query: Who followed Willy Brandt as chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany?

title: Willy Brandt

text: Security. Wolf stated after the reunification that the resignation of Brandt had never been intended, and that the planting and handling of Guillaume had been one of the largest mistakes of the East German secret services. Brandt was succeeded as the Chancellor of the Bundesrepublik by his fellow Social Democrat, Helmut Schmidt. For the rest of his life, Brandt remained suspicious that his fellow Social Democrat (and longtime rival) Herbert Wehner had been scheming for Brandt's downfall. However, there is scant evidence to corroborate this suspicion. After his term as the Chancellor, Brandt retained his seat in the Bundestag, and

title: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

text: Walter Scheel was appointed as Acting Chancellor and served for nine days until the election of Helmut Schmidt on 16 May 1974. The 18th and current Vice Chancellor of Germany is Olaf Scholz, who also serves as Federal Minister of Finance in the Fourth Merkel cabinet. Unlike in other parliamentary legislatures, the "Bundestag" or "Federal Diet" (lower house of the German Federal Parliament) cannot remove the chancellor with a traditional motion of no confidence. Instead, the removal of a chancellor is only possible if a majority of the "Bundestag" members agree on a successor, who is then immediately sworn in

title: 1972 West German federal election

text: Bundestag MPs of the social-liberal coalition re-elected Willy Brandt chancellor. His Cabinet Brandt II returned to government the next day, again with FDP chairman Walter Scheel as vice-chancellor and foreign minister. Defeated Rainer Barzel resigned as CDU chairman on 9 May 1973, he was succeeded by Helmut Kohl. On 7 May 1974, Brandt would resign in the course of the Guillaume Affair, after one of his personal aides had been unmasked as a "Stasi" agent. The coalition continued under his party fellow Helmut Schmidt, while Brandt remained SPD chairman until 1987. 1972 West German federal election Federal elections were held

title: Cabinet of Germany

text: new Chancellor by the Bundestag, who than has to form a new government (as yet, this has happened once: On 7 May 1974 Chancellor Willy Brandt resigned and declared his refusal to act as Chancellor until his successors election. Vice Chancellor Walter Scheel was appointed as Acting Chancellor and served until the election of Helmut Schmidt on 16 May). The Chancellor is in charge of the government's administrative affairs, which are usually delegated to the Chief of staff of the Chancellery, who is usually also appointed as minister for special affairs. Details are laid down in the government's rules for

title: Vice-Chancellor of Germany

text: in any other way. It is the President who asks the Vice Chancellor to fulfill the Chancellor's duties until the Bundestag elects a new Chancellor. This has happened only once: Vice Chancellor Walter Scheel was acting Chancellor for nine days in May 1974 between Chancellor Willy Brandt’s resignation and Helmut Schmidt’s election. The office was initially established by the 1878 "Stellvertretungsgesetz" (Deputation Act), which provided for the Imperial Chancellor appointing a deputy, officially known as "Allgemeiner Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers" (General Deputy to the Imperial Chancellor). In addition to the general deputy, who would be responsible for all the affairs of

title: Willy Brandt

text: Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German statesman who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1969 to 1974. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 for his efforts to strengthen cooperation in western Europe through the EEC and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of Eastern Europe. He was the first Social Democrat chancellor since 1930. Fleeing to Norway and then

title: Willy Brandt

text: from West Berlin, and presented it to the Mayor of Hammersmith to mark its twinning with Neukölln. The lamp now stands on the wall of Westcott Lodge, facing Furnival Gardens, with a commemorative plaque below it. Even though Willy Brandt had only served 5 years in office as Chancellor of Germany, he remains as one of the most popular politicians in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. From 1941 until 1948 Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (the daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). They had a daughter, Ninja Brandt (born in 1940). After

title: Willy Brandt House, Lübeck

text: Willy Brandt House, Lübeck The Willy-Brandt-Haus in Lübeck is a museum and a memorial to the late politician Federal Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Willy Brandt, of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Berlin based branch of the also houses the Office of Monumental Protection of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, in Schleswig-Holstein. It is the third establishment in the city to honor a Nobel Prize laureate from Lübeck. The director of the Willy-Brandt-Haus is the historian, . Willy Brandt was not born in this building, but in different house in the Lübeck district of . The

title: Willy Brandt

text: as the 5th Vice-Chancellor of Germany. At the 1969 elections, again with Brandt as the leading candidate, the SPD became stronger, and after three weeks of negotiations, the SPD formed a coalition government with the smaller Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Brandt was elected Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. As chancellor, Brandt developed his "Neue Ostpolitik" ("New Eastern Policy"). Brandt was active in creating a degree of rapprochement with East Germany, and also in improving relations with the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other Eastern Bloc (communist) countries. A seminal moment came in December 1970 with the

title: Willy Brandt House, Lübeck

text: pupils have been trained to become young museum guides as part of the project "Youth in the Museum" sponsored by Lübeck-based Michael Haukohl Foundation . Willy Brandt House, Lübeck The Willy-Brandt-Haus in Lübeck is a museum and a memorial to the late politician Federal Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Willy Brandt, of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Berlin based branch of the also houses the Office of Monumental Protection of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck, in Schleswig-Holstein. It is the third establishment in the city to honor a Nobel Prize laureate from Lübeck. The director of

title: Willy Brandt Monument (Warsaw)

text: Willy Brandt Monument (Warsaw) The Willy Brandt Monument in Warsaw is a monument located in Willy Brandt Square, Warsaw, Poland, near the Museum of the History of Polish Jews. It commemorates German chancellor Willy Brandt and the Warschauer Kniefall (1970). It was unveiled on 6 December 2000, the day before 30th anniversary of the event, by Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder and Prime Minister of Poland Jerzy Buzek in the presence of Brigitte Seebacher-Brandt and Günter Grass. The author of the bronze plaque depicting a kneeling Willy Brandt was Wiktoria Czechowska-Antoniewska, and the author of the architectural design of the

title: Willy Brandt Monument (Warsaw)

text: monument was Piotr Drachal. Willy Brandt Monument (Warsaw) The Willy Brandt Monument in Warsaw is a monument located in Willy Brandt Square, Warsaw, Poland, near the Museum of the History of Polish Jews. It commemorates German chancellor Willy Brandt and the Warschauer Kniefall (1970). It was unveiled on 6 December 2000, the day before 30th anniversary of the event, by Chancellor of Germany Gerhard Schröder and Prime Minister of Poland Jerzy Buzek in the presence of Brigitte Seebacher-Brandt and Günter Grass. The author of the bronze plaque depicting a kneeling Willy Brandt was Wiktoria Czechowska-Antoniewska, and the author of the

title: Willy Brandt Memorial (Nuremberg)

text: Willy Brandt Memorial (Nuremberg) The Willy Brandt Memorial at the Willy Brandt Place in Nuremberg remembers the former Federal Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize winner Willy Brandt. The bronze sculpture, which is sitting on a bench, was opened on 9 November 2009 in Anwesenheit by Ulrich Maly, Josef Tabachnyk and numerous contemporaries of Brandt, such as Hans-Jochen Vogel. Around one year before, on 6 November 2008, the sculptor Josef Tabachnyk won a competition with this memorial. Tabachnyk’s entry won against three other competitors. The Culture Committee of the city of Nuremberg decided to invite a limited number of artists to

title: Willy Brandt Memorial (Nuremberg)

text: participate in this competition on 4 June 2008. The financing of this memorial was achieved through three sponsors, Walter Metz (Initiator), Bruno Schnell (Publisher) and the PSD Bank. The city council of Nuremberg took over the building costs necessary for installing the sculpture at Willy Brandt Place, including costs for the sculpture’s foundations. Willy Brandt Memorial (Nuremberg) The Willy Brandt Memorial at the Willy Brandt Place in Nuremberg remembers the former Federal Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize winner Willy Brandt. The bronze sculpture, which is sitting on a bench, was opened on 9 November 2009 in Anwesenheit by Ulrich Maly,

title: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

text: term in office ends or if they resign, the Bundestag has to elect a new Chancellor. The President of Germany may ask the former Chancellor to act as Chancellor until a new office holder is elected, but if they are unwilling or unable to do so, the President may also appoint the Vice Chancellor as Acting Chancellor until a successor is elected. This has happened once: On 7 May 1974 Chancellor Willy Brandt resigned as a consequence of the Guillaume Affair, an espionage scandal. In his letter of resignation to President Gustav Heinemann he wrote: President Heinemann followed the request.

title: Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem

text: body of the WBC in Jerusalem. As member organization of the forum ZFD the Willy Brandt Center Association as well as the WBC in Jerusalem are receiving financial aid for their projects from the German Federal Ministry for Cooperation and Development. Main tasks of the Willy Brandt Center Association is lobby work for the project in Germany, the application for financial support of projects, to serve as a communication platform and to arrange contacts between European, Israeli, and Palestinian partners and institutions. Additionally, the WBC supports educational journeys and trips of delegations. Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem The Willy Brandt Centre,

title: Willy Brandt

text: at the age of 78. He was given a state funeral and was buried at the cemetery at Zehlendorf in Berlin. The Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt Foundation was established in 1994. It serves to honor the memory of Brandt's political accomplishments and his commitment to peace, freedom and democracy. The foundation runs two permanent exhibitions: one in Berlin, and the other in Lübeck, where Brandt was born. Other works of the foundation include oversight of Brandt's papers, speeches and letters (the Berlin Edition), historical research as well as organizing lectures and international conferences. When the SPD moved its headquarters from

title: Willy Brandt

text: Norwegian and Swedish. Brandt spoke Norwegian fluently, and retained a close relationship with Norway. In late 1946, Brandt returned to Berlin, working for the Norwegian government. In 1948, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and became a German citizen again, formally adopting the pseudonym Willy Brandt as his legal name. In 1950, Brandt, while a member of the federal parliament ("Bundestag") and the editor-in-chief of the "Berliner Stadtblatt," received a secret payment of about 170,000 Deutsche Mark from the U.S. government. Whenever he was confronted with this, he always denied it. From 3 October 1957 to 1966,

title: Rut Brandt

text: conducted political activities against the German occupation during the Second World War. In 1942, she fled to Sweden with one of her sisters. In Sweden, she married her Norwegian friend, Ole Olstadt Bergaust, who died in 1946. In 1944, Hansen met Willy Brandt, the later German Chancellor, who had fled Germany. After Bergaust's death, Brandt and Hansen married in 1948. When Willy Brandt became chancellor in 1969, Rut Brandt was at his side as a very successful and popular First Lady. However, when she in 1979 discovered that Brandt had an affair with (later his third wife), Rut Brandt filed

title: Vice-Chancellor of Germany

text: Vice-Chancellor of Germany The Deputy to the Federal Chancellor (), widely known as the Vice Chancellor () of Germany is, according to protocol, the second highest position in the Cabinet of Germany. He is the equivalent of a deputy prime minister in other parliamentary systems. The 18th and current Vice Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic) is Olaf Scholz, who was appointed to the position on 14 March 2018 and also serves as the Federal Minister of Finance. As provided by the Basic Law (Constitution), Vice Chancellor is not an independent office, but a position held by one of the ministers.

title: Willy Brandt

text: Sweden during the Nazi regime and working as a left-wing journalist, he took the name Willy Brandt as a pseudonym to avoid detection by Nazi agents, and then formally adopted the name in 1948. Brandt was originally considered one of the leaders of the right wing of the SPD, and earned initial fame as Governing Mayor of West Berlin. He served as Foreign Minister and as Vice Chancellor in Kurt Georg Kiesinger's cabinet, and became chancellor in 1969. As chancellor, he maintained West Germany's close alignment with the United States and focused on strengthening European integration in western Europe, while

title: Willy Brandt House, Lübeck

text: the of the Hanseatic city as well as a public library. After years of vacancy, the cost of renovating, converting and furnishing the building came to a sum of 3.8 million euros. The federal republic contributed 2.8 million euros and the German Foundation for Monument Protection contributed one million euros. In addition to politicians and Günter Grass, Willy Brandt's daughter, Ninja Brandt, his son , and his widow attended the inauguration of the museum. The exhibition on the ground floor, divided into six sections arranged chronologically and spatially, tells the story of the life of Willy Brandt. One room presents

title: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

text: elections have been called three times (1972, 1982, and 2005). The last two occasions were considered controversial moves and were referred to the constitutional court for review. In 1972, Chancellor Willy Brandt's coalition had lost its majority in the Bundestag, so that the opposition (CDU/CSU) tried to pass a constructive vote of no confidence, thus electing Rainer Barzel as new chancellor. Surprisingly, two representatives of CDU/CSU voted for SPD's Willy Brandt so that the vote failed. Nevertheless, the coalition had no majority in the Bundestag, so that a new election was necessary. It was later revealed that the East German

title: Chancellor of Germany

text: it is regarded as impolite and was seen as a way of acknowledging Merkel's future leadership. There is one living former German Chancellor: Chancellor of Germany The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany. It is currently used for the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (), the head of government of Germany. The term, dating from the Early Middle Ages, is derived from the Latin term "cancellarius". The modern office of chancellor evolved from the position created for Otto von Bismarck in the North German Confederation in 1867; this federal state evolved into a

title: Willy Brandt

text: Bonn back to Berlin in the mid-1990s, the new headquarters was named the "Willy Brandt Haus". One of the buildings of the European Parliament in Brussels was named after him in 2008. On 6 December 2000, a memorial to Willy Brandt and "Warschauer Kniefall" was unveiled in Warsaw, Poland. German artist Johannes Heisig painted several portraits of Brandt of which one was unveiled as part of an honoring event at German Historical Institute Washington, DC on 18 March 2003. Spokesmen amongst others were former German Federal Minister Egon Bahr and former U.S. Secretary of state Henry Kissinger. In 2009, the

title: Willy Brandt

text: Willy-Brandt-Memorial was opened up in Nuremberg at the Willy-Brandt Square. It was created by the artist Josef Tabachnyk. In 2009, the University of Erfurt renamed its graduate school of public administration as the Willy Brandt School of Public Policy. A private German-language secondary school in Warsaw, Poland, is also named after Brandt. The main boulevard on the north entrance to Montenegrin capital Podgorica was named Willy Brandt Boulevard in 2011. Willy Brandt also has an unusual memorial in Hammersmith in London, United Kingdom. In 1963, when he was Mayor of West Berlin, Brandt travelled to Hammersmith with a street lamp

title: Chancellor of Germany

text: Chancellor of Germany The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany. It is currently used for the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (), the head of government of Germany. The term, dating from the Early Middle Ages, is derived from the Latin term "cancellarius". The modern office of chancellor evolved from the position created for Otto von Bismarck in the North German Confederation in 1867; this federal state evolved into a German nation-state with the 1871 Unification of Germany. The role of the chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germany's modern history. Today, the chancellor

title: Central Germany (cultural area)

text: is often referred to as East Germany. For decades until Chancellor Willy Brandt started his "Ostpolitik" in 1969, official West German usage spoke of "Central Germany" to denote the German Democratic Republic. The term was used by both the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany, and by a large number of West German residents who had been expelled from the eastern provinces, who held a wide range of political views. However, after the West German Federal government accepted the fixed eastern border with Poland in 1970, implying that parts of Poland were still "eastern Germany" was

title: Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany

text: Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany are surveys conducted to construct rankings of the success and popularity of the individuals who have served as Chancellor of Germany in the Federal Republic of Germany. ^ Following Willy Brandt's resignation as Chancellor, Walter Scheel was acting Chancellor for a few days. For the TV show "Unsere Besten", more than 1 million Germans were asked to rank the 100 most notable Germans in an unrepresentative opinion poll. The list also included German Chancellors: Neither Kurt Georg Kiesinger nor Angela Merkel (who was leader of the opposition at

title: Chancellor of Germany

text: chancellor of the Austrian Empire (1821–1848), likewise Prince Hardenberg acted as Prussian chancellor (1810–1822). The German Confederation of 1815-1866 did not have a government or parliament, only the Bundestag as representative organ of the states. In the now defunct German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), which existed from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position was called either Minister President "(Ministerpräsident)" or Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the GDR "(Vorsitzender des Ministerrats der

title: Willy Brandt

text: Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1948, Brandt married the Norwegian-born German writer Rut Hansen in the same year. Hansen and Brandt had three sons: (born in 1948), (born in 1951) and Matthias Brandt (born in 1961). After 32 years of marriage, Willy Brandt and Rut Hansen Brand divorced in 1980, and from the day that they were divorced they never saw each other again. On 9 December 1983, Brandt married (born in 1946). The following titles are in German: Willy Brandt Willy Brandt (; born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German

title: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

text: in 1871, the office became known in German as "Reichskanzler" ("Reich Chancellor", literally "Chancellor of the Realm"). Since the adoption of the current constitution of Germany (the "Basic Law" or "Grundgesetz") in 1949 the formal title of the office is once again Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor). In the now defunct German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), which existed from 7 October 1949 to 3 October 1990 (when the territory of the former GDR was reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany), the position of chancellor did not exist. The equivalent position was called either Minister President "(Ministerpräsident)" or Chairman of the

title: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

text: the chancellor of Germany receives €220,000 per annum and a €22,000 bonus, i.e. one and two thirds of Salary Grade B11 (according to § 11 (1) a of the Federal Law on MinistersBundesministergesetz, BGBl. 1971 I p. 1166 and attachment IV to the Federal Law on Salaries of OfficersBundesbesoldungsgesetz, BGBl. 2002 I p. 3020). Chancellor of Germany (1949–present) The Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (in German called ', meaning "Federal Chancellor", or ' for short) is, under the German 1949 Constitution, the head of government of Germany. Historically, the office has evolved from the office of chancellor

title: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

text: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present) The Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (in German called ', meaning "Federal Chancellor", or ' for short) is, under the German 1949 Constitution, the head of government of Germany. Historically, the office has evolved from the office of chancellor (, later "", meaning "Chancellor of the Realm") that was originally established in the North German Confederation in 1867. The 1949 Constitution increased the role of the chancellor compared to the 1919 Weimar Constitution by making the chancellor much more independent of the influence of the President and granting the chancellor the right to

title: Willy Brandt

text: reasons which had nothing to do with the affair [the Guillaume espionage scandal] going on at the time." Brandt was dogged by scandals about serial adultery, and reportedly also struggled with alcohol and depression. There was also the economic fallout on West Germany of the 1973 oil crisis, which may seem to have given enough stress to finish off Brandt as the Chancellor. Guillaume had been an espionage agent for East Germany, who was supervised by Markus Wolf, the head of the Main Directorate for Reconnaissance ("Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung" or HVA—the foreign intelligence service) of the East German Ministry for State

title: Willy Brandt

text: of Eastern European Communism. Brandt's predecessor as chancellor, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, had been a member of the Nazi party, and was a more old-fashioned conservative-liberal intellectual. Brandt, having fought the Nazis and having faced down communist Eastern Germany during several crises while he was the mayor of Berlin, became a controversial, but credible, figure in several different factions. As the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Kiesinger's grand coalition cabinet, Brandt helped to gain further international approval for Western Germany, and he laid the foundation stones for his future "Neue Ostpolitik". There was a wide public-opinion gap between Kiesinger and Brandt

title: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

text: the decree of the then Federal President Theodor Heuss. The decree, which was co-signed by the President Heuss together with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and the Minister of the Interior, Robert Lehr, signed, states: The Order comprises four groups with seven regular and two special classes, hereafter the official denominations in English: The President of the Federal Republic holds the "Grand Cross special class" ex officio. It is awarded to him in a ceremony by the President of the Bundestag, attended by the Chancellor of Germany, the President of the Bundesrat, and the Supreme Court President. Other than the German president,

title: Willy Brandt

text: baby-boomers who dreamed of a country that would be more open and more colorful than the frugal and still somewhat-authoritarian Bundesrepublik that had been built after World War II. However, Brandt's "Neue Ostpolitik" lost him a large part of the German refugee voters from East Germany, who had been significantly pro-SPD in the postwar years. Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a "Kanzler der inneren Reformen" ('Chancellor of domestic reform'). According to the historian David Childs, "Brandt was

title: Rut Brandt

text: Rut Brandt Rut Brandt (10 January 1920 – 28 July 2006) was a Norwegian-born German writer and the wife of the German Chancellor Willy Brandt between 1948 and 1980, including most of his political career as Governing Mayor of Berlin (1957–1966) and German chancellor (1969–1974). Rut Brandt became highly popular in Germany and a noted public figure in her role as First Lady of Berlin and the chancellor's spouse. Born as Rut Hansen in Hamar, Norway, she worked initially in a bakery in Norway and then as a tailor's apprentice. At age 16, she joined a socialist youth group, which

title: Treaty of Moscow (1970)

text: Treaty of Moscow (1970) The Treaty of Moscow was signed on August 12, 1970 between the USSR and West Germany (FRG). It was signed by Willy Brandt and Walter Scheel from the FRG side and by Alexei Kosygin and Andrei Gromyko from the USSR side. During the 1970s while Willy Brandt was Chancellor of the FRG, the country followed a foreign relations policy of "Ostpolitik". It "abandoned, at least for the time being, its claims with respect to German self-determination and reunification, recognising de facto the existence of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Oder–Neisse line." Both sides expressed

title: Treaty of Prague (1973)

text: Treaty of Prague (1973) The Treaty of Prague was a treaty signed on 11 December 1973, in Prague, by the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and Czechoslovakia, in which the two States recognized each other diplomatically and declared the 1938 Munich Agreements to be null and void – by acknowledging the inviolability of their common borders and abandoning all territorial claims. The Treaty of Prague was a strong element of the Ostpolitik put forward by the German Chancellor Willy Brandt and supported by his ruling party in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany. Also, since Germany (the FRG)

title: Willy Brandt

text: for Norwegian citizenship. In 1940, he was arrested in Norway by occupying German forces, but was not identified as he wore a Norwegian uniform. On his release, he escaped to neutral Sweden. In August 1940, he became a Norwegian citizen, receiving his passport from the Norwegian legation in Stockholm, where he lived until the end of the war. Willy Brandt lectured in Sweden on 1 December 1940 at Bommersvik College about problems experienced by the social democrats in Nazi Germany and the occupied countries at the start of the Second World War. In exile in Norway and Sweden Brandt learned

title: History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany

text: History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany The foundation of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (, SPD) can be traced back to the 1860s, and for much of the 20th and 21st centuries it has represented the centre-left in German politics. The SPD has been the ruling party at several points, first under Friedrich Ebert in 1918. The party was outlawed in Nazi Germany but returned to government in 1969 with Willy Brandt. Meanwhile, the East German branch of the SPD was merged with the ruling KPD. In the modern Federal Republic of Germany, the SPD are the

title: Willy Brandt

text: however, represented a figure of change, and he followed a course of social, legal, and political reforms. In 1969, Brandt gained a small majority by forming a coalition with the FDP. In his first speech before the Bundestag as the chancellor, Brandt set forth his political course of reforms ending the speech with his famous words, "Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen" (literally: "Let's dare more democracy", or more figuratively, "We want to take a chance on more Democracy"). This speech made Brandt, as well as the Social Democratic Party, popular among most of the students and other young West German

title: Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem

text: East Jerusalem from the Israeli West Jerusalem. The German umbrella organizations are the Support Association of the Willy Brandt Center and the forum Civil Peace Service, on whose idea the aims of the Center are based. The aims are: As a centre for encounters and communication the centre hosts three main projects at the moment: The Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem Association "(Willy-Brandt-Zentrum e.V.)" is an independent "Non-Governmental-Organization" and a non-profit incorporated society. It was founded in 1997 to put into reality the project that was established one year before. The Willy Brandt Center Association is based in Berlin and responsible

title: 1969 West German federal election

text: 1969 West German federal election Federal elections were held in West Germany on 28 September 1969 to elect the members of the 6th Bundestag. The CDU/CSU remained the largest faction and the Social Democratic Party remained the largest single party in the Bundestag, winning 237 of the 518 seats. Upon the resignation of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard on 1 December 1966, a grand coalition of Christian Democrats and Social Democrats had governed West Germany under Federal Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) with SPD chairman Willy Brandt as vice-chancellor and foreign minister. Economics Minister Karl Schiller (SPD) had proposed revaluing (increasing the

title: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

text: set the guidelines for all policy areas, thus making the chancellor the real chief executive. The role is generally comparable to that of a prime minister in other parliamentary democracies. The 8th and current Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany is Angela Merkel, who was elected in 2005 and re-elected in 2009, 2013 and 2018. She is the first female chancellor since the establishment of the original office in 1867 and is known in German as ', the feminine form of '. Merkel is also the first chancellor elected since the fall of the Berlin Wall to have been

title: Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany

text: are subject to political asylum pleas, but a "persona non grata" who enters Germany can be immediately arrested. Furthermore, a German arrest warrant based on the offense of Holocaust denial is deemed executable in many EU states, thus, a Holocaust denier's entry into any EU state could lead to arrest and extradition to Germany (or any other state where such denial is an offense, such as Austria, and which has issued an arrest warrant). Among those who have been charged with Holocaust denial in Germany are the following: Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany The Federal Republic of Germany

title: Willy Brandt

text: famous "Warschauer Kniefall" in which Brandt, apparently spontaneously, knelt down at the monument to victims of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The uprising occurred during the German military occupation of Poland, and the monument is to those killed by the German troops who suppressed the uprising and deported remaining ghetto residents to the concentration camps for extermination. "Time" magazine in the U.S. named Brandt as its Man of the Year for 1970, stating, "Willy Brandt is in effect seeking to end World War II by bringing about a fresh relationship between East and West. He is trying to accept the real

text: of the two main political parties CDU/CSU and SPD and was accompanied by heated debate. In the following year there were changes to the articles regarding the distribution of taxes between federal government and the states of Germany. During reunification, the two states discussed the possibility of drafting a new common constitution followed by a plebiscite, as envisioned in Art. 146 (1990), but this path was ultimately not taken. Instead the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic decided to keep the Basic Law with only minor changes, because it had proved to be effective in West Germany.

title: History of Germany

text: Turkish, and had either low-skilled jobs or were unemployed. Willy Brandt (1913–1992) was the leader of the Social Democratic Party in 1964–87 and West German Chancellor in 1969–1974. Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union and improve relations with the German Democratic Republic, a policy known as the "Ostpolitik". Relations between the two German states had been icy at best, with propaganda barrages in each direction. The heavy outflow of talent from East Germany prompted the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, which worsened Cold War tensions and prevented East Germans from

title: Willy Brandt School of Public Policy

text: Willy Brandt School of Public Policy The Willy Brandt School of Public Policy is a public institute for research and education in the field of public policy at the University of Erfurt. It was established in 2002, offering the first German study program leading to a "Master of Public Policy (MPP)" degree. The program has been accredited and reaccredited by ACQUIN. The working language is English. Until November 2009, the school was named "Erfurt School of Public Policy (ESPP)". The Brandt School was designed according to the Anglo-American model, where education, teaching and research are organised jointly. In the area

title: Willy Brandt House, Lübeck

text: Brandt's childhood and youth in Lübeck, followed by his experiences in the resistance movement, escape to Norway by boat and exile. As a reporter, he attended the Nuremberg Trials, after which he recognized the difficulties Germany faced after the war. His time as the governing mayor of Berlin saw events such as the Berlin ultimatum, the building of the Berlin wall, Kennedy's visit and the step-by-step policy. As a foreign minister and afterwards Chancellor, Brandt followed Ostpolitik, a policy of building relationships with Eastern bloc countries, and called for European unification. A smaller exhibition room shows election campaign posters from

text: German Constitution (i.e. the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany) unmistakably outlines the presumption of innocence. The main body of the legislative branch is Germany's parliament, the Bundestag, which enacts federal legislation, including the budget. Each member of the Bundestag has the right to initiate legislation, as do the cabinet and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag also elects the Chancellor, the head of government, usually (but not necessarily) the leader of the majority party or the party with a plurality of seats in the Bundestag, and takes part in the election of the Federal President. The Bundesrat represents the

text: some important "reserve powers" in case of political instability (such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law). Under Article 59 (1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution), the Federal President represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law, concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats. Furthermore, all federal laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect; however, he/she can only veto a law that he believes to violate the constitution. The Chancellor is the head of government and the most influential figure in German

title: Rut Brandt

text: for divorce. After the divorce had been granted (in 1980), Rut and Willy Brandt went their separate ways and never met each other again. When Brandt died in 1992, Brigitte Seebacher-Brandt did not allow Rut to attend the funeral – a decision which did not meet with acceptance in the German population. Rut Brandt died on 28 July 2006 in Berlin, aged 86, from undisclosed causes. Willy and Rut Brandt had three children: Rut Brandt Rut Brandt (10 January 1920 – 28 July 2006) was a Norwegian-born German writer and the wife of the German Chancellor Willy Brandt between 1948

title: Willy Brandt

text: flats were constructed, while both Schloss Charlottenburg and the Reichstag building were restored. Sections of the "Stadtring" Bundesautobahn 100 inner city motorway were opened, while a major housing programme was carried out, with roughly 20,000 new dwellings built each year during his time in office. At the start of 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy saw Brandt as the wave of the future in West Germany and was hoping he would replace Konrad Adenauer as chancellor following elections later that year. Kennedy made this preference clear by inviting Brandt, the West German opposition leader, to an official meeting at the

title: Willy Brandt School of Public Policy

text: Free State of Thuringia), Karl Theodor Paschke (former Under Secretary General of the United Nations), Edgar Aragón (Visiting Professor from the EGAP-Tec de Monterrey, Mexico), as well as many of the professors of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Erfurt. Willy Brandt School of Public Policy The Willy Brandt School of Public Policy is a public institute for research and education in the field of public policy at the University of Erfurt. It was established in 2002, offering the first German study program leading to a "Master of Public Policy (MPP)" degree. The program has been accredited

title: Chancellor of Germany

text: Republic, while strongly diminishing the role of the president. Germany is today often referred to as a "chancellor democracy", reflecting the role of the chancellor as the country's chief executive. Since 1867, 33 individuals have served as heads of government of Germany, West Germany, or Northern Germany, nearly all of them with the title of Chancellor. Due to his administrative tasks, the head of the clerics at the chapel of an imperial palace during the Carolingian Empire was called chancellor (from ). The chapel's college acted as the Emperor's chancery issuing deeds and capitularies. Since the days of Louis the

title: Willy Brandt

text: of his closest aides, was exposed as an agent of the Stasi, the East German secret service. Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Carl Frahm in the Free City of Lübeck (German Empire) on 18 December 1913. His mother was Martha Frahm (16 March 1894 – 3 August 1969) a single parent, who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was an accountant from Hamburg named John Heinrich Möller (1887–1958) whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather, Ludwig Frahm (1875–1935), and his second

text: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: "Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", or "Bundesverdienstorden", BVO) is the only federal decoration of Germany. It was created by the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Theodor Heuss, on 7 September 1951, and has been awarded to over 200,000 individuals in total, both Germans and foreigners. Since the 1990s the number of annual awards has declined from over 4,000, first to around 2,300–2,500 per year, and now under 2,000, with a low of 1752 in 2011. In recent years

text: smaller badge and ribbon for women): The "badge" is a golden cross enamelled in red, with a central disc bearing a black eagle. The "star" is a golden star with straight rays, its size and points vary according to class, with the badge superimposed upon it. The "riband" is red with gold-black-gold stripes. Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (German: "Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", or "Bundesverdienstorden", BVO) is the only federal decoration of Germany. It was created by the first President of the Federal Republic of Germany,

title: 1961 West German federal election

text: 1961 West German federal election Federal elections were held in West Germany on 17 September 1961 to elect the members of the fourth Bundestag. CDU/CSU remained the largest faction, while the Social Democratic Party narrowly became the largest individual party in the Bundestag, winning 203 of the 521 seats. For the first time, the SPD announced a "chancellor-candidate", who was not chairman of the party: Willy Brandt, the Governing Mayor of West Berlin. After the building of the Berlin Wall, he gained more and more sympathy, while chancellor Konrad Adenauer was criticised for not showing enough support for the people

title: Willy Brandt

text: Willy Brandt served as Governing Mayor of Berlin, during a period of increasing tension in East-West relations that led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. In Brandt's first year as mayor of Berlin, he also served as the president of the Bundesrat in Bonn. Brandt was an outspoken critic of Soviet repression of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and of Nikita Khrushchev's 1958 proposal that Berlin receive the status of a "free city". He was supported by the influential publisher Axel Springer. As mayor of West Berlin, Brandt accomplished much in the way of urban development. New hotels, office-blocks and

title: Walter Scheel

text: or elected. Walter Scheel Walter Scheel (; 8 July 1919 – 24 August 2016) was a German politician. A member of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP), he first served in government as Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development from 1961-1966. He led the FDP from 1968-1974. During the Chancellorship of Willy Brandt, Scheel was Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor. Scheel became acting Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 7-16 May 1974 following Brandt's resignation after the Guillaume Affair. He was elected shortly after as President of Germany, remaining in the role until

title: Walter Scheel

text: Walter Scheel Walter Scheel (; 8 July 1919 – 24 August 2016) was a German politician. A member of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP), he first served in government as Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development from 1961-1966. He led the FDP from 1968-1974. During the Chancellorship of Willy Brandt, Scheel was Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor. Scheel became acting Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 7-16 May 1974 following Brandt's resignation after the Guillaume Affair. He was elected shortly after as President of Germany, remaining in the role until 1979. Scheel

title: Willy Brandt

text: cast, two short of what he needed to become Chancellor. There were also 10 votes against the motion and three invalid ballots. Most SPD and FDP deputies abstained, which had the same effect as voting for Brandt. After German reunification, it emerged that the Stasi had bribed several CDU deputies to abstain from the confidence vote, since East Berlin saw a need for Brandt to stay in power. Though Brandt remained chancellor, he had lost his majority. Subsequent initiatives in parliament, most notably on the budget, failed. Because of this stalemate, the Bundestag was dissolved and new elections were called.

text: Article 23 of the Basic Law required the Federal Republic to be "legally open" to the accession of those former parts of Germany who were then organised into the German Democratic Republic; and they noted that this implied that the Federal Republic could recognise the capability of the GDR state, as then constituted, of declaring its accession. In this sense, the Basic Treaty's recognition of the GDR as a "de jure" German State and as a valid state in international relations (albeit without then according it within West Germany with the status of a separate sovereign state) could be interpreted

title: Federal Chancellery (Berlin)

text: Federal Chancellery (Berlin) The Federal Chancellery () in Berlin is the official seat and residence of the Chancellor of Germany as well as their executive office, the German Chancellery. As part of the move of the German Federal Government from Bonn to Berlin, the office moved into the new building planned by the architects and Charlotte Frank. The building is part of the ″Federal Belt″ ("") called assembly in the , Willy-Brandt-Straße 1, 10557 Berlin. When the North German Confederation became the German Empire in 1871, the Confederation's "Bundeskanzleramt" (Federal Chancellery) was renamed to "Reichskanzleramt" (Reich Chancellery or Imperial Chancellery).

text: confirmed the changes. Other changes took place regarding a redistribution of competencies between federal government and the "Länder". Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany () is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Basic Law was approved on 8 May 1949 in Bonn, and, with the signature of the occupying western Allies of World War II on 12 May, came into effect on 23 May. Its original field of application () — that is, the states that were initially included in the Federal Republic of Germany —

title: Chancellor of Germany

text: lower priority of the federal executive as compared to the governments of the federal states. For this reason, neither the chancellor nor the leaders of the imperial departments under his command used the title of Minister until 1918. The constitution of Germany was altered on 29 October 1918, when the parliament was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. However, the change could not prevent the outbreak of a revolution a few days later. On 9 November 1918, Chancellor Max von Baden handed over his office of chancellor to Friedrich Ebert. Ebert continued to serve as head of government during

text: Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany The Federal Republic of Germany guarantees freedom of speech, expression, and opinion to its citizens as per Article 5 of the constitution. Despite this, censorship of various materials has taken place since the Allied occupation after World War II and continues to take place in Germany in various forms due to a limiting provision in Article 5, Paragraph 2 of the constitution. In 2014 the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index ranked Germany as 14th (out of 180 countries) in the world in terms of press freedom. During the Allied occupation of Germany,

title: West Germany

text: with the FDP. Although Chancellor for only just over four years, Willy Brandt was one of the most popular politicians in the whole period. Brandt was a gifted speaker and the growth of the Social Democrats from there on was in no small part due to his personality. Brandt began a policy of rapprochement with West Germany's eastern neighbours, a policy opposed by the CDU. The issue of improving relations with Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany made for an increasingly aggressive tone in public debates but it was a huge step forward when Willy Brandt and the Foreign Minister, Walther

title: Kassel

text: as the Museum Fridericianum (see below), were restored. In 1949, the interim parliament ("Parlamentarischer Rat") eliminated Kassel in the first round as a city to become the provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bonn won). In 1964, the town hosted the fourth "Hessentag" state festival (again in 2013). In 1972 the Chancellor of West Germany Willy Brandt and the Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic Willy Stoph met in Wilhelmshöhe Palace for negotiations between the two German states. In 1991 the central rail station moved from "Hauptbahnhof" () (today only used for regional trains) to "Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe". In

title: Vice-Chancellor of Germany

text: the Chancellor, the Chancellor could appoint deputies with limited responsibilities. The act was revised on 28 October 1918, when the possibility of appointing deputies with limited responsibilities was removed and the Vice-Chancellor was given the right to appear before parliament. Political Party: Political Party: Political Party: Political Party: Vice-Chancellor of Germany The Deputy to the Federal Chancellor (), widely known as the Vice Chancellor () of Germany is, according to protocol, the second highest position in the Cabinet of Germany. He is the equivalent of a deputy prime minister in other parliamentary systems. The 18th and current Vice Chancellor of

text: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany () is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Basic Law was approved on 8 May 1949 in Bonn, and, with the signature of the occupying western Allies of World War II on 12 May, came into effect on 23 May. Its original field of application () — that is, the states that were initially included in the Federal Republic of Germany — consisted of the three Western Allies' zones of occupation, but at the insistence of the Western Allies, formally

title: Federal Chancellery (Bonn)

text: secondary seat of the Federal Chancellery has been the Palais Schaumburg since 2001. The area of the former Federal Chancellery is a monument under monument protection. The first building to serve as the Chancellery of the Federal Republic was the Palais Schaumburg in Bonn from 1949 onwards. In 1954/55, "supplementary buildings" ("Old Chancellery") were built as "Houses 2 and 3". In 1969, the social-liberal coalition under Willy Brandt and his chancellor Horst Ehmke was expanded to include various aspects of education, social and technology policy. In order to meet the growing requirements, for which the extended grounds of the palace

title: Willy Brandt

text: Brandt; thus, Brandt had lost his majority. On 24 April 1972 a constructive vote of no confidence was proposed and it was voted on three days later. Had this motion passed, CDU leader Rainer Barzel would have replaced Brandt as chancellor. On paper, the opposition now had 250 votes, just one over the 249 needed to oust Brandt. Even Brandt himself believed he was finished, and a number of unions went on strike in anticipation of Brandt's expected defeat on the floor of the Bundestag. To everyone's surprise, the motion failed: Barzel got only 247 votes out of 260 votes

title: History of Germany

text: increases in wages and benefits. In 1966 Erhard lost support and Kurt Kiesinger (1904–1988) was elected as Chancellor by a new CDU/CSU-SPD alliance combining the two largest parties. Socialist (SPD) leader Willy Brandt was Deputy Federal Chancellor and Foreign Minister. The Grand Coalition lasted 1966–69 and is best known for reducing tensions with the Soviet bloc nations and establishing diplomatic relations with Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. With a booming economy short of unskilled workers, especially after the Berlin Wall cut off the steady flow of East Germans, the FRG negotiated migration agreements with Italy (1955), Spain (1960), Greece (1960), and

title: Willy Brandt House, Lübeck

text: 1972, the so-called Willy-Wahl which Brandt won by a landslide victory. In the final, largest room of the exhibition, international themes are presented: Willy Brandt's "global commitment" for the resolution of North-South disparities, the promotion of peace and freedom, and the assertion of human rights. In the foyer, a sculpture of Willy Brandt can be found in a niche next to the staircase. The original, larger than life sculpture can be seen in the SPD party headquarters, at the . The work of the sculptor Rainer Fetting is a loan from a Lübeck art dealer and his wife. A part

title: Willy Brandt

text: East German intelligence services. Brandt was asked to continue working as usual, and he agreed to do so, even taking a private vacation with Guillaume. Guillaume was arrested on 24 April 1974, and many blamed Brandt for having a communist spy in his inner circle. Brandt resigned from his position as chancellor on 6 May 1974, but he remained a member of the Bundestag and chairman of the Social Democrats through 1987. This espionage affair is widely considered to have been just the trigger for Brandt's resignation, not the fundamental cause. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for

title: Ostpolitik

text: Ostpolitik Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), or Ostpolitik for short, was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969. Influenced by Egon Bahr, who proposed "change through rapprochement" in a 1963 speech at the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, the policies were implemented beginning with Willy Brandt, fourth Chancellor of the FRG from 1969 to 1974. Ostpolitik was an effort to break with the policies of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which was the elected government of West Germany

title: Chancellor of Germany (1949–present)

text: President dissolve the "Bundestag". The correct style of address in German is "Herr Bundeskanzler" (male) or "Frau Bundeskanzlerin" (female). Use of the mixed form "Frau Bundeskanzler" was deprecated by the government in 2004 because it is regarded as impolite. Since 2001, the official residence of the Chancellor is the Federal Chancellery ("Bundeskanzleramt") in Berlin. The former seat of the Federal Chancellery, the Palais Schaumburg in the former capital Bonn, now serves as a secondary official seat. The Chancellor's country retreat is Schloss Meseberg in the state of Brandenburg. Holding the third-highest state office available within the Federal Republic of Germany,

title: Willy Brandt House, Lübeck

text: Willy-Brandt House opened on 18 December 2007, on Willy Brandt's 94th birthday, in his home town of Lübeck. The establishment of a memorial in Willy Brandt's hometown was suggested by Günter Grass, Nobel Prize laureate for literature, who had maintained political ties to him since the 1960s. The city of Lübeck provided a patrician house in need of restoration on 21 for the museum. It was an assembly house of the , a fraternity of long-distance merchants, before it became the seat of the (Bremen, Hamburg, Frankfurt am Main and Lübeck) in the 19th century. It was later used as

title: Brandt Report

text: of Africa and India, but lowered towards the south to include Australia and New Zealand above the line. Twenty years later, in 2001, the Brandt Report was updated by James Quilligan, who was Information Director for the Brandt Commission between 1980 and 1987. His updated report was called "The Brandt Equation". Brandt Report The Brandt Report is the report written by the Independent Commission, first chaired by Willy Brandt (the former German Chancellor) in 1980, to review international development issues. The result of this report provided an understanding of drastic differences in the economic development for both the North and

title: Germany–Poland relations

text: to Poland and the Soviet Union. In 1945-1950, a series of expulsions and fleeings happened, in which up to 16 million ethnic Germans were forced to leave their homes in Poland and resettle in post-war Germany. It was the largest forced movement of any population in history. The Cold War saw good relations between the communist states of People's Republic of Poland and the German Democratic Republic. Polish-West German relations, on the other hand, remained bad, although they improved after Chancellor Willy Brandt launched the Ostpolitik. In 1990, Germany reunified and it confirmed the Polish-German border on the Oder-Neisse line

title: Willy Brandt

text: launching the new policy of "Ostpolitik" aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his "Ostpolitik", and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including the Vietnam War, and right-wing authoritarian regimes. The Brandt Report became a recognised measure for describing the general North-South divide in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce anti-communist policies at the domestic level, culminating in the Radikalenerlass (Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after Günter Guillaume, one

title: Permanent Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic

text: Permanent Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (auf Deutsche: ) were permanent representative missions established in a 1972 treaty and effective from 1973 to 1989 "in the seats of their respective governments" according to Article 8 of the Basic Treaty. They served as "de facto" embassies for each other. Preceding the permanent representatives the GDR operated unofficial missions in Western countries, such as Britain, where "KfA Ltd", an agency of the "Kammer für Außenhandel", or Department of Foreign Trade of the Ministry

title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

text: Hans-Dietrich Genscher led the new center of the party. This center strove to make the FDP coalition support both major parties. Here, the Liberals approached to by their reorientation in East Germany and politics especially of the SPD. On 21 October 1969 began the period after the election of a Social-Liberal coalition with the SPD and the German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Walter Scheel was he who initiated the foreign policy reversal. Despite a very small majority he and Willy Brandt sat by the controversial New Ostpolitik. This policy was within the FDP quite controversial, especially since after the entry into

title: Willy Brandt School of Public Policy

text: the internationality of its student body. The 121 students currently enrolled (15 December 2014) are from more than 40 countries. They have a variety of academic backgrounds and prior work experience, while the majority holds a first degree in the social sciences. Willy Brandt was chosen as name giver for various reasons that connect to the city of Erfurt, his style of making politics and the focus of his politics. In 1970, Brandt visited Erfurt for the first German-German summit meeting and was enthusiastically cheered on by the local crowd. His contributions to the East-West and North-South dialogues have helped

text: "Länder" (states) and participates in federal legislation. The Bundesrat's power has grown over the years, as the fields of federal legislation were extended at the expense of state legislation. In return, the number of laws requiring the assent of the Bundesrat was also extended. The Basic Law contains no clear provision to call early elections. Neither the chancellor nor the Bundestag has the power to call elections, and the president can do so only if the government loses a confidence vote if the chancellor so requests. This was designed to avoid the chronic instability of Weimar Republic governments. However, early

title: Bundestag

text: a vote of confidence in the Bundestag, if the recommendation is made and accepted before the Bundestag acts to elect a new Chancellor. This has happened three times: 1972 under Chancellor Willy Brandt, 1983 under Chancellor Helmut Kohl and 2005 under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. The procedures for these situations are governed by Articles 67 and 68 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Law regarding the election procedure itself is the Federal Election Act 1956 (Bundeswahlgesetz/BWahlG) All candidates must be at least eighteen years old; there are no term limits. The election uses the MMP electoral

title: Socialist Workers' Party of Germany

text: and popular front. During the Second World War some SAPD members emigrated to Great Britain and worked for the party there. Many of those became members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Therefore the SAPD was not re-founded anew after the Second World War. Willy Brandt eventually became the leader of the Social Democratic Party, one of West Germany's major political parties of the modern era, and was elected Chancellor of Germany. Socialist Workers' Party of Germany The Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (, SAPD) was a centrist Marxist political party in Germany. It was formed by a left-wing

title: Willy Brandt

text: two-state federation or other kind of interim arrangement. Brandt's public statement "Now grows together what belongs together," was widely quoted in those days. One of Brandt's last public appearances was in flying to Baghdad, Iraq, to free Western hostages held by Saddam Hussein, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Brandt secured the release of a large number of them, and on 9 November 1990, his airplane landed with 174 freed hostages on board at the Frankfurt Airport. Willy Brandt died of colon cancer at his home in Unkel, a town on the River Rhine, on 8 October 1992,

title: Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem

text: reality in October 2003. Since then, a team consisting of ten young Germans, Palestinians and Israelis takes part in the work of the WBC. The Willy Brandt Center is located in Jerusalem on the Green Line in Abu Tor/Al Thouri. After month of preparation and hours of negotiations between the Israeli, the Palestinian and the German delegation, the breaking moment arrived on in Ramallah: The Jusos (German Young Socialists), the youth organization of the Israeli Labor party (Mishmeret Tse’irah), and the Palestinian Fateh Youth (Shabibet Fateh) signed in Ramallah the article of agreement on the foundation of the Willy-Brandt-Center (WBC).

title: Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem

text: Purpose of the contract was the creation of a center for encounter and communication on the border between East and West Jerusalem. To run an own center was at this stage still utopia, and everybody was well aware that the realization of this idea was still a future dream. The opening ceremony for the Willy Brandt-Center for encounter and communication took part on the 11th anniversary of the death of Willy Brandt. The WBC is situated in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Abu Tor / Al Thouri exactly on the Green Line – the former "no-man's-land" that was separating the Jordanian

title: Otto Leiberich

text: German cipher bureau, that from 1956 was called the "Central Office for Ciphering" (). Dr Erich Hüttenhain was his director, both in OKW/Chi and in the new bureau. During the Cold War Leiberich and his team at BSI worked intensively on the cryptanalysis of double transposition ciphers. One of their results led in 1974 to the discovery of the spying activities of Günter Guillaume who was senior aide to Willy Brandt, the statesman who served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1969 to 1974. In 1973, Leiberich was the successor to Erich Hüttenhain at the

title: Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem

text: Willy Brandt Center Jerusalem The Willy Brandt Centre, Jerusalem (WBC) is a centre intended to allow encounters between German, Israeli and Palestinian Youth. The vision for founding the WBC was developed in an agreement signed between the German Jusos, the Palestinian Shabeebat Fateh, and the Israeli Mishmeret Tseirah shel Mifleget Ha-Avodah in 1996. The three youth organisations agreed in this document to found a centre in Jerusalem. This centre should enable equal encounters between German, Israeli, and Palestinian youth and young adults. Following three years of intense work in Jerusalem and in spite of the Second Intifada, the vision became

text: on the viewing restriction and weight) behind the dualism of the world (West - East) reveals a consistent pattern, an archetype. For the couple Gaus and the citizens of the GDR was the ginkgo leaf symbol of a divided, but belong together in Germany. Incidentally, it also symbolizes the history of the Ministry itself: it emerged in November 1994 of two ministries, the BMBW and the BMFT, which has entertained his field office after the dissolution of the Permanent Mission here. Permanent Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic Representatives of Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)

title: BRD (Germany)

text: of the German Democratic Republic was also a controversial issue, West Germans at first preferring the names "Mitteldeutschland" ("Middle Germany") and "Sowjetische Besatzungszone" (Soviet Occupation Zone) abbreviated as "SBZ". This only changed under Willy Brandt when West German authorities started using the official name, "Deutsche Demokratische Republik" or "DDR", but many conservative German newspapers, like "Bild", owned by the Springer company, always wrote ""DDR"" in scare quotes until 1 August 1989. In 1995, a disagreement arose between reunified Germany and newly independent Slovakia, as Germany objected to the use of the Slovak language name "Nemecká spolková republika" (literally "German Federal