Runt design tested in Castle Romeo, other than the enrichment level. Castle Yankee had a demonstrated yield of 13.5 megatons. The yield for the weaponized Mark 24 was predicted to be 10–15 megatons. The EC24 bomb was a limited production run of the Castle Yankee test device, with 10 produced and stockpiled through 1954. The EC24 was and weighed . The EC24 was a purely free-fall bomb design. The production model Mark 24 nuclear

title: B43 nuclear bomb

text: B43 nuclear bomb The B43 was a United States air-dropped variable yield nuclear weapon used by a wide variety of fighter bomber and bomber aircraft. The B43 was developed from 1956 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, entering production in 1959. It entered service in April 1961. Total production was 2,000 weapons, ending in 1965. Some variants were parachute-retarded and featured a ribbon parachute. The B43 was built in two variants, Mod 1 and Mod 2, each with five yield options. Depending on version, the B43 was in diameter, and length was between and . The various versions weighed between .

title: Nuclear weapon yield

text: single modern warheads. In order of increasing yield (most yield figures are approximate): As a comparison, the blast yield of the GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb is 0.011 kt, and that of the Oklahoma City bombing, using a truck-based fertilizer bomb, was 0.002 kt. Most artificial non-nuclear explosions are considerably smaller than even what are considered to be very small nuclear weapons. The yield-to-weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon. According to nuclear-weapons designer Ted Taylor, the practical maximum yield-to-weight ratio for fusion weapons is about 6 megatons of TNT per

title: B41 nuclear bomb

text: ever deployed by the United States, with a maximum yield of 25 megatons (Mt), and weighing in at . It remains the highest yield-to-weight ratio of any weapon created. The US claimed in 1963 that it could produce a 35 Mt fusion bomb, and put it on a Titan II ( payload), almost doubling the yield-to-weight ratio of the B-41. The B-41 was of the usual long cylindrical shape. The nuclear fusion warhead was of the Teller-Ulam type and used a 40–100 kiloton implosion type nuclear fission primary (reportedly based on the "Smokey" TX-41 shot of Operation Plumbbob) fueled by

title: Nuclear safety in the United States

text: found in the remains of cancer victims living near the Rocky Flats site, and breathable plutonium outside the former boundaries of the plant was found in August 2010. The Hanford Site is a mostly decommissioned nuclear production complex on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, operated by the United States federal government. Plutonium manufactured at the site was used in the first nuclear bomb, tested at the Trinity site, and in Fat Man, the bomb detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. During the Cold War, the project was expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large plutonium processing

title: Mark 13 nuclear bomb

text: weighing 7,400 lb (3,300 kg). The W-13 warhead was somewhat smaller, being roughly 58 inches in diameter and 100 inches long, with a 6,000 to 6,500 lb weight (145 cm by 250 cm, 2,700 kg to 2,900 kg). The Mark 13 design used a 92-point nuclear implosion system (see Nuclear weapon design). A similar 92-point system was used in later variants of the Mark 6 weapon. The Mark 13 nuclear bomb design was tested at least once, in the Operation Upshot–Knothole Harry test shot conducted on May 19, 1953. The estimated yield of this test was 32 kilotons. As the

title: British nuclear testing in the United States

text: which led to the agreement on the use of the Maralinga test site in August 1954. The first of the British nuclear tests at Maralinga was held in September 1956. While British atomic bomb development represented an extraordinary scientific and technological achievement, hopes that the United States would be sufficiently impressed to restore the nuclear Special Relationship were dashed. In November 1952, the United States conducted Ivy Mike, the first successful test of a true thermonuclear device or hydrogen bomb. Britain was therefore still several years behind in nuclear weapons technology. The Defence Policy Committee, chaired by Churchill and consisting

title: Dirty bomb

text: Dirty bomb A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device (RDD) is a speculative radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives. The purpose of the weapon is to contaminate the area around the dispersal agent/conventional explosion with radioactive material, serving primarily as an area denial device against civilians. It is, however, not to be confused with a nuclear explosion, such as a fission bomb, which by releasing nuclear energy produces blast effects far in excess of what is achievable by the use of conventional explosives. Though an RDD would be designed to disperse radioactive material over a large area,