query: What are cigarettes made of?

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: chromium, nickel, tin, silver, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum. The assertion that e-cigarette emit "only water vapor" is false because the evidence indicates e-cigarette vapor contains possibly harmful chemicals such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and organic volatile compounds, in addition to particulates. Medical claims are also made, including "pharmaceuticalization", comparing e-cigarettes to nicotine inhalers. E-liquids marketed as "nicotine-free" have been found to contain nicotine. Celebrity endorsements are also used to encourage e-cigarette use. A national US television advertising campaign starred Steven Dorff exhaling a "thick flume" of what the ad describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: might cause an electrical waste problem." Since the majority of e-cigarettes are reusable they are possibly more environmentally friendly than using single-use devices. Compared to traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes do not create litter in the form of discarded cigarette butts. Traditional cigarette tend to end up in the ocean where they cause pollution. Marketing and advertisement affects the public’s perception of e-cigarettes. Some tobacco users think vaping is safer than tobacco or other smoking cessation aids. It is generally considered by users that e-cigarettes are safer than tobacco. Many users think that e-cigarettes are healthier than traditional cigarettes for personal use

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: poison. In Australia, there are no laws pertaining to the regulation of e-cigarettes. Although there are a number of laws that are relevant to the regulation of poisons, therapeutic goods, and tobacco control which are applicable to e-cigarettes in certain cases. Australia is developing regulations on e-cigarettes. The sale of e-cigarettes must be registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) before being sold. Importation of e-cigarettes and their related products, if they claim to help people quit smoking, is illegal unless approved by the TGA. The TPA has said that there were no laws preventing the importation of e-cigarettes bought

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: 400 puffs. Reusable e-cigarettes are refilled by hand or exchanged for pre-filled cartridges, and general cleaning is required. A wide range of disposable and reusable e-cigarettes exist. Disposable e-cigarettes are offered for a few dollars, and higher-priced reusable e-cigarettes involve an up-front investment for a starter kit. Some e-cigarettes have a LED at the tip to resemble the glow of burning tobacco. The LED may also indicate the battery status. The LED is not generally used in personal vaporizers or mods. First-generation e-cigarettes usually simulated smoking implements, such as cigarettes or cigars, in their use and appearance. Later-generation e-cigarettes often

title: Positions of medical organizations on electronic cigarettes

text: way for the public health, medical community or consumers to know what chemicals are contained in e-cigarettes or what the short and long term health implications might be." The American Cancer Society supports every smoker using any way they choose who are contemplating trying to quit smoking and in 2018 they stated to use FDA regulated medicine that have a track record of effectively helping efforts to stop smoking. For some smokers who do not try to quit smoking cigarettes using FDA regulated medicine they recommend to choose the least unsafe tobacco product and they stated transitioning to only using

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: aerosolized vapor. The user inhales the aerosol, commonly called vapor, rather than cigarette smoke. The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking. There are three main types of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos, bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products. As the e-cigarette industry continues to evolve, new products are quickly developed and brought to market. First generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes". Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size. Second generation devices

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: States, six large e-cigarette businesses spent $59.3 million on promoting e-cigarettes in 2013. Big tobacco heavily markets e-cigarettes to young people. The youth have been a primary target for the tobacco companies because the "use of tobacco products, no matter what type, is almost always started and established during adolescence when the developing brain is most vulnerable to nicotine addiction." According to the 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS), there was a sharp increase of 1.5 million more middle and high school students using e-cigarettes compared to 2017. From the analysis of the 2016 NYTS, CDC and the FDA were

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: E-cigarettes that resemble pens or USB memory sticks are also sold for those who may want to use the device unobtrusively. As the e-cigarette industry continues to evolve, new products are quickly developed and brought to market. First-generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes". The three parts of a cigalike e-cigarette initially were a cartridge, an atomizer, and a battery. A cigalike e-cigarette currently contains a cartomizer (cartridge atomizer), which is connected to a battery. Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size. They may be a single unit comprising

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: US National Association of County and City Health Officials has stated, "Public health experts have expressed concern that e-cigarettes may increase nicotine addiction and tobacco use in young people." No long-term studies have evaluated future tobacco use as a result of e-cigarette use. E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful substances not found in tobacco smoke. , the short-term and long-term effects from using e-cigarettes remain unclear. Adverse effects are mostly associated with short-term use and the reported adverse effects decreased over time. Long-term studies regarding the effects of constant use of e-cigarettes are unavailable. The adverse effects of e-cigarettes on people

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: voted down the Commission's proposal to introduce medical regulation for e-cigarettes, but proposed that cross-border marketing of e-cigarettes be regulated similarly to tobacco products, meaning that sales of e-cigarettes to under-18s would be prohibited in the European Union, along with most cross-border advertising. Warning labels also would be required. The Parliament and Member States are involved in trilogue discussions to reach a common conclusion. In February 2014, the European Parliament approved new regulations for tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. The new regulations forbid advertising of e-cigarettes, set limits on maximum concentrations of nicotine in liquids, limit maximum volumes of liquid that

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: the US Federal Aviation Administration issued a safety alert to air carriers that e-cigarettes should not be allowed in checked baggage after a review of fire safety issues, including two fires caused by e-cigarettes in checked baggage. The International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations agency, also recommends prohibiting e-cigarettes in checked luggage. A spokesman for the Tobacco Vapor Electronic Cigarette Association said that e-cigarettes do not pose a problem if they are packed correctly in static-free packaging, but that irresponsible people may sometimes pack them carelessly or tamper with them. In-flight use of e-cigarettes is prohibited in the US.

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: around production, use, and disposal of e-cigarettes that use cartridges. It is recommended the precautionary principle be used for e-cigarettes because of the long history of the tobacco crisis, in order to assess their benefits and long-term effects and to avoid another nicotine crisis. A 2014 review recommended that e-cigarettes could be adequately regulated for consumer safety with existing regulations on the design of electronic products. Regulation of the production and promotion of e-cigarettes may help lower some adverse effects associated with tobacco use. The entrance of large US tobacco manufacturers, which are Altria Group, Reynolds American, and Lorillard, into

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: Marketing of electronic cigarettes The marketing of electronic cigarettes is legal in some jurisdictions, and spending is increasing rapidly. E-cigarette companies have been accused of using similar to pre-regulation tobacco advertising. A 2014 review said, "the e-cigarette companies have been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to promote cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s." E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and beneficial in the media and on brand websites. While advertising of tobacco products is banned in most countries, television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking.

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: have broadened their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes. As of 9 October 2015, at least 48 states and 2 territories banned e-cigarette sales to minors. E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive. Since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising in the US is not restricted. Some countries have regulated e-cigarettes as a medical product even though they have not approved them as a smoking cessation aid. A 2014 review stated the emerging phenomenon of e-cigarettes has

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: social inequalities in health that tobacco smoking currently exacerbates." A 2014 systematic review suggests that e-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking because there is no tobacco, no combustion, and users may avoid several harmful constituents usually found in tobacco smoke. A 2014 review found that e-cigarette aerosol contains far fewer carcinogens than tobacco smoke, and concluded that e-cigarettes "impart a lower potential disease burden" than traditional cigarettes. A 2015 study found serious adverse events related to e-cigarettes were hypotension, seizure, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, disorientation, and congestive heart failure but it was unclear to the degree they were the result

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: for e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive. Since they do not contain whole tobacco, television advertising in the United States is not restricted. However, advertising and promotion of e-cigarettes and refill containers in print (newspaper, magazine, periodical), television, or radio media is prohibited in the European Union by the European Commission's 2014 Tobacco Products Directive (incorporated in British law by the 2016 Tobacco and Related Products Regulations). Promotional elements on the packaging is prohibited, as is

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: in September 2016 has sent warning letters for unlawful underage sales to online retailers and retailers of e-cigarettes. FDA regulations have also applied to the advertising of e-cigarettes since 2016. Per FDA regulations, e-cigarettes, e-liquid, and associated products cannot be advertised as safer than other tobacco products unless they have received modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) status. , this status has not been granted to any e-cigarette or e-liquid product. Though no companies have applied for an MRTP permit for their vaping products, similar heat-not-burn tobacco products have been denied MRTP status on the grounds that they are not safer

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: inhalation of flavors. E-cigarettes create an aerosol that consists of fine and ultrafine particles of particulate matter, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range. The vapor have been found to contain flavors, propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, heavy metals, and metal nanoparticles, and other substances. Exactly what the vapor comprises varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers. E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful substances not found in tobacco smoke. The majority of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapor. E-cigarette vapor contains lower concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals than

text: reported in 2013 that there was a possibility for smoking cessation benefits, but had concerns that e-cigarettes are less regulated than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and that there was no peer reviewed evidence concerning their safety or efficacy. In May 2014, Cancer Research UK released a statement including, "Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are almost certainly much safer than tobacco cigarettes and may help smokers to cut down or quit smoking. We support the use of high quality e-cigarettes because we believe that they have significant potential to help smokers who aren't otherwise ready or able to quit smoking by providing them

text: Health recognizes that there are potential benefits from the use of e-cigarettes but raises concerns that their effectiveness is not yet proven, that e-cigarettes are less effective than nicotine replacement therapy, concerns regarding dual usage of e-cigarettes and tobacco, concerns regarding advertising and young people and finally concerns regarding e-cigarettes undermining "decades of lobbying by public health related organisations" that led to the "smoking ban and tobacco control legislation". The British Medical Association (BMA) stated in 2016 for e-cigarettes to be banned in public places such as bars, cafes, restaurants, museums and schools over concern for second-hand vapor. The BMA

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: the liquid solution to an aerosol, and thus the levels of ingredients, that are delivered to the user and the surrounding air for any given liquid. First-generation e-cigarettes use lower voltages, around 3.7 V. Second generation devices tend to be used by people with more experience. They are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes. They usually consist of two sections, basically a tank and a separate battery. Their batteries have higher capacity, and are not removable. Being rechargeable, they use a USB charger that attaches to the battery with a threaded connector. Some batteries have a "passthrough" feature

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: Regulation of electronic cigarettes Regulation of electronic cigarettes varies across countries and states, ranging from no regulation to banning them entirely. Others have introduced strict restrictions and some have licensed devices as medicines such as in the UK. , around two thirds of major nations have regulated e-cigarettes in some way. Because of the potential relationship with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is being debated in many countries. The companies that make e-cigarettes have been pushing for laws that support their interests. In 2016 the US Department of Transportation banned the use of e-cigarettes on commercial flights.

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: that use of their products is a safe alternative to smoking, particularly since they do not produce carcinogenic smoke. However, no studies have been conducted to determine that the vapor is not carcinogenic, and there are other potential risks associated with these devices." Since nicotine-containing e-liquids are made from tobacco they may contain impurities like cotinine, anabasine, anatabine, myosmine and beta-nicotyrine. The majority of e-cigarettes evaluated included carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs); heavy metals such as cadmium, nickel, and lead; and the carcinogen toluene. However, in comparison to traditional cigarette smoke, the toxic substance levels identified in e-cigarette vapor were 9-

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: in San Francisco, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) took a stand on the sale of flavored e-cigarettes in 2018. The ban targeted the sale of flavored tobacco at certain establishments such as retail stores and gas stations. Additionally, the administration planned to require age verification for online orders to ensure that these flavored products did not reach underage patrons. In some jurisdictions, regulations have not been explicit enough to prevent companies from marketing and selling e-cigarettes to minors. Marketing of electronic cigarettes The marketing of electronic cigarettes is legal in some jurisdictions, and spending is increasing rapidly. E-cigarette companies

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: than traditional cigarettes. On December 5, 2016 HUD passed a rule banning the use of tobacco products in common areas and within each home unit. HUD did not include e-cigarettes in their list of prohibited tobacco products, and they will allow each public housing agency to make that decision. The ban includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes and waterpipes (hookahs). E-cigarettes were not included because they believe there would be no maintenance cost savings or a lowered risk of destructive fires. HUD commented that there is a lack of evidence that the vapor causes any damage to the units. Beginning in May

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: enacted laws that increased the legal age to purchase e-cigarettes to age 21. , some states in the US permit e-cigarettes to be taxed as tobacco products, and some state and regional governments in the US had extended their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed a bill that would regulate the sale of e-cigarettes within the state on grounds that "if adults want to purchase and consume these products with an understanding of the associated health risks, they should be able to do so." A review of regulations in 40 U.S. states found that how a

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: by Roud number What Are Little Boys Made Of? "What Are Little Boys Made Of?" is a popular nursery rhyme dating from the early 19th century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 821. The author of the rhyme is uncertain, but may be English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843). Here is a representative modern version of the lyrics: <poem> What are little boys made of? What are little boys made of? That's what little boys are made of What are little girls made of? What are little girls made of? That's what little girls are made of</poem> The

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: What Are Little Boys Made Of? "What Are Little Boys Made Of?" is a popular nursery rhyme dating from the early 19th century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 821. The author of the rhyme is uncertain, but may be English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843). Here is a representative modern version of the lyrics: <poem> What are little boys made of? What are little boys made of? That's what little boys are made of What are little girls made of? What are little girls made of? That's what little girls are made of</poem> The rhyme appears in

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: Iona and Peter Opie, this first appears in a manuscript by the English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843), who added the stanzas other than the two below. Though it is not mentioned elsewhere in his works or papers, it is generally agreed to be by him. The relevant section in the version attributed to Southey was: <poem> What are little boys made of What are little boys made of Snips & snails & puppy dogs tails And such are little boys made of. What are little girls made of Sugar & spice & all things nice</poem> Extracts from the nursery rhyme

title: What Are Little Girls Made Of?

text: What Are Little Girls Made Of? "What Are Little Girls Made Of?" is the seventh episode of the of the American science fiction television series, "". Written by Robert Bloch and directed by James Goldstone, it first aired on October 20, 1966. The first episode of the series to be repeated on NBC, the title of the episode is taken from the fourth line of the 19th-century nursery rhyme, "What Are Little Boys Made Of?." In the episode, Nurse Chapel searches for her long lost fiancé, and uncovers his secret plan for galactic conquest. On stardate 2712.4, the Federation starship

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: many variant forms. For example, other versions may describe boys as being made of "snaps", "frogs", "snakes", or "slugs", rather than "snips" as above. In the earliest known versions, the first ingredient for boys is either "snips" or "snigs", the latter being a Cumbrian dialect word for a small eel. The rhyme sometimes appears as part of a larger work called "What Folks Are Made Of" or "What All the World Is Made Of". Other stanzas describe what babies, young men, young women, sailors, soldiers, nurses, fathers, mothers, old men, old women, and all folks are made of. According to

title: What Are Little Girls Made Of?

text: Handlen of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a 'B+' rating, noting that the "repetitive plotting" took away any real sense of threat and that without Spock or McCoy to play off, Kirk's character is less interesting. What Are Little Girls Made Of? "What Are Little Girls Made Of?" is the seventh episode of the of the American science fiction television series, "". Written by Robert Bloch and directed by James Goldstone, it first aired on October 20, 1966. The first episode of the series to be repeated on NBC, the title of the episode is taken from the fourth

title: That's What Little Girls Are Made Of

text: "didn't quite fit the image that we were looking for" — later taking her revenge with an oversized garbage-bag costume in her groundbreaking 1997 video "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)." That's What Little Girls Are Made Of "That's What Little Girls Are Made Of" is the debut mainstream single from Raven-Symoné featuring rapper Missy Elliott (credited as her full name "Melissa Elliott"), taken from her debut studio album, "Here's to New Dreams". This is Symoné's highest chart appearance to date. The song was written and produced by Missy Elliott, who performs a verse of scat singing and Jamaican-style toasting, but

title: That's What Little Girls Are Made Of

text: That's What Little Girls Are Made Of "That's What Little Girls Are Made Of" is the debut mainstream single from Raven-Symoné featuring rapper Missy Elliott (credited as her full name "Melissa Elliott"), taken from her debut studio album, "Here's to New Dreams". This is Symoné's highest chart appearance to date. The song was written and produced by Missy Elliott, who performs a verse of scat singing and Jamaican-style toasting, but the music video featured a thinner light-skinned actress lip-syncing her part. On "Behind the Music" Elliott reveals that she was not informed of the video shoot and later told she

title: That's What Girls Are Made For

text: successful run for the group, who later found success with neighboring Detroit label Motown Records in the mid-1960s and Philadelphia soul-based records with Atlantic Records in the 1970s. That's What Girls Are Made For "That's What Girls Are Made For" is the debuting single for the American R&B/Soul vocal group The Spinners, released on Harvey Fuqua's Tri-Phi Records label in 1961. The single featured most of the original members of the group including original lead singer Bobby Smith and featured a very young Marvin Gaye playing drums. Harvey Fuqua and his then-girlfriend Gwen Gordy made the song simply for them

title: That's What Girls Are Made For

text: That's What Girls Are Made For "That's What Girls Are Made For" is the debuting single for the American R&B/Soul vocal group The Spinners, released on Harvey Fuqua's Tri-Phi Records label in 1961. The single featured most of the original members of the group including original lead singer Bobby Smith and featured a very young Marvin Gaye playing drums. Harvey Fuqua and his then-girlfriend Gwen Gordy made the song simply for them to record. Released nationally on Tri-Phi, the song reached number 27 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 5 on the Hot R&B Songs chart, starting a long

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: appear in several popular songs, including "Nothing Can Change This Love" by Sam Cooke from 1962 and "Sugar and Spice" by The Searchers, from 1963. "Sugar and spice, and all things nice" is also a verse in the Stone Roses early single "Sally Cinnamon". Van Halen in 1991 released the song "Poundcake," which contains part of the lyrics in the beginning of the music video. Alternative rock band Garbage incorporate the words of the rhyme in their song, "What Girls Are Made of," on the Deluxe edition of their 2012 studio album "Not your Kind of People". In October, 1966,

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: a episode titled What Are Little Girls Made Of? was released, describing the culmination of Nurse Chapel's search for her fiancée (Korby), and the discovery of his plans for conquest. The nursery rhyme's notion of the composition of girls was the inspiration behind the Cartoon Network original series "The Powerpuff Girls", in which Professor Utonium creates the Powerpuff Girls by adding together sugar, spice, and everything nice (and Chemical X by mistake). In the same show, Mojo Jojo gathers the snips and snails and a puppy-dog tail and flushes them down a toilet to create the Rowdyruff Boys. It also

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: of knowing how much nicotine is in them or what other chemicals they contain. These two things make the safety of e-cigs unclear." The English National Health Service has stated, "While e-cigarettes may be safer than conventional cigarettes, we don’t yet know the long-term effects of vaping on the body." The American Diabetes Association states "There is no evidence that e-cigarettes are a healthier alternative to smoking." In August 2014, the Forum of International Respiratory Societies stated that e-cigarettes have not been demonstrated to be safe. Health Canada has stated that, "their safety, quality, and efficacy remain unknown." The National

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: and children are unclear. E-cigarettes provide nicotine to the blood quicker than nicotine inhalers. The levels were above that of nicotine replacement product users. E-cigarettes seem to have a pharmacokinetic nicotine profile closer to nicotine replacement products than with traditional cigarettes. How efficiently different e-cigarettes give nicotine is unclear. Serum cotinine levels are comparable to that of traditional cigarettes, but are inharmonious and rely upon the user and the device. Blood nicotine levels raised more gradually and took more time to get to peak concentration with e-cigarettes than with traditional cigarettes. When compared to traditional cigarettes older devices usually delivered

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: over the internet for personal use, unless prohibited by state and territory legislation. State laws in Australia's various states are a little bit conflicting. According to the Poisons Standard of 2010, inhaled nicotine is Pharmacy Only, or a Schedule 2 medication when used to help quit smoking. In April 2014 a court decision made it illegal to sell or supply e-cigarettes regardless of their appearance or nicotine content (even if zero) in Western Australia. Previously they were banned if they looked like cigarettes. The court ruled that the action they provided in and of itself looks like cigarettes. Precise rules

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: user. Information is limited on energy and materials used for production of e-cigarettes versus traditional cigarettes, for comparable use. E-cigarettes can be made manually put together in small factories, or they can be made in automated lines on a much bigger scale. Larger plants will produce greater emissions to the surrounding environment, and thus will have a greater environmental impact. Although some brands have begun recycling services for their e-cigarette cartridges and batteries, the prevalence of recycling is unknown, as is the prevalence of information provided by manufacturers on how to recycle disposable parts. A 2014 review found "disposable e-cigarettes

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: Safety of electronic cigarettes The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain. There is little data about their safety, and considerable variability among e-cigarettes and in their liquid ingredients and thus the contents of the aerosol delivered to the user. Reviews on the safety of e-cigarettes have reached significantly different conclusions. A 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes. Regulated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) products such as nicotine inhalers are likely safer than e-cigarettes. A systematic review suggests that e-cigarettes are less harmful than smoking but they still contain nicotine. Since they do

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: called mods, PVs (personal vaporizer) or APVs (advanced personal vaporizer) have an increased nicotine-dispersal performance, house higher capacity batteries, and come in various shapes such as metal tubes and boxes. They contain silver, steel, metals, ceramics, plastics, fibers, aluminum, rubber and spume, and lithium batteries. A growing subclass of vapers called cloud-chasers configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low-resistance heating coils. This practice is known as cloud-chasing. Many e-cigarettes are made of standardized replaceable parts that are interchangeable between brands. A wide array of component combinations exists. Many e-cigarettes are sold with a USB charger.

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: extract, or synthetic nicotine when questioning the environmental impact of how it is made. It is not clear which manufacturing methods are used to make the nicotine used in e-cigarettes. The emissions from making nicotine could be considerable from manufacturing if not appropriately controlled. Some e-cigarette brands that use cartridges state their products are ‘eco-friendly’ or ‘green’, despite the absence of any supporting studies. Some writers contend that such marketing may raise sales and increase e-cigarette interest, particularly among minors. It is unclear how many traditional cigarettes are comparable to using one e-cigarette that uses a cartridge for the average

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: concentrated nicotine liquids may deliver nicotine at levels similar to traditional cigarettes. Many e-cigarette versions include a voltage potentiometer to adjust the volume of vapor created. The amount of vapor produced is controlled by the power from the battery, which has led some users to adjust their devices to increase battery power. Larger percentages of VG in e-liquid also increase vapor production. E-cigarettes are usually approximately cylindrical, with many variations: pen-styles, tank-styles etc. Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not. There are three main types of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos, bigger than cigalikes with refillable

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: liquids may deliver nicotine at levels similar to traditional cigarettes. E-cigarettes with stronger batteries, including many later-generation models, heat solutions to higher temperatures, which may raise blood nicotine levels to those of traditional cigarettes. Research suggests that experienced e-cigarettes users are able to get as much nicotine from e-cigarettes as traditional cigarettes. Later-generation e-cigarettes containing sufficient nicotine elevate heart rate comparable to traditional cigarettes. The health effects of long-term nicotine use is unknown. It may be decades before the long-term health effects of nicotine vapor inhalation is known. It is not recommended for non-smokers. Nicotine affects practically every cell in

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: flavors being added each month; fruit, candy, and dessert flavours are common. Marketing flavoured e-cigarette products has been shown to attract children. Ads for flavoured e-cigarettes have been shown to cause children to be more interested in buying and trying e-cigarettes, as compared to ads for unflavoured e-cigarettes. Children's belief that fruit-flavoured e-cigarettes are less harmful also increases their appeal, and restrictions on advertising for flavoured e-cigarettes have also been urged on these grounds. Products such as JUUL are marketed in a design which can easily be mistaken for a flash drive by parents and teachers. JUUL is under federal

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: There is no evidence that the cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some claiming to want to cooperate in "harm reduction". According to a 2014 review, e-cigarettes are aggressively promoted in the US, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking. There are concerns of claims that e-cigarettes are harmless, or even beneficial, to the user. E-cigarette companies commonly promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring but this assertion is misleading. have found differing amounts of heavy metals in the vapor, including

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products. The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge (tank), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly a LED light on the end. The only exception to this are mechanical e-cigarettes (mods) which contain no electronics and the circuit is closed by using a mechanical action switch. E-cigarettes are sold in disposable or reusable variants. Disposable e-cigarettes are discarded once the liquid in the cartridge is used up, while rechargeable e-cigarettes may be used indefinitely. A disposable e-cigarette lasts to around

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: battery protection, or voltage regulation. They are activated by a switch. They rely on the natural voltage output of the battery and the metal that the mod is made of often is used as part of the circuit itself. The term "mod" was originally used instead of "modification". Users would modify existing hardware to get better performance, and as an alternative to the e-cigarettes that looked like traditional cigarettes. Users would also modify other unrelated items like flashlights as battery compartments to power atomizers. The word mod is often used to describe most personal vaporizers. Mechanical PVs have no power

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: This regulation applies to all flights to and from the US. The legal status of e-cigarettes is currently pending in many countries. Many countries such as Brazil, Singapore, the Seychelles, and Uruguay have banned e-cigarettes. In Canada, they are technically illegal to sell, as no nicotine-containing e-cigarette is approved by Health Canada, but this is generally unenforced and they are commonly available for sale Canada-wide. In the US and the UK, the use and sale to adults of e-cigarettes are legal. As of August 8, 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes.

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: impacts of pediatric exposure to second-hand and third-hand e-cigarette vapor. The Surgeon General's 2014 report found "that nicotine adversely affects maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, and that exposure to nicotine during fetal development has lasting adverse consequences for brain development." The belief that e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes could increase their use in pregnant women. The toxic effects identified with e-cigarette refill liquids on stem cells may be interpreted as embryonic death or birth defects. Since e-cigarettes are not validated as cessation tools, may contain nicotine at inconsistent levels and added ingredients that are possibly harmful, allowing e-cigarettes

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: or for other people. Usually, only a small proportion of users are concerned about the possible adverse health effects or toxicity of e-cigarettes. A 2014 worldwide survey found that 88% of respondents stated that vaping were less harmful than cigarette smoke and 11% believed that vaping were absolutely harmless. A 2013 four-country survey found higher than 75% of current and former smokers think e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes. The UK Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) found that in 2015, compared to the year before, "there has been a growing false belief that electronic cigarettes could be as harmful

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: voltage of some e-cigarettes. The amount of vapor produced is controlled by the power of the battery, which has led some users to adjust their e-cigarettes to increase battery power to obtain a stronger nicotine "hit", but there is a small risk of battery explosion. Some users add more or larger batteries to nonadjustable e-cigarettes, which may lead to battery leakage or explosion. The extent to which teens are altering e-cigarettes, such as dripping the liquids onto the atomizer to get more nicotine intake, is not known. The long-term health impacts of e-cigarette use are unknown. The long-term health impacts

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, water, flavorings, nicotine, and other chemicals. After a puff, inhalation of the aerosol travels from the device into the mouth and lungs. The particle size distribution and sum of particles emitted by e-cigarettes are like traditional cigarettes, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range. After the aerosol is inhaled, it is exhaled. Emissions from electronic cigarettes are not comparable to environmental pollution or cigarette smoke as their nature and chemical composition are completely different The particles are larger, with the mean size being 600 nm in inhaled aerosol and 300 nm in exhaled

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: of the main chemicals nicotine and propylene glycol in the aerosol are not fully understood. There is limited peer-reviewed data about the toxicity of e-cigarettes for a complete toxicological evaluation, and their cytotoxicity is unknown. The chemicals and toxicants included in e-cigarettes have not been completely disclosed and their safety is not guaranteed. They are similar in toxicity to other nicotine replacement products, but e-cigarettes manufacturing standards are variable standards, and many as a result are probably more toxic than nicotine replacement products. The UK National Health Service noted that the toxic chemicals found by the FDA were at levels

title: What We Made

text: mixtape ("Who Needs Sunshine?", "Take What I Want" and "Mr. Invisible"). Example at Discogs What We Made What We Made is the debut studio album released by British recording artist Example. The album was initially due for release in June 2007, as stated on the back of the "We Didn't Invent the Remix" sleeve, however the album was delayed and was finally released on 17 September 2007. "What We Made" was later followed by the "What We Almost Made" mixtape. It includes the singles "What We Made", "You Can't Rap", "I Don't Want To" and "So Many Roads" (a track

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: of e-cigarettes. Less serious adverse effects may include abdominal pain, headache, blurry vision, throat and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing. A 2014 WHO report said "ENDS [electronic nicotine delivery system] use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses." Scientific studies advocate caution before designating e-cigarettes as beneficial but vapers continue to believe they are beneficial. The American Cancer Society has stated, "The makers of e-cigarettes say that the ingredients are "safe," but this only means the ingredients have been found to be safe to eat. Inhaling a substance is not the same as swallowing it. There are questions about

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: vapor. Bystanders are exposed to these particles from exhaled e-cigarette vapor. There is a concern that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users can be inhaled by bystanders, particularly indoors, and have significant adverse effects. Since e-cigarettes involve an aerosolization process, it is suggested that no meaningful amounts of carbon monoxide are emitted. Thus, cardiocirculatory effects caused by carbon monoxide are not likely. E-cigarette use by a parent might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring. E-cigarettes pose many safety concerns to children. For example, indoor surfaces can accumulate nicotine where e-cigarettes were used, which may be inhaled

title: What We Made

text: What We Made What We Made is the debut studio album released by British recording artist Example. The album was initially due for release in June 2007, as stated on the back of the "We Didn't Invent the Remix" sleeve, however the album was delayed and was finally released on 17 September 2007. "What We Made" was later followed by the "What We Almost Made" mixtape. It includes the singles "What We Made", "You Can't Rap", "I Don't Want To" and "So Many Roads" (a track previewed on his MySpace and live), all of which were released in the previous

title: Construction of electronic cigarettes

text: to smoking. A noticeable difference between the traditional cigarette and the e-cigarette is sense of touch. A traditional cigarette is smooth and light but an e-cigarette is rigid, cold and slightly heavier. Since e-cigarettes are more complex than traditional cigarettes, a learning curve is needed to use them correctly. Compared to traditional cigarettes, the general e-cigarette puff time is much longer, and requires a more forceful suction than a regular cigarette. The volume of vapor created by e-cigarette devices in 2012 declined with vaping. Thus, to create the same volume of vapor increasing puff force is needed. Later-generation e-cigarettes with

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: inhaled glycerin could cause lipoid pneumonia. Some e-cigarette products had acrolein identified in the aerosol. It may be generated when glycerin is heated to higher temperatures. Acrolein may induce irritation to the upper respiratory tract. Acrolein levels were reduced by 60% in dual users and 80% for those that completely switched to e-cigarettes when compared to traditional cigarettes. E-cigarettes vapor have been found to create oxidants and reactive oxygen species (OX/ROS). OX/ROS could react with other substances in the vapor because they are highly reactive. Although e-cigarettes have been found to contain OX/ROS at about 100 times less than in

title: What Are Little Girls Made Of?

text: concludes that conflict is again inevitable. Korby enters and Ruk confronts him, but Korby destroys Ruk with a phaser. Shortly afterwards, in a struggle with Kirk, the skin of Korby's hand is torn, revealing that he is also an android. It is now revealed that Korby, dying of frostbite, had transferred his mind to an android body. He begs Chapel to believe that he is still the same man, but Chapel is repelled by what he has done to himself. Andrea, realizing she loves Korby, kisses him, and in despair, Korby fires Andrea's phaser between the embracing pair, destroying them

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: in traditional cigarettes. Concerns exist that the flavors and additives in e-cigarettes might lead to diseases, including the popcorn lung. The cardiovascular effects, including a vast range of flavorings and fragrances, is unknown. The irritants butyl acetate, diethyl carbonate, benzoic acid, quinoline, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 2,6-dimethyl phenol were present as undeclared ingredients in the e-liquid. The precise ingredients of e-cigarettes are not known. The IARC has categorized formaldehyde as a human carcinogen, and acetaldehyde is categorized as a potential carcinogenic to humans. Aldehydes may cause harmful health effects; though, in the majority of cases, the amounts inhaled are less than

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: heart rate, and burns. However no direct relationship has been proven between these effects and e-cigarette use, and some of them may be due to existing health problems. Many of the observed negative effects from e-cigarette use concerning the nervous system and the sensory system are probably related to nicotine overdose or withdrawal. Since e-cigarettes are intended to be used repeatedly, they can conveniently be used for an extended period of time, which may contribute to increased adverse effects. E-cigarettes were associated with fewer adverse effects than nicotine patches. Nicotine poisoning related to e-cigarettes include ingestion, inhalation, or absorption via

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: are anticipated to produce fewer harmful substances than traditional cigarettes, limited evidence supports they comparatively have a lessened raised cardiovascular risk. E-cigarette use leads to sympathomimetic effects because of nicotine intake. It is argued that there could be a risk for harmful effects, including tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. E-cigarettes containing nicotine may have a lower cardiovascular effect than traditional cigarettes containing nicotine. Short-term physiological effects include increases in blood pressure and heart rate. A 2012 case report found a correlation between paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and vaping. Comparable to a traditional cigarette, e-cigarette particles are tiny enough to enter the alveoli, enabling nicotine

title: Fashion cigarettes

text: Fashion cigarettes Historically considered a masculine habit, the feminization of smoking occurred in tandem with the advent of fashion brands or premium brands of cigarettes specifically marketed toward women. Most often this is focused on young fashion-conscious professional ladies who are the target demographic for these brands, which are differentiated by slimness and added length over traditional brands of cigarettes. These brands include decorative ones like Eve, marketed strictly toward women like Virginia Slims, or as evening-out styles like Sobranie Cocktail or Sobranie Black Russian. Many fashion houses have lent their name (through a licensing agreement) to cigarettes; Yves Saint

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: consumers so they really don’t know what they are ingesting, or how much." A 2014 review found "Various chemical substances and ultrafine particles known to be toxic, carcinogenic and/or to cause respiratory and heart distress have been identified in e-cigarette aerosols, cartridges, refill liquids and environmental emissions." Few of the methods used to analyze the chemistry of e-cigarettes in the studies the review evaluated were validated. The primary base ingredients of the liquid solution is propylene glycol and glycerin, of which about 20% to 27% of propylene glycol and glycerin-based liquid particles are inhaled. The long-term effects of inhaled propylene

title: What Love Is Made Of

text: performed "What Love Is Made Of". She also performed it during her headline set at the Yahoo! Wireless Festival 2013. What Love Is Made Of "What Love Is Made Of" is a song recorded by British recording artist Katy B. Written by Katy alongside Goldon Warren, who also produced it under the name Geeneus, the track was released as a standalone single via digital retailers on 8 July 2013 by Rinse and Columbia Records. It was composed after Katy had been listening to dance genres. The theme conveyed in the lyrics is love while musically, the song has been described

title: Sex & Cigarettes

text: and number one on the UK R&B Albums Chart. Sex & Cigarettes Sex & Cigarettes is the eighth studio album by American recording artist Toni Braxton, which was released on March 23, 2018, by Def Jam Recordings. This is her first solo album in eight years and serves as her debut for the Def Jam label, after signing a new record deal. "Sex & Cigarettes" is Braxton's first album to be issued with a Parental Advisory warning, and an edited version was also made available. The album was preceded by the release of two singles, "Deadwood" and "Long as I

title: Sex & Cigarettes

text: Sex & Cigarettes Sex & Cigarettes is the eighth studio album by American recording artist Toni Braxton, which was released on March 23, 2018, by Def Jam Recordings. This is her first solo album in eight years and serves as her debut for the Def Jam label, after signing a new record deal. "Sex & Cigarettes" is Braxton's first album to be issued with a Parental Advisory warning, and an edited version was also made available. The album was preceded by the release of two singles, "Deadwood" and "Long as I Live". The third single "FOH" was released in October

title: What We Almost Made

text: singles "I Don't Want To", "So Many Roads" and "Me & Mandy" (tracks 15, 5 and 6, respectively). What We Almost Made What We Almost Made is a 2008 mixtape by London-born entertainer Example. Similar to his previous full-length releases "We Didn't Invent the Remix" and "What We Made", all of the songs in "What We Almost Made" were mainly written by Example and produced by Rusher. As the title suggests, "What We Almost Made" was made as a follow-up to "What We Made" and contains unreleased tracks that weren't included in any of his previous releases (five of which

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: the correlation between sub-acute bronchiolitis and vaping. After quitting vaping the symptoms improved. The long-term effects regarding respiratory flow resistance are unknown. E-cigarettes could harm the respiratory system. The immediate effects of e-cigarettes after 5 minutes of use on pulmonary function resulted in considerable increases in resistance to lung airflow. A 2013 review found an instant increase in airway resistance after using a single e-cigarette. Any reported harmful effects to cardiovascular and respiratory functions after short-term use of e-cigarettes were appreciably milder in comparison to cigarette smoke. When used in the short-term, an e-cigarette resulted in a rise of respiratory

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: with traditional cigarettes. Many chemical compounds can inadvertently be produced from e-cigarettes, especially carbonyl compounds like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glyoxal by the chemical reaction of the e-liquid when the nichrome wire (heating element) is heated, to high temperatures. These compounds are frequently identified in e-cigarette aerosols. The propylene glycol-containing liquids produced the most amounts of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols. The levels of toxic chemicals in the vapor were found to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than with cigarette smoke but greater than from a nicotine inhaler. Nearly all e-cigarettes evaluated, toxic and irritation-causing carbonyls were identified.

title: What We Almost Made

text: What We Almost Made What We Almost Made is a 2008 mixtape by London-born entertainer Example. Similar to his previous full-length releases "We Didn't Invent the Remix" and "What We Made", all of the songs in "What We Almost Made" were mainly written by Example and produced by Rusher. As the title suggests, "What We Almost Made" was made as a follow-up to "What We Made" and contains unreleased tracks that weren't included in any of his previous releases (five of which feature various artists); three of the songs, although, were originally B-sides taken from the vinyl releases of the

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: how safe it is to inhale some substances in the e-cigarette vapor into the lungs." The Canadian Cancer Society has stated that, "A few studies have shown that there may be low levels of harmful substances in some e-cigarettes, even if they don’t have nicotine." Since 2009, the FDA has pointed out that e-cigarettes contain “detectable levels of known carcinogens and toxic chemicals to which users could be exposed.” In the UK a National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline did not recommend e-cigarettes as there are questions regarding the safety, efficacy, and quality of these products. The

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: the lungs. Many ingredients used in e-liquids have not been examined in the lung. The effects of e-cigarette use in respect to asthma and other respiratory diseases are unknown. A 2015 review found e-cigarettes may induce acute lung disease. A 2015 study found that e-cigarette vapors can induce oxidative stress in lung endothelial cells. Constant lung inflammation as a result of the vapor could result in lung pathogenesis and induce serious diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and fibrosis. The limited evidence suggests that e-cigarettes produce less short-term effects on lung function than traditional cigarettes. A 2014 case report observed

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: use in never-smokers or causing a return to smoking in former smokers. </ref> Quitting smoking entirely would probably have much greater beneficial effects to overall health than vaping to decrease the number of cigarettes smoked. More serious adverse effects frequently related with smoking cessation including depression, insomnia, and anxiety are uncommon with e-cigarette use. A 2015 study found serious adverse events related to e-cigarettes were hypotension, seizure, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, disorientation, and congestive heart failure but it was unclear to the degree they were the result of e-cigarettes. Less serious adverse effects include abdominal pain, headache, blurry vision, throat

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: The report blamed "misinterpreted research findings", attracting negative media coverage, for the growth in the "inaccurate" belief that e-cigarettes were as harmful as smoking. Safety of electronic cigarettes The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain. There is little data about their safety, and considerable variability among e-cigarettes and in their liquid ingredients and thus the contents of the aerosol delivered to the user. Reviews on the safety of e-cigarettes have reached significantly different conclusions. A 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes. Regulated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) products such as nicotine inhalers

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: low amounts of nicotine. E-cigarette use can be associated with a substantial dispersion of nicotine, thus generating a plasma nicotine concentration which can be comparable to that of traditional cigarettes. This is due to the minute nicotine particles in the vapor, which permit quick delivery into the bloodstream. The nicotine delivered from e-cigarettes enters the body slower than traditional cigarettes. Studies suggest that inexperienced users obtain moderate amounts of nicotine from e-cigarettes. Concerns were raised over inconsistent amounts of nicotine delivered when drawing on the device. Later-generation e-cigarettes give nicotine more effectively than first-generation e-cigarettes. Later-generation models with concentrated nicotine

title: That's What Love Is Made Of

text: several famous nursery rhymes in this song; in fact, the song's title itself is a variation of the rhyme "What Are Little Girls/Little Boys Made Of?" and parts of this famous rhyme were incorporated into the lyrics of this song, which, like many Miracles songs, starts with the guitar licks of Miracles member Marv Tarplin. Robinson, as the lead singer, serves as the song's narrator: ""You take Sugar and Spice...Everything Nice... and you've got a little girl, yeah, yeah...You take Snakes and Snails...Puppy Dog's tails...and you've got a little boy, yeah, yeah...That's what Love Is Made Of..." " The song

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: to 450-fold less. E-liquid with tin was cytotoxic. E-cigarettes cannot be considered absolutely safe because there is no safe level for carcinogens. A 2014 review found higher levels of carcinogens and toxicants than in an FDA-approved nicotine inhaler, suggesting that FDA-approved devices may deliver nicotine more safely. In 2014, The World Lung Foundation stated that "Researchers find that many e-cigarettes contain toxins, contaminants and carcinogens that conflict with the industry’s portrayal of its products as purer, healthier alternatives. They also find considerable variations in the amount of nicotine delivered by different brands. None of this information is made available to

title: Fashion cigarettes

text: to Asia, where there is a distinct market for female oriented brands, and to the "nouveau riche" in Russia. Fashion cigarettes Historically considered a masculine habit, the feminization of smoking occurred in tandem with the advent of fashion brands or premium brands of cigarettes specifically marketed toward women. Most often this is focused on young fashion-conscious professional ladies who are the target demographic for these brands, which are differentiated by slimness and added length over traditional brands of cigarettes. These brands include decorative ones like Eve, marketed strictly toward women like Virginia Slims, or as evening-out styles like Sobranie Cocktail

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: are expected to be finalized in late 2015. Industry standards have been created and published by the American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA). Concerns exists regarding pregnant women exposure to e-cigarette vapor through direct use or via exhaled vapor. No evidence have shown that e-cigarettes are safe to use for pregnant women. No amount of nicotine is safe for pregnant women. , there are no conclusions on the possible hazards of pregnant women using e-cigarettes, and there is a developing research on the negative effects of nicotine on prenatal brain development. E-cigarette are assumed to be dangerous to the fetus

title: What Are Little Girls Made Of?

text: both. Spock arrives with the security force, but finds that the crisis has passed. When Spock inquires about Dr. Korby's whereabouts, Kirk replies: "Dr. Korby was never here." In the end, Chapel decides to stay on with the "Enterprise" and finish out her tour of duty. The episode was written by Robert Bloch, but received rewrites during shooting by Gene Roddenberry, leaving the production two days behind schedule. Reference to the works of H. P. Lovecraft was briefly made in Bloch's script, with its mention of "the Old Ones" and the look of the pyramid-shaped doors in the caverns. Zack

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: vaping cannabis formulations is mostly unknown. Most e-cigarettes use lithium batteries, the improper use of which may result in accidents. It has been recommended that manufacturing quality standards be imposed in order to prevent such accidents. Better product design and standards could probably reduce some of the risks. Concern exists from risks associated with e-cigarette explosions for children and adults. Some batteries are not well designed, are made with poor quality components, or have defects. Major injuries have occurred from battery explosions and fires. A man endured a unilateral corneoscleral laceration with prolapsed iris tissue and hyphemato to the eye

title: What Made America Famous?

text: a little", and the plumber ends up saving everyone in the home. They spend the night in the plumber's home and realize that heroes are people who you'd never suspect, or ever know. The song was inspired when Chapin himself lived in Point Lookout in Long Island during the 1960s. There was a suspicious fire in a low-income residence. Although it is unknown how the actual firefighters responded, he imagined that they responded like in the song. What Made America Famous? "What Made America Famous?" is a song written and performed by Harry Chapin. The song was included on his

title: Regulation of electronic cigarettes

text: 2015, five US states and over 400 counties have implemented some form of restriction of ECIG use indoors. International policies are more varied with certain restrictions for ECIG use in UK airports and trains and reports of complete ECIG bans in indoor public places for Malta, Belgium and Spain". San Francisco banned the sale of flavored e-liquids in 2018. They are the first city in the US to enact such a ban. (see also Electronic cigarettes in Australia): The Federal Department of Health and Ageing classifies every form of nicotine, except for replacement therapies and cigarettes, as a form of

title: Marketing of electronic cigarettes

text: investigation for illegally marketing to minors in the US as of 2018. Youth are highly exposed to the marketing of electronic cigarettes. Advertisements come from many sources, such as retail stores, the internet, and television. As of 2014, 39 countries containing 31% of the world's population have comprehensive e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship bans, and 19 countries containing 5% of the world's populations require products like e-cigarettes to be reviewed before being placed on the market. However, these bans are not always well-enforced. Easily circumvented age verification at company websites enables young people to access and be exposed to marketing

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: during pregnancy if e-cigarettes are used by the mother. Nicotine is harmful to the growing fetus. Nicotine accumulates in the fetus because it goes through the placenta. , the long-term issues of e-cigarettes on both mother and unborn baby are unknown. Prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with adverse effects on the growing fetus, including effects to normal growth of the endocrine, reproductive, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurologic systems. Prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with lower birth weights than other babies, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, and alterations to normal brain development. Prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with asthma and wheezing which

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: absorption. These particles are also tiny enough to go deep in the lungs and enter into the systemic circulation. Local pulmonary toxicity may occur because metal nanoparticles can deposit in the lung's alveolar sacs. E-cigarettes companies assert that the particulates produced by an e-cigarette are too tiny to be deposited in the alveoli. Different devices generate different particle sizes and cause different depositions in the respiratory tract, even from the same nicotine liquid. The aerosol production of e-cigarettes during vaping decreases, which requires a more forceful suction to create a similar volume of aerosol. A more forceful suction could affect

title: Safety of electronic cigarettes

text: Institute on Drug Abuse stated that "There are currently no accepted measures to confirm their purity or safety, and the long-term health consequence of e-cigarette use remain unknown." A 2015 Public Health England (PHE) report stated that e-cigarettes are estimated to be 95% less harmful than smoking, although this estimate has been disputed. In June 2014, the Royal College of Physicians stated that, "On the basis of available evidence, the RCP believes that e-cigarettes could lead to significant falls in the prevalence of smoking in the UK, prevent many deaths and episodes of serious illness, and help to reduce the

text: current best estimate is that e-cigarette use carries only around 5% of the risk of smoking. E-cigarettes are still fairly new and we won’t have a full picture on their safety until they have been in use for many years, so it will be important to continue to monitor the evidence as it develops." The UK National Health Service concluded in November 2014, "While e-cigarettes may be safer than conventional cigarettes, we don’t yet know the long-term effects of vaping on the body. There are clinical trials in progress to test the quality, safety and effectiveness of e-cigarettes, but until

text: flaws, making drawing any definitive conclusions about their ability to aid in smoking cessation impossible. The report concluded that "indiscriminate use" of e-cigarettes is a public health risk and they may encourage young people to start smoking, and therefore advocate regulation of e-cigarettes as a medicine and encourage smoking cessation through other more established means. In a 2015 joint statement, Public Health England and twelve other UK medical bodies concluded "e-cigarettes are significantly less harmful than smoking." A 2015 Public Health England report stated that e-cigarettes are estimated to be 95% less harmful than smoking. In a policy statement released

title: What Love Is Made Of

text: extremely positive about "What Love Is Made Of", describing it as "darker than anything" from "On a Mission", while calling it "slinky". The reviewer went on to commend the "irresistibly pouty" chorus. Pitchfork Media's Katherine St. Asaph commented that, in the song, the singer "sound[ed] completely enthralled, by either her lover or the music" and complimented her voice, noting that it seemed "ten times bigger than before". Jordan Sargent of "Spin" magazine called the track "exuberant" and highlighted Katy's vocal performance, which he deemed "typically fantastic", while the team from pop music website Popjustice gave "What Love Is Made Of"

title: What Love Is Made Of

text: dance music. She then got a bassline which made her "want to dance", and included it in the track. She also told the website that she wrote the song about the "feeling of love, what one person can give to you that someone else can't". What Love Is Made Of" was premiered during Irish DJ Annie Mac's eponymous program on BBC Radio 1, on 10 May 2013, though its digital download only occurred on 5 July 2013. It was serviced as an extended play, where it was bundled with three remixes, by MK (Mark Kinchen), Felix da Housecat and Brackles.

title: What Love Is Made Of

text: What Love Is Made Of "What Love Is Made Of" is a song recorded by British recording artist Katy B. Written by Katy alongside Goldon Warren, who also produced it under the name Geeneus, the track was released as a standalone single via digital retailers on 8 July 2013 by Rinse and Columbia Records. It was composed after Katy had been listening to dance genres. The theme conveyed in the lyrics is love while musically, the song has been described as a "trance-y" and "rave-y" dance song with its production containing synthesizers and piano. Katy later decided to not include

title: What Are Little Boys Made Of?

text: inspired the "Sophie" comic series, in which a young girl, Sophie Karamazout, is created in the laboratory by Mr. Karamazout. In the 1986 film "Labyrinth", Goblin King Jareth sings a song that mentions "slime and snails, puppy dog tails." In animated television series "", there are two ponies called Snips and Snails who are close friends. In the Ed Wood film "Glen or Glenda", Bela Lugosi infamously proclaims in his narration: "Beware...beware! Beware of the big green dragon that sits on your doorstep. He eats little boys...puppy dog tails, and big, fat snails. Beware, take care...beware!" List of folk songs

title: What Love Is Made Of

text: three minutes and fifty-five seconds (3:55), "What Love Is Made Of" is an uptempo dance and house track that has been described as "rave-y" and "trance-y". Its instrumentation contains the sounds of pianos and synthesizers. Jordan Sargent of "Spin" observed that it continued the musical style first introduced in Katy's 2012 extended play (EP), "Danger EP", which was "straight-forward house". Idolator's Sam Lansky compared her performance in the song to recording artist Siobhán Donaghy. Critical response to "What Love Is Made Of" was generally positive: most critics noted Katy's vocal performance and commended its sound. Siân Rowe from "NME" was