query: What task does the Bouvier breed of dog perform?

title: Bouvier des Flandres

text: Bouvier des Flandres The Bouvier des Flandres is a herding dog breed originating in Flanders, Belgium. They were originally used for general farm work including cattle droving, sheep herding, and cart pulling, and nowadays as guard dogs and police dogs, as well as being kept as pets. The French name of the breed means, literally, "Cow Herder of Flanders", referring to the Flemish origin of the breed. Other names for the breed are "Toucheur de Boeuf" (cattle driver), "Vlaamse Koehond" (Flemish cow dog), and "Vuilbaard" (dirty beard). The monks at the Ter Duinen monastery in Flanders were among the earliest

title: Bouvier des Flandres

title: Bouvier des Flandres

text: known breeders of Flanders. The bouviers bred by them are recorded as having been bred from imports such as Irish wolfhounds and Scottish deerhounds with local farm dogs, until a breed considered to be the predecessor of the modern Bouvier des Flandres was obtained. This became a working dog able to perform tirelessly, herding and guarding cattle and even pulling cargo carts, thanks to its strength and temperament, and to withstand the local weather conditions due to its thick coat. Historically, the ear cropping and tail docking could have been done for practical reasons, avoiding accidental amputations in the course

title: Bouvier des Flandres

text: They are usually good with other dogs if they are raised with them from puppyhood. Dominant individuals can be dog-aggressive if the owners are not assertive and do not communicate to the dog that fighting is unwanted. Slow to mature both in body and mind, the Bouvier does not fully mature until the age of 2–3 years. Bouviers des Flandres can compete in dog agility trials, carting, obedience, dog showmanship, Schutzhund, tracking, and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Bouviers exhibiting basic herding instincts can then be trained to compete in herding trials.

title: Bouvier des Flandres

text: overly reserved with strangers (although the breed is naturally aloof with strangers). Protection of the family when danger is present is not something that needs to be taught, nor is it something one can train out of them. The dog will rise to the occasion if needed. A good family dog, the Bouvier likes, and is excellent with, children. The Bouvier is very adaptable and goes about its business quietly and calmly. Obedience training starts when they are young. Their behavior depends on the owner's ability to communicate what is expected, and on the individual dominance level of the dog.

title: Bouvier des Ardennes

text: Bouvier des Ardennes Bouvier des Ardennes is a rare dog breed from Belgium. Originating in the Ardennes region these dogs were used to herd cattle. The loss of farms in the area led to serious decline in the numbers of these dogs until 1985 when some breeders found a few dogs and used the original breed standard as their guide in re-introducing the dog. In the past, all the dogs that worked with cattle were called Bouvier (bovine herder). Each region throughout the area had its own type. From ancient rough-coated stock, these dogs were prized guardians and drovers. As

title: Breed type (dog)

text: line" This terminology is incorrect. The word "type" in reference to a dog refers specifically to the description of what defines that breed and what makes that breed of dog different from every other breed, as can be found in that breed's written Standard. When comparing dogs of the same breed, you look at "type" first and foremost, and then you look for different "styles" of dogs within that breed. The term "style" refers to characteristics that are different in each dog that already has "breed type". There can be a vast variety of "styles" existing in each breed of

title: Bouvier des Flandres

text: dogs were used for military purposes. Indeed, Nic, a male trained as a trench dog who served during the war and was a perennial winner at dog shows after the war, is considered to be the founder of the early Bouvier des Flandres breed. A unified Bouvier des Flandres standard was created in 1936 by a joint French-Belgian committee. However, World War II again endangered the breed's existence. Due to these setbacks, progress was slowed, and it was not until 1965 that the "Fédération Cynologique Internationale" (FCI) breed standard, as agreed to by several minor kennel clubs, was adopted. The

title: Dog breed

text: while the American Kennel Club does not recognize any feist breed. A dog is said to be purebred if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. Purebred dog breeders of today "have inherited a breeding paradigm that is, at the very least, a bit anachronistic in light of modern genetic knowledge, and that first arose out of a pretty blatant misinterpretation of Darwin and an enthusiasm for social theories that have long been discredited as scientifically insupportable and morally questionable." Morally questionable policies regarding purity of breed include obligatory surgical procedures to spay

title: Dog breed

text: studies have reported lifespans that are shorter by between one and almost two years. Notably, dog breeds with flat faces and short noses have breathing difficulties, eye trouble and other health issues. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes over 300 dog breeds. A dog crossbreed is the result of mating two different breeds. A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a dog that does not belong to one officially recognized breed and is not the result of intentional breeding. Natural breeds rose through time in response to a particular environment and in isolation from other populations of the species. This environment

title: Bouvier des Ardennes

text: with a "beard" and "eyebrows". This dog can be naturally short tails and long tails (both allowed, the ideal of natural short), high ears and a keen eye The Ardennes Cattle Dog has an ideal height for males of , and for females. The ideal weight is for males with females being . Bouvier des Ardennes Bouvier des Ardennes is a rare dog breed from Belgium. Originating in the Ardennes region these dogs were used to herd cattle. The loss of farms in the area led to serious decline in the numbers of these dogs until 1985 when some breeders

title: Breed type (dog)

text: Breed type (dog) Breed type in the parlance of dog fanciers refers to the qualities that define a dog breed and separate it from all other dog breeds. "Breed type" is outlined in the written standard for each breed, and "breed type" is the basis of judging in conformation dog shows. "Breed type" encompasses appearance, character, condition, bone structure, temperament, and movement; "breed type is all these things." "Breed type" also includes a character specific to each breed, a combination of behaviour, temperament and carriage that demonstrate an essence of the breed. "He exuded breed type," writes Anne Marie Rasmussen

title: Breed club (dog)

text: Breed club (dog) A dog breed club is an association or club of fanciers of a single, specific breed of dog. "Breed clubs" define the breed with which the club is associated in a document called a breed standard, although there may be multiple "breed clubs" for the same breed, each defining the breed in a somewhat different manner. "Breed clubs" are "not" scientific organisations, nor are breed standards meant to be scientific descriptions of a breed. "Any" fancier or group of fanciers may start a "breed club" and write definitions to suit themselves. Dog breed clubs exist to "support

title: Dog breed

text: of the same breed and have an interest in dog breeding can form national Kennel clubs. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees in a breed registry (or studbook), and issue the rules for conformation dog shows and trials and accreditation of judges. They often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents. A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from

title: Dog breed

text: domestic dog was present at what is now Zhokhov Island, arctic north-eastern Siberia, which was connected to the mainland at that time. The dogs were selectively bred as either sled dogs or as hunting dogs, which implies that a sled dog standard and a hunting dog standard existed at that time. The optimal maximum size for a sled dog is based on thermo-regulation, and the ancient sled dogs were between . The same standard has been found in the remains of sled dogs from this region 2,000 ago and in the modern Siberian Husky breed standard. Other dogs were more

title: Breed club (dog)

text: and a list of breeders is usually available to help people find a reputable breeder. Breed clubs also sponsor dog shows for their breed, hunting trials for their breed, and other events related to their particular breed. Breed clubs promote the benefits and well-being of their particular breed and often offer events to discuss showing, training, breeding, and hereditary health issues. Clubs might also provide judging seminars to train dog event judges, and show clubs might maintain judging lists. Most breed clubs also schedule dog shows or competitions in various dog sports specifically for the breed, and raise funds for

title: Breed club (dog)

text: In the United States, AMBOR is a very active club which organises activities for mixed-breed dogs only. Breed club (dog) A dog breed club is an association or club of fanciers of a single, specific breed of dog. "Breed clubs" define the breed with which the club is associated in a document called a breed standard, although there may be multiple "breed clubs" for the same breed, each defining the breed in a somewhat different manner. "Breed clubs" are "not" scientific organisations, nor are breed standards meant to be scientific descriptions of a breed. "Any" fancier or group of fanciers

title: Dog breed

text: breed of dog is distinct, giving a detailed "word picture" of the appearance and behaviour of an "idealized" dog of that breed. Included in the breed standard description are externally observable aspects of appearance and behaviour that are considered by the breed club to be the most important for the breed, and externally observable details of appearance or temperament that are considered by the breed club to be unacceptable (called "faults"). In addition, most breed standards include a historical section, describing the place of origin and the original work done by the breed or its ancestor types. Dogs with a

title: Hypoallergenic dog breed

text: Hypoallergenic dog breed The term hypoallergenic dog breed is commonly used to refer to a dog breed (or crossbreed) that is more compatible with allergic people than other breeds. However, prominent allergen researchers have claimed that there is no basis to the claims that certain breeds are hypoallergenic and, while allergen levels vary among individual dogs, the breed is not a significant factor. Though some studies suggest the possible existence of hypoallergenic dog breeds, there is too much variability to conclude that such a breed exists. According to researchers, claims about the existence of hypoallergenic dog breeds may have been

title: Breed type (dog)

text: English Mastiff standard cautions, "Judges should also beware of putting a premium on showiness." "Breed type" usually takes into account the work the original dog type from which the breed was developed was bred to do. In order to counterbalance the overuse of appearance in awarding championships, some major registries and breed clubs have instituted performance events as part of the awards at conformation shows. Dog type, "breed type", dog breed, and purebred dog breed are at times all used interchangeably, but they all have distinct meanings. "Types of dogs" are varieties developed for a specific work; they may be

title: Dog breed

text: included humans but with little or no selective breeding by humans. Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on form, function or style of work, lineage, or appearance. In contrast, modern dog breeds are particular breed standards, sharing a common set of heritable characteristics, determined by the kennel club that recognizes the breed. Examples include the huntaway and other livestock dogs of New Zealand, the feist dogs of the southern United States, and the Patagonian sheepdogs of Argentina, which are collies mixed with other working dogs. Dog breed Dog breeds are dogs that have relatively uniform physical characteristics developed

title: Hypoallergenic dog breed

text: dog allergic individual. While "allergy shots" can reduce many individuals' dog-allergic reactions, the most common approach remains avoidance. There have been recent studies suggesting early introduction of pets to home may reduce the likelihood of developing sensitization. There are reports of individuals who will become less sensitive with continued exposure to a pet in the environment. But allergists warn that pet owners cannot rely on a breed being non-allergenic just because a particular allergic pet owner can tolerate a specific dog of that breed. Hypoallergenic dog breed The term hypoallergenic dog breed is commonly used to refer to a dog

title: Bouvier des Flandres

text: to achieve the proper look. Bouviers des Flandres are rational, gentle, loyal, and protective by nature. The breed's particular blend of characteristics makes them good family pets, as well as keen guard dogs. Unlike some animals bred for aggressive nature and power, the Bouvier possesses sophisticated traits, such as complex control, intelligence, and accountability. The Bouvier des Flandres is an obedient dog with a pleasant nature. They look intimidating, but are actually calm and gentle. They are enthusiastic, responsible, even-tempered, and fearless, and are excellent guard and watchdogs that are easy to train. This breed learns commands relatively fast. However,

title: Breed type (dog)

text: dog. These characteristics develop from a breeder's desire to create a distinct 'look' (or "style") within their line. Breeders create their own "style" within their line, being careful not to stray from "breed type". Health problems of dog breeds and objections to dog showing have been covered extensively in the following articles: Purebred dogs | Genetic disease | Criticism of dog showing | Dog | Dog breeding | List of dog diseases | Canine reproduction | Inbreeding | Founder effect. Also see articles about individual breeds for more on health issues of individual breeds. Breed type (dog) Breed type in

title: Rare breed (dog)

text: Rare breed (dog) Rare breed (dog) is any breed of dog that is small in number and is used to refer to both old established breeds such as the Stabyhoun and Glen of Imaal Terrier or newer creations. Since dogs have greater genetic variability than other domesticated animals the number of possible breeds is vast with new crosses constantly occurring, from these both selected and random crosses may come new breeds should offspring reliably breed true to type. New breeds from the wild such as the Carolina Dog are quite rare compared to attempts at breed creation from man as

title: Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America

text: title, all of its sanctioned events take place under its regional clubs. Previously, these regional clubs were the Mixed Breed Dog Club of California, Mixed Breed Dog Club of Oregon, Washington Mixed Breed Dog Club, and the Mixed Breed Dog Club of St. Louis. After the American Kennel Club began allowing Mixed Breeds to compete in agility, obedience, and rally through its Canine Partners program, all of the Mixed Breed Dog Club chapters closed except for the St. Louis Chapter. All other members of the club, outside of the St. Louis area, are designated as national club members. Mixed Breed

title: Breed type (dog)

text: very ancient or modern in origin. "Modern breeds of dogs" are refinements of older dog types, bred so that all closely resemble each other, and documented in a stud book kept by a breed club or major dog registry. A "purebred dog" is a dog of a documented modern dog breed that has been selectively bred to emphasize "breed type" for the sport of competitive conformation dog showing. The word "type" may be incorrectly used instead of "style" to refer to an identifiable 'style of appearance' or 'working style characteristic' of a particular kennel or "dogs of a well established

title: Dog breed

text: a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics. Dogs of a specific breed breed true, producing young that are very similar to their parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable. Such records, called stud books, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations. Kennel clubs provide the recognition of distinct dog breeds, but there are many independent clubs with differing, and sometimes inconsistent standards and they need not apply

title: Rare breed (dog)

text: rare when brought to other parts of the world for pets or (rarely) to do the work for which they originally developed. An example is the Kuchi dog, a livestock guardian dog type which originated with the nomadic Kuchi people of Central Asia, and is now marketed in Europe and the United States as several differently named purebred rare breeds. Rare breed (dog) Rare breed (dog) is any breed of dog that is small in number and is used to refer to both old established breeds such as the Stabyhoun and Glen of Imaal Terrier or newer creations. Since dogs

title: Dog breed

text: Dog breed Dog breeds are dogs that have relatively uniform physical characteristics developed under controlled conditions by humans, with breeding animals selected for phenotypic traits such as size, coat color, structure, and behavior. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes 337 pure dog breeds. Other uses of the term breed when referring to dogs may include pure breeds, cross-breeds, mixed breeds and natural breeds. The domestic dog is the first species, and the only large carnivore, to have been domesticated. Over the past 200 years, dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection

title: Breed club (dog)

text: not all dog breeders belong to breed clubs, and breed clubs cannot enforce their code on non members, even when the non-members are raising the breed club's breed of dog.) The Scottish Terrier Club of America's code of ethics directs breeders to "breed only Scottish Terriers of characteristic type, sound structure and temperament... producing dogs in conformity to the AKC Standard." There is no work or hunting requirement or inbreeding prohibitions in this breed, which is primarily kept as a pet and showdog. The emphasis on breeding only for appearance in many pet breeds, combined with competitive pressure to breed

title: Breed club (dog)

text: trains judges and organizes multiple breed dog shows and other activities. When a breed club writes or changes the standard for its breed, a club which is a member of a national kennel club will submit the standard to the national kennel club for the breed club's country. When the kennel club accepts the standard it is said to be a standard of that national kennel club, but it is originally written by the breed club. Working and hunting dog breeds have breed clubs that define the appearance of the breed, but emphasize working or hunting ability in the selection

title: Rare breed (dog)

text: found in the American Hairless Terrier which sought to exploit a mutation. Modern dog breeds have documented descent from known foundation stock, and new breeds are often derived from older, established modern breeds. New documentation of a long established dog type, sometimes with a variation on an older name, also creates a new modern breed. The newly documented breed is then referred to as a "rare breed" as long as the number of dogs of the breed remain small. Breeds go through a recognition process by breed clubs, kennel clubs and other agencies, so that dogs can be guaranteed through

title: Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America

text: Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America The Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America (MBDCA) is a registry for spayed or neutered mixed-breed dogs to enable them to compete in obedience trials and conformation shows. It also provides rules for competition in tracking, lure coursing, and retriever instinct. In addition, state affiliates such as the Mixed Breed Dog Club of California provide various local activities. MBDCA was founded in 1978 in the state of Washington to provide a competitive venue for dogs not recognized by purebred registries such as the American Kennel Club (AKC). They defined rules under which dogs could

title: The Bull Dog Breed

text: The Bull Dog Breed "The Bulldog Breed" is a Sailor Steve Costigan short story by Robert E. Howard. It was originally published in the February 1930 issue of "Fight Stories". A Sailor Steve Costigan story. Steve Costigan is not too popular with the Old Man of the Sea Boy, so he goes ashore and takes his also in trouble bulldog Mike with him. When a Frenchman sinks a boot into Mike, well, a man who doesn’t stick up for his dog is the lowest of the low. Steve and Francois have to settle this in the ring. The story is

title: The Bull Dog Breed

text: now in the public domain. The Bull Dog Breed "The Bulldog Breed" is a Sailor Steve Costigan short story by Robert E. Howard. It was originally published in the February 1930 issue of "Fight Stories". A Sailor Steve Costigan story. Steve Costigan is not too popular with the Old Man of the Sea Boy, so he goes ashore and takes his also in trouble bulldog Mike with him. When a Frenchman sinks a boot into Mike, well, a man who doesn’t stick up for his dog is the lowest of the low. Steve and Francois have to settle this in

title: Pointer (dog breed)

text: was entered at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1877. Three Pointers have won "Best in Show" there, the first being Ch. Governor Moscow in 1925, second being Ch. Nancolleth Markable, and the most recent being Ch. Marjetta's National Acclaim in 1986. Pointer (dog breed) The Pointer, often called the English Pointer, is a medium to large-sized breed of dog (a Mastiff), developed in England as a gun dog. It is one of several pointing breeds. The coat of a Pointer is short, dense, smooth with a sheen. They are generally white with either liver, lemon, orange or black

title: Dog breed

text: in 1873 in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses. Ancient breed of dogs was a term once used for a group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club, but no longer. These breeds were referred to as "ancient breeds", as opposed to modern breeds because historically it was believed that they had origins dating back over 500 years. In 2004, a study looked at the microsatellites of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. The study found that dog breeds were so genetically distinct that 99% of individual dogs could be correctly assigned to their breed

title: Breed club (dog)

text: to enforce its regulations and code of ethics on non-members of the club. Other dog clubs encompass multiple breeds of the same type, such as the Hunting Retriever Club for retrievers. Such a club is not usually referred to as a breed club. Crossbred portemanteu-named designer dogs may have affinity groups and clubs that might be called breed clubs, although the dogs are not actually a breed of dog, but are a crossbreed of two breeds. The UK based, Cockapoo Club of GB, has raised standards of ethical breeding by ensuring that Approved Breeders adhere to a Code of Ethics.

title: Breed type (dog)

text: all-breed judges may not be knowledgeable about all of the details of each breed's "breed type". The director of the Bedlington Terrier Club of America writes of the Bedlington Terrier's standard for gait that "all too often, judges either ignore [the standard's] description or completely lack knowledge of it." Even judging that adheres strictly to the standard tends to reward the most outgoing and energetic (showy) dog. In order to win, showing "must be fun for the dog." But for some breeds, excessive showiness is in opposition to the "breed type" and should not be rewarded. The American Kennel Club

title: Pointer (dog breed)

text: The Pointer has dominated the pointing breed field trials since then. (Fergus, 2002). One of the earliest dogs to exert influence on the breed in the US was a dog imported from England in 1876 – "Sensation". He is well known as the dog on the emblem of the Westminster Kennel Club. One modern American kennel, established in 1936, and known for breeding large quantities of Pointers, Elhew Kennels produced a popular and successful line of gun dogs. Elhew pointers were well-known competitors at field trials for several decades. In the southern United States, where the dog is so dominant

title: Pointer (dog breed)

text: Pointer (dog breed) The Pointer, often called the English Pointer, is a medium to large-sized breed of dog (a Mastiff), developed in England as a gun dog. It is one of several pointing breeds. The coat of a Pointer is short, dense, smooth with a sheen. They are generally white with either liver, lemon, orange or black markings. Although pointers may have solid coloring in any of these hues, most Pointers are primarily white with some body markings. Lemon and white dogs have flesh-colored noses, while Pointers with orange, liver or black markings have dark (black or very dark brown)

title: Breed type (dog)

text: of a particular King Charles Spaniel. An Akbash Dog "with correct breed type [is] confident, protective, intelligent, brave, affectionate yet reserved, and always loyal." The exact definition of "breed type" for any given breed can be very subjective and elusive. For the most part, the ideal "breed type" is defined in the breed standard, a written list of attributes that defines the breed and separates the breed from other breeds based on the same ancestral type. The standard leaves room for interpretation; breeders may choose to select for emphasis some aspects of "breed type" over others, and, if conformation judges

title: Service dog

text: two questions: (1) is the dog a service animal required because of a disability; and (2) what work or task has the dog been trained to perform? Staff cannot ask about the person's disability, require medical documentation, require a special identification card or training documentation for the dog, or ask that the dog demonstrate its ability to perform the work or task. Under the ADA, individuals with disabilities who use service dogs are granted legal access to be accompanied by their service dogs in all places of public accommodation. Under Title II, the ADA prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities

title: Breed type (dog)

text: agree with that selection, the breed will change over time. Each element of the standard is considered both independently and part of the whole of "breed type". In writing about the Borzoi, Jon Titus Steel says, "The neck is a key element of breed type", affecting a dog's outline, balance, movement, and function. In conformation judging, judges compare the dog to the ideal "breed type" represented in the standard. Since breed standards leave room for interpretation, conformation show judging is highly subjective, and individual judges will place more or less emphasis on the various elements of "breed type". In addition,

title: Dog breed

text: breed standard may be accepted into one or more of the major registries (kennel clubs) of dog breeds include the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (covering 84 countries), The Kennel Club (UK), the Canadian Kennel Club, the American Kennel Club, the United Kennel Clubs International, the Australian National Kennel Council the New Zealand Kennel Club, and other national registries. The registry places the breed into the appropriate category, called a group. Some Groups may be further subdivided by some registries. Pure breed dogs have more health problems than mongrel dogs, and require more veterinary visits, and tend to have lower longevity. Indeed,

title: Breed club (dog)

text: research on breed-specific health issues. Breed clubs for agricultural stock breeds became popular social clubs in England in the late 18th century and early 19th century. The first breed club for chickens, for example, was formed in 1815 as an elite and expensive activity. By the mid-19th century, dog shows were becoming a pastime in Victorian England, and the bulldog was a popular pet. In order to make the bulldog breed smaller and more gentle, crossbreeding with pugs and other types of dogs was being done, leading to the formation of the first breed club, the Bulldog Club, in 1864,

title: Bouvier des Flandres

text: Bouviers get bored easily and learn best when repetition is limited. They require well-balanced training that remains consistent in nature. Without being harsh, it is important to consistently make the dog aware that the owner will remain the boss. This breed needs an experienced owner to prevent dominance and over-protectiveness problems. These dogs poorly trained can become inappropriately dominant towards humans. An un-socialized Bouvier can become fearful and pose a problem when introduced to new situations in which they do not feel comfortable. Bouviers should be socialized well, preferably starting at an early age, to avoid shyness, suspiciousness, and being

title: Laika (dog breed)

text: Laika (dog breed) Laika () refers to a type of hunting dog of Northern Russia and Russian Siberia, and is a generic name for several breeds. Fédération Cynologique Internationale uses the word "Laika" in the names of three standard breeds: Russian European Laika (FCI standard No. 304), West Siberian Laika (FCI 306), and East Siberian Laika (FCI 305), which had been bred from the aboriginal dogs of northern Russia and Siberia. The Karelo-Finnish Laika, not listed in the FCI nomenclature, is also a Russian breed, with the first standard published in Leningrad in 1936. It is a close relative of

title: Dog breed

text: scientific standards. Four varieties of the Belgian Shepherd Dog are recognised as four distinct breeds by the New Zealand Kennel Club. Further, some groups of dogs which clearly share a persistent set of characteristics and documented descent from a known foundation stock may still not be recognized by some clubs as breeds. For instance, the feist is a hunting dog raised in the Southern United States for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other dog types and breeds. However, the United Kennel Club recognizes one breed of feist, the Treeing Feist,

title: Breed club (dog)

text: may be registered with breed clubs that have competition in dog shows and the breeding of showdogs and pets as their primary purposes. Most of the clubs have a closed stud book. Many dogs that are bred for show and pets are inbred, in order to make them as uniform in appearance as possible. Close inbreeding, called linebreeding, has only recently been recognised as problematic; generations of breeder manuals have recommended close inbreeding to produce a dog that is highly standardised in appearance. Today, testing for genetic defects before breeding is required by most breed clubs' code of ethics (but

title: Giant dog breed

text: dogs, often living only 6 to 10 years. The following breeds are generally described as giant breeds: Giant dog breed A giant dog breed has no universal height or weight classification, although some groups define "giant breeds" as those heavier than . Giant breeds grow rapidly, but take longer to mature into their full adult sizes than smaller dogs. Many giant breeds are mature, soft and relaxed dogs as adults and require less exercise than most smaller dogs, so they can make better pets for small living arrangements, such as apartments. Because they are larger animals, they are less likely

title: Giant dog breed

text: Giant dog breed A giant dog breed has no universal height or weight classification, although some groups define "giant breeds" as those heavier than . Giant breeds grow rapidly, but take longer to mature into their full adult sizes than smaller dogs. Many giant breeds are mature, soft and relaxed dogs as adults and require less exercise than most smaller dogs, so they can make better pets for small living arrangements, such as apartments. Because they are larger animals, they are less likely to be intimidated by other people and thus are much more adaptable to meeting friends, family members,

title: Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America

text: for whatever reason with the American Kennel Club, the UKC, or the Canadian Kennel Club. The MBDCA, like virtually all dog clubs that accept mixed breeds, requires that its member dogs be spayed or neutered, discourages the crossbreeding of dogs, and does not accept wolf hybrids as members. In conformation, which evaluates a dog's appearance and physical characteristics, its rules are necessarily different from the AKC's. For purebred dogs in the AKC, each breed has a clearly defined appearance standard, including such points as the length, thickness, and color of the coat; the dog's height and weight; the length of

title: Hypoallergenic dog breed

text: for most breeds, when not regularly bathed, even a dog who sheds very little or has little dander can trigger a reaction in a sensitive person. Size may be a factor in determining hypoallergenicity. It is possible that the total body surface area of the dog is more indicative of reduced production of allergens than its breed. Smaller dogs will also leave fewer environmental pollutants containing dog dander and dog allergens (reduced fecal matter, urine and saliva). Small hairless dogs may be less likely to cause allergic reactions "because it's so easy to bathe them and the dander falls off

title: Pointer (dog breed)

text: it is often simply referred to as the "bird dog," Pointers are found in abundance. The bobwhite quail is the primary game bird there, and is considered classic English Pointer game, as the bobwhite will hold well for a pointing dog. Pointers also work game birds such as the pheasant, grouse, and woodcock with success. While the dog is often called the "English Pointer" colloquially, the official breed name according to the British Kennel Club is simply "Pointer". The same is true of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the American Kennel Club, and the Field Dog Stud Book. The first Pointer

title: Breed club (dog)

text: of breeding stock (although the dogs must not vary too much in appearance from the breed standard, or they will not be registerable.). The emphasis is placed on hunting ability in the selection of breeding stock. In addition, inbreeding may be regulated. The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America code of ethics specifies that "a terrier will be rejected for registration if the inbreeding coefficient is more than 16 percent" in an effort to lessen hereditary disease in the breed. Independent working and hunting breed clubs sometimes maintain an open stud book. Dog breeds that are primarily kept as pets

title: Central Asian Shepherd Dog

text: the thick undercoat results in heavy seasonal shedding twice a year. The Central Asian is a working breed of dog, and different breed fanciers organizations issue sets or rules and recommendations important to preserve dogs’ abilities to perform certain duties. This includes special tests to determine a dog’s inborn qualities, and training degrees or titles aimed to show what the dog can learn to do. The National Breed Club in Russia developed a temperament test to reveal a dog’s willingness and ability to protect the premises, as well as titles in Obedience (such as OKD), and in Protection (such as

title: Breed club (dog)

text: code binding on non-members.) With the advent of the internet, a breeder can create a "breed club" by putting up a web page to advertise their kennel and their newly created "rare breed". There are also many internet based "kennel clubs" that will accept such "rare breeds" with little or no proof that they fit any of the definitions of the term breed, or without any proof that the "breed club" exists for anything more than to advertise a kennel. Some breeds of dogs have only one breed club. If the breed club does not belong to a national kennel

title: Breed club (dog)

text: the preservation and protection" of the club's breed. Each club defines for itself what exactly the club will do for the breed, depending on the use of the particular breed that is advocated by the breed club. Breed clubs write the standard for their breed, and independent breed clubs maintain their breed's stud book (other breed clubs are affiliated with a national kennel club, which maintains the stud books of a great many breeds in a central location.) Breed clubs provide information to the public about their breed. Club members agree to a code of ethics overseen by the club

title: The Dog of Montarges

text: due to his disability does not. In the end he needs help from Aubry's dog Dragon, which is also mute. The dramatisation does not end in a fight like the legend; the mythical narrative is replaced by a search for clues like a modern detective story. The dog is killed by Aubry's foes, but the murderer is recognized by using a belt with which he had tied the dog on the scene. The name for the breed, Briard, is sometimes called "Chien d'Aubry", so it is suggested that a trained Briard may have been used in the role of the

title: Breed club (dog)

text: to write a breed standard to prevent what the members felt were undesirable changes to the breed. The club only lasted three years. More breed clubs were formed in England after the founding of the Kennel Club in 1873, starting with a new bulldog breed club in 1875 in London. Membership in a breed club is usually done through an application, in which the prospective member explains his or her interest in the breed, and supplies recommendations from other members. Most individuals join breed clubs in order to participate in the club-sponsored activities. Hobby breeders join breed clubs for access

title: Rare breed (dog)

text: written documentation to be a member of a specific breed. For example, the Canadian department of agriculture, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, has strict requirements for the registering of new breeds, which are referred to as "emerging breeds." In the past, this process was limited to each country's national governing body for dog breeds (two in the case of the United States), and gaining recognition for a new breed was a closely checked, long process. With the advent of the internet a vast number of minor registries has proliferated, allowing clubs, breeders, and internet entrepreneurs to create their own registries for

title: Hypoallergenic dog breed

text: fueled by unsubstantiated articles on the internet. In a recent interview, Christine Cole Johnson, Senior Staff Scientist at the Henry Ford Hospital & Health System, referring to the findings of her article in the July 2011 issue of the "American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy", explained that it was unclear where the name hypoallergenic dog breed came from, and asserted that the existence of such a breed was just a myth. The significant allergens are proteins found in the dog's saliva and dander. Some studies have suggested that the production of the allergen, and therefore human allergenic reaction, varies by

title: Breed club (dog)

text: show-winning dogs, has led in some breeds to extremes in appearance and a loss of working or hunting instincts. For this reason, many working and hunting dog owners will not join breed clubs associated with national kennel clubs, preferring to maintain their breeds and stud books independently. A disadvantage to this approach is the loss of access to the many events and activities that the national clubs can afford to sponsor. Unless the independent breed club is very large, it can suffer from a lack of funding and lobby support that the national kennel clubs can provide, especially with the

title: Hypoallergenic dog breed

text: University of Virginia, explained that there are cases in which a specific dog (not breed) might be better tolerated by a specific person, for unknown reasons. "We think there really are differences in protein production between dogs that may help one patient and not another," Dr. Platts-Mills said. All dogs shed, and all dogs produce dander and saliva in some degree. As noted above, the amount of the allergenic protein present on the dander and in saliva varies by breed. Also, the amount of the allergen can be reduced or eliminated in individual dogs by treatments such as bathing. But

title: Dog breed

text: or neuter animals in numerous contexts. The American Kennel Club, for instance, allows mixed-breed dogs to be shown but requires these animals to be altered. It doesn't make such requirements for purebred dogs. California Assembly Act AB 1634 was a bill introduced in 2007 that would require all non-working dogs of mixed breed over the age of 6 months to be neutered or spayed. The bill was morally controversial, leading the American Kennel Club to fight the bill. The Canadian department of agriculture has strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "evolving breeds". The breed standard for each

title: Breed standard

text: Federation Cynologique Internationale regulates breed standards for dogs internationally, but the largest dog registry, the American Kennel Club, does not belong to the international body and uses its own breed standard format. Breed standard A breed standard (also called bench standard or standard of points) in animal fancy and animal husbandry is a set of guidelines which is used to ensure that the animals produced by a breeder or breeding facility conform to the specifics of the standardized breed. Breed standards are devised by breed associations or breed clubs, not by individuals, and are written to reflect the use or

title: Mixed Breed Dog Clubs of America

text: compete to earn obedience titles in the same way that most purebred dogs could compete in their purebred clubs. They also defined rules for conformation competitions for mixed-breed dogs. The MBDCA obedience rules generally follow the rules established by the AKC. The MBDCA is the only dog organization in America that requires a dog to complete an obedience title before it can complete its conformation championship. This ensures that the dog is not merely attractive but has also learned basic obedience. MBDCA allows not only mixed breeds to compete at its events, but also purebred dogs who cannot be registered

title: Service dog

text: denied the dog owner's request that he bring his service dog to work. There have been reports of people fraudulently passing off their untrained, ordinary pets as service dogs by purchasing service dog vests and other accessories from online companies, prompting law enforcement agencies to investigate and penalize the perpetrators. An individual can only legally ask two certain questions to determine if a person has a service dog: whether the dog is a service animal required because of a disability and what work or task the dog has been trained to perform. As of October 2017, 19 states have passed

title: American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry

text: allows not only mixed breeds to compete at its events, but also purebred dogs who cannot be registered for whatever reason with the American Kennel Club, the UKC, or the Canadian Kennel Club. AMBOR, unlike the Mixed Breed Dog Club of America, does not hold conformation trials, which evaluate a dog's appearance and physical characteristics. However, like virtually all dog clubs that accept mixed breeds, it requires that its member dogs be neutered, discourages the crossbreeding of dogs, and does not accept wolf hybrids as members. American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry The American Mixed Breed Obedience Registry (AMBOR) is a

title: Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show

text: each dog matches the standard, which is a written description of the ideal specimen of that breed. Standards may include references relating form to function in the performance of the job that the dog was bred for, and may also include items that seem somewhat arbitrary such as color, eye shape, tail carriage and more. While many breeds no longer need to perform their original jobs and are bred mostly for companionship, they should still have the innate ability and physical makeup to perform those jobs, and this is what the judge looks for. Because of space considerations at Madison

title: The Bouvier Affair

text: in 2016 when the art dealers that had originally sold Da Vinci's Salvator Mundi painting to Bouvier, learned that he had sold it to Rybolovlev at a much higher price. According to court papers, Sotheby's was asked to clarify whether it had been aware that the painting was worth more than what the art dealers had sold it to Bouvier for, and whether the auction house had misled the dealers in favor of the Swiss trader. In November that year, Sotheby's issued a pre-emptive suit in relation to the Salvator Mundi painting, denying that it had ever been part of

title: Conformation (dog)

text: breed standard, and are instead developed as breeder guidelines by breed clubs, kennel clubs, or even by national agricultural department rules. "Conformation" refers solely to the externally visible details of a dog's structure and appearance, along with the dog's expected temperament, which varies for each breed or type of dog. For details about contents of a breed's "breed standard" and what is considered "good conformation" for a particular breed, see the article about that specific breed of dog. Conformation (dog) Conformation in dogs refers solely to the externally visible details of a dog's structure and appearance, as defined in detail

title: Companion dog

text: Companion dog A companion dog is a dog that does not work, providing only companionship as a pet, rather than usefulness by doing specific tasks. Many of the toy dog breeds are used only for the pleasure of their company, not as workers. Any dog can be a companion dog, and many working types such as retrievers are enjoyed primarily for their friendly nature as a family pet, as are mixed breed dogs. The American Kennel Club also offers a Companion dog title for judged dog obedience competitions. Breed groups argue that any dog in the working group type is

title: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)

text: Bay. The video is produced by Fredrik Kvåle Dørum and Jørgen Thue (Concorde TV). The forest scenes were filmed in Nittedal municipality, from Oslo downtown. The video begins with Bård singing at a costume party where other participants are dressed as different animals, whose appearances follow the progression of the lyrics. He gives a summary of animal sounds ("Dog goes woof/cat goes meow", etc.) that "could have been lifted straight from a preschool primer" and asks "what does the fox say?" The group then transitions into a synchronized dance scene in a forest with Bård in a bear costume and

title: Dalbo dog

text: dog closely resembled the living Portuguese breed of Cao da Serra da estrela. Others claim it was more like the modern day Leonberger, or the English Mastiff. There are a few pictures of what some think is a Dalbo dog, and the most recent of these are from 1905. The Dalbo dog was noted for its courage and bold nature. Even though the original Dalbo dog is extinct, there are Swedish attempts to reconstruct the breed using related breeds of dogs. The results of this are promising, but have yet to be given a breed standard. Dalbo dog The Dalbo

title: What the Dog Saw

text: statistics and its lack of technical grounding. "What the Dog Saw" debuted at #3 on the "New York Times" Bestseller List. It spent three weeks in the top 3 and a total of 16 weeks on the chart, appearing concurrently with Gladwell's previous book "Outliers". It was also an Amazon Top 25 seller for the month of November. "What the Dog Saw" was named to Bloomberg's top 50 business books of 2009. All of the articles in "What the Dog Saw" can be read for free on Gladwell's website. Part 1: "Obsessives, Pioneers, and other varieties of Minor Genius" Part

title: What the Dog Saw

text: the difference between early and late bloomers to criminal profiling. "What the Dog Saw" was met with mainly positive reviews. It received profiles in many high-profile publications, including the "New York Times", "The Guardian", "Time Magazine", "The Los Angeles Times" and "The Independent". In particular, Gladwell was praised for his writing and storytelling, and reviewers looked upon the essay format positively, with "The Guardian" stating "one virtue of What the Dog Saw is that the pieces are perfectly crafted: they achieve their purpose more effectively when they aren't stretched out." "What The Dog Saw" was criticized for its use of

title: Fault (dog)

text: work towards eliminating in the breed. Those undesirable aspects of appearance and temperament are called "faults". What constitutes a fault may differ from breed to breed. For example, an aloof and somewhat aggressive temperament might be suitable for a livestock guardian dog, but would be a completely unacceptable fault in a lap dog. Faults may be serious enough to require disqualification in a conformation show, eliminating the dog from winning a championship in conformation, or they may be minor, to be measured by the judge against the dog's good qualities. Some breed standards are punctilious in the extreme, spelling out

title: Fault (dog)

text: do with the individual dog's ability to work or suitability as a pet. Faults are formally defined in reference to the breed standard of the specific dog breed, and, due to the extreme variability of the dog ("Phenotypic variation among dog breeds, whether it be in size, shape, or behavior, is greater than for any other animal"), a single set of faults cannot be generically described for all dog breeds. Wikipedia articles for individual breeds should describe what are considered faults in that particular breed. "Faults" are evaluated as part of the judging process in conformation shows. As the purpose

title: Conformation (dog)

text: the dog type from which the breed developed, along with many details that have been added to the breed standard for purposes of differentiation from other breeds, for working reasons, or for enhancing the beauty of the animals from the viewpoint of the fanciers who wrote the breed standards. The breed standard for each breed of dog details desirable and undesirable attributes of "appearance" and "temperament" for an individual breed. Due to the great variability in dogs, there is no one standard of good conformation. What is good conformation for a lapdog will not be good conformation for a guard

title: Pointer (dog breed)

text: England. Through both history and anatomical evaluation, at least four breeds appear to have been instrumental in Pointer crosses: Greyhounds, Foxhounds, Bloodhounds, and Bull Terriers. Each of these were established breeds with unique qualities the Pointer could use to do its job. Pointers were brought to the United States, where the breed flourished in the abundant open hunting land. At that time (late 1800s), the Setter was considered to be the bird-hunting dog and pointers were not even permitted to compete in field trials with setters. Around 1910, however, the Pointer began to beat the Setter at its own game.

title: The Bouvier Affair

text: suburb of Paris that is run by Art Transit, a Bouvier family company. It later emerged that Bouvier had sold two of the allegedly stolen Picasso paintings to Rybolovlev in 2013. Rybolovlev handed over the paintings to French authorities in 2015. Bouvier denied any involvement in the thefts, but in September 2015 he was indicted by French authorities on charges of theft in relation to the discovery of two of the works by Picasso that Hutin-Blay alleged were stolen from her. In court, Bouvier produced a document meant to certify that he paid Hutin-Blay for the two paintings, to the

title: The Bouvier Affair

text: The Bouvier Affair The Bouvier Affair is the name that art commentators have given to a number of international lawsuits that started in 2015, and subsequent events. The lawsuits allege that Swiss art shipper and dealer Yves Bouvier defrauded his clients by misrepresenting the original cost of art works and subsequently overcharging them. The affair has played out in courts in Monaco, Switzerland, France, the US, Hong Kong and Singapore. The alleged victims are "high net worth individuals" in the UK, the US, Asia and Europe, most notably Monaco-based Russian oligarch Dmitry Rybolovlev. As of early 2018, Bouvier was facing

title: Bouvier (grape)

text: Bouvier with Eger 2 (a selfling of Villard blanc) to produce the Hungarian wine grape Bianca. Bouvier is also known under the synonyms Bela Ranina, Bela Ranka, Boouvierovo Grozno, Bouvier blanc, Bouvier Précoce, Bouvier Trante weisse, Bouvier Traube weisse, Bouvierov Hrozen, Bouvierova Ranina, Bouvierovo Grozno, Bouvierovo Hrozno, Bouvierovo Ranina, Bouvierrebe, Bouviertraube, Bouviertraube weisse, Bouvieruv Hrozen, Bouvijejeva Ranka, Bouvijeorva Ranina, Bouvijerova Ranka, Bovije, Buveleova Ranka, Buvie, Buvierov Hrozen, Buvije, Buvijeova Ranina, Buvijeova Ranka, Buvijeva Ranka, Buvileova Ranka, Chasselas Bouvier, Findling, Kimmig Kp 1, Précoce de Bouvier, Précoce de Bouvier bianco, Précoce de Bouvier blanc, Précoce di Bouvier bianco, Radgonska Ranina, Radgonska

title: The Bouvier Affair

text: stated that Bouvier and a co-defendant, Tania Rappo, with whom he is accused to have conspired to launder money from his art deal proceeds, held joint accounts at the bank, Bouvier called for an investigation into that matter. HSBC stated the error was "unintentional and clerical." Allegations occurred in the French and Swiss press that Rybolovlev received help in arresting Bouvier from Monaco's justice minister, Philippe Narmino, and Jean-Pierre Dreno, the state prosecutor. On that basis, Bouvier and Rappo attempted to have the charges against them thrown out in November 2015, arguing that there were a number of irregularities in

title: Pomeranian (dog)

text: outside noises. Pomeranians are intelligent, respond well to training, and can be very successful in getting what they want from their owners. They are extroverted and enjoy being the center of attention, but they can become dominant if not well trained and socialized. The use of toys can be an effective tool in training Pomeranians to spend time alone. The life expectancy of a Pomeranian is 12 to 16 years. A well-bred dog on a good diet with appropriate exercise will have few health problems; and, if kept trim and fit, a Pomeranian is a sturdy dog. The breed does

title: Greater Swiss Mountain Dog

text: contributing to daily life on the farm. Large, sturdy and confident, the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a draft and drover breed that is robust and agile enough to perform farm work in very mountainous regions. The breed was also used as a butcher's dog, having been "popular with butchers, cattle dealers, manual workers and farmers, who used them as guard dogs, droving or draught dogs and bred them as such." Its popularity as a draft dog led to the nickname "the poor man's horse". By the 19th century, the ancestors of the modern Greater Swiss Mountain Dog were widely

title: Taiwan Dog

text: look different, compared to old photos or documents from the early days. Some insist it is a natural change which does not affect the whole breed, while others actively fight to preserve the "pure" bloodline. Nevertheless, this breed is now popular all across the island as a watch and companion dog. Dog meat is known as "fragrant meat" (香肉 xiāng ròu) in Taiwan. Dog meat was never commonly eaten in general, and when it was eaten, it was usually only eaten during winter. But those that did partake in eating dog meat would frequently consume the meat of the black

title: Greater Swiss Mountain Dog

text: was featured in the front page of the Wall Street Journal as he prepared to compete at the Westminster dog show. According to the AKC, Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are 88th in popularity as a breed. The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a draft and drover breed; it is a large, heavy-boned dog with incredible physical strength. Despite being heavy-boned and well-muscled, the dog is agile enough to perform the all-purpose farm duties of the mountainous regions of its origin. There is black on top of the dog's back, ears, tail and the majority of the legs. There should be

title: Breed All About It

text: specific health concerns for that breed, an offbeat or humorous segment featuring the unique traits of the breed, and a summary guide for what prospective owners should know about the breed. Occasionally segments within episodes would feature one or more celebrities who own the featured dog breed, including their testimonials about life with their dogs. Some of the celebrities featured on "Breed All About It" include Susan Ford and her Golden Retrievers, Greg Louganis and his Great Danes, Lorrie Morgan and her Japanese Chins, and Andrew Weil and his Rhodesian Ridgebacks. It is unknown if "Breed All About It" will

title: Northern breed group

text: clubs, dog sport clubs, minor kennel clubs and internet-based dog businesses. In this Group, the Alaskan Klee Kai (a new breed developed from a mixed breed dog in the 1970s in Alaska, USA) can be still be registered with the American Rare Breed Association as well as with the United Kennel Club. A breed that is not recognised by a kennel club means that it has not been sufficiently vetted according to that particular kennel club's rules. Northern breed group Northern Breed Group is the name of a breed group of dogs, used by kennel clubs to classify a defined

title: Salish Wool Dog

text: Salish Wool Dog The Salish Wool Dog or Comox dog is an extinct breed of white, long-haired, Spitz-type dog that was developed and bred by the native peoples of what is now Washington and British Columbia. The Salish Wool Dog (or Woolly Dog) likely is the only known prehistoric North American dog developed by true animal husbandry. The small, long-haired wool dog and the coyote-like village dog were deliberately maintained as separate populations. The dogs were kept in packs of about 12 to 20 animals, and fed primarily raw and cooked salmon. To keep the breed true to type and

title: Central Asian Shepherd Dog

text: Guardian dogs behavior and specifics can be found at Livestock Guardian Dog Association. The CAO is a versatile, universal breed, and fits under different descriptions at a time, what is a reason for different Kennel Clubs to classify Central Asians under different dog breed groups. RKF, FCI recognized Russian Kennel Club, classified Central Asians as a working dog breed, reflecting tremendous results in obedience, protection and military-related training. Modern breeding requirements by leading Kennel Club in Russia include mandatory temperament test and training title, besides show rating. UKC fit them together with other Flock Guardians of similar breeds, matching breed’

title: Mexican Hairless Dog

text: breeds. A spacious, well-fenced, and safe physical environment is desirable for this breed. Daily walks are ideal for exercising most toy-sized Xolos, however more stimulating physical and mental exercise is advised for larger and more active individuals. Behavior problems in Xolos are typically a result of a dog receiving inadequate or inconsistent supervision, as well as inadequate exercise and mental stimulation. The Xoloitzcuintli is a social dog that should not, in most cases, be an "only dog". It does not do well when kept as an outside-only dog. This is a breed that is at its best when it is

title: Northern breed group

text: Northern breed group Northern Breed Group is the name of a breed group of dogs, used by kennel clubs to classify a defined collection of dog breeds. Dogs listed in the "Northern Breed Group" may not all be of the same type of dog. Spitz-type dogs are the primary dog type of the Arctic and northern parts of the world, and the Shiba Inu, Chow Chow, Alaskan Malamute, Siberian Husky and Samoyed are being shown by genetic research to be descendents of the oldest dog types known. The Spitz or Northern-type dogs of today developed from antiquity along with humans,

title: John Bouvier

text: John Bouvier was born in 1787 in Codognan, France, in the department du Gard, to Jean Bouvier (1760-1803) and Marie Benezet (1760-1823). They were members of the Quakers. John Bouvier was educated in Nimes. In 1802, Jean and Marie Bouvier, John Bouvier, and his brother Daniel emigrated to America and settled in Philadelphia. Bouvier's father died within a year of yellow fever, and his mother later returned to France. John Bouvier was apprenticed to age 21 to a Philadelphia Quaker, Benjamin Johnson, a printer and bookseller who had known the family while traveling in France. In 1808, John Bouvier began

title: Breed-specific legislation

text: non-legislated dog breeds for the type of bite inflicted, and the medical treatment needed after the bite. The authors found that non-legislated dog breeds were less likely to be reported to the authorities both before and after the bite compared to legislated dog breeds. The publication suggests there is no scientifically valid basis for breed-specific legislation, and suggests significant negative consequences may result from its introduction. The importation of the Dogo Argentino, Fila Brasileiro, Japanese tosa, American pit bull terrier and Perro de Presa Canario or Presa Canario into Australia is absolutely prohibited. The Canadian federal government does not regulate

title: Pierre Bouvier

text: Pierre Bouvier Pierre Charles Bouvier (born 9 May 1979) is a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, composer and actor who is best known as the lead vocalist of the rock band Simple Plan. Bouvier was born to Réal and Louise Bouvier. He has two older brothers, Jay and Jonathan. He attended Collège Beaubois in Pierrefonds, Quebec, with bandmates Chuck Comeau, Jeff Stinco, and Sébastien Lefebvre. Before and partly during his early musical career, Bouvier worked as a cook at St-Hubert in Montréal. Bouvier has two daughters, and has been married to Lachelle Farrar since 2013. When Bouvier was 13 or 14