query: What is titanium?

title: Titanium

text: TiCl with sodium at 700–800 °C under great pressure in a batch process known as the Hunter process. Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it can be produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl) with calcium. Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and even sodium in what became known as the Kroll process. Although research continues into more efficient and cheaper processes (e.g., FFC Cambridge, Armstrong), the Kroll process is still used for commercial production. Titanium of very high purity was made in small quantities when Anton Eduard

title: Titanium

text: also very hard, is found in cutting tools and coatings. Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl) is a colorless volatile liquid (commercial samples are yellowish) that, in air, hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds. Via the Kroll process, TiCl is produced in the conversion of titanium ores to titanium dioxide, e.g., for use in white paint. It is widely used in organic chemistry as a Lewis acid, for example in the Mukaiyama aldol condensation. In the van Arkel process, titanium tetraiodide (TiI) is generated in the production of high purity titanium metal. Titanium(III) and titanium(II) also form stable chlorides. A

title: Titanium

text: for watch cases. Some artists work with titanium to produce sculptures, decorative objects and furniture. Titanium may be anodized to vary the thickness of the surface oxide layer, causing optical interference fringes and a variety of bright colors. With this coloration and chemical inertness, titanium is a popular metal for body piercing. Titanium has a minor use in dedicated non-circulating coins and medals. In 1999, Gibraltar released world's first titanium coin for the millennium celebration. The Gold Coast Titans, an Australian rugby league team, award a medal of pure titanium to their player of the year. Because titanium is biocompatible

title: Titanium hydride

text: in an α-titanium matrix with δ-titanium inclusions. A metastable γ-titanium hydride phase has been reported. When α-titanium hydride with a hydrogen content of 0.02-0.06% is quenched rapidly, it forms into γ-titanium hydride, as the atoms "freeze" in place when the cell structure changes from hcp to fcc. γ-Titanium takes a body centred tetragonal (bct) structure. Moreover, there is no compositional change so the atoms generally retain their same neighbours. The absorption of hydrogen and the formation of titanium hydride are a source of damage to titanium and titanium alloys (Ti /Ti alloys). This hydrogen embrittlement process is of particular concern

title: Titanium

text: titanium is used for rotors, compressor blades, hydraulic system components, and nacelles. An early use in jet engines was for the Orenda Iroquois in the 1950s. Because titanium is resistant to corrosion by sea water, it is used to make propeller shafts, rigging, and heat exchangers in desalination plants; heater-chillers for salt water aquariums, fishing line and leader, and divers' knives. Titanium is used in the housings and components of ocean-deployed surveillance and monitoring devices for science and the military. The former Soviet Union developed techniques for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys forging titanium in huge vacuum tubes.

title: Titanium

text: carbon content. Titanium is often alloyed with aluminium (to refine grain size), vanadium, copper (to harden), iron, manganese, molybdenum, and other metals. Titanium mill products (sheet, plate, bar, wire, forgings, castings) find application in industrial, aerospace, recreational, and emerging markets. Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright-burning particles. About 95% of all titanium ore is destined for refinement into titanium dioxide (), an intensely white permanent pigment used in paints, paper, toothpaste, and plastics. It is also used in cement, in gemstones, as an optical opacifier in paper, and a strengthening agent in graphite composite fishing

title: Titanium

text: is similar to the batch production Hunter process. A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium metal; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered from the extra sodium. Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride. All welding of titanium must be done in an inert atmosphere of argon or helium to shield it from contamination with atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen). Contamination causes a variety of conditions, such as embrittlement, which reduce the integrity

title: Titanium

text: Titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi). However, titanium loses strength when heated above . Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, because the material can gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in some applications. The

title: Titanium diselenide

text: Titanium diselenide Titanium diselenide (TiSe) also known as titanium(IV) selenide, is an inorganic compound of titanium and selenium. In this material selenium is viewed as selenide (Se) which requires that titanium exists as Ti. Titanium diselenide is a member of metal dichalcogenides, compounds that consist of a metal and an element of the chalcogen column within the periodic table. Many exhibit properties of potential value in battery technology, such as intercalation and electrical conductivity, although most applications focus on the less toxic and lighter disulfides, e.g. TiS. Within the titanium-selenium system, many stoichiometries have been identified. Titanium diselenide crystallizes with

title: Titanium

text: tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011, respectively. Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in western Australia, Canada, China, India, Mozambique, New Zealand, Norway, Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Ukraine. About 186,000 tonnes of titanium metal sponge were produced in 2011, mostly in China (60,000 t), Japan (56,000 t), Russia (40,000 t), United States (32,000 t) and Kazakhstan (20,700 t). Total reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes. The concentration of titanium is about 4 picomolar in the ocean. At 100 °C, the concentration of titanium in water is estimated to be less than 10 M at

title: Titanium nitrate

text: Titanium nitrate Titanium nitrate is the inorganic compound with formula Ti(NO). It is a colorless, diamagnetic solid that sublimes readily. It is an unusual example of a volatile binary transition metal nitrate. Ill defined species called titanium nitrate are produced upon dissolution of titanium or its oxides in nitric acid. Similarly to its original method, Ti(NO) is prepared by the nitration of titanium tetrachloride using dinitrogen pentoxide: A hydrated titanium nitrate is produced upon dissolution of titanium compounds in nitric acid. The complex has D symmetry, with four bidentate nitrate ligands. The N-O distances are 1·29 Å and 1·185 Å

title: Appcelerator Titanium

text: Appcelerator Titanium Titanium SDK is an open-source framework that allows the creation of native mobile apps on platforms including iOS, Android and Windows UWP from a single JavaScript codebase, developed by Appcelerator. In February 2013, "Business Insider" estimated that 10% of all smartphones worldwide ran Titanium-built apps. , Titanium had amassed over 950,000 developer registrations. The core component of Titanium is the Apache-licensed software development kit, Titanium SDK. Appcelerator also makes Alloy, an Apache-licensed, Titanium-based model–view–controller framework, and Appcelerator Studio a proprietary integrated development environment starting for free. The core features of Titanium SDK include: All application source code gets

title: Titanium

text: supercharged engine uses lightweight, solid titanium intake valves for greater strength and resistance to heat. Titanium is used in many sporting goods: tennis rackets, golf clubs, lacrosse stick shafts; cricket, hockey, lacrosse, and football helmet grills, and bicycle frames and components. Although not a mainstream material for bicycle production, titanium bikes have been used by racing teams and adventure cyclists. Titanium alloys are used in spectacle frames that are rather expensive but highly durable, long lasting, light weight, and cause no skin allergies. Many backpackers use titanium equipment, including cookware, eating utensils, lanterns, and tent stakes. Though slightly more expensive

title: Titanium

text: alloy. Common titanium alloys are made by reduction. For example, cuprotitanium (rutile with copper added is reduced), ferrocarbon titanium (ilmenite reduced with coke in an electric furnace), and manganotitanium (rutile with manganese or manganese oxides) are reduced. About fifty grades of titanium and titanium alloys are designed and currently used, although only a couple of dozen are readily available commercially. The ASTM International recognizes 31 grades of titanium metal and alloys, of which grades one through four are commercially pure (unalloyed). Those four vary in tensile strength as a function of oxygen content, with grade 1 being the most ductile

title: Titanium

text: Hungary (now Bojničky in Slovakia). Klaproth found that it contained a new element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology. After hearing about Gregor's earlier discovery, he obtained a sample of manaccanite and confirmed that it contained titanium. The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with carbon (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide. Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating

title: Titanium

text: targets. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl), a colorless liquid, is important as an intermediate in the process of making TiO and is also used to produce the Ziegler–Natta catalyst. Titanium tetrachloride is also used to iridize glass and, because it fumes strongly in moist air, it is used to make smoke screens. Titanium metal is used in automotive applications, particularly in automobile and motorcycle racing where low weight and high strength and rigidity are critical. The metal is generally too expensive for the general consumer market, though some late model Corvettes have been manufactured with titanium exhausts, and a Corvette Z06's LT4

title: Titanium nitrate

text: (noncoordinated). In the infrared spectrum, it absorbs strongly at 1635 cm, assigned to a N-O vibrational mode. It is soluble in nonpolar solvents silicon tetrachloride and carbon tetrachloride. Titanium nitrate is hygroscopic, converting to ill-defined hydrates. The anhydrous material is highly reactive, even toward hydrocarbons. Titanium nitrate also reacts with n-dodecane, p-dichlorobenzene, anisole, biphenyl, It decomposes thermally to titanium dioxide. Titanium nitrate Titanium nitrate is the inorganic compound with formula Ti(NO). It is a colorless, diamagnetic solid that sublimes readily. It is an unusual example of a volatile binary transition metal nitrate. Ill defined species called titanium nitrate are produced

title: Titanium

text: passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation. When it first forms, this protective layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly; reaching a thickness of 25 nm in four years. Atmospheric passivation gives titanium excellent resistance to corrosion, almost equivalent to platinum. Titanium is capable of withstanding attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chloride solutions, and most organic acids. However, titanium is corroded by concentrated acids. As indicated by its negative redox potential, titanium is thermodynamically a very reactive metal that burns in normal atmosphere at lower temperatures than the melting point.

title: Titanium

text: and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene. Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper),

title: Titanium

text: Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living things, water bodies, rocks,

title: Titanium diselenide

text: well. This layered structure is known to undergo intercalation by alkali metals (M), resulting in the formation of MTiSe (x ≤ 1), thereby expanding the weak van der Waals gaps between the 2D layered sheets. A mixture of titanium and selenium are heated under argon atmosphere to produce crude samples. The crude product is typically purified by chemical vapor transport using iodine as the transport agent. Titanium diselenide Titanium diselenide (TiSe) also known as titanium(IV) selenide, is an inorganic compound of titanium and selenium. In this material selenium is viewed as selenide (Se) which requires that titanium exists as Ti.

title: Titanium

text: for high pressure systems (3,000 p.s.i.) and aluminium tubing for low pressure systems. Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and

title: Titanium

text: may result in a titanium–chlorine fire. Even wet chlorine presents a fire hazard when extreme weather conditions cause unexpected drying. Titanium can catch fire when a fresh, non-oxidized surface comes in contact with liquid oxygen. Fresh metal may be exposed when the oxidized surface is struck or scratched with a hard object, or when mechanical strain causes a crack. This poses a limitation to its use in liquid oxygen systems, such as those in the aerospace industry. Because titanium tubing impurities can cause fires when exposed to oxygen, titanium is prohibited in gaseous oxygen respiration systems. Steel tubing is used

title: Titanium

text: such devices are intended to repair. As a result, skeletal loads are more evenly shared between bone and implant, leading to a lower incidence of bone degradation due to stress shielding and periprosthetic bone fractures, which occur at the boundaries of orthopedic implants. However, titanium alloys' stiffness is still more than twice that of bone, so adjacent bone bears a greatly reduced load and may deteriorate. Because titanium is non-ferromagnetic, patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with magnetic resonance imaging (convenient for long-term implants). Preparing titanium for implantation in the body involves subjecting it to a high-temperature plasma

title: Titanium

text: rods and golf clubs. Because titanium alloys have high tensile strength to density ratio, high corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, high crack resistance, and ability to withstand moderately high temperatures without creeping, they are used in aircraft, armour plating, naval ships, spacecraft, and missiles. For these applications, titanium is alloyed with aluminium, zirconium, nickel, vanadium, and other elements to manufacture a variety of components including critical structural parts, fire walls, landing gear, exhaust ducts (helicopters), and hydraulic systems. In fact, about two thirds of all titanium metal produced is used in aircraft engines and frames. The titanium 6AL-4V alloy accounts for

title: Titanium

text: of rutile or ilmenite in the presence of carbon. After extensive purification by fractional distillation, the TiCl is reduced with 800 °C molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere. Titanium metal can be further purified by the van Arkel–de Boer process, which involves thermal decomposition of titanium tetraiodide. A more recently developed batch production method, the FFC Cambridge process, consumes titanium dioxide powder (a refined form of rutile) as feedstock and produces titanium metal, either powder or sponge. The process involves fewer steps than the Kroll process and takes less time. If mixed oxide powders are used, the product is an

title: Titanium gold

text: the role of Iron Man, the suit fit him "like a gold-titanium glove". Titanium gold In metallurgy, titanium gold (Ti-Au or Au-Ti) refers to an alloy consisting of titanium and gold. Such alloys are used in dentistry, ceramics and jewelry. Like many other alloys, titanium gold alloys have a higher yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, and magnetism than either of its constituent metals. In July 2016, researchers have discovered that a titanium-gold alloy, β-TiAu (strictly speaking, an intermetallic), is up to 4 times harder than titanium. In the 2008 film Iron Man (2008 film), the title character wears an armor

title: Titanium gold

text: Titanium gold In metallurgy, titanium gold (Ti-Au or Au-Ti) refers to an alloy consisting of titanium and gold. Such alloys are used in dentistry, ceramics and jewelry. Like many other alloys, titanium gold alloys have a higher yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, and magnetism than either of its constituent metals. In July 2016, researchers have discovered that a titanium-gold alloy, β-TiAu (strictly speaking, an intermetallic), is up to 4 times harder than titanium. In the 2008 film Iron Man (2008 film), the title character wears an armor made from a titanium-gold alloy. According to actor Robert Downey Jr., who played

title: Titanium ring

text: in a freezer. 8. "Titanium ring" Titanium ring Titanium rings are jewelry rings or bands which have been primarily constructed from titanium. The actual compositions of titanium can vary, such as "commercial pure" (99.2% titanium) or "aircraft grade" (primarily, 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium), and titanium rings are often crafted in combination with other materials, such as gemstones and traditional jewelry metals. Even with these variations in composition and materials, titanium rings are commonly referred to as such if they contain any amount of titanium. Rings crafted from titanium are a modern phenomenon, becoming widely available on the market

title: Titanium ring

text: Titanium ring Titanium rings are jewelry rings or bands which have been primarily constructed from titanium. The actual compositions of titanium can vary, such as "commercial pure" (99.2% titanium) or "aircraft grade" (primarily, 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium), and titanium rings are often crafted in combination with other materials, such as gemstones and traditional jewelry metals. Even with these variations in composition and materials, titanium rings are commonly referred to as such if they contain any amount of titanium. Rings crafted from titanium are a modern phenomenon, becoming widely available on the market around the 1990s. Titanium rings offer

title: Titanium ring

text: its metal form. His process is still used today for commercially-produced titanium. The cost of titanium rings can be very high. This is ostensibly because the process of extracting titanium from its various ores is laborious and costly. Although it is indeed expensive as an engineering material, it is far less expensive than the jeweler's usual precious metals, even silver. At the start of 2014, no prices for pure titanium or its common commercial alloys exceeded US $10 per pound. The process of machining titanium rings "is" expensive, and necessary since the metal is nearly impossible to craft by rolling

title: Titanium tetrachloride

text: Titanium tetrachloride Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiCl. It is an important intermediate in the production of titanium metal and the pigment titanium dioxide. TiCl is a volatile liquid. Upon contact with humid air, it forms spectacular opaque clouds of titanium dioxide (TiO) and hydrated hydrogen chloride. It is sometimes referred to as "tickle" or "tickle 4" due to the phonetic resemblance of its molecular formula (TiCl) to the word. TiCl is a dense, colourless distillable liquid, although crude samples may be yellow or even red-brown. It is one of the rare transition metal halides that

title: Titanium yellow

text: reacting fine powders of metal oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates in solid state in temperatures between 1000-1200 °C, either in batches or continuously in a pass-through furnace. Titanium yellow is used primarily as a pigment for plastics and ceramic glazes, and in art painting. Titanium yellow Titanium yellow, also nickel antimony titanium yellow, nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, CI Pigment Yellow 53, or C.I. 77788, is a yellow pigment with the chemical composition of NiO·SbO·20TiO. Its CAS number is . It is a complex inorganic compound. Its melting point lies above 1000 °C, and has extremely low solubility in water. While

title: Titanium alloy

text: and can substantially decrease the alloy's toughness. Many alloys also contain titanium as a minor additive, but since alloys are usually categorized according to which element forms the majority of the material, these are not usually considered to be "titanium alloys" as such. See the sub-article on titanium applications. Titanium alone is a strong, light metal. It is stronger than common, low-carbon steels, but 45% lighter. It is also twice as strong as weak aluminium alloys but only 60% heavier. Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to sea water, and thus is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of

title: Titanium biocompatibility

text: surface." Titanium biocompatibility Titanium was first introduced into surgeries in the 1950s after having been used in dentistry for a decade prior. It is now the metal of choice for prosthetics, internal fixation, inner body devices, and instrumentation. Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants. One can find titanium in neurosurgery, bone conduction hearing aids, false eye implants, spinal fusion cages, pacemakers, toe implants, and shoulder/elbow/hip/knee replacements along with many more. The main reason why titanium is often used in the body is due to titanium's biocompatibility and, with surface modifications, bioactive surface. The surface characteristics that

title: Titanium biocompatibility

text: Titanium biocompatibility Titanium was first introduced into surgeries in the 1950s after having been used in dentistry for a decade prior. It is now the metal of choice for prosthetics, internal fixation, inner body devices, and instrumentation. Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants. One can find titanium in neurosurgery, bone conduction hearing aids, false eye implants, spinal fusion cages, pacemakers, toe implants, and shoulder/elbow/hip/knee replacements along with many more. The main reason why titanium is often used in the body is due to titanium's biocompatibility and, with surface modifications, bioactive surface. The surface characteristics that affect

title: Titanium

text: to be sheathed in titanium panels. Titanium sheathing was used in the Frederic C. Hamilton Building in Denver, Colorado. Because of titanium's superior strength and light weight relative to other metals (steel, stainless steel, and aluminium), and because of recent advances in metalworking techniques, its use has become more widespread in the manufacture of firearms. Primary uses include pistol frames and revolver cylinders. For the same reasons, it is used in the body of laptop computers (for example, in Apple's PowerBook line). Some upmarket lightweight and corrosion-resistant tools, such as shovels and flashlights, are made of titanium or titanium alloys.

title: Titanium

text: Titanium is used in the walls of the Juno spacecraft's vault to shield on-board electronics. Welded titanium pipe and process equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, process vessels, valves) are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries primarily for corrosion resistance. Specific alloys are used in oil and gas downhole applications and nickel hydrometallurgy for their high strength (e. g.: titanium beta C alloy), corrosion resistance, or both. The pulp and paper industry uses titanium in process equipment exposed to corrosive media, such as sodium hypochlorite or wet chlorine gas (in the bleachery). Other applications include ultrasonic welding, wave soldering, and sputtering

title: Titanium ring

text: of the oxide layer and light reflected from the metal surface below. Titanium can be alloyed with many other metals to enhance or alter titanium's properties. The most common alloy partners for titanium are aluminium, vanadium, iron, molybdenum and copper. Each alters titanium's properties for various purposes – for example, copper can be used to harden titanium. One of the most common compositions for titanium rings is known as "aircraft grade" (also referred to as 6AL-4V or 6-4) titanium, because the composition is famous for its use in aircraft construction (however, it is also used for medical, marine and chemical

title: Titanium(III) phosphide

text: other titanium phosphide phases, including TiP, TiP, TiP, TiP, and TiP. Titanium phosphide should not be confused with titanium phosphate or titanium isopropoxide, both of which are sometimes known by the acronym TIP. Titanium(III) phosphide Titanium(III) phosphide (TiP) is an inorganic chemical compound of titanium and phosphorus. Normally encountered as a grey powder, it is a metallic conductor with a high melting point. It is not attacked by common acids or water. Its physical properties stand in contrast to the group 1 and group 2 phosphides that contain the P anion (such as NaP), which are not metallic and are

title: Titanium hydride

text: when titanium and alloys are used as structural materials, as in nuclear reactors. Hydrogen embrittlement manifests as a reduction in ductility and eventually spalling of titanium surfaces. The effect of hydrogen is to a large extent determined by the composition, metallurgical history and handling of the Ti /Ti alloy. CP-titanium (commercially pure: ≤99.55% Ti content) is more susceptible to hydrogen attack than pure α-titanium. Embrittlement, observed as a reduction in ductility and caused by the formation of a solid solution of hydrogen, can occur in CP-titanium at concentrations as low as 30-40 ppm. Hydride formation has been linked to the

title: Titanium foam

text: development of bands exhibiting intensive straining as a result of the localization of deformations in the solid. Titanium foams exhibiting auxetic pore structures are of interest for incorporation in sandwich panel cores due to their enhanced shear performance. Titanium alloys are the choice material for a diverse range of biomedical implants. Currently employed titanium alloy implants include: hip joints, bone screws, knee joints, spinal fusions, shoulder joints, and bone plates. These alloys range from high ductility, commercially-pure titanium foams with high formability, to heat-treatable alloys with high strength. Titanium is well-suited for use in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed

title: Titanium ring

text: solid bars, tubes or sheets of titanium, which are cut into the desired shape and size of a ring. The metal can be machined using the same equipment and via the same engineering processes as stainless steel. The usual jewelry-making techniques of rolling and soldering are not practical for titanium, although they can be fabricated by welding in an inert atmosphere using, for example, a laser welder. Titanium has become popular as a jewelry material due to its various unique properties. Titanium is biocompatible (often referred to as hypoallergenic), or non-toxic to the human body. Similarly, titanium rings will not

title: Titanium

text: Because of its durability, titanium has become more popular for designer jewelry (particularly, titanium rings). Its inertness makes it a good choice for those with allergies or those who will be wearing the jewelry in environments such as swimming pools. Titanium is also alloyed with gold to produce an alloy that can be marketed as 24-carat gold because the 1% of alloyed Ti is insufficient to require a lesser mark. The resulting alloy is roughly the hardness of 14-carat gold and is more durable than pure 24-carat gold. Titanium's durability, light weight, and dent and corrosion resistance make it useful

title: Titanium

text: cation", the sulfides of titanium are unstable and tend to hydrolyze to the oxide with release of hydrogen sulfide. Titanium nitride (TiN) is a member of a family of refractory transition metal nitrides and exhibits properties similar to both covalent compounds including; thermodynamic stability, extreme hardness, thermal/electrical conductivity, and a high melting point. TiN has a hardness equivalent to sapphire and carborundum (9.0 on the Mohs Scale), and is often used to coat cutting tools, such as drill bits. It is also used as a gold-colored decorative finish and as a barrier metal in semiconductor fabrication. Titanium carbide, which is

title: Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium

text: Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium Tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium (TDMAT) is a chemical compound. The compound is generally classified as a metalorganic species, meaning that its properties are strongly influenced by the organic ligands but the compound lacks metal-carbon bonds. It is used in chemical vapor deposition to prepare titanium nitride (TiN) surfaces and in atomic layer deposition as a titanium dioxide precursor. The prefix "tetrakis" refers the presence of four of the same ligand, in this case dimethylamides. Tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium is a conventional Ti(IV) compound in the sense that it is tetrahedral and diamagnetic. Unlike the many alkoxides, the diorganoamides of titanium are monomeric and thus at

title: Titanium(II) oxide

text: Titanium(II) oxide Titanium(II) oxide (TiO) is an inorganic chemical compound of titanium and oxygen. It can be prepared from titanium dioxide and titanium metal at 1500 °C. It is non-stoichiometric in a range TiO to TiO and this is caused by vacancies of either Ti or O in the defect rock salt structure. In pure TiO 15% of both Ti and O sites are vacant. Careful annealing can cause ordering of the vacancies producing a monoclinic form which has 5 TiO units in the primitive cell that exhibits lower resistivity. A high temperature form with titanium atoms with trigonal prismatic

title: Titanium

text: of the assembly welds and lead to joint failure. Commercially pure flat product (sheet, plate) can be formed readily, but processing must take into account the fact that the metal has a "memory" and tends to spring back. This is especially true of certain high-strength alloys. Titanium cannot be soldered without first pre-plating it in a metal that is solderable. The metal can be machined with the same equipment and the same processes as stainless steel. Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element (ferro-titanium) to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce

title: Titanium

text: and the seventh-most abundant metal. It is present as oxides in most igneous rocks, in sediments derived from them, in living things, and natural bodies of water. Of the 801 types of igneous rocks analyzed by the United States Geological Survey, 784 contained titanium. Its proportion in soils is approximately 0.5 to 1.5%. Common titanium-containing minerals are anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, and titanite (sphene). Akaogiite is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations. About 6.0 and 0.7 million

title: Titanium

text: metal is a dimorphic allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body-centered cubic (lattice) β form at . The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature. Like aluminium and magnesium, titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at in air, and at in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. It is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a

title: Titanium carbide

text: Titanium carbide Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide. It has the appearance of black powder with the sodium chloride (face-centered cubic) crystal structure. As found in nature its crystals range in size from 0.1 to 0.3mm. Titanium carbide is used in preparation of cermets, which are frequently used to machine steel materials at high cutting speed. It is also used as an abrasion-resistant surface coating on metal parts, such as tool bits and watch mechanisms. Titanium carbide is also used as a heat shield coating for atmospheric reentry of spacecraft.

title: Titanium ring

text: processing purposes). It is a blend of 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium and 90% titanium (as well as trace amounts of iron and oxygen; max 0.25% and 0.2% respectively), and is one of the strongest and most lightweight of other known compositions. Aircraft grade titanium is often used in crafting titanium rings due to its advantageous and suitable properties (compared with other titanium compositions), as well as its wide commercial availability. Inlays are the result of combining or two or more metals into one ring. It is not to be confused with alloying. The process of inlaying involves crushing the metals

title: Titanium hydride

text: Titanium hydride Titanium hydride normally refers to the inorganic compound TiH and related nonstoichiometric materials. It is commercially available as a stable grey/black powder, which is used as an additive in the production of Alnico sintered magnets, in the sintering of powdered metals, the production of metal foam, the production of powdered titanium metal and in pyrotechnics. In the commercial process for producing non-stoichiometric TiH, titanium metal sponge is treated with hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure at between 300-500 °C. Absorption of hydrogen is exothermic and rapid, changing the color of the sponge grey/black. The brittle product is ground to

title: Titanium hydride

text: used in hydrogen containing environments and in conditions where hydrogen is reduced electrolytically on the surface. Pickling, an acid bath treatment which is used to clean the surface can be a source of hydrogen. Common applications include ceramics, pyrotechnics, sports equipment, as a laboratory reagent, as a blowing agent, and as a precursor to porous titanium. When heated as a mixture with other metals in powder metallurgy, titanium hydride releases hydrogen which serves to remove carbon and oxygen, producing a strong alloy. Titanium hydride Titanium hydride normally refers to the inorganic compound TiH and related nonstoichiometric materials. It is commercially

title: Titanium alloy

text: and dental implants, for most applications titanium is alloyed with small amounts of aluminium and vanadium, typically 6% and 4% respectively, by weight. This mixture has a solid solubility which varies dramatically with temperature, allowing it to undergo precipitation strengthening. This heat treatment process is carried out after the alloy has been worked into its final shape but before it is put to use, allowing much easier fabrication of a high-strength product. Titanium alloys are generally classified into four main categories: Beta titanium alloys exhibit the BCC allotropic form of titanium (called beta). Elements used in this alloy are one

title: Titanium nitride

text: product of any metal nitride or carbide in austenite, a useful attribute in microalloyed steel formulas. "Osbornite" is a very rare natural form of titanium nitride, found almost exclusively in meteorites. Titanium nitride Titanium nitride () (sometimes known as tinite) is an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a coating on titanium alloys, steel, carbide, and aluminium components to improve the substrate's surface properties. Applied as a thin coating, TiN is used to harden and protect cutting and sliding surfaces, for decorative purposes (due to its golden appearance), and as a non-toxic exterior for medical implants. In most applications

title: Titanium

text: ash, plants, and even the human body. Native titanium (pure metallic) is very rare. Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes: Ti, Ti, Ti, Ti, and Ti, with Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Eleven radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable being Ti with a half-life of 63 years; Ti, 184.8 minutes; Ti, 5.76 minutes; and Ti, 1.7 minutes. All the other radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 33 seconds and the majority, less than half a second. The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.99 u (Ti) to 57.966 u (Ti). The

title: Titanium isopropoxide

text: thioethers are oxidized enantioselectively using a catalyst derived from Ti(O-"i"-Pr). Titanium(IV) isopropoxide is a widely used item of commerce and has acquired many names in addition to those listed in the table. A sampling of the names include: titanium(IV) "i"-propoxide, isopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl orthotitanate, titanium tetraisopropylate, orthotitanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, Isopropyl titanate(IV), titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, isopropyltitanate, titanium(IV) isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, "iso"-propyl titanate, titanium tetraisopropanolate, tetraisopropoxytitanium(IV), tetraisopropanolatotitanium, tetrakis(isopropoxy) titanium, tetrakis(isopropanolato) titanium, titanic acid isopropyl ester, titanic acid tetraisopropyl ester, titanium isopropoxide, titanium isopropylate, tetrakis(1-methylethoxy)titanium. Titanium isopropoxide Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is

title: Titanium isopropoxide

text: Titanium isopropoxide Titanium isopropoxide, also commonly referred to as titanium tetraisopropoxide or TTIP, is a chemical compound with the formula . This alkoxide of titanium(IV) is used in organic synthesis and materials science. It is a diamagnetic tetrahedral molecule. Titanium isopropoxide is a component of the Sharpless epoxidation, a Nobel-Prize-winning method for the synthesis of chiral epoxides. The structures of the titanium alkoxides are often complex. Crystalline titanium methoxide is tetrameric with the molecular formula Alkoxides derived from bulkier alcohols such as isopropanol aggregate less. Titanium isopropoxide is mainly a monomer in nonpolar solvents. It is prepared by treating titanium

title: Titanium

text: over containers of other types to enhance their longevity. The fungal species "Marasmius oreades" and "Hypholoma capnoides" can bioconvert titanium in titanium polluted soils. Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any natural role inside the human body. An estimated quantity of 0.8 milligrams of titanium is ingested by humans each day, but most passes through without being absorbed in the tissues. It does, however, sometimes bio-accumulate in tissues that contain silica. One study indicates a possible connection between titanium and yellow nail syndrome. An unknown mechanism in plants may use titanium to stimulate the production

title: Titanium hydride

text: The various phases are described in the table below. If titanium hydride contains 4.0% hydrogen at less than around 40 °C then it transforms into a body-centred tetragonal (bct) structure called ε-titanium. When titanium hydrides with less than 1.3% hydrogen, known as hypoeutectoid titanium hydride are cooled, the β-titanium phase of the mixture attempts to revert to the α-titanium phase, resulting in an excess of hydrogen. One way for hydrogen to leave the β-titanium phase is for the titanium to partially transform into δ-titanium, leaving behind titanium that is low enough in hydrogen to take the form of α-titanium, resulting

title: Titanium

text: arc which removes the surface atoms, exposing fresh titanium that is instantly oxidized. Titanium is used for the surgical instruments used in image-guided surgery, as well as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are widely used in electronics and the delivery of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Because of it is corrosion resistance, containers made of titanium have been studied for the long-term storage of nuclear waste. Containers lasting more than 100,000 years are thought possible with manufacturing conditions that minimize material defects. A titanium "drip shield" could also be installed

title: Titanium

text: Melting is possible only in an inert atmosphere or in a vacuum. At , it combines with chlorine. It also reacts with the other halogens and absorbs hydrogen. Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at to form titanium nitride, which causes embrittlement. Because of its high reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen, and some other gases, titanium filaments are applied in titanium sublimation pumps as scavengers for these gases. Such pumps inexpensively and reliably produce extremely low pressures in ultra-high vacuum systems. Titanium is the ninth-most abundant element in Earth's crust (0.63% by mass)

title: Titanium

text: notable example is titanium(III) chloride (TiCl), which is used as a catalyst for production of polyolefins (see Ziegler-Natta catalyst) and a reducing agent in organic chemistry. Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as polymerization catalyst, compounds with Ti-C bonds have been intensively studied. The most common organotitanium complex is titanocene dichloride ((CH)TiCl). Related compounds include Tebbe's reagent and Petasis reagent. Titanium forms carbonyl complexes, e.g. (CH)Ti(CO). Following the success of platinum-based chemotherapy, titanium(IV) complexes were among the first non-platinum compounds to be tested for cancer treatment. The advantage of titanium compounds lies in their high efficacy and low

title: Titanium perchlorate

text: to 55° in a vacuum, sublimes and can crystallise the pure anhydrous product from the vapour. In the salt dicaesium hexaperchloratotitanate, CsTi(ClO) the perchlorate groups are monodentate, connected by one oxygen to titanium. Titanium perchlorate can also form complexes with other ligands bound to the titanium atom including binol, and gluconic acid. A polymeric oxychlorperchlorato compound of titanium, TiOCl(ClO), is made from excess TiCl and dichlorine hexoxide. This has a varying composition, and ranges from light to dark yellow. Titanium perchlorate Titanium perchlorate is a molecular compound of titanium and perchlorate groups with formula Ti(ClO). Anhydrous titanium perchlorate decomposes explosively

title: Titanium butoxide

text: Titanium butoxide Titanium butoxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ti(OBu) (Bu = CHCHCHCH). It is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a weak alcohol-like odor and density almost equal to that of water. It is soluble in most organic solvents, but decomposes in water and reacts violently with oxidizing materials. Decomposition in water is not hazardous, and therefore titanium butoxide is often used as a liquid source of titanium dioxide, which allows deposition of TiO coatings of various shapes and sizes down to the nanoscale. Titanium butoxide is produced by reacting titanium tetrachloride with butanol. When mixed with

title: Titanium dioxide

text: the other tones appear due to interference of the transparent titanium dioxide layers. In some products, the layer of titanium dioxide is grown in conjunction with iron oxide by calcination of titanium salts (sulfates, chlorates) around 800 °C One example of a pearlescent pigment is Iriodin, based on mica coated with titanium dioxide or iron (III) oxide. The iridescent effect in these titanium oxide particles is unlike the opaque effect obtained with usual ground titanium oxide pigment obtained by mining, in which case only a certain diameter of the particle is considered and the effect is due only to scattering.

title: Titanium ring

text: or soldering in the way silver, gold, and even platinum are formed. It is unknown who first crafted titanium into a ring or other jewelry piece. A titanium wedding-ring is used as a minor plot-point in the 1989 science fiction film and novel "The Abyss". Titanium started appearing on the open market in approximately the 1990s. Since 2000, availability of titanium rings has become large-scale, with most online and bricks-and-mortar jewelry stores likely to carry titanium-based rings as part of their inventory. Many outlets now specialize exclusively in the design and sale of titanium rings. Titanium rings are constructed using

title: Titanium yellow

text: Titanium yellow Titanium yellow, also nickel antimony titanium yellow, nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, CI Pigment Yellow 53, or C.I. 77788, is a yellow pigment with the chemical composition of NiO·SbO·20TiO. Its CAS number is . It is a complex inorganic compound. Its melting point lies above 1000 °C, and has extremely low solubility in water. While it contains antimony and nickel, their bioavailability is very low, so the pigment is relatively safe. The pigment has crystal lattice of rutile, with 2-5% of titanium ions replaced with nickel(II) and 9-12% of them replaced with antimony(V). Titanium yellow is manufactured by

title: Titanium ethoxide

text: Titanium ethoxide Titanium ethoxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ti(OCHCH). It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in organic solvents but hydrolyzes readily. It is sold commercially as a colorless solution. Alkoxides of titanium(IV) and zirconium(IV) are used in organic synthesis and materials science. They adopt more complex structures than suggested by their empirical formulas. Titanium ethoxide is prepared by treating titanium tetrachloride with ethanol in the presence of an amine: The purity of titanium ethoxide is commonly assayed by proton NMR spectroscopy. Zr(OEt) H NMR (60 MHz, benzene-d6, ppm): 8.64 (triplet, 12H, CH), 5.73 (quartet, 8H,

title: Titanium dioxide

text: S-IVB stage from Apollo 12 and not an asteroid. Titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula . When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally, it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, including paint, sunscreen and food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. It has been estimated that titanium dioxide is used in two-thirds

title: Titanium dioxide

text: Titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula . When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally, it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, including paint, sunscreen and food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. It has been estimated that titanium dioxide is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and the oxide has been valued

title: Titanium

text: primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Ti, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay products before Ti are element 21 (scandium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 23 (vanadium) isotopes. Titanium becomes radioactive upon bombardment with deuterons, emitting mainly positrons and hard gamma rays. The +4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry, but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also common. Commonly, titanium adopts an octahedral coordination geometry in its complexes, but tetrahedral TiCl is a notable exception. Because of its high oxidation state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a

title: Titanium perchlorate

text: Titanium perchlorate Titanium perchlorate is a molecular compound of titanium and perchlorate groups with formula Ti(ClO). Anhydrous titanium perchlorate decomposes explosively at 130°C and melts at 85°C with a slight decomposition. It can sublime in a vacuum as low as 70°C, and can form vapour at up to 120°. Titanium perchlorate is quite volatile. It has density 2.35. It decomposes to TiO, ClO and dioxygen O Also TiO(ClO) is formed during decomposition. Ti(ClO) → TiO + 4ClO + 3O ΔH=+6 kcal/mol. The Ti(ClO) molecule has the perchlorate groups bidentately bonded to the titanium atom via two oxygen atoms. So the

title: Appcelerator Titanium

text: software company with more than 11,000 public- and private-sector customers in 100 countries. Since then, the Indie plans have been made free again, including native API access with Hyperloop. Appcelerator Titanium Titanium SDK is an open-source framework that allows the creation of native mobile apps on platforms including iOS, Android and Windows UWP from a single JavaScript codebase, developed by Appcelerator. In February 2013, "Business Insider" estimated that 10% of all smartphones worldwide ran Titanium-built apps. , Titanium had amassed over 950,000 developer registrations. The core component of Titanium is the Apache-licensed software development kit, Titanium SDK. Appcelerator also makes

title: Titanium

text: and electricity. Many minerals are titanates, e.g. ilmenite (FeTiO). Star sapphires and rubies get their asterism (star-forming shine) from the presence of titanium dioxide impurities. A variety of reduced oxides (suboxides) of titanium are known, mainly reduced stoichiometries of titanium dioxide obtained by atmospheric plasma spraying.TiO, described as a Ti(IV)-Ti(III) species, is a purple semiconductor produced by reduction of TiO with hydrogen at high temperatures, and is used industrially when surfaces need to be vapour-coated with titanium dioxide: it evaporates as pure TiO, whereas TiO evaporates as a mixture of oxides and deposits coatings with variable refractive index. Also known

title: Titanium ring

text: amount of the reduction and increase is limited. They are only slightly more difficult to cut off in case of emergency than for gold rings; titanium is comparable to steel in its resistance to sawing. Anodization of titanium rings is the process whereby an oxide film is formed on the surface of the titanium via an electrolytic process to create color. In the case of titanium rings, this process is performed "after" it is machined into shape. Oxidation changes the ordinary titanium color (generally silver, depending on composition and processing) and increases corrosion-resistance. The anodization process is extremely simple to

title: Titanium dioxide

text: by titanium, either implanted for medical reasons or through eating various foods containing titanium dioxide. Dunkin' Donuts in the United States is dropping titanium dioxide from its powdered sugar doughnuts after public pressure. However, Andrew Maynard, director of Risk Science Center at the University of Michigan, downplayed the supposed danger from use of titanium dioxide in food. He says that the titanium dioxide used by Dunkin’ Brands and many other food producers is not a new material, and it is not a nanomaterial either. Nanoparticles are typically smaller than 100 nanometres in diameter, yet most of the particles in food

title: Titanium carbide

text: of a tungsten carbide–cobalt material can be increased by adding 6–30% of titanium carbide to tungsten carbide. This forms a solid solution that is more brittle and susceptible to breakage. Titanium carbide can be etched with reactive-ion etching. Titanium carbide Titanium carbide, TiC, is an extremely hard (Mohs 9–9.5) refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten carbide. It has the appearance of black powder with the sodium chloride (face-centered cubic) crystal structure. As found in nature its crystals range in size from 0.1 to 0.3mm. Titanium carbide is used in preparation of cermets, which are frequently used to machine steel materials

title: Transformers: Titanium

text: August 2008 as ToysRUs exclusives. A Thundercracker redeco for Skywarp was released as a SDCC exclusive also available from Hasbrotoyshop.com. Currently this is the end of the Titanium line with all other prototypes being shelved by Hasbro. During a panel discussion at BotCon 2009, a Hasbro employee stated that there are plans for more figures in the Titanium line to be released. 2009 saw the release of 3 redeco figures as Target store exclusives, under the name label "Transformers: Universe" Titanium Series. Transformers: Titanium Transformers: Titanium is a sub-line of toys debuted in 2006 from Hasbro as an expansion of

title: Titanium disulfide

text: density and the diffusion of lithium ions into the titanium disulfide cathode was reversible, making the battery rechargeable. Titanium disulfide was chosen because it is the lightest and cheapest chalcogenide. Titanium disulfide also has the fastest rate of lithium ion diffusion into the crystal lattice. The main problem was degradation of the cathode after multiple recycles. This reversible intercalation process allows the battery to be rechargeable. Additionally, titanium disulfide is the lightest and the cheapest of all group IV and V layered dichalcogenides. In the 1990s, titanium disulfide was replaced by other cathode materials (manganese and cobalt oxides) in most

title: Titanium Valley

text: Titanium maker VSMPO-Avisma has already spent $700 million in preparation, and Russia's leading pipe producer ChelPipe has also already spent over $630 million into modernizing its facilities. Foreign companies considering to create production facilities in the zone include Rolls-Royce Group and Goodrich Corporation. The Titanium Valley project is part of Russia's ongoing effort to modernise and diversify its economy, one of the main programs of Dmitry Medvedev's presidency. Titanium Valley Titanium Valley is a planned special economic zone in Sverdlovsk Oblast in the Urals Federal District of Russia, which will focus on creating titanium products for the aircraft, automotive, shipbuilding

title: Travancore Titanium Products

text: Travancore Titanium Products Travancore Titanium Products Ltd (TTP, Malayalam: തിരുവിതാംകൂർ ടെെറ്റാനിയം ഉത്പന്നങ്ങൾ), is the leading manufacturer of anatase grade titanium dioxide in India. The company was incorporated in 1946 at Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India on the initiative the then Travancore King, Sree Chithira Thirunal. The main product is pigment grade titanium dioxide which is extracted from ilmenite, which is abundantly available as placer deposits on beaches near Kollam, 65 km north of Thiruvananthapuram. Ilmenite, a mixture of titanium dioxide and iron in the form of ferric/ferrous oxide, is treated with Sulphuric Acid to get Titanium dioxide and ferrous

title: Titanium sublimation pump

text: Titanium sublimation pump A titanium sublimation pump (TSP) is a type of vacuum pump used to remove residual gas in ultra high vacuum systems, maintaining the vacuum. Its construction and principle of operation is simple. It consists of a titanium filament through which a high current (typically around 40 Amps) is passed periodically. This current causes the filament to reach the sublimation temperature of titanium, and hence the surrounding chamber walls become coated with a thin film of clean titanium. Since clean titanium is very reactive, components of the residual gas in the chamber which collide with the chamber wall

title: Titanium butoxide

text: is 77 °C. When heated it emits irritating fumes, which form explosive mixtures with air at concentrations above 2 vol%. Titanium butoxide Titanium butoxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ti(OBu) (Bu = CHCHCHCH). It is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a weak alcohol-like odor and density almost equal to that of water. It is soluble in most organic solvents, but decomposes in water and reacts violently with oxidizing materials. Decomposition in water is not hazardous, and therefore titanium butoxide is often used as a liquid source of titanium dioxide, which allows deposition of TiO coatings of various

title: Titanium hydride

text: a powder, which has a composition around TiH. In the laboratory, titanium hydride is produced by heating titanium powder under flowing hydrogen at 700 °C, the idealized equation being: Other methods of producing titanium hydride include electrochemical and ball milling methods. TiH is unaffected by water and air. It is slowly attacked by strong acids and is degraded by hydrofluoric and hot sulfuric acids. It reacts rapidly with oxidising agents, this reactivity leading to the use of titanium hydride in pyrotechnics. The material has been used to produce highly pure hydrogen, which is released upon heating the solid starting at

title: Titanium adhesive bonding

text: Titanium adhesive bonding Titanium is often used in medical and military applications because of its strength, weight, and corrosion resistance characteristics. In implantable medical devices, titanium is used because of its biocompatibility and its passive, stable oxide layer. Also, titanium allergies are rare and in those cases mitigations like parylene coating are used. In the aerospace industry titanium is often bonded to save cost, touch times, and the need for mechanical fasteners. In the past, Russian submarines hulls were completely made of titanium because the non-magnetic nature of the material went undetected by the defense technology at that time. This

title: Titanium

text: is TiO, with the corundum structure, and TiO, with the rock salt structure, although often nonstoichiometric. The alkoxides of titanium(IV), prepared by reacting TiCl with alcohols, are colourless compounds that convert to the dioxide on reaction with water. They are industrially useful for depositing solid TiO via the sol-gel process. Titanium isopropoxide is used in the synthesis of chiral organic compounds via the Sharpless epoxidation. Titanium forms a variety of sulfides, but only TiS has attracted significant interest. It adopts a layered structure and was used as a cathode in the development of lithium batteries. Because Ti(IV) is a "hard

title: Titanium

text: pH 7. The identity of titanium species in aqueous solution remains unknown because of its low solubility and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic methods, although only the 4+ oxidation state is stable in air. No evidence exists for a biological role, although rare organisms are known to accumulate high concentrations of titanium. Titanium is contained in meteorites, and it has been detected in the Sun and in M-type stars (the coolest type) with a surface temperature of . Rocks brought back from the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 12.1% TiO. It is also found in coal

title: Titanium tetrafluoride

text: Titanium tetrafluoride Titanium(IV) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiF. It is a white hygroscopic solid. In contrast to the other tetrahalides of titanium, it adopts a polymeric structure. In common with the other tetrahalides, TiF is a strong Lewis acid. The traditional method involves treatment of titanium tetrachloride with excess hydrogen fluoride: Purification is by sublimation, which involves reversible cracking of the polymeric structure. X-ray crystallography reveals that the Ti centres are octahedral, but conjoined in an unusual columnar structure. TiF forms adducts with many ligands. One example is "cis"-TiF(MeCN), which is formed by treatment with acetonitrile.

title: Titanium tetrafluoride

title: Titanium Man

text: by Mandarin and Zeke Stane to assist in a plot to take down Iron Man. During the "Infinity" storyline, a Titanium Man is among the villains recruited by Spymaster to help him attack the almost-defenseless Stark Tower. Titanium Man attacks Blizzard and Whirlwind when they try to abandon the mission. During the fight, it is revealed that Titanium Man is the Kree Captain At-Lass who was sent by the Kree to steal Iron Man's armor. The Titanium Men used green armor similar to that used by Iron Man and to that used by the Crimson Dynamo (their sometime compatriot). Neither

title: Titanium dioxide

text: the sulfate process Ilmenite is treated with sulfuric acid to extract iron(II) sulfate. The resulting synthetic rutile is further processed according to the specifications of the end user, i.e. pigment grade or otherwise. In another method for the production of synthetic rutile from ilmenite the Becher Process first oxidizes the ilmenite as a means to separate the iron component. An alternative process, known as the Chloride process converts ilmenite or other titanium sources to Titanium tetrachloride via reaction with elemental chlorine, which is then purified by distillation, and reacted with oxygen to regenerate chlorine and produce the Titanium dioxide. Titanium

title: Titanium tetrachloride

text: TiCl by AlCl. TiCl finds occasional use in organic synthesis, capitalizing on its Lewis acidity, its oxophilicity, and the electron-transfer properties of its reduced titanium halides It is used in the Lewis acid catalysed aldol addition Key to this application is the tendency of TiCl to activate aldehydes (RCHO) by formation of adducts such as (RCHO)TiClOC(H)R. Hazards posed by titanium tetrachloride generally arise from the release of hydrogen chloride (HCl). TiCl is a strong Lewis acid, exothermically forming adducts with even weak bases such as THF and explosively with water, releasing HCl. Titanium tetrachloride Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound

title: Titanium tetrabromide

text: with HBr. Titanium tetrabromide forms adducts such as TiBr(THF) and [TiBr]. With bulky donor ligands, such as 2-methylpyridine (2-Mepy), five-coordinated adducts form. TiBr(2-MePy) is trigonal bipyramidal with the pyridine in the equatorial plane. TiBr has been used as a Lewis-acid catalyst in organic synthesis. The tetrabromide and tetrachlorides of titanium react to give a statistical mixture of the mixed tetrahalides, TiBrCl (x = 0-4). The mechanism of this redistribution reaction is uncertain. One proposed pathway invokes the intermediacy of dimers. TiBr hydrolyzes rapidly, potentially dangerously, to release hydrogen bromide. Titanium tetrabromide Titanium tetrabromide is the chemical compound with the formula

title: Titanium Man

text: Doom, proved the better of the Iron Man prototype. Later, the same individual was shown, together with the Crimson Dynamo, as a free agent working for HYDRA. This Titanium Man was physically similar to the original mainstream version. He is later killed by Doombots along with Crimson Dynamo and Black Knight. In the "House of M" reality, the second Titanium Man was seen as a member of the Soviet Super-Soldiers. The Ultimate Marvel version of the Titanium Man is Howard Stark Sr. when the character was featured in "", although parts of him resembled Iron Monger as well. Another Titanium

title: Titanium dioxide

text: grade titanium dioxide are much larger. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is mostly introduced into the environment as nanoparticles via wastewater treatment plants. Cosmetic pigments including titanium dioxide enter the wastewater when the product is washed off into sinks after cosmetic use. Once in the sewage treatment plants, pigments separate into sewage sludge which can then be released into the soil when injected into the soil or distributed on its surface. 99% of these nanoparticles wind up on land rather than in aquatic environments due to their retention in sewage sludge. In the environment, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have low to negligible solubility

title: Titanium dioxide

text: zinc and lithium. Many sunscreens use nanoparticle titanium dioxide (along with nanoparticle zinc oxide) which, despite reports of potential health risks, is not actually absorbed through the skin. Other effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human health are not well understood. Titanium dioxide dust, when inhaled, has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, meaning it is "possibly carcinogenic to humans". The findings of the IARC are based on the discovery that high concentrations of pigment-grade (powdered) and ultrafine titanium dioxide dust caused respiratory tract cancer in rats exposed by

title: Titanium Valley

text: Titanium Valley Titanium Valley is a planned special economic zone in Sverdlovsk Oblast in the Urals Federal District of Russia, which will focus on creating titanium products for the aircraft, automotive, shipbuilding and medical industries. It will be created around the world's largest titanium producer, VSMPO-Avisma. The Russian government plans to invest at least 40 billion rubles ($1.29 billion) for the project. The purpose of the special economic zone, to be located in the city of Verkhnyaya Salda, is to give enterprises the opportunity to develop and produce value added products in the region and bring international partners to the

title: Appcelerator Titanium

text: tablets as well. In June 2011, Appcelerator released Studio and Titanium Mobile 1.7. Studio is a full open standards IDE that is derived from Aptana Studio which Appcelerator acquired in January 2011. In June 2013, Jeff Haynie, Appcelerator's CEO, announced that the company had begun Ti.Next, a project to rewrite the Titanium SDK in Javascript for improved performance and to bring Titanium's end users, who write in Javascript, closer to the internal code. In a blog post, he wrote: We believe JavaScript should be the right language to build Titanium, not just apps on top of the Titanium SDK. With