query: What currency is used in Algeria?

title: Algeria

text: they are Algeria is classified as an upper middle income country by the World Bank. Algeria's currency is the dinar (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy. These restrictions are just started to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slow diversifying economy remains. Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's

title: Para (currency)

text: its brief existence between 1906 and 1918. In Albania, the "para" was used as a currency before the introduction of the Albanian lek in 1926. In Albanian, Kurdish Greek, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Romanian, Serbian and Turkish, "para" or its plural παράδες, "pari", "pare", "parale", "parai", "paraja" or "paralar" is a generic term for "money". Para (currency) The para (Cyrillic: пара, from Turkish "para", from Persian "pārah", "piece" ) was a former currency of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, Montenegro, Albania and Yugoslavia and is the current subunit, although rarely used, of the Serbian dinar. As a former Ottoman and Turkish currency, it

title: Christianity in Algeria

text: Christianity in Algeria Christianity came to North Africa in the Roman era. According to historian Theodor Mommsen what is now Mediterranean Algeria was fully Christian by the fifth century. A notable Berber Christian of Algeria was Saint Augustine (and his mother Saint Monica), important saints of Roman Catholicism. Christianity's influence declined during the chaotic period of the Vandal invasions but was strengthened in the succeeding Byzantine period. After the Arab invasions of the 7th century, Christianity began to gradually disappear. Currently, North Africa is primarily Muslim: Islam is the state religion of Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. While the practice

title: Christianity in Algeria

text: Translated from : Introduction and Christianisme en Algérie sections Vöcking, Hans. "Algeria." In "The Encyclopedia of Christianity", edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 39-40. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. Christianity in Algeria Christianity came to North Africa in the Roman era. According to historian Theodor Mommsen what is now Mediterranean Algeria was fully Christian by the fifth century. A notable Berber Christian of Algeria was Saint Augustine (and his mother Saint Monica), important saints of Roman Catholicism. Christianity's influence declined during the chaotic period of the Vandal invasions but was strengthened in the succeeding Byzantine

title: Algeria

text: greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the Sétif and Guelma massacre. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 Harkis and their dependents were killed by the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) or by lynch mobs in Algeria. The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war,

title: Tourism in Algeria

text: Salam mosque is named after a 7th-century Jew from Medina who converted to Islam. Algeria benefits from important natural assets such as its beaches in general still in the wild, landscapes and zones like the Algerian Desert. There are 10 national parks in Algeria, including the (100,000 ha) or the (Hoggar) (380,000 ha) Hiking enthusiasts have access to the vast mountains of Kabylia. Despite what is thought, Algeria also has a ski area in Tikjda as well as spas. Architecturally, there are strong Berber, Arabic, Spanish and French influences following colonization, but also more contemporary works. The main post office

title: Algeria

text: US$182 billion. Inflation, the lowest in the region, has remained stable at 4% on average between 2003 and 2007. In 2011 Algeria announced a budgetary surplus of $26.9 billion, 62% increase in comparison to 2010 surplus. In general, the country exported $73 billion worth of commodities while it imported $46 billion. Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in foreign currency reserves and a large hydrocarbon stabilization fund. In addition, Algeria's external debt is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves

title: Blasphemy law in Algeria

text: Blasphemy law in Algeria The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria prohibits blasphemy against Islam by using legislation rather than by using Sharia. The penalty for blasphemy may be years of imprisonment as well as a fine. Every Algerian child has an opportunity to learn what blasphemy is because Islam is a compulsory subject in public schools, which are regulated jointly by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Religious Affairs. More than ninety-nine percent of Algeria's population is Sunni Muslim. The Constitution of Algeria declares that Islam is the state religion but Article 36 of the Constitution provides for

title: Turks in Algeria

text: indigenous population because the ethnic Arabs and Berbers practiced the Maliki school. Today, the Hanafi school is still practiced among the Turkish descended families. Moreover, the Ottoman mosques in Algeria - which are still used by the Turkish minority - are distinguishable by their octagonal minarets which were built in accordance with the traditions of the Hanafi rite. Today the Turkish heritage in Algeria is most notably present in their cuisine which they have introduced to Algeria (such as Turkish coffee, Lahmacun, Börek's, desserts and pastries). The Turkish minority is estimated to form between 5% to 25% of Algeria's total

title: Currency-counting machine

text: Currency-counting machine A currency-counting machine is a machine that counts money—either stacks of banknotes or loose collections of coins. Counters may be purely mechanical or use electronic components. The machines typically provide a total count of all money, or count off specific batch sizes for wrapping and storage. Currency counters are commonly used in vending machines to determine what amount of money has been deposited by customers. In some modern automated teller machines, currency counters allow for cash deposits without envelopes, since they can identify which bills have been inserted instead of just how many. The user is given the

title: Internet in Algeria

text: the Algerian security forces blocked access to the website of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb in October 2007 after there were reports that the organization used the website to recruit minors and teenagers and to publish its press releases and videos related to terror attacks in Algeria. The government’s primary forms of control appear to be the access controls and content monitoring regulations already noted. Internet in Algeria The main service provider is Algérie Télécom. Over the past decade, the number of Internet users in Algeria has greatly increased, from 150,000 users in 2006 to approximately 18,583,000 in 2015, with

title: Currency

text: a circulating medium could only be as sound as the forces that defended that store. Trade could only reach as far as the credibility of that military. By the late Bronze Age, however, a series of treaties had established safe passage for merchants around the Eastern Mediterranean, spreading from Minoan Crete and Mycenae in the northwest to Elam and Bahrain in the southeast. It is not known what was used as a currency for these exchanges, but it is thought that ox-hide shaped ingots of copper, produced in Cyprus, may have functioned as a currency. It is thought that the

title: Turks in Algeria

text: traditionally used by Turkish families in Constantine: Acheuk-Youcef, Ali Khodja, Bachtarzi, Benabdallah Khodja, Benelmadjat, Bestandji, Bendali Braham, Bentchakar, Bensakelbordj, Bentchikou, Khaznadar, Salah Bey, Tchanderli Braham. The following list are examples of some Turkish origin surnames which express the traditional occupation of Turkish families which settled in Algeria: The Algerian Turks generally take pride in their Ottoman-Turkish heritage but also have integrated successfully into Algerian society. Their identity is based on their ethnic Turkish roots and links to mainland Turkey but also to the customs, language, and local culture of Algeria. Due to the three centuries of Turkish rule in Algeria,

title: Tourism in Algeria

text: descent was also used for a new commercial carried out this time under the aegis of the telephony operator, Ooredoo Algeria, intended for an individual clientele. A Quality Tourism Plan Algeria was adopted by the government but by the end of 2010, only 10% of tourist structures in Algeria have joined this program. Investors remain interested in the potential of the country, as well as the high authorities, as the representative of the Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), Frédéric Perret, told the conference of the International Tourism and Travel Exhibition held In Algeria in 2010, that the Algerian

title: Blasphemy law in Algeria

text: freedom of belief. The Constitution does not provide for Sharia courts in Algeria's court system. Article 35 guarantees freedom of conscience and of opinion. Article 41 says all citizens are entitled to the freedom of expression. Algeria has signed and ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Despite the provisions of the Constitution, Algeria severely restricts what anyone can say or what anyone can do as a religious practice. The penal code forbids anyone from insulting, or inciting hatred against, anyone who belongs to an ethnic or philosophical group or to a religion. Freedom of speech must

title: British Council in Algeria

text: British Council's website, the newspaper's website or the Facebook page. The prizes were granted to five winners and were awarded in September in a ceremony held at the UK Ambassador's Residence in Algiers in presence of prominent personalities. The British Council in Algeria is a charity registered in England and Wales and Scotland and is governed by Royal Charter. It is also a public corporation and an executive nondepartmental public body (NDPB), sponsored by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Its headquarters are located in Hydra, Algiers. Much of what the British Council does in Algeria has an international dimension involving

title: Currency board

text: Helena continue to operate currency boards, backing their locally printed currency notes with pound sterling reserves. A gold standard is a special case of a currency board where the value of the national currency is linked to the value of gold instead of a foreign currency. For a precise definition of what constitutes a currency board, including past examples, see: Currency board A currency board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the exchange rate

title: Cannabis in Algeria

text: Cannabis in Algeria Cannabis in Algeria is illegal. Cannabis is believed to have been introduced to Algeria by the Arab invasions of the 9th through 12th centuries. Cannabis use in Algeria also played a role in spreading the habit to France, following France's 1830 occupation of Algeria. Dr. Jacques-Joseph Moreau observed the effects of cannabis in Algeria in the form of an edible called "dawamesc", and it was this drug that he introduced to Paris' Club des Hashischins. In 1854, John Morell wrote of his travels in Algeria: "In Algeria they apply the names of kif, of hachich, and sometimes

title: Currency Act

text: than what was taxed out of circulation, the currency depreciated in relation to the British pound sterling. The resultant inflation was harmful to merchants in Great Britain, who were forced to accept the depreciated currency from colonists for payment of debts. The Act limited the future issue of bills of credit to certain circumstances. It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts (i.e. paying taxes), but disallowed their use for private debts (e.g. for paying merchants). The Currency Act 1764 (4 Geo. III c. 34) extended the 1751 Act to all of the British

title: Abortion in Algeria

text: up to date and gives money to make a difference in theses women’s lives. “Abortion Finally Legalized in Algeria.” "Sexuality Policy Watch", 15 Aug. 2018, sxpolitics.org/abortion-finally-legalized-in-algeria/18834. International Campaign for Women's Right. “ALGERIA – Abortion Has Not Been Legalized in Algeria.” "Safe Abortion Womens Right", 21 Aug. 2018, www.safeabortionwomensright.org/algeria-abortion-has-not-been-legalised-in-algeria/. “The Tragedy of Secret Abortion Clinics in Algeria: The ‘Lucrative Crime’ – الشروق أونلاين.”, 8 Mar. 2012, www.echoroukonline.com/the-tragedy-of-secret-abortion-clinics-in-algeria-the-lucrative-crime/. Abortion in Algeria Algeria is the most restricted countries in the region regarding abortion. There are many laws and punishments regarding abortion. If there are posters, publicity, public meetings, group meetings that have to

title: Ethnic groups in Algeria

text: the northeast region. The Chenouas and various similar Zenata groups used to occupy a very large area from Central Algeria to Western Algeria. The Mzab, or Mozabites, include sedentary date growers in the Ued Mzab oasis. Desert groups include the Tuareg and Tuat. Other ethnic groups in Algeria include Europeans of French (Corsican), Spaniards, Italians, and Maltese ancestry, who are estimated at less than 1 percent of the population in 2005. Algeria was also the home of a significant Jewish community, most who fled after Algeria's independence, with about 70,000 Jews emigrating to France and 10,000 to Israel in that

title: Health in Algeria

text: Algeria. (International Diabetes Federation) It is predominantly most common in 35–70 year olds, which consist of a large segment of the working population. The transition from the traditional life style to a more westernised is one of the major explanatory factors behind the rapid progression of diabetes in Algeria. Health in Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa and is estimated to have a population of around 40 million people. Algeria has a public health care system, which is accessible and free of charge to all citizens of Algeria. The public health care system is financed by the government

title: Energy in Algeria

text: 1 952 Mt and oil products export 411 Mt in 2008. Oil fields include Hassi Messaoud oil field, Ourhoud Oil Field and Rhourde El Baguel oil field. Energy in Algeria Energy in Algeria describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Algeria. Energy policy of Algeria will describe the energy policy in the politics of Algeria more in detail. Algeria is an OPEC country. Primary energy use in 2009 in Algeria was 462 TWh and 13 TWh per million persons. Algeria was top 5. exporter of natural gas in 2009 with 55 billion cubic metres (bcm) net export behind

title: Energy in Algeria

text: Energy in Algeria Energy in Algeria describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Algeria. Energy policy of Algeria will describe the energy policy in the politics of Algeria more in detail. Algeria is an OPEC country. Primary energy use in 2009 in Algeria was 462 TWh and 13 TWh per million persons. Algeria was top 5. exporter of natural gas in 2009 with 55 billion cubic metres (bcm) net export behind 1) Russia 169 bcm, 2) Norway 100 bcm, 3) Canada 76 bcm and 4) Qatar 67 bcm. Top natural gas producers in 2009 were: 1) USA 594

title: Health in Algeria

text: Health in Algeria Algeria is the largest country in Africa and is estimated to have a population of around 40 million people. Algeria has a public health care system, which is accessible and free of charge to all citizens of Algeria. The public health care system is financed by the government of Algeria. Given Algeria's young population, policy favors preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an intensive immunization programme and a policy which allows Algerian citizens health care for Hospitalisations, medicines and outpatient care free to all citizens of Algeria. At

title: Tourism in Algeria

text: area of over . Religion in Algeria is dominated by Muslims at about ninety-nine percent of the population. The vast majority of Muslims in Algeria adhere to Sunni Islam of Maliki school of jurisprudence. There are also almost 100,000 Christians, mostly Pentecostal Protestants. There are nearly 2,000 Jews still living in Algeria, according to the US department of State. This is a list of the most famous mosques and churches in Algeria: Djamaâ El Djazaïr (Mosque of Algeria, in Arabic : جامع الجزائر); or Great Mosque of Algeria (in Arabic : مسجد الجزائر الأعظم) Is a mosque in the process

title: Currency pair

text: Currency pair A currency pair is the quotation of the relative value of a currency unit against the unit of another currency in the foreign exchange market. The currency that is used as the reference is called the counter currency, quote currency or currency and the currency that is quoted in relation is called the base currency or transaction currency. Currency pairs are generally written by concatenating the ISO currency codes (ISO 4217) of the base currency and the counter currency, and then separating the two codes with a slash. Alternatively the slash may be omitted, or replaced by either

title: French language in Algeria

text: of Facebook users in Algeria posted in French, while 32% posted in Arabic. In 2016 68% used Facebook in French, while 43% used it in Arabic. In 2017, Algérie Poste (Algerian Post) and other governmental offices announced they would no longer use French in official documents. This found great consent among the Algerian general public. The 1963 and 1976 constitutions do not mention Berber and French. The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN) states "In reality, French is the "lingua franca" of Algeria", and that despite government efforts to remove French, it never stopped being the

title: Absolute currency strength

text: strength. Shorter or longer timeframes are used for alternately shorter or longer outlooks. Extreme high and low percentage values occur less frequently but indicate stronger momentum of currency. ACS is in most cases used as support indicator for Relative currency strength indicator. But it can be used by itself for currency trading. One can use Absolute currency strength for pattern trading as well. Combination of RCS and ACS indicators gives entry and exit signals for currency trading. Indicator basic idea is "buy strong currency and sell weak currency". If is X/Y currency pair in uptrend, it shows if it is

title: Turks in Algeria

text: today many cultural (particularly in regards to food, religion, and dress - and to a lesser extent language), architectural, as well as musical elements of Algeria are of Turkish origin or influence. During the Ottoman era, the Ottoman Turkish language was the official governing language in the region, and the Turkish language was spoken mostly by the Algerian Turkish community. However, today most Algerian Turks speak the Arabic language as their mother tongue. Nonetheless, the legacy of the Turkish language is still apparent and has influenced many words and vocabulary in Algeria. An estimated 634 Turkish words are still used

title: Taxation in Algeria

text: There is no tax if the net taxable value of property doesn´t exceeds of 100,000,000 DZD (US$878,500); 0,5% if this value is between 100,000,000 DZD and 150,000,000 DZD (US$1,317,750); 0.75 % for the property of the value up to 250,000,000 DZD (US$2,196,250); 1% for the property of the next taxable higher than 250,000,000 DZD but lower than 350,000,000 DZD (US$3,074,750); 1.25% on the property what net taxable value does not exceed 450,000,000 DZD (US$3,953,250); 1.75% is levied on the properties what next taxable value exceeds 450,000,000 DZD (US$3,953,250) VAT represents 19% in Algeria (or 9% is the reduced tax for

title: Currency strength

text: indexes of this kind, major currencies are usually used because they represent up to 90% of the whole forex market volume. Currency strength is calculated from the U.S. Dollar Index, which is used as a reference for other currency indexes. The basic idea behind indicators is "to buy strong currency and to sell weak currency". If is X/Y currency pair is up trend, you are able to determine whether this happens due to X's strength or Y's weakness. With indicators of this kind one is able to choose the most valuable pair to trade; see the reactions of each currency

title: Currency substitution

text: currency substitution by adopting the US dollar as legal tender in 1904. This type of currency substitution is also known as de jure currency substitution. Currency substitution can be used semiofficially (or officially bimonetary systems), where the foreign currency is legal tender alongside the domestic currency. In literature, there is a set of related definitions of currency substitution such as external liability currency substitution, domestic liability currency substitution, banking sector's liability currency substitution or deposit currency substitution, and credit dollarlization. External liability currency substitution measures total external debt (private and public) denominated in foreign currencies of the economy. Deposit currency

title: Tourism in Algeria

text: largest in Africa and in the Mediterranean region, Algeria has a vast transportation system which include many transportation infrastructures. Tourism in Algeria Algeria is the largest country on the African continent and the 10th largest country in terms of total area. Located in North Africa, one of the main tourist attractions is the Sahara, the second largest desert in the world. Some sand dunes can reach 180 meters in height This State has been a member of the World Tourism Organization since 1976, but tourism in Algeria i report of the World Tourism Organization published in 2014, Algeria is the

title: Protestantism in Algeria

text: with up to five years of prison. Algeria is a country with a major impact of Islamism. Algeria is included in the episcopal area of North Africa of the Anglican Diocese of Egypt, though there is only one current congregation in the country, Holy Trinity Anglican Church, in Algiers. The church mainly serves sub-Saharan African students from such areas as Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Uganda and Burundi. Denominations in Algeria include Protestantism in Algeria Protestants are a religious minority in Algeria. The small Christian community generally practices its faith without government interference. The Protestant

title: Energy in Algeria

text: bcm, 2) Russia 589 bcm, 3) Canada 159 bcm, Iran 144 bcm, 4) Norway 106 bcm, 5) China 90 bcm, 6) Qatar 89 bcm, and 7) Algeria 81 bcm. The Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline ("TransMed") is a natural gas pipeline from Algeria via Tunisia to Sicily and Italy constructed in 1978-1983 and 1991-1994. The Maghreb–Europe Gas Pipeline is 1,620 kilometres long natural gas pipeline from Algeria via Morocco to Spain. Algeria is a member of OPEC . In 2008 Algeria was the top 7th oil products exporter. Less than 11% of worlds oil products were exported. Total world crude oil export was

title: Here Is What Is

text: some of the tracks ("Beauty" and "Chest of Drawers") are conversations with Brian Eno. All songs written by Daniel Lanois unless otherwise noted. "Where Will I Be" is a new version of a song which had been previously released on Emmylou Harris' album "Wrecking Ball" in 1995. "Lovechild" and "Sacred And Secular" tracks incorporates, respectively, the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Carla", on Belladonna album, and the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Transmitter", on Shine album. Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It

title: Currency packaging

text: bank and branch details is applied to the plastic package seal. Vacuum packing is the most reliable and effective way of storing currency units, enabling the currency to be protected against tarnishing, such as from moisture and dirt. Vacuum packed banknotes also take up less space in containers used during cash transportation. Currency units are vacuum packed by means of a vacuum sealer. Bags used to hold a specific amount of paper currency. Usually tamper evident, and has labels to make notes on the front. Bags used to hold a specific number of coins. Tubes used to hold a specific

title: Poverty in Algeria

text: Poverty in Algeria Algeria is a country located in Northern Africa along the Mediterranean coast. It is geographically the largest country in North Africa and has a population of approximately 42 million. Until the 1980s, Algeria enjoyed relative wealth after gaining independence from France in 1962 as its economy was buoyed by the booming price of oil. Poverty in Algeria became an acute problem following the collapse of its economic growth around the mid eighties. Since the 1980s, a fall in oil prices in international markets resulted in Algeria experiencing an economic downturn, contributing to rising unemployment and poverty. A

title: Poverty in Algeria

title: Cannabis in Algeria

text: of tekrouri, to the extremity of the stem of the hemp, including the leaves, the flowers, and the seed, sometimes smoked by the natives in very diminutive pipes. These smokers are mostly inhabitants of the towns and villages, and are rarely met with among the Bedouins." Cannabis in Algeria Cannabis in Algeria is illegal. Cannabis is believed to have been introduced to Algeria by the Arab invasions of the 9th through 12th centuries. Cannabis use in Algeria also played a role in spreading the habit to France, following France's 1830 occupation of Algeria. Dr. Jacques-Joseph Moreau observed the effects of

title: Reserve currency

text: Reserve currency A reserve currency (or anchor currency) is a currency that is held in significant quantities by governments and institutions as part of their foreign exchange reserves. The reserve currency is commonly used in international transactions, international investments and all aspects of the global economy. It is often considered a hard currency or safe-haven currency. People who live in a country that issues a reserve currency can purchase imports and borrow across borders more cheaply than people in other nations because they do not need to exchange their currency to do so. By the end of the 20th century,

title: Fictional currency

text: form of electronic money. In science fiction set in the near future, modern currency names are often used. The selection of familiar currencies such as the dollar or yen, particularly in the far future, may be used to make suggestions about the way history unfolded; however, it would seem strange for aliens to use a recognizable currency. Fictional currency A fictional currency is some form of currency defined, or alluded to, in works of fiction. The names of units of such currency are sometimes based on extant or historic currencies (e.g. "Altairian dollars" or "Earth yen") while other names, such

title: Fictional currency

text: Fictional currency A fictional currency is some form of currency defined, or alluded to, in works of fiction. The names of units of such currency are sometimes based on extant or historic currencies (e.g. "Altairian dollars" or "Earth yen") while other names, such as "Kalganids" in Asimov's "Foundation" series, may be wholly invented. A particularly common type, especially in science fiction, is electronically managed "credits". In some works of fiction, exchange media other than money are used. These are not currency as such, but rather nonstandard media of exchange used to avoid the difficulties of ensuring "double coincidence of wants"

title: Community currency

text: Community currency A community currency is a type of complementary currency that is used by groups with a common bond, like members of a locality, or association, and designed to meet their needs. A community currency may be geography-based, making it a type of local currency, or it may be used within a business-based, or online community. Community currencies aim at using money as a tool to achieve social or environmental objectives. According to the New Economics Foundation partner Community Currencies in Action: Some of the purposes for community currencies identified by Community Currencies in Action include: Several software packages

title: Currency

text: mostly paper, but Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation developed the world's first polymer currency in the 1980s that went into circulation on the nation's bicentenary in 1988. Now used in some 22 countries (over 40 if counting commemorative issues), polymer currency dramatically improves the life span of banknotes and prevents counterfeiting. Currency use is based on the concept of lex monetae; that a sovereign state decides which currency it shall use. Currently, the International Organization for Standardization has introduced a three-letter system of codes (ISO 4217) to define currency (as opposed to simple names or currency signs), in

title: Education in Algeria

text: Education in Algeria Education in Algeria is free and compulsory for Algerians from the ages of 6 to 15. However, only half of Algerian students are enrolled in secondary schools. As of 2015, Algeria has 92 post-secondary institutions, which includes 48 universities. Before the conquest of Algiers by France in 1830, religious lands called hubus paid for Muslim teachers. When the French conquered Algeria, they seized the hubus, which ended traditional education funding. During the colonization of Algeria, Napoleon III reestablished the usage of madrasa schools and created primary schools that were both Arabic and French. However, during the Third

title: Currency sign (typography)

text: as a kind of "universal sign" to denote "currency" or "money". Somehow, the neutral currency sign (¤) was to be used as a printable symbol in itself, and this usage was sufficiently extended in the years of the first drafts of ISO 8859 to include it. Currency sign (typography) The currency sign (¤) is a character used to denote an unspecified currency. It is sometimes called "scarab". It is often used in place of a symbol that is not present in the font in use; for example, in place of the colón (₡). It can be described as a circle

title: Tourism in Algeria

text: Tourism in Algeria Algeria is the largest country on the African continent and the 10th largest country in terms of total area. Located in North Africa, one of the main tourist attractions is the Sahara, the second largest desert in the world. Some sand dunes can reach 180 meters in height This State has been a member of the World Tourism Organization since 1976, but tourism in Algeria i report of the World Tourism Organization published in 2014, Algeria is the 4th tourist destination in Africa in 2013 with 2,7 million foreign tourists, and ranks 111st on the international tourism

title: Homelessness in Algeria

text: Homelessness in Algeria Homelessness in Algeria is a significant social issue affecting a large number people in the country. Homelessness is caused by natural disasters, lack of adequate housing and domestic issues. Housing is a significant issue in Algeria, in the 2000s, the country had a deficit of some 125,000 units. Researchers found that some 250,000 Algerians became homeless as a result of the 2003 Boumerdès earthquake. Changes in family law in Algeria has led to an increase in women and children becoming homeless. According to some researchers, thousands of mothers live on streets with their children, some hire themselves

title: Archeology in Algeria

text: Archeology in Algeria The archeology in Algeria is rich in prehistoric memorials of human occupation. Algeria contains many Roman remains and is rich in monuments of Saracenic art. Algeria has many megalithic remains, of which nearly every known kind has been found in the country. Numerous flints of palaeolithic type have been discovered, notably at Tlemcen and Kolea. Near Djelfa, in the Great Atlas, and at Mechra-Sfa ("ford of the flat stones"), a peninsula in the valley of the river Mina not far from Tiaret, are vast numbers of megalithic monuments. Notable among the prehistoric cultures of the area is

title: Mutilated currency

text: Mutilated currency Mutilated currency is a term used by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) to describe currency which is damaged to the point where it is difficult to determine the value of the currency, or where it is not clear that at least half of the note is present. Common causes of damage are fire, water, chemicals, explosives, animals or damage from extended burying of the currency. Replacement of mutilated currency is a free public service provided by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. In general, mutilated U.S. paper currency can be submitted for evaluation. If

title: Currency analytics

text: to forecasted cash flows and don’t allow hedging economic risk. Currency analytics allow companies to mitigate cash flow risk by uncovering accounting exposures to match the economic exposures so the company can hedge the accounting exposure as a proxy. Currency analytics enable what/if scenario analysis so companies can model how volatility in particular currencies could impact their revenue and expenses in the future. Currency analytics Companies that do business in more than one currency are exposed to exchange rate risk – that is, changes in the value of one currency versus another. Exchange rate risk (also known as foreign exchange

title: French language in Algeria

text: lingua franca. The PCGN stated "official attitudes towards both Berber and French have been largely negative". In spite of its widespread use of French, Algeria has not joined the "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie", an international organization of French-speaking countries. The choice of language of Algerian leaders in public reflects their language policy: Houari Boumédiène, second president of Algeria from 1965 to 1978, was strongly against French and never used it publicly. Chadli Bendjedid, third president of the country, used only classical Arabic in his speeches, as did Liamine Zéroual. Other political leaders, such as Mohamed Boudiaf and the current

title: Absolute currency strength

text: Absolute currency strength The Absolute currency strength (ACS) is a technical indicator used in the technical analysis of forex markets. It is intended to chart the current and historical gain or loss of a currency based on the closing prices of a recent trading period. It is based on mathematical decorrelation of 28 cross currency pairs. It shows absolute strength momentum of selected major currency (EUR, GBP, AUD, NZD, USD, CAD, CHF, JPY). The ACS is typically used on a 15*period timeframe, calculated as a percentage gain or loss. This indicator is not measured on a scale like Relative currency

title: Turks in Algeria

text: Turks in Algeria The Turks in Algeria, also commonly referred to as Algerian Turks, Algerian-Turkish Algero-Turkish and Turkish-Algerians (; ; ) are ethnic Turkish descendants who, alongside the Arabs and Berbers, constitute an admixture to Algeria's population. During Ottoman rule, Turkish settlers began to migrate to the region predominately from Anatolia and many intermarried with the native population; the male offspring of these marriages were referred to as "Kouloughlis" () due to their mixed Turkish and central Maghrebi heritage. Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" have traditionally been used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry. In

title: Digital currency

text: destabilizing effect on the Chinese Yuan currency due to speculation. Recent interest in cryptocurrencies has prompted renewed interest in digital currencies, with bitcoin, introduced in 2008, becoming the most widely used and accepted digital currency. According to the European Central Bank's 2015 "Virtual currency schemes – a further analysis" report, virtual currency is a digital representation of value, not issued by a central bank, credit institution or e-money institution, which, in some circumstances, can be used as an alternative to money. In the previous report of October 2012, the virtual currency was defined as a type of unregulated, digital money,

title: Archeology in Algeria

text: preserved its old Berber character, has numerous dolmens and prehistoric rock sculptures close by. In 2009, when the Place des Martyrs in Algiers was closed to build the subway station, Algerian and French archeologists found a 5th century (Christian) basilica below layers of concrete. Archeology in Algeria The archeology in Algeria is rich in prehistoric memorials of human occupation. Algeria contains many Roman remains and is rich in monuments of Saracenic art. Algeria has many megalithic remains, of which nearly every known kind has been found in the country. Numerous flints of palaeolithic type have been discovered, notably at Tlemcen

title: Currency strength index

text: the calculation of indexes of this kind, major currencies are usually used because they represent up to 90% of the whole forex market volume. Currency strength is calculated from the U.S. Dollar Index, which is used as a reference for other currency indexes. Percentage currency strength index on analytic platform. The basic idea behind indicators is "to buy strong currency and to sell weak currency". If is X/Y currency pair is up trend, you are able to determine whether this happens due to X's strength or Y's weakness. With indicators of this kind one is able to choose the most

title: French language in Algeria

text: "certain aspects of formal education and research are still carried in the French language and a great part of the economic and industrial sectors and press still use French extensively." French and Berber are the two languages commonly used in the Kabylie region. According to Mohamed Benrabah, "[t]he attitude of Algerians towards the French language is a complex one mainly because of recent history." In Algeria Arabo-Islamists are supportive of monolingual Arabic and "modernists," which mostly consist of Francophone and secular members of the Algerian elite and the general population, favor bilingualism in Arabic and French. French language in Algeria

title: Relative currency strength

text: You can use Relative currency strength for pattern trading as well, among basic patterns which can be used are: cross, trend break, trend follow,divergencies divergencies. Relative currency strength The Relative currency strength (RCS) is a technical indicator used in the technical analysis of forex market. It is intended to chart the current and historical strength or weakness of a currency based on the closing prices of a recent trading period. It is based on Relative Strength Index and mathematical decorrelation of 28 cross currency pairs. It shows relative strength momentum of selected major currency. (EUR, GBP, AUD, NZD, USD, CAD,

title: Functional currency

text: Functional currency Functional currency refers to the main currency used by a business or unit of a business. It is the monetary unit of account of the principal economic environment in which an economic entity operates. International Accounting Standards (IAS) and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) provide rules for translation of foreign currency transactions and financial statements. SFAS 52 introduced the concept of functional currency, defined as "the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates; normally, that is, the currency of the environment in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash." Businesses may enter

title: Currency manipulator

text: Currency manipulator Currency manipulator is a popular term used to indicate countries that manipulate the rate of exchange for purposes of preventing effective balance of payments adjustment or gaining unfair competitive advantage in international trade or simply a country that intervenes in its foreign exchange market. Currency manipulation or currency intervention is a monetary policy operation which occurs when a government or central bank buys or sells foreign currency in exchange for their own domestic currency, generally with the intention of influencing the exchange rate and trade policy. Policymakers may have different reasons for currency manipulation, such as controlling inflation,

title: Mutilated currency

text: not considered mutilated and can be traded in at any bank from where they will eventually be processed out of circulation. Mutilated currency Mutilated currency is a term used by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) to describe currency which is damaged to the point where it is difficult to determine the value of the currency, or where it is not clear that at least half of the note is present. Common causes of damage are fire, water, chemicals, explosives, animals or damage from extended burying of the currency. Replacement of mutilated currency is a free public

title: Foreign currency mortgage

text: Foreign currency mortgage A foreign currency mortgage is a mortgage which is repayable in a currency other than the currency of the country in which the borrower is a resident. Foreign currency mortgages can be used to finance both personal mortgages and corporate mortgages. The interest rate charged on a Foreign currency mortgage is based on the interest rates applicable to the currency in which the mortgage is denominated and not the interest rates applicable to the borrower's own domestic currency. Therefore, a Foreign currency mortgage should only be considered when the interest rate on the foreign currency is significantly

title: Yuan (currency)

text: code for renminbi is CNY, an abbreviation of "Chinese yuan". (A similar case is the use of the terms "sterling" to designate British currency and "pound" for the unit of account.) The symbol for the yuan (元) is also used in Chinese to refer to the currency units of Japan "(yen)" and Korea "(won)", and is used to translate the currency unit "dollar" as well as some other currencies; for example, the United States dollar is called "Meiyuan" () in Chinese, and the euro is called "Ouyuan" (). When used in English in the context of the modern foreign exchange

title: Currency converter

text: is useful when: Currency converters are often used as a means of checking the relative value of a currency before exchanging it into another currency. This is useful for the traveler because the traveler can check the value of a foreign county’s currency before exchanging money. These programs list the value of a foreign country’s currency relative to the traveler’s own currency. The currency conversion software calculates the rates as decimal point numbers with typically 4 decimals after the comma. Some may calculate the conversion rates with more decimals internally but only 4 are displayed. This is related to precision,

title: Crane Currency

text: 2013. In 2008, Crane acquired Visual Physics, a subsidiary of Nanoventions, based in Atlanta, Georgia. This purchase gave Crane exclusive control of Motion micro-optic security technology that is used for the protection of banknotes. Crane Currency Crane Currency is a manufacturer of cotton-based paper products used in the printing of national currencies, passports and banknotes. Crane remains the sole supplier of paper for use in U.S. currency (Federal Reserve Notes). Stephen Crane was the first in the Crane family to become a papermaker, buying his first mill, "The Liberty Paper Mill", in 1770. He sold currency-type paper to engraver Paul

title: Currency union

text: Currency union A currency union (also known as monetary union) involves two or more states sharing the same currency without them necessarily having any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market). Three types of currency unions exist: The theory of the optimal currency area addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency. Note: Every customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union also has a currency union. Additionally the autonomous and dependent territories,

title: Currency war

text: The term "currency war" is sometimes used with meanings that are not related to competitive devaluation. In the 2007 book, "Currency Wars" by Chinese economist Song Hongbing, the term is sometimes used in a somewhat contrary sense, to refer to an alleged practice where unscrupulous bankers lend to emerging market countries and then speculate against the emerging state's currency by trying to force it down in value against the wishes of that states' government. In another book of the same name, John Cooley uses the term to refer to the efforts of a state's monetary authorities to protect its currency

title: Tourism in Algeria

text: meaning "peak", "summit". Tipasa, was a colonia in Roman province Mauretania Caesariensis, nowadays called Tipaza, and located in coastal central Algeria. Since 2002, it has been declared by UNESCO a "World Heritage Site". There was another city with the same name: "Tipasa in Numidia" Sometimes Tipasa is called "Tipasa in Mauretania", because there was another Tipasa in Roman Africa. Indeed, another town called Tipasa was located in the Roman province of Numidia (the reason why it is referred to as "Tipasa in Numidia", is in order to distinguish it from "Tipasa in Mauretania"). This second Tipasa is located in what

title: Currency Act

text: the debt from King William’s War. Other colonies quickly followed suit, and by 1715 ten of the thirteen had resorted to the issuance of paper currency. Economist Stanley Finkelstein highlights the advantage of paper currency, “that unless it is backed by specie it is cost free currency.” The paper currency depreciated quickly because the colonies printed more than what was taxed out of circulation. By 1740, Rhode Island bills of exchange were only four percent of face value and those of Massachusetts were eleven percent. The money supply was growing at a much faster rate than that of the overall

title: Religion in Algeria

text: evangelical Christianity. Religion in Algeria Religion in Algeria is dominated by Muslims at about ninety-seven percent of the population. The vast majority of Muslims in Algeria adhere to Sunni Islam of Maliki school of jurisprudence. There are also almost 350,000 Christians, mostly Pentecostal Protestants. There are nearly 2,000 Jews still living in Algeria, according to the US department of State. Islam, the religion of almost all of the Algerian people, pervades most aspects of life. It provides the society with its central social and cultural identity and gives most individuals their basic ethical beliefs. Since the mid-20th-century Algerian War, led

title: Religion in Algeria

text: Religion in Algeria Religion in Algeria is dominated by Muslims at about ninety-seven percent of the population. The vast majority of Muslims in Algeria adhere to Sunni Islam of Maliki school of jurisprudence. There are also almost 350,000 Christians, mostly Pentecostal Protestants. There are nearly 2,000 Jews still living in Algeria, according to the US department of State. Islam, the religion of almost all of the Algerian people, pervades most aspects of life. It provides the society with its central social and cultural identity and gives most individuals their basic ethical beliefs. Since the mid-20th-century Algerian War, led by the

title: Protestantism in Algeria

text: Protestantism in Algeria Protestants are a religious minority in Algeria. The small Christian community generally practices its faith without government interference. The Protestant Church of Algeria, a Reformed Church, likely has tens of thousands of followers. The Protestant Church of Algeria is one of only two officially recognized Christian organizations in the country. The Minister of Religious Affairs has called the evangelical Church "dangerous". Missionary groups are permitted to conduct humanitarian activities without government interference as long as they are discreet and do not proselytize openly. Algerian Christians are concentrated in Kabylie. Since, 2006 proselytizing to Muslims can be punished

title: Poverty in Algeria

text: conspire against them. Until 1517 to 1830, Algeria was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The weakening hold of the Ottoman Empire on Algeria led to a short-lived time of emancipation until the French monarch launched a war with the intention of complete occupation in 1830. As a result of the "fly whist incident", France declared a 3-year blockade against Algeria in 1827. Dey Hussein, the last Ottoman ruler in Algeria struck the French consul with a fly whisk after he unsuccessfully responded to the dey's questioning about the debt France owed to Algeria. The French conquest of Algeria was

title: Currency

text: with few options other than to create a local currency. The following table are estimates of the 15 most frequently used currencies in world payments from 2012 to 2018 by SWIFT. Related concepts Accounting units Lists Currency A currency (from , "in circulation", from ), in the most specific use of the word, refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a "system of money" (monetary units) in common use, especially in a nation. Under this definition,

title: Currency packaging

text: number of coins. Trays used to handle currency, often sorting by denomination. Currency packaging Currency packaging includes several forms of packing money for easy handling and counting. Many systems use standard color-coding or are marked to indicate the amount in the package. Currency straps, also known as currency bands or bill straps, are a type of fastener used to secure discrete numbers of bills. Typically, currency bands have attached ends so bills are "curled" and slipped into the band whereas currency straps contain adhesive on the ends to secure them around the bills after wrapping. Generated bundles are packed together

title: Rugby union in Algeria

text: 16 - 6. This was also the first international match played on Algerian soil (Oran), which was televised on the Algerian channel Canal Algerie in the country for the first time. Ahmed Zabana Stadium which is situated in Oran is the official venue of Algeria national team. Rugby union in Algeria Rugby union in Algeria is a minor but growing sport. After many years of work, in 2015, Algeria finally created a federation enabling them to apply for member status of Rugby Africa (the administrative body for rugby union within Africa). Rugby union was introduced into Algeria by the French.

title: Shia Islam in Algeria

text: managed to convert them to Shia Islam. In the Middle Ages local Berber dynasties adopted Shia Islam. According to Shia sources recently, the region has allegedly seen an increasing popular interest in Shia Islam. The following Shia Muslim observances are commemorated in Algeria: The Shia population of Algeria is estimated to be between one half to two percent of the total Muslim population of Algeria. According to Pew Forum, it is less than one percent while as per Imam Husayn (as) Encyclopedia the population of Shia in Algeria is around two percent of the total Muslim population of Algeria. Shia

title: Shia Islam in Algeria

text: Shia Islam in Algeria Shia Islam in Algeria is composed of minority Shia Muslim community of Algeria. Traditionally, there have been very few Shias in Algeria, except for those who were around in the Middle Ages, although there are a few native Shias and some converts. Western Algeria was part of Zaydi Shia Idrisid dynasty state when Idris II died in 828 CE. The Ismaili Shia Fatimid state originated among the Kutama people of Algeria. The dynasty was founded in 909 CE by Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, who in the late 9th century started a movement among the Kutama Berbers and

title: Absolute currency strength

text: due to X strength or Y weakness. On this signal one can choose the most worthy pair to trade. Absolute currency strength The Absolute currency strength (ACS) is a technical indicator used in the technical analysis of forex markets. It is intended to chart the current and historical gain or loss of a currency based on the closing prices of a recent trading period. It is based on mathematical decorrelation of 28 cross currency pairs. It shows absolute strength momentum of selected major currency (EUR, GBP, AUD, NZD, USD, CAD, CHF, JPY). The ACS is typically used on a 15*period

title: Relative currency strength

text: Relative currency strength The Relative currency strength (RCS) is a technical indicator used in the technical analysis of forex market. It is intended to chart the current and historical strength or weakness of a currency based on the closing prices of a recent trading period. It is based on Relative Strength Index and mathematical decorrelation of 28 cross currency pairs. It shows relative strength momentum of selected major currency. (EUR, GBP, AUD, NZD, USD, CAD, CHF, JPY) The RCS is typically used on a 14*period timeframe, measured on a scale from 0 to 100 like RSI, with high and low

title: Virtual currency

text: to its regulations defining currency as "the coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that [i] is designated as legal tender and that [ii] circulates and [iii] is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance", also called "real currency" by FinCEN, defined virtual currency as "a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency". In particular, virtual currency does not have legal tender status in any jurisdiction. In 2014, the European Banking Authority defined

title: Flag of Algeria

text: canton were red. According to algeria-un.org, cited in 1999, the features of the flag are set down precisely, being described as: Flag of Algeria The national flag of Algeria (, ) consists of two equal vertical bars, green and white, charged in the center with a red star and crescent. The flag was adopted on 3 July 1962. A similar version was used by the Algerian government in exile from 1958–1962. The Western blazon is "per pale vert and argent; a crescent and star gules". The Barbary pirates of Ottoman Algeria between the 15th and 17th century widely used flags

title: Currency manipulator

text: 2% of GDP spent buying foreign assets to depress the value of its currency.” This shows that from an international perspective (instead of a U.S. perspective), China has not been the major currency manipulator since 2009. Currency manipulator Currency manipulator is a popular term used to indicate countries that manipulate the rate of exchange for purposes of preventing effective balance of payments adjustment or gaining unfair competitive advantage in international trade or simply a country that intervenes in its foreign exchange market. Currency manipulation or currency intervention is a monetary policy operation which occurs when a government or central bank

title: Private currency

text: Private currency A private currency is a currency issued by a private entity, be it an individual, a commercial business, a nonprofit or decentralized common enterprise. It is often contrasted with fiat currency issued by governments or central banks. In many countries, the issuance of private paper currencies the minting of metal coins intended to be used as currency may even be a criminal act such as in the United States (18 U.S. Code § 486). Digital cryptocurrency is sometimes treated differently; for example, this is legal in the United States but illegal in a few countries (mainly in West

title: Emissions Reduction Currency System

text: aid society within the community and we would like to make them a tool for deepening interpersonal relationships and trust." http://www.qoin.org/what-we-do/past-projects/kyoto4all/ Kyoto4All was a 2006 report written by Peter van Luttervelt, David Beatty and Edgar Kampers for the Dutch Ministry of Environment (then named VROM). The study described a series of monetary models to connect citizens-consumers to the climate change targets of the post-Kyoto period. The Maia Maia Emissions Reduction Currency System, is a scheme developed in Western Australia. The system currency is known as a "boya", named after the indigenous Nyungar people's word for rock trading tokens used by

title: Homelessness in Algeria

text: as domestic servants at very cheap rates. The streets and slums of Algeria's cities are the homes of many divorced women. Homeless women are sometimes able to secure refuge in hostels run by the organisation SOS Women in Distress. However, reportedly the organisation is unable to cope with the number of requests it receives due to a lack of funding. Homelessness in Algeria Homelessness in Algeria is a significant social issue affecting a large number people in the country. Homelessness is caused by natural disasters, lack of adequate housing and domestic issues. Housing is a significant issue in Algeria, in

title: Complementary currency

text: Complementary currency A complementary currency is a currency or medium of exchange which is not a national currency, but which is thought of as supplementing or complementing national currencies. Complementary currencies are usually not legal tender and their use is based on agreement between the parties exchanging the currency. According to Jérôme Blanc of Laboratoire d'Économie de la Firme et des Institutions, complementary currencies aim to protect, stimulate or orientate the economy. They may also be used to advance particular social, environmental, or political goals. When speaking about complementary currencies, a number of overlapping and often interchangeable terms are in

title: Women in Algeria

text: a country in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast. After a prolonged rule by France, Algeria obtained independence from France in 1962. The Algerian Civil War (1991-2002) had a negative influence on women's wellbeing. 99% of the population is Arab-Berber, and a similar percentage is Muslim, predominantly Sunni. In Algeria, as in the rest of the Middle East, women are traditionally regarded as weaker than men and expected to be subordinate to men. Algeria also has a strong culture of family honor, which is connected to women's modesty. The legal age for marriage is eighteen for women, twenty-one for men.

title: PLENTY (currency)

text: PLENTY (currency) The PLENTY (Piedmont Local Economy Tender) is a local currency used and accepted by some businesses in Pittsboro, North Carolina. The currency is managed by the PLENTY Currency Cooperative Corporation and is backed by Capital Bank Financial with United States dollars. , 10 PLENTYs may be purchased for US$10. PLENTYs can be traded for goods or services, or exchanged for United States dollars at businesses that accept them. PLENTY are offered in 50, 20, 10, 5 and 1 denomination bills and feature the phrase "In Each Other We Trust." The logo and currency were designed by artist Emma

title: Things Ain't What They Used to Be

text: Things Ain't What They Used to Be "Things Ain't What They Used to Be" is a 1942 jazz standard with music by Mercer Ellington and lyrics by Ted Persons. In 1941 there was a strike against the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, of which Duke Ellington was a member. Because of the strike he could not air his songs on the radio. Instead, he used songs written by his son Mercer and pianist Billy Strayhorn. Strayhorn's compositions of this time include "Take the 'A' Train", "Chelsea Bridge" and "Day Dream". Mercer wrote "Things Ain't What They Used to

title: Poverty in Algeria

text: also coordinated to boost the declining stature of the French monarch. In response to the "fly whist incident", the French decided to declare a full fledge conquest of Algeria in 1830 with the intention of imposing French rule. After three weeks, Algeria was captured and annexed by France. The French colonisation of Algeria in 1830 had a significant impact on Algeria's national identity and social system. After French colonisation, there was a large influx of mainly working-class Europeans from Italy, Spain and France into Algeria. The usurpation of Algeria by French soldiers resulted in many Indigenous Algerian farmers becoming dispossessed

title: Algeria

text: an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views. Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria. The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. Contemporary Algerian cinema is various in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There

title: Candlelight in Algeria

text: lot of international intrigue and the result is a generally entertaining picture."" According to trade papers, the film was a success at the British box office in 1944. Candlelight in Algeria Candlelight in Algeria is a 1944 British war film directed by George King and starring James Mason, Carla Lehmann and Raymond Lovell. The story is loosely based on the secret conference in Cherchell, Algeria, in October 1942, between American General Mark W. Clark and a group of high-ranking French Vichy commanders, where they agreed not to resist the Operation Torch landings in Vichy France-controlled French North Africa a month

title: Islam in Algeria

text: Islam in Algeria Islam is the majority religion in Algeria. The vast majority of citizens are Sunni Muslims belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence, with a minority of Ibadi, most of whom live in the M'zab Valley region. Islam provides the society with its central social and cultural identity and gives most individuals their basic ethical and attitudinal orientation. Orthodox observance of the faith is much less widespread and steadfast than is identification with Islam. There are also Sufi philosophies which arose as a reaction to theoretical perspectives of some scholars. Islam was first brought to Algeria by the Umayyad

title: Poverty in Algeria

text: the quality of life for the population of Algeria, and in turn increasing levels of poverty. The absence of a democratic institute is a further source of poverty in Algeria. Although the president of Algeria, 80-year-old Abdelaziz Bouteflika, is well respected for getting the nation out of civil war and eliminating militant and radical jihadi groups, the administration under his instruction has grown intolerant of political conflict and press. In addition, there is a struggle for power between the progressive National Liberation Front political party and conservative Islamic Front. Any political instability can have devastating effects on rates of poverty.

title: Sport in Algeria

text: manages sport-related activities. The most convenient and the most popular sport in Algeria is association football. During the Algerian War, the FLN football team (Le onze de l'indépendance), consisting of players who later joined the National Liberation Front (FLN) (an Algerian independence movement), participated in several tournaments and sports events. The Algerian Football Federation (AFF) is an association of Algerian football clubs that organizes national competitions and international matches for the Algeria national football team. The AFF organized the meetings of the Algeria Championship of football, a professional league of 16 clubs, the Algerian Cup, and is also a member

title: Tumin (currency)

text: Tumin (currency) Túmin is an alternative currency used in the municipality of Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico. Its name means "money" in the Totonac language. (Note that this word in Totonac is borrowed from the old Spanish coin the "tomín" [www.rae.es]). Espinal is a municipality of some 2600 inhabitants, 19% of whom are indigenous Totonac people. Used as a complementary currency, the Tumin was first put in circulation in 2010 as a student project at the Intercultural University of Veracruz, where students were trying to find ways of strengthening the local economy. In Espinal the access to cash is scarce as most