query: Where are the British crown jewels kept?

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are 140 royal ceremonial objects kept in the Tower of London, which include the regalia and vestments worn by British kings and queens at their coronations. Symbols of 800 years of monarchy, the coronation regalia are the only working set in Europe – other present-day monarchies have abandoned coronations in favour of secular ceremonies – and the collection is the most historically complete of any regalia in the world. Objects used to invest and crown the monarch variously denote his or

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: Collection Trust keeps an inventory of the regalia, and Historic Royal Palaces is responsible for their display. Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom The Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, originally the Crown Jewels of England, are 140 royal ceremonial objects kept in the Tower of London, which include the regalia and vestments worn by British kings and queens at their coronations. Symbols of 800 years of monarchy, the coronation regalia are the only working set in Europe – other present-day monarchies have abandoned coronations in favour of secular ceremonies – and the collection is the most historically complete of

title: Crown jewels

text: are still displayed at weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974 the crown jewels were also displayed at the opening of the "Riksdag" (Parliament). Among the oldest objects are the sword of Gustav Vasa and the crown, orb, sceptre and key of King Erik XIV and numerous other sovereigns. The crown jewels of England, now of the United Kingdom, are kept in the Tower of London. Apart from a 12th-century anointing spoon, they all date from after Restoration of Charles II in 1661. The ancient crown jewels of England were destroyed by Oliver Cromwell in 1649 when he established the Commonwealth

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: such as the Koh-i-Noor and Cullinan diamonds, were sealed in a biscuit tin and hidden beneath a sally port, allowing them to be recovered swiftly. After the war, the Jewels were kept in a vault at the Bank of England for two years while the Jewel House was repaired as the Tower had been struck by a bomb. In 1953, St Edward's Crown was placed on the head of Queen Elizabeth II in what is now the only ceremony of its kind in Europe. Today, 140 objects make up the Crown Jewels, which are permanently set with 23,578 precious and

title: Crown jewels

text: Kingdom of Tahiti had a crown. The crown was a gift from the London Missionary Society to King Pōmare III for his coronation in 1824. The original is housed in the "Musée de Tahiti et des Îles" in Punaauia. Crown jewels Crown Jewels are the objects of metalwork and jewellery in the regalia of a current or former monarchy. They are often used for the coronation of a monarch and a few other ceremonial occasions. A monarch may often be shown wearing them in portraits, as they symbolize the power and continuity of the monarchy. Additions to them may be

title: Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels

text: if the Jewels are not replaced within 48 hours, the British government will be forced to admit that their most prized possessions were stolen and suffer worldwide humiliation. The player fills the role of Watson, travelling around London in Hansom cabs while attempting to recover the Crown Jewels while encountering many characters from Doyle's stories such as Mrs. Hudson, Mycroft Holmes, and Wiggins of the Baker Street Irregulars. A series of riddles and clues lead Watson on a hunt for inscribed jewels hidden at several famous sites across the city, including Westminster Abbey, Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, London Bridge, and

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: an exception allowing the monarch to dispose of objects via letters patent. In practice it is unlikely the Crown Jewels will ever be sold, nor are they insured against loss, and are officially priceless. Their maintenance falls to the Crown Jeweller, a member of the Royal Household who cleans them at the Tower of London each January after visiting hours. The jeweller also accompanies the regalia and plate whenever they leave the Tower, for example at State Openings of Parliament and royal christenings. Older items such as the Coronation Spoon are cleaned by experts from the British Museum. The Royal

text: Big Ben. Eventually, the villain is revealed as Professor Moriarty, who captures both Watson and Holmes. With quick thinking and the help of some humble medical supplies, however, Watson manages to subdue Moriarty and return the Jewels to the Tower in time. "Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels" was the first Infocom game to be developed by another company, Challenge Inc, published by Infocom in their "Immortal Legends" genre. The only other game published in this line was "", also written by Bates. Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels is an

title: Crown jewels

text: of Charles II in 1651 until they were discovered in a chest inside Edinburgh Castle in the early 19th century. A 'golden royal crown' pre-dating the existing 'Honours' had been in existence. It is recorded that it was seized by the English authorities following a search of the luggage of the deposed John Balliol as he attempted to leave England and make his way to exile in France following his release from imprisonment in London in 1299. This crown was sent to King Edward I in London where it was probably placed with the English crown jewels at Westminster Abbey.

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: on three consort crowns. A small number of historical objects at the Tower are either empty or set with glass and crystals. At a coronation the monarch is anointed using holy oil poured from an ampulla into the spoon, invested with robes and ornaments, and crowned with St Edward's Crown. Afterwards, it is exchanged for the lighter Imperial State Crown, which is also usually worn at State Openings of Parliament. Wives of kings are invested with a plainer set of regalia, and since 1831 a new crown has been made specially for each queen consort. Also regarded as Crown Jewels

title: Portuguese Crown Jewels

text: a large part of the Portuguese Crown Jewels were stolen from the Museon in The Hague, where they were on loan for an exhibition on European Crown Jewels. Following an investigation by the museum and Dutch authorities, the Dutch government paid a sum of six million euros to the Portuguese government for reparation. The Portuguese Crown Jewels are currently kept in a secured vault at the Ajuda National Palace, in Lisbon. While the palace is a popular and important museum, the crown jewels are not open to the public. The crown jewels are now only seen at special events concerning

title: Crown jewels

text: and heavily decorated with precious and semi-precious gemstones, in styles which go back to the Middle Ages and are normally very conservative to emphasize the continuity of the monarchy. Many working collections of Crown Jewels are kept in vaults or strongrooms when not in use and can be seen by the public. The Crown Jewels of many former monarchies can also be seen in museums, and may still represent national cultural icons even for countries that are now republics, as for example in Hungary, where the Holy Crown of Hungary has been re-incorporated in the coat of arms of Hungary.

title: Crown jewels

text: with a new monarch, the crown and scepter are also present, but the crown itself is never placed on the monarch's head. Today they are kept by the "Patrimonio Nacional" (the National Heritage). Today, there are other pieces of jewelry and historically important items that would be considered "crown jewels" in other countries but are not denominated as such in Spain. In terms of jewelry, all of the jewels and tiaras worn by the members of the Spanish Royal Family are privately owned by them. More historically important elements are kept as pieces of cultural interest in different parts of

title: Crown jewels

text: Spain. For example, the personal crown used by Isabella I of Castile, her scepters, and her sword, are kept in the Royal Chapel in the Cathedral of Granada. As a consequence, this means that beyond the crown and scepter used during important occasions of the Spanish state, there is no other element of the crown jewels of Spain. Sweden's Crown Jewels are kept deep in the vaults of the Royal Treasury, underneath the Royal Palace in Stockholm, in a museum which is open to the public. The symbols of the Swedish monarchy have not actually been worn since 1907, but

title: Bavarian Crown Jewels

text: on a cushion when displayed on occasions such as the king's ascension or his funeral. Included in the regalia were: The Palatinate Pearl is also kept with the crown jewels, however it is not officially part of the collection. As a result of the First World War, the German monarchies were abolished in 1918 and since then, Bavaria has not had a monarch. The Bavarian Crown Jewels are currently on display in the Treasury of the Residenz palace in Munich. Bavarian Crown Jewels The Bavarian Crown Jewels are a set of crown jewels created for the Kingdom of Bavaria, which

title: Crown jewels

text: assumption of the throne were the Imperial Seals (Chinese: 傳國璽; pinyin: chuán guó xǐ), which gave the emperor the mandate of heaven authority. These are kept either in the Forbidden City or the National Palace Museum. Numerous crowns, robes, jewels and headwear were made especially for coronations and other official events for each individual emperor rather than being passed down. The Koh-i-Noor diamond, probably mined in India in antiquity, is now set in the Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Aside from regalia of the British Raj, which exists primary as a part of the Crown Jewels of the

title: Crown jewels

text: diamond was set. The Bavarian Coronation Set consists of the Crown of Bavaria, the Crown of the Queen (originally made for Maximilian's Queen, Caroline Frederika of Baden), the State Sword, the Royal Orb and the Royal Sceptre. Most of the crown jewels were stolen and destroyed by US army officers after the end of World War II. See Schlosshotel Kronberg. The treasures of the Kings of Saxony are kept in Dresden. The crown and the insignia of the Kingdom of Prussia are kept at Hohenzollern Castle in Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg. The treasures of the Kings of Württemberg are kept in the

title: German Crown Jewels

text: German monarchies in 1918, the regalia and jewels of the different states have been kept in museums since all of Germany remains under republican rule. German Crown Jewels The German Crown Jewels encompass the Imperial Regalia of the German Kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. From 1871 until 1918 the Prussians kings redenominated the Prussian Crown Jewels as Crown jewels of the German Emperors. Formally the German Empire had no physical Crown jewels, though a model of a German State Crown was created and used in emblems. The term may also be used in reference to regalia of

title: Crown jewels

text: Kingdom, later used as crown of the medieval Kingdom of Italy and by Napoleon Bonaparte for its coronation as King of Italy, is kept at the Cathedral of Monza. The coronation robe is kept in the Schatzkammer in Vienna, Austria. The Crown jewels of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) are in the custody of the Bank of Italy, due to legal controversy between the Italian Republic and the Savoia family. It is not clear who is the legal owner. The value of crowns, diadems and various jewels is valued at over €2,5 Billion. On being made Grand Duke of Tuscany

title: Crown jewels

text: Koh-i-Noor diamond. In addition to crowns there are also various orbs, swords, coronets, rings and other pieces of regalia. The Honours, or 'crown jewels', including the Stone of Scone, are kept in Edinburgh Castle. They are the oldest surviving crown jewels in the United Kingdom. The crown dates from at least 1540 and the sceptre and the sword were gifts by Pope Alexander VI and Pope Julius II respectively to the King of Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were hidden during the Interregnum. The Honours of Scotland were almost forgotten following their last use at the coronation

title: Crown Jewels of the Netherlands

text: the UK and were kept in the vaults of Wolverhampton Town Hall. The Princess Irene Brigade who were members of the Dutch Army were stationed at Wrottesley Park, Wolverhampton during the war. Crown Jewels of the Netherlands Sometimes jewellery used by the Dutch royal family are dubbed "crown jewels". In the past, the terms "House-diamonds", "House-jewels" (Will of William I in 1841, Art. 12) and "family jewels" (1784 in the will of William V) have been used. In 1790 the term "Bijoux de la Couronne" was used by Luise of Brunswick -Wolfenbüttel to refer to a large diamond from Borneo.

title: Crown jewels

text: Schatzkammer in Vienna, Austria. In 1931, King Zog I of Albania made a rare foreign tour and visited Vienna in an unsuccessful attempt to repatriate the crown, presumably for a future coronation (he considered giving himself the regnal name "Skanderbeg III"). Several replicas exist in Albania, most notably at Kruja Castle. The Austrian Crown Jewels (de: "Insignien und Kleinodien") are kept at the "Schatzkammer (Vienna)", the Imperial Treasury located in the Hofburg Palace. They are a collection of imperial regalia and jewels dating from the 10th century to the 19th. They are one of the biggest and most important collection

title: Crown jewels

text: stolen and looted by the Iranian monarchy. For many centuries the Iranian Crown Jewels were kept in the vaults of the Imperial Treasury. However, in the early 20th century, the first Pahlavi Shah transferred ownership of the crown jewels to the state as part of a massive restructuring of the country's financial system. Later in the 1950s his son and successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, decreed that the most spectacular of these items be put on public display at the Central Bank of Iran. There have been a number of crown jewels present in Korea since ancient times, spanning from the

title: Crown jewels

text: Prague Castle. The jewels have always played an important role as a symbol of Bohemian statehood. The oldest Czech surviving crown of Ottokar II was made in 1296 probably in Břevnov Monastery. The sovereign's orb of the jewels is not the original. It was commissioned during the Habsburg era to better fit with the other jewels. The original, plain gold, is kept in the Vienna treasury. The location of the regalia of the First and Second Bulgarian Empire is currently unknown. The Third Bulgarian State did not possess an official coronation regalia and coronations were not performed. The 11th-century Crown

title: Crown jewels

text: Castle Museum, Kraków. Most of the Crown Jewels were plundered by retreating Prussian troops from Kraków in 1794. One of many royal crowns was made for King Augustus II, Elector of Saxony when he became King of Poland in 1697. Since the original set was stolen, a new set was made for the coronation in Kraków. Today it is displayed in the Royal Castle in Dresden, Germany. According to an inventory of the State Treasury at the Wawel performed in 1633 by Jerzy Ossoliński, Great Crown Chancellor the Crown Regalia (Jewels) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (kept in 5 chests) consisted

title: Iranian Crown Jewels

text: the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, ownership of the Imperial treasury was transferred to the state. The jewels were placed in the vaults of the National Bank of Iran, where they were used as collateral to strengthen the financial power of the institution and to back the national monetary system. This important economic role is perhaps one reason why these jewels, undeniable symbols of Iran's monarchic past, have been retained by the current Islamic Republic. Because of their great value and economic significance, the Iranian crown jewels were for centuries kept far from public view in the vaults of the

title: Crown jewels

text: and other regalia to various other churches. The Crown Jewels used at the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie are kept at the museum in the National Palace (formerly the Jubilee Palace) in Addis Ababa. The symbol of the power and authority of the "Asantehene" or sovereign ruler of the Ashanti, is the sacred Golden Stool, the "Sika 'dwa". It is used for the enthronement and symbolizes the very soul of the Ashanti as a people. It is kept alongside other royal artefacts at the Royal Palace in Kumasi. The crown of the Malagasy sovereign was made in France for Ranavalona

title: Irish Crown Jewels

text: after the theft described the jewels thus: When not being worn or cleaned, the insignia of the Sovereign and those of deceased Knights were in the custody of the Ulster King of Arms, the senior Irish officer of arms, and kept in a bank vault. The designation "Crown Jewels" was first applied to the star and badge regalia of the Sovereign in a 1905 revision of the Order's statutes. The label "Irish Crown Jewels" was publicised by newspapers after their theft. In 1903, the jewels were transferred to a safe, which was to be placed in the newly constructed strongroom

title: Prussian Crown Jewels

text: with the lavish, heavily bejewelled crowns of other monarchies (e.g. British, Russian), the Prussian crown jewels were sometimes described as "rather plain". The regalia includes: In the absence of further state regalia for the German Empire (1871–1918), the older royal Prussian Crown Jewels were sometimes also regarded as the German Crown Jewels: Prussia became a part of the German Empire in 1871 and its king also became German emperor. The German Empire became a republic in 1918 and, at the same time, Prussia became part of the federal republic. Most of the Prussian regalia are on public display in the

title: Crown jewels

text: of: The Portuguese Crown Jewels were the pieces of jewelry, regalia, and vestments worn by the Monarchs of Portugal during the time of the Portuguese Monarchy. Over the nine centuries of Portuguese history, the Portuguese Crown Jewels have lost and gained many pieces. Most of the current set of the Portuguese Crown Jewels are from the reigns of King João VI and King Luís I. The Romanian Crown Jewels consist of three crowns: the Steel Crown, the Crown of Queen Elisabeta and the Crown of Queen Maria; and two scepters: the Scepter of Ferdinand I and the Scepter of Carol

title: Crown jewels

text: Empire." The jewels were largely provided by the emperor's political allies in France as part of that country's infamous Francafrique policy, much to the chagrin of many progressive elements both within and without the "empire". Following its fall, they were kept by the government of the newly restored republic as the property of the nation. The treasures of the Pharaohs can be seen in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and in other museums throughout the world. Most of the Crown Jewels of the Mehmet Ali Dynasty are at the Museum at Abdin Palace in Cairo. The principal crowns worn by

title: Crown jewels

text: of Zvonimir was a papal gift to King Zvonimir of Croatia. It is thought likely to have been lost during the Ottoman invasions of the Balkans in the 16th century. The distinctive crown adorns several local flags in Croatia. The crown jewels and other royal regalia of Denmark are kept in Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen. In 1918 a crown was designed in Finland for the proposed "King of Finland and Karelia, Duke of Åland, Grand Prince of Lapland, Lord of Kaleva and the North" ("Suomen ja Karjalan kuningas, Ahvenanmaan herttua, Lapinmaan suuriruhtinas, Kalevan ja Pohjolan isäntä"). However, the political situation

title: Bohemian Crown Jewels

text: administrative structures. The jewels were kept in Vienna due to the threat from the Prussian Army, but were later returned to Prague, arriving in the city on 28 August 1867. According to the ancient tradition and regulations laid down by Charles the Fourth in the 14th century, the Jewels are exhibited only to mark special occasions. Exhibitions can take place only at the Prague Castle. In the 20th century there were nine such moments in history. The President of the Republic has the exclusive right to decide on the display of the Crown Jewels. An ancient Czech legend says that

title: Crown jewels

text: II. They are displayed at The National Museum of Romanian History in Bucharest. The Romanian Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu also sometimes made use of a scepter in his public appearances. The coronation regalia, such as the Imperial Crown of Russia, the Imperial Orb of Catherine the Great, the Imperial Sceptre with the Orlov Diamond, the Shah Diamond, and others are kept at the Kremlin Armoury and Diamond Fund in Moscow. The Karađorđević Crown Jewels of Serbia were created in 1904 for the coronation of King Peter I. The pieces were made from material that included bronze of Karađorđe's cannon. This

title: Prussian Crown Jewels

text: Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin. The Crown of William II, in his role as King of Prussia, is kept at Hohenzollern Castle near Hechingen in Baden-Württemberg. Prussian Crown Jewels The Prussian Crown Jewels (German: "Preußischen Kronjuwelen") is the royal regalia, consisting of two crowns, an orb and a sceptre, used during the coronation of the monarchs of Prussia from the House of Hohenzollern. After the King of Prussia became German Emperor on the establishment of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, they were no longer used as the position of King of Prussia while still remaining, was a title of

title: Crown jewels

text: 'Three Legs of Man', which also appear on the flattened pommel. Monaco features a heraldic crown on its coat-of-arms, but does not possess any crown jewels or regalia per se. The Crown Regalia, or crown jewels, of Norway are together with some other old treasures on permanent display in an exhibition at the Archbishop's Palace next to the Nidaros Cathedral, in Trondheim. The only surviving part of the Polish Crown Jewels is from the Piast dynasty and consists of the coronation sword known as the Szczerbiec. It is currently on display along with other royal items in the Wawel Royal

title: Portuguese Crown Jewels

text: mother, Princess Maria Francisca de Orleães e Bragança, great-granddaughter of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and great-great-granddaughter of King Pedro IV of Portugal. The second set are jewels that are owned by House of Braganza Foundation. These jewels, though not owned by the Duke, are at the disposal of the Duke and Duchess. Portuguese Crown Jewels The Portuguese Crown Jewels were the pieces of jewelry, regalia, and vestments worn by the Monarchs of Portugal during the time of the Portuguese Monarchy. Over the nine centuries of Portuguese history, the Portuguese Crown Jewels have lost and gained many pieces. Most of

title: Portuguese Crown Jewels

text: Portuguese Crown Jewels The Portuguese Crown Jewels were the pieces of jewelry, regalia, and vestments worn by the Monarchs of Portugal during the time of the Portuguese Monarchy. Over the nine centuries of Portuguese history, the Portuguese Crown Jewels have lost and gained many pieces. Most of the current set of the Portuguese Crown Jewels are from the reigns of King João VI and King Luís I. By the reign of King Manuel I (1495–1521), Portugal had already a lavish set of jewels, the king having been one of the most powerful men in the world at the time and

title: Crown Jewels of the Netherlands

text: Crown Jewels of the Netherlands Sometimes jewellery used by the Dutch royal family are dubbed "crown jewels". In the past, the terms "House-diamonds", "House-jewels" (Will of William I in 1841, Art. 12) and "family jewels" (1784 in the will of William V) have been used. In 1790 the term "Bijoux de la Couronne" was used by Luise of Brunswick -Wolfenbüttel to refer to a large diamond from Borneo. In 1896 the Firm of van Kempen & Begeer wrote about resetting the jewels of the Crown ("juweleelen der kroon"). Queen Juliana gave a selection of her formal jewelry to the new

title: Bohemian Crown Jewels

text: Bohemian Crown Jewels The Bohemian Crown Jewels, sometimes called the Czech Crown Jewels (), include the Crown of Saint Wenceslas ("Svatováclavská koruna"), the royal orb and sceptre, the coronation vestments of the Kings of Bohemia, the gold reliquary cross, and St. Wenceslas' sword. They were originally held in Prague and Karlštejn Castle, designed in the 14th century by Matthias of Arras. Since 1791 they have been stored in St. Vitus Cathedral at Prague Castle. Reproductions of the jewels are permanently exhibited in the historical exposition at the former royal palace in the castle. The crown was made for the coronation

title: Bavarian Crown Jewels

text: Bavarian Crown Jewels The Bavarian Crown Jewels are a set of crown jewels created for the Kingdom of Bavaria, which existed from 1806 to 1918. In 1806, as part of his wholescale re-ordering of the map of Europe, Emperor Napoléon I of the French upgraded the independent German duchy of Bavaria to full kingdom status. The former "Duke of Bavaria", now King of Bavaria, Maximilian I, commemorated the fact by commissioning a set of crown jewels for use by Bavarian monarchs. However, there was no coronation ceremony, and the king never wore the crown in public. Rather, it was placed

title: Austrian Crown Jewels

text: Austrian Crown Jewels The Austrian Crown Jewels () is a term denoting the regalia and vestments worn by the Holy Roman Emperor, and later by the Emperor of Austria, during the coronation ceremony and other state functions. The term refers to the following objects: the crowns, sceptres, orbs, swords, rings, crosses, holy relics, and the royal robes, as well as several other objects connected with the ceremony. The collection dates from the 10th to the 19th centuries and reflects more than a thousand years of European history. It is kept at the Imperial Treasury in the Hofburg Palace in Vienna,

title: French Crown Jewels

text: rings and other items. Only a few of the crowns were kept for historic reasons, but with their original diamonds and gems replaced by colored glass. Some historic or unusual gems went to French museums, including the corsage brooch containing some of the 'Mazarin diamonds', which is now in the Louvre, and the 'Ruspoli' sapphire, which is now in the French Natural History Museum (curators took advantage of its unusual rhombohedral faceted shape and asked for it to be exempted from the sale, falsely claiming that it was a natural, uncut crystal). French Crown Jewels The French Crown Jewels ()

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: Mary II was crowned as joint sovereign with her husband William III. After the Acts of Union 1707 joined England and Scotland together, the Scottish Crown Jewels were locked away in a chest, and the English Crown Jewels continued to be used by British monarchs. Gemstones were hired for coronations – the fee typically being 4% of their value – and replaced with paste and crystals for display in the Jewel House, a practice that continued until the early 20th century. During World War II, the Crown Jewels were stored in the basement of Windsor Castle. The most valuable gems,

title: Crown jewels

text: crown jewels of monarchs are: the Iron Crown of Lombardy (9th century, now in Milan), the Imperial Regalia (10th century, now in Vienna), the Hungarian crown (10th-11th century, now in Budapest) and the Bohemian Crown Jewels (1347, now in Prague). The crown of Skanderbeg, believed to have been created for the medieval king in the 15th century, was smuggled out of Albania by members of the Kastrioti family following the occupation of Albania by the Ottoman Empire. The crown eventually found its way into the collections of the Habsburg dynasty (via an Italian noble family) and currently resides in the

title: Iranian Crown Jewels

text: spinels are the six surrounding the top of the mace, each weighing 40 carats (8 g). Malecka, A. "The Mystery of the Nur al-Ayn Diamond", in: Gems & Jewellery: The Gemmological Association of Great Britain vol. 23, no. 6, July 2014, pp. 20–22. https://issuu.com/jeweller/docs/jeweller_g_j__sept_2014_/58 Malecka, A. "Daryā-ye Nur: History and Myth of a Crown Jewel of Iran", Iranian Studies vol. 51 (2018), https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2017.1362952 Meen, V.B, Tushingham, A.D. Crown jewels of Iran, Toronto 1968. Iranian Crown Jewels The Iranian National Jewels (), originally the Iranian Crown Jewels (), include elaborate crowns, thirty tiaras, and numerous aigrettes, a dozen bejeweled swords and

title: Bohemian Crown Jewels

text: to facilitate opening the impenetrable door and coffer. The crown is named and dedicated after the Duke St. Wenceslaus of the Přemyslids dynasty of Bohemia. The jewels should be permanently stored in the chapel of St. Wenceslaus in St. Vitus. They were only lent to Kings, and only on the day of the coronation, and should be returned in the evening that day. After 1918 and the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic the Coronation Jewels ceased to serve their original function, but remained important as symbols of national independence and statehood. In the past, the Jewels were kept in different

title: French Crown Jewels

text: French Crown Jewels The French Crown Jewels () comprise the crowns, orb, sceptres, diadems and jewels that were symbols of Royal power between 752 and 1825. These were worn by many Kings and Queens of France. The set was finally broken up, with most of it sold off in 1885 by the Third French Republic. The surviving French Crown Jewels, principally a set of historic crowns, diadems and parures, are mainly on display in the "Galerie d'Apollon" of the Louvre, France's premier museum and former royal palace, together with the Regent Diamond, the Sancy Diamond and the "Côte-de-Bretagne" red spinel,

title: Crown Jewels of Württemberg

text: Catherine Pavlovna of Russia. After monarchy ended in Württemberg the royal family and the State of Württemberg split the crown jewels. Today some of the collection including the Crown and Diadem can be viewed at the State Museum of Württemberg (Landesmuseum Württemberg). Crown Jewels of Württemberg The Crown Jewels of Württemberg (German: "Kronjuwelen des Königreichs Württemberg") are a historical jewel collection belonging to the Kings and Queens of Württemberg. The original crown jewels were made in 1806 for Frederick I of Württemberg to celebrate Württemberg achieving kingdom status. The Crown of Württemberg consists of Gold, Diamonds, Pearls and Emeralds. Many

title: German Crown Jewels

text: German Crown Jewels The German Crown Jewels encompass the Imperial Regalia of the German Kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire until 1806. From 1871 until 1918 the Prussians kings redenominated the Prussian Crown Jewels as Crown jewels of the German Emperors. Formally the German Empire had no physical Crown jewels, though a model of a German State Crown was created and used in emblems. The term may also be used in reference to regalia of the various constitutive German monarchies that sprang from the Holy Roman Empire and later were unified in the German Empire. Since the end of the

title: Polish Crown Jewels

text: were exhibited in Warsaw until 1939 and in 1940 they were stolen by German forces. Later they were found by the Soviet troops in Germany and sent to the USSR where they remained until 1960, when they were returned to Poland. Today they are deposited in the National Museum in Warsaw. Polish Crown Jewels The only surviving original piece of the Polish Crown Jewels from the time of the Piast dynasty is the ceremonial sword – Szczerbiec. It is currently on display along with other preserved royal items at the Wawel Royal Castle Museum in Kraków. Several royal crowns were

title: Crown jewels

text: even more arabesque and consist of magnificent girdles. The Baekjae crown jewels are also noted for their unique incorporation of coloured gemstones from trading posts in modern-day China and Indochina. During the period of the Great Korean Empire under Emperor Gojong, the imperial family commissioned many brooches, western-style diadems and tiaras to suit western-style clothes. ("Three Sacred Treasures") consist of the Holy Sword Kusanagi (草薙剣), the Holy Jewel Yasakani no magatama (八尺瓊曲玉), and the Holy Mirror Yata no kagami (八咫鏡). The sword and the mirror are kept at the Shinto shrines in Nagoya and Ise in Central Japan, and the

title: Crown jewels

text: The later fate of this crown is not entirely clear, but it may have been returned to Scotland during the negotiations between Robert I of Scotland and Edward II of England (following the English defeat at Bannockburn in 1314) or perhaps was returned to Scotland for use in the coronation of Edward Balliol when he was installed as king of Scots by England in 1332. Nevertheless, it is not in existence today. The original regalia of the Welsh princes have been lost. Llywelyn's coronet was kept after its capture with the English crown jewels between 1284 and 1649. The regalia

title: Crown jewels

text: Several countries outside Europe have Crown Jewels that are either traditional for the country or a synthesis of European and local forms and styles. Mostly incorporated as part of the regalia of the monarchs of the succeeding Ethiopian Empire (Please see below). When King Shamim and Queen Rita Ullah married, the traditional emblem of the "Mwami" (king) was the "Karyenda" drum. These holy drums were kept at special drum-sanctuaries throughout the country and were brought out for special ceremonies only. One such place is in Gitega, location of the "ibwami" royal court. "See Coronations in Africa, Emperor Bokassa, Central African

title: Bohemian Crown Jewels

text: any usurper who places the crown on his head is doomed to die within a year. This legend is supported by a rumor that Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazi governor of the puppet state Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia secretly wore them, and was assassinated less than a year later by the Czech resistance. If not mentioned coronation was held in Prague. Kings and queens crowned by Crown of Saint Wenceslas (and other crown jewels): Bohemian Crown Jewels The Bohemian Crown Jewels, sometimes called the Czech Crown Jewels (), include the Crown of Saint Wenceslas ("Svatováclavská koruna"), the royal orb and

title: Crown jewels

text: Crown jewels Crown Jewels are the objects of metalwork and jewellery in the regalia of a current or former monarchy. They are often used for the coronation of a monarch and a few other ceremonial occasions. A monarch may often be shown wearing them in portraits, as they symbolize the power and continuity of the monarchy. Additions to them may be made, but since medieval times the existing items are typically passed down unchanged as they symbolize the continuity of the monarchy. Typical items in Europe include crowns, sceptres, orbs, swords, ceremonial maces, rings, all usually in gold or silver-gilt

title: Georgian Crown Jewels

text: Georgian Crown Jewels The Georgian Crown Jewels were the regalia and vestments worn by the monarchs of Georgia during the coronation ceremony and at other state functions. The last Georgian monarchs, Heraclius II and George XII, had their regalia invested, respectively in 1783 and 1798, from the Russian "tsars", their official protectors, who, subsequently, appropriated the items following Russia's annexation of Georgia in 1801. Of these royal jewels—a crown, sword, and scepter—only the latter staff survives, in the collection of the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow. The medieval Georgian monarchs are portrayed on coins, medals, sculptured reliefs, and in frescoes wearing

title: Crown Jewels of Württemberg

text: Crown Jewels of Württemberg The Crown Jewels of Württemberg (German: "Kronjuwelen des Königreichs Württemberg") are a historical jewel collection belonging to the Kings and Queens of Württemberg. The original crown jewels were made in 1806 for Frederick I of Württemberg to celebrate Württemberg achieving kingdom status. The Crown of Württemberg consists of Gold, Diamonds, Pearls and Emeralds. Many of the diamonds were donated by the jewel collector Duke Carl Alexander. The crown was never traditionally worn at celebrations. Rather, it was carried during ceremonies such as weddings, New Year's Day celebrations and funerals. The appearance of the crown was last

title: Greek crown jewels

text: Greek crown jewels The Crown Jewels of the Kingdom of Greece are a set of symbolic regalia (crown, sceptre and sphere) that were created for King Otto I shortly after his election to the throne in 1832. After his election to the throne of Greece in 1832, Otto ordered a crown, orb, sceptre and sword from Fossin et Fils Goldsmiths in Paris; the sword, however, was made by Jules Manceaux. The regalia arrived in Greece in 1835 and was modelled on the regalia of Bavaria but they did not have any precious stones (especially the crown) and thus they resemble

title: The Crown Jewels

text: their first album. Disc 1 - Queen Disc 2 - Queen II Disc 3 - Sheer Heart Attack Disc 4 - A Night At The Opera Disc 5 - A Day At The Races Disc 6 - News Of The World Disc 7 - Jazz Disc 8 - The Game The Crown Jewels The Crown Jewels is a box set by Queen which comprises their first eight studio albums; "Queen", "Queen II", "Sheer Heart Attack", "A Night at the Opera", "A Day at the Races", "News of the World", "Jazz" and "The Game"; in sleeves replicating the original vinyl packaging.

title: Greek crown jewels

text: descendant of Prince Leopold, sent his son Maximilian-Emmanuel to Athens in order to formally recognize the rights to the throne of the Oldenburg House. The Prince then handed over all the regalia that Otto had taken with him in exile, to King Paul I of Greece. Greek crown jewels The Crown Jewels of the Kingdom of Greece are a set of symbolic regalia (crown, sceptre and sphere) that were created for King Otto I shortly after his election to the throne in 1832. After his election to the throne of Greece in 1832, Otto ordered a crown, orb, sceptre and

title: Crown jewels

text: United Kingdom, there are also surviving examples of the regalia of previous and other rulers of India, including some archaeological finds from ancient times. These include extensive examples of regalia surviving from the various Princely States of India and Pakistan. The Imperial Crown Jewels of Iran ("alternatively known as the Imperial Crown Jewels of Persia") includes several elaborate Crowns, 30 tiaras, numerous aigrettes, a dozen jewel laden swords and shields, a vast number of precious unset gemstones and numerous plates and other dining services cast in precious metals and encrusted with gems. One significant item is a gemstone globe, collected,

title: The Crown Jewels

text: The Crown Jewels The Crown Jewels is a box set by Queen which comprises their first eight studio albums; "Queen", "Queen II", "Sheer Heart Attack", "A Night at the Opera", "A Day at the Races", "News of the World", "Jazz" and "The Game"; in sleeves replicating the original vinyl packaging. The last three albums in the set, ("News of the World", "Jazz" and "The Game") all have modified packaging with alternative covers. A lyric booklet is also included. All the albums have been remastered. The box set marks the 25th anniversary of the group's existence dated to the release of

title: Portuguese Crown Jewels

text: them or the palace specifically, a repercussion of the 2002 Hague theft. Though the Portuguese Crown Jewels have had a long history, wars, theft, and devastation have reduced the jewels mainly to those produced under the reigns of João VI and Luís I. The current set of crown jewels includes numerous pieces of jewelry, gold, gems, robes, and other regalia, but most notably: The Crown of João VI is an imperial format crown. A unique feature of the crown is that it is composed only of pure gold and red velvet, without a single precious stone or gem — an

title: Irish Crown Jewels

text: that the 1908 Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" was inspired by the theft; author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a friend of Vicars, and the fictional Valentine Walters, who steals the Plans but is caught by Holmes, has similarities with Francis Shackleton. "Jewels", a Bob Perrin novel based on the theft, was published in 1977. "The Case of the Crown Jewels" by Donald Serrell Thomas, a Sherlock Holmes story based on the theft, was published in 1997. Irish Crown Jewels The Jewels Belonging to the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick, commonly called the Irish Crown

title: French Crown Jewels

text: of kings of the Ancien Régime and the liturgical instruments made for the coronation of Charles X. They are displayed with the few remaining pieces of the medieval treasure of the cathedral and the Talisman of Charlemagne, a large sapphire said to have been given by the Caliph Harun al-Rashid which was found in the Emperor's grave in 1804 and later offered by Empress Eugenie. Since 1906, the content of the Holy Ampulla is kept in Reims archbishopric. The Crown Jewels were stolen in 1792 when the "Garde Meuble" (Royal Treasury) was stormed by rioters. Most, though not all, of

title: Crown Jewels of the Netherlands

text: and jewels were to be "the diamonds of the Crown". They were to be reserved for the ruling monarch and his consort. Amongst these "crown jewels" are large and old fashioned tiaras, devants the corsage and necklaces set with large emeralds, sapphires, diamonds and rubies. They are sometimes worn during state-banquettes. The most impressive solitaire in the collection is a dropshape rose-cut Indian diamond that once belonged to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. It is as "large as the egg of a dove and as clear as water". It is seldom worn and the weight is unknown. The

title: French Crown Jewels

text: Crown in the early 1870s ended not just the prospect of a royal restoration. It also led to the break-up and partial sale of the Crown Jewels. The Brazilian beauty Aimée de Heeren, mistress of President Getúlio Vargas was known for being the largest private owner of the French Crown jewels, along with the Brazilian crown jewels and other important jewelry. In 1875, the Third French Republic came into being with the passage of a series of Constitutional Laws. The interim presidency was replaced by a full "President of the Republic". While few expected a royal restoration, certainly after the

title: Irish Crown Jewels

text: Irish Crown Jewels The Jewels Belonging to the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick, commonly called the Irish Crown Jewels or State Jewels of Ireland, were the heavily jewelled star and badge regalia of the Sovereign and Grand Master of the Order of St. Patrick. They were stolen from Dublin Castle in 1907 along with the collars of five knights of the Order. The theft has never been solved and the jewels have never been recovered. The Order of St Patrick is an order of knighthood established in 1783 by George III as King of Ireland to be an Irish

title: Portuguese Crown Jewels

text: and were private possession to the family, not the official crown jewels, were given to House of Braganza Foundation. Many years after her exile, Queen Amélie of Orléans sold some of her jewels, such as her famous ruby and diamond tiara to American socialite, Barbara Hutton. The remainder of her jewels were either left to members of her family in France, or to the House of Braganza Foundation. The current Portuguese Royal Family has a set of jewels that can be divided into two sets. The first set are the jewels that Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza inherited from his

title: French Crown Jewels

text: Saint Louis, a large diamond shaped fibula bearing a fleur-de-lis in precious stones, which was used to hold the coronation's robe. The serpentine paten said to be of Abbot Suger of the 1st century BC or AD, associated with the Cup of the Ptolemies, was used at the coronation of queens and keeps its gem-studded gold Carolingian mountings of Charles the Bald. Among the most famous diamonds preserved in the collection and now kept in the Apollo Gallery of the Louvre are the Sancy Diamond, which once had been part of the pre-Commonwealth Crown Jewels of England, the Hortensia pink

title: Crown jewels

text: As such, there was decreased importance for a coherent set of crown jewels, as these are usually themselves coronation regalia. Much of what did exist into the modern era of the regalia of Spain was destroyed in the Great Fire of Madrid of Christmas Eve 1734. In the 18th century, King Charles III ordered a new crown and sceptre to be made. This crown is made of golden silver, and it features half-arches resting on 8 plates bearing the emblems of the Kingdom. The crown and scepter are displayed during the opening of the "Cortes" (Parliament). During ceremonies of accession

title: Austrian Crown Jewels

text: other items that were used for prayer by the court and the Habsburgs. The collection is vast, so only a limited number of items are on permanent exhibition, the rest are shown in cycles. Austrian Crown Jewels The Austrian Crown Jewels () is a term denoting the regalia and vestments worn by the Holy Roman Emperor, and later by the Emperor of Austria, during the coronation ceremony and other state functions. The term refers to the following objects: the crowns, sceptres, orbs, swords, rings, crosses, holy relics, and the royal robes, as well as several other objects connected with the

title: Iranian Crown Jewels

text: diamonds (both originating from India and still amongst the largest in the world), the Peacock Throne, and the Samarian Spinel. The crown jewels were last used by the Pahlavi dynasty, the last to rule Iran. The splendor of the collection came to the attention of the western world largely through their use by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his "Shahbanu" Farah Pahlavi during official ceremonies and state visits. The Iranian crown jewels are considered so valuable that they are still used as a reserve to back Iranian currency (and have been used this way by several successive governments). In 1937, during

title: French Crown Jewels

text: failure of the "Seize Mai" attempted royalist coup by the Marshal Patrice de Mac-Mahon, sitting President of the French Republic, the continuing agitation of extreme right-wing royalists, and the fear of a royalist "coup d'état", led radical deputies to propose the sale of the Crown Jewels, in the hope that their dispersal would undermine the royalist cause: ""Without a crown, no need for a king"" in the words of one member of the National Assembly. This controversial decision was implemented. All the jewels from the Crown Jewels were removed and sold in 1887, as were many of the crowns, diadems,

title: Iranian Crown Jewels

text: Iranian Crown Jewels The Iranian National Jewels (), originally the Iranian Crown Jewels (), include elaborate crowns, thirty tiaras, and numerous aigrettes, a dozen bejeweled swords and shields, a number of unset precious gems, numerous plates and other dining services cast in precious metals and encrusted with gems, and several other more unusual items (such as a large golden globe with the oceans made of emeralds) collected or worn by the Persian monarchs from the 16th century (Safavid Persia) on. The collection is housed at The Treasury of National Jewels. It is situated inside the Central Bank of Iran on

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: has a plain monde and cross at the top and a steel pike at the bottom. This object is almost certainly a copy of the long rod of silver-gilt mentioned in the list of royal plate and jewels destroyed in 1649. The staff's intended role in the coronation has been forgotten since medieval times, and so it is carried into the Abbey by a peer as a holy relic and laid on the altar, where it remains throughout the ceremony. The Crown Jewels include 16 silver trumpets dating from between 1780 and 1848. Nine of these are draped with red

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: for Victoria to wear on top of her widow's cap. She often wore it at State Openings of Parliament in place of the much heavier Imperial State Crown. After the queen's death in 1901, Queen Alexandra wore the crown, and it was also worn by Queen Mary. The Imperial Crown of India was created in 1911 when George V visited the Delhi Durbar with Queen Mary to be proclaimed (but not crowned) as Emperor of India. Since the British constitution prohibits the removal of Crown Jewels from the United Kingdom, a new crown had to be made for the event,

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: of Elizabeth II's children and grandchildren except Princess Eugenie, with holy water from the River Jordan. The font stands tall and weighs approximately . The Crown Jewels, part of the Royal Collection, do not officially belong to the nation, but are effectively public assets. Ownership is regarded as inalienable and passes from one monarch to the next by virtue of his or her position as king or queen. However, a 17th-century ruling by Sir Edward Coke, which states "the ancient jewels of the crown are heirloomes and shall descend to the next successor and are not devisable by testament", contains

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: are state swords, trumpets, ceremonial maces, church plate, historical regalia, banqueting plate, and royal christening fonts. When not in use the Jewels are on public display, mainly in the Jewel House, where they are seen by approximately 2.5 million visitors every year. The earliest known use of a crown in Britain was discovered by archaeologists in 1988 in Deal, Kent, and dates to between 200 and 150 BC. A sword, brooch, ceremonial shield, and decorated bronze crown with a single arch, which sat directly on the head of its wearer, were found inside the tomb of the Mill Hill Warrior.

title: Crown jewels

text: of royal objects still today, and reflect more than a thousand years of European history. The treasury can be quantified into six important parts: The most outstanding objects are the ancient crown of the Holy Roman Emperors and also the insignia of the much later hereditary Austrian emperors. They consist of the 10th-century Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the associated Orb, Cross, and Holy Lance, the Imperial Crown, the Imperial Orb and the mantle of the Austrian Empire, and the Coronation Robes of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. The Bohemian Crown Jewels (cs: "korunovační klenoty"), and

title: Crown Jewels of the Netherlands

text: diamond has no official name but it has been referred to as the "Stuart" or "Holland" diamond in the past. The sets of diamonds, rubies and sapphires given to Queen Wilhelmina and Queen Juliana were not legally part of these collection. The set of jewels containing 800 diamonds and the famous "Garuda" bracelet from the Dutch East Indies that were given to the then Princess Juliana were broken up after their deaths. The stones are now part of several earrings, brooches and other jewels. During World War II the Dutch Crown Jewels were flown for safekeeping from The Hague to

title: Crown Jewels of the Netherlands

text: Orange pearls were sent to Prussia. In the 19th century the daughters and granddaughters of William I and the daughter of William II were given a large collection of jewels when they married. The jewels are now by inheritance in the collections of the royal and princely families of Sweden, Denmark, Prussia and Saxen-Weimar. Consecutive Princes of Orange and Kings of the Netherlands have tried to institute a collection of crown-jewels that weren't a fideï comis and were therefore inseparable but they did not succeed. It was King William III of the Netherlands who decided that a number of gems

title: Polish Crown Jewels

text: Polish Crown Jewels The only surviving original piece of the Polish Crown Jewels from the time of the Piast dynasty is the ceremonial sword – Szczerbiec. It is currently on display along with other preserved royal items at the Wawel Royal Castle Museum in Kraków. Several royal crowns were made, including several during the 16th Century, a "Hungarian Crown", a "Swedish Crown" used by the Vasa kings, and others that were subsequently lost or destroyed. The crown regalia used by the Saxon kings, and some remainders of older Polish monarchs which were appropriated by king Augustus II, also the Elector

title: Jewels in the Crown

text: appears in publications all over the world, including the Sunday Times, Motor Trader, Car & Driver and Overdrive. Ray is the honorary president of the international Car of the Year Jury and vice president of the UK Guild of Motoring Trophy, awarded by the Guild of Motoring Writers, and, on two occasions, the Bentley International Award. Jewels in the Crown Jewels In The Crown is a non-fiction book by English author Ray Hutton. The work explores Jaguar's early success under William Lyons, the man behind the creation of the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922 (Jaguar's predecessor), and Jaguar's struggles following

title: Jewels in the Crown

text: Jewels in the Crown Jewels In The Crown is a non-fiction book by English author Ray Hutton. The work explores Jaguar's early success under William Lyons, the man behind the creation of the Swallow Sidecar Company in 1922 (Jaguar's predecessor), and Jaguar's struggles following failed changes in leadership. It also covers the several changes in ownership the company experienced between its sale to Ford in 1989 and its sale, as Jaguar Land Rover, to Tata Motors in 2008. Ray Hutton has been writing about the motor industry for more than 35 years. A former editor-in-chief of Autocar magazine, his work

title: Georgian Crown Jewels

text: in Europe. The heraldic depiction of the Georgian Crown ("Iberian Crown") is in use in the current coat of arms of Georgia, adopted in 2004. Of the remaining Georgian regalia, the bulat steel sword, adorned with various gems, was lost without any trace after the 1917 revolution. Only George XII's scepter survived in the collection of the Kremlin's Armoury owing to an erroneous assumption—on account of its depiction of a Russian double-headed eagle—that it belonged to the "tsar" Paul I himself. Georgian Crown Jewels The Georgian Crown Jewels were the regalia and vestments worn by the monarchs of Georgia during

title: Crown jewels

text: not intended as an exact copy. Its use as a national emblem was discontinued after the collapse of the German monarchy in November 1918; examples of the design can still be found on various buildings and monuments from that era, including the Reichstag. In practice, the crown jewels of the Kingdom of Prussia were used for the Emperors of Germany, with some new items being created. A set of crown jewels were created for the first modern Greek king, Otto of Greece, but he never wore them and took them with him after fleeing the country. His descendants later returned

title: Iranian Crown Jewels

text: Imperial treasury. However, as the first Pahlavi Shah had transferred ownership of the crown jewels to the state, his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, decreed that the most spectacular of the jewels should be put on public display at the Central Bank of Iran. When the Iranian revolution toppled the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, it was feared that in the chaos the Iranian crown jewels had been stolen or sold by the revolutionaries. Although in fact some smaller items were stolen and smuggled across Iran's borders, the bulk of the collection remained intact. This became evident when the revolutionary government under

title: French Crown Jewels

text: carved into the form of a dragon. In addition, some gemstones and jewels (including the Emerald of Saint Louis, the 'Ruspoli' sapphire and the diamond pins of Queen Marie Antoinette) are on display in the Treasury vault of the Mineralogy gallery in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. The Crown jewels comprise the instruments of the coronation, called the Regalia, and the jewels of the ruling family. Since Pepin the Short in 752, the accession of the King of France was legitimized by a coronation ceremony called a "sacre", since the emphasis was on the unction with the chrism of the

title: Crown jewels

text: Spain as a gift. Remarkably, it still survives and Montezuma's headdress can be seen at the Museum of Ethnology, Vienna (inventory number 10402VO) along with other ancient Mexican artifacts. Setting aside the artifacts of Aztec and Spanish rule, there are also extant remnants of the imperial regalia of the First Mexican Empire and Second Mexican Empire. Some of the Crown Jewels and the original Thrones of the Kingdom of Hawaii reside within the custody of the Bishop Museum. The King's crown is owned by the State of Hawaii. All are currently on display at Iolani Palace. The two royals crowns

title: French Crown Jewels

text: de la Concorde, where they suffered a theft in 1792 and a sale in 1795 after their partial recovery. In 1814, Napoleon I had restored the crown jewels to 65,072 stones and pearls, not including the personal jewels of both Empress Josephine and Empress Marie-Louise. Enhanced during the Restoration and again during the Second Empire, they counted 77,662 stones and pearls, comprising 51,403 brilliant cut diamonds, 21,119 rose cut diamonds, 2962 pearls, 507 rubies, 136 sapphires, 250 emeralds, 528 turquoises, 22 opals, 235 amethysts and 500 other stones, when they were sold in 1885 by the Third Republic. Nevertheless, as

title: Prussian Crown Jewels

text: Prussian Crown Jewels The Prussian Crown Jewels (German: "Preußischen Kronjuwelen") is the royal regalia, consisting of two crowns, an orb and a sceptre, used during the coronation of the monarchs of Prussia from the House of Hohenzollern. After the King of Prussia became German Emperor on the establishment of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, they were no longer used as the position of King of Prussia while still remaining, was a title of minor importance compared to the new role as German Emperor. There was no crown for the German Empire, although a heraldic version existed. In contrast

title: Portuguese Crown Jewels

text: of the remaining diamonds. The last and finest diamond of the Portuguese Crown Jewels, the Sancy, would be acquired by Nicolas de Harlay, seigneur de Sancy, During the Portuguese Restoration War, João II of Braganza sold many of the Portuguese Crown Jewels to finance the war with Spain. When João II became King of Portugal as João IV and deposed the Philippine Dynasty in 1640, he placed his crown with a statue of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception and said that she was the "true Queen of Portugal". Since then, Portuguese monarchs did not have a coronation but instead an

title: French Crown Jewels

text: Holy Ampulla, performed for the first time at Notre-Dame de Reims in 816 for Louis the Pious, then with the Crown of Charlemagne. From 888 to 922, then 1027, all monarchs were crowned until the French revolution, in the Notre-Dame de Reims cathedral (apart from Louis VI and Henry IV, who were crowned in Orléans and Chartres). After the revolution, only Emperor Napoleon I, Empress Josephine and King Charles X were crowned. Though not always used, a set of expensive crown jewels did exist and was augmented by various monarchs. The Crown Jewels or "Diamants de la Couronne de France",

title: Portuguese Crown Jewels

text: having been known to show off. In early 1581 King António I fled to France after King Philip I was made the King of Portugal. António I took with him the Portuguese Crown Jewels, including many valuable diamonds. Being well received by the French Queen Consort, Catherine de' Medici, he sold her some of the pieces of the Portuguese Crown Jewels in return for France's support in his plans to reclaim the throne of Portugal and depose Philip I. After several failed attempts to reclaim the Portuguese Crown, António I fell into poverty. His poverty led him to sell many

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: with emeralds, rubies, sapphires and 6,100 diamonds. It has not been used since and is now a part of the Crown Jewels. A coronation begins with the procession into Westminster Abbey. The swords of state reflect a monarch's role as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces and Defender of the Faith. Three are carried before the monarch into the Abbey: the blunt Sword of Mercy (also known as Curtana), the Sword of Spiritual Justice, and the Sword of Temporal Justice. All are believed to have been supplied at the time of James I between 1610 and 1620, probably by a

title: Crown jewels

text: changed before the new crown could be used in the coronation ceremony of Finland's first independent monarch. By the end of 1918, the uncrowned monarch had abdicated and Finland had adopted a new republican constitution. The crown which exists today was made by goldsmith Teuvo Ypyä in the 1990s, based on the original drawings, and is kept in a museum in Kemi where it can be seen today. The crown, which is made of gilt silver, consists of a circlet and cap decorated with the arms of the realm's provinces, in enamel. Above the circlet are two arches. Topping the

title: Crown jewels

text: arches is not a globus cruciger like in most European crowns, but a lion rampant as on the coat of arms of Finland. The inner circumference of the crown is approximately 58 centimeters and it weighs about 2 kilograms. The surviving French Crown Jewels and main Regalia including a set of historic crowns are principally on display in the Galerie d'Apollon of the Louvre, France's premier museum and former royal palace, and scattered in different museums like the National Library of France, the Basilica of Saint Denis the Natural history museum, the École des Mines or in Reims. The Dukes

title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

text: regalia from his or her predecessor. Most of the present collection as a whole dates from around 350 years ago when Charles II ascended the throne. The medieval and Tudor regalia had been either sold or melted down after the monarchy was abolished in 1649, during the English Civil War. Only four original items pre-date the Restoration: a late 12th-century anointing spoon, which is the oldest object in the collection, and three early 17th-century swords. Upon the Acts of Union 1707, the English Crown Jewels were adopted by British monarchs; the Scottish regalia are known today as the Honours of