query: When was the first liver transplant?

title: Liver

text: to grow back each night. The myth suggests the ancient Greeks may have known about the liver’s remarkable capacity for self-repair. Human liver transplants were first performed by Thomas Starzl in the United States and Roy Calne in Cambridge, England in 1963 and 1967, respectively. Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, and autoimmune hepatitis. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure, in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks. Liver allografts for transplant

title: Liver transplantation

text: with many experimental models used in early surgical research, the first attempts at liver transplantation were performed on dogs. The earliest published reports of canine liver transplantations were performed in 1955 by Vittorio Staudacher at Opedale Maggiore Policlinico in Milan, Italy. This initial attempt varied significantly from contemporary techniques; for example, Staudacher reported "arterialization" of the donor portal vein via the recipient hepatic artery, and use of cholecystostomy for biliary drainage. The first attempted human liver transplant was performed in 1963 by Dr. Thomas Starzl, although the pediatric patient died intraoperatively due to uncontrolled bleeding. Multiple subsequent attempts by various

title: Science and technology in Iran

text: has produced increasing numbers of scientific publications since its establishment. Modern organ transplantation in Iran dates to 1935, when the first cornea transplant in Iran was performed by Professor Mohammad-Qoli Shams at Farabi Eye Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The Shiraz Nemazi transplant center, also one of the pioneering transplant units of Iran, performed the first Iranian kidney transplant in 1967 and the first Iranian liver transplant in 1995. The first heart transplant in Iran was performed in 1993 in Tabriz. The first lung transplant was performed in 2001, and the first heart and lung transplants were performed in 2002, both

title: Cigna

text: died awaiting the transplant. Cigna notes that it had no financial stake in the decision to authorize the transplant because it merely administers the insurance plan of Mr. Sarkisyan's employer and would not bear the cost of any operation. However, Cigna offered to pay for the transplant itself when it made the exception to the policy. Even though liver transplants have been performed since 1963 and are a well accepted treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, Cigna defended its actions by claiming that there was insufficient data to show that a transplant for a patient in

title: British Transplant Society

text: physiology. The society awards a medal to the competitive winner of submission of a peer review publication in a recognised academic journal. The award is named after Sir Roy Yorke Calne, who was the first surgeon to perform a combined heart/lung/liver transplant in 1987, the first liver transplantation operation in Europe in 1968, and the first small bowel transplant in the UK in 1992. British Transplant Society The British Transplant Society (BTS) is a non-profit professional body representing the community of physicians, surgeons, nurses, allied health professionals and scientists involved in organ transplantation in the United Kingdom. The BTS supports

title: Liver transplantation

text: will be rejected by the recipient unless immunosuppressive drugs are used. The immunosuppressive regimens for all solid organ transplants are fairly similar, and a variety of agents are now available. Most liver transplant recipients receive corticosteroids plus a calcineurin inhibitor such as tacrolimus or ciclosporin, (also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin) plus a purine antagonist such as mycophenolate mofetil. Clinical outcome is better with tacrolimus than with ciclosporin during the first year of liver transplantation. If the patient has a co-morbidity such as active hepatitis B, high doses of hepatitis B immunoglubins are administrated in liver transplant patients. Liver transplantation is

title: Liver transplantation

text: marrow of liver transplant recipients. The prognosis following liver transplant is variable, depending on overall health, technical success of the surgery, and the underlying disease process affecting the liver. There is no exact model to predict survival rates; those with transplant have a 58% chance of surviving 15 years. Failure of the new liver occurs in 10% to 15% of all cases. These percentages are contributed to by many complications. Early graft failure is probably due to preexisting disease of the donated organ. Others include technical flaws during surgery such as revascularization that may lead to a nonfunctioning graft. As

title: National Organ Transplant Act of 1984

text: transplants. A new drug, cyclosporin, that had been introduced had also increased the survival rate of liver transplant patients from 35% to 70% in a patients first year of undergoing a liver transplant. This made it clear that the legislation was aware of a growing need and also growing shortage of organs when NOTA was passed. NOTA made it illegal to compensate organ donors, but did not prevent payment for other forms of donations (such as human plasma, sperm, and egg cells). Although bone marrow is not an organ or a component of an organ, the act made paying bone

title: Transplant rejection

text: and the resulting complement-mediated immune response leads to a rejection of the transplant. Developing with formation of cellular immunity, "acute rejection" occurs to some degree in all transplants, except between identical twins, unless immunosuppression is achieved (usually through drugs). Acute rejection begins as early as one week after transplant, the risk being highest in the first three months, though it can occur months to years later. Highly vascular tissues such as kidney or liver often host the earliest signs—particularly at endothelial cells lining blood vessels—though it eventually occurs in roughly 10 to 30% of liver transplants, and 10 to 20%

title: Liver failure

text: "Acute on chronic liver failure" is said to exist when someone with chronic liver disease develops features of liver failure. A number of underlying causes may precipitate this, such as alcohol misuse or infection. People with ACLF can be critically ill and require intensive care treatment, and occasionally a liver transplant. Mortality with treatment is 50%. Liver failure Liver failure or hepatic insufficiency is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology. Two forms are recognised, acute and chronic. Recently a third form of liver failure known as acute-on-chronic liver

title: Chronic liver disease

text: examined underneath a microscope. The treatment of chronic liver disease depends on the cause. Specific conditions may be treated with medications including corticosteroids, interferon, antivirals, bile acids or other drugs. Supportive therapy for complications of cirrhosis include diuretics, albumin, vitamin K, blood products, antibiotics and nutritional therapy. Other patients may require surgery or a transplant. Transplant is required when the liver fails and there is no other alternative. Many herbal and antioxidant remedies have been advocated for chronic liver disease but the evidence is not conclusive. Some support may be found in the orthodox medical use of two of these:

title: Liver transplantation

text: at designated transplant medical centers by highly trained transplant physicians and supporting medical team. The duration of the surgery ranges from 4 to 18 hours depending on outcome. Favorable outcomes require careful screening for eligible recipient, as well as a well-calibrated live or cadaveric donor match. Liver transplantation is a potential treatment for acute or chronic conditions which cause irreversible and severe ("end-stage") liver dysfunction. Since the procedure carries relatively high risks, is resource-intensive, and requires major life-modifications after surgery, it is reserved for dire circumstances. Judging the appropriateness/effectiveness of liver transplant on case-by-case basis is critically important ("see Contraindications"),

title: The British Liver Trust

text: year to fund its activities. In November of 2015, blues musician Walter Trout became a patron of the British Liver Trust. Trout found out that he had liver disease in 2013. After spending five months in a liver ward, he received a liver transplant in 2014. By 2015 he had recovered and was able to go on Tour in Europe. “I’m only still here because someone donated their liver” he said. The British Liver Trust British Liver Trust is a charitable organisation in The United Kingdom which has a focus in the health of the liver. Based in the town

title: BC Transplant Society

text: BC. Low performance rates resulted in researcher evaluation. From 1997-2001, 150 patients were declared unsuitable for liver transplant due to five categories: Transplant Centres are located at: Regional Clinics are located at: Created in 1985. In 1986, BCTS was the first organization in North America to combine organ donation registry and transplantation. In 1991, BCTS established its annual Operation Popcorn project which delivers popcorn tins to appreciate health care workers for more than 25 years. In 1992, BCTS established Transplant Research Foundation of British Columbia (TRF) with funding and administrative support. In 1997, BCTS created North America's first online organ

title: National Kidney and Transplant Institute

text: pancreas (first in Asia, March 1988); Kidney - Liver transplant (first in Asia, September 1990); Bone Marrow Transplant (first in the Philippines, August 1990); ISO-Certification (first Government Hospital in the Philippines, February 2003). To sustain such commitment, the Institute has continuously maintain various healthcare-related programs of the Institute such the Human Organ Preservation Effort (HOPE), Voluntary Blood Donation Program (VBDP), Renal Disease Control Program (REDCOP) and Total Quality Management (TQM) National Kidney and Transplant Institute The National Kidney and Transplant Institute is a tertiary referral hospital located in Quezon City, Philippines. The hospital was announced on January 16, 1981. The

title: Liver support systems

text: statistically significance increase in transplant-free survival compared with the others patients of the study. Notably, 75% of the patients underwent liver transplantation in the first 24 hours after inclusion in the waiting list, and besides the short exposure to MARS therapy, some patients showed a better survival trend compared to controls, when they were treated with MARS prior to the transplant. In a case-controlled study by Montejo "et al". it was reported that MARS treatment do not decrease mortality directly; however, the treatment contributed to significantly improve survival in patients that were transplanted. In studies by Mitzner "et al". and

title: Liver transplantation

text: as outcomes are highly variable. Although liver transplatation is the most effective treatment for many forms of end-stage liver disease, the tremendous limitation in allograft availability and widely variable post-surgical outcomes make case selection critically important. Assessment of a person's transplant eligibility is made by a multi-disciplinary team that includes surgeons, medical doctors, and other providers. The first step in evaluation is to determine whether the patient has irreversible liver-based diseased which will be cured by getting a new liver. Thus, those with diseases which are primarily based outside the liver or have spread beyond the liver are generally considered

title: Acute liver failure

text: unit. For patients not at a transplant center, the possibility of rapid progression of ALF makes early consultation with a transplant facility critical. Accordingly, plans for transfer to a transplant center should begin in patients with any abnormal mentation. Early institution of antidotes or specific therapy may prevent the need for liver transplantation and reduce the likelihood of poor outcome. Measures appropriate for specific causes of ALF are described in detail later in this chapter. Patients with grade I–II encephalopathy should be transferred to a liver transplant facility and listed for transplantation. Consider a brain computed tomography (CT) scan to

title: Head transplant

text: systematic neuropathic pain is high and had largely been unaddressed in research. Of these challenges, dealing with blood supply and transplant rejection have been addressed in the field of transplant medicine generally, making transplantation of several types of organs fairly routine; however in a field as common as liver transplantation around a quarter of organs are rejected within the first year and overall mortality is still much higher than the general population. The challenge of grafting the nervous system remained in early stages of research . Alexis Carrel was a French surgeon who had developed improved surgical methods to connect

title: Liver transplantation

text: is based on (1) the remarkable regenerative capacities of the human liver and (2) the widespread shortage of cadaveric livers for patients awaiting transplant. In LDLT, a piece of healthy liver is surgically removed from a living person and transplanted into a recipient, immediately after the recipient’s diseased liver has been entirely removed. Historically, LDLT began with terminal pediatric patients, whose parents were motivated to risk donating a portion of their compatible healthy livers to replace their children's failing ones. The first report of successful LDLT was by Dr. Christoph Broelsch at the University of Chicago Medical Center in November

title: BC Transplant Society

text: a slightly higher ethnicity rate than the national average of 9 per cent. In addition to managing the provincial organ donor registry, BCTS delivers donated organs within the province and also to other Canadian provinces. BCTS also manages policies, standards and guidelines for transplants and funds regional health programs for pre-transplant and post-transplant services. BC is one of five provinces that have programs to increase organ donations from people who die of heart failure, if the family of the fatal patient agrees. Liver transplants in BC have improved in the 21st century. 1989 was the start of liver transplants in

title: Liver transplantation

text: an adult liver is used for an infant or small child. Further developments in this area included split liver transplantation, in which one liver is used for transplants for two recipients, and living donor liver transplantation, in which a portion of a healthy person's liver is removed and used as the allograft. Living donor liver transplantation for pediatric recipients involves removal of approximately 20% of the liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3). Further advance in liver transplant involves only resection of the lobe of the liver involved in tumors and the tumor-free lobe remains within the recipient. This speeds up

title: Children's Liver Disease Foundation

text: a medical series, with leaflets on the main liver diseases affecting children (biliary atresia, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Wilson's disease etc.) CLDF has also produced a nutrition series, a support series for families and information written especially for children and young people. CLDF also provides the paediatric liver transplant units with a series of leaflets on transplantation to accompany the paediatric liver transplant programme. CLDF’s prolonged jaundice awareness campaign, "Yellow Alert" aims to promote the early identification and appropriate referral of babies with prolonged jaundice – a sign of possible liver disease. Children's

title: Liver transplantation

text: increase in white blood count and graft-site tenderness. Three types of graft rejection may occur: hyperacute rejection, acute rejection, and chronic rejection. Before transplantation, liver-support therapy might be indicated (bridging-to-transplantation). Artificial liver support like liver dialysis or bioartificial liver support concepts are currently under preclinical and clinical evaluation. Virtually all liver transplants are done in an orthotopic fashion; that is, the native liver is removed and the new liver is placed in the same anatomic location. The transplant operation can be conceptualized as consisting of the hepatectomy (liver removal) phase, the anhepatic (no liver) phase, and the postimplantation phase. The

title: Acute liver failure

text: days. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine has been found to be beneficial in both acetaminophen toxicity and non-acetaminophen-related acute liver failure. Historically mortality has been high, being in excess of 80%. In recent years the advent of liver transplantation and multidisciplinary intensive care support have improved survival significantly. At present overall short-term survival with transplant is more than 65%. Several prognostic scoring systems have been devised to predict mortality and to identify who will require an early liver transplant. These include King's College Hospital criteria, MELD score, APACHE II, and Clichy criteria. To date, no universally accepted nomenclature has been adopted. Trey and

title: Liver transplantation

text: and hepatic artery. After blood flow is restored to the new liver, the biliary (bile duct) anastomosis is constructed, either to the recipient's own bile duct or to the small intestine. The surgery usually takes between five and six hours, but may be longer or shorter due to the difficulty of the operation and the experience of the surgeon. The large majority of liver transplants use the entire liver from a non-living donor for the transplant, particularly for adult recipients. A major advance in pediatric liver transplantation was the development of reduced size liver transplantation, in which a portion of

title: My Chopped Liver

text: My Chopped Liver "My Chopped Liver" is the 17th episode of season five and the 110th episode of the American situation comedy "Scrubs". It originally aired on April 4, 2006 on NBC. J.D. hangs out with Turk on one of his rare nights off, resulting in Turk getting behind in his work and getting in trouble with Dr. Wen. The two treat a patient with jaundice who needs a liver transplant from his brother. Unexpectedly, the donor nearly dies when one of his sutures comes undone and he must be rushed to the operating room. Jordan and Elliot double date

title: Children's Liver Disease Foundation

text: Children's Liver Disease Foundation Children's Liver Disease Foundation (CLDF) is a UK charity taking action against the effects of childhood liver disease, providing information, emotional support, research funds and a voice for all affected. CLDF was founded in 1980 by the parents of a little boy named Michael McGough, who died before be could receive a liver transplant. The name was later changed to Children’s Liver Disease Foundation. Today the charity works in four main areas, support of families and young people affected by childhood liver disease, funding medical and social research into all aspects of childhood liver disease and

title: Liver cancer

text: whether due to spread of the initial tumor or formation of new tumors . Liver transplantation can also be considered in cases of HCC where this form of treatment can be tolerated and the tumor fits specific criteria (such as the Milan criteria). In general, patients who are being considered for liver transplantation have multiple hepatic lesions, severe underlying liver dysfunction, or both. Less than 30-40% of individuals with HCC are eligible for surgery and transplant because the cancer is often detected at a late stage. Also, HCC can progress during the waiting time for liver transplants, which can prevent

title: Liver support systems

text: disease demonstrated a transient effect from MARS treatments to significantly decrease their hepatic encephalopathy scores by at least 2 grades compared to standard medical therapy (SMT). The MARS is not indicated as a bridge to liver transplant. Safety and efficacy has not been demonstrated in controlled, randomized clinical trials. The effectiveness of the MARS device in patients that are sedated could not be established in clinical studies and therefore cannot be predicted in sedated patients Liver support systems Liver support systems are therapeutic devices to assist in performing the functions of the liver in persons with liver damage. The primary

title: Alcoholic liver disease

text: for people with ALD and non-ALD. The requirements for transplant listing are the same as those for other types of liver disease, except for a 6-month sobriety prerequisite along with psychiatric evaluation and rehabilitation assistance (i.e., Alcoholics Anonymous). Specific requirements vary among the transplant centers. Relapse to alcohol use after transplant listing results in delisting. Re-listing is possible in many institutions, but only after 3–6 months of sobriety. There are limited data on transplant survival in patients transplanted for acute alcoholic hepatitis, but it is believed to be similar to that in nonacute ALD, non-ALD, and alcoholic hepatitis with MDF

title: Transplant rejection

text: Transplant rejection Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after transplant. The first successful organ transplant, performed in 1954 by Joseph Murray, involved identical twins, and so no rejection was observed. Otherwise, the number of mismatched gene variants, namely alleles, encoding cell surface molecules called major histocompatibility complex (MHC), classes I and II, correlate with the rapidity and severity of transplant rejection. In humans MHC is also called human

title: Liver transplantation

text: team provides both the donor and family thorough counseling and support which continues until full recovery is made. All donors are assessed medically to ensure that they can undergo the surgery. Blood type of the donor and recipient must be compatible but not always identical. Other things assessed prior to surgery include the anatomy of the donor liver. However, even with mild variations in blood vessels and bile duct, surgeons today are able to perform transplantation without problems. The most important criterion for a living liver donor is to be in excellent health. Like most other allografts, a liver transplant

title: Liver transplantation

text: potential donors should know there is a 0.5 to 1.0 percent chance of death. Other risks of donating a liver include bleeding, infection, painful incision, possibility of blood clots and a prolonged recovery. The vast majority of donors enjoy complete and full recovery within 2–3 months. In children, living liver donor transplantations have become very accepted. The accessibility of adult parents who want to donate a piece of the liver for their children/infants has reduced the number of children who would have otherwise died waiting for a transplant. Having a parent as a donor also has made it a lot

title: Liver transplantation

text: poor candidates. Some examples include: Importantly, many contraindications to liver transplantation are considered reversible; a person initially deemed "transplant-ineligible" may later become a favorable candidate if their situation changes. Some examples include: After a liver transplantation, immune-mediated rejection (also known as rejection) of the allograft may happen at any time. Rejection may present with lab findings: elevated AST, ALT, GGT; abnormal liver function values such as prothrombin time, ammonia level, bilirubin level, albumin concentration; and abnormal blood glucose. Physical findings may include encephalopathy, jaundice, bruising and bleeding tendency. Other nonspecific presentation may include malaise, anorexia, muscle ache, low fever, slight

title: Transplant rejection

text: conducted, and no gene therapies are being used to date to treat patients. Current research tends to focus on Th1 and Th17 which mediate allograft rejection via the CD4 and CD8 T cells Transplant rejection Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after transplant. The first successful organ transplant, performed in 1954 by Joseph Murray, involved identical twins, and so no rejection was observed. Otherwise, the number of mismatched

title: Liver transplantation

text: such patients for liver transplant. The controversy stems from the view of alcoholism as a self-inflicted disease and the perception that those with alcohol-induced damage are depriving other patients who could be considered more deserving. It is an important part of the selection process to differentiate transplant candidates who suffer from alcoholism as opposed to those who were susceptible to non-dependent alcohol use. The latter who gain control of alcohol use have a good prognosis following transplantation. Once a diagnosis of alcoholism has been established, however, it is necessary to assess the likelihood of future sobriety. Historically, HIV was considered

title: My Chopped Liver

text: with their significant others, Dr. Cox and Keith. Dr. Kelso's dog Baxter died and he can't help but cry. Determined to hide this side of him from the hospital staff, he enlists Carla to act as a middle man and intercept anyone who needs to see him. The episode's storyline regarding a liver transplant led to a nomination at "The Sentinel for Health Awards" in 2006 in the primetime comedy section. My Chopped Liver "My Chopped Liver" is the 17th episode of season five and the 110th episode of the American situation comedy "Scrubs". It originally aired on April 4,

title: Liver support systems

text: for patients diagnosed with ALF treated with extracorporeal liver support systems. Nevertheless, these reviews included all kind of liver support systems and used a heterogeneous type of publication ( abstracts, clinical trials, cohort, etc.). There is literature showing favorable results in survival for patients diagnosed with ALF, and treated with MARS., In a randomized controlled trial, Salibà "et al". studied the impact on survival of MARS therapy for patients with ALF, waiting on the liver transplant list. Forty-nine patients received SMT and 53 were treated with MARS. They observed that patients that received 3 or more MARS sessions showed a

title: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

text: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, or MELD, is a scoring system for assessing the severity of chronic liver disease. It was initially developed to predict mortality within three months of surgery in patients who had undergone a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure, and was subsequently found to be useful in determining prognosis and prioritizing for receipt of a liver transplant. This score is now used by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) and Eurotransplant for prioritizing allocation of liver transplants instead of the older Child-Pugh score. MELD uses the patient's values for

title: Liver cancer

text: used in inoperable cases of cholangiocarcinoma. Radio frequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization and internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy) all show promise in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Radiotherapy may be used in the adjuvant setting or for palliative treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Removing the tumor by either surgical resection or liver transplant can be used in the treatment of hepatoblastoma. In some cases surgery can offer a cure. Chemotherapy may be used before and after surgery and transplant. Chemotherapy, including cisplatin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin are used for the systemic treatment of hepatoblastoma. Out of these drugs, cisplatin seems to be the most effective. Globally,

title: Christoph Broelsch

text: Christoph Broelsch Christoph Broelsch (born 14 September 1944 in Hanau) is a German surgeon and former high school teacher. Broelsch pioneered the liver transplant surgery. In January 26, 1988 he was the first to successfully completed a segment liver transplant. She is still alive and lives in Wilmington,Delaware her name is Che'Rea Barry.but she goes by her singer name Cherry A Capone. She is currently writing an autobiography about her life story and how she is the youngest liver transplant survivor today. She only was four months and two days old when Christoph completed his first segment liver transplant. She

title: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

text: a diagnosis of liver cancer will be assigned a MELD score based on how advanced the cancer is. In interpreting the MELD Score in hospitalized patients, the 3 month observed mortality (considering 3437 adult liver transplant candidates with chronic liver disease who were added to the OPTN waiting list at 2A or 2B status between November, 1999, and December, 2001) is: Applications of MELD score: MELD was originally developed at the Mayo Clinic by Dr. Patrick Kamath, and at that point was called the "Mayo End-stage Liver Disease" score. It was derived in a series of patients undergoing TIPS procedures.

title: Liver transplantation

text: easier for children - because both patients are in the same hospital and can help boost each other's morale. There are several advantages of living liver donor transplantation over cadaveric donor transplantation, including: Living donor transplantation is a multidisciplinary approach. All living liver donors undergo medical evaluation. Every hospital which performs transplants has dedicated nurses that provide specific information about the procedure and answer questions that families may have. During the evaluation process, confidentiality is assured on the potential donor. Every effort is made to ensure that organ donation is not made by coercion from other family members. The transplant

title: High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant

text: fight off infection, people who undergo the treatment are advised to take precautions regarding sanitation and are often placed in private hospital rooms with special air filters to reduce possibility of infection. Soon after treatment, patients have low red and white blood cell counts, and are thus usually placed on antibiotics to keep them from getting infections. Side effects of the treatment include heart, lung, stomach, kidney, or liver problems, among others. High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant (HDC/BMT), also high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplant (HDC/ABMT or just ABMT), was a treatment

title: United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

text: of mortality, and is the minimum score required to be added to the liver transplant waiting list in the U.K. A UKELD score of 60 indicates a 50% chance of one-year survival. The UKELD score was developed in 2008 to aid in the selection of patients for liver transplantation in the U.K. United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease The United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease or UKELD is a medical scoring system used to predict the prognosis of patients with chronic liver disease. It is used in the United Kingdom to help determine the need for liver transplantation.

title: Acute liver failure

text: should include a careful review of possible exposures to viral infection and drugs or other toxins. From history and clinical examination, the possibility of underlying chronic disease should be ruled out as it may require different management. A liver biopsy done via the transjugular route because of coagulopathy is not usually necessary, other than in occasional malignancies. As the evaluation continues, several important decisions have to be made; such as whether to admit the patient to an ICU, or whether to transfer the patient to a transplant facility. Consultation with the transplant center as early as possible is critical due

title: The Amazing Transplant

text: ago performed a penis transplant on Arthur which may have also transplanted the former womanizing owner's fondness of golden earrings... The Amazing Transplant The Amazing Transplant is an American 1970 sexploitation film, written, produced and directed by Doris Wishman. The film stars Juan Fernandez, Linda Southern, and Larry Hunter. Arthur (Juan Fernandez) visits Mary (Sandy Eden) to profess his love and propose to her. But when he notices her earrings, he begins to rape her and winds up choking her to death. His mother (Linda Southern) is worried and asks her police detective brother-in-law Bill (Larry Hunter) to help find

title: Liver support systems

text: per LYG was 29.985 € (95% IC: 9.441-321.761) and €43.040 (95% IC: 13.551-461.856) per quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Liver support systems, such as MARS, are very important to stabilize patients with acute or acute on chronic liver failure and avoid organ dysfunction, as well as a bridge-to-transplant. Although initial in-hospital costs are high, they are worth for the favorable outcome. Etiology: Goals of MARS Therapy MARS Therapy Indication Treatment Schedule: Etiology: Goals of MARS Therapy MARS Therapy Indication Treatment Schedule: Etiology: Goals of MARS Therapy MARS Therapy Indication Treatment Schedule: Etiology: Goals of MARS Therapy MARS Therapy Indication Treatment Schedule:

title: Bioartificial liver device

text: until a transplant is possible. BALs are essentially bioreactors, with embedded hepatocytes (liver cells) that perform the functions of a normal [liver]. They process oxygenated blood plasma, which is separated from the other blood constituents. Several types of BALs are being developed, including hollow fiber systems and flat membrane sheet systems. One type of BAL is similar to kidney dialysis systems that employ a hollow fiber cartridge. Hepatocytes are suspended in a gel solution, such as collagen, which is injected into a series of hollow fibers. In the case of collagen, the suspension is then gelled within the fibers, usually

title: Acute liver failure

text: than 60% today. Liver transplantation is indicated for many patients with ALF, and survival rates of 56–90% can be achieved. In addition to transplantation, better critical care and the trend toward more benign causes, such as acetaminophen, all contribute to improved survival rates. Spontaneous survival is now around 40%. The application of transplantation among patients with ALF remains low, suggesting that the full potential of this modality may not be realized. Timely availability of an allograft is one of the major factors determining transplant outcomes. In the largest U.S. study, only 29% of patients received a liver graft, while 10%

title: Liver support systems

text: a precipitating event such as variceal bleeding, sepsis and excessive alcohol intake among others that can lead to a condition referred to as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Both types of hepatic insufficiency, ALF and ACLF, can potentially be reversible and liver functionality can return to a level similar to that prior to the insult or precipitating event. LTx is the only treatment that has shown an improvement in the prognosis and survival with most severe cases of ALF. Nevertheless, cost and donor scarcity have prompted researchers to look for new supportive treatments that can act as “bridge” to the transplant

title: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

text: The original version also included a variable based on the underlying etiology (cause) of the liver disease. The score turned out to be predictive of prognosis in chronic liver disease in general, and–with some modifications–came to be applied as an objective tool in assigning need for a liver transplant. The etiology turned out to be relatively unimportant, and was also regarded as relatively subjective; it was therefore removed from the score. MELD-Plus, a new score resulted from a collaboration between Massachusetts General Hospital and IBM was introduced in 2017. United Network for Organ Sharing proposed that MELD-Na score (an extension

title: Face transplant

text: the procedure. In December 2008, a team at the Cleveland Clinic, led by Maria Siemionow and including a group of supporting doctors and six plastic surgeons (Steven Bernard, Dr Mark Hendrickson, Robert Lohman, Dan Alam and Francis Papay) performed the first face transplant in the US on a woman named Connie Culp. It was the world's first near-total facial transplant and the fourth known facial transplant to have been successfully performed to date. This operation was the first facial transplant known to have included bones, along with muscle, skin, blood vessels, and nerves. The woman received a nose, most of

title: Rainer Gruessner

text: one year to assume the position of Chairman of the Department of General and Transplant Surgery at the University of Zuerich, Switzerland. In 1999, he returned to the U.S. to assume the roles of Vice Chair of the Department of Surgery and Vice Chief of the Division of Transplantation at the University of Minnesota. While in Minnesota, he and his team performed the state’s first living donor liver transplant, first living donor intestinal transplant, first combined living donor intestinal and liver transplant, and first multivisceral transplant. His focus on living donor transplantation was boosted in 1996 when he received additional

title: Transplant coordinator

text: Transplant coordinator Transplant Coordinator is a healthcare professional – doctor, nurse, or allied health science graduate who coordinates activities related to organ donation and transplantation. Transplant coordinators can either be Donor Coordinators or Recipient Coordinators. Deceased organ donation and transplantation involves close networking of medical, paramedical and non-medical personnel. Transplant coordinators are at the centre of this network. Transplant Coordinators working with donors can also be known as procurement transplant coordinators, donor coordinators, or just procurement coordinators. Donor coordinators are called when a potential organ donor meets criteria for donating organs (for example, severe neurological injury with lack of brain

title: Face transplant

text: Face transplant A face transplant is a medical procedure to replace all or part of a person's face using tissue from a donor. The world's first partial face transplant on a living human was carried out in France in 2005. The world's first full face transplant was completed in Spain in 2010. Turkey, France, the United States and Spain (in order of total number of successful face transplants performed) are considered the leading countries in the research into the procedure. People with faces disfigured by trauma, burns, disease, or birth defects might aesthetically benefit from the procedure. Professor Peter Butler

title: Liver (color)

text: which is why livers and other meat turn grayish brown when cooked. At right is displayed the color dark liver (web). This is the shade of dark liver that is the unofficial web color called "liver" that is traditionally used in web site design. Liver (color) At right is displayed the color traditionally called liver. The first recorded use of "liver" as a color name in English was in 1686. The source of this color is: ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)--Color Sample of Liver (color sample #36). Liver may also refer to a group of certain types of dark

title: The Amazing Transplant

text: The Amazing Transplant The Amazing Transplant is an American 1970 sexploitation film, written, produced and directed by Doris Wishman. The film stars Juan Fernandez, Linda Southern, and Larry Hunter. Arthur (Juan Fernandez) visits Mary (Sandy Eden) to profess his love and propose to her. But when he notices her earrings, he begins to rape her and winds up choking her to death. His mother (Linda Southern) is worried and asks her police detective brother-in-law Bill (Larry Hunter) to help find him. Meanwhile, Mary has been found dead, the police suspect Arthur and the radio informs the public about the apparent

title: Heart–lung transplant

text: team at Stanford is the longest continuously active team performing these transplants. Australia's first heart-lung transplant was conducted by Victor Chang at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney in 1986. Iran's first heart-lung transplant was performed in Tehran in 2002. The patient is anesthetised. When the donor organs arrive, they are checked for fitness; if any organs show signs of damage, they are discarded and the operation cancelled. Some patients are concerned that their organs will be removed and the donor organs won't be suitable. Since this is a possibility, it is standard procedure that the patient is not operated on until

title: Face transplant

text: time, Mr. Desjardins was the oldest person to benefit from a face transplant. The world's first partial face transplant on a living human was carried out on 27 November 2005 by Bernard Devauchelle, an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, Benoit Lengelé, a Belgian plastic surgeon, and Jean-Michel Dubernard in Amiens, France. Isabelle Dinoire underwent surgery to replace her original face, which had been mauled by her dog. A triangle of face tissue from a brain-dead woman's nose and mouth was grafted onto the patient. On 13 December 2007, the first detailed report of the progress of this transplant after 18 months

title: Transplant coordinator

text: is registered as a transplant hospital. This means that there is a huge requirement for trained transplant coordinators in over 300 transplant hospitals in India. To address the training needs of this cadre of healthcare professionals, MOHAN Foundation, a not-for-profit organization based in Chennai, has started the “Transplant Coordinators’ Training Program”. This is the first such structured course in the Asian subcontinent. The courses have been tailored to suit the requirement of the candidates from both medical and non-medical background. This initiative of MOHAN Foundation is supported by the Sir Ratan Tata Trust and Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust. Transplant coordinator

title: Face transplant

text: unable to eat. She had undergone around 35 reconstructive plastic surgery operations. The donor was a 28-year-old Turkish woman of Moldavian origin in Istanbul, who had committed suicide. Nergis died in Ankara on 15 November 2016 after she was hospitalized two days prior due to strong pains. On 20 March 2010, a team of 30 Spanish doctors carried out the first full face transplant, on a man injured in a shooting accident. It became the first full face transplant in the world. On 8 July 2010, the French media reported that a full face transplant, including tear ducts and eyelids,

title: Ben Hardwick

text: Ben Hardwick Benjamin Hardwick (6 December 1981 – 23 March 1985) was Britain's youngest liver transplant patient. He became a celebrity through appearing on the BBC television programme "That's Life!" after his parents appealed for more awareness of organ donation when their son, who suffered from biliary atresia, urgently needed a transplant. Ben became the first child in the UK to have a liver transplant. Tragically, that transplant failed and he died of complications following a second transplant 15 months later, a few months after his third birthday. However, in the course of the appeal and following his death, tens

title: Pittsburgh

text: operation on a child (6-year-old Stormie Jones in 1984), the youngest heart-lung transplant (9 years old in 1985), the world's first heart-liver-kidney transplant (1989), the world's first heart-liver transplant on an infant (1997), the first pediatric heart-double lung-liver transplant (1998), the nation's first double hand transplant (2009), and the first total forearm and hand transplant (2010), as well as the state's first heart transplant (1968). "The Lancet" published a 2012 UPMC study of two 9 year quadriplegics being able to move a robotic arm by thought, to pick up objects, shake hands, and even eat. Wiring the brain around spine

title: Heart–lung transplant

text: heart–lung transplantation at the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) in the USA, of which around forty will die before a suitable donor is found. Conditions which may necessitate a heart–lung transplant include: Candidates for a heart–lung transplant are usually required to be: Norman Shumway laid the groundwork for heart lung transplantation with his experiments into heart transplantation at Stanford in the mid 1960s. Shumway conducted the first adult heart transplant in the US in 1968. Building on his research at Stanford, Bruce Reitz performed the first successful heart–lung transplant on Mary Gohlke in 1981 at Stanford Hospital. The transplant

title: Liver cancer

text: transplant due to the strict criteria. Percutaneous ablation is the only non-surgical treatment that can offer cure. There are many forms of percutaneous ablation, which consist of either injecting chemicals into the liver (ethanol or acetic acid) or producing extremes of temperature using radio frequency ablation, microwaves, lasers or cryotherapy. Of these, radio frequency ablation has one of the best reputations in HCC, but the limitations include inability to treat tumors close to other organs and blood vessels due to heat generation and the heat sink effect, respectively. In addition, long-term of outcomes of percutaneous ablation procedures for HCC have

title: Liver cancer

text: After surgery, recurrence rates are up to 60%. Liver transplant may be used where partial resection is not an option, and adjuvant chemoradiation may benefit some cases. 60% of cholangiocarcinomas form in the perihilar region and photodynamic therapy can be used to improve quality of life and survival time in these unresectable cases. Photodynamic therapy is a novel treatment that utilitizes light activated molecules to treat the tumor. The compounds are activated in the tumor region by laser light, which causes the release of toxic reactive oxygen species, killing tumor cells. Systemic chemotherapies such as gemcitabine and cisplatin are sometimes

title: Organ procurement

text: by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Between these regions, there are significant differences in wait time for patients on the organ transplant list. This is of particular concern for liver transplant patients because transplantation is the only cure to end-stage liver disease and without a transplant, these patients will die. One example that brought this disparity to light was in 2009, when Steve Jobs traveled from California, where wait times are known to be very long, to Tennessee, where wait times are much shorter, to increase his chances of getting a liver transplant. In 2009, when Jobs received his

title: Face transplant

text: was carried out at the Henri-Mondor hospital in Créteil. In March 2011, a surgical team, led by Bohdan Pomahač at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, performed a full face transplant on Dallas Wiens who was badly disfigured in a power line accident that left him blind and without lips, nose or eyebrows. The patient's sight couldn't be recovered but he has been able to talk on the phone and smell. In April 2011, less than one month after the hospital performed the first full face transplant in the country, the Brigham and Women’s Hospital face transplant team,

title: Roy Yorke Calne

text: Roy Yorke Calne Sir Roy Yorke Calne, FRCP, FRCS, FRS, is a British surgeon and pioneer in organ transplantation. His most notable achievements are the world's first liver, heart, and lung transplant in 1987; the first successful combined stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver, and kidney cluster transplant in 1994, the first liver transplantation operation in Europe in 1968, and the first intestinal transplant in the U.K. in 1992. Calne is a fellow of the Royal Society and was Professor of Surgery at Cambridge University between 1965 and 1998 where he initiated the kidney transplant program. He was Harkness Fellow at Harvard

title: Transplant coordinator

text: and additional certification in organ transplantation. Transplant coordinators can work for organ procurement organizations as donor or procurement transplant coordinators to facilitate the management, donation, and placement of organs for transplantation or for hospitals and transplant centers as recipient transplant coordinators to prepare patients for organ transplant and facilitate the transplant of harvested organs to transplant patients. Transplant coordinators typically work 12 to 24 hour shifts and must be on call so coordinators can be available 24 hours a day to field new transplant cases. Salary for a transplant coordinator in the United States varies by experience and location but

title: Face transplant

text: country's fourth and their second full face transplant. The face and ears of 27-year-old patient Turan Çolak from Izmir were burnt when he fell into an oven when he was three and half years old. The donor was Tevfik Yılmaz, a 19-year-old man from Uşak who had attempted suicide on 8 May. He was declared brain dead in the evening hours of 15 May after having been in intensive care for seven days. His parents donated all his organs. On 18 July 2013, the face of a Polish man was successfully given to a Turkish man in a transplant performed

title: Liver

text: usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury. Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person's liver is removed (hepatectomy) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of an adult's liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child. More recently, adult-to-adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor's right hepatic lobe, which amounts to 60 percent of the liver. Due to

title: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

text: of MELD) may better rank candidates based on their risk of pre-transplant mortality and is projected to save 50-60 lives total per year. Furthermore, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2008, estimated that using MELD-Na instead of MELD would save 90 lives for the period from 2005 to 2006. In his viewpoint published in June 2018, co-creator of MELD-Plus, Uri Kartoun, suggested that " ...MELD-Plus, if incorporated into hospital systems, could save hundreds of patients every year in the United States alone." Model for End-Stage Liver Disease The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, or MELD,

title: Face transplant

text: call the world's first successful almost full face transplant. The operation, which lasted approximately 20 hours, was designed and performed by Laurent Lantieri and his team (Jean Paul Meningaud, Antonios Paraskevas and Fabio Ingallina). Selahattin Özmen performed a partial face transplant on 17 March 2012 on Hatice Nergis, a twenty-year-old woman at Gazi University's hospital in Ankara. It was Turkey's third, the first woman-to-woman and the first three-dimensional with bone tissue. The patient from Kahramanmaraş had lost her upper jaw six years prior in a firearm accident, including her mouth, lips, palate, teeth and nasal cavity, and was since then

title: Liver

text: gallbladder via the cystic duct. The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter the second part of the duodenum together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, also known as the ampulla of Vater. The liver plays a major role in carbohydrate, protein, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: The liver synthesizes and stores around 100 g of glycogen via glycogenesis, the formation of glycogen from glucose. When needed, the liver releases glucose into the blood by performing glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. The liver is also responsible for gluconeogenesis, which is the

title: Liver

text: small bile ducts of the liver, with the intralobular ducts (Canals of Hering) affected early in the disease. When these ducts are damaged, bile and other toxins build up in the liver (cholestasis) and over time damages the liver tissue in combination with ongoing immune related damage. This can lead to scarring (fibrosis) and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis increases the resistance to blood flow in the liver, and can result in portal hypertension. Congested anastomoses between the portal venous system and the systemic circulation, can be a subsequent condition. Many diseases of the liver are accompanied by jaundice caused by increased levels

title: Prince of Wales Hospital

text: already performed two liver transplants earlier in June. The hospital was criticised for the decision. Queen Mary Hospital, the other liver transplant centre, was also unable to use the liver because it was engaged in another liver transplant. The incident led to a review of the liver transplant services provided by the Hospital Authority. The result was to centralise liver transplants at Queen Mary Hospital for better allocation of resources and manpower. The liver transplant centre at the Prince of Wales Hospital was officially closed on 5 July 2004. An oncology trainee erroneously injected a leukaemia patient with the chemotherapy

title: Liver biopsy

text: suspected The first liver aspirate was performed by the German physician Paul Ehrlich in 1883. Percutaneous liver biopsy was first reported in the 1920s. The transjugular approach was pioneered by radiologist Charles Dotter in the 1970s. Non-invasive alternatives to liver biopsy include both functional staging (quantitative liver function tests) and determination of fibrosis from non-invasive tests. These latter tests are described below and share the disadvantage of estimating fibrosis rather than function. Functional staging has the advantage of evaluating the whole liver and directly measuring hepatic function that determines many clinical outcomes. The ability to predict clinical outcomes is the

title: Face transplant

text: They hope to learn from this procedure and use what they learn to help soldiers suffering from facial injuries. One of the top benefits of the surgery was that Dallas has regained his sense of smell. The Brigham and Women’s Hospital transplant team led by Dr. Bohdan Pomahač, performed the nation's second full face transplant on patient Mitch Hunter of Speedway, Indiana. It was the third face transplant procedure to be performed at BWH and the fourth face transplant in the country. The team of more than 30 physicians, nurses, anesthesiologists and residents worked for more than 14 hours to

title: American Liver Foundation

text: American Liver Foundation The American Liver Foundation is a non-profit organization that promotes liver health and disease prevention. The mission of the ALF is to facilitate, advocate and promote education, support and research for the prevention, treatment, and cure of liver disease. Although liver disease is among the ten major causes of death in the United States, there was no national voluntary health agency devoted exclusively to combating liver diseases until 1976, when the American Liver Foundation was created by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). This organization of scientists and healthcare professionals was concerned with

title: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

text: years. In 2008, the administration and reporting of UPMC's living donor liver transplantation program received national attention when internal studies, spearheaded by transplant pioneer Thomas Starzl, questioned the safety of the procedure and ultimately resulted in the forced resignation of liver transplant program head, Amadeo Marcos. Another controversy arose in May 2011 for UPMC's live-donor kidney transplant program when a kidney infected with hepatitis C was transplanted into a non-infected person. The incident led UPMC to voluntarily shut down its kidney transplant program for two months, and resulted in the suspension of a nurse and demotion of a surgeon. Federal

title: Bioartificial liver device

text: to the use of a bioreactor device using pig liver cells. Bioartificial liver device A bioartificial liver device (BAL) is an artificial extracorporeal supportive device for an individual who is suffering from acute liver failure. The first bioartificial liver device was developed by Dr. Kenneth Matsumara and was named an invention of the year by "Time" magazine in 2001. Liver cells obtained from an animal were used instead of developing a piece of equipment for each function of the liver. The structure and function of the first device resembles that of today's BALs. Animal liver cells are suspended in a

title: Calf's liver and bacon

text: the rendered fat. The bacon and slices of liver are placed in a dish and covered with a gravy made with the fond. Many recipes call for the liver to be scalded first. It is imperative that the dish be served quickly, as the liver ought to be eaten when hot and tender. Besides at dinner or supper (Mrs Beeton suggests it "aux fines herbes" as an entree in a copious meal), one finds calf's liver and bacon as a breakfast meat also, for instance in the Sherwood hotel in Florida, 1903. Calf's liver and bacon Calf's liver and bacon

title: Tania Lineham

text: citizens. Lineham spoke at the New Zealand Skeptics Conference in Queenstown in December 2016. Lineham suffered from primary sclerosing cholangitis, a chronic disease that damages the liver. She received a liver transplant on Christmas Eve, 1995 in Brisbane, Australia. In rare cases the disease also affects the transplant organ and in 2017, twenty-two years after the first transplant she needed another. Lineham died on 11 April 2018, just three months after her second liver transplant. Tania Lineham Tania Jane Lineham (1966 - 11 April 2018) was a New Zealand science teacher and educator who won the 2015 Prime Minister’s Science

title: Brain transplant

text: would not be unhindered from the transplant.) In 1982, Dr. Dorothy T. Krieger, chief of endocrinology at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City, achieved success with a partial brain transplant in mice. In 1998, a team of surgeons from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center attempted to transplant a group of brain cells to Alma Cerasini, who had suffered a severe stroke that caused the loss of mobility in her right limbs as well as limited speech. The team's hope was that the cells would correct the listed damage. The whole-body transplant is just one of several means

title: Head transplant

text: Head transplant A head transplant is an experimental surgical operation involving the grafting of one organism's head onto the body of another; in many experiments the recipient's head was not removed but in others it has been. Experimentation in animals began in the early 1900s. , no lasting successes have been achieved. There are three main technical challenges. As with any organ transplant, managing the immune response to avoid transplant rejection is necessary. Also, the brain is highly dependent on continuous flow of blood to provide oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products, with damage setting in quickly at normal

title: Transplant experiment

text: Transplant experiment A transplant experiment, also known as a common garden experiment, is an experiment to test the effect of environment by moving two species from their native environments into a common environment. The name was originally applied to experiments on plants, but is now equally applied to animals such as lizards and ants, and other organisms. A reciprocal transplant experiment involves introducing organisms from each of two environments into the other; the approach can be extended to more than two environments if required. Transplant experiments are often used to test if there is a genetic component to differences in

title: Transplant coordinator

text: or Psychiatry or Sociology or Social Science or Public Health Providing appropriate educational programs for transplant coordinators is essential to help solve the problem of organ scarcity. It has been proven by the countries having successful deceased donation programmes that transplant coordinators can perform much better if they are professionally trained in the medical, legal, and ethical aspects of organ donation, counseling, networking, communication and coordination. Structured training programmes for transplant coordinators are available only in a few countries like Spain and India. Transplant Procurement Management (TPM) is an international educational programme in organ and transplant coordination that counts with

title: Liver (color)

text: Liver (color) At right is displayed the color traditionally called liver. The first recorded use of "liver" as a color name in English was in 1686. The source of this color is: ISCC-NBS Dictionary of Color Names (1955)--Color Sample of Liver (color sample #36). Liver may also refer to a group of certain types of dark brown color in dogs and horses. Said nomenclature may also refer to the color of the organ. In dogs, the Liver color is caused by dilution of the eumelanin (black) pigment by the B locus. The gene that causes Liver is recessive, so a

title: Ann Harrison (lung transplant recipient)

text: Ann Harrison (lung transplant recipient) Ann Harrison (September 24, 1944 – April 20, 2001) was the recipient of the world's first successful human double lung transplant. She survived for almost fifteen years after the surgery and died of unrelated causes. Harrison suffered from end-stage emphysema and thoracic surgeon Joel D. Cooper had told her that without surgery, she had only a few months to live. The operation was performed at Toronto General Hospital on November 26, 1986, when she received the lungs of an 18-year-old Kingston, Ontario, native who had recently died in a car accident. Cooper had previously successfully

title: Liver scratch test

text: patient's abdomen lightly, moving laterally along the liver border. When the liver is encountered, the scratching sound heard in the stethoscope will increase significantly. In this manner, the size and shape of a patient's liver can be ascertained. Liver scratch test The Liver scratch test is a method medical professionals use in ascertaining the location and size of a patient's liver during a physical assessment. It is often used when other techniques, such as the hepatojugular reflux test either fail or are ineffective, most often due to abdominal distention or muscle tenseness. The Liver scratch test uses auscultation to detect

title: Bioartificial liver device

text: Bioartificial liver device A bioartificial liver device (BAL) is an artificial extracorporeal supportive device for an individual who is suffering from acute liver failure. The first bioartificial liver device was developed by Dr. Kenneth Matsumara and was named an invention of the year by "Time" magazine in 2001. Liver cells obtained from an animal were used instead of developing a piece of equipment for each function of the liver. The structure and function of the first device resembles that of today's BALs. Animal liver cells are suspended in a solution and a patient's blood is processed by a semipermeable membrane

title: Get the Gringo

text: about the transplant operation and rushes to save the Kid, who has unsuccessfully attempted to stab himself in the liver. Using the Embassy guy's credentials, the Gringo infiltrates the raid on the prison and interrupts Javi's liver transplant surgery. Threatening to kill Javi, the Gringo forces Caracas to retrieve the kid's mother, who Javi has tortured. Caracas returns with two thugs, but the Gringo kills them all. A nurse helps the Gringo by pretending to capture him. When Caracas relaxes, the Gringo shoots him. They grab the money, and the nurse helps them escape from the prison in an ambulance.

title: Liver

text: The lobules are held together by a fine, dense, irregular, fibroelastic connective tissue layer which extends from the fibrous capsule covering the entire liver known as Glisson's capsule. This extends into the structure of the liver, by accompanying the blood vessels (veins and arteries), ducts, and nerves at the hepatic hilum. The whole surface of the liver except for the bare area, is covered in a serous coat derived from the peritoneum, and this firmly adheres to the inner Glisson's capsule. The liver is grossly divided into two parts when viewed from above – a right and a left lobe,

title: Liver

text: shorter half-lives, such as lorazepam and oxazepam, are preferred in most cases when benzodiazepines are required in regard to geriatric medicine. The liver is a vital organ and supports almost every other organ in the body. Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions, the liver is also prone to many diseases. The bare area of the liver is a site that is vulnerable to the passing of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity. Hepatitis is a common condition of inflammation of the liver. The most usual cause of this is viral, and the most common of

title: The Liver Birds

text: Stars", a programme shown annually on Christmas night, when leading BBC performers appeared in short versions of their series, typically 5–10 minutes long. Carla Lane became sole writer for the fourth series. She felt it was now time for the Liver Birds to start thinking about longer-term relationships with men. John Nettles played Paul, Sandra's (frustrated) boyfriend, and Jonathan Lynn played Robert, Beryl's boyfriend. "I always wanted The Liver Birds not to be too keen about marriage—not to down it—but not to be out to get a boyfriend to marry," Lane explained. Beryl's mother (Sheila Fay) voiced the critical view:

text: she became a den mother for so many other patients, encouraging them in their quest, celebrating with them their victories, and consoling them and their families in their losses." Dr Cooper shows a picture of Ann Harrison every time he lectures on transplantation and says, "I still marvel when someone so close to death is returned to a vigorous life." Ann Harrison (lung transplant recipient) Ann Harrison (September 24, 1944 – April 20, 2001) was the recipient of the world's first successful human double lung transplant. She survived for almost fifteen years after the surgery and died of unrelated causes.

title: LI-RADS

text: while also replacing the disease native liver with a better functioning transplant organ. Liver transplantation has significant risks, including the risk of recurrent cancer. The outcomes and survival benefits of transplantation as treatment of HCC are highest when transplant is reserved for the "best" candidates which meet strict criteria. In addition to undergoing a complete medical and psychological evaluation, imaging assessment for extent of the cancer is an important component of eligibility for transplant. A landmark study in 1996 showed that both overall and recurrence-free survival following liver transplantation for cirrhosis and unresectable HCC was improved by limiting this treatment