query: What is sonar?

title: Sonar

text: to 2000 ft per side, suitable for scanning large areas for big targets). Fisheries Acoustics References Sonar Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": "passive" sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; "active" sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of

title: Sonar

text: Sonar Sonar (originally an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name "sonar": "passive" sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels; "active" sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used

title: Sonar

text: US Navy noted that there had been no cases where sonar had been conclusively shown to have harmed or killed a marine mammal. Some marine animals, such as whales and dolphins, use echolocation systems, sometimes called "biosonar" to locate predators and prey. Research on the effects of sonar on blue whales in the Southern California Bight shows that mid-frequency sonar use disrupts the whales' feeding behavior. This indicates that sonar-induced disruption of feeding and displacement from high-quality prey patches could have significant and previously undocumented impacts on baleen whale foraging ecology, individual fitness and population health. High-intensity sonar sounds can

title: Diver Detection Sonar

text: detection sonars for undisclosed middle eastern facilities. August 2012, Ministry of Defense of one of the world's largest armies orders a portable diver detection sonar. November 9, 2012, a large defense integrator places an order for six portable diver detection sonar for vessel protection. June 2016, armed forces of Kazakhstan order several diver detection sonar for the second time. January 8, 2018, Indian Navy ordered 78 PointShield™ Portable Diver Detection Sonar (PDDS) units. Diver Detection Sonar Diver Detection Sonar (DDS) systems are sonar and acoustic location systems employed underwater for the detection of divers and submerged swimmer delivery vehicles (SDVs).

title: Diver Detection Sonar

text: Diver Detection Sonar Diver Detection Sonar (DDS) systems are sonar and acoustic location systems employed underwater for the detection of divers and submerged swimmer delivery vehicles (SDVs). The purpose of this type of sonar system is to provide detection, tracking and classification information on underwater threats that could endanger property and lives. Further, this information is useful only to the extent that it is made available to authorities in time to make possible the desired response to the threat, be it deterrent or defensive action. Subsurface threats are a difficult problem, because reliable detection is available to date chiefly by

title: Sonar

text: unique engine sounds are part of what is known as "acoustic intelligence" or ACINT. Another use of passive sonar is to determine the target's trajectory. This process is called target motion analysis (TMA), and the resultant "solution" is the target's range, course, and speed. TMA is done by marking from which direction the sound comes at different times, and comparing the motion with that of the operator's own ship. Changes in relative motion are analyzed using standard geometrical techniques along with some assumptions about limiting cases. Passive sonar is stealthy and very useful. However, it requires high-tech electronic components and

title: Sonar

text: and an example is the CAPTOR mine. Mine Countermeasure (MCM) Sonar, sometimes called "Mine and Obstacle Avoidance Sonar (MOAS)", is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects. Most MCM sonars are hull mounted but a few types are VDS design. An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the Type 2193 while the SQQ-32 Mine-hunting sonar and Type 2093 systems are VDS designs. See also Minesweeper (ship) Submarines rely on sonar to a greater extent than surface ships as they cannot use radar at depth. The sonar arrays may be hull mounted or towed. Information fitted

title: Sonar

text: ROV-mounted imaging sonar designed for patrol divers (combat frogmen or clearance divers) to look for limpet mines in low visibility water. The LUIS is another imaging sonar for use by a diver. Integrated Navigation Sonar System (INSS) is a small flashlight-shaped handheld sonar for divers that displays range. This is a sonar designed to detect and locate the transmissions from hostile active sonars. An example of this is the Type 2082 fitted on the British Vanguard class submarines. Fishing is an important industry that is seeing growing demand, but world catch tonnage is falling as a result of serious resource

title: Sonar

text: greater range, which is undesirable. Since active sonar reveals the presence and position of the operator, and does not allow exact classification of targets, it is used by fast (planes, helicopters) and by noisy platforms (most surface ships) but rarely by submarines. When active sonar is used by surface ships or submarines, it is typically activated very briefly at intermittent periods to minimize the risk of detection. Consequently, active sonar is normally considered a backup to passive sonar. In aircraft, active sonar is used in the form of disposable sonobuoys that are dropped in the aircraft's patrol area or in

title: Sonar

text: level, AG is the array gain and DT is the detection threshold. The figure of merit of a passive sonar is The detection, classification and localisation performance of a sonar depends on the environment and the receiving equipment, as well as the transmitting equipment in an active sonar or the target radiated noise in a passive sonar. Sonar operation is affected by variations in sound speed, particularly in the vertical plane. Sound travels more slowly in fresh water than in sea water, though the difference is small. The speed is determined by the water's bulk modulus and mass density. The

title: SONAR (Symantec)

text: these things alone may not be “bad” but taken as a whole, the behavioral profile is bad. The analyst will therefore make a rule that says if we see this string of behaviors, then we should stop the process from executing. Doing all of this is a big deal—we aren’t just looking at what the process does on your computer, we are also looking at its communication characteristics! Sonar 4.0 also introduces protection against Non Process Threats (NPTs). As the name suggests, these threats are not active processes by themselves, but they inject themselves into legitimate active processes. SONAR 4.0

title: Sonar

text: the vicinity of possible enemy sonar contacts. Passive sonar has several advantages, most importantly that it is silent. If the target radiated noise level is high enough, it can have a greater range than active sonar, and allows the target to be identified. Since any motorized object makes some noise, it may in principle be detected, depending on the level of noise emitted and the ambient noise level in the area, as well as the technology used. To simplify, passive sonar "sees" around the ship using it. On a submarine, nose-mounted passive sonar detects in directions of about 270°, centered

title: Marine mammals and sonar

text: great deal of the legal and media conflict on this issue has to do with questions of who determines what type of mitigation is sufficient. Coastal commissions, for example, were originally thought to only have legal responsibility for beachfront property, and state waters (three miles into sea). Because active sonar is instrumental to ship defence, mitigation measures that may seem sensible to a civilian agency without any military or scientific background can have disastrous effects on training and readiness. The US Navy therefore often define their own mitigation requirements. Examples of mitigation measures include: Marine mammals and sonar Active sonar,

title: Sonar 2087

text: Sonar 2087 Sonar 2087 is a towed array sonar designed and manufactured by Thales Underwater Systems at sites in the UK (Cheadle Heath in Stockport and Templecombe in Somerset) and in France (Brest). Sonar 2087 replaces the older Sonar 2031 in the Royal Navy and equips eight Type 23 frigates. The system is also expected to an equip the Royal Navy's future Type 26 Global Combat Ship starting around 2020. It is a Low Frequency Active Sonar (LFAS) and consists of both active and passive sonar arrays. Thales describes the system as "a towed-array that enables Type 23 frigates to

title: Bistatic sonar

text: that case, the scattering mechanism is effected not by target features only, but also by sound wave interaction between the target and surrounding bottom. In monostatic sonar the receiver is listening to the echo which is reflected (scattered) right back from the target. Bistatic sonar can work in two ways: by utilizing either the target backscattering or forward scattering. Backscattering bistatic sonar is the sonar in which the bistatic angle φ is less than 90°. Forward scattering is the physical phenomena based on Babinet's principle. Forward scattering bistatic sonar is the sonar in which the bistatic angle φ is greater

title: Cakewalk Sonar

text: (Cakewalk's Parent company) announced that active development of Sonar would cease immediately. Noel Borthwick (Sonar Chief Technical Officer) also posted the announcement on the Cakewalk forum. On 4 April 2018 BandLab Technologies relaunched Sonar as a free program with the entire Sonar Platinum feature set, now entitled 'Cakewalk by BandLab'. Cakewalk Sonar Sonar is a digital audio workstation created by Cakewalk. Sonar's features include: Sonar provides limited facilities for video, surround sound (5.1, 7.1), and supports .avi, .mpeg, .wmv and .mov files. Sonar has the ability to show video as thumbnails contained in a separate track. With appropriate hardware, it

title: Sonar

text: before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term "sonar" is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics. Although some animals (dolphins and bats) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water is initially recorded by Leonardo

title: Sonar 2076

text: Sonar 2076 Sonar 2076 is a submarine sonar detection system designed by Thales for the Royal Navy. The system comprises an integrated suite of active and passive sonar systems including bow, fin, flank and towed arrays. Known components include: Support systems include command consoles, upgraded radio communications, upgraded signature reduction, and new flexi couplings to reduce self noise. Sonar 2076 is designed to be fitted into both the new and the existing , allowing the Royal Navy's entire submarine fleet to have a common sonar system. BAE claims that the 2076 represents a "step change" over previous sonars and is

title: Side-scan sonar

text: Side-scan sonar Side-scan sonar (also sometimes called side scan sonar, sidescan sonar, side imaging sonar, side-imaging sonar and bottom classification sonar) is a category of sonar system that is used to efficiently create an image of large areas of the sea floor. Side-scan sonar may be used to conduct surveys for marine archaeology; in conjunction with seafloor samples it is able to provide an understanding of the differences in material and texture type of the seabed. Side-scan sonar imagery is also a commonly used tool to detect debris items and other obstructions on the seafloor that may be hazardous to

title: Sonar technician

text: Sonar technician Sonar technician (abbreviated as ST) is a United States Navy occupational rating. STs are responsible for underwater surveillance. They assist in safe navigation and aid in search, rescue and attack operations. They operate and repair sonar equipment. STs track underwater threats and send tracks to fire control (antisubmarine warfare controlling station) operator (ASWCS) for further evaluation and or destruction. Sonar technicians are separated into two categories, STG (sonar technician surface) who are on surface ships and STS (sonar technician submarine) who operate on submarines. Sonar technicians are colloquially referred to as "ping jockeys" on board vessels, after the

title: Sonar (comics)

text: Sonar tears up the Keystone City Hall. His reign of destruction spurs the involvement of Keystone City's resident super-hero, Wally West, the Flash. The battle was brief, with Sonar flying from Keystone for a larger city to rule. Sonar planned to conquer a kingdom worthy of his royal stature. Arriving in New York City, Sonar is able to use the sounds of Manhattan against Green Lantern Kyle Rayner. The battle was joined when the Flash tracked the villain to the Big Apple. Sonar is defeated when the Flash accelerates him faster than sound. Rayner takes Sonar to the Slabside Island

title: Cakewalk Sonar

text: (continuous controllers, non-registered parameter numbers (NRPNs), SysEx, etc.). Starting with version 6, Sonar can take advantage of 64-bit internal processing, a 64-bit audio engine, and a 64-bit mixer on 64-bit versions of Windows Vista and Windows 7. Before introduction of Sonar X2 in October 2012, the entry-level Essential versions of Sonar (Sonar Home Studio and Sonar Essential) were 32-bit only. With the release of Sonar X2, the full program family is native 64-bit. Starting with Sonar Platinum (January 2016), releases moved to a monthly cycle, with new features and demo products introduced with each update. On 21 November 2017, Gibson

title: Sonar (keelboat)

text: Sonar (keelboat) The Sonar is a 7 m (23 ft) one-design keelboat for three to five people. It is Bermuda-rigged, with a large mainsail and a 100% jib. The class is recognised by the International Sailing Federation. The Sonar showcased disabled sailing at the 1996 Paralympic Games where the sport was a demonstration event with just the Sonar. The Sonar has been the three person keelboat at every subsequent Paralympics. When being sailed by disabled it is crewed by 3, and sailed without a spinnaker. Instead, when running downwind a whisker pole is used to hold the jib out to

title: Sonar signal processing

text: Sonar signal processing Sonar systems are generally used underwater for range finding and detection. Active sonar emits an acoustic signal, or pulse of sound, into the water. The sound bounces off the target object and returns an “echo” to the sonar transducer. Unlike active sonar, passive sonar does not emit its own signal, which is an advantage for military vessels. But passive sonar cannot measure the range of an object unless it is used in conjunction with other passive listening devices. Multiple passive sonar devices must be used for triangulation of a sound source. No matter whether active sonar or

title: Sonar

text: may also be detectable to passive sonar. Until fairly recently, an experienced, trained operator identified signals, but now computers may do this. Passive sonar systems may have large sonic databases, but the sonar operator usually finally classifies the signals manually. A computer system frequently uses these databases to identify classes of ships, actions (i.e. the speed of a ship, or the type of weapon released), and even particular ships. Publications for classification of sounds are provided by and continually updated by the US Office of Naval Intelligence. Passive sonar on vehicles is usually severely limited because of noise generated by

title: SONAR (Symantec)

text: and Norton Internet Security 2007; subsequent annual editions of the Norton line have had SONAR, as well. SONAR 2 is part of Norton 2010 and Norton 360 v.4 antivirus software. According to the company, this version leverages data from more sources, including reputation data about a program. Therefore, SONAR 2 is able to more accurately detect security risks than it was before. SONAR 3 came with the Norton 2011 public beta. It is available for Norton 2010 customers with legitimate subscriptions through updates, Norton 2011 customers, and Norton 360 v.5 public beta users. According to the company, SONAR 3 is

title: Sonar 2087

text: hunt the latest submarines at considerable distances and locate them beyond the range at which they [submarines] can launch an attack." During Exercise Auriga in 2010, HMS "Sutherland's" capability equipped with Sonar 2087 was described as "world-beating" by the Sutherland's commanding officer. American, British, Canadian and French warships took part in the exercise, including the French nuclear submarine Perle (S606). Sonar 2087 Sonar 2087 is a towed array sonar designed and manufactured by Thales Underwater Systems at sites in the UK (Cheadle Heath in Stockport and Templecombe in Somerset) and in France (Brest). Sonar 2087 replaces the older Sonar 2031

title: Sonar Radio

text: playing. Sonar Radio was since discontinued as of 2013. Sonar Radio Sonar Radio is an online radio station based in Singapore which plays music ranging from Electronica and Indie to K-pop from local and international artists. Sonar Radio was launched on 5 May 2011 by RADIOactive in conjunction with Samsung. Unlike many contemporary hit radio stations, DJs at Sonar Radio are able to recommend songs and control the music playlist. The Sonar Radio player also incorporates several listener-friendly social networking services such as voting for songs by 'liking' or 'disliking', sharing of song titles via Facebook, Twitter or e-mail and

title: Cakewalk Sonar

text: Cakewalk Sonar Sonar is a digital audio workstation created by Cakewalk. Sonar's features include: Sonar provides limited facilities for video, surround sound (5.1, 7.1), and supports .avi, .mpeg, .wmv and .mov files. Sonar has the ability to show video as thumbnails contained in a separate track. With appropriate hardware, it is also possible to output the video to an external monitor screen via Firewire. Common SMPTE formats, frame sizes and frame rates are supported. It is possible to transfer audio loop files from other compatible software into Sonar and complete a final mixdown. Various audio export options (including 64-bit masters)

title: Mouse Sonar

text: Mouse Sonar Mouse Sonar is a computer accessibility feature available in Microsoft Windows versions since Windows ME. When Mouse Sonar is enabled, releasing the Ctrl key causes several concentric circles to appear around the pointer for a short time. This may be especially useful to locate the pointer on contrast-rich or colorful background. The Mouse Sonar feature is disabled by default, and it may be turned on using the Mouse Control Panel applet (details may vary with different Windows versions). Programmatically, the Mouse Sonar state may be accessed with the codice_1 Windows API function in conjunction with the symbolic value

title: Sonar (keelboat)

text: windward for maximum exposed sail area. The Sonar is well suited for disabled sailing because of its large open cockpit making adaptations easy. The Sonar was designed in 1979 by Bruce Kirby, designer of the popular Laser dinghy. Since then, over 800 boats have been built. Most of the fleet is in the US, with smaller fleets in Britain and Canada. Since its adoption as a Paralympic class the Sonar has spread to many other countries as well. The Sonar was inducted into the American Sailboat Hall of Fame in 2004. The Sonar has also been used extensively for disabled

title: Narahari Sonar

text: Narahari Sonar Narahari Sonar or Narhari Sonar (literally Narahari the goldsmith, a name often used in English sources) is a 13th-century Hindu poet-saint of the Varkari sect and goldsmith ("sonar") from Maharashtra, India. His hagiography speaks about his transition from a staunch Shaiva (devotee of the god Shiva) to a Vithoba-worshipping Varkari after a miracle that makes him realize that Vithoba and Shiva are one and the same. Narahari Sonar's chief hagiographical account is found in the "Bhaktavijaya" by Mahipati (1715 - 1790). Narahari Sonar was a staunch Shaiva (sect which considers the god Shiva as the Supreme Being), who

title: Sonar 2076

text: the submarine was in Winchester it would be able to track a double decker bus going round Trafalgar Square" (a distance of about 60 miles). Sonar 2076 Sonar 2076 is a submarine sonar detection system designed by Thales for the Royal Navy. The system comprises an integrated suite of active and passive sonar systems including bow, fin, flank and towed arrays. Known components include: Support systems include command consoles, upgraded radio communications, upgraded signature reduction, and new flexi couplings to reduce self noise. Sonar 2076 is designed to be fitted into both the new and the existing , allowing the

title: SONAR (Symantec)

text: Both of those factors would indicate the program is not malware. The main use of SONAR is to enhance detection of zero day threats. Symantec claims SONAR can also prevent attackers from leveraging unpatched software vulnerabilities. Ed Kim, director of product management at Symantec, expressed confidence in SONAR, "We've done extensive testing on emerging threats, and it catches early threats and variants of existing threats." Symantec already had a behavior analysis security tool for "enterprises", known as "Critical System Protection". SONAR was introduced to serve the "consumer" antivirus market. SONAR was first offered as an add-on for Norton AntiVirus 2007

title: Sonar technician

text: sound of active sonar. Sonar technicians, surface fleet (manipulate, control, evaluate, and interpret data) surface sonar, Towed array, and other oceanographic systems; operate surface ship underwater fire control systems (with associated equipment) for the solution of antisubmarine warfare problems, operate underwater communications, torpedo countermeasure equipment, depth finders for navigation, collect and disseminate bathythermograph data, calculate optimum performance; perform organizational and intermediate maintenance on surface sonar and allied equipment. Attached to WEAPONS Dept, aboard US NAVY ships. Sonar technician submarines operate (control, evaluate, and interpret data) submarine sonar, oceanographic equipment and submarine auxiliary sonar; coordinate submarine sonar and underwater interface; perform

title: Synthetic aperture sonar

text: Synthetic aperture sonar Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is a form of sonar in which sophisticated post-processing of sonar data are used in ways closely analogous to synthetic aperture radar. Synthetic aperture sonars combine a number of acoustic pings to form an image with much higher along-track resolution than conventional sonars. The along-track resolution can approach half the length of one sonar element, though is downward limited by 1/4 wavelength. The principle of synthetic aperture sonar is to move the sonar while illuminating the same spot on the sea floor with several pings. When moving along a straight line, those pings

title: Sonar

text: it is more important to determine the position of a hostile submarine than conceal their own position. With surface ships, it might be assumed that the threat is already tracking the ship with satellite data as any vessel around the emitting sonar will detect the emission. Having heard the signal, it is easy to identify the sonar equipment used (usually with its frequency) and its position (with the sound wave's energy). Active sonar is similar to radar in that, while it allows detection of targets at a certain range, it also enables the emitter to be detected at a far

title: Cakewalk Sonar

text: are AIFF, AU, CAF, FLAC, RAW, SD2, W64 (Sony Wave-64), and WAV (Microsoft). The plugins in SONAR X1 are also available in SONAR X2, with the following changes Added Removed Added Removed The plugins in SONAR X2 are also available in SONAR X3, with the following changes Added Removed Added Plugins available in X3 but no longer available in Sonar Platinum Active Controller Technology (ACT) is a feature that assists in the process of remapping parameters of MIDI controllers or surfaces. Having the ability to control effects and virtual instruments (see software synthesizer), the controller/surface mappings for a given plug-in

title: Sonar (comics)

text: attend the underground meeting held by Riddler. He mentions that most of Green Lantern's alien enemies are currently off-world. Following in the footsteps of the original Sonar, Bito Wladon of Modora, the new Sonar gains his powers to create an empire. Though the source of his powers remains unrevealed, he has stated it involved suffering through agonizing experiments. Sonar alludes to his father being a monarch, but the original Sonar has made no mention of fathering an heir. His name is revealed to also be Bito Wladon. The new Sonar first appears in Keystone City to test his new powers.

title: Bistatic sonar

text: like toxic waste containers and mines. The principal advantages of bistatic and multistatic sonar include: The principal disadvantages of bistatic and multistatic sonar include: Bistatic sonar Most sonar systems are monostatic, in that the transmitter and receiver are in the same place. Bistatic sonar describes when the transmitter and receiver(s) are separated by a distance large enough to be comparable to the distance to the target. This is a loss in sound level which happens while the sound pulse travels from projector to target and from target to receiver. There are 3 different mechanisms causing transmission Loss: spherical (or cylindrical

title: SONAR (Symantec)

text: technology is able to much more aggressively remove threats on pre-infected machines." SONAR (Symantec) SONAR is the abbreviation for Symantec Online Network for Advanced Response. Unlike virus signatures, SONAR examines the behavior of applications to decide whether they are malicious. SONAR is built upon technology Symantec acquired in its late 2005 purchase of WholeSecurity, a developer of behavioral anti-malware and anti-phishing software solutions in the United States. An algorithm is used to evaluate hundreds of attributes relating to software running on a computer. Various factors are considered before determining that a program is malicious, such as if the program adds

title: Sonar Radio

text: Sonar Radio Sonar Radio is an online radio station based in Singapore which plays music ranging from Electronica and Indie to K-pop from local and international artists. Sonar Radio was launched on 5 May 2011 by RADIOactive in conjunction with Samsung. Unlike many contemporary hit radio stations, DJs at Sonar Radio are able to recommend songs and control the music playlist. The Sonar Radio player also incorporates several listener-friendly social networking services such as voting for songs by 'liking' or 'disliking', sharing of song titles via Facebook, Twitter or e-mail and display of song lyrics/music video of the song currently

title: Sonar technician

text: organizational and intermediate maintenance on submarine and allied equipment. During battle stations, sonarmen track targets, passing bearing information to fire control to refine speed, range and course. The result is a firing solution used to launch and guide torpedoes to their intended target(s). The majority of the sonar used aboard submarines is passive, since active emissions give away a vessel's position. Active sonar is mainly used for under ice operations. Sonar technician Sonar technician (abbreviated as ST) is a United States Navy occupational rating. STs are responsible for underwater surveillance. They assist in safe navigation and aid in search, rescue

title: SONAR (Symantec)

text: SONAR (Symantec) SONAR is the abbreviation for Symantec Online Network for Advanced Response. Unlike virus signatures, SONAR examines the behavior of applications to decide whether they are malicious. SONAR is built upon technology Symantec acquired in its late 2005 purchase of WholeSecurity, a developer of behavioral anti-malware and anti-phishing software solutions in the United States. An algorithm is used to evaluate hundreds of attributes relating to software running on a computer. Various factors are considered before determining that a program is malicious, such as if the program adds a shortcut on the desktop or creates a "Windows Add/Remove programs" entry.

title: Sonar

text: Cold War a SOSUS array has been turned over to scientific use. In the United States Navy, a special badge known as the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System Badge is awarded to those who have been trained and qualified in its operation. Sonar can be used to detect frogmen and other scuba divers. This can be applicable around ships or at entrances to ports. Active sonar can also be used as a deterrent and/or disablement mechanism. One such device is the Cerberus system. See Underwater Port Security System and Anti-frogman techniques#Ultrasound detection. Limpet Mine Imaging Sonar (LIMIS) is a hand-held or

title: Sonar

text: of which is scattered back to the observer, overwhelming that reflected from the target ("white-out"). For analogous reasons active sonar needs to transmit in a narrow beam to minimise scattering. The sound "reflection" characteristics of the target of an active sonar, such as a submarine, are known as its target strength. A complication is that echoes are also obtained from other objects in the sea such as whales, wakes, schools of fish and rocks. Passive sonar detects the target's "radiated" noise characteristics. The radiated spectrum comprises a continuous spectrum of noise with peaks at certain frequencies which can be used

title: Cakewalk Sonar

text: work the same on each instance of that plug-in, whenever that instance has focus. Sonar now fully supports the integrated Sonar V-Studio 700 automation suite, which is a complete Sonar-dedicated automation console built by Cakewalk/Roland. Sonar also supports other dedicated special-purpose controllers/surfaces such as the CM Labs MotorMix. Sonar includes a general purpose plug-in, called ACT MIDI Controller, that can be configured to support any generic MIDI controller (controllers/surface), such as the JL Cooper FaderMaster, Peavey PC-1600, and Kenton Control Freak. Generic controllers/surfaces typically have 8–16 strips of faders-knobs-buttons, are non-motorized, and can often be configured to transmit MIDI messages

title: Mouse Sonar

text: codice_2 (= 0x101C, used to retrieve state information) or codice_3 (= 0x101D, used to enable or disable the feature) for the first function parameter, defined in most newer Windows header files. Mouse Sonar Mouse Sonar is a computer accessibility feature available in Microsoft Windows versions since Windows ME. When Mouse Sonar is enabled, releasing the Ctrl key causes several concentric circles to appear around the pointer for a short time. This may be especially useful to locate the pointer on contrast-rich or colorful background. The Mouse Sonar feature is disabled by default, and it may be turned on using the

title: Sonar

text: also have the advantage of being able to be placed deeper in the water. However, there are limitations on their use in shallow water. These are called towed arrays (linear) or variable depth sonars (VDS) with 2/3D arrays. A problem is that the winches required to deploy/recover these are large and expensive. VDS sets are primarily active in operation while towed arrays are passive. An example of a modern active/passive ship towed sonar is Sonar 2087 made by Thales Underwater Systems. Modern torpedoes are generally fitted with an active/passive sonar. This may be used to home directly on the target,

title: Sonar (comics)

text: Sonar has a counterpart in the anti-matter universe of the Crime Syndicate of America named Lady Sonar, who is a member of the Justice Underground. A Scottish super-hero with a bag-pipe named Sonarr was introduced in "Justice League Quarterly" #8. Sonar appeared in "JLA/Avengers" #3 as the leader of a group of villains under the villain Krona's control. Sonar helps the Silver Swan and Silver Banshee defeat the Vision with sonics and magic, however he is disarmed by Captain America. He is entrapped by Wonder Woman's magic lasso and unwittingly spills the truth about Krona, though he calls him 'the

title: Synthetic aperture sonar

text: Engineering article: "Synthetic Aperture Sonar, A Review of Current Status" gives an overview of the history and an extensive list of references for the community achievements up to 2009. Synthetic aperture sonar Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is a form of sonar in which sophisticated post-processing of sonar data are used in ways closely analogous to synthetic aperture radar. Synthetic aperture sonars combine a number of acoustic pings to form an image with much higher along-track resolution than conventional sonars. The along-track resolution can approach half the length of one sonar element, though is downward limited by 1/4 wavelength. The principle

title: Sonar

text: of the strandings, have been shown to be highly sensitive to mid-frequency active sonar. Other marine mammals such as the blue whale also flee away from the source of the sonar, while naval activity was suggested to be the most probable cause of a mass stranding of dolphins. The US Navy, which part-funded some of studies, said that the findings only showed behavioural responses to sonar, not actual harm, but they "will evaluate the effectiveness of [their] marine mammal protective measures in light of new research findings". A 2008 US Supreme Court ruling on the use of sonar by the

title: Sonar

text: for classification. "Active" (powered) countermeasures may be launched by a submarine under attack to raise the noise level, provide a large false target, and obscure the signature of the submarine itself. "Passive" (i.e., non-powered) countermeasures include: Modern naval warfare makes extensive use of both passive and active sonar from water-borne vessels, aircraft and fixed installations. Although active sonar was used by surface craft in World War II, submarines avoided the use of active sonar due to the potential for revealing their presence and position to enemy forces. However, the advent of modern signal-processing enabled the use of passive sonar as

title: Sonar

text: schools of fish by using reflected sound. Acoustic technology is especially well suited for underwater applications since sound travels farther and faster underwater than in air. Today, commercial fishing vessels rely almost completely on acoustic sonar and sounders to detect fish. Fishermen also use active sonar and echo sounder technology to determine water depth, bottom contour, and bottom composition. Companies such as eSonar, Raymarine UK, Marport Canada, Wesmar, Furuno, Krupp, and Simrad make a variety of sonar and acoustic instruments for the deep sea commercial fishing industry. For example, net sensors take various underwater measurements and transmit the information back

title: Sonar

text: on typical fits is given in Oyashio class submarine and Swiftsure class submarine. Helicopters can be used for antisubmarine warfare by deploying fields of active/passive sonobuoys or can operate dipping sonar, such as the AQS-13. Fixed wing aircraft can also deploy sonobuoys and have greater endurance and capacity to deploy them. Processing from the sonobuoys or Dipping Sonar can be on the aircraft or on ship. Dipping sonar has the advantage of being deployable to depths appropriate to daily conditions Helicopters have also been used for mine countermeasure missions using towed sonars such as the AQS-20A. Dedicated sonars can be

title: Sonar (comics)

text: Lantern, Kyle Rayner. One year later after the mysterious disappearance of all super-powers called "Black Light", Sonar and Rayner have a final show down, which included Rayner getting impaled. Sonar (comics) Sonar is the name of two DC Comics supervillains. The Bito Wladon version of Sonar first appeared in "Green Lantern" vol. 2 #14 and was created by John Broome and Gil Kane. Nestled in the mountains of south eastern Europe lies the tiny Balkan nation of Modora. With a population of four hundred, Modora was relatively unknown to the rest of the world, whose only product was the wool

title: Sonar (comics)

text: Adam's Freedom of Power coalition. In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Sonar and his Modorans first appear when carrying the unknown weapons and heading to Coast City. The Modorans successfully planted a bomb on Coast City's carnival, where Green Lantern saved a Ferris wheel from falling but the people suffered serious casualties. Sonar sends a broadcast message to resolution his country of Modora, to terrorize with more bombs using his sound. Green Lantern pursuits Sonar to somewhere in Kahndaq, where he captures Modoran soldiers, demanding to know where Sonar is, but the Modoran

title: Narahari Sonar

text: his customer. He says that he "uses his intellect as the scissors to steal the gold of bhakti (devotion) while cutting a deal with his customer - God". Apart from being formally included in the list of Sants (saints) in the "Bhaktavijaya", the "abhanga"s of Eknath accord him sainthood and mention him with other saints. Eknath's abhanga praises Vithoba who melted gold with Narahari. The Sonar community, to which Narahari belonged, worship him at a shrine they have built in Pandharpur. Narahari Sonar Narahari Sonar or Narhari Sonar (literally Narahari the goldsmith, a name often used in English sources) is

title: Panchendriya (sonar)

text: Panchendriya (sonar) Panchendriya is a sonar suite that has been developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation, India for the submarines of the Indian Navy. It has been described as India's "first indigenously developed sonar system for submarines". The system has been developed by the Naval Physical Oceanographic Laboratory, Kochi a laboratory under the DRDO in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Initial approval for the project was given in 1987 for their induction into the Navy's Foxtrot-class submarines and was further approved as a measure to shore up indigenous production in sonar technology following a review in 1990.

title: Sonar (comics)

text: made second in command, which Deathstroke agrees to. Using his sonic abilities, Sonar removes a piece of Aquaman's trident from Deathstroke's chest, allowing his healing factor to restore him. After Warlord's ships were destroyed by Jenny Blitz, Sonar joined in a mutiny against Deathstroke, but Deathstroke and Blitz overheard this and kills the crew members for their treachery. Sonar manages to contact another pirate fleet led by the Caretaker before Deathstroke shot him. A version of Sonar appears in the controversial Elseworlds story "". This version of Sonar has some sort of cybernetic augmentations, and the fixation of desperate Green

title: Sonar signal processing

text: are more easily designed using the windowing technique. In a word, the goal of the sonar is to extract the informations and data from acoustic space-time field, and put them into designed and prescribed process so that we can apply the different cases into one fixed pattern. Thus, to realize the goal, the final stage of sonar system consists of the following functions: Sonar signal processing Sonar systems are generally used underwater for range finding and detection. Active sonar emits an acoustic signal, or pulse of sound, into the water. The sound bounces off the target object and returns an

title: Sonar (mobile application)

text: working on the project. Sonar (mobile application) Sonar was a free mobile application which showed the user how they are connected to other individuals in a room via publicly available social media profiles and location information from Foursquare, Twitter, and Facebook. Sonar was founded by Ocean City, Maryland, native Brett Martin, and was launched in 2011 at TechCrunch Disrupt New York. Sonar is the fourth business to come out of New York-based mobile incubator K2 Media Labs, with the previous three being Fingerprint, Tracks, and MarketSharing. Sonar has been offline as of September 2013, at which time Martin stated that

title: Sonar (mobile application)

text: Sonar (mobile application) Sonar was a free mobile application which showed the user how they are connected to other individuals in a room via publicly available social media profiles and location information from Foursquare, Twitter, and Facebook. Sonar was founded by Ocean City, Maryland, native Brett Martin, and was launched in 2011 at TechCrunch Disrupt New York. Sonar is the fourth business to come out of New York-based mobile incubator K2 Media Labs, with the previous three being Fingerprint, Tracks, and MarketSharing. Sonar has been offline as of September 2013, at which time Martin stated that he was no longer

title: Bistatic sonar

text: more the loss), and to sound frequency. In monostatic sonar the sound first travels from projector to target, then the same way back from target to receiver, so two-way loss is just 2TL, where TL is one-way loss. In bistatic sonar the total loss (in decibels) is a sum of TL (from projector to target) and TL (from target to receiver). In monostatic sonar, the first thing the receiver can hear is the sound of the transmitted ping. This sound level is very high, and it is impossible to detect the echo during the ping duration τ. That means targets

title: USHUS (sonar)

text: USHUS (sonar) USHUS is an integrated sonar system developed by the Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), India, for use in submarines of the Indian Navy. It is primarily designed to be used in Sindhughosh class submarines, though it is reported to be fitted in the "Arihant"-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines as well. USHUS is reported to be superior to its Russian equivalents. USHUS is used for detecting and tracking enemy submarines, surface vessels, and torpedoes and can be used for underwater communication and avoiding obstacles. The sonar can work in both

title: Bistatic sonar

text: On the other hand, the lower the frequency, the larger the size of directional projector and receive array. So the ship-deployable long range sonar is a low frequency bistatic towed array sonar with spatially separated projector and receive array. The example is LFATS towed sonar. To detect a buried object, the transmit ping must penetrate into the bottom. That requires a powerful and highly directional projector. Next, a directional receiver should be placed at the point where the “target + surrounding bottom” reflection is the best. This is a bistatic system. The example is SITAR project, developed to find objects

title: Sonar (keelboat)

text: sailing. The boat specifications are exactly the same for open and disabled sailing events, but additional adaptations are allowed to be fitted to the boat to aid the crew who are not permitted to hike or use a spinnaker. The World Championships is recognised by World Sailing. The Sonar has been the equipment used for the three person keelboat discipline at every Paralympic Sailing Competition. Sonar (keelboat) The Sonar is a 7 m (23 ft) one-design keelboat for three to five people. It is Bermuda-rigged, with a large mainsail and a 100% jib. The class is recognised by the International

title: Sonar 2076

text: the world's most advanced and effective sonar system. It is said to have 13,000 hydrophones, many times the number fitted in previous Royal Navy systems and more than any other submarine sonar in the world. A key development is the use of high performance and easily upgradeable commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processing systems, allowing the introduction of much more sophisticated algorithms compared to earlier sonars. The processing power of the system is said to be equivalent to 60,000 home PCs. Swiftsure and Trafalgar Update manager, Captain Ian Hughes said, "A good analogy for the performance of Sonar 2076 is that if

title: Sonar (comics)

text: more to battle Rayner in the middle of New York City. The effects of the so-called "Godwave" during the Genesis incident causes Green Lantern's power ring to temporarily lose all of its energy. Sonar is still defeated. During the Ion saga Kyle watches as Sonar and Jade fight. The heroine continuously comments on how he was not a very threatening villain. The battle ends with a kick to Sonar's groin. Sonar is later featured in "JLA-80 Page Giant #1", discussing many supervillains with the Rainbow Raider. Most recently, he has been seen among the new Injustice League, and is one

title: Panchendriya (sonar)

text: By 1994, development of engineering models and factory testing had been completed. Further tests on the system began in 1997 on board the INS Karanj with a scheduled induction for 2002. The Panchendriya is a composite submarine sonar and tactical weapons control system that contains active, passive, surveillance, ranging and interception sonars. It also has a submarine communications system built into it. Panchendriya has been inducted into the Foxtrot submarines, the , the and s as part of their upgrade. It is also part of the indigenously developed s. Panchendriya (sonar) Panchendriya is a sonar suite that has been developed

title: Side-scan sonar

text: sub-bottom profiling sonar. In 1985, Charles Mazel of Klein Associates produced the first commercial side-scan sonar training videos and the first "Side Scan Sonar Training Manual" and two oceanographers found the wreck of the RMS "Titanic". For surveying large areas, the GLORIA sidescan sonar was developed by Marconi Underwater Systems and the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (IOS) for NERC. This operated at relatively low frequencies to obtain long range. It was used by the US Geological Survey and the IOS in the UK to obtain images of continental shelves worldwide. Side-scan sonar Side-scan sonar (also sometimes called side scan sonar,

title: Sonar (comics)

text: Master'. In the alternate timeline of the "Flashpoint" event, Sonar is a member of Deathstroke's pirates. After being broken out of a floating prison by Deathstroke, Clayface tells Deathstroke about how Sonar could use his abilities to detect sunken treasures. He is not in the prison due to a superhuman trade, but Deathstroke catches up with him. He was imprisoned in Deathstroke's ship and used as a living radar system. After an attack by Aquaman and Ocean Master, Sonar asked Icicle to free him and then tells Deathstroke that he can save him from critical wounds, in return for being

title: Sonar (comics)

text: soldiers kill themselves with bombs implanted in their necks to avoid caught. In an unknown lair, Sonar was watching the news of United Nations General Assembly, his secret being that he created a bomb device of hearing aids, of which ambassadors were unaware, waiting to trigger the sound bomb at the ambassador debate, but his plan failed when Green Lantern prevents the debate, removed all hearing aids and shielded the ambassadors from the explosion radius. Sonar is furious and vows that the nation of Modora will be rebuilt. In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Sonar is among the villains that

title: Sonar Kella

text: Sonar Kella Sonar Kella (), also Shonar Kella is a 1971 mystery novel by Bengali writer and filmmaker Satyajit Ray. In 1974, Ray directed a film adaption of the book, also named "Sonar Kella", starring Soumitra Chatterjee, Santosh Dutta, Siddartha Chatterjee and Kushal Chakraborty. The movie was released in the United States as The Golden Fortress. The film begins where Mukul Dhar (played by Kushal Chakraborty), a kid who is said to be able to remember events of his previous life, stays up late into the night and draws sketches about peacocks, forts and of battles that he claims to

title: Bistatic sonar

text: Bistatic sonar Most sonar systems are monostatic, in that the transmitter and receiver are in the same place. Bistatic sonar describes when the transmitter and receiver(s) are separated by a distance large enough to be comparable to the distance to the target. This is a loss in sound level which happens while the sound pulse travels from projector to target and from target to receiver. There are 3 different mechanisms causing transmission Loss: spherical (or cylindrical in shallow water) spreading, absorbing and scattering by ocean media inhomogeneities. Transmission loss (TL) is proportional to range, (the longer the sound travels the

title: Sonar

text: was developed: the targeted submarine discharged an effervescent chemical, and the torpedo went after the noisier fizzy decoy. The counter-countermeasure was a torpedo with active sonar – a transducer was added to the torpedo nose, and the microphones were listening for its reflected periodic tone bursts. The transducers comprised identical rectangular crystal plates arranged to diamond-shaped areas in staggered rows. Passive sonar arrays for submarines were developed from ADP crystals. Several crystal assemblies were arranged in a steel tube, vacuum-filled with castor oil, and sealed. The tubes then were mounted in parallel arrays. The standard US Navy scanning sonar at

title: Sonar

text: several different shapes of beam, continuously covering blind spots. Later, acoustic torpedoes were used. At the start of World War II, British ASDIC technology was transferred for free to the United States. Research on ASDIC and underwater sound was expanded in the UK and in the US. Many new types of military sound detection were developed. These included sonobuoys, first developed by the British in 1944 under the codename "High Tea", dipping/dunking sonar and mine detection sonar. This work formed the basis for post-war developments related to countering the nuclear submarine. Work on sonar had also been carried out in

title: Sonar

text: used with multiple transducers/hydrophones/projectors, can calculate the relative positions of static and moving objects in water. In combat situations, an active pulse can be detected by an opponent and will reveal a submarine's position. A very directional, but low-efficiency, type of sonar (used by fisheries, military, and for port security) makes use of a complex nonlinear feature of water known as non-linear sonar, the virtual transducer being known as a "parametric array". Project Artemis was a one-of-a-kind low-frequency sonar for surveillance that was deployed off Bermuda for several years in the early 1960s. The active portion was deployed from a

title: Sonar

text: a waterproof flashlight. The head is pointed into the water, a button is pressed, and the device displays the distance to the target. Another variant is a "fishfinder" that shows a small display with shoals of fish. Some civilian sonars (which are not designed for stealth) approach active military sonars in capability, with quite exotic three-dimensional displays of the area near the boat. When active sonar is used to measure the distance from the transducer to the bottom, it is known as echo sounding. Similar methods may be used looking upward for wave measurement. Active sonar is also used to

title: Sonar

text: The detectors must be very sensitive to pick up the echoes. Since the original signal is much more powerful, it can be detected many times further than twice the range of the sonar (as in the example). Active sonar have two performance limitations: due to noise and reverberation. In general, one or other of these will dominate, so that the two effects can be initially considered separately. In noise-limited conditions at initial detection: where SL is the source level, PL is the propagation loss (sometimes referred to as transmission loss), TS is the target strength, NL is the noise level,

title: Sonar (comics)

text: Maximum Security Prison. Through means unknown, Sonar escapes his cell and turns his powers upon himself. He cybernetically enhanced himself, radically altering his appearance. After taking five guards as hostages, he freed the rest of the prisoners. Kyle Rayner learns of the uprising and returned to the Slab as Green Lantern. Sonar had gathered the prisoners as a small army in service to him. Villains such as Hellgrammite, Killrock, Dervish, Shrapnel, Houngan, the Alter, and Spellbinder listens as Sonar spoke of making New York City his empire. Though he was a force to be reckoned with, the new Sonar did

title: Sonar

text: World War II tanker, and the receiving array was built into a fixed position on an offshore bank. This is an active sonar device that receives a stimulus and immediately (or with a delay) retransmits the received signal or a predetermined one. A sonar target is small relative to the sphere, centred around the emitter, on which it is located. Therefore, the power of the reflected signal is very low, several orders of magnitude less than the original signal. Even if the reflected signal was of the same power, the following example (using hypothetical values) shows the problem: Suppose a

title: Sonar

text: it is bistatic operation. When more transmitters (or more receivers) are used, again spatially separated, it is multistatic operation. Most sonars are used monostatically with the same array often being used for transmission and reception. Active sonobuoy fields may be operated multistatically. Active sonar creates a pulse of sound, often called a "ping", and then listens for reflections (echo) of the pulse. This pulse of sound is generally created electronically using a sonar projector consisting of a signal generator, power amplifier and electro-acoustic transducer/array. A beamformer is usually employed to concentrate the acoustic power into a beam, which may be

title: Sonar

text: of most passive sonars used to be a two-dimensional waterfall display. The horizontal direction of the display is bearing. The vertical is frequency, or sometimes time. Another display technique is to color-code frequency-time information for bearing. More recent displays are generated by the computers, and mimic radar-type plan position indicator displays. Unlike active sonar, only one-way propagation is involved. Because of the different signal processing used, the minimal detectable signal-to-noise ratio will be different. The equation for determining the performance of a passive sonar is where SL is the source level, PL is the propagation loss, NL is the noise

title: Sonar Entertainment

text: and lifestyle series currently on air or in production include "Texas Metal" for Discovery and Food's Greatest Hits for Scripps. Sonar Kids and Family series on-air or in production include "Counterfeit Cat", airing on Disney XD in the US, Teletoon in Canada, and on Hulu worldwide; and "Go Away Unicorn" for Disney. Sonar Entertainment Sonar Entertainment, Inc., formerly known as RHI Entertainment, Hallmark Entertainment, Qintex Entertainment, HRI Group and Robert Halmi Inc., is an American entertainment company specializing in television miniseries and movies and owned by Catalyst Capital Group. The company was founded in 1979 by Robert Halmi Jr. and

title: Sonar (comics)

text: Sonar (comics) Sonar is the name of two DC Comics supervillains. The Bito Wladon version of Sonar first appeared in "Green Lantern" vol. 2 #14 and was created by John Broome and Gil Kane. Nestled in the mountains of south eastern Europe lies the tiny Balkan nation of Modora. With a population of four hundred, Modora was relatively unknown to the rest of the world, whose only product was the wool of a peculiar brown sheep found only in that small area. It was not even a member of the United Nations. Modora was sealed off from the rest of

title: Sonar decoy

text: constant depth. Later decoys, such as Sieglinde, were motorised and could deploy their false target away from the host submarine, increasing safety. Decoys were also used by surface ships to decoy the developing acoustic torpedoes. These were usually towed behind the host. Reflective bubble targets These were intended to swamp the listening device with noise Sonar decoy A sonar decoy is a device for decoying sonar. Most are released from submarines to act as a false target. The first submarine decoys were the German Bold fitted to U-boats of World War II. These were a pellet of calcium hydride in

title: Sonar decoy

text: Sonar decoy A sonar decoy is a device for decoying sonar. Most are released from submarines to act as a false target. The first submarine decoys were the German Bold fitted to U-boats of World War II. These were a pellet of calcium hydride in a simple metal container. On contact with sea water, the calcium hydride decomposed to produce a trail of hydrogen gas bubbles that acted as a bubble curtain and reflected ASDIC impulses to produce a false target. The container trapped hydrogen and floated, with a crude spring valve to maintain buoyancy to keep it at a

title: USHUS (sonar)

text: submarine was upgraded and it completed the trial in December 2011. Indian Nuclear Submarine Project starting with INS Arihant (ATV-1) include advanced USHUS sonar system. By April 2013, five Sindhughosh class submarines of the navy were upgraded to include the USHUS system. They are, in order of their upgrade, "Sindhuvir", "Sindhuratna", "Sindugosh", "Sinduvijay" and "Sindhurakshak". INS "Sindhukirti" was upgraded in India at Hindustan Shipyard. The remaining submarines of the class are expect to follow. USHUS (sonar) USHUS is an integrated sonar system developed by the Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), India,

title: Marine mammals and sonar

text: Marine mammals and sonar Active sonar, the transmission equipment used on some ships to assist with navigation, is detrimental to the health and livelihood of some marine animals. Research has recently shown that beaked and blue whales are sensitive to mid-frequency active sonar and move rapidly away from the source of the sonar, a response that disrupts their feeding and can cause mass strandings. Some marine animals, such as whales and dolphins, use echolocation or "biosonar" systems to locate predators and prey. It is conjectured that active sonar transmitters could confuse these animals and interfere with basic biological functions such

title: Towed array sonar

text: Towed array sonar A towed array sonar is a system of hydrophones towed behind a submarine or a surface ship on a cable. Trailing the hydrophones behind the vessel, on a cable that can be kilometers long, keeps the array's sensors away from the ship's own noise sources, greatly improving its signal-to-noise ratio, and hence the effectiveness of detecting and tracking faint contacts, such as quiet, low noise-emitting submarine threats, or seismic signals. A towed array offers superior resolution and range compared with hull mounted sonar. It also covers the baffles, the blind spot of hull mounted sonar. However, effective

title: Sonar

text: a primary means for search and detection operations. In 1987 a division of Japanese company Toshiba reportedly sold machinery to the Soviet Union that allowed their submarine propeller blades to be milled so that they became radically quieter, making the newer generation of submarines more difficult to detect. The use of active sonar by a submarine to determine bearing is extremely rare and will not necessarily give high quality bearing or range information to the submarines fire control team. However, use of active sonar on surface ships is very common and is used by submarines when the tactical situation dictates

title: Side-scan sonar

text: Inc.) developed the first successful towed, dual-channel commercial side-scan sonar system from 1963 to 1966. Martin Klein is generally considered to be the "father" of commercial side-scan sonar. In 1967, Edgerton used Klein's sonar to help Alexander McKee find Henry VIII's flagship "Mary Rose". That same year Klein used the sonar to help archaeologist George Bass find a 2000-year-old ship off the coast of Turkey. In 1968 Klein founded Klein Associates, Inc.(now L-3/Klein) and continued to work on improvements including the first commercial high frequency (500 kHz) systems and the first dual-frequency side-scan sonars, and the first combined side-scan and

title: Sonar

text: use the non-linearity of water to generate the difference frequency between two high frequencies. A virtual end-fire array is formed. Such a projector has advantages of broad bandwidth, narrow beamwidth, and when fully developed and carefully measured it has no obvious sidelobes: see Parametric array. Its major disadvantage is very low efficiency of only a few percent. P.J. Westervelt summarizes the trends involved. Use of sonar has been proposed for determining the depth of hydrocarbon seas on Titan. Research has shown that use of active sonar can lead to mass strandings of marine mammals. Beaked whales, the most common casualty

title: Sonar

text: Modern versions of the net sounder, using multiple element transducers, function more like a sonar than an echo sounder and show slices of the area in front of the net and not merely the vertical view that the initial net sounders used. The sonar is an echo-sounder with a directional capability that can show fish or other objects around the vessel. Small sonars have been fitted to Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) to allow their operation in murky conditions. These sonars are used for looking ahead of the vehicle. The Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System is an

title: Thomson Marconi Sonar

text: an options agreement) forced Thomson, renamed Thales, to purchase its stake in 2001. The company was renamed Thales Underwater Systems. Thomson Marconi Sonar Thomson Marconi Sonar (TMS) was formed as Ferranti Thomson Sonar Systems (FTSS) in 1990 by the merger of the sonar systems businesses of Thomson-CSF and Ferranti. The head office of FTSS was at Cheadle Heath, Stockport, with subsidiary sites in Church Crookham, Hampshire, Weymouth, Dorset, Bridlington, Yorkshire and Rochester (this site was an ex GEC site). GEC acquired Ferranti's share of the business in 1995 to form Thomson Marconi Sonar. With the merger of GEC's defence business

title: Thomson Marconi Sonar

text: Thomson Marconi Sonar Thomson Marconi Sonar (TMS) was formed as Ferranti Thomson Sonar Systems (FTSS) in 1990 by the merger of the sonar systems businesses of Thomson-CSF and Ferranti. The head office of FTSS was at Cheadle Heath, Stockport, with subsidiary sites in Church Crookham, Hampshire, Weymouth, Dorset, Bridlington, Yorkshire and Rochester (this site was an ex GEC site). GEC acquired Ferranti's share of the business in 1995 to form Thomson Marconi Sonar. With the merger of GEC's defence business Marconi Electronic Systems and British Aerospace in 1999, the resulting BAE Systems acquired Marconi's 49.9% share in TMS. BAE (through

title: Sonar

text: Side-scan sonars can be used to derive maps of seafloor topography (bathymetry) by moving the sonar across it just above the bottom. Low frequency sonars such as GLORIA have been used for continental shelf wide surveys while high frequency sonars are used for more detailed surveys of smaller areas. Powerful low frequency echo-sounders have been developed for providing profiles of the upper layers of the ocean bottom. Various synthetic aperture sonars have been built in the laboratory and some have entered use in mine-hunting and search systems. An explanation of their operation is given in synthetic aperture sonar. Parametric sources

title: Towed array sonar

text: deployed in order to reduce the disruption. The LEBU includes two identical circumferential airfoils and two flat flanges. The flanges secure the device to a coupling on the towed acoustic array. This is helpful when using sonar or echo sounding. Towed array sonar A towed array sonar is a system of hydrophones towed behind a submarine or a surface ship on a cable. Trailing the hydrophones behind the vessel, on a cable that can be kilometers long, keeps the array's sensors away from the ship's own noise sources, greatly improving its signal-to-noise ratio, and hence the effectiveness of detecting and

title: Diver Detection Sonar

text: Undersea Research Center, it was stated that sonar gives by far the lowest cost per square meter of underwater coverage of all other means of surveillance (radar, video, visual). This is because sound waves have a low attenuation and long propagation distance in turbid harbor waters relative to other means of sensing (electromagnetic waves, visual light, temperature, magnetism). The leading sonar technology for detecting and tracking underwater intruders is active, monostatic sonar, using principles of conventional beam forming in its signal processing. These sonars are now available from a number of different manufacturers who recommend their use for surveillance against