query: What daughter of Czar Nicholas II is said to have escaped death in the Russian revolution?

title: The Story of Anastasia

text: featuring Ingrid Bergman appeared the same year. The Story of Anastasia The Story of Anastasia and in the UK, Is Anna Anderson Anastasia? (German: Anastasia, die letzte Zarentochter), is a German film directed by Falk Harnack. The 1956 film is based on the true story of a woman in Berlin who was pulled from the Landwehr Canal in 1920 and who later claimed to be Anastasia, the youngest daughter of Czar Nicholas II of Russia. The entire family was executed in the Russian Revolution, but this was not confirmed until their graves were discovered in 1991 and 2007. The American

title: The Story of Anastasia

text: The Story of Anastasia The Story of Anastasia and in the UK, Is Anna Anderson Anastasia? (German: Anastasia, die letzte Zarentochter), is a German film directed by Falk Harnack. The 1956 film is based on the true story of a woman in Berlin who was pulled from the Landwehr Canal in 1920 and who later claimed to be Anastasia, the youngest daughter of Czar Nicholas II of Russia. The entire family was executed in the Russian Revolution, but this was not confirmed until their graves were discovered in 1991 and 2007. The American film "Anastasia", directed by Anatole Litvak and

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: and his family have been made, including "Anastasia" (1956), "Nicholas and Alexandra" (1971), "" (1986), "" (1996 HBO), "Anastasia" (1997), and two Russian adaptations "Assassin of the Tsar" (1991) and "" (2000). Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II (; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 2 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military

title: Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna

text: the Russian Revolution, then moves to 1917's February Revolution, the family's forced exile to Siberia that summer after Nicholas II's forced abdication in March, the late-1917 October Revolution Communist takeover, the start of the Russian Civil War, and the July 1918 mass shooting of the Romanov family. Afterwards, it revolves around Anna Anderson, who believes that she is Anastasia Romanov, daughter of Nicholas II of Russia. Anna first tells her story in the 1920s when she is an inmate in a Berlin asylum after her suicide attempt. Her story of escaping from the Bolsheviks who killed the rest of her

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: Maria or Anastasia) and Alexei. The identifications—including comparisons to a living relative, were performed by separate Russian, British and American scientists using DNA analysis—concur and were found to be conclusive. In July 2007, an amateur historian discovered bones near Yekaterinburg belonging to a boy and young woman. Prosecutors reopened the investigation into the deaths of the imperial family, and in April 2008, DNA tests performed by an American laboratory proved that bone fragments exhumed in the Ural Mountains belonged to two children of Nicholas II, Alexei and a daughter. That same day it was announced by Russian authorities that remains

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: the compromising documents will be published), the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet, fulfilling the will of the Revolution, resolved to shoot the former Tsar, Nikolai Romanov, who is guilty of countless, bloody, violent acts against the Russian people. In 1979, the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsaritsa Alexandra, three of their daughters, and those of four non-family members killed with them, were discovered near Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg) by amateur archaeologist Alexander Avdonin. In January 1998, the remains excavated from underneath the dirt road near Yekaterinburg were officially identified as those of Nicholas II and his family, excluding one daughter (either

title: Russian Revolution

text: Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies (called 'Soviets') which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was

title: Nicholas II of Niemodlin

text: Nicholas II of Niemodlin Nicholas II of Niemodlin (; – 27 June 1497), was a Duke of Opole-Brzeg-Strzelce-Niemodlin in 1476 (as co-ruler of his father) and sole Duke of Niemodlin from 1476 until his death. He was the third son of Duke Nicholas I of Opole by his wife Agnes, daughter of Duke Louis II of Brzeg. After his father's death in 1476, Nicholas II inherited Opole, Brzeg, Strzelce and Niemodlin together with his older brothers Louis and Jan II the Good as co-rulers. However, soon Louis died and Nicholas II maintained the co-government with Jan II. It is unknown

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: colossal task of ruling the enormous Russian Empire. Historian Barbara Tuchman gives a damning evaluation of his reign: In Russia, Nicholas II faced widespread criticism after the victory of the Revolution. Pavel Bykov, who in Russia wrote the first full account about the downfall of the Tsar, denounced Nicholas as a "tyrant, who paid with his life for the age-old repression and arbitrary rule of his ancestors over the Russian people, over the impoverished and blood-soaked country". Soviet-era historians noted that Nicholas II was not fit to be a statesman. It has been argued that he had a weak will

title: Nicholas II, Duke of Opava

text: daughter of Duke Przemysław of Racibórz. Several children resulted from this marriage: After Anna's death, Nicholas married in May 1342 to Hedwig (died 1359), a daughter of Duke Konrad I of Oleśnica (died 1366). From this marriage, he had a son In 1360, Nicholas married his third wife, Jutta (died after 1378), a daughter of the Duke Boleslaw II of Opole-Falkenberg. This marriage produced three more children: Nicholas II, Duke of Opava Nicholas II of Opava (also: "Nicholas II of Troppau", "Nicholas II of Ratibór"; ; 1288 – 8 December 1365) was Duke of Opava () from 1318 to 1365

title: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

text: the Bolshevik communists established the Soviet state on , immediately after the interim Russian Provisional Government, most recently led by opposing democratic socialist Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970), which governed the new Russian Republic after the overthrow of the Russian Empire government of the Romanov imperial dynasty of Czar Nicholas II the previous March, was now itself overthrown during the following October Revolution, the second of the two Russian Revolutions that turbulent year of 1917 during World War I. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking

title: Nicholas II of Niemodlin

text: of King Władysław II Jagiellon, and saved Silesia from the civil war. Nicholas II of Niemodlin Nicholas II of Niemodlin (; – 27 June 1497), was a Duke of Opole-Brzeg-Strzelce-Niemodlin in 1476 (as co-ruler of his father) and sole Duke of Niemodlin from 1476 until his death. He was the third son of Duke Nicholas I of Opole by his wife Agnes, daughter of Duke Louis II of Brzeg. After his father's death in 1476, Nicholas II inherited Opole, Brzeg, Strzelce and Niemodlin together with his older brothers Louis and Jan II the Good as co-rulers. However, soon Louis died

title: Consolidation of Pedro II of Brazil

text: 1840. Lisboa remained for about a year in Vienna while being ignored by Metternich. Eventually, he met Vicenzo Ramirez, minister of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who offered the hand of Princess Teresa Cristina (daughter of Francis I and sister of Ferdinand II, both kings of the Two Sicilies). Meanwhile, Metternich had changed his mind and planned to marry Pedro II to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna (daughter of Russian Czar Nicholas I), but it was already too late. On 20 May 1842, both ministers signed a marriage contract between Pedro II and Teresa Cristina. The government of the Two

title: Nicholas II, Count of Tecklenburg

text: East Frisia. In 1426, they lost the Battle of Detern. Nicholas II married Anna Elisabeth of Moers (d. 1430), a daughter of Frederick III, Count of Moers. They had the following children: Nicholas II, Count of Tecklenburg Nicholas II of Tecklenburg († 1426) was the ruling Count of Tecklenburg from 1388 until his death. Nicholas II was the only son of Count Otto VI and his wife, Adelaide of Lippe, a daughter of Bernard V, Lord of Lippe. Like his father, Nicholas II fought many feuds. In 1338, he succeeded his father as Count of Tecklenburg. In his feud against

title: Line of succession to the former Russian throne

text: veneration. Line of succession to the former Russian throne The Monarchy of Russia was abolished in 1917 following the February Revolution, which forced Emperor Nicholas II (1868–1918) to abdicate. Claims made on behalf of different persons to be the rightful current pretender continue to be debated. Since 1992, the most widely acknowledged pretender is Maria Vladimirovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, a great-great-granddaughter in the male-line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, having proclaimed herself the head of the imperial house upon her father's death. She also declared her son George Mikhailovich (born 1981) to be the heir-apparent. In the succession

text: Line of succession to the former Russian throne The Monarchy of Russia was abolished in 1917 following the February Revolution, which forced Emperor Nicholas II (1868–1918) to abdicate. Claims made on behalf of different persons to be the rightful current pretender continue to be debated. Since 1992, the most widely acknowledged pretender is Maria Vladimirovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, a great-great-granddaughter in the male-line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, having proclaimed herself the head of the imperial house upon her father's death. She also declared her son George Mikhailovich (born 1981) to be the heir-apparent. In the succession chart

title: Camellia japonica 'The Czar'

text: Camellia japonica 'The Czar' Camellia japonica 'The Czar' is a camellia cultivar that originated in Australia in 1913. 'The Czar' grows to a height of and has large light crimson, semi-double flowers up to across with prominent yellow stamens. The plant was thought to have originated from a seedling selected by landscape gardener Neil Breslin of Camberwell, Victoria. Following Breslin's death in 1912, Mr. R. W. Hodgins of Hodgins Nurseries in Essendon noticed the plant in the garden and was so impressed by the beauty of the flowers that he purchased all the stock plants from his daughter, aside from

title: History of Western civilization

text: of sabotage on American soil, including the Black Tom explosion. What finally led to American involvement in the war, however, was the discovery of the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offered to help Mexico conquer part of the United States if it formed an alliance with Germany. In April, the U.S. declared war on Germany. The same year the U.S. entered the war, Russia withdrew. After the deaths of many Russian soldiers and hunger in Russia, a revolution occurred against the Czar, Nicholas II. Nicholas abdicated and a Liberal provisional government was set up. In October, Russian communists, led by

title: Nicholas II of Werle

text: His second wife was Matilda, the daughter of Duke Otto II of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This marriage remained childless. Nicholas II of Werle Nicholas II, Lord of Werle (before 1275 – 18 February 1316 in Pustow, near Güstrow) was Lord of Werle-Parchim from 1283 until his death, and from 1292 Lord of Werle. His uncle Henry I of Werle was killed in 1291 by his sons Henry II and Nicholas, because he had remarried and they felt this threatened their inheritance. After a prolonged war, Nicholas II defeated his cousins, who had formed an alliance with Lord Henry II of Mecklenburg and

text: below, the number preceding each name indicates that individual's position in the order of succession to the throne at the time of the abdication of Nicholas II. For instance, Alexei Nikolaevich was the first in line, as the Emperor's only son. The numbers following each name indicates the line of descent and genealogical seniority from Nicholas I of Russia. For instance, Alexei Nikolaevich, 1.2.1.1, as follows from Nicholas I: Many of the individuals on this list died childless; some were killed during the Russian Revolution. Brother of Nicholas II, who abdicated in his favour in 1917. Grandson of Nicholas I.

title: Russian Revolution

text: belief that his power to rule was granted by Divine Right, Nicholas assumed that the Russian people were devoted to him with unquestioning loyalty. This ironclad belief rendered Nicholas unwilling to allow the progressive reforms that might have alleviated the suffering of the Russian people. Even after the 1905 Revolution spurred the Tsar to decree limited civil rights and democratic representation, he worked to limit even these liberties in order to preserve the ultimate authority of the crown. Despite constant oppression, the desire of the people for democratic participation in government decisions was strong. Since the Age of Enlightenment, Russian

title: Nicholas II, Count of Tecklenburg

text: Nicholas II, Count of Tecklenburg Nicholas II of Tecklenburg († 1426) was the ruling Count of Tecklenburg from 1388 until his death. Nicholas II was the only son of Count Otto VI and his wife, Adelaide of Lippe, a daughter of Bernard V, Lord of Lippe. Like his father, Nicholas II fought many feuds. In 1338, he succeeded his father as Count of Tecklenburg. In his feud against Lippe, he gained the Lordship of Rheda, and had to cede territory to Lippe in return. In 1400, the bishops of Münster and Osnabrück joined forces and fought against Nicholas II. He

title: Nicholas II de Soules

text: 1296 to King Edward I of England at Elgin and on 28 August at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Nicholas married Margaret Comyn, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan and Elizabeth de Quincy. They are known to have had the following issue: Nicholas II de Soules Nicholas de Soules (d. c.1296), Lord of Liddesdale and Butler of Scotland, was a 13th-century Scottish Border noble. Nicholas was the son of William de Soules and Ermengarde, daughter of Alan Durward and Marjorie of Scotland. He succeeded to his father's estates and titles upon the death of his father. Upon the death of the Margaret, Maid

title: Hungarian Revolution of 1848

text: Hungarian Revolution of 1848 The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (, "1848–49 Revolution and War") was one of the many European Revolutions of 1848 and closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. The revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary grew into a war for independence from the Austrian Empire, ruled by the Habsburg dynasty. After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the Austrian Empire came close to the brink of collapse. Thus, the new young emperor Franz Joseph I had to call for Russian help in the name of the Holy Alliance. Czar Nicholas I

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: of the Duma and the Soviet formed a Provisional Government to try to restore order. They issued a demand that Nicholas must abdicate. Faced with this demand, which was echoed by his generals, deprived of loyal troops, with his family firmly in the hands of the Provisional Government and fearful of unleashing civil war and opening the way for German conquest, Nicholas had little choice but to submit. At the end of the "February Revolution" of 1917 (started in February on the Old Russian Calendar), Nicholas II chose to abdicate on 2 March (O.S.) / 15 March (N.S.) 1917. He

title: Russian language in the United States

text: 1867, Czar Alexander II sold Alaska to the United States. Many Russian settlers returned to Russia, but a small number of them remained. In 1882 16,918 Russian speakers lived in the US, and that number gradually increased to 387,416 by 1899. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many Russian Jews migrated to the United States, fleeing persecution at home. Though many spoke Yiddish, most knew Russian. Millions also left Russia after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. The 1920 US Census identified 392,049 United States citizens born in Russia; the statistics from a decade before that showed only 57,926 Russian-born

title: SS Czar

text: SS Czar SS "Czar, or Царь in Russian, was an ocean liner for the Russian American Line before World War I. The ship was later known as Estonia for the Baltic American Line, Pułaski for the Gdynia America Line and as a British Ministry of War Transport troopship, and as Empire Penryn" after World War II. The liner was built in Glasgow for the Russian American Line in 1912 and sailed on North Atlantic routes from Libau to New York. On one eastbound voyage in October 1913, "Czar" was one of ten ships that came to the aid of the

title: Nicholas II of Werle

text: to Montpellier in southern France, where he hoped to be cured of leprosy at the famous school of medicine. He was not cured, but the progress of the disease was slowed down. He retired from government and lived the rest of his life at Pustow, near Güstrow. Nicholas II died in 1316. After his death, Werle was split again, with Nicholas' son John III taking Werle-Goldberg and Nicholas' younger brother John II taking Werle-Güstrow. Nicholas first married in 1292, with Richeza (died before 27 October 1308), a daughter of King Eric V of Denmark. He had two children with her:

title: Nicholas II de Soules

text: Nicholas II de Soules Nicholas de Soules (d. c.1296), Lord of Liddesdale and Butler of Scotland, was a 13th-century Scottish Border noble. Nicholas was the son of William de Soules and Ermengarde, daughter of Alan Durward and Marjorie of Scotland. He succeeded to his father's estates and titles upon the death of his father. Upon the death of the Margaret, Maid of Norway in 1290, Nicholas became one of the competitors for the Crown of Scotland, deriving his claim from his grandmother Marjorie of Scotland, an illegitimate daughter of King Alexander II of Scotland. He performed homage on 27 July

title: Russian Hussars

text: hussar regiments of the Imperial Guard: the Life Guards of His Majesty and the Life Guards Grodno Hussars. In 1907, after the Russo-Japanese War, the government of Czar Nicholas II decided to take measures to restore the morale of the Russian army. These included the re-conversion of those dragoon regiments that had formerly been hussars and lancers to their historic titles. The elaborate and colorful hussar uniforms were also restored. The 20 hussar regiments of 1914 continued in existence until the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917. Along with the remainder of the former Imperial Army they then disintegrated. A former

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II (; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 2 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. He was given the nickname Nicholas the Bloody or Vile Nicholas by his political adversaries due to the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian

title: Princess Xenia Andreevna of Russia

text: of Tsar Nicholas I. Her paternal grandmother, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, was the eldest daughter of Tsar Alexander III and sister to Tsar Nicholas II. Xenias's father - the Tsar's nephew - Prince Andrew Romanoff had in 1918 married Elisaveta Fabrizievna, daughter of Don Fabrizio Ruffo, "Duca" di Sasso-Ruffo. During the Russian Revolution Princess Xenia's parents took refuge in the Crimea where they married. They escaped Russia in December 1918. Xenia's mother was already pregnant with her when they left Russian soil. Princess Xenia had two brothers: Michael and Andrew. Her mother died of cancer during World War

title: What Is to Be Done? (novel)

text: based on his own ideas of moral responsibility. Vladimir Lenin, however, found it inspiring and named a 1902 pamphlet "What Is To Be Done?". Lenin is said to have read the book five times in one summer, and according to Professor Emeritus of Slavic and Comparative Literature at Stanford, Joseph Frank, 'Chernyshevsky's novel, far more than Marx's "Capital", supplied the emotional dynamic that eventually went to make the Russian Revolution.' The novel mentions (in the 4th dream of Vera Pavlovna) aluminium as the "metal of the future". In fact aluminium became widely used only starting with World War I (1914).

title: SS Czar

text: to the aid of the stricken ship. Amidst stormy seas, "Czar"s crew rescued 102 passengers from "Volturno", more than any other of the rescue ships, apart from the which rescued 105. In March 1914, King George V of the United Kingdom, on recommendation of the Board of Trade, awarded 19 of "Czar"s crew the Silver Sea Gallantry Medal, along with a £3 award each. After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, "Czar" switched to service from Archangel to New York, but ran only sporadically through 1916. After the Russian Revolution, the East Asiatic Company suspended service on

title: Impressing the Czar

text: Impressing the Czar Impressing the Czar is a four-act, award-winning, postmodern ballet choreographed by William Forsythe to music by Thom Willems, Leslie Stuck, Eva Crossman-Hecht, and Ludwig van Beethoven. It was premiered in its full-length version in 1988 in Frankfurt am Main by the Ballet Frankfurt. The work's title is a reference to the Czar Nicholas II's lukewarm reception of Marius Petipa's lavish production of "The Sleeping Beauty". "Impressing the Czar" has five sections titled "Potemkin's Signature," "In the Middle, Somewhat Elevated," "La Maison de Mezzo Prezzo," "Bongo Bongo Nageela," and "Mr. Pnut Goes to the Big Top." Though the

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: part of his unlimited autocracy. For the next six months, Witte was the Prime Minister. According to Harold Williams: "That government was almost paralyzed from the beginning. On 26 October (O.S.) the Tsar appointed Trepov Master of the Palace (without consulting Witte), and had daily contact with the Emperor; his influence at court was paramount. On 1 November 1905, (O.S.) Princess Milica of Montenegro presented Grigori Rasputin to Tsar Nicholas and his wife at Peterhof Palace. Under pressure from the attempted 1905 Russian Revolution, on 5 August of that year Nicholas II issued a manifesto about the convocation of the

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: last ethnically Russian ancestor being Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (1708–1728), daughter of Peter the Great. Nicholas was related to several monarchs in Europe. His mother's siblings included Kings Frederick VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece, as well as the United Kingdom's Queen Alexandra (consort of King Edward VII). Nicholas, his wife Alexandra, and German Emperor Wilhelm II were all first cousins of King George V of the United Kingdom. Nicholas was also a first cousin of both King Haakon VII and Queen Maud of Norway, as well as King Christian X of Denmark and King Constantine

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: job security. Famous American journalist John Reed described the Russian Revolution in the following words in his famous Ten Days That Shook the world book:No matter what one thinks of Bolshevism, it is undeniable that the Russian Revolution is one of the great events of human history, and the rise of the Bolsheviki a phenomenon of world-wide importance. Just as historians search the records for the minutest details of the story of the Paris Commune, so they will want to know what happened in Petrograd in November, 1917, the spirit which animated the people, and how the leaders looked, talked

title: Coronation of the Russian monarch

text: crown was used in all coronations from Paul I to Nicholas II—although the latter tried (but failed) to replace it with Monomakh's Crown for his ceremony. It survived the subsequent revolution, and is considered to be one of the main treasures of the Romanov dynasty, now on display in the Kremlin Armoury Museum in Moscow. The Silk Imperial Crown of Russia was an official coronation gift of the Russian Empire at the coronation of Nicholas II , the last Emperor of the Romanov line. Nicholas II was the first and only monarch to be presented with such a monumental coronation

title: The Angel of the Revolution

text: imitators, it told the tale of a group of self-styled 'terrorists' who conquer the world through airship warfare. Led by a crippled, brilliant Russian Jew and his daughter, the 'angel' Natasha, 'The Brotherhood of Freedom' establish a 'pax aeronautica' over the earth after a young inventor masters the technology of flight in 1903. The hero falls in love with Natasha and joins in her war against established society in general and the Russian Czar in particular . It is characterised by what Michael Moorcock called its "controlled imaginative flight", essentially socialist message and a strongly romantic air. Griffith's "pro nihilist"

title: John Nicholas Brown II

text: John Nicholas Brown II John Nicholas Brown II (February 21, 1900 – October 10, 1979) was the United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR) from 1946 to 1949. He was a member of the Brown family that had been active in American life since before the American Revolution and who were the major early benefactors of Brown University. He was born in New York City on February 21, 1900 to John Nicholas Brown I (1861–1900), who died on May 1 of the same year, and Natalie Bayard Dresser (1869–1950), daughter of Civil War Veteran and civil engineer Brevet Major

title: Anarchism in Russia

text: to resurface in Russia until 1917. In 1917, Peter Kropotkin returned to Petrograd, where he helped Alexander Kerensky's Russian Provisional Government to formulate policies. He curtailed his activity when the Bolsheviks came to power. Following the abdication of Czar Nicholas II in February 1917 and the subsequent creation of a Provisional Government, many Russian anarchists joined the Bolsheviks in campaigning for further revolution. Since the repression after the Revolution of 1905, new anarchist organizations had been slowly and quietly growing in Russia, and in 1917 saw a new opportunity to end state power. Though within the next year they would

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: were exiled to Siberia. Many Latvian intellectuals only escaped by fleeing to Western Europe or USA. In 1906, the revolutionary movement gradually subsided. 1905 Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to Constitutional Reform (namely the "October Manifesto") including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906. The 1905 revolution was not only spurred by the

title: Nicholas II Garai

text: wife, Helen (born as Theodora), was the daughter of Lazar of Serbia and his wife, Milica, who was related to the Nemanjić dynasty. The year of their marriage is unknown, but it must have taken place before 1389, because in that year Nicholas was already Lazar's son-in-law. She gave birth to Nicholas's eldest son and namesake, and a daughter, Catherine. Helen died before 1401. Nicholas II Garai Nicholas II Garai (, ; c. 1367 – December 1433) was a powerful Hungarian baron, who served as the Palatine of Hungary from 1402 until 1433 and the ban of Macsó, Usora, Só,

title: Coronation of the Russian monarch

text: was abolished. Tsars Ivan VI and Peter III were never crowned, as neither reigned long enough to have a coronation ceremony. Peter the Great adopted the formal title of "Emperor" during his reign and his successors used it until the Revolution, but common usage still assigned the title of "Tsar" to the Russian monarch. Although no photography was permitted inside the Cathedral of the Dormition during the crowning of Nicholas II or any Russian Tsar, several artistic representations of the ceremony have been made (some of which have been reproduced in this article), and numerous photos and even one motion

title: Nicholas II of Niemodlin

text: long wondered what to do with the prisoner; at the end, they decided to apply against him the common law of Nysa, despite of the fact that the Duke of Niemodlin was a royal prince. The attempts to obtain his freedom (which included the offer to pay the huge sum of 100,000 Hungarian złoty) gave no results, thanks to the clear opposition of the Duke of Cieszyn (at that time also Starost General of Silesia), who obtain the heaviest sentence for Nicholas II: the death. All the process was performed in the German language, which Nicholas II apparently didn't know

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: stunned Nicholas asked, "What? What?" and turned toward his family. Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and Nicholas said, according to Peter Ermakov, "You know not what you do." The executioners drew handguns and began shooting; Nicholas was the first to die. Yurovsky took afterwards credit for firing the first shot that killed the Tsar, but his protege – Grigory Nikulin – said years later that Mikhail Medvedev had fired the shot that killed Nicholas. "He fired the first shot. He killed the Tsar," he said in 1964 in a tape-recorded statement for the radio. Nicholas was shot several times in

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: and the Bolshevik revolution. Patriarchal gender roles were way of life in villages, and the village was the only life peasant women knew. Historians have theorized that peasants saw revolution as a dangerous threat to their way of life, and that peasant women, already impoverished, feared the disruptions brought by war. Only a small minority of peasant women joined the Bolshevik cause. Peasant women's rejection of women's emancipation is most clearly demonstrated in their refusal to be involved with the Women's Bureau. Women in the Russian Revolution The Russian Revolutions of 1917, and the events that preceded and followed it,

title: The Czar of Black Hollywood

text: The Czar of Black Hollywood The Czar of Black Hollywood is a 2014 documentary film by Bayer Mack that chronicles the early life and career of African-American filmmaker Oscar Micheaux (1884-1951). Mack conceived of and produced the film about Micheaux using Library of Congress archived footage, photos, illustrations and vintage music. The documentary, which is the first devoted exclusively to Oscar Micheaux's life, is narrated by William Bell, features an original score by Nicholas Jones and art direction by Julie Anderson. Oscar Micheaux was America's preeminent black filmmaker for three decades, having directed or produced 22 silent movies and 15

title: Nicholas Scull II

text: Nicholas Scull II Nicholas Scull II (1687–1761) was an American surveyor and cartographer. He served as the Surveyor General of Pennsylvania from 1748 until 1761. Nicholas Scull II was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1687. His father was surveyor Nicholas Scull, who died in 1703. Scull decided to become a surveyor, like his father, and apprenticed under Thomas Holme. He also studied under Jacob Taylor. He married Abigail Heap in 1708. Heap would have three sons with Scull: Edward, John, and Nicholas III. All three would become surveyors. The couple also had a daughter, Mary. He assisted in surveying the

title: Belarusian history in the Russian Empire

text: of living to greatly increase. However at the same time, many rising Belarusian nationalists, were fearing that the growth of the Russian influence on their culture, and as a result played a decisive role in the 1905 Revolution afterwards Nicholas II officially recognised Belarusian language as independent and allowed its teachings. During World War I Belarus was caught in the front lines. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and dissolution of the Russian Empire as well as loyalty of the Germans enabled Belarusians, to establish in 1918 an independent state, the Belarusian People's Republic. However, by 1919 Bolsheviks took control over

title: What Is to Be Done? (novel)

text: work for the revolution, and ruthlessly subordinate everything in their lives to the cause, the work furnished a blueprint for the asceticism and dedication unto death which became an ideal of the early socialist underground of the Russian Empire. The book is perhaps better known in the English-speaking world for the responses it created than as a novel in its own right. Fyodor Dostoevsky mocked the utilitarianism and utopianism of the novel in his 1864 novella "Notes from Underground", as well as in his 1872 novel "Demons". Leo Tolstoy wrote a different "What Is To Be Done?", published in 1886,

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: about a breach of confidence. In 1909, in the wake of the Anglo-Russian convention, the Russian imperial family made a visit to England, staying on the Isle of Wight for Cowes Week. In 1913, during the Balkan Wars, Nicholas personally offered to arbitrate between Serbia and Bulgaria. However, the Bulgarians rejected his offer. Also in 1913, Nicholas, albeit without Alexandra, made a visit to Berlin for the wedding of Kaiser Wilhelm II's daughter, Princess Victoria Louise, to a maternal cousin of Nicholas, Ernest Augustus, the Duke of Brunswick. Nicholas was also joined by his cousin, King George V and his

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: failed to do so. While the Tsar managed to keep his rule, the events foreshadowed those of the Russian revolution twelve years later - after the Russian defeat in World War I - which would result in his overthrow and the creation of the Soviet Union by the Bolsheviks. The 1905 revolution is said by some historians to have set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolutions, and allowed for Bolshevism to emerge as a distinct political movement in Russia, although still being a minority. Lenin, as head of the USSR later on, called it "The Great Dress rehearsal" without

title: Monument to Nicholas I

text: I's daughters and personifying virtues. The statue faces Saint Isaac's Cathedral, with the horse's posterior turned to the Mariinsky Palace of Nicholas's daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna of Russia. This was said to have caused the Grand Duchess considerable discomfort. The monument depicts Nicholas I, a determined absolutist Russian ruler, as a powerful military figure. However, being a junior army officer at heart, Nicholas I was especially devoted to his troops and was intricately involved in the details of the military — from ordering the alteration of military uniforms to specializing in the engineering of military fortresses. At the same

title: What Is History?

text: who explained the Russian Revolution solely as the result of the "stupidity" of Emperor Nicholas II (which Carr regarded as a factor, but only of lesser importance) rather than the work of great social forces. In the third chapter, "History, Science and Morality", Carr looks at the disputed claims that history constitutes a science. He saw history more as a social Science, and not an art form that many considered it. He then highlights that there are five objections to considering history a science, and proceeds to discuss each of these. First, he looks at the idea that while science

title: 1905 Russian Revolution

text: to be the patronly 'father figure' to the Russian people. Sergei Witte, the minister of Russia, frustratingly argued with the Tsar that an immediate implementation of reforms was needed to retain order in the country. It was only after the Revolution started picking up steam that Nicholas was forced to make concessions by writing the October Manifesto. Issued on 17 October 1905, the Manifesto stated that the government would grant the population reforms such as the right to vote and to convene in assemblies. Its main provisions were: Of course, despite what seemed to be a moment for celebration for

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: expression of his ideas on revolution." Trotsky himself says "The history of a revolution, like every other history, ought first of all to tell what happened and how. That however is, little enough. From the very telling it ought to become clear why it happened thus and not otherwise." In his note about the author in the first English translation, Eastman wrote that "this present work [...] will take its place in the record of Trotsky's life [...] as one of the supreme achievements of this versatile and powerful mind and will".In 2017, on centenary of Russian Revolution famous writer

title: Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga

text: Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga, JW 4/30 (also translated as the Elegy on the Death of My Daughter Olga; in Czech: Elegie na smrt dcery Olgy) is a cantata for tenor solo, mixed choir and pianoforte, written by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček in 1903. It was written to commemorate the death of composer's daughter, Olga Janáčková. Janáček composed the piece to the text of the Russian teacher Marfa Nikolayevna Veveritsa. Olga was the first-born child of Leoš and Zdenka Janáček. She was born on 15 August 1882 in Brno. From

title: Nicholas II of Werle

text: Nicholas II of Werle Nicholas II, Lord of Werle (before 1275 – 18 February 1316 in Pustow, near Güstrow) was Lord of Werle-Parchim from 1283 until his death, and from 1292 Lord of Werle. His uncle Henry I of Werle was killed in 1291 by his sons Henry II and Nicholas, because he had remarried and they felt this threatened their inheritance. After a prolonged war, Nicholas II defeated his cousins, who had formed an alliance with Lord Henry II of Mecklenburg and Elector Albert III of Brandenburg. This allowed him to reunite Werle-Parchim and Werle-Güstrow. In 1311, he travelled

title: Pope Nicholas II

text: Pope Nicholas II Pope Nicholas II (; c. 990/995 – 27 July 1061), born Gérard de Bourgogne, was pope from 24 January 1059 until his death. At the time of his election, he was Bishop of Florence. Gérard de Bourgogne was born in Chevron, in what is now Savoy. He was canon at Liege. In 1046 he became Bishop of Florence, where he restored the canonical life among the clergy of numerous churches. Benedict X was elected in 1058, his election having been arranged by the Count of Tusculum. However, a number of cardinals alleged that the election was irregular,

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: History of the Russian Revolution The History of the Russian Revolution by Leon Trotsky is a three-volume book on the Russian Revolution of 1917. Trotsky finished writing it in Russian in 1930 and was then translated into English by Max Eastman in 1932. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a major event in history that changed the world. It was first time in the history that the toiled masses had successfully established their own rule. After the revolution the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was born, which eliminated poverty, established free medicine and highly subsidized housing, free education and

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: of aggressive patriots no less anxious than Nicholas to restore the fallen honour of Russian arms, the Duma commission frequently recommended expenditures even larger than those proposed. With the passage of time, Nicholas also began to have confidence in the Duma. "This Duma cannot be reproached with an attempt to seize power and there is no need at all to quarrel with it," he said to Stolypin in 1909. Nevertheless, Stolypin's plans were undercut by conservatives at court. Reactionaries such as Prince Vladimir Nikolayevich Orlov never tired of telling the Tsar that the very existence of the Duma was a

title: Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga

text: "Elegy" was apparently composed directly to the Russian original, and it was translated later by B. Zavadil. It was premiered after Janáček's death, on 20 December 1930, in the Brno Radio. The manuscript of the composition was not preserved. The duration of the work is approximately 6 minutes. Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga, JW 4/30 (also translated as the Elegy on the Death of My Daughter Olga; in Czech: Elegie na smrt dcery Olgy) is a cantata for tenor solo, mixed choir and pianoforte, written by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček

title: Russian Chapel in Darmstadt

text: their lifetimes by the Russian royal family and court during regular visits to the Tsarina's childhood home and to her family. Even though there have been many historical Eastern orthodox churches in diverse regions of Western and Central Europe, it has been stated by some that it had been the only one Nicholas II would have ever entered and attended outside of Russia, being a favorite of Nicholas II for his visits to Germany. Russian Chapel in Darmstadt The Russian Chapel in Darmstadt, formally, the St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, is a historic Russian orthodox church in Darmstadt, Germany. The Russian

title: What Is to Be Done?

text: What Is to Be Done? What Is To Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement () is a political pamphlet written by the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin (credited as N. Lenin) in 1901 and published in 1902. Lenin said that the article represented "a skeleton plan to be developed in greater detail in a pamphlet now in preparation for print". Its title is inspired by the novel of the same name by the 19th century Russian revolutionary Nikolai Chernyshevsky. In "What Is to Be Done?", Lenin argues that the working class will not spontaneously become political simply by fighting economic

title: History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

text: 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. Developments in Russia posed another set of issues for the monarchy. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was King George's first cousin and the two monarchs looked very much alike. When Nicholas was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917, the liberal Russian Government asked that the tsar and his family be given asylum in Britain. The cabinet agreed but the king was worried that public opinion was hostile and said no. It is likely the tsar would have refused to leave Russia in any case. He remained

title: British expedition to Tibet

text: from the Russian Empire to the north. These rumours were supported by the Russian exploration of Tibet; Russian explorer Gombojab Tsybikov was the first photographer of Lhasa, residing there during 1900–1901 with the aid of the thirteenth Dalai Lama's Russian courtier Agvan Dorjiyev. The Dalai Lama declined to have dealings with the British government in India, and sent Dorjiyev as emissary to the court of Czar Nicholas II with an appeal for Russian protection in 1900. Dorjiyev was warmly received at the Peterhof, and a year later at the Czar's palace in Yalta. These events reinforced Curzon's belief that the

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: from the entire family had been recovered. On 1 October 2008, Supreme Court of Russia ruled that Nicholas II and his family were victims of political persecution and should be rehabilitated. In March 2009, results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Alexei and one of his sisters. In late 2015, at the insistence of the Russian Orthodox Church, Russian investigators exhumed the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, for additional DNA testing, which confirmed that the bones were of the couple. After the DNA testing of 1998,

title: History of the Russian Revolution

text: three parts are available free online at the Trotsky Internet Archive or can be purchased as a single book published by Haymarket Books (), Pathfinder Press (), or Penguin Publishing (). The book can also be purchased in three volumes from WellRedBooks (). History of the Russian Revolution The History of the Russian Revolution by Leon Trotsky is a three-volume book on the Russian Revolution of 1917. Trotsky finished writing it in Russian in 1930 and was then translated into English by Max Eastman in 1932. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a major event in history that changed the

title: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia

text: Cannes. Prince Nicholas and his wife had three daughters: Prince Nicholas and his wife lived in Rougemont, Switzerland, for seven months every year, usually in the winter. During the rest of the year they stayed in Italy with their daughters. The prince still used the Julian calendar and was fluent in French, Russian, Italian and English. He was also able to read Spanish. Prince Nicholas's death in Tuscany aged 91 was reported on 15 September 2014. He was survived by his wife, their three children, five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Since the Russian Revolution, members of the Romanov family have

title: SS Czar

text: burning Uranium Line steamer . After the Russian Revolution, the ship came under the control of the British Shipping Controller and was managed by the Wilson Line and later, the Cunard Line. Under Cunard management in 1918 as HMT "Czar", she was employed as a troopship carrying United States troops to France as part of the United States Navy's Cruiser and Transport Force. After the end of World War I, the ship was returned to the East Asiatic Company, the parent company of the Russian American Line, who placed her on their Baltic American Line sailing in roundtrip passenger service

title: Nicholas Scull II

text: Delaware language. He died in 1761 and was buried in Whitemarsh Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Scull's 1752 map of Philadelphia was adapted and republished by William Faden in London in 1777 during the American Revolution. Nicholas Scull II Nicholas Scull II (1687–1761) was an American surveyor and cartographer. He served as the Surveyor General of Pennsylvania from 1748 until 1761. Nicholas Scull II was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1687. His father was surveyor Nicholas Scull, who died in 1703. Scull decided to become a surveyor, like his father, and apprenticed under Thomas Holme. He also studied under Jacob Taylor.

title: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

text: Front of World War I and the Russian economy had nearly collapsed under the strain of the war effort. The large numbers of war casualties and persistent food shortages in the major urban centers brought about civil unrest, known as the February Revolution, that forced Emperor (Tsar/Czar) Nicholas II to abdicate. The Russian Provisional Government that replaced the Tsar in early 1917 continued the war. Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov sent the Entente Powers a telegram, known as Milyukov note, affirming to them that the Provisional Government would continue the war with the same war aims that the former Russian Empire

title: History of Bridgeport, Connecticut

text: World War I in Europe in 1914, Bridgeport became a new world arsenal some called "the Essen of America" and Bridgeport's population exploded, growing by nearly 50 percent in a 20-month period. After receiving an order from the Russian Empire in 1915 for one million rifles with 400,000,000 cartridges, Remington UMC built a factory complex of thirteen buildings with 80 acres of floor space; and hired 1,500 new workers per month until 17,000 were engaged in arms production. The Russian order was nearing completion when the Russian Revolution deposed Czar Nicholas II and refused to pay for the rifles and

title: SS Czar

text: the Russian American Line, and transferred several ships, including "Czar", to British registry. The British shipping controller initially placed the liner under the management of John Ellerman's Wilson Line, but "Czar" was transferred to the Cunard Line management by the end of 1917. Known by this time as HMT "Czar", the ship, along with former Russian American Line ships , "Kursk", and "Dwinsk", was attached to the Cruiser and Transport Force of the United States Navy, and made three trips carrying American troops to France. "Czar" sailed on her first voyage with American troops on 16 April 1918, when she

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: Nicholas II was granted honorary senior rank in a number of foreign armies, reciprocating by extending similar distinctions to a number of his fellow monarchs. These included the Imperial German, Spanish, Italian, Danish and British armies. He was Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Scots Greys from 1894 until his death. On becoming Colonel-in-Chief he presented the Regiment with a white bearskin, now worn by the bass drummer of the Pipes and Drums of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards. The Imperial Russian anthem is still played at dinner nights in the Officers' Mess, where there remains a portrait of the Tsar in

title: Russian Revolution

text: Russian Provisional Government failed. This, in part, triggered the political transition of the October Revolution and the Civil War that followed in its aftermath. The Bolsheviks executed the tsar and his family on 16 July 1918. In early March, the Provisional Government placed Nicholas and his family under house arrest in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, south of Petrograd. In August 1917 the Kerensky government evacuated the Romanovs to Tobolsk in the Urals, to protect them from the rising tide of revolution. However, Kerensky lost control after the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, and the conditions of

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: and supplies on the home front were all leading causes of the fall of the House of Romanov. Following the February Revolution of 1917, Nicholas abdicated on behalf of himself and his son and heir, the Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. He and his family were imprisoned and transferred to Tobolsk in late summer 1917. On 30 April 1918, Nicholas, Alexandra, and their daughter Maria were handed over to the local Ural Soviet council in Ekaterinburg (renamed Sverdlovsk during the Soviet era); the rest of the captives followed on 23 May. Nicholas and his family were executed by their Bolshevik guards on

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: that it was his intent to keep on fighting until the Japanese were driven from Manchuria. It was not until 27–28 May 1905 and the annihilation of the Russian fleet by the Japanese, that Nicholas finally decided to sue for peace. Nicholas II accepted American mediation, appointing Sergei Witte chief plenipotentiary for the peace talks. The war was ended by the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth. The Kishinev newspaper "Bessarabets", which published anti-Semitic materials, received funds from Viacheslav Plehve, Minister of the Interior. These publications served to fuel the Kishinev pogrom (rioting). The government of Nicholas II formally condemned

title: Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War

text: Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. In the years following Lenin's death in 1924, he rose to become the authoritarian leader of the Soviet Union. After growing up in Georgia, Stalin conducted activities for the Bolshevik party for twelve years before the Russian Revolution of 1917. After being elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee in April 1917, Stalin helped Lenin to evade capture by authorities and ordered the besieged Bolsheviks to

title: Nicholas II of Constantinople

text: The "Axion Estin" is still sung in Orthodox services. Nicholas' tenure also saw the completion of the Christianization of the Rus' and the appointment of the first metropolitan for Rus', Michael the Syrian. Patriarch Nicholas was later canonized and is commemorated by both the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church on December 16. Nicholas II of Constantinople Nicholas II Chrysoberges (), (? – 16 December 991) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 984 to 991. In 980, during the reign of Emperor Basil II, when Nicholas Chrysoberges was Ecumenical Patriarch, the Archangel Gabriel was believed to have appeared in

title: Nicholas I of Russia

text: on the other hand, points to many failures, including the "catastrophic state of Russian finances," the badly equipped army, the inadequate transportation system, and a bureaucracy "which was characterized by graft, corruption, and inefficiency." Kiev University was founded in 1834 by Nicholas. In 1854, there were 3600 university students in Russia, 1000 fewer than in 1848. Censorship was omnipresent; historian Hugh Seton-Watson says, "The intellectual atmosphere remained oppressive until the end of the reign." As a traveler in Spain, Italy and Russia, the Frenchman Marquis de Custine said in his widely read book "Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through

text: the family). Semi-salic succession as applied under the house law might also allocate the claim to the defunct Russian throne to a male who descends through dynastically valid marriages in the female-line from Alexander III, Alexander II or Nicholas I, provided that he is or is willing to become Eastern Orthodox. If one accepts that Vladimir Kirillovich's marriage to Leonida Georgievna Bagration-Moukhranskaya was non-morganatic and that he was succeeded by his daughter Maria Vladimirovna then the line of succession is: George is, as yet, the only descendant of Grand Duchess Maria. If both died without further male heirs, the succession

title: Eastern journey of Nicholas II

text: Eastern journey of Nicholas II The Eastern journey of Nicholas II in 1890–91 was a journey made by Nicholas Alexandrovich–then Tsesarevich of Russia–around the greater part of the Eurasian continent. The total length of the journey exceeded 51,000 kilometres, including 15,000 km of railway and 22,000 km of sea routes. During his visit to the Empire of Japan, Nicholas was the target of a failed assassination attempt. After the Grand Embassy of Peter the Great, a long trip for educational purposes became an important part of training for the state activity of the members of the Russian Imperial house. In

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: the night of 16/17 July 1918. The remains of the imperial family were later found, exhumed, identified and re-interred with elaborate State and Church ceremony in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998 – 80 years later. In 1981, Nicholas, his wife, and their children were recognized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in New York City. On 15 August 2000, they were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as passion bearers, commemorating believers who face death in a Christ-like manner. Nicholas was born in the Alexander Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the eldest son of Emperor

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: Revolution, the execution of political opponents, and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Soviet historians portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects. Russia was defeated in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War which saw the annihilation of the reinforcing Russian Baltic Fleet after being sent on its round-the-world cruise at the naval Battle of Tsushima, off the coasts of Korea and Japan, the loss of Russian influence over Manchuria and Korea, and the Japanese annexation to the north of South Sakhalin Island. The Anglo-Russian Entente

text: Ekaterina Svanidze, with whom he had a son Yakov, Stalin temporarily resigned from the party over its ban on bank robberies. Embarking on an effort to organize Muslim Azeri and Persian partisans in the Caucasus, Stalin conducted protection rackets, ransom kidnappings, counterfeiting operations and robberies, until arrest and exile in 1908. Between 1908 and 1917, Stalin was arrested seven times and escaped five times, enjoying less than two years of liberty in the nine-year period. In the wake of the February Revolution of 1917 (the first phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917), Stalin was released from exile. On March

title: What the Dormouse Said

text: which is itself a reference to Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". What the Dormouse Said What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, is a 2005 non-fiction book by John Markoff. The book details the history of the personal computer, closely tying the ideologies of the collaboration-driven, World War II-era defense research community to the embryonic cooperatives and psychedelics use of the American counterculture of the 1960s. The book follows the history chronologically, beginning with Vannevar Bush's description of his inspirational memex machine in his 1945 article "As We May Think". Markoff describes many

title: St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church (Juneau, Alaska)

text: It is a high-quality example of the "Russian Colonial" style of architecture. In June 1894, Bishop Nicholas returned to Juneau and consecrated the new church in honor of St. Nicholas. On June 5, 2016 Bishop David (Mahaffey) at Saint Nicholas Church with Alaska Governor Bill Walker and First Lady Donna Walker opened of a new monument erected in memory of the many Aleuts who lost their lives in internment camps during World War II. St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church (Juneau, Alaska) The St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church in Juneau, Alaska, United States, was built in 1893 and was listed on

title: Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia

text: galleries is an important source of information as many of the originals have been destroyed by war and revolution. In 1905, Nicholas left the military and pursued his research interests full-time. Nicholas II happily granted him unlimited access to the Romanov Family Archives and Library. The grand duke soon published multi-volume works (over fifteen in all), in both Russian and French, on the reign of Tsar Alexander I. This important work brought him international recognition across Europe. His works include: diplomatic documents of Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon; a life of Tsar Alexander's close friend, Paul Strogonov and biographical studies

title: Rasputin and the Empress

text: Thalberg's discovery that the studio already owned the rights to Alfred Klabund's 1927 novel "Rasputin". In June 1932 M-G-M had announced that the three Barrymores would star in the movie. This film marked Ethel Barrymore's sound film debut and is the earliest known recording of her famous voice. The highly fictionalized story takes place in the Russian Empire during the last years of the reign of Czar Nicholas II (Ralph Morgan) and the Czarina Alexandra (Ethel Barrymore). Reform-minded Prince Paul (John Barrymore) has long been concerned about the plight of the common people and knows a revolution is brewing. Prince

title: Nicholas II of Russia

text: learning that he would live only a fortnight, the Tsar had Nicholas summon Alix to the imperial palace at Livadia. Alix arrived on 22 October; the Tsar insisted on receiving her in full uniform. From his deathbed, he told his son to heed the advice of Witte, his most capable minister. Ten days later, Alexander III died at the age of forty-nine, leaving twenty-six-year-old Nicholas as Emperor of Russia. That evening, Nicholas was consecrated by his father's priest as Tsar Nicholas II and, the following day, Alix was received into the Russian Orthodox Church, taking the name Alexandra Feodorovna with

title: Women in the Russian Revolution

text: Women in the Russian Revolution The Russian Revolutions of 1917, and the events that preceded and followed it, saw the creation of the world's first socialist state, which made explicit commitments to promote the equality of men and women. Many early Russian feminists and ordinary Russian working women actively participated in the Revolution, and many more were affected by the events of that period and the new policies of the Soviet Union. Beginning in October 1918, the Soviet Union liberalized divorce and abortion laws, decriminalized homosexuality, permitted cohabitation, and ushered in a host of reforms that instigated a red sexual

title: Nicholas II Szécsi

text: Nicholas II Szécsi Nicholas Szécsi de Felsőlendva ("Széchy; "; died after 1423) was a Hungarian nobleman from the influential House of Szécsi. He was the son of Nicholas I Szécsi, the Palatine of Hungary (1385–1386) and Margit Debreceni, granddaughter of former palatine Dózsa Debreceni. He had three brothers, including Frank, who served as Royal treasurer between 1394 and 1396. Nicholas II married Helen Garay, daughter of Nicholas I Garay, they had eight children, including Cardinal Dénes Szécsi, Archbishop of Esztergom. Nicholas served as Royal treasurer from May to December 1397. He was the "ispán" of Zala County in 1402. He

title: Hungarian Revolution of 1848

text: of saving the nation. However, in May 1849, Czar Nicholas I pledged to redouble his efforts against the Hungarian Government. He and Emperor Franz Joseph started to regather and rearm an army to be commanded by Anton Vogl, the Austrian lieutenant-field-marshal who had actively participated in the suppression of the national liberation movement in Galicia in 1848. But even at this stage Vogl was occupied trying to stop another revolutionary uprising in Galicia. The Czar was also preparing to send 30,000 Russian soldiers back over the Eastern Carpathian Mountains from Poland. Austria held Galicia and moved into Hungary, independent of

title: Russian Revolution

text: Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos. While the 1905 Revolution was ultimately crushed, and the leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested, this laid the groundwork for the later Petrograd Soviet and other revolutionary movements during the leadup to 1917. The 1905 Revolution also led to the creation of a Duma (parliament), that would later form the Provisional Government following February 1917. The outbreak of World War I prompted general outcry directed at Tsar Nicholas II and the Romanov family. While the nation was initially engaged in a wave of nationalism, increasing numbers of defeats and poor conditions

title: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia ( – 8 May 1981) was the first son and second child of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia and Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia. He was also the eldest nephew of Nicholas II of Russia, the last Tsar. Born and raised in Imperial Russia during the reign of his uncle Nicholas II, his military career in the Russian navy and the Chevalier guards was cut short by the Russian Revolution. He escaped the fate of many of his relatives killed by the Bolsheviks, fleeing to his parents' estate

title: What the Dormouse Said

text: What the Dormouse Said What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, is a 2005 non-fiction book by John Markoff. The book details the history of the personal computer, closely tying the ideologies of the collaboration-driven, World War II-era defense research community to the embryonic cooperatives and psychedelics use of the American counterculture of the 1960s. The book follows the history chronologically, beginning with Vannevar Bush's description of his inspirational memex machine in his 1945 article "As We May Think". Markoff describes many of the people and organizations who helped develop the ideology and technology

title: Nicholas II Vásári

text: Nicholas II Vásári Nicholas (II) Vásári (also Szügyi; ; died 1358) was a Hungarian prelate in the 14th century, who served as Archbishop of Esztergom from 1350 until his death. Nicholas was born in the 1300s as the son of Nicholas I Vásári, the Vice-voivode of Transylvania from 1319 to 1320, and an unidentified lady from the Telegdi family, which originated from the "gens" (clan) Csanád. Nicholas had three brothers and two sisters. Vásári's origin is confirmed by a letter of Pope John XXII on 2 July 1320, when called him ""Nicolao nato dilecti filii nobilis viri Nicolai Comitis Viceducis