query: Who was the king who signed the Magna Carta?

title: Magna Carta

text: the form of King John. This view of Magna Carta began to recede. The late-Victorian jurist and historian Frederic William Maitland provided an alternative academic history in 1899, which began to return Magna Carta to its historical roots. In 1904, Edward Jenks published an article entitled "The Myth of Magna Carta", which undermined the previously accepted view of Magna Carta. Historians such as Albert Pollard agreed with Jenks in concluding that Edward Coke had largely "invented" the myth of Magna Carta in the 17th century; these historians argued that the 1215 charter had not referred to liberty for the people

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: Magna Carta. Some of the myths include: The Magna Carta having no meaning after Prince Louis was crowned king and that it would not be an influential document for the rest of the world. "1215: The Year of Magna Carta" has received positive reviews from several critics and historians. It has been noted as a historical document that has “bestseller written all over it.” The one aspect every critic seems to enjoy is how the book tells of every fine detail that occurred during the Medieval era. Journalist Christina Hardyment was surprised to learn that King John used glasses to

title: Magna Carta Island

text: Magna Carta Island Magna Carta Island is an ait in the River Thames in England, on the reach above Bell Weir Lock. It is in Berkshire facing water-meadows forming Runnymede. Its civil and ecclesiastical parish is Wraysbury so it was transferred from Buckinghamshire to Berkshire in 1974. The island is a contender for being the place where, in 1215, King John sealed the Magna Carta. Whilst the charter itself indicates Runnymede by name, it is possible the island may have been considered part of Runnymede at the time. It is known that in 1217 the island was the meeting-place of

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: ended for them at age fifteen. After Danziger and Gillingham go at length explaining life in the Middle Ages, they begin to speak of how the Magna Carta came to be, starting with King John. The story of King John is told from his birth to his death, in between being his struggle in accepting to sign the Magna Carta. Danziger and Gilingham go at length to explain the reasons that caused him to be spoiled as a child, that is, being neglected as a child. This led to his tyrannous rule as King of England after the death of

title: William Malet (Magna Carta baron)

text: William Malet (Magna Carta baron) William Malet ("fl." born before 1175–1215), feudal baron of Curry Mallet in Somerset, was one of the guarantors of Magna Carta. In 1190, he accompanied King Richard the Lionheart on crusade. While still on crusade in 1191, he took part in the Siege of Acre. Upon returning to England, he served as Sheriff of Somerset and Dorset in 1209. The precise nature of his relationship to an earlier William Malet is unknown. William Malet was one of the rebel barons who were heavily indebted to King John. It is believed that by 1214 he owed

title: Magna Carta Island

text: Henry III and Louis (later Louis VIII) of France. In August 2014 "Forbes" reported that the island would be sold by Sotheby's International Realty. Magna Carta Island Magna Carta Island is an ait in the River Thames in England, on the reach above Bell Weir Lock. It is in Berkshire facing water-meadows forming Runnymede. Its civil and ecclesiastical parish is Wraysbury so it was transferred from Buckinghamshire to Berkshire in 1974. The island is a contender for being the place where, in 1215, King John sealed the Magna Carta. Whilst the charter itself indicates Runnymede by name, it is possible

title: Magna Carta

text: long unbroken text. The four original 1215 charters were displayed together at the British Library for one day, 3 February 2015, to mark the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta. Magna Carta originated as an unsuccessful attempt to achieve peace between royalist and rebel factions in 1215, as part of the events leading to the outbreak of the First Barons' War. England was ruled by King John, the third of the Angevin kings. Although the kingdom had a robust administrative system, the nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John and his predecessors had ruled using the

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: of the clauses in the Magna Carta of Chester and those in the Magna Carta indicates that it was written after King John issued the latter on 19 June 1215. In the early 1200s, the Earldom of Chester was the only county palatine on the Welsh Marches; Ranulf III ruled Chester as a separate feudal domain. His barons living outside of Cheshire are referred to as his 'knights from England'. In the late 12th century manuscript "De laude Cestrie", Lucian of Chester describes the county as obedient, 'more to the sword of its prince than to the crown of the

title: Magna Carta

text: empowering English government. Those who questioned these conclusions, including the Member of Parliament Arthur Hall, faced sanctions. In the early 17th century, Magna Carta became increasingly important as a political document in arguments over the authority of the English monarchy. James I and Charles I both propounded greater authority for the Crown, justified by the doctrine of the divine right of kings, and Magna Carta was cited extensively by their opponents to challenge the monarchy. Magna Carta, it was argued, recognised and protected the liberty of individual Englishmen, made the King subject to the common law of the land, formed

title: The Magna Carta School

text: The Magna Carta School The Magna Carta School is an 11–16 academy school in Surrey, England, which has been awarded specialisms in Technology and ICT. It is named after the Magna Carta due to its proximity to Runnymede, where the document was signed. The school contains over 1200 pupils including over 60 prefects. At an OfSTED inspection in July 2013 the school received an Inspection Grade of 2 (Good). The school was awarded Artsmark Gold status in June 2010 and several student representatives attended an Arts Council England ceremony in Brighton. The school became the first Apple RTC (Regional Training

title: The Magna Carta School

text: Centre) in Surrey in 2010; this included a new Apple suite with the introduction of high definition video conferencing for national/international interactive learning. The Magna Carta School The Magna Carta School is an 11–16 academy school in Surrey, England, which has been awarded specialisms in Technology and ICT. It is named after the Magna Carta due to its proximity to Runnymede, where the document was signed. The school contains over 1200 pupils including over 60 prefects. At an OfSTED inspection in July 2013 the school received an Inspection Grade of 2 (Good). The school was awarded Artsmark Gold status in

title: Magna Carta

text: the King in the charters. In addition, medieval cases referred to the clauses in Magna Carta which dealt with specific issues such as wardship and dower, debt collection, and keeping rivers free for navigation. Even in the 13th century, some clauses of Magna Carta rarely appeared in legal cases, either because the issues concerned were no longer relevant, or because Magna Carta had been superseded by more relevant legislation. By 1350 half the clauses of Magna Carta were no longer actively used. During the reign of King Edward III six measures, later known as the "Six Statutes", were passed between

title: Magna Carta

text: the rebel barons". Pro-Catholic demonstrations during the 1536 uprising cited Magna Carta, accusing the King of not giving it sufficient respect. The first mechanically printed edition of Magna Carta was probably the "Magna Carta cum aliis Antiquis Statutis" of 1508 by Richard Pynson, although the early printed versions of the 16th century incorrectly attributed the origins of Magna Carta to Henry III and 1225, rather than to John and 1215, and accordingly worked from the later text. An abridged English-language edition was published by John Rastell in 1527. Thomas Berthelet, Pynson's successor as the royal printer during 1530–1547, printed an

title: Magna Carta Place

text: Magna Carta Place Magna Carta Place is located in Canberra, Australia to the north-west of Old Parliament House. Centrally located in the place is a Magna Carta Monument which was provided as a gift to the people of Australia from the British Government to commemorate the centenary of Federation of Australia. The site was dedicated in 1997 which was the 700th anniversary of the sealing of Magna Carta by King Edward I of England. A 1297 copy of Magna Carta, purchased by the Australian government in 1952, is on display in nearby Parliament House, Canberra. The monument was unveiled by

title: Magna Carta

text: Henry's son, the Lord Edward. Edward also invoked Magna Carta in advancing his cause, arguing that the reformers had taken matters too far and were themselves acting against Magna Carta. In a conciliatory gesture after the barons had been defeated, in 1267 Henry issued the Statute of Marlborough, which included a fresh commitment to observe the terms of Magna Carta. The following 65 individuals were witnesses to the 1225 issue of Magna Carta, named in the order in which they appear in the charter itself: King Edward I reissued the Charters of 1225 in 1297 in return for a new

title: Magna Carta Place

text: the Prime Minister of Australia John Howard in 2000 prior to the centenary of federation in 2001. Magna Carta Place is located on a semicircular network of roads consisting of King George Terrace, Queen Victoria Terrace and Langton Crescent. Magna Carta Place Magna Carta Place is located in Canberra, Australia to the north-west of Old Parliament House. Centrally located in the place is a Magna Carta Monument which was provided as a gift to the people of Australia from the British Government to commemorate the centenary of Federation of Australia. The site was dedicated in 1997 which was the 700th

title: Magna Carta

text: "magna carta libertatum", "the great charter of liberties", was used by the scribes to refer to the larger document, which in time became known simply as Magna Carta. Magna Carta became increasingly embedded into English political life during Henry III's minority. As the King grew older, his government slowly began to recover from the civil war, regaining control of the counties and beginning to raise revenue once again, taking care not to overstep the terms of the charters. Henry remained a minor and his government's legal ability to make permanently binding decisions on his behalf was limited. In 1223, the

title: Magna Carta

text: Carta in any way that would reduce his independence as King. England descended into civil war in the 1640s, resulting in Charles I's execution in 1649. Under the republic that followed, some questioned whether Magna Carta, an agreement with a monarch, was still relevant. An anti-Cromwellian pamphlet published in 1660, "The English devil", said that the nation had been "compelled to submit to this Tyrant Nol or be cut off by him; nothing but a word and a blow, his Will was his Law; tell him of Magna Carta, he would lay his hand on his sword and cry Magna

title: Magna Carta College

text: Magna Carta College Magna Carta College (also known as Magna Carta College, Oxford and formerly as GBSO) is an independent business school in Oxford, United Kingdom. Magna Carta College programmes were, until April 2015, accredited through the University of Buckingham and were previously accredited through the University of Wales until 2011, when the University of Wales announced that it would cease to act as an accrediting body for other universities. Students who had registered for accredited courses at the time of the announcement could remain on their University of Wales course until graduation. Between 2013 and 2016 the college was

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: Edward I, the Earldom of Chester had already belonged to the king for 63 years, thus the "Magna Carta" applied to Cheshire. However, the Cheshire charter was also confirmed on 30 March 1300. The charter had previously been reissued on 27 August 1265, after the Battle of Evesham to reward the county for its support. Magna Carta of Chester Magna Carta of Chester, or Cheshire, was a charter of rights issued in 1215 in the style of the "Magna Carta". The charter is primarily concerned with the relationship between the Earl of Chester and his barons, though the final clause

title: Magna Carta

text: an argument to preserve the social status quo, while others pointed to Magna Carta to challenge perceived economic injustices. The Baronial Order of Magna Charta was formed in 1898 to promote the ancient principles and values felt to be displayed in Magna Carta. The legal profession in England and the United States continued to hold Magna Carta in high esteem; they were instrumental in forming the Magna Carta Society in 1922 to protect the meadows at Runnymede from development in the 1920s, and in 1957, the American Bar Association erected the Magna Carta Memorial at Runnymede. The prominent lawyer Lord

title: Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche

text: resistance from the Schwarz Strum. In its native South Korea, "Magna Carta" impressed with its graphics, but quickly gained infamy for being extremely buggy, resulting in the publisher's recall of the game. Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche ("마그나카르타 ~눈사태의 망령~"), also known as just Magna Carta ("마그나카르타"), is a role-playing video game developed and published by Softmax for Windows in 2001. It is the predecessor to the PlayStation 2 title, "", and was the first installment in the "Magna Carta" series. The game's Carta (眞名) system, which takes on a similar method as

title: William Malet (Magna Carta baron)

text: three daughters and co-heiresses, who divided their father's estate. By his first wife, whose name is unknown, Malet had a daughter. By his second wife, Alice Basset, who was a daughter of Thomas Basset, Sheriff of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, William Malet had a daughter: William Malet (Magna Carta baron) William Malet ("fl." born before 1175–1215), feudal baron of Curry Mallet in Somerset, was one of the guarantors of Magna Carta. In 1190, he accompanied King Richard the Lionheart on crusade. While still on crusade in 1191, he took part in the Siege of Acre. Upon returning to England, he served

title: Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche

text: Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche ("마그나카르타 ~눈사태의 망령~"), also known as just Magna Carta ("마그나카르타"), is a role-playing video game developed and published by Softmax for Windows in 2001. It is the predecessor to the PlayStation 2 title, "", and was the first installment in the "Magna Carta" series. The game's Carta (眞名) system, which takes on a similar method as "Final Fantasy VIII"s junction system, relies on the usage of hanja (Han characters) to represent various energy patterns as every living thing carries a distinct energy pattern and may rely upon the

title: Magna Carta

text: deal with the problem of enforcing the Charters. Magna Carta and the Forest Charter were to be issued to the sheriff of each county, and should be read four times a year at the meetings of the county courts. Each county should have a committee of three men who could hear complaints about violations of the Charters. Pope Clement V continued the papal policy of supporting monarchs (who ruled by divine grace) against any claims in Magna Carta which challenged the King's rights, and annulled the "Confirmatio Cartarum" in 1305. Edward I interpreted Clement V's papal bull annulling the "Confirmatio

title: Magna Carta

text: as people born in England. The Massachusetts Body of Liberties contained similarities to clause 29 of Magna Carta; when drafting it, the Massachusetts General Court viewed Magna Carta as the chief embodiment of English common law. The other colonies would follow their example. In 1638, Maryland sought to recognise Magna Carta as part of the law of the province, but the request was denied by Charles I. In 1687, William Penn published "The Excellent Privilege of Liberty and Property: being the birth-right of the Free-Born Subjects of England", which contained the first copy of Magna Carta printed on American soil.

title: Magna Carta

text: previous century, parliaments often exacted confirmation of it from the monarch. The Charter was confirmed in 1423 by King Henry VI. By the mid-15th century, Magna Carta ceased to occupy a central role in English political life, as monarchs reasserted authority and powers which had been challenged in the 100 years after Edward I's reign. The Great Charter remained a text for lawyers, particularly as a protector of property rights, and became more widely read than ever as printed versions circulated and levels of literacy increased. During the 16th century, the interpretation of Magna Carta and the First Barons' War

title: Magna Carta

text: King without Parliament. This supremacy would be challenged by the likes of Granville Sharp. Sharp regarded Magna Carta as a fundamental part of the constitution, and maintained that it would be treason to repeal any part of it. He also held that the Charter prohibited slavery. Sir William Blackstone published a critical edition of the 1215 Charter in 1759, and gave it the numbering system still used today. In 1763, Member of Parliament John Wilkes was arrested for writing an inflammatory pamphlet, "No. 45, 23 April 1763"; he cited Magna Carta continually. Lord Camden denounced the treatment of Wilkes as

title: Magna Carta Records

text: Alternative Distribution Alliance for North American distribution. Magna Carta formerly worked with Rykodisc which was acquired by ADA in early 2009. ADA is a subsidiary of Warner Music Group, or WMG. Magna Carta is distributed by Plastic Head in the UK and by Border Music in Scandinavia. In June 2018, Magna Carta put its royalties and copyrights up for sale on the music auction site Royalty Exchange. The label had earned $100,000 in the past 12 months; with a beginning price of $350,000. Magna Carta Records Magna Carta Records is an independent record label located in Rochester, New York. Magna

title: Magna Carta College

text: acquired and run by a team of investors, ceasing all involvement or association with Magna Carta College in Nov 2016. In 2017 the founder and the original academic faculty reacquired the name, and relaunched the school, to coincide with the partnership with London Metropolitan University to deliver an online (blended learning) MBA programme, leading to a degree award by London Met. Magna Carta College has affiliations or partnerships with the following organisations Magna Carta College Magna Carta College (also known as Magna Carta College, Oxford and formerly as GBSO) is an independent business school in Oxford, United Kingdom. Magna Carta

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: his brother, Richard I. He had several mistresses, was unfaithful to his wife, and raised the taxes in England which made it impossible for the peasants to live. Thus, the Magna Carta was written by the Barons of England to give the country a guideline. The book ends with the reasons for the writing of the Magna Carta. This includes the problems faced by the women and children of Medieval England who had hardly any rights, and how knights were duty-bound to protect them. There is an entire section that explains the myths regarding the writing and signing of the

title: Magna Carta Records

text: Magna Carta Records Magna Carta Records is an independent record label located in Rochester, New York. Magna Carta was formed in 1989 and is owned by Peter Morticelli and his partner Mike Varney. The label, named for the 1215 English document advancing democracy, the Magna Carta, has a diverse line-up consisting of musicians from many different genres, but is best known for many of its progressive rock/metal acts. Among the artists featured on the label are OHMphrey, Alex Skolnick Trio, Dave Martone, Kris Norris, and Doug Pinnick (of King's X). As of June 1, 2009, Magna Carta began working with

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: only, “the final two chapters deal at length with the history and myth of the Great Charter, and the book includes the complete text of the document.” Another critic, Wesley Burnett thinks that the book is a clever historical documentation and is well written. However, he states, “"1215: The Year of Magna Carta" doesn’t follow the formula and won’t win anyone tenure anywhere." Thus, while critics enjoyed the book, most wanted there to be more information about the Magna Carta itself. 1215: The Year of Magna Carta 1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a historical documentation of life in

title: Magna Carta

text: bill failed, lawyer John Selden argued during Darnell's Case in 1627 that the right of "habeas corpus" was backed by Magna Carta. Coke supported the Petition of Right in 1628, which cited Magna Carta in its preamble, attempting to extend the provisions, and to make them binding on the judiciary. The monarchy responded by arguing that the historical legal situation was much less clear-cut than was being claimed, restricted the activities of antiquarians, arrested Coke for treason, and suppressed his proposed book on Magna Carta. Charles initially did not agree to the Petition of Right, and refused to confirm Magna

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: events. For example, the chapter entitled "Family Strife" begins with the quotation from clause 62 of the Magna Carta: “We have completely remitted and pardoned to all any ill will, grudge and rancor that have arisen between us and our subjects.” "1215: The Year of Magna Carta" continues to describe the life of a common scholar, where studies in the medical field were greatly encouraged to students who had failed at studying philosophy. While Oxford and Cambridge were the ideal universities to study, smaller schools became established in Salerno and Montpellier. This section goes on to explain women's education, which

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: king.' Ranulf III had been loyal to the king during the First Barons' War and had supported the "Magna Carta". Ranulf III, William Marshal, the Earl of Derby and Earl of Warwick were the only members of the nobility to support the king. In 1215, Ranulf was one of the few magnates to serve as a witness for the Magna Carta. Before John's death in 1216, rebel barons offered the throne of England to Prince Louis of France. Louis arrived in England unopposed in the summer of 1216 and took Winchester. Ranulf was an outspoken supporter for the re-issuing of

title: Magna Carta

text: in the 1297 statute). In detail, these clauses (using the numbering system from the 1297 statute) state that: Government Magna Carta websites Texts Video Magna Carta The charter became part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn, although as time went by and the fledgling English Parliament passed new laws, it lost some of its practical significance. At the end of the 16th century there was an upsurge in interest in Magna Carta. Lawyers and historians at the time believed that there was an ancient English constitution, going back to the days of the

title: Magna Carta

text: Magna Carta The charter became part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn, although as time went by and the fledgling English Parliament passed new laws, it lost some of its practical significance. At the end of the 16th century there was an upsurge in interest in Magna Carta. Lawyers and historians at the time believed that there was an ancient English constitution, going back to the days of the Anglo-Saxons, that protected individual English freedoms. They argued that the Norman invasion of 1066 had overthrown these rights, and that Magna Carta had been

title: Magna Carta

text: Farta". In a 2005 speech the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Woolf, repeated the claim that Cromwell had referred to Magna Carta as "Magna Farta". The radical groups that flourished during this period held differing opinions of Magna Carta. The Levellers rejected history and law as presented by their contemporaries, holding instead to an "anti-Normanism" viewpoint. John Lilburne, for example, argued that Magna Carta contained only some of the freedoms that had supposedly existed under the Anglo-Saxons before being crushed by the Norman yoke. The Leveller Richard Overton described the charter as "a beggarly thing containing many

title: Magna Carta

text: Denning described Magna Carta in 1956 as "the greatest constitutional document of all times – the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot". Radicals such as Sir Francis Burdett believed that Magna Carta could not be repealed, but in the 19th century clauses which were obsolete or had been superseded began to be repealed. The repeal of clause 36 in 1829, by the Offences against the Person Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4 c. 31 s. 1), was the first time a clause of Magna Carta was repealed. Over the next 140 years, nearly

title: Magna Carta

text: a popular attempt to restore them, making the charter an essential foundation for the contemporary powers of Parliament and legal principles such as "habeas corpus". Although this historical account was badly flawed, jurists such as Sir Edward Coke used Magna Carta extensively in the early 17th century, arguing against the divine right of kings propounded by the Stuart monarchs. Both James I and his son Charles I attempted to suppress the discussion of Magna Carta, until the issue was curtailed by the English Civil War of the 1640s and the execution of Charles. The political myth of Magna Carta and

title: Magna Carta

text: the origin of the trial by jury system, and acknowledged the ancient origins of Parliament: because of Magna Carta and this ancient constitution, an English monarch was unable to alter these long-standing English customs. Although the arguments based on Magna Carta were historically inaccurate, they nonetheless carried symbolic power, as the charter had immense significance during this period; antiquarians such as Sir Henry Spelman described it as "the most majestic and a sacrosanct anchor to English Liberties". Sir Edward Coke was a leader in using Magna Carta as a political tool during this period. Still working from the 1225 version

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta 1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a historical documentation of life in Medieval England written by author and journalist Danny Danziger and emeritus professor of history at the London School of Economics John Gillingham. It was originally published in 2003 by Hodder & Stoughton, a division of Hodder Headline. In 2004, it was published in the United States by Touchstone. This book is a sequel to Danziger's previous work, "The Year 1000", which he co-authored with author Robert Lacey. "1215: The Year of Magna Carta" is a rare documentation because it is a

title: Magna Carta

text: be enshrined in Magna Carta. In the late 18th century, the United States Constitution became the supreme law of the land, recalling the manner in which Magna Carta had come to be regarded as fundamental law. The Constitution's Fifth Amendment guarantees that "no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law", a phrase that was derived from Magna Carta. In addition, the Constitution included a similar writ in the Suspension Clause, Article 1, Section 9: "The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or

title: Magna Carta

text: reflected the influence of Magna Carta in their laws, and the Charter's effects can be seen in the laws of other states that evolved from the British Empire. Magna Carta continues to have a powerful iconic status in British society, being cited by politicians and lawyers in support of constitutional positions. Its perceived guarantee of trial by jury and other civil liberties, for example, led to Tony Benn's reference to the debate in 2008 over whether to increase the maximum time terrorism suspects could be held without charge from 28 to 42 days as "the day Magna Carta was repealed".

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: read and sign the Magna Carta properly. However, there are some negative reviews. An anonymous reviewer from Brown University states, “I learned more from reading the Magna Carta reproduced at the back of this book than I did from the book itself. There's a lesson there, somewhere, about the value of source documents.” He continued to state that 1215 was merely a book on life in Medieval England, and gave hardly any information about the Magna Carta itself. Other critics have similar opinions of the book. Critic Robert Heydt states that the book is deceiving (deceptive) in its title and

title: Magna Carta

text: the two sides; less than three months after it had been agreed, John and the loyalist barons firmly repudiated the failed charter: the First Barons' War erupted. The rebel barons concluded that peace with John was impossible, and turned to Philip II's son, the future Louis VIII, for help, offering him the English throne. The war soon settled into a stalemate. The King became ill and died on the night of 18 October 1216, leaving the nine-year-old Henry III as his heir. The preamble to Magna Carta includes the names of the following 27 ecclesiastical and secular magnates who had

title: Magna Carta

text: first attempt at a proper historiography was undertaken by Robert Brady, who refuted the supposed antiquity of Parliament and belief in the immutable continuity of the law. Brady realised that the liberties of the Charter were limited and argued that the liberties were the grant of the King. By putting Magna Carta in historical context, he cast doubt on its contemporary political relevance; his historical understanding did not survive the Glorious Revolution, which, according to the historian J. G. A. Pocock, "marked a setback for the course of English historiography." According to the Whig interpretation of history, the Glorious Revolution

title: Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata

text: Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata is a role-playing video game developed by Softmax and originally released for the PlayStation 2 in South Korea by Softmax and in Japan by Banpresto in 2004. It is the second installment of the "Magna Carta" and a sequel to the 2001 game "". The game was later released as Magna Carta: Tears of Blood in the United States and as simply Magna Carta in Europe, also for the PlayStation Portable. The game's battle elements borrow from "Shadow Hearts" and the "Star Ocean" series. Up to three characters may move around the

title: Magna Carta

text: Magna Carta as an antecedent of the Sixth Amendment's right to a speedy trial. Initially, the Whig interpretation of Magna Carta and its role in constitutional history remained dominant during the 19th century. The historian William Stubbs's "Constitutional History of England", published in the 1870s, formed the high-water mark of this view. Stubbs argued that Magna Carta had been a major step in the shaping of the English nation, and he believed that the barons at Runnymede in 1215 were not just representing the nobility, but the people of England as a whole, standing up to a tyrannical ruler in

title: Magna Carta Holy Grail

text: Magna Carta Holy Grail Magna Carta Holy Grail (alternatively written and stylized as Magna Carta... Holy Grail) is the twelfth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was made available for free digital download for Samsung customers via the Jay-Z Magna Carta app on July 4, 2013. It was released for retail sale on July 8, 2013, by Roc-A-Fella, Roc Nation, and Universal Music Distribution. The album features guest appearances by Justin Timberlake, Nas, Rick Ross, Frank Ocean and Beyoncé. Most of the album was produced by Timbaland and Jerome "J-Roc" Harmon, while other producers included Boi-1da, Mike Will Made

title: Magna Carta (barge)

text: hotel barge, cruising the River Thames. "Magna Carta" currently has 4 double cabins allowing her to carry up to 8 passengers. She also has separate crew quarters which house the crew of four. Deck plan The crew consists of the captain, two hostesses, chef, and tour guide. Magna Carta (barge) Magna Carta was built in the Netherlands in 1936. She was converted from a sand carrying cargo vessel to a hotel barge by Dominic Read in 2001-2002 after 65 years of carrying cargo for the same family. She was sold to be replaced with a much larger vessel as she

title: Magna Carta Holy Grail

text: the hunt were given a binder that revealed the track list. Notes Samples credits Credits are adapted from AllMusic. Magna Carta Holy Grail Magna Carta Holy Grail (alternatively written and stylized as Magna Carta... Holy Grail) is the twelfth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was made available for free digital download for Samsung customers via the Jay-Z Magna Carta app on July 4, 2013. It was released for retail sale on July 8, 2013, by Roc-A-Fella, Roc Nation, and Universal Music Distribution. The album features guest appearances by Justin Timberlake, Nas, Rick Ross, Frank Ocean and Beyoncé. Most

title: Magna Carta

text: at large, but rather to the protection of baronial rights. This view also became popular in wider circles, and in 1930 Sellar and Yeatman published their parody on English history, "1066 and All That", in which they mocked the supposed importance of Magna Carta and its promises of universal liberty: "Magna Charter was therefore the chief cause of Democracy in England, and thus a "Good Thing" for everyone (except the Common People)". In many literary representations of the medieval past, however, Magna Carta remained a foundation of English national identity. Some authors used the medieval roots of the document as

title: Magna Carta

text: King, but once redress had been made for any breaches, the King would continue to rule as before. In one sense this was not unprecedented; other kings had previously conceded the right of individual resistance to their subjects if the King did not uphold his obligations. Magna Carta was however novel in that it set up a formally recognised means of collectively coercing the King. The historian Wilfred Warren argues that it was almost inevitable that the clause would result in civil war, as it "was crude in its methods and disturbing in its implications". The barons were trying to

title: Magna Carta (An Embroidery)

text: tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from "Guardian" editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing. "Magna Carta (An Embroidery)" is part of an exhibition celebrating the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta. It was displayed in the Entrance Hall of the British Library from 15 May until 24 July 2015, at the Whitworth Gallery August - November 2016, and in the Blackwell Hall of the Bodleian Library, Oxford from 11 November 2015 to 3 January 2016, touring other United Kingdom locations in the rest of 2016 and 2017. Parker invited some 200 people to

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: the Magna Carta after Louis' retreat in 1217. He also witnessed the 1225 re-issue of the Runnymead "Magna Carta". His general support for John's "Magna Carta", makes the issuing of his own no surprise. The charter is recorded as having been issued, 'at the petition of the barons of Cheshire,' suggesting that they were sufficiently discontented that Ranulf III attempted to pacify them before taking the cross. The charter has 13 clauses, in contrast to the 60 of the "Magna Carta". Several clauses approach issues found in the Runnymede charter, but in a different way. Clauses 1 and 4 deal

title: Magna Carta (An Embroidery)

text: Magna Carta (An Embroidery) Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on , the 799th anniversary of the document. The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres wide and nearly 13 metres long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as "a snapshot of where the debate is right now", the result of all open edits

title: Magna Carta (An Embroidery)

text: more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute. Magna Carta (An Embroidery) Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on , the 799th anniversary of the document. The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres wide and nearly 13 metres long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as "a

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: but makes no specific mention of wardship. The clause is so brief that it suggests the outrage fuelling "Magna Carta" Clauses 2 - 8 were of less concern to the barons of Cheshire. Clause 13 contains the strongest link to the "Magna Carta", with its insistence that, ‘all common knights and free tenants of the whole of Cheshire,’ should enjoy the same treatment from the barons, as the barons would have from the earl. This parallels the "Magna Carta's" Clause 60, which extends its concessions to ‘all men of our realm’. When the "Magna Carta" was reconfirmed in 1300 by

title: Magna Carta (Italy)

text: Magna Carta (Italy) The Magna Carta Foundation ("Fondazione Magna Carta", FMC) is an Italian think tank, which has been involved in politics, having been affiliated to Forza Italia (FI), The People of Freedom (PdL) and, as of today, New Centre-Right (NCD). FMC's current president is Gaetano Quagliariello, a minister in Letta Cabinet. The think tank aims at combining elements of liberalism with Catholic social teaching, supports the so-called "Judeo-Christian roots" of Europe, and takes a strong pro-United States and pro-Israel stance in foreign policy, especially in relation to radical Islam and Islamic terrorism. For these reasons and due to the

title: Magna Carta (Italy)

text: PdL and joined NCD. Magna Carta (Italy) The Magna Carta Foundation ("Fondazione Magna Carta", FMC) is an Italian think tank, which has been involved in politics, having been affiliated to Forza Italia (FI), The People of Freedom (PdL) and, as of today, New Centre-Right (NCD). FMC's current president is Gaetano Quagliariello, a minister in Letta Cabinet. The think tank aims at combining elements of liberalism with Catholic social teaching, supports the so-called "Judeo-Christian roots" of Europe, and takes a strong pro-United States and pro-Israel stance in foreign policy, especially in relation to radical Islam and Islamic terrorism. For these reasons

title: Magna Carta

text: was an example of the reclaiming of ancient liberties. Reinforced with Lockean concepts, the Whigs believed England's constitution to be a social contract, based on documents such as Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the Bill of Rights. The "English Liberties" (1680, in later versions often "British Liberties") by the Whig propagandist Henry Care (d. 1688) was a cheap polemical book that was influential and much-reprinted, in the American colonies as well as Britain, and made Magna Carta central to the history and the contemporary legitimacy of its subject. Ideas about the nature of law in general were beginning

title: Magna Carta

text: of the text—the first printed copy of the 1215 charter only emerged in 1610—Coke spoke and wrote about Magna Carta repeatedly. His work was challenged at the time by Lord Ellesmere, and modern historians such as Ralph Turner and Claire Breay have critiqued Coke as "misconstruing" the original charter "anachronistically and uncritically", and taking a "very selective" approach to his analysis. More sympathetically, J. C. Holt noted that the history of the charters had already become "distorted" by the time Coke was carrying out his work. In 1621, a bill was presented to Parliament to renew Magna Carta; although this

title: Magna Carta

text: Crypt in Washington, D.C. The 800th anniversary of the original charter occurred on 15 June 2015, and organisations and institutions planned celebratory events. The British Library brought together the four existing copies of the 1215 manuscript in February 2015 for a special exhibition. British artist Cornelia Parker was commissioned to create a new artwork, "Magna Carta (An Embroidery)", which was shown at the British Library between May and July 2015. The artwork is a copy of the Wikipedia article about the Magna Carta (as it appeared on the document's 799th anniversary, 15 June 2014), hand-embroidered by over 200 people. On

title: Magna Carta

text: tax. It is this version which remains in statute today, although with most articles now repealed. The "Confirmatio Cartarum" (Confirmation of Charters) was issued in Norman French by Edward I in 1297. Edward, needing money, had taxed the nobility, and they had armed themselves against him, forcing Edward to issue his confirmation of Magna Carta and the Forest Charter to avoid civil war. The nobles had sought to add another document, the "De Tallagio", to Magna Carta. Edward I's government was not prepared to concede this, they agreed to the issuing of the "Confirmatio", confirming the previous charters and confirming

title: Magna Carta

text: edition of the text along with other "ancient statutes" in 1531 and 1540. In 1534, George Ferrers published the first unabridged English-language edition of Magna Carta, dividing the Charter into 37 numbered clauses. At the end of the 16th century, there was an upsurge in antiquarian interest in England. This work concluded that there was a set of ancient English customs and laws, temporarily overthrown by the Norman invasion of 1066, which had then been recovered in 1215 and recorded in Magna Carta, which in turn gave authority to important 16th century legal principles. Modern historians note that although this

title: Magna Carta

text: liege men..." The Great Charter was referred to in legal cases throughout the medieval period. For example, in 1226, the knights of Lincolnshire argued that their local sheriff was changing customary practice regarding the local courts, "contrary to their liberty which they ought to have by the charter of the lord king". In practice, cases were not brought against the King for breach of Magna Carta and the Forest Charter, but it was possible to bring a case against the King's officers, such as his sheriffs, using the argument that the King's officers were acting contrary to liberties granted by

title: Magna Carta

text: Although rarely invoked in court in the modern era, in 2012 the Occupy London protestors attempted to use Magna Carta in resisting their eviction from St. Paul's Churchyard by the City of London. In his judgment the Master of the Rolls gave this short shrift, noting somewhat drily that although clause 29 was considered by many the foundation of the rule of law in England, he did not consider it directly relevant to the case, and the two other surviving clauses actually concerned the rights of the Church and the City of London. Magna Carta carries little legal weight in

title: Magna Carta

text: a contravention of Magna Carta. Thomas Paine, in his "Rights of Man", would disregard Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights on the grounds that they were not a written constitution devised by elected representatives. When English colonists left for the New World, they brought royal charters that established the colonies. The Massachusetts Bay Company charter, for example, stated that the colonists would "have and enjoy all liberties and immunities of free and natural subjects." The Virginia Charter of 1606, which was largely drafted by Sir Edward Coke, stated that the colonists would have the same "liberties, franchises and immunities"

title: Magna Carta

text: also remains a topic of great interest to historians; Natalie Fryde characterised the charter as "one of the holiest of cows in English medieval history", with the debates over its interpretation and meaning unlikely to end. In many ways still a "sacred text", Magna Carta is generally considered part of the uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom; in a 2005 speech, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Lord Woolf, described it as the "first of a series of instruments that now are recognised as having a special constitutional status". Magna Carta was reprinted in New Zealand in 1881

title: Magna Carta

text: the whole of Magna Carta (1297) as statute was repealed, leaving just clauses 1, 9, and 29 still in force (in England and Wales) after 1969. Most of the clauses were repealed in England and Wales by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863, and in modern Northern Ireland and also in the modern Republic of Ireland by the Statute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872. Many later attempts to draft constitutional forms of government trace their lineage back to Magna Carta. The British dominions, Australia and New Zealand, Canada (except Quebec), and formerly the Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia,

title: Magna Carta

text: Penn's comments reflected Coke's, indicating a belief that Magna Carta was a fundamental law. The colonists drew on English law books, leading them to an anachronistic interpretation of Magna Carta, believing that it guaranteed trial by jury and "habeas corpus". The development of parliamentary supremacy in the British Isles did not constitutionally affect the Thirteen Colonies, which retained an adherence to English common law, but it directly affected the relationship between Britain and the colonies. When American colonists fought against Britain, they were fighting not so much for new freedom, but to preserve liberties and rights that they believed to

title: Magna Carta

text: narrative was fundamentally incorrect—many refer to it as a "myth"—it took on great importance among the legal historians of the time. The antiquarian William Lambarde, for example, published what he believed were the Anglo-Saxon and Norman law codes, tracing the origins of the 16th-century English Parliament back to this period, albeit misinterpreting the dates of many documents concerned. Francis Bacon argued that clause 39 of Magna Carta was the basis of the 16th-century jury system and judicial processes. Antiquarians Robert Beale, James Morice, and Richard Cosin argued that Magna Carta was a statement of liberty and a fundamental, supreme law

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: Magna Carta of Chester Magna Carta of Chester, or Cheshire, was a charter of rights issued in 1215 in the style of the "Magna Carta". The charter is primarily concerned with the relationship between the Earl of Chester and his barons, though the final clause states that the barons must allow similar concessions to their own tenants. The Runnymede Charter of Liberties did not apply to the shire of Chester, which at the time was a separate feudal domain. At the petitions of his barons, the Earl of Chester, Ranulf III set out his own charter. The similarities between many

title: Magna Carta

text: marks of intolerable bondage". Both saw Magna Carta as a useful declaration of liberties that could be used against governments they disagreed with. Gerrard Winstanley, the leader of the more extreme Diggers, stated "the best lawes that England hath, [viz., the Magna Carta] were got by our Forefathers importunate petitioning unto the kings that still were their Task-masters; and yet these best laws are yoaks and manicles, tying one sort of people to be slaves to another; Clergy and Gentry have got their freedom, but the common people still are, and have been left servants to work for them." The

title: 1215: The Year of Magna Carta

text: work of creative non-fiction, a method of writing which is rarely used in writing a historical text. Based on the title, one may expect to read a book entirely about the Magna Carta, the document that changed the course of England's history. However, the book goes into detail about life in the Middle Ages, specifically in the year 1215. The book begins by explaining the everyday life of someone of royalty, then of the average peasant. It explains school, the countryside, hunting, tournaments, battles and the church. Throughout the book, several references to the Magna Carta are intertwined with everyday

title: Magna Carta: The Phantom of Avalanche

text: use of Carta to manipulate this energy for various purposes. In application, these patterns are individually assigned to each character attribute to directly affect character growth. Some Carta may be more effective when assigned to a specific attribute due to the compatibility between the character's own personal energies in compliance with the Carta's unique energies. The available stock of the particular Carta also plays a role in determining its effectiveness. "Magna Carta" employs a turn-based battle system based on the conditional usage of TP (Turn Points). When a character achieves his or her turn, the player is given the options

title: Magna Carta

text: to change. In 1716, the Septennial Act was passed, which had a number of consequences. First, it showed that Parliament no longer considered its previous statutes unassailable, as it provided for a maximum parliamentary term of seven years, whereas the Triennial Act (1694) (enacted less than a quarter of a century previously) had provided for a maximum term of three years. It also greatly extended the powers of Parliament. Under this new constitution, monarchical absolutism was replaced by parliamentary supremacy. It was quickly realised that Magna Carta stood in the same relation to the King-in-Parliament as it had to the

title: Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina

text: Andes, Pampa, Chaco and de la Plata regions. Its inscriptions include a fragment of the Argentine constitution that proclaims freedom for the country and for any person in the world who wishes the make Argentina their home and also four statements that proclaim the brotherhood of Argentina and Spain, their people, their language and their destiny. Located in the intersection of Del Libertador and Sarmiento Avenues, in the Palermo Gardens and front to Buenos Aires Zoo. http://insidebuenosaires.com/2013/05/07/buenos-aires-monuments-monumento-de-los-espanoles/ Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina The Monument to the Carta Magna and Four Regions of Argentina located in

title: Magna Carta (barge)

text: Magna Carta (barge) Magna Carta was built in the Netherlands in 1936. She was converted from a sand carrying cargo vessel to a hotel barge by Dominic Read in 2001-2002 after 65 years of carrying cargo for the same family. She was sold to be replaced with a much larger vessel as she was no longer large enough to compete in the cargo carrying industry. The barge conversion was designed and the conversion managed by Dominic Read. The barge is owned by TempleRead cruises, a partnership of Dominic Read, Geoffrey Temple and Cecile Temple. She presently serves as a luxury

title: Magna Carta

text: government to advance reform through the Provisions of Oxford. The barons were not militarily powerful enough to win a decisive victory, and instead appealed to Louis IX of France in 1263–1264 to arbitrate on their proposed reforms. The reformist barons argued their case based on Magna Carta, suggesting that it was inviolable under English law and that the King had broken its terms. Louis came down firmly in favour of Henry, but the French arbitration failed to achieve peace as the rebellious barons refused to accept the verdict. England slipped back into the Second Barons' War, which was won by

title: Magna Carta (band)

text: 2 cd package with the live album Live & Let Live, which got several great reviews. In September and October 2011 a new Magna Carta line up toured around 17 venues in the Netherlands. George Norris returned on guitar and vocals and the latest addition was Dutch multi-instrumentalist Laurens Joensen [pronounced Jo-ansen]. Joensen played slide guitar, acoustic guitar, banjo, mandolin, violin. The Dutch tour was a huge success and it was commented upon that this latest line up more reflected the early sound of Magna Carta. Since the tour in the Netherlands the band returned to the studio to record

title: Magna Carta

text: the situation in the counties to progress. Two years later, the question of Henry's commitment to the charters re-emerged, when Louis VIII of France invaded Henry's remaining provinces in France, Poitou and Gascony. Henry's army in Poitou was under-resourced, and the province quickly fell. It became clear that Gascony would also fall unless reinforcements were sent from England. In early 1225, a great council approved a tax of £40,000 to dispatch an army, which quickly retook Gascony. In exchange for agreeing to support Henry, the barons demanded that the King reissue Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest. The

title: Magna Carta (band)

text: a new album, "Fields Of Eden". Magna Carta (band) Magna Carta is a progressive rock/folk rock group originally formed in London in April 1969; their first concert was on 10 May 1969, by Chris Simpson (guitar, vocals), Lyell Tranter (guitar, vocals), and Glen Stuart (vocals). The trio released albums for Fontana Records and Vertigo Records, enjoying particular success with 1970's "Seasons" before Tranter returned to Australia. Davey Johnstone joined the line-up as his replacement, recording "Songs From Wasties Orchard" and "In Concert" with the band before leaving to work with Elton John, with whom he is still playing. Simpson and

title: Magna Carta (band)

text: Magna Carta (band) Magna Carta is a progressive rock/folk rock group originally formed in London in April 1969; their first concert was on 10 May 1969, by Chris Simpson (guitar, vocals), Lyell Tranter (guitar, vocals), and Glen Stuart (vocals). The trio released albums for Fontana Records and Vertigo Records, enjoying particular success with 1970's "Seasons" before Tranter returned to Australia. Davey Johnstone joined the line-up as his replacement, recording "Songs From Wasties Orchard" and "In Concert" with the band before leaving to work with Elton John, with whom he is still playing. Simpson and Stuart were then joined by Stan

title: Magna Carta

text: 61 of Magna Carta contained a commitment from John that he would "seek to obtain nothing from anyone, in our own person or through someone else, whereby any of these grants or liberties may be revoked or diminished". Despite this, the King appealed to Pope Innocent for help in July, arguing that the charter compromised the Pope's rights as John's feudal lord. As part of the June peace deal, the barons were supposed to surrender London by 15 August, but this they refused to do. Meanwhile, instructions from the Pope arrived in August, written before the peace accord, with the

title: Magna Carta

text: the relevant roles. Although these clauses did not have any special significance in the original charter, this part of Magna Carta became singled out as particularly important in later centuries. In the United States, for example, the Supreme Court of California interpreted clause 45 in 1974 as establishing a requirement in common law that a defendant faced with the potential of incarceration be entitled to a trial overseen by a legally trained judge. Royal forests were economically important in medieval England and were both protected and exploited by the Crown, supplying the King with hunting grounds, raw materials, and money.

title: Magna Carta

text: popes had emphasised the importance of the church being governed more effectively from Rome, and had established an independent judicial system and hierarchical chain of authority. After the 1140s, these principles had been largely accepted within the English church, even if accompanied by an element of concern about centralising authority in Rome. These changes brought the customary rights of lay rulers such as John over ecclesiastical appointments into question. As described above, John had come to a compromise with Pope Innocent III in exchange for his political support for the King, and clause 1 of Magna Carta prominently displayed this

title: Magna Carta

text: affected by the recent changes, and clause 44 promised some relief from the operation of the forest courts. Neither Magna Carta nor the subsequent Charter of the Forest proved entirely satisfactory as a way of managing the political tensions arising in the operation of the royal forests. Some of the clauses addressed wider economic issues. The concerns of the barons over the treatment of their debts to Jewish moneylenders, who occupied a special position in medieval England and were by tradition under the King's protection, were addressed by clauses 10 and 11. The charter concluded this section with the phrase

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: of the sword' ("exceptis placitis ad gladium meum pertinentibus"), similar to Clause One of the Magna Carta's 'pleas of the Crown.' Similarly, Clauses 1 and 4 conclude with references to a private prosecutor and witnesses respectively, paralleling the provisions made in "Magna Carta" Clause 38 to prevent unsupported allegations by local officials. Clause 6 grants the Cheshire barons rights within the Cheshire forests to: assart; cultivate land; and sell dead wood. In contrast to the 'forest clauses' of the "Magna Carta" (44, 47 and 48), there is no mention of disafforestation or curbing officials. Clause 8 protects widows and heirs,

title: Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom

text: Internet Freedom. Detail the implementation of the Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom and provide the final provisions for putting it into effect. Part 9 itself focuses on the implementation. This covers implementation of the Magna Carta for cybercrime law enforcement, ICT education, ICT research and development, and rules and regulations for periodically reviewing the implementation. Part 10 details the concrete instructions to the government for starting the implementation of the Magna Carta, such as appointing a head and preparing initial funding. This part also includes clauses for the Magna Carta’s separability from the rest of the Constitution, the repealing

text: Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom The Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom (abbreviated as MCPIF, or #MCPIF for online usage) is an internet law bill filed in the Philippine legislature. The bill contains provisions promoting civil and political rights and Constitutional guarantees for Philippine internet users, such as freedom of expression, as well as provisions on information and communications technology (ICT) policy, ICT4D, internet governance, e-governance, cybersecurity, cyberwarfare, cyberterrorism, and cybercrime. The Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom was proposed as an alternative to the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 whose enactment was met with mixed reactions. Proponents of

title: Magna Carta of Chester

text: that the garrisoning of Chester castle should fall primarily upon fees of the honour outside the county. Clause 11 limits the provisions that could be claimed by officials. This clause resembles "Magna Carta" Clause 28, although the Cheshire charter focusses specifically upon the entitlements of itinerant law-enforcement officers. Clause 12 of the charter has no counterpart in the "Magna Carta". Ranulf III was quite happy to itemise the petitions he had turned down, most of which were related to the aspirations of particular individuals or interest-groups, rather than the baronial community as a whole. The steward mentioned was Roger de

title: Magna Carta Holy Grail

text: "Magna Carta Holy Grail" received generally mixed reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 60, based on 42 reviews. In "The New York Times", Jon Pareles wrote that Jay-Z was trying to transition from his pop sensibilities but had not yet found a "reliable alternative" on "Magna Carta Holy Grail", where his raps were often mismatched with rigidly produced tracks. AllMusic's Andy Kellman believed the record was hastily produced and despite occasionally impressive lyrics, Jay-Z's pop culture references sounded reflexive. "Spin" magazine's

title: Magna Carta (An Embroidery)

text: affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as "Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta." The work includes a

title: Magna Carta Holy Grail

text: for Jay's collaborative album with Kanye West, "Watch the Throne". West wanted the two songs to appear on "Watch the Throne", however Jay-Z chose to keep them for "Magna Carta Holy Grail". After "Watch the Throne" was released, Jay-Z chose to go on a worldwide concert tour instead of devoting more time for the album. Following the end of the tour, the main bulk of recording sessions for "Magna Carta Holy Grail" took place at Alicia Keys and Swizz Beatz' Jungle City Studios in New York, where Justin Timberlake and Beyoncé Knowles were also working on their albums at the

title: Magna Carta Holy Grail

text: 2013 in the United States, making it the tenth best-selling album of the year. By February 26, 2014, the album had sold 1,130,000 copies in the United States. As of September 2, 2013, It was announced by "Billboard" that "Magna Carta Holy Grail" was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of two million copies in the United States. At the time of its release, the album had the second-biggest sales week for 2013, behind Justin Timberlake's "The 20/20 Experience". "Magna Carta Holy Grail"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s debut marked the first time in "Billboard"'s history when four

text: by terrorists, violent non-state actors, and rogue or enemy nation-states and mandates on the Philippine National Police and the National Bureau of Investigation to combat cyberterrorism. Santiago also stated that the bill generally enables the Philippines to develop nationally alongside the realities and advances in ICT by harnessing its potential through ensuring government agencies and its laws move accordingly to the growth. Contains the policy framework of the Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom Section 1 contains the formal name of the Magna Carta. Section 2 shows that the content of the Magna Carta still falls under the Philippine Constitution

text: towards a more progressive economy, and lastly, a more solidified security system that protects its citizens from outside threats on the internet. Refer to the general portals linked at the right to give better context of the Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom The Magna Carta for Philippine Internet Freedom (abbreviated as MCPIF, or #MCPIF for online usage) is an internet law bill filed in the Philippine legislature. The bill contains provisions promoting civil and political rights and Constitutional guarantees for Philippine internet users, such as freedom of expression, as well as provisions on