query: Where on the body is a mortarboard worn?

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: different manufacturers. Each camera basically serves the same purpose, yet some function in slightly different ways than others or have to be worn in a specific way. Some are meant to be mounted on the chest or shoulder, while others are attached to glasses or may be worn in a function similar to a headband or on a helmet. Bodycams may weigh anywhere from about 2 ounces (55 grams) to 5 ounces (140 grams). The various needs and budgets of police departments have led to a wide range of body camera equipment to be offered in recent years. Body camera

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: prepared for the United States Department of Justice in 2016 is that body worn cameras "are cameras with at least one microphone and internal data storage, and allow audio/video footage to be stored and analyzed with compatible software. The cameras are typically located on the police officer's chest or head". Wearable cameras are often utilized by law enforcement to record their interactions with the public or gather video evidence at crime scenes. Current body cameras are much lighter and smaller than the first experiments with wearable cameras as early as 1998. There are several types of body cameras made by

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: the major suppliers of body worn video cameras in the Netherlands. In November 2015, the Dutch National Police published a programme regarding the integration of 'sensing' capabilities into police activities. The programme mainly focuses on CCTV, automatic number plate recognition and bodycams. In 2017 and 2018, the Dutch National Police conducted large-scale experiments with bodycams to find out whether this technology should become part of the standard equipment of all police officers. The experiments were evaluated and a report with recommendations has been sent to the national police headquarters in summer 2018. The chief of police has not decided on

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: Police. In 2006, the first significant deployments of body worn video at the national level were undertaken by the Police Standards Unit (PSU) as part of the Domestic Violence Enforcement Campaign (DVEC). The basic command units equipped with the head cameras recorded everything that happened during an incident from the time of arrival which led to the "preservation of good-quality first disclosure evidence from the victim". The evidence gathered was deemed especially useful in the way of supporting prosecutions if the victim was reluctant to give evidence or press charges. This led the Home Office to publish a report stating

title: Academic dress in the United Kingdom

text: of the mortarboard, worn by Cambridge DDs) and the pileus (at Sussex). In some universities, such as Oxford, women may wear an Oxford ladies' cap. For Catholic — and some Anglican — clergy, the traditional black biretta may be worn in some circumstances instead of the mortarboard. Those clerics who possess a doctorate wear the black biretta with four ridges — instead of the usual three — and with piping and pom of the color of the discipline, thus, e.g., emerald for canon law, scarlet for sacred theology, etc. As with other forms of headgear, in the Commonwealth, academic caps

title: My Body, the Hand Grenade

text: gives everyone else a headache." The cover artwork for the album displays a dress worn by Love in the "Miss World" music video, while the back artwork of the LP depicts the neck and breast of Anne Boleyn, taken from a 1534 portrait. My Body, the Hand Grenade My Body, the Hand Grenade is the first and only compilation album by American alternative rock band Hole, released on October 28, 1997 through the band's European label, City Slang Records. It was also imported for sale in the United States, where it was released on December 10, 1997. The album was

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: the encounter. For example, it does not show “where the officer’s eyes are looking, may record sounds the officer did not hear and cannot”. Therefore it does not accurately depict the situation and show the officers perspective in the moment. Some ways to solve this problem or misconception with body cameras are for police officers to gain access to their footage ahead of time so they can explain certain behaviors portrayed. Some police officers do not like body cameras because “they can be used as a strong evidence against the officers wearing them, not just the suspects who may also

title: Square academic cap

text: hat sizes. Some mortarboards, especially those in east Asia are laced-up at the back of the skull cap. The correct way to wear a mortarboard is to have the larger part of the skull of the mortarboard at the back of the head with the top board parallel to the ground. A proper fitting mortarboard should not fall off easily. Until the second half of the twentieth century, mortarboards were often worn by schoolteachers, and the hat remains an icon of the teaching profession. Mortarboards are often seen in party supply shops in the United States in May and June,

title: Academic dress in the United Kingdom

text: the University of Bristol, the University of St Andrews and Trinity College, Dublin among others. Indeed Newcastle University shares a similar legend as to why undergraduate academic dress do not contain a mortarboard; it is stated that the first cohort of independent Newcastle graduates from Durham University threw their hats into the River Tyne. The misinterpretation of some regulations has led to the confusion that certain universities do not prescribe headwear, most notably the Open University where the policy is that academic headgear is not worn at graduation ceremonies, whilst some universities have abandoned headwear for socio-political reasons or because

title: Body worn video

text: Body worn video Body worn video (BWV), also known as body cameras and body-worn cameras, or wearable cameras is a wearable audio, video, or photographic recording system. Body worn video has a range of uses and designs, of which two well-known uses are Google Glasses and as a part of policing equipment. Other uses include action cameras for social and recreational (including cycling), within commerce, in healthcare and medical use (for example as a memory prosthetic for conditions that affect the memory), in military use, journalism, citizen sousveillance and covert surveillance. Nascent research on the impact of body-worn cameras in

title: Body worn video

text: enforcement's use of body-worn cameras found that incidents where police used force and formal misconduct complaints decreased significantly; scholars of crime were unsure to what extent body-worn cameras played a role in the decline, but noted that the results were consistent with trends in other cities were cameras have been introduced. Howard M. Wasserman has identified several other limitations. Adopting body worn video can have unintended outcomes. In particular, increased transparency can create over-deterrence: when officers know they are being recorded, they will only do the minimum required. Another limitation is the video evidence. Video doesn’t always ‘speak for itself’

title: Body worn video

text: of footage recorded as compared to the amount of time officers were on duty. Studies show acceptance of the relatively new technology by officers is a problem where privacy is concerned. There are fears that the body-worn cameras may capture private conversations and result in the unintended footage being used in court or for corrective action by superiors. Boston Police Commissioner William Evans said in an interview that he is concerned that by implementing body worn video citizens will feel less inclined to notify officers of potential crime.It is possible bystanders will withhold valuable information due to fear of being

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: Body worn video (police equipment) In policing equipment, body worn video (BWV), body-worn camera (BWC), body camera or wearable camera is a wearable audio, video, or photographic recording system used to record events in which police officers or other law enforcers are involved. They are typically worn on the torso of the body on the officer’s uniform. Body worn cameras for policing are often similar to other body worn video equipment used by members of the public, commercially, or by the military, but are designed to address specific requirements related to law enforcement. The definition used in a market survey

title: Body worn video

text: law enforcement shows mixed evidence as to the impact of cameras on the use of force by law enforcement and communities' trust in police. Body worn cameras are often designed to be worn in one of three locations: on the torso, on or built into a helmet, and on or built into glasses. Some feature live streaming capabilities while others are based on local storage. The National Criminal Justice Technology Research, Test, and Evaluation Center is conducting surveys on the body worn cameras to help assist Law Enforcement in purchasing the best quality camera they will use. The survey goes

title: Body worn video

text: of people not coming forward with tips for fear of being recorded. And in terms of the police officer's private contexts, they may forget to turn off cameras in the bathroom or in private conversations. These situations should be considered as the technology is developed further and the use of it is becoming more saturated. Departments will need to work with advocacy groups like the American Civil Liberties Union to develop policies that balance citizen's Fourth Amendment rights with the public's desire for transparency. Body worn video Body worn video (BWV), also known as body cameras and body-worn cameras, or

title: Body worn video

text: conclusions with our expectations of body worn video. As police departments increasingly implement body-worn cameras, the issue of failing to turn them on has also arisen. Actions have been introduced and viewed in the courts brought up by unions in such case of the ‘Boston Police Union’. As cameras become more of the standard, officers voiced possible apprehensions of department supervisors and uses as a way of the conduct review. As of July 2017, only 10% of police shooting fatalities in the U.S. had been recorded by body-worn videos for that year. Various other investigations have found shockingly low numbers

title: Body worn video

text: worn video has been suggested and explored in parts of the medical field. Data recorded from wearable cameras can assist in medical research and limit error caused by inaccurate self-reporting of data. It is speculated that under-reporting is common when conducting dietary and nutrition assessments. Research suggests body worn video reduces under-reporting of intake during such assessments. Body worn devices have been used to assist in clinical settings. In 2013, Google Glass was used to assist in surgery by providing a mostly hands-free way to broadcast and receive consultation from another surgeon. Concerns over privacy have been raised with this

title: Body worn video

text: victims or suspects. A 2017 study from Washington, D.C. including a large number of law enforcement officers showed no effect of body cameras on documented uses of force and civilian complaints, or on a variety of additional policing activities and judicial outcomes. The authors suggest 'we should recalibrate our expectations' of body-worn cameras: "they may have great utility in specific policing scenarios, but we cannot conclude from this experiment that they can be expected to produce large, department-wide improvements in outcomes". In reviewing the existing research on police body-worn cameras in 2017, University of Virginia economist Jennifer Doleac noted that

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: reduction in the number of complaints. In a 2012 market survey by the U.S. Department of Justice, eight companies producing body cameras were compared: Taser International, VieVu, StalkerVUE, Scorpion, FirstVU, Wolfcom, MuviView and Panasonic. In 2014, the three top companies that had been producing body cameras throughout the United States were Taser International, VieVu, and Digital Ally. In 2016, a market survey described 66 body worn video cameras produced by 38 different vendors. Body worn video (police equipment) In policing equipment, body worn video (BWV), body-worn camera (BWC), body camera or wearable camera is a wearable audio, video, or photographic

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: any editing has been done. The number of body-worn cameras in use by the police of Australia is growing increasingly prevalent in parallel with other countries. The first bodycams or 'cop-cams' were trialed in Western Australia in 2007. Victoria has been trialing body-worn cameras since 2012, and in 2015 the NSW police announced they had invested $4 million in rolling out body-worn cameras to frontline police officers. According to research being conducted in 2016 'the use of body-worn cameras has now gathered traction in most Australian states and territories'. Some police services in Canada such as the Calgary Police Service

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: on some of their officers, 25 have plans to implement body cams and 30 cities do not use or plan to use cams at this time". Investigations have shown that although in many states the usage of body worn cameras is mandatory, there are instances where some officers have failed to adhere to the law. From 2015 until 2017, there have been nationally recognized scenarios of fatal shootings in San Francisco, Alabama, Washington D.C., and Los Angeles in which the officer was wearing a body camera, but did not activate it during the incident. The Los Angeles Police Department is

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: all officers who have regular engagement with the public. Other officers will be able to access cameras on an ‘as needed’ basis. A total of 22,000 cameras will be issued. In 2016, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) formally introduced body Worn Video technology commencing with Derry City and Strabane District, with Belfast becoming the second District to introduce the technology. A pilot Body Worn Video camera scheme was run during 2014/15, which illustrated the benefits of Body Worn Video. On that basis a business case was submitted to the Department of Justice and funding was secured to purchase

title: Body worn video

text: may have an effect on memory, the cameras also allow video playback in the case of memory loss. The first generation of 'modern' police body cameras was introduced around 2005 in the United Kingdom. Over $24 million has been given to police departments all across the United States to put toward the implementation of body cameras. This is to further reduce police brutality and public inquiry. In recent years, body-worn cameras have been praised by many as a valuable asset for reviewing cases of police misconduct, more so than preventing it. The NYC Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) has on

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: Zero. The use of body-worn cameras by law enforcement offers potential advantages in keeping officers safe, enabling situational awareness, improving community relations and accountability, and providing evidence for trials. A legislation regarding body-worn camera has been enacted by the Ministry of Public Security, making the body-worn camera standard and mandatory policing equipment for law enforcement agencies in China. Two million police officers are being equipped with this camera in China. The police in Hong Kong has been experimenting with body cameras since 2013. Based on positive findings from an (unpublished) evaluation, the decision was taken to supply all front-line officers

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: have trialed body-worn video systems since 2012, and have recently adopted body-cameras for deployment by all officers beginning in 2017. Police unions in Canada have been opposed to body-worn video systems, citing privacy and cost concerns. In 2015, several city police units including those in Winnipeg and Montreal announced plans to experiment with the technology. The Toronto Police Service started a pilot in 2014 with the technology during a year-long study of body-worn cameras. In total, 100 officers were using the technology from May 2015 thru May 2016. The evaluation report concluded that support for the body cameras was strong

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: Body Worn Video technology for officers across the service. In 2017, the Northern Ireland Prison Service implemented body worn video, following the success of the PSNI deployment. In 2012, the National Institute of Justice at the United States Department of Justice issued a primer regarding laws, policies, practices, and technology for local police departments to consider. Following The Law Enforcement Officer-Worn Body Camera Act, the state of Illinois became one of the first states to have a comprehensive set of rules for police departments in regards to body camera usage. The Chicago Police Department as well as the mayor of

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: have been conflicting studies on the use of body-worn cameras and the effect that these cameras have on police behavior. Early reports touting the benefits of police body cameras were based on limited research of small groups of police officers in a short period of time. In recent years, more robust research has become available, refuting the early claims. Reports on 54 Rialto police officers wearing cameras showed that complaints against officers from citizens dropped by 88% and "use of force" dropped by 59%. Another report that studied the effects of body-worn cameras for 46 officers of the Orlando Police

title: Body worn video

text: and there will still be different opinions on certain videos due to their ambiguity. In addition, departments must address multiple issues about the deployment and use of body cameras. One survey shows “It offers more than 30 recommendations of protocols for using cameras, recording events, and storing, reviewing, identifying, using, and releasing a potentially enormous volume of recordings.” These are major barriers to fully implementing body worn video. Wasserman states that “body cameras must reflect the nuance and complexity of camera policy, grounded in the limitations of video evidence and the hard questions of implementation,” so we cannot jump to

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: and increased during the pilot. There were technical issues, for instance with battery life, camera mounting, docking, recharging, ability to classify, ease of review and other issues. Administrative responsibilities associated with the body cameras resulted in significant commitment of time by officers that then was not available to spend on other duties. In September 2016, the Toronto police wanted to put out a call for proposals from suppliers. Body-worn video cameras received wide media coverage because of the first testing of body-worn cameras in the United Kingdom in 2005. The test was begun on a small-scale by Devon and Cornwall

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: aren’t adopting the cameras as a result". One of those departments is the Minooka Police Department that discontinued the use of body cameras because they felt overburdened by administrative responsibilities. The considerable cost of cameras and the support of related technology is another factor limiting the speed of their adoption. In New York City, for example, initial purchase of body-worn cameras could cost up to $31 million. However, proponents hypothesized that body-worn cameras would save money by reducing lawsuits targeted towards the police force and by aiding in the dismissal of court cases with digital evidence provided by the recorded

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: the city, Rahm Emanuel, have been vocal about their plan to enact a body-worn camera expansion that would equip police officers by the end of 2017. The goal of this plan, as well as the hiring of more officers, is to improve public trust in the law, expand transparency, and halt the climbing number of homicides. Springfield Police Department (Illinois) has also been among the local departments that have expanded the use of body worn cameras despite the Springfield Police Chief Kenny Winslow stating that "there are still problems with the state body camera law, and many departments in Illinois

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: the legitimacy of the organization". Body worn video can potentially have a legitimizing effect on public view of police officers, due to the perception that officers are more accountable for their actions if body cameras are recording these actions. According to research conducted by Cambridge University, more crimes were reported when officers wore body cameras than in control groups in which no cameras were worn. As with all forms of surveillance, bodycams highlight issues of privacy. There are concerns about the privacy of the people being filmed (suspects, victims, witnesses), but also about that of the officers wearing the cameras

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: body cameras have been carried out in Gothenburg and Södertälje. Many other Swedish police regions have expressed interest in using body cameras. Trials have already been carried out in Gothenburg and Södertälje, and in the long run the cameras could be used across Sweden. Following a successful six month pilot scheme, the Dubai Police Force decided to adopt body worn video technology in 2015. Speaking to the media at the time, Gen Al Muzeina flagged-up the value of footage from these cameras. He said that this evidence could, potentially, be used where there are objections to traffic offences or a

title: Body worn video

text: occasion used body cam footage to settle cases in which the integrity of officer and witness testimonies do not match. In an analysis of allegations of misconduct over the last five years, the CCRB reports that video recordings help the investigators make clearer determinations of misconduct than in cases that lack video evidence. However, much of this footage is not recorded by body-worn cameras, but rather CCTV footage and civilian recordings. The current amount of video footage available from many sources is substantially increasing the CCRB’s ability to resolve cases involving officers. In the years 2014 to 2017, the CCRB

title: Body worn video

text: a real challenge, protecting the data from intruders (hackers). The courts will be faced with a whole new set of challenges of the recorded data, like: Do the courts have the resources to go through the recordings needed for a case? How will this material be presented to the jurors? New guidelines, practices and procedure will need to be in place to protect those who were captured on the video, mainly innocent bystanders/witnesses who were not involved incident, how will their privacy rights be protected? Body worn cameras, as well as helmet cameras are used to document military combat. Body

title: Body worn video

text: the existing research was mixed as to whether the cameras reduce the use of force by police officers or increase the communities' trust in police. But a reduction in complaints against police using excessive force does not necessarily mean there are fewer cases of misconduct, it could mean that people are just not speaking up or the body camera was not tuned on and the footage cannot be investigated. More time and research will allow a more precise answer to whether or not body worn cameras improve officer conduct. An analysis by the San Antonio Express-News of San Antonio law

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: and its purpose and work to meet and maintain those standards". 2013 also saw the start of Operation Hyperion, a Hampshire Police initiative on the Isle of Wight that equipped every frontline police officer with a personal issue body worn camera, the biggest project of its kind at the time. Sergeant Steve Goodier oversaw the project and was adamant that the project would drive legislative changes to free up further uses for body worn cameras. He said "I strongly believe we could make some small changes to legislation that can have a big impact on officers: "PACE was written in

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: study was led by professors at Arizona State University and commanding officers in Phoenix. Among the other positive impacts that have been discovered, complaints against officers who wore body worn cameras dropped 23% compared to a 10% increase in officers who did not wear the camera. When the Rialto, California Police Department was attempting to improve public perception after a series of scandals, the department began issuing body-worn cameras to officers. A report on their 54 officers found that there was a 59% reduction in use of force by officers and that complaints fell by 87% compared to the previous

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: Office was beginning to encourage the emerging industry and published another document entitled "Guidance for the Police use of Body Worn Cameras". The report was based on the first national pilot of BWV conducted in Plymouth. Tony McNulty MP, Minister of State for Security, Counter-Terrorism and Police wrote a foreword that held BWV in a promising light: "The use of body-worn video has the potential to improve significantly the quality of evidence provided by police officers…video recording from the scene of an incident will capture compelling evidence…that could never be captured in written statements." Despite being hailed as a tool

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: supervision centers to not only watch regular CCTV-cameras but also body cameras. Included in the request was the suggestion to enable these centers to distribute the footage to the devices in police vehicles. The national privacy watchdog, CNIL, has called for a democratic debate to define appropriate frameworks and to strike a balance between security and the rights and freedoms of everyone. In some parts of Germany, some state police services have used body-worn video systems since 2013 and the number of states (German: "Land" or "Länder") where police use bodycams has increased ever since. The reason for the introduction

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: would be a "clear change in working conditions" as well as something that could "impact an officer's safety". Washington D.C. researcher Harlan Yu conducted a study with the nonprofit consulting company Upturn, which focuses on technologies effects on social issues. The researcher conducted data that showed the lack of effect on the police body worn cameras. From the random sample of Washington D.C. police officers who wore these body cameras there was no significant data set to make a statistical difference. The results concluded that police enforcement who were equipped with body cameras used force and confronted civilians in a

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: comparative manner to police who were not equipped with body cameras. Harlan states, “ This is the most important empirical study on the impact of police body-worn cameras to date.” This study is significant as Washington D.C. has one of the most controversial police organizations in America. “These results suggest we should recalibrate our expectations” of cameras’ ability to make a “large-scale behavioral change in policing, particularly in contexts similar to Washington, D.C., concluded the study, which was led by David Yokum at the Lab @ DC, a team of scientists embedded in D.C. government, and Anita Ravishankar at D.C.’s

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: opposed the use of such camera systems for parking enforcement officers, fire marshals, building inspectors, or other code enforcement officers. The debate on body-worn videos for police rages on. Some believe similarly to Fox News resident psychiatrist Keith Ablow, who stated that it was an "insult to police officers" to provide them body cameras. Others, such as Black Lives Matter, have released specific policy solutions to tackle the issue of police violence and escalation that include body cameras for police, limited use of force, and demilitarization of the police are a few of the ten crucial policies listed in Campaign

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: 1984 at a time when BWV was not around…We want to get the legislation changed so that BWV could replace the need for handwritten statements from officers when it is likely that an early guilty plea would be entered at court or that the incident could be dealt with a caution or community resolution." In 2014, the Metropolitan Police Service began a 12 month trial in ten London boroughs, testing the impact of Body Worn Video on complaints, stop and search and criminal justice outcomes for violent offenses. Following the trial, the decision was made to issue body cameras to

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: view” doctrine developed by the Supreme Court. In these circumstances an officer can record an individual and their actions as long as they are in public spaces. Many other nations have their own search and seizure laws that have specific implications associated with the use of body cameras worn on police officers. Body cameras require sizeable investments. The prices of the cameras themselves are between $120 and $1,000, according to a market survey in 2012 by the United States Department of Justice in which seven suppliers were compared. A market survey in 2016, describing 66 body cameras of 38 different

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: the possible roll-out yet. Other organizations that use bodycams include local law enforcement agencies, such as the Amsterdam city wardens surveilling taxis. Body worn cameras are used city wardens in several cities, among which Alkmaar, Assen, Eindhoven and Rotterdam. Others that use body cameras are the stewards that supervise supporters during football matches or public events, such as festivals or protest-demonstrations. In other sectors such as public transportation, ambulances and fire-fighters, bodycams have been trialled, but have not been implemented on a large scale. Larger roll-outs are predicted from 2017 onwards. Swedish police have been using body cameras for several

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: manufacturers have constantly looked for technical innovations to improve their products. Many body cameras offer specific features like HD quality, infrared, night vision, fisheye lenses, or varying degrees of view. Other features specific to law enforcement are implemented in the hardware to integrate the bodycam with other devices or wearables. Another example are automatic triggers that start the recording when the officer starts a specific procedure, for instance when a fire-arm or taser is pulled from a holster, when a siren is activated or when the car door opens. Ever since body cameras were first worn by police officers, there

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: footage of the body-worn cameras. On December 1, 2014, President Barack Obama "proposed reimbursing communities half the cost of buying cameras and storing video—a plan that would require Congress to authorize $75 million over three years to help purchase 50,000 recording devices". He also asked Congress for a $263 million package overall to deal with community policing initiatives that would provide a 50 percent federal match for local police departments to purchase body cameras and to store them. With the push from former President Barack Obama to “expand funding and training to law enforcement agencies through community policing initiatives”, the

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: officers’ account. Part of the reason why video evidence in general can be ineffective simply lies with the poor quality or angle of the video itself, as described in the Minnesota shooting of Philando Castile. Once footage was lost after Castile entered the back of the police car, only audio recording of the incident was available from that point on since the cameras did not cover the backseat. Police officers are worried that body cameras can be used against them and not just used as evidence to solve a case. The body worn cameras do not show all aspects of

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: Louis, Missouri, expressed doubts or opposition to body cameras. Specifically, union officials expressed concerns about possible distraction and safety issues, and questioned "whether all the footage filmed by body cameras will be accessible via public-records requests, whether victims of domestic violence will be hesitant to call police if they know they will be filmed and whether paying for the cameras and maintenance will lead to cuts elsewhere in the police budget". Others have worried about a "gotcha discipline". Some unions have argued that it was "mandatory" for police departments to include provisions about body-worn cameras in union contracts because it

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: 2.5 years showed no difference in the use of force or civilian complaints. Studies suggest police body cameras have had no measurable effect when it came to civilian complaints, use of force incidents, police activity, or judicial outcomes involving the city’s metropolitan police department. Another indirect benefit police body worn cameras could provide is the increased trust between the public and law enforcement. An example of heightened relationships occurred after the death of Sam DuBose of Cincinnati in 2015. Officer Ray Tensing claimed he had to fatally shoot Sam DuBose because “he was being dragged by the vehicle and had

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: 84 percent (strongly) agreed. An even larger proportion, 87 percent, (strongly) agreed that Body-Worn Cameras would hold Milwaukee police officers accountable for their behaviors. These percentages hardly changed in the three years following introduction, which suggests that opinions such as these are independent of awareness of bodycams. One possibility is that a police officer wearing this technology could become a 'roving surveillance camera'. If the bodycams are equipped with biometric facial recognition technology, this could have a major impact on people's everyday lives, depending on the reliability of the technology to prevent false positives (those that are mistaken for a

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: United States Department of Justice announced in May 2015 that they would grant 73 out of the 285 awards requested for a total of 20 million dollars. This allowed for the purchase and distribution of 21,000 cameras to be placed in active duty. A National Institute of Justice report found this in regards to responding police agencies: "In a sample of police departments surveyed in 2013, approximately 75 percent of them reported that they did not use body-worn cameras". A November 2014 survey of police departments serving the 100 most populous cities, Vocativ found that "41 cities use body cams

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: failure by officers to meet acceptable standards. The Abu Dhabi Police also confirmed in the same year that – following two years of trials – it would be rolling out body worn video cameras to patrol officers. Police body cameras have been suggested to be a way to monitor police behavior. While a small study initially concluded that when 46 randomly selected officers were chosen to wear video recording devices against 43 officers who were not there was a 53% decrease in use-of-force incidents reported and civilian complaints dropped by nearly 65%, a study of more than 2,000 officers over

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: year. This finding could not be verified in studies of larger groups of police officers. In 2017, a study was published of over 2,000 police officers showing no impact of wearing body cameras. Another study found that a group of police officers assigned to wear body-worn cameras in Mesa, Arizona, were found to be less likely to stop-and-frisk or arrest people, but "were more likely to give citations and initiate encounters". The authors concluded that the officers are more proactive with the use of these cameras, but that they are not more likely to use invasive strategies "that may threaten

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: aimed at reducing violence against the police. The results were disappointing, largely due to technical problems with recordings and 'wearability' of the equipment. Following this evaluation, the Department of Justice concluded that bodycams were not ready to be 'rolled out' on a larger scale. Since then, however, regional and local experiments with bodycams have been undertaken. According to a survey conducted by the Dutch public broadcasting corporation (NOS) in 2011, 10 of the 25 regional police forces were using body worn video. One year later, that number had gone up to 17 of the 25 forces, according to one of

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: creation of video recordings of police interventions, provided the footage is used only for the reconstruction of police activity. The fact that other people including innocent by-standers could be recognised by their faces or voices does not mean the recording can not be used for legitimate purposes. The first body worn video used by the Dutch police were portable cameras used by the mounted riot-police in 1997. The first small-scale experiments with modern-day bodycams date back to 2008. Large-scale coordinated experiments were conducted from 2009 through 2011 and took place in four of the 25 regional police-forces. The pilot was

title: A Worn Path

text: A Worn Path "A Worn Path" by Eudora Welty is a short story about an elderly African-American woman who undertakes a familiar journey on a road in a rural area to acquire medicine for her grandson. She expresses herself, both to her surroundings and in short spurts of spoken monologue, warning away animals and expressing the pain she feels in her weary bones. This shows that "A Worn Path" is a tale of undying love and devotion that pushes us toward a goal. In "A Worn Path", an old woman named Phoenix Jackson is walking through the woods into town.

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: that "evidence gathering utilising this equipment has the potential radically to enhance the police performance at the scene of a wide range of incidents". In the same report, the Home Office concluded that the body worn camera system used in Devon and Cornwall had "the ability to significantly improve the quality of the evidence provided by police officers at incidents". However, mostly due to the limitations of the then available technology, it was also recommended that police forces should await the completion of successful trials and projects to re-evaluate the technology before investing in cameras. By July 2007, the Home

title: Academic dress in the United Kingdom

text: jacket button or pinned which causes the hood to sit poorly and be more likely to slip down the shoulders like a shawl. The academic cap or square, commonly known as the mortarboard, has come to be symbolic of academia. In some universities it can be worn by graduates and undergraduates alike. It is a flat square hat with a tassel suspended from a button in the top center of the board. Properly worn, the cap is parallel to the ground, though some people, especially women, wear it angled back. The mortarboard may also be referred to as a trencher

title: A Worn Path

text: her journey? Did Phoenix daydream any of her journey? If so, when? What makes Phoenix’s mission to get to town so important? After reading about “A Worn Path” what kind of assumptions can we make about Phoenix’s past? And why? Why did the people that Phoenix came in contact with on her journey treat her so poorly? A Worn Path "A Worn Path" by Eudora Welty is a short story about an elderly African-American woman who undertakes a familiar journey on a road in a rural area to acquire medicine for her grandson. She expresses herself, both to her surroundings

title: Body worn video

text: on camera. Other factors that lead to low use have been shown to be based on officer demographics such as the officers age, gender, or years of service. Another concern for law enforcement is storage costs. With many state and local police departments in the U.S. purchasing body-cameras for their officers, storage of the videos is becoming an obstacle. Because departments in larger cities can generate body cam footage in excess of 10,000 hours a week, some of these agencies are utilizing cloud-based high-volume storage facilities. Storage costs are not the only concern, but the security of the data becomes

title: The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body

text: The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body, is the Eighth full-length album by American guitarist Kaki King, released March 3, 2015. The album is the soundtrack to Kaki's projection mapping show of the same name. In 2014, Kaki collaborated with the visual experience company Glowing Pictures to construct an innovative, immersive multi-media production in which the guitar is used as a projection screen to tell a story. The hour-long production, entitled The Neck is a Bridge to the Body, places the focus on the guitar itself, the Instrument serving as an

title: Isabella Worn

text: Isabella Worn Isabella Worn (1869 – November 9, 1950) was an American horticulturist and garden designer best known for working on projects in northern and central California, including the gardens at the Filoli estate and Hearst Castle. Isabella Austin Worn, known as Bella, was the third of five children of George Austin Worn, a horticulturist, and Annie (Ross) Worn. Her grandfather James Ross was a California immigrant who made a fortune in the Gold Rush years and used it to buy a large Mexican land grant, Rancho Punta de Quentin, where Isabella was born. The Marin County town of Ross,

title: Academic dress of the University of Dublin

text: to wear academic dress consisting of an epitoge [e1], a strip of material worn over the left shoulder, on top of an undergraduate's gown. Undergraduate diplomates wear a blue epitoge, while postgraduate diplomates wear a blue and black epitoge. A form of a black hat known as a square cap (also mortarboard) [h1] is worn or carried. The Consolidated Statutes of the College (Chapter XVIII) state that: "The caps to be worn by Graduates and Undergraduates shall be black, and of the ordinary academical shape; the cap to be worn by Scholars and ex-Scholars shall be covered in velvet, and

title: My Body Is a Cage

text: an episode of the animated series "Spliced". My Body Is a Cage "My Body Is a Cage" is a two-part episode from the tenth season of the Canadian television series "". The episode follows transgender character (Jordan Todosey) as he struggles with himself and his family over his gender identity. Other plots include Anya MacPherson and her family learning that Mrs. MacPherson has cancer and Dave Turner's attempts at improving his grades by being a class clown. Part one of "My Body Is a Cage" originally aired in Canada on MuchMusic and the United States on TeenNick on August 11,

title: My Body Is a Cage

text: My Body Is a Cage "My Body Is a Cage" is a two-part episode from the tenth season of the Canadian television series "". The episode follows transgender character (Jordan Todosey) as he struggles with himself and his family over his gender identity. Other plots include Anya MacPherson and her family learning that Mrs. MacPherson has cancer and Dave Turner's attempts at improving his grades by being a class clown. Part one of "My Body Is a Cage" originally aired in Canada on MuchMusic and the United States on TeenNick on August 11, 2010 with part two airing the following

title: Body worn video

text: has been able to close on average approximately 20% more cases with video evidence than without. Early research based on pilot projects has sometimes shown significant positive results. But the first meta-evaluation that was published in 2014 warned that more research is needed. This meta-evaluation was based on five evaluations from body camera projects in the United Kingdom (Plymouth 2007 and Renfrewshire/Aberdeen 2011) and the United States (Rialto, Mesa and Phoenix – all published in 2013). Most of these studies documented a reduction in complaints against the police and, in some cases, similar reductions in use of force and assaults

title: Your Body Is a Wonderland

text: Bernard sing the song as a karaoke duet. Mayer agreed to let the show use the song, in exchange for a Dundie, which was for "Tallest Music Dude". In the episode of Family Guy titled "Stew-Roids", Stewie sings a song in which he pronounces the word "body" like "bah-dy", which he then explains "That's how John Mayer would say it"; a reference to the pronunciation of the word in "Your Body Is a Wonderland". Lance Bass and Lacey Schwimmer performed a rhumba to the song on Season 7 of "Dancing with the Stars". Your Body Is a Wonderland "Your Body

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: person on a list of suspects, for instance). Furthermore, cameras equipped with facial recognition technology heighten worries over “secret surveillance at a distance”. With 117 million Americans in the FBI’s shared database according to the Georgetown Report, people are fearful of the police’s ability to identify them in public and gather information about where they’ve been and where they might be going. Information about citizens whereabouts can consistently be tracked if they appear in public and it happens without their knowledge. There are more concerns about the advancement of these facial recognition technologies in body cams and the lack of

title: Your Body Is a Wonderland

text: are written by John Mayer except where noted otherwise. Billboard said the song showcases Mayer's "smooth, casual singing style and barroom instrumentation." In 2003, "Your Body Is a Wonderland" won Mayer the "Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance". The song ranked at No. 28 on "Blender" magazine's list of the "50 Worst Songs Ever". The video starred the actress Holly Lynch. The video was directed by Jim Gable, and edited by Scott C. Wilson. In 2006, the song was used in an episode of U.S. version of "The Office", entitled "A Benihana Christmas". Characters Michael Scott and Andy

title: Worn Me Down

text: Worn Me Down "Worn Me Down" is a song by American singer Rachael Yamagata. It was released as a single from her debut CD, "Rachael Yamagata (EP)" and was the first single of off her first full-length album, "Happenstance", which was released on June 8, 2004 in the U.S, and it is considered to be her most famous song to date. "Worn Me Down" first appeared on Rachael Yamagata's five song debut EP where it was listed as a featured song, and was released on October 7, 2003. In 2004, the song was released as a single from the EP

title: Academic dress of the University of Oxford

text: in the "Burgon shape" [s2] or the "Oxford simple shape" [s1], though some are traditionally made in one shape or the other. Most of the newer degrees use the Burgon whilst older degrees use either, although the Burgon shape is becoming more popular. Generally, hoods are worn by graduates whenever "subfusc" is worn, but sometimes they are worn with an ordinary tie, e.g. by the lecturer at a public lecture. Men wear a mortarboard (also known as a "square" or trencher cap) [h1], which is not worn indoors, except by the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Proctors. When meeting the Vice-Chancellor, Proctors,

title: Body piercing

text: 1 session of 7 hours, using play piercing where the skin is pierced and sometimes jewellery is inserted, which is worn temporarily). In December of the same year, Moffat had 900 piercings in 4½ hours. On 4 March 2006, the record was overturned by Kam Ma, who had 1,015 temporary metal rings inserted in 7 hours and 55 minutes. The record for most body piercings with surgical needles was set on 29 May 2008, when Robert Jesus Rubio allowed 900 18-gauge, -long surgical needles to be inserted into his body. Body piercing jewellery should be hypoallergenic. A number of materials

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: intervene. What caused the intervention, what actions, insults etc. took place does not seem to concern anyone. Furthermore, we will not use the BodyCam in all situations, but only for specific deployments and especially in areas with high levels of crime". According to a representative sample of 1,200 citizens from Germany in 2015, a majority of 71% is in favour of body cameras and 20% is opposed to the technology. Detailed information is available on the use of body cameras in five Länder. In State of Hesse, the police were the first force in Germany to use body cams in

title: Body piercing

text: Body piercing Body piercing, a form of body modification, is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewelry may be worn or where an implant could be inserted. The word "piercing" can refer to the act or practice of body piercing, or to an opening in the body created by this act or practice. It can also, by metonymy, refer to the resulting decoration, or to the decorative jewelry used. Although the history of body piercing is obscured by popular misinformation and by a lack of scholarly reference, ample evidence

title: The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body

text: really fills all kinds of roles. It’s not always the six-string guitar that we all know and love. I’ve been playing guitar for more than 30 years. It’s who I am and if anything, this project has made me even more familiar with it.” The Neck Is A Bridge To The Body debuted at Brooklyn’s acclaimed BRIC Theater in New York City in 2014, and will tour extensively in 2015. The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body The Neck Is a Bridge to the Body, is the Eighth full-length album by American guitarist Kaki King, released March 3, 2015.

title: Effect of spaceflight on the human body

text: States Senator Jake Garn, whose sickness during STS-51-D was the worst on record. Accordingly, one "Garn" is equivalent to the most severe possible case of space sickness. By studying how changes can affect balance in the human body—involving the senses, the brain, the inner ear, and blood pressure—NASA hopes to develop treatments that can be used on Earth and in space to correct balance disorders. Until then, astronauts rely on medication, such as midodrine and dimenhydrinate anti-nausea patches, as required (such as when space suits are worn, because vomiting into a space suit could be fatal). A major effect of

title: Square academic cap

text: is either a Cambridge DD undress gown with "pudding-sleeves" but in black stuff rather than silk as worn in the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries or a plain black stuff gown. Hoods are not worn, as they are considered festal items. However, Cambridge proctors in the past wore their MA hoods squared, so as to conceal the lining; since the lining was white it did not clash with the black and white color scheme of mourning. Square academic cap The square academic cap, graduate cap, cap, mortarboard (because of its similarity in appearance to the mortarboard used by brickmasons to hold mortar) or

title: Body worn video

text: over device functionality, optics, audio, GPS, and several more categories. Some of the leading companies in the police body camera industry are Wolfcom, Axon, Vievu, and Vidcie. Each has different camera designs, but all cameras tend to be about 3 inches. Axon's model includes two components: a button which the officer has to double click to start filming and a penny sized camera, which attaches to any type of gear such as safety glasses or an officer's collar. The double-clicking mechanism makes sure officers don't accidentally turn it on. Vievu and Vidcie's camera have sliders to turn the camera on,

title: Body-on-frame

text: Navigator SUV. The following is a list of production cars, SUVs, and light-duty pickup trucks available in the United States that currently have a body-on-frame construction. The list is divided by vehicle category. Body-on-frame Body-on-frame is an automobile construction method where a separate body is mounted on a relatively rigid frame or chassis carrying the engine and drivetrain. The original method of building automobiles, body-on-frame construction is now used mainly for pickup trucks and SUVs. In the late 19th century the frames, like those of the carriages they replaced, might be made of wood (commonly ash), reinforced by steel flitch

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: officers were turning their cameras on when they were supposed to, and found a very high level of compliance.) Another possibility is that officers without cameras were acting like officers with cameras, simply because they knew other officers had the devices.” The American Civil Liberties Union is an organization that has been a major proponent of body cameras on officers, but only in certain situations. The ACLU has advocated body camera use for both police departments and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, granted that safeguards are in place to protect the privacy of both officers and civilians. However, they have

title: Your Body Is a Wonderland

text: in 2002, but she denied it. Hewitt told "Entertainment Weekly", "My body is far from a wonderland. My body is more like a pawnshop. There's a lot of interesting things put together, and if you look closely you'd probably be excited, but at first glance, not so much". According to the liner notes, a toy piano is used as an instrument in the song. The line "I'm never speaking up again", sung in the background, is also prominently featured in the chorus to the song "My Stupid Mouth", which appears just before the song on "Room For Squares". All songs

title: Academic dress of Liverpool John Moores University

text: Academic dress of Liverpool John Moores University The academic dress of Liverpool John Moores University is the formal attire worn by academics and graduating students at the university on formal occasions. This includes graduation and inauguration ceremonies of senior academic officers where it is compulsory to be worn. The regalia has been used since the institute was granted university status in 1992 were Ede & Ravenscroft was appointed the official tailor for academic dress. Those receiving a Bachelor's degree from the university wear a dark blue gown and a dark blue mortarboard with dark blue tassel. The hood is grey

title: The Well-Worn Lock

text: The Well-Worn Lock "'The Well-Worn Lock" is the eighth episode of the first season of the American crime-thriller television series "Millennium". It premiered on the Fox network on December 20, 1996. The episode was written by series creator Chris Carter, and directed by Ralph Hemecker. "The Well-Worn Lock" featured guest appearances by Paul Dooley and Lenore Zann. Clinical social worker Catherine Black (Megan Gallagher) aids a family as they come to terms with the incestuous abuse they have suffered for decades. However, the father who is responsible still commands respect and political connections in the area, making the case a

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: and appropriate behaviors. There is a list of high profile cases involving police officer shootings of unarmed persons that have not resulted in convictions of those officers even with video evidence provided from body cameras. This has caused activists and even some supporters of the new technology to doubt the overall effectiveness body cameras can have in court cases involving questionable actions on behalf of police officers. In the Ray Tensing and Walter Scott trials, which took place in Cincinnati and Charleston, the results for both shootings ended in a hung jury despite video evidence and alleged mishandling on the

title: Body piercing

text: quicker to heal, with piercings of the clitoral hood and Prince Albert piercings healing in as little as a month, though some may take longer. Navel piercings can be the slowest to heal, with one source reporting a range of six months to two full years. The prolonged healing of navel piercings may be connected to clothing friction. Body piercing Body piercing, a form of body modification, is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewelry may be worn or where an implant could be inserted. The word "piercing" can

title: Body-on-frame

text: Body-on-frame Body-on-frame is an automobile construction method where a separate body is mounted on a relatively rigid frame or chassis carrying the engine and drivetrain. The original method of building automobiles, body-on-frame construction is now used mainly for pickup trucks and SUVs. In the late 19th century the frames, like those of the carriages they replaced, might be made of wood (commonly ash), reinforced by steel flitch plates - but in the early 20th century steel ladder frames or chassis rapidly became standard. Mass production of all-metal bodies began with the Budd Company and the Dodge Brothers. Mass production of

title: Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary

text: is by Doug Wright, music by Amanda Green and Trey Anastasio, lyrics by Amanda Green, musical staging by Sergio Trujillo and direction by Neil Pepe. After a run at La Jolla in 2012, the musical had a brief engement on Broadway at the Brooks Atkinson Theater with previews beginning February 23, 2013, opening on March 21, 2013, and closing on April 13, 2013, playing 28 previews and 28 performances. The musical received three Tony Award nominations. Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary is a 1997 film directed by S. R. Bindler documenting

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: years, for instance at large football games or demonstrations. The police in Stockholm announced to start using body cameras from the summer of 2017. The cameras will be used in two suburbs of Stockholm to ease the pressure on police staff and to increase clear-up rates. In total, 300 body cameras will be used in areas such as Rinkeby and Botkyrka. According to the co-ordinator of the project, officers in Rinkeby are met with quite a lot of violence and threats during interventions. The project is part of a pilot project within the national police camera project. Earlier trials with

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: or education. These 'hidden' costs are difficult to quantify, but by looking into total cost of ownership, some indication can be given of the percentage of costs is associated with the body cameras themselves or other expenses: All costs and benefits, including indirect costs and benefits, have to be weighed against each other in a cost-benefit analysis, to be able to judge whether body cameras lead to a positive or negative business case. The police in Kent, United Kingdom, predicted a positive business case within two years after their investment of £1.8 million in body cameras, purely because of a

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: State of Rhineland-Palatinate body cams are in use since July 2015 in the cities of Mainz and Koblenz to reduce violence towards the police and to collect footage that can be used as evidence. The costs of these body cams was 18.500 euro. Based on the positive experiences, eighty more bodycams have been acquired to be deployed in more areas in these two cities. In Hamburg, one of five members in each team that surveils during weekends is equipped with a bodycam since June 2015. These cameras can be pointed in different directions by manually operated remote control. Since 2016,

title: Academic dress of the University of Kent

text: gold for Doctors of Civil Law and Maroon for all others. The Chancellor wears a bonnet of forest green silk satin damask. The Vice-Chancellor wears a mortarboard with a gold netted button and black silk tassel. Academic dress of the University of Kent The academic dress of the University of Kent is normally only worn at graduation ceremonies. In common with most British universities a graduand begins the ceremony wearing the dress of the degree to which they are being admitted. This is in contrast to the practice at some universities such as Oxford where a graduand only dons the

title: A Place Where the Sun Is Silent

text: A Place Where the Sun Is Silent A Place Where the Sun Is Silent is the fourth studio album by Alesana. It was released through Epitaph Records on October 18, 2011. The album was produced by Kris Crummett, who also worked on "The Emptiness". Being the second concept album released by Alesana, "A Place Where the Sun Is Silent" was inspired by the epic poem "The Inferno" by Dante Alighieri. On August 24, 2011 "Alternative Press" premiered the first song off the album, "A Gilded Masquerade" and on September 21, 2011 the magazine premiered the second song off the album,

title: Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary

text: Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary is a 1997 film directed by S. R. Bindler documenting an endurance competition that took place in Longview, Texas. The yearly competition pits twenty-four contestants against each other to see who can keep their hand on a pickup truck for the longest amount of time. Whoever endures the longest without leaning on the truck or squatting wins the truck. Five-minute breaks are issued every hour, and fifteen-minute breaks every six hours. The documentary follows the 1995 competition which lasted for seventy-seven continuous hours. The film garnered

title: Academic dress

text: but the four-sided mortarboard-shaped tam in velvet is what the Code seems to recommend here. The only colour called for is black, in all cases. The tassel worn on the mortarboard or a tam seems to provide, by tradition, the greatest opportunity for latitude in American academic dress. It has been black, or represented the university's colours, or the colours of the specific college, or the discipline. The tassel has also been used to indicate membership in national honour societies or other awards. There is at some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to

title: Your Body Is a Wonderland

text: Your Body Is a Wonderland "Your Body Is a Wonderland" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter John Mayer. It was released in October 2002 as the second single from his debut studio album, "Room for Squares" (2001). Its commercial success was greater than Mayer's prior single, "No Such Thing." During his "VH1 Storytellers" performance, Mayer stated that he wrote the song about his first girlfriend at age 14. The song was actually named "Strawberry Wonderland" but was later changed by Mayer. There has been speculation that Mayer wrote the song about Jennifer Love Hewitt, whom he dated

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: be recorded by them.” Even though body cameras are usually implemented to collect evidence on suspects, sometimes police officers view these body cameras as an invasion of privacy or believe that they “can be or even designed to be used against them in investigations.” A study by researchers at Cambridge based on camera use on 2,122 officers across the United States and Britain (in total about 2.2 million work hours) was conducted in 2016. It concluded that assaults against police officers increased by about 15% while wearing cameras, but the data was insufficient to conclude exactly why. In 2014, a

title: Body worn video (police equipment)

text: with a bodycam. The police in Denmark has been credited in English media as the first police force to use body cameras, even before the English pilots of 2007 were initiated. In 2017, the Minister of Justice has equipped security personnel in detention centers with body cameras. In Finland, a pilot with body cameras was started in 2015. Thirty cameras were used by the Helsinki Police Department to help the police in maintaining public order. It was hoped that body cameras might prevent crime and disorder. Furthermore, it was expected that the cameras could at the same time improve the

title: University of Aberdeen

text: gown is worn with a hood of black silk and lined with silk in a colour which varies depending on discipline. For example, the lining is white silk for all Master of Arts degrees, green silk for Bachelor of Science in pure sciences, and crimson silk for MBChB. A black mortarboard is also worn. For master's degrees (e.g. MSc, MLitt etc.) a long black gown is worn, with a white silk hood lined in a colour that varies by discipline. For PhD, the doctor's scarlet robe is worn with black facings and sleeve lining, along with a black "John Knox"