query: The Jewish alphabet is known as what?

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: Hebrew alphabet The Hebrew alphabet (, '), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, and block script, is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language. It is also used in the writing of other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, and Judeo-Arabic. Historically, two separate abjad scripts have been used to write Hebrew. The original, old Hebrew script, known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan alphabet. The present "Jewish script" or "square script", on the contrary, is a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound , Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context. Hebrew alphabet The Hebrew alphabet (, '), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script, and block script, is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language. It is also used in the writing of other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish, and Judeo-Arabic. Historically, two separate abjad scripts have been used to write Hebrew. The original, old Hebrew script, known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: and was known by Jewish sages as the Ashuri alphabet (lit. "Assyrian"), since its origins were alleged to be from Assyria. Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the Jewish script letters described in this article also exist, including a variety of cursive Hebrew styles. In the remainder of this article, the term "Hebrew alphabet" refers to the square script unless otherwise indicated. The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. It does not have case, but five letters have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet

title: Tajik alphabet

text: alphabet, an abjad. It is used for the Jewish Bukhori dialect primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara. Additionally, since 1940, when Jewish schools were closed in Central Asia, the use of the Hebrew Alphabet outside Hebrew liturgy fell into disuse and Bukharian Jewish publications such as books and newspapers began to appear using the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet. Today, many older Bukharian Jews who speak Bukharian and went to Tajik or Russian schools in Central Asia only know the Tajik Cyrillic Alphabet when reading and writing Bukharian and Tajik. Sample text: – For reference, the Persian script variant transliterated letter-for-letter into the

title: History of the Hebrew alphabet

text: but following the rise of Christianity (and later, the rise of Islam), they gave way to the Latin and Arabic scripts, respectively. The Hebrew alphabet was later adapted in order to write down the languages of the Jewish diaspora (Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc.), and was retained all the while in relatively unadapted form throughout the diaspora for Hebrew, which remained the language of Jewish law, scriptures and scholarship. The Hebrew alphabet was also retained as the alphabet used for writing down the Hebrew language during its rebirth as an everyday modern language starting in the 18th to 19th century.

title: Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva

text: fact, there exists a third version, called Midrash de-Rabbi Akiva 'al ha-Taggin we-Ẓiyunim, a Midrash of Rabbi Akiva treating on the ornamentations of the letters of the alphabet with a view to finding in each of them some symbolic expression of God, Creation, the Torah, Israel, and the Jewish rites and ceremonies. This version is published in Jellinek's "B. H." v. 31-33. Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva (, "Otiot de-Rabbi Akiva") is a Midrash on the names of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Two versions or portions of the same are known to exist. Version A,

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: Samaritan alphabet. After the fall of the Persian Empire in 330 BCE, Jews used both scripts before settling on the square Assyrian form. The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the Jewish diaspora – such as Karaim, the Judeo-Arabic languages, Judaeo-Spanish, and Yiddish. The Hebrew alphabet continued in use for scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Israel. In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants,

title: Aramaic alphabet

text: considered to have its ultimate origins in Aramaic, in particular via the Pahlavi or Sogdian alphabets, as suggested by V. Thomsen, or possibly via Karosthi ("cf"., Issyk inscription). Aramaic is also considered to be the most likely source of the Brahmi script, ancestor of the Brahmic family of scripts, which includes Devanagari. Today, Biblical Aramaic, Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects and the Aramaic language of the Talmud are written in the Hebrew alphabet. Syriac and Christian Neo-Aramaic dialects are written in the Syriac alphabet. Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet. The near-identity of the Aramaic and the classical Hebrew alphabets caused

title: Jewish languages

text: since the 1920s is usually written in Turkey in the Latin alphabet with a spelling similar to that of Turkish, and has been occasionally printed in the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets. Soviet authorities tried to promote the Cyrillic alphabet for Yiddish in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. Also, some Yiddish-speakers have adopted the use of the Latin alphabet, in place of the Hebrew alphabet. This is predominantly to enable communications over the internet, without the need for special Hebrew keyboards. The Hebrew alphabet has also been used to transcribe a number of languages including Arabic, English, French, Spanish, German, and Greek.

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: always represented by pe in its regular, not final, form "פ", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ ""shop""), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ ""Philip"") and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ ""slept deeply""). The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical rabbinical literature seem to acknowledge the historical provenance of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the Jerusalem Talmud, for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the

title: Jewish music

text: since Mishnaic times. Most piyyutim are in Hebrew or Aramaic, and most follow some poetic scheme, such as an acrostic following the order of the Hebrew alphabet or spelling out the name of the author. A well-known piyyut is "Adon Olam" ("Master of the World"), sometimes attributed to Solomon ibn Gabirol in 11th century Spain. "Pizmonim" are traditional Jewish songs and melodies praising God and describing certain aspects of traditional religious teachings. Pizmonim are traditionally associated with Middle Eastern Sephardic Jews, although they are related to Ashkenazi Jews' "zemirot" (see below). One tradition is associated with Jews descended from Aleppo,

title: The Alphabet Cipher

text: The Alphabet Cipher Lewis Carroll published "The Alphabet-Cipher" in 1868, possibly in a children's magazine. It describes what is known as a Vigenère cipher, a well-known scheme in cryptography. While Carroll calls this cipher "unbreakable", Kasiski had published a volume describing how to break such ciphers from five years earlier, and Charles Babbage had secretly found ways to break polyalphabetic ciphers during the Crimean War. The piece begins with a tabula recta. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Each column of this table forms a dictionary of symbols representing the alphabet: thus, in the A column, the symbol is the same as the letter represented;

title: The Alphabet Cipher

text: this table is lost, it can easily be written out from memory, by observing that the first symbol in each column is the same as the letter naming the column, and that they are continued downwards in alphabetical order. It would only be necessary to write out the particular columns required by the key-word, but such a paper would afford an adversary the means for discovering the key-word. For a working demonstration tool for the Alphabet Cipher visit lewiscarrollresources.net The Alphabet Cipher Lewis Carroll published "The Alphabet-Cipher" in 1868, possibly in a children's magazine. It describes what is known as

title: Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

text: began to fall out of use by the Jews in the 5th century BCE, when the Aramaic alphabet was adopted as the predominant writing system for Hebrew. The present Jewish "square-script" Hebrew alphabet evolved from the Aramaic alphabet. The Samaritans, now fewer than 1,000 people, have continued to use a derivative of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, known as the Samaritan alphabet. While the use of the script is negligible nowadays, it is present in some symbolic usage, such as the ₪1 coin and the logo of the Israeli town Nahariyah. The chart below compares the letters of the Phoenician script with

title: Paleo-Hebrew alphabet

text: some Qumran documents, YHWH is written in Paleo-Hebrew while the rest of the text is in Aramaic square script. The vast majority of the Hasmonean coinage, as well as the coins of the First Jewish–Roman War and Bar Kokhba's revolt, bears Paleo-Hebrew legends. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet fell completely out of use only after 135 CE. The paleo-Hebrew alphabet continued to be used by the Samaritans and is also known as the Samaritan alphabet. The Samaritans have continued to use the script for writing both Hebrew and Aramaic texts until the present day. A comparison of the earliest Samaritan inscriptions and

title: Kadamba alphabet

text: Kadamba alphabet The Kadamba script (known as "Pre Old Kannada script") marks the birth of a dedicated script for writing Kannada. It is a descendant of the Brahmi script, an abugida visually close to the Kalinga alphabet. The Kadamba script was developed during the reign of the Kadamba dynasty in the 4th6th centuries. The Kadamba script is also known as Pre-Old-Kannada script. This script later became popular in what is today the state of Goa and was used to write Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani and Marathi. The "Kadamba script" is one of the oldest of the southern group of South Asian

title: Bassa alphabet

text: Bassa alphabet The Bassa script, known as "Bassa vah" or simply "vah" ('throwing a sign' in Bassa) is an alphabet for writing the Bassa language of Liberia. It was reinvented by , who rediscovered the script in South America from descendants of Bassa Slaves taken to the Americas he instigated publishing of limited materials in the language from the mid-1900s through the 1930s, with its height in the 1910s and 1920s. It is alleged that some of the signs are based on native Bassa pictograms revealed by a former slave. It is not clear what connection it may have had

title: Alphabet effect

text: consisting of only sixty signs. Also it has to be pointed out that there was a robust scientific tradition in China but that science as practised in ancient China was not abstract but concrete and practical. In fact the impetus for formulating the Alphabet Effect was to explain why abstract science began in the West and not China despite the long list of inventions and technology that first appeared in China as documented by Joseph Needham in his book "The Grand Titration" (Needham 1969). The Alphabet Effect provides an alternative explanation to what is known as Needham's Grand Question, namely

title: Dinka alphabet

text: Dinka alphabet The Dinka alphabet is used by South Sudanese Dinka people. The written Dinka language is based on the ISO basic Latin alphabet, but with some added letters adapted from the International Phonetic Alphabet. The current orthography is derived from the alphabet developed for the southern Sudanese languages at the Rejaf language conference in 1928. Prior to this, several attempts at adapting the Arabic and Latin scripts to the Dinka language were made, but neither effort was met with large success. Christian missionaries were essential to the development of what became the Dinka alphabet. As you can see, Dinka

title: The Jewish Advocate

text: The Jewish Advocate The Jewish Advocate is a weekly Jewish newspaper serving Greater Boston and the New England area. It was established in 1902, and is the oldest continuously-circulated English-language Jewish newspaper in the United States. Before May 28, 1909, it was briefly known as "The Jewish Home Journal" and then as "The Boston Advocate". Based in downtown Boston, in the former "Boston Post" daily newspaper building (which, in its cellars four stories underground, still contains the century-old pulleys-and-lifts system equipment for the publishing presses of those days) overlooking what was known in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

title: Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic

text: in Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic. The alphabet used in Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is the same alphabet used in modern Hebrew. Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called "Neo-Aramaic" or "Judeo-Aramaic". It was originally spoken in three villages near Aqrah in Iraq. The native name of the language is "Lishanid Janan", which means 'our language', and is similar to names used by other Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects (Lishan Didan, Lishanid Noshan). It is nearly extinct, with only about 20 elderly speakers today. Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic is classified as Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, and Aramaic language. The Jewish inhabitants

title: Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

text: Romanian Cyrillic alphabet The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language before 1860–1862, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet. The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was based on the Bulgarian alphabet. Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Bessarabia. It is not the same as the Russian-based Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet used in what is now Moldova for most of the Soviet era. Between its discarding and the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, a so-called transitional alphabet was in place for a few years, combining Cyrillic and

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: NATO phonetic alphabet

text: NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. Although often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood

title: NATO phonetic alphabet

text: underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized, and each syllable of the code words for the figures (1969–Present) should be equally emphasized. The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications. The ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet is used by the International Maritime Organization for international marine communications. NATO phonetic alphabet The NATO phonetic alphabet, officially denoted as the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, and in a variation also known officially as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code, is the most widely used radiotelephone

title: Cockney Alphabet

text: dog" in an everyday alphabet verse as "deefer dog". "Ceefer" as a name for a cat also appeared in Australia after the Second World War (C for cat) influenced by returning servicemen from England who had been exposed to the humour of the Cockney Alphabet. Cockney Alphabet The Cockney Alphabet, also known as the Surrealist Alphabet, is a humorous recital of the alphabet, parodying the way the alphabet is taught to small children. The humour comes from forming unexpected words and phrases from the names of the various letters of the alphabet. In the 1930s, the comedy double act Clapham

title: Manchu alphabet

text: particles, written at the end of the question. The Jurchens of a millennium ago became the ancestors of the Manchus when Nurhaci united the Jianzhou Jurchens (1593–1618) and his son subsequently renamed the consolidated tribes as the "Manchu". Throughout this period, the Jurchen language evolved into what we know as the Manchu language. Its script has no relation to the Manchu alphabet, however, as their script was derived from the Khitan script, which was in turn derived from Chinese characters. Manchu alphabet The Manchu alphabet is the alphabet used to write the now nearly-extinct Manchu language; a similar script is

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: Shavian alphabet

text: Shavian alphabet The Shavian alphabet (also known as the Shaw alphabet) is an alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonetic orthography for the English language to replace the difficulties of conventional spelling. It was posthumously funded by and named after Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. Shaw set three main criteria for the new alphabet: it should be (1) at least 40 letters; (2) as "phonetic" as possible (that is, letters should have a to phonemes); and (3) distinct from the Latin alphabet to avoid the impression that the new spellings were simply "misspellings". The Shavian alphabet consists of

title: Urdu alphabet

text: However, the usage of Roman Urdu is declining with the wider use of Hindi and English in these states. Urdu alphabet The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet known as Perso-Arabic, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet has up to 58 letters. With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman

title: Urdu alphabet

text: Urdu alphabet The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet known as Perso-Arabic, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. The Urdu alphabet has up to 58 letters. With 39 basic letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin

title: Alphabet

text: Alphabet An alphabet is a standard set of letters (basic written symbols or graphemes) that represent the phonemes (basic significant sounds) of any spoken language it is used to write. This is in contrast to other types of writing systems, such as syllabaries (in which each character represents a syllable) and logographic systems (in which each character represents a word, morpheme, or semantic unit). The first fully phonemic script, the Proto-Canaanite script, later known as the Phoenician alphabet, is considered to be the first alphabet, and is the ancestor of most modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew, and

title: Filipino alphabet

text: Filipino alphabet The modern Filipino alphabet (), otherwise known as the Filipino alphabet (), is the alphabet of the Filipino language, the official national language and one of the two official languages of the Philippines. The modern Filipino alphabet is made up of 28 letters, which includes the entire 26-letter set of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, the Spanish "Ñ" and the "Ng" digraph of Tagalog. It replaced the Pilipino alphabet of the Fourth Republic. Today, the modern Filipino alphabet may also be used to write all autochthonous languages of the Philippines and Chavacano, a Spanish-derived creole. In 2013, the

title: Filipino alphabet

text: /e/ and /o/ became more common. Filipino alphabet The modern Filipino alphabet (), otherwise known as the Filipino alphabet (), is the alphabet of the Filipino language, the official national language and one of the two official languages of the Philippines. The modern Filipino alphabet is made up of 28 letters, which includes the entire 26-letter set of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, the Spanish "Ñ" and the "Ng" digraph of Tagalog. It replaced the Pilipino alphabet of the Fourth Republic. Today, the modern Filipino alphabet may also be used to write all autochthonous languages of the Philippines and Chavacano,

title: Alphabet song

text: reverse alphabet in lyrical style. The original version of the song was performed by actress Judi Rolin with the Smothers Brothers in the 1966 teleplay adaptation of "Alice Through the Looking Glass". Alphabet song An alphabet song is any of various songs used to teach children the alphabet. Alphabet songs typically recite the names of all letters of the alphabet of a given language in order. "The A.B.C." or "A.B.Cs" is one of the best-known English language alphabet songs, and perhaps the one most frequently referred to as "the alphabet song", especially in the United States. The song was first

title: Shavian alphabet

text: the Shavian glyphs. Shavian alphabet The Shavian alphabet (also known as the Shaw alphabet) is an alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonetic orthography for the English language to replace the difficulties of conventional spelling. It was posthumously funded by and named after Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw. Shaw set three main criteria for the new alphabet: it should be (1) at least 40 letters; (2) as "phonetic" as possible (that is, letters should have a to phonemes); and (3) distinct from the Latin alphabet to avoid the impression that the new spellings were simply "misspellings". The Shavian

title: N'Ko alphabet

text: in response to what he felt were beliefs that Africans were a cultureless people, because before then, no indigenous African writing system for his language existed. N'Ko came first into use in Kankan, Guinea, as a Maninka alphabet and was disseminated from there into other Mande-speaking parts of West Africa. N'Ko Alphabet Day is April 14, relating to the date in 1949 when the script is believed to have been finalized. The introduction of the alphabet led to a movement promoting literacy in the N'Ko alphabet among Mande speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N'Ko literacy was instrumental

title: Cockney Alphabet

text: Cockney Alphabet The Cockney Alphabet, also known as the Surrealist Alphabet, is a humorous recital of the alphabet, parodying the way the alphabet is taught to small children. The humour comes from forming unexpected words and phrases from the names of the various letters of the alphabet. In the 1930s, the comedy double act Clapham and Dwyer recorded the following version: There are many alternative 'definitions' offered for each letter, some of which include: Naming a dog "Deefer" (as was common in the '50s) is an example of the reverse of this phenomenon, based on interpreting the line "D for

title: History of the alphabet

text: many letters the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet had nor what their alphabetic order was. Among its descendants, the Ugaritic alphabet had 27 consonants, the South Arabian alphabets had 29, and the Phoenician alphabet 22. These scripts were arranged in two orders, an "ABGDE" order in Phoenician and an "HMĦLQ" order in the south; Ugaritic preserved both orders. Both sequences proved remarkably stable among the descendants of these scripts. The letter names proved stable among the many descendants of Phoenician, including Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek alphabet. However, they were largely abandoned in Tifinagh, Latin and Cyrillic. The letter sequence continued

title: Alphabet song

text: Alphabet song An alphabet song is any of various songs used to teach children the alphabet. Alphabet songs typically recite the names of all letters of the alphabet of a given language in order. "The A.B.C." or "A.B.Cs" is one of the best-known English language alphabet songs, and perhaps the one most frequently referred to as "the alphabet song", especially in the United States. The song was first copyrighted in 1835 by the Boston-based music publisher Charles Bradlee, and given the title "The A.B.C., a German air with variations for the flute with an easy accompaniment for the piano forte".

title: Dajnko alphabet

text: Dajnko alphabet The Dajnko alphabet () was a Slovene alphabet invented by Peter Dajnko. It was used from 1824 to 1839 mostly in Styria (in what is now eastern Slovenia). Dajnko introduced his alphabet in 1824 in his book "Lehrbuch der windischen Sprache" ("The Textbook of the Slovene Language"). He decided to replace the older Bohorič alphabet with his own new writing system because of the problems with the writing of sibilants. In 1825, Franc Serafin Metelko came up with a similar proposal, complicating the issue. The Dajnko alphabet, which was introduced to schools in 1831, was fiercely opposed by

title: Romic alphabet

text: placed after the onset of the syllable, as in 'try' ( 'a try' vs 'at Rye'). Extra stress was marked with doubled , half stress with . Increasing, decreasing and level stress (illustrated with the letter 'a') were , , . Tone and intonation were indicated with iconic symbols such as rising , falling , level , rising-falling , etc., as in early IPA usage. Romic alphabet The Romic Alphabet, sometimes known as the Romic Reform, is a phonetic alphabet proposed by Henry Sweet. It descends from Ellis's Palaeotype alphabet and English Phonotypic Alphabet, and is the direct ancestor of

title: English alphabet

text: however, have a number of digraphs. The alphabet's current form originated from Latin script about the 7th century. Since then, various letters have been added, or removed, to give the current Modern English alphabet of 26 letters, each having an upper- and lower-case form: The alphabet was derived from an original series of sixteen characters, that emerged as a way to record spoken words. The English language itself was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with the proto-form of the language itself,

title: Zaghawa alphabet

text: Zaghawa alphabet The Zaghawa or Beria alphabet, "Beria Giray Erfe" ('Zaghawa Writing Marks'), is an indigenous alphabetic script proposed for the Zaghawa language (also known as Beria) of Darfur and Chad. In the 1950s, a Sudanese Zaghawa schoolteacher named Adam Tajir created an alphabet for the Zaghawa language, sometimes known as the camel alphabet, deriving its glyphs from the clan brands used for camels and other livestock. He copied the inventory of the Arabic script, so the system was not ideal for Zaghawa. In 2000, a Zaghawa veterinarian named Siddick Adam Issa adapted Tajir's script to a form which has

title: Romic alphabet

text: Romic alphabet The Romic Alphabet, sometimes known as the Romic Reform, is a phonetic alphabet proposed by Henry Sweet. It descends from Ellis's Palaeotype alphabet and English Phonotypic Alphabet, and is the direct ancestor of the International Phonetic Alphabet. In Romic every sound had a dedicated symbol, and every symbol represented a single sound. There were no capital letters; there were letters derived from small capitals, though these were distinct letters. There were two variants, Broad Romic and Narrow Romic. Narrow Romic utilized italics to distinguish fine details of pronunciation; Broad Romic was cruder, and in it the vowels had

title: Alphabet City, Manhattan

text: for Manhattan's German, Polish, Hispanic, and Jewish populations. However, there is much dispute over the borders of the Lower East Side, Alphabet City, and East Village. Historically, Manhattan's Lower East Side was 14th Street at the northern end, bound on the east by East River and on the west by First Avenue; today, that same area is Alphabet City. The area's German presence in the early 20th century, in decline, virtually ended after the "General Slocum" disaster in 1904. Alphabet City is located in New York's 12th and 14th congressional districts, the New York State Assembly's 64th and 74th districts,

title: Greek alphabet

text: late ninth century BC or early eighth century BC, the Greek alphabet emerged. The period between the use of the two writing systems, during which no Greek texts are attested, is known as the Greek Dark Ages. The Greeks adopted the alphabet from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, one of the closely related scripts used for the West Semitic languages. However, the Phoenician alphabet is limited to consonants. When it was adopted for writing Greek, certain consonants were adapted to express vowels. The use of both vowels and consonants makes Greek the first alphabet in the narrow sense, as distinguished from

title: Dajnko alphabet

text: N Ŋ O P R S Ȣ Z X T U Y V Ч Dajnko alphabet The Dajnko alphabet () was a Slovene alphabet invented by Peter Dajnko. It was used from 1824 to 1839 mostly in Styria (in what is now eastern Slovenia). Dajnko introduced his alphabet in 1824 in his book "Lehrbuch der windischen Sprache" ("The Textbook of the Slovene Language"). He decided to replace the older Bohorič alphabet with his own new writing system because of the problems with the writing of sibilants. In 1825, Franc Serafin Metelko came up with a similar proposal, complicating the issue.

title: Alphabet

text: a new letter ՈՒ ու (which was a digraph before). The Armenian word for "alphabet" is "" (), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet Ա այբ ayb and Բ բեն ben. The Armenian script's directionality is horizontal left-to-right, like the Latin and Greek alphabets. Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters, which can then be used for purposes of collation—namely for the listing of words and other items in what is called "alphabetical order". The basic ordering of the Latin alphabet (A B C D E F G H I

title: Alphabet of Sirach

text: sets forth various ordeals for Ben Sira, who responds with 22 stories. Some of the fables of the collection are indebted to Christian legend, and to the Indian Panchatantra. The text is best known because of its reference to Lilith, and it is the fifth of Ben Sira's responses to King Nebuchadnezzar. It is reproduced here in its entirety: Some Jewish feminists have written arguments urging for Lilith's depiction in "The Alphabet of Ben Sira" to be reevaluated, based on the fact that this text was originally written primarily as a work of satire. Although the negativity surrounding Lilith's character

title: Turkish alphabet

text: "ye", "ze" The letters "h" and "k" are sometimes named "ha" and "ka" (as in German), especially in acronyms such as CHP, KKTC and TSK. However, the Turkish Language Association advises against this usage. Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is usually identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker. The earliest known Turkish alphabet is the Orkhon script, also known as the Old Turkic alphabet, the first surviving evidence of which

title: Africa Alphabet

text: Africa Alphabet The Africa Alphabet (also International African Alphabet or IAI alphabet) was developed by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures in 1928, with the help of some Africans led by Diedrich Hermann Westermann, who served as director of the organization from 1926 until 1939. Meanwhile, the aim of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, later known as International African Institute (IAI), was to enable people to write all the African languages for practical and scientific purposes without the need of diacritics. It is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet with a few differences, such as

title: Greek alphabet

text: the Thirty Tyrants. Because of Eucleides's role in suggesting the idea to adopt the Ionian alphabet, the standard twenty-four-letter Greek alphabet is sometimes known as the "Eucleidean alphabet". Roughly thirty years later, the Eucleidean alphabet was adopted in Boeotia and it may have been adopted a few years previously in Macedonia. By the end of the fourth century BC, it had displaced local alphabets across the Greek-speaking world to become the standard form of the Greek alphabet. When the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet, they took over not only the letter shapes and sound values, but also the names by

title: Tatar alphabet

text: of Ñ, and there is no letter Íí. The Tatarstani Cabinet of Ministers about a year later issued a decree about computer-based encoding, in which the letters Ä, Ö and Ñ were present. The letter Íí is not present in either the law or the decree. About a year after, the speaker of the Tatarstani parliament mentioned in an interview that changes could be made by the parliament to the law by making corrections for certain characters in the alphabet. Some versions of Latin alphabet for Volga Tatar are as follows: (Tatar for: "Modern alphabet" based on what was considered

title: Alphabet of human thought

text: human thought." There are quite a few mentions of the "characteristica" in Leibniz's writings, but he never set out any details save for a brief outline of some possible sentences in his "Dissertation on the Art of Combinations". His main interest was what is known in modern logic as classification and composition. In modern terminology Leibniz's alphabet was a proposal for an automated theorem prover or ontology classification reasoner written centuries before the technology to implement them. John Giannandrea, co-founder and CTO of Metaweb Technologies, acknowledged in a speech that Freebase was at least linked to the alphabet of human

title: Gjirokastër alphabet

text: Gjirokastër alphabet The Gjirokastër alphabet also known as Veso Bey alphabet is one of the original Albanian language alphabets of the 19th century. It is named after the town of Gjirokastër in South Albania where it was first encountered by the scholar Johann Georg von Hahn, also after Veso bey, a rich local bey from the influential Alizoti family who provided it to Hahn. Hahn published in 1854 in his "Albanesische Studien", in Jena. According to Hahn, the alphabet was given to him by Veso bey, and had been used that far within Alizoti family circles. The alphabet, probably cryptic,

title: Theban alphabet

text: of Thebes (i.e. "Liber Iuratus Honorii", or "The Sworn Book of Honorius"), with the exception of the composite manuscript found in London, British Library Manuscript Sloane 3853, which however openly identifies Agrippa as its source. It is also known as the Honorian alphabet or the Runes of Honorius after the legendary magus (Theban is not, however, a runic alphabet), or the witches' alphabet due to its use in modern Wicca and other forms of witchcraft as one of many substitution ciphers to hide magical writings such as the contents of a Book of Shadows from prying eyes. The Theban alphabet

title: The Ultimate Alphabet

text: books are The Ultimate Noah's Ark () and The Ultimate Spot-The-Difference Book (). This last title was published in North America as Metamorphosis (). "The Ultimate Alphabet Game" was released in June 2010 for the iPad, by Toytek, a UK-based independent games developer. The Ultimate Alphabet The Ultimate Alphabet () is a best-selling book by Mike Wilks. It is a collection of 26 paintings, each depicting a collection of objects starting with a particular letter of the alphabet. It was published in 1986 as a competition with a £10 000 prize, closing in 1988. Unlike children's alphabet books, it contains

title: Mandaic alphabet

text: the alphabet. Rather than the ancient Semitic names for the letters ("aleph", "beth", "gimel"), the letters are known as "a", "ba", "ga" and so on. It is written from right to left in horizontal lines. It is a cursive script, but not all letters connect within a word. Spaces separate individual words. The Mandaic alphabet contains 22 letters (in the same order as the Aramaic alphabet) and the digraph "adu". The alphabet is formally closed by repeating the first letter, "a", so that it has a symbolic count of 24 letters: Unlike most other Semitic alphabets, vowels are usually written

title: Coorgi–Cox alphabet

text: Coorgi–Cox alphabet The Coorgi–Cox alphabet is an alphabet developed by the linguist Gregg M. Cox and is used by a number of individuals within Kodagu district of India. It is the independent dialect of Tulu. It is used for the endangered Dravidian language of Kodava, also known sometimes as "Coorgi". The Coorgi–Cox alphabet uses a combination of 26 consonants, five vowel markings and a diphthong marker. Each letter represents a single sound and there are no capital letters. A computer based font has been created for use with the alphabet. The alphabet was developed out of the request by a

title: Alphabet Prison

text: noted it favorably in its biography of the band, calling "Alphabet Prison" "the most well-rounded effort by the band yet." Alphabet Prison Alphabet Prison is the fourth studio album by French nu metal band Pleymo. Released on October 9, 2006, the album combined elements from the aggressive aspects of the band's first two albums, and the more melodic songwriting found on their previous album, "Rock". With the recording of "Alphabet Prison", Pleymo sought to combine the musical styles that the band is best known for; the aggressive style of their 1999 debut "Keçkispasse" and 2002 follow-up, "", as well as

title: Theban alphabet

text: software developer and author, has created a draft proposal for adding the Theban alphabet to the Universal Coded Character Set / Unicode. Theban alphabet The Theban alphabet is a writing system with unknown origins which first came into publication in the 16th century. It was first published in Johannes Trithemius's "Polygraphia" (1518), in which it was attributed to Honorius of Thebes "as Pietro d'Abano testifies in his greater fourth book". However, it is not known to be extant in any of the known writings attributed to D'Abano (1250-1316). Trithemius' student Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535) included it in his "De Occulta

title: Jewish Town Hall (Prague)

text: alphabet. The Hebrew numerals begin with aleph and continue counterclockwise around the clock dial. Jewish Town Hall (Prague) The Jewish Town Hall () in Josefov, Prague, was constructed adjacent to the Old New Synagogue on the corner of Maiselova and Červená Ulice in 1586 in Renaissance style under the sponsorship of Mayor Mordechai Maisel. It acquired its Rococo facade in the 18th century. The building was the main meeting house of the local Jewish community but is currently closed to the public. It is perhaps best known for its two clocks, one on a tower with Roman numeral markings, the

title: Todhri alphabet

text: the alphabet, concluding that it was derived primarily from the Roman cursive. The earliest existing text in Todhri's script is Radhua Hesapesh (daybook) of a local merchant partnership known as Jakov Popa i Vogël dhe Shokët (Jakov Popa Junior and Friends). The entries in Todhri's script start on 10 August 1795 and continue until 1797. Todhri alphabet The Todhri alphabet is an 18th-century Albanian alphabet invented for writing the Albanian language by Dhaskal Todhri (born Theodor (Todhri) Haxhifilipi). It is a complex writing system of fifty-two characters which was used sporadically for written communication in and around Elbasan from the

title: Uyghur Arabic alphabet

text: Uyghur Arabic alphabet The Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet () is an Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in China. It is one of several Uyghur alphabets, and has been the official alphabet of the Uyghur language since 1982. The first Perso-Arabic derived alphabet for Uyghur was developed in the 10th century, when Islam was introduced there. The version used for writing the Chagatai language. It became the regional literary language, now known as the Chagatay alphabet. It was used nearly exclusively up to the early 1920s. Alternative Uyghur scripts then began emerging and collectively largely

title: The Ultimate Alphabet

text: The Ultimate Alphabet The Ultimate Alphabet () is a best-selling book by Mike Wilks. It is a collection of 26 paintings, each depicting a collection of objects starting with a particular letter of the alphabet. It was published in 1986 as a competition with a £10 000 prize, closing in 1988. Unlike children's alphabet books, it contains unusual words, and is extremely intricately painted, with the paintings in a realistic style, but rendered surrealistic by the strange juxtaposition of subject matter. Wilks himself appears at least once in every painting, as does his trademark snail. Some of Wilks's appearances are

title: Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People

text: Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People (), informally known as the Nation-State Bill or the Nationality Bill, is an Israeli Basic Law which specifies the nature of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people. The Law was adopted by Knesset 62 in favor, 55 against and two abstentions on 19 July 2018 (7th Av, 5778). The law is largely symbolic and declarative. It has been met with worldwide criticism, including from within the Jewish diaspora. On 3 August 2011, the Chairman of

title: Alphabet song

text: example, "A, You're Adorable" (also known as "The Alphabet Love Song"), was recorded in 1948, by Buddy Kaye, Fred Wise, Sidney Lippman, and later Perry Como. A newer example of this is from the musical "Matilda". "School Song" is an acrostic that spells out the alphabet phonetically. The group Wee Sing released an alphabet song with the letters in reverse order, called "ZYXs". The Canadian children's TV series "The Big Comfy Couch" used a version of the song in the first episode of Season 4, "Backwards". Comedian Soupy Sales released a song in 1966 called "Backwards Alphabet" which contained the

title: Shavian alphabet

text: initial publication of the Shaw alphabet, Read expanded it to create Quikscript, also known as the Read Alphabet. Quikscript is intended to be more useful for handwriting, and to that end is more cursive and uses more ligatures. Many letter forms are roughly the same in both alphabets; see the separate article for more details. Paul Vandenbrink has created a new alphabet inspired by the Shavian alphabet which takes the controversial step of replacing most of the specific vowel letters with markers indicating which of several sets of vowel types a vowel belongs to, thus reducing the number of vowel

title: Gjirokastër alphabet

text: contains 22 letters. Gjirokastër alphabet The Gjirokastër alphabet also known as Veso Bey alphabet is one of the original Albanian language alphabets of the 19th century. It is named after the town of Gjirokastër in South Albania where it was first encountered by the scholar Johann Georg von Hahn, also after Veso bey, a rich local bey from the influential Alizoti family who provided it to Hahn. Hahn published in 1854 in his "Albanesische Studien", in Jena. According to Hahn, the alphabet was given to him by Veso bey, and had been used that far within Alizoti family circles. The

title: Turkish alphabet

text: of a preceding consonant (for example, while means "snow", means "profit"), or long vowels in loanwords, particularly from Arabic. These are seen as variants of "a", "i", and "u" and are becoming quite rare in modern usage. In software development, the Turkish alphabet is known for requiring special logic, particularly due to the varieties of i and their lowercase and uppercase versions. This has been called the Turkish-I problem. Turkish alphabet The Turkish alphabet () is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have

title: Hatran alphabet

text: exist, and they don't appear to be necessary, and are rather just a shorthand form of writing. Some 600 texts are known to exist. Hatran script was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2015 with the release of version 8.0. The Unicode block for Hatran is U+108E0–U+108FF: Hatran alphabet The Hatran alphabet is the script used to write Aramaic of Hatra, also known as Ashurian Aramaic, a dialect that was spoken from approximately 98-97 BC (year 409 of the Seleucid calendar) to 240 AD by early inhabitants of present-day northern Iraq. Many inscriptions of this alphabet could be found

title: What Is Theosophy?

text: made us forget" the existence of a genuine "Christian theosophy". He believed that modern Theosophy does not represent a synthesis of religion, philosophy and science, as its adherents say, but there is a "mixture" of them, in which there is no real religion, no real philosophy, no real science. In professor Antoine Faivre's opinion, that what Blavatsky called "Theosophy" was in fact only her own doctrine. René Guénon believed that "theosophism" is a "confused mixture" of Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, Jewish Kabbalah, Hermeticism, and occultism. A religious philosopher Sergius Bulgakov stated that [Blavatskian] Theosophy, trying to replace religion with itself, turns into

title: Alphabet City, Manhattan

text: residing in and around Alphabet City. Moreover, Kleindeutschland is the second substantial non-Anglophone urban ethnic enclave in United States history, after Philadelphia's Germantown. By the 1880s, most Germans were moving out of Kleindeutschland and relocating Uptown, to the Yorkville section of the Upper East Side. Eastern Europeans replaced Germans as the dominant ethnic group in Alphabet City during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this time, the area was considered part of the Lower East Side, and it became home to Eastern European Jewish, Irish, and Italian immigrants. It consisted of tenement housing with no running water, and

title: Alphabet

text: equivalent are organized at the end of the alphabet. Origins of the alphabet are still unknown, some Armenian and Western scholars believe it was created by Mesrop Mashtots (Armenian: Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց Mesrop Maštoc') also known as Mesrob the Vartabed, who was an early medieval Armenian linguist, theologian, statesman and hymnologist, best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet c. 405 AD, other Georgian and Western, scholars are against this theory. Syllabaries typically contain 50 to 400 glyphs, and the glyphs of logographic systems typically number from the many hundreds into the thousands. Thus a simple count of the number of distinct

title: Alphabet of Dreams

text: sister on an arduous journey across the desert. What they discover will change the world in a way that no dream could ever predict... Alphabet of Dreams received recognition as a 2007 Best Book for Young Adults from the American Library Association. Alphabet of Dreams Alphabet of Dreams (2006) is a novel by an American novelist Susan Fletcher. It was first published on 22 August 2006. Young Babak has a magnificent gift: He can dream the future. Mitra, his brave older sister, is sworn to protect him. For them to survive living on the streets, she must do whatever is

title: This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get

text: He then flew over to London and presented them to Richard Branson as the finished new PiL album for Virgin Records: "Commercial Zone". For his part, John Lydon decided to completely abandon the tapes and re-record the whole album from scratch with session musicians. This new version of "Commercial Zone" became "This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get" in 1984. "The Order of Death" is a reference to the film "Copkiller", also known as "The Order of Death". The line "This is what you want... This is what you get", which gives title to the album, appears

title: Samaritan alphabet

text: Samaritan alphabet The Samaritan alphabet is used by the Samaritans for religious writings, including the Samaritan Pentateuch, writings in Samaritan Hebrew, and for commentaries and translations in Samaritan Aramaic and occasionally Arabic. Samaritan is a direct descendant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, which was a variety of the Phoenician alphabet in which large parts of the Hebrew Bible were originally penned. All these scripts are believed to be descendants of the Proto-Sinaitic script. That script was used by the ancient Israelites, both Jews and Samaritans. The better-known "square script" Hebrew alphabet traditionally used by Jews is a stylized version of the

title: Arabic chat alphabet

text: Arabic chat alphabet The Arabic chat alphabet, also known as Arabish, Araby (, ), Arabizi (, ), Mu'arrab (), and Franco-Arabic (), is an alphabet used to communicate in Arabic over the Internet or for sending messages via cellular phones. It is a character encoding of Arabic to the Latin script and the Western Arabic numerals. It differs from more formal and academic Arabic transliteration systems, as it avoids diacritics by freely using digits and multigraphs for letters that do not exist in the basic Latin script (ASCII). The Arabic chat alphabet is used to communicate in Arabic over the

title: Alphabet book

text: primers paralleled the introduction of school textbooks known as “the ABC”. Both colonial primers and ABC spellers employed the alphabet as an organizational feature for literacy instruction and spiritual study. Originally imported from England, children's reading textbooks aligned with the educational emphasis on the alphabet. While students were first trained to recite the alphabet, moralistic readings were framed around the letters of the alphabet. During the American colonial period the more secular “ABC” spellers quickly fell out of favor in comparison with the more religious primers; nevertheless, the alphabet remained the most systematic means of ordering the written contents of

title: Alphabet Prison

text: Alphabet Prison Alphabet Prison is the fourth studio album by French nu metal band Pleymo. Released on October 9, 2006, the album combined elements from the aggressive aspects of the band's first two albums, and the more melodic songwriting found on their previous album, "Rock". With the recording of "Alphabet Prison", Pleymo sought to combine the musical styles that the band is best known for; the aggressive style of their 1999 debut "Keçkispasse" and 2002 follow-up, "", as well as the more melodic songwriting which the band explored on their 2003 album "Rock". Allmusic did not review the album, but

title: Bulgarian alphabet

text: been retained in Roman script. The 2012 "Official Orthographic Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language" by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences permits widely known proper names to remain in their original alphabet. Example sentences are given, all containing names of American IT companies: Yahoo, Microsoft, YouTube, PayPal, Facebook. Bulgarian alphabet The Bulgarian alphabet is used to write the Bulgarian language. In AD 886, the Bulgarian Empire introduced the Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around the Preslav Literary School, Bulgaria at the

title: Hebrew alphabet

text: was an abjad consisting only of consonants, but is now considered an "impure abjad". As with other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet, during its centuries-long use scribes devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as "niqqud." In both biblical and rabbinic Hebrew, the letters can also function as "matres lectionis", which is when certain consonants are used to indicate vowels. There is a trend in Modern Hebrew towards the use of "matres lectionis" to indicate vowels that have traditionally gone unwritten, a practice known as "full spelling". The Yiddish alphabet, a modified version

title: Alphabet (poetry collection)

text: Alphabet (poetry collection) Alphabet is one of the most well-known poems of Inger Christensen, who was broadly considered to be Denmark's most prominent poet. The poem was originally published in 1981 in Danish as . An English language translation by Susanna Nied won the American-Scandinavian PEN Translation Prize in 1982. "Alphabet" is a systematic poem, in which each of the fourteen sections of the poem is tied to a letter of the alphabet and the number of lines found in each section is dictated by the Fibonacci sequence. (The first section, "A", has one line. The last section, "N", has

title: Coorgi–Cox alphabet

text: Several books are being planned including a phrase book and dictionary. Coorgi–Cox alphabet The Coorgi–Cox alphabet is an alphabet developed by the linguist Gregg M. Cox and is used by a number of individuals within Kodagu district of India. It is the independent dialect of Tulu. It is used for the endangered Dravidian language of Kodava, also known sometimes as "Coorgi". The Coorgi–Cox alphabet uses a combination of 26 consonants, five vowel markings and a diphthong marker. Each letter represents a single sound and there are no capital letters. A computer based font has been created for use with the

title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Ottoman Turkish alphabet The Ottoman Turkish alphabet ( "") is a version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet used to write Ottoman Turkish until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet. Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in this script, non-Muslim Ottoman subjects sometimes wrote it in other scripts, including the Armenian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew alphabets. The earliest known Turkic alphabet is the Orkhon script. The various Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets, including Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Latin, and some other Asiatic writing systems. The Ottoman Turkish alphabet is a Turkish form

title: New Tai Lue alphabet

text: New Tai Lue alphabet New Tai Lue script, also known as Xishuangbanna Dai and Simplified Tai Lue, is an alphabet used to write the Tai Lü language. Developed in China in the 1950s, New Tai Lue is based on the traditional Tai Tham alphabet developed 1200. The government of China promoted the alphabet for use as a replacement for the older script; teaching the script was not mandatory, however, and as a result many are illiterate in New Tai Lue. In addition, communities in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam still use the Tai Tham alphabet. Similar to the Thai and

title: Theban alphabet

text: Theban alphabet The Theban alphabet is a writing system with unknown origins which first came into publication in the 16th century. It was first published in Johannes Trithemius's "Polygraphia" (1518), in which it was attributed to Honorius of Thebes "as Pietro d'Abano testifies in his greater fourth book". However, it is not known to be extant in any of the known writings attributed to D'Abano (1250-1316). Trithemius' student Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535) included it in his "De Occulta Philosophia" (Book III, chap. 29, 1531). It is also not known to be found in any manuscripts of the writings of Honorius

title: Alphabet (poetry collection)

text: but the threats remain very real, and Christensen's poetic appeal for sanity and humanity remains an abstracted call to action." Alphabet (poetry collection) Alphabet is one of the most well-known poems of Inger Christensen, who was broadly considered to be Denmark's most prominent poet. The poem was originally published in 1981 in Danish as . An English language translation by Susanna Nied won the American-Scandinavian PEN Translation Prize in 1982. "Alphabet" is a systematic poem, in which each of the fourteen sections of the poem is tied to a letter of the alphabet and the number of lines found in

title: Alphabet Soup (horse)

text: Alphabet Soup (horse) Alphabet Soup (foaled March 31, 1991, in Pennsylvania) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for setting a track record for 1¼ miles at Woodbine Racetrack when he won the 1996 Breeders' Cup Classic, defeating both the great Cigar and Preakness Stakes winner Louis Quatorze. Alphabet Soup was bred by Southeast Associates, a group led by Roy S. Lerman, and purchased by Californian Georgia B. Ridder. He is a descendant of Nearco, and his damsire is U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Arts and Letters. Purchased privately as a two-year-old by Georgia B. Ridder, Alphabet Soup was

title: Manichaean alphabet

text: as "āzād" "noble, free" was written "ʼčʼt" in Pahlavi, but "ʼʼzʼd" in Manichaean Middle Persian of the same period. Manichaean script was not the only script used to render Manichaean manuscripts. When writing in Sogdian, which was frequently the case, Manichaean scribes frequently used the Sogdian alphabet ("Uighur script"). Likewise, outside Manichaeism, the dialect of Parsa (Persia proper) was also recorded in other systems, including Pahlavi scripts (in which case it is known as "Pahlevi" or Zoroastrian Middle Persian) and Avestan alphabet (in which case it is known as Pazend). As Manichaeism was persecuted around Mesopotamia and the regions of

title: History of the Arabic alphabet

text: of a language in Arabic script has become restricted to classical texts and traditional purposes (as in the Turkic States of Central Asia, or Hausa and others in West Africa ), while in others, the Arabic alphabet is used alongside the Latin one (as with Jawi in Brunei). History of the Arabic alphabet The history of the Arabic alphabet concerns the origins and the evolution of the Arabic script. It is thought that the Arabic alphabet is a derivative of the Nabataean variation of the Aramaic alphabet, which descended from the Phoenician alphabet, which, among others, gave rise to the

title: Kadamba alphabet

text: the Kannada script used differently (also known as Ganga script) in rock edicts and copper plate inscriptions. During 6th to 10th century, the Telugu-Kannada alphabet stabilized during the rule of the Chalukyas of Badami from 500-1000.) and Rastrakutas. The Old Kannada ("Halekannada") alphabet is the continuation of the Telugu-Kannada alphabet used to write Kannada and Telugu. Brahmi -> Kadamba -> Old Kannada -> Kannada and Telugu scripts Goykanadi, Bhattiprolu script, Salankayana script, Pallava script and Gupta script a family of alphasyllabaries or abugidas has some similarity. "Sinhala script" is closely related to Grantha script and Old Khmer script (closely related

title: What Is Intelligence?

text: What Is Intelligence? What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect is a book by psychologist James R. Flynn which outlines his model for an explanation of the eponymous Flynn effect. The book summarizes much of the work of Flynn in this area, as well as that of his colleague William Dickens of the Brookings Institution. The book begins with a description of what has generally become known as "the Flynn effect": the steady rise from one generation to the next in average scores on IQ tests over time. Flynn notes that this effect apparently contradicts some fundamental beliefs about IQ

title: Samaritan alphabet

text: copy of the text in Damascus, and this manuscript, now known as Codex B, was deposited in a Parisian library. The table below shows the development of the Samaritan script. On the left are the corresponding Hebrew letters for comparison. Column I is the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. Column X shows the modern form of the letters. Consonants Vowels Punctuation Samaritan script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. The Unicode block for Samaritan is U+0800–U+083F: Samaritan alphabet The Samaritan alphabet is used by the Samaritans for religious writings, including the Samaritan Pentateuch, writings

title: Bassa alphabet

text: Unicode block for the Bassa alphabet is U+16AD0–U+16AFF: www.yinda.de/bassa/script_history.html Bassa alphabet The Bassa script, known as "Bassa vah" or simply "vah" ('throwing a sign' in Bassa) is an alphabet for writing the Bassa language of Liberia. It was reinvented by , who rediscovered the script in South America from descendants of Bassa Slaves taken to the Americas he instigated publishing of limited materials in the language from the mid-1900s through the 1930s, with its height in the 1910s and 1920s. It is alleged that some of the signs are based on native Bassa pictograms revealed by a former slave. It

title: What Is the What

text: writes: "Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art." The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees

title: What Is This?

text: What Is This? What Is This (known prior to 1980 as Anthym) was a rock band that originated in Fairfax High School in California and would play numerous shows along the coast of California. It was formed by guitarist Hillel Slovak, drummer Jack Irons, vocalist Alain Johannes, and bassist Todd Strassman. Originally named Chain Reaction, the band would later change its name to Anthem, then later to Anthym (as there was already a band using the former moniker), and then finally to What Is This, which was a tongue-in-cheek reference to the reaction they usually received from first-time listeners. During

title: Jewish education

text: Jewish education Jewish education (, "Chinukh") is the transmission of the tenets, principles and religious laws of Judaism. Known as "People of the Book", Jews value education. The emphasis and value of education is strongly embedded in Jewish culture. Judaism places a heavy emphasis on Torah study. Throughout Jewish history, the tradition of Jewish education began with the Old Testament during biblical times. The bible describes the purpose of Jewish education. The main purpose in the bible is to know how to worship God. Therefore, Jewish parents needed to teach their children about some basic prayers and what the Torah

title: Greco-Iberian alphabet

text: Greco-Iberian alphabet The Greco-Iberian alphabet is a direct adaptation of an Ionic variant of a Greek alphabet to the specifics of the Iberian language, thus this script is an alphabet and lacks the distinctive characteristic of the rest of paleohispanic scripts that present signs with syllabic value, for the occlusives and signs with monophonemic value for the rest of consonants and vowels. The inscriptions that use the Greco-Iberian alphabet had been found mainly in Alicante and Murcia and the direction of the writing is left to right. The number of known Greco-Iberian inscriptions is small: fewer than two dozen ceramic