query: When was Algeria colonized?

title: Algeria–Vietnam relations

text: Algeria–Vietnam relations Algeria–Vietnam relations refers to bilateral relations between Algeria and Vietnam. The two countries established relations in 1962, although the link between Algeria and Vietnam has been recorded much longer than modern history. Algeria has an embassy in Hanoi while Vietnam has an embassy in Algiers. Both countries are members of the Group of 77. Relationship between Algeria and Vietnam is the oldest relationship between Vietnam with an Arab country in the Arab World. The relationship started when France ruled two countries at 19th century. When France conquered Vietnam at 19th century, King Hàm Nghi of Vietnam was forced

title: Algeria

text: Christians. Despite being removed from Algeria in the 19th century, Spain retained a presence in Morocco. Algeria consistently opposed Spanish fortresses and control in nearby Morocco through the 20th century. Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded and captured Algiers in 1830. Algerian slave trade and piracy ceased when the French conquered Algiers. The conquest of Algeria by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the indigenous Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872. Historian Ben Kiernan wrote on the

title: Education in Algeria

text: Education in Algeria Education in Algeria is free and compulsory for Algerians from the ages of 6 to 15. However, only half of Algerian students are enrolled in secondary schools. As of 2015, Algeria has 92 post-secondary institutions, which includes 48 universities. Before the conquest of Algiers by France in 1830, religious lands called hubus paid for Muslim teachers. When the French conquered Algeria, they seized the hubus, which ended traditional education funding. During the colonization of Algeria, Napoleon III reestablished the usage of madrasa schools and created primary schools that were both Arabic and French. However, during the Third

title: French Algeria

text: French Algeria French Algeria ( to 1839, then afterwards; unofficially , ), also known as Colonial Algeria, began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers and lasted until 1962, under a variety of governmental systems. From 1848 until independence, the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria was administered as an integral part of France. The vast, unpopulated arid interior of Algeria, like the rest of French North Africa, was never considered part of France. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants known as "colons" and, later, as . However, the indigenous

title: Ottoman Algeria

text: Ottoman Algeria The regency of Algiers' (in Arabic: Al Jazâ'ir), was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in North Africa lasting from 1515 to 1830, when it was conquered by the French. Situated between the regency of Tunis in the east and the Sharifian Empire (from 1553) in the west (and the Spanish and Portuguese possessions of North Africa), the Regency originally extended its borders from La Calle to the east to Trara in the west and from Algiers to Biskra, and after spread to the present eastern and western borders of Algeria. The Regency was governed by "sultans

title: Algeria–Turkey relations

text: Algeria–Turkey relations Algeria–Turkey relations are foreign relations between Algeria and Turkey. Algeria has an embassy in Ankara, and a general consulate in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Algiers. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Up from 16th century until 1830, northern Algeria was part of the Ottoman Empire, then known as Ottoman Algeria. Algers was one of the Eyalets and enjoyed a significant degree of political autonomy. In 2017, one of the symbols for the 500-year old friendship between Turkey and Algeria, the Ketchaoua Mosque in Algiers, was restored with Turkish funds. Restoration was

title: Cannabis in Algeria

text: Cannabis in Algeria Cannabis in Algeria is illegal. Cannabis is believed to have been introduced to Algeria by the Arab invasions of the 9th through 12th centuries. Cannabis use in Algeria also played a role in spreading the habit to France, following France's 1830 occupation of Algeria. Dr. Jacques-Joseph Moreau observed the effects of cannabis in Algeria in the form of an edible called "dawamesc", and it was this drug that he introduced to Paris' Club des Hashischins. In 1854, John Morell wrote of his travels in Algeria: "In Algeria they apply the names of kif, of hachich, and sometimes

title: Algeria–France relations

text: France and Algeria were essentially one of colonization. The colonization of Algeria by France began after a rather peculiar event, in April 1827, when the Dey of Algiers angrily struck the French consul with a fly whisk. Three years following this event, France began the invasion of Algeria. Between these three years, France unsuccessfully tried a variety of tactics in order to establish control in the region. All of them proved futile leading to a decision in 1830 to invade the country. The Algerians were quick to surrender following the landing of the French army on July 5, 1830. The

title: Mila, Algeria

text: that 4000 Kutama throughout Ifriqiya Finally in the 19th century it was the largest colony Koulouglis of the East-Algeria (Constatinnois) (mix of Turk with Arab or Berber) According to the scientist and military E.Carette (1808–1890), author of the tribal map of Algeria, and studies "inquiry into the origin and migration of the main tribes of North Africa, particularly of Algeria '"on page 453 there was a Mila 19th century about 800 ethnic Arabs and 800 ethnic Berbers in the city Milevum, modern Arabic name Mila, was under French colonial rule a city in the department of Constantine in Algeria, with

title: Poverty in Algeria

text: conspire against them. Until 1517 to 1830, Algeria was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The weakening hold of the Ottoman Empire on Algeria led to a short-lived time of emancipation until the French monarch launched a war with the intention of complete occupation in 1830. As a result of the "fly whist incident", France declared a 3-year blockade against Algeria in 1827. Dey Hussein, the last Ottoman ruler in Algeria struck the French consul with a fly whisk after he unsuccessfully responded to the dey's questioning about the debt France owed to Algeria. The French conquest of Algeria was

title: Languages of Algeria

text: presence or growth of Latin, and later Arabic, in some urban areas, Berber remained the majority language of Algeria since ancient times until well after the French invasion in 1830. Arabic remained Algeria's only official language until 2002, when Berber was recognized as a second national language. And in 2016 Berber was recognized as a second official language of Algeria. The 1963 constitution and the 1976 constitution do not mention Berber and French. The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN) stated "official attitudes towards both Berber and French have been largely negative" and "The Algerian authorities

title: Poverty in Algeria

text: also coordinated to boost the declining stature of the French monarch. In response to the "fly whist incident", the French decided to declare a full fledge conquest of Algeria in 1830 with the intention of imposing French rule. After three weeks, Algeria was captured and annexed by France. The French colonisation of Algeria in 1830 had a significant impact on Algeria's national identity and social system. After French colonisation, there was a large influx of mainly working-class Europeans from Italy, Spain and France into Algeria. The usurpation of Algeria by French soldiers resulted in many Indigenous Algerian farmers becoming dispossessed

title: French Algeria

text: the Left. Algeria became the prototype for a pattern of French colonial rule which has been described as "quasi-apartheid". When French rule began, France had no well established systems for intensive colonial governance, the main existing legal provision being the 1685 "Code Noir", which focused on slave-trading and owning. From 1830, Algerians were not French citizens, nor did they have a mechanism to become citizens. As French rule in Algeria expanded, particularly under Thomas-Robert Bugeaud (1841–48), discriminatory governance became increasingly formalised. In 1844, Bugeaud formalised a system of European settlements along the coast, under civil government, with Arab/Berber areas in

title: Algeria–France relations

text: Algeria–France relations Relations between France and Algeria span more than five centuries. This large amount of time has led to many changes within the nation of Algeria; subsequently, affecting the relations enormously. Through this time period, Algeria has gone through being part of the Ottoman Empire, being conquered and colonized by France, playing an important role in both world wars, and finally being its own nation. Over time, relations between the nations have suffered, as tension between Algerians and the French has increased. This being said, however, despite its history, both Algeria and France share a long and historically rich

title: The Colonizer and the Colonized

text: The Colonizer and the Colonized Colonized () is a well-known nonfiction book of Albert Memmi, published in French in 1957 and in English at first in 1965. The work explores and describes the psychological effects of colonialism on colonized and colonizers alike. Dissecting the minds of both the oppressor and the oppressed, Memmi reveals truths about the colonial situation and struggle that are as relevant today as they were five decades ago. When it was published in 1957, many national liberation movements were active. Jean-Paul Sartre wrote the preface. The work is often read in conjunction with Frantz Fanon's "Les

title: The Colonizer and the Colonized

text: damnés de la Terre" ("The Wretched of the Earth") and "Peau noire, masques blancs" ("Black Skin, White Masks") and Aimé Césaire's "Discourse on Colonialism". Several decades later, Memmi published a follow-up book called "Decolonization and the Decolonized". The Colonizer and the Colonized Colonized () is a well-known nonfiction book of Albert Memmi, published in French in 1957 and in English at first in 1965. The work explores and describes the psychological effects of colonialism on colonized and colonizers alike. Dissecting the minds of both the oppressor and the oppressed, Memmi reveals truths about the colonial situation and struggle that are

title: Algeria

text: during the reign of Masinissa in the 2nd century BC. After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the Roman Empire. For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products. Saint Augustine was the bishop of Hippo Regius (modern-day Algeria), located in the Roman province of Africa. The Germanic Vandals of

title: Algeria–Iran relations

text: Algeria maintains an embassy in Tehran whilst Iran has an embassy in Algiers. The Rustamid dynasty, a famous Ibadi Islamic dynasty in Algeria, was of Persian origin. After the independence of Algeria, then-Pahlavi Iran soon established relations with Algeria, but due to its remoteness and lack of interests, Algeria and Iran remained somewhat modest relations. When the Iranian Revolution overthrew the Shah and replaced by a theocratic Republic, Algeria served as representative of Iran's interests in the United States from 1981 until the Algerian Civil War. During the war, Algeria accused Iran, alongside Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Sudan and Libya for

title: Districts of Algeria

text: who is chosen by the Algerian president. The district chief, like the wilaya chief, is an unelected political position. Algeria's districts were created as "arrondissements" when Algeria was a colony of France and they had a status equal to those of mainland France. They were, like France's arrondissements, part of "départements", which are further part of a "région" (which was called a territory, "térritoire", in French Algeria). They were maintained 6 years after the country's independence (until 1968) when they were renamed "daïras" and had their functions slightly changed. Districts of Algeria The provinces of Algeria are divided into 553

title: Algeria–Cyprus relations

text: south-eastern Algeria. Cyprus is considering Algeria as a potential partner to assist with extracting untapped oil and gas from the island's exclusive economic zone. Other partners being considered are Libya, Russian and Algeria – full details of the negotiations have not yet been released to the public domain. Algeria–Cyprus relations Algeria–Cyprus relations refer to the bilateral relations between Algeria and Cyprus. Algeria is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. Cyprus is represented in Algeria through its embassy in Paris, France. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. When presenting his credentials to Cyprus

title: Algeria–Qatar relations

text: have been trying to expand Algerian influences of their own against Qatar's interests, with the clear evidence in Mali when Algeria has gained significant upper hands during the Northern Mali conflict at the expense of Qatar. Algeria and Qatar have different views, when Algeria opposes any type of arming for the rebels in Syria while Qatar firmly supports the opposition in Syria; so the same thing happens in Yemen. In 2016, Qatar and Saudi Arabia's defense ministers both respectively visited Algeria discussing for Algeria's military commitment in the Saudi-led coalition, but Algeria had refused to participate although they might provide

title: Algeria national handball team

text: Algeria national handball team The Algeria national handball team is the national handball team of Algeria and is controlled by the Algerian Handball Federation. Algeria became a great handball country from the 1970s when they were gold medalists twice in the African Games in 1973 and in 1978. In the beginning of the 1980s, the domination of Algeria in the African handball started when it won five consecutive African titles from 1981 to 1989. Algeria had participated in the World Handball Championship for 14 times, in the Olympic Gamess for 4 times. Aziz Derouaz, the coach of Algeria team in

title: Algeria–Cyprus relations

text: Algeria–Cyprus relations Algeria–Cyprus relations refer to the bilateral relations between Algeria and Cyprus. Algeria is represented in Cyprus through its embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. Cyprus is represented in Algeria through its embassy in Paris, France. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. When presenting his credentials to Cyprus President Tassos Papadopoulos in January 2005, Algeria's Beirut-based Ambassador to Cyprus Ibrahim Benaouda Haci said that Algeria's President Abdelaziz Bouteflika confirmed his willingness to strengthen the relations between Algeria and Cyprus. In October 2006, the Ambassador of Cyprus, Minas Hadjimichael presented his credentials to the President of Algeria

title: Algeria–Israel relations

text: armored brigade (estimated 19 artillery weapons). In the mid 1990s, while Israel and North African states slowly started diplomatic relations, Algeria remained one of the last countries to consider such a move. It was only when Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak met Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika at the funeral of the Moroccan King Hasan II on July 25, 1999 that comments about rapprochement were made. Algeria–Israel relations Algeria–Israel relations refers to the current and historical relations between Algeria and Israel. The two states do not have any official diplomatic relations at all. Algeria refuses entry to any citizen holding an

title: Shia Islam in Algeria

text: Shia Islam in Algeria Shia Islam in Algeria is composed of minority Shia Muslim community of Algeria. Traditionally, there have been very few Shias in Algeria, except for those who were around in the Middle Ages, although there are a few native Shias and some converts. Western Algeria was part of Zaydi Shia Idrisid dynasty state when Idris II died in 828 CE. The Ismaili Shia Fatimid state originated among the Kutama people of Algeria. The dynasty was founded in 909 CE by Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, who in the late 9th century started a movement among the Kutama Berbers and

title: Algeria

text: loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as in some years. Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to . The varied vegetation of Algeria includes

title: Algeria–Bangladesh relations

text: the two countries and cook them Shorshey Ilish. Algeria–Bangladesh relations Algeria–Bangladesh relations refer to the bilateral relations between Algeria and Bangladesh. Algeria played a key role in Bangladesh's induction into the Organization of the Islamic Conference following the latter's independence from Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh has an embassy in Algiers, whilst Algeria has a non resident ambassador in Islamabad, Pakistan. Algerian President Houari Boumediene traveled to Bangladesh to take Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on a special plane to the Islamic Summit in Lahore in 1974. Algeria recognized Bangladesh soon after the latter's independence in December 1971. Relations further improved when Sheikh

title: Algeria–Bangladesh relations

text: Algeria–Bangladesh relations Algeria–Bangladesh relations refer to the bilateral relations between Algeria and Bangladesh. Algeria played a key role in Bangladesh's induction into the Organization of the Islamic Conference following the latter's independence from Pakistan in 1971. Bangladesh has an embassy in Algiers, whilst Algeria has a non resident ambassador in Islamabad, Pakistan. Algerian President Houari Boumediene traveled to Bangladesh to take Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on a special plane to the Islamic Summit in Lahore in 1974. Algeria recognized Bangladesh soon after the latter's independence in December 1971. Relations further improved when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the first Bangladeshi head of

title: Christianity in Algeria

text: at the time of the Arab conquest. Berber Christians continued to live in Tunis and Nefzaoua in the south of Tunisia up until the first quarter of the 15th century. The Roman Catholic Church was reintroduced in Algeria after the French conquest, when the diocese of Algiers was established in 1838. As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly Catholic) in Algeria (10 percent of the total population including 130,000 Algerian Jews). Under French rule, the Catholic population of Algeria peaked at over one million. The country was divided into

title: Archeology in Algeria

text: preserved its old Berber character, has numerous dolmens and prehistoric rock sculptures close by. In 2009, when the Place des Martyrs in Algiers was closed to build the subway station, Algerian and French archeologists found a 5th century (Christian) basilica below layers of concrete. Archeology in Algeria The archeology in Algeria is rich in prehistoric memorials of human occupation. Algeria contains many Roman remains and is rich in monuments of Saracenic art. Algeria has many megalithic remains, of which nearly every known kind has been found in the country. Numerous flints of palaeolithic type have been discovered, notably at Tlemcen

title: Independence Day (Algeria)

text: the unbridgeable rifts opened by the civil war and threats from units of the victorious FLN. Along with them fled most Algerians of Jewish descent and those Muslim Algerians who had supported a French Algeria ("harkis"). 30-150,000 pro-French Muslims were also killed in Algeria by FLN in post-war reprisals. Independence Day (Algeria) Independence Day, observed annually on July 5th every year, is a National Holiday in Algeria commemorating Algeria's independence from France on July 5th 1962. The Algerian War of Independence began in November 1954 and ended in 1962 when French President Charles De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country

title: Algeria national football team

text: Algeria national football team The Algeria national football team represents Algeria in association football and is controlled by the Algerian Football Federation. The team plays its home games at the Stade 5 Juillet 1962 in Algiers. Algeria joined FIFA on 1 January 1964, a year and a half after gaining independence. Algeria have qualified for four World Cups in 1982, 1986, 2010 and 2014. Algeria won the African Cup of Nations once in 1990, when they hosted the tournament. At the 2014 World Cup, Algeria became the first African team to score four goals in a match at the World

title: National Liberation Front (Algeria)

text: for independence, or they were French and fighting with the French to keep Algeria as a colony. At the start of the Algerian War, the FLN offered Jews the opportunity to join their efforts, and in return Jews would be given Algerian citizenship when Algeria won independence. Most of the Jews in Algeria sided with the French Government, much to the dismay of the FLN and their supporters. During the course of the war, Jews in Algeria began to feel as if the FLN was targeting Jews and not just the French people living in Algeria. This led to increased

title: Algeria

text: greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the Sétif and Guelma massacre. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 Harkis and their dependents were killed by the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) or by lynch mobs in Algeria. The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war,

title: Algeria national football team

text: squad at least once within the last 12 months. Bold denotes players still playing or available for selection. from 1991 U21 teams. Algeria national football team The Algeria national football team represents Algeria in association football and is controlled by the Algerian Football Federation. The team plays its home games at the Stade 5 Juillet 1962 in Algiers. Algeria joined FIFA on 1 January 1964, a year and a half after gaining independence. Algeria have qualified for four World Cups in 1982, 1986, 2010 and 2014. Algeria won the African Cup of Nations once in 1990, when they hosted the

title: Independence Day (Algeria)

text: Independence Day (Algeria) Independence Day, observed annually on July 5th every year, is a National Holiday in Algeria commemorating Algeria's independence from France on July 5th 1962. The Algerian War of Independence began in November 1954 and ended in 1962 when French President Charles De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 5 July, was very brutal and long, was the most recent major turning point in Algeria's history. Although often fratricidal, it ultimately united Algerians and seared the value of independence and the philosophy of anticolonialism into the national consciousness. Abusive tactics of the French Army remains a controversial

title: Bahá'í Faith in Algeria

text: 2005 and 2010. The second Letter of the Living, Muḥammad-Ḥasan Bushrú'í, a prominent follower of the predecessor Bábí Faith, was arrested in 1845 by Ottoman authorities and the punishment they entertained speculated of banishing him to Algeria at one point. Another very early mention is of a Bahá'í wanting to go to Algeria occurs circa 1909. A Kurdish Bahá'í is said to have gone to Algeria about March 1923. The first known Bahá'ís to live there any length of time came in June 1952 when a Persian family travelled from Iran to France, and then on to Algeria, where they

title: Bahá'í Faith in Algeria

text: Bahá'í Faith in Algeria The Bahá'í Faith in Algeria began about 1952. In 1954 the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Algiers was elected. In 1963 a survey of the community counted 2 assemblies, 2 organized groups (between 1 and 9 adults) of Bahá'ís and hosted a regional National Spiritual Assembly for Algeria and Tunisia in 1967 however pioneers were expelled in late 1968 during the period of the independence of Algeria when the country adopted Islamic practices in rejection of colonial influences. However more recently the Association of Religion Data Archives and Wolfram Alpha estimated 3.3–3.8 thousand Bahá'ís in

title: Algeria women's national football team

text: in elimination from the tournament. In 2006, Algeria was part of the only Arab Women's Championship to the date, held in Egypt in April 2006. Algeria was in Group B along with Lebanon and Morocco. Algeria had their best result of all of their games in the first match with Lebanon on April 19, when they won 12–0. The second match against Morocco on April 21, ended in a goalless draw. Algeria advanced to the Semi-Finals with 4 points. In the Semi-Finals, the team won 3–0 against their neighbor country, Tunisia, thus advancing to the Final match, with Morocco. Algeria

title: Algeria–United Arab Emirates relations

text: Algeria–United Arab Emirates relations Algeria – United Arab Emirates relations are the bilateral relations between Algeria and the United Arab Emirates. The UAE has an embassy in Algiers while Algeria maintains an embassy in Abu Dhabi. In May 2010 when Sultan bin Saeed Al Mansoori, the UAE Minister of Economy, led a delegation to Algeria. A joint statement and Memorandum of Understanding was signed with the Algerian Minister for Finance, Karim Joudi. During the visit, Al Mansoori met with Algerian Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia and talks were made over strengthening bilateral trade relations as well as extending cooperation in the

title: Algeria–Egypt relations

text: member states cutting-off diplomatic ties with Egypt and subjecting it to the same boycott as Israel. Tensions remained between Egypt and Algeria and it wasn't until November 1988 when Algeria decided to re-establish relations with Egypt. On 25 June 2014, Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi made his first official visit abroad since his election a month earlier to Algeria, where regional security was top of the agenda. Both sides discussed ways to counter Islamic militancy in North Africa as the meeting came amid rising terrorist activity in Libya with whom both countries share long borders. President el-Sisi stressed that both

title: Algeria–Egypt relations

text: the sea and this had come to light when in 1956, a Sudanese-flagged ship, the "Athos", was on its way from Egypt to Algiers when it was intercepted by the French Navy and was found with a cargo of arms destined to the FLN including 2,300 rifles, 90 mortars and many other kinds of weaponry. Following the FLN's victory and the withdrawal of French troops with Algeria eventually gaining full independence, Ahmed Ben Bella wanted Nasser to be the first guest of independent Algeria upon officially taking over power on 20 September 1962. This was due to the warm relationship

title: Algeria

text: In 2016 a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government. Homosexuality is illegal in Algeria. Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison. Algeria is divided into 48 provinces ("wilayas"), 553 districts ("daïras") and 1,541 municipalities ("baladiyahs"). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is usually the largest city. The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983)

title: Algeria

text: has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes. In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defense Minister Herve Morin stated that "It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations," when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have been

title: Algeria

text: Algeria Algeria (; ', Algerian Arabic '; ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast. With an area of , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the west by Morocco, to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory, Mauritania, and Mali, to the southeast by Niger, and to the

title: 1213 Algeria

text: 1213 Algeria 1213 Algeria, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Guy Reiss at Algiers Observatory in 1931, it was named after the North African country of Algeria. "Algeria" was discovered by French astronomer Guy Reiss at the North African Algiers Observatory on 5 December 1931. Three nights later, the body was independently discovered by Belgian–American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the U.S. Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin. A first precovery was taken at Yerkes Observatory, extending the "Algeria"s observation arc by just 16 days prior

title: Energy in Algeria

text: 1 952 Mt and oil products export 411 Mt in 2008. Oil fields include Hassi Messaoud oil field, Ourhoud Oil Field and Rhourde El Baguel oil field. Energy in Algeria Energy in Algeria describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Algeria. Energy policy of Algeria will describe the energy policy in the politics of Algeria more in detail. Algeria is an OPEC country. Primary energy use in 2009 in Algeria was 462 TWh and 13 TWh per million persons. Algeria was top 5. exporter of natural gas in 2009 with 55 billion cubic metres (bcm) net export behind

title: Energy in Algeria

text: Energy in Algeria Energy in Algeria describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Algeria. Energy policy of Algeria will describe the energy policy in the politics of Algeria more in detail. Algeria is an OPEC country. Primary energy use in 2009 in Algeria was 462 TWh and 13 TWh per million persons. Algeria was top 5. exporter of natural gas in 2009 with 55 billion cubic metres (bcm) net export behind 1) Russia 169 bcm, 2) Norway 100 bcm, 3) Canada 76 bcm and 4) Qatar 67 bcm. Top natural gas producers in 2009 were: 1) USA 594

title: French Algeria

text: through much of Algeria. The revolt was triggered by 's extension of civil (that is, ) authority to previously self-governing tribal reserves and the abrogation of commitments made by the military government, but it had its basis in more long-standing grievances. Since the Crimean War (1854–56), the demand for grain had pushed up the price of Algerian wheat to European levels. Storage silos were emptied when the world market's impact was felt in Algeria, and Muslim farmers sold their grain reserves — including seed grain — to speculators. But the community-owned silos were the fundamental adaptation of a subsistence economy

title: Algeria–Japan relations

text: infrastructure. Many Japanese employees of these companies came to Algeria for various projects. In 2010, Algeria withheld 100 billion yen ($1.2 billion) in payments owed to Japanese contractors for a highway construction project in the country as it was alleged that the companies had failed to meet the terms of the contract. In November 2017, Algeria started exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Japan. Algeria–Japan relations Algeria–Japan relations are the diplomatic relations between Algeria and Japan. Algeria has an embassy in Tokyo whilst Japan has an embassy in Algiers. Japanese form a small expatriate community in Algeria. As of 2008,

title: Algeria–Ukraine relations

text: Antonov and Luch), and the armored vehicles repair plant in Kiev. Ukraine's trade with Algeria in 2009 was worth $300 million, but in recent years trade between Ukraine and Algeria has fallen. Algeria–Ukraine relations Algeria–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Algeria and Ukraine. Algeria recognized Ukraine’s independence in 1992. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1993. Algeria has an embassy in Kiev. Ukraine has an embassy in Algiers (opened in 1999). Algeria recognized Ukraine’s independence in 1992. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1993. Soon (1993–1994), military and trade agreements between two countries were signed. The

title: Air Express Algeria

text: Air Express Algeria Air Express Algeria is an Algerian airline dedicated to the Oil and Gas Industry. The company is based in Hassi Messaoud (Algeria). Air Express Algeria was founded in 2002. The services provided by the company include transportation of personnel, medical evacuation, VIP transport and light cargo. Based in Hassi Messaoud, Algeria Air Express operates to international standards defined by OGP (Oil and Gas Producers). Air Express Algeria operates Raytheon Beech 1900D Airliner and Let L-410 UVP-E20 aircraft. The total fleet of the company consists of 15 aircraft (2014). Air Express Algeria was the first operator in Africa

title: Algeria–Mexico relations

text: corks and tiles. Mexico's main exports to Algeria include: wheat, garbanzo beans, antibiotics, antivenin, centrifuges and pharmaceutical products. Algeria is Mexico's 67th biggest trading partner (2nd biggest in Africa) while Mexico is Algeria's 38th biggest trading partner, globally. Mexican multinational company Grupo Hermes operates in Algeria. Algeria–Mexico relations Algeria–Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Algeria and Mexico. In 1962, Mexico was the first country to recognize the newly independent Algeria after gaining independence from France. Diplomatic relations between the two nations were formally established on 21 October 1964. In 1965, Mexico's ambassador in Cairo, Egypt was accredited to

title: President of Algeria

text: President of Algeria The President of Algeria is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian People's National Armed Forces. The Tripoli Program, which served as Algeria's constitution when it won its war for independence from France in 1962, established the President as the head of state with a Prime Minister assisting in the operation of government. Internal political maneuvering resulted in a new constitution in 1963 that abolished the Prime Minister position and devolved all executive power upon the office of the President. For the first four decades of independence

title: Algeria–Egypt relations

text: Arab world affairs which he dealt with cooperatively with Nasser and ties between both leaders were so strong that rumors started to appear about a Cairo-Algiers axis aimed at dominating North Africa and about Algeria's possible joining of the United Arab Republic that included Egypt and Syria. Upon the outbreak of the Sand War between Algeria and Morocco when Moroccan forces attempted to claim the regions of Tindouf and Béchar from Algeria, Nasser, along with Cuba, immediately rushed arms to Algeria and sent a contingent of 1,000 troops who fought alongside the Algerians where 5 or more Egyptian officers were

title: Algeria–China relations

text: capable of helping them stabilize the region, France as a traditional trading and cultural partner, Moscow as an arms supplier, and Beijing as a diplomatic ally capable of accelerating its development without imposing constraints.” This declaration is relatively accurate when we know that Hillary Clinton went in Algeria in 2014, to talk about security and described Algeria “ A dynamic catalyst to promote regional stability and security”. On the behalf of the revolution and the independence of Algeria, the Algerian government has never accepted a Chinese loan since 2000 to 2015 and financed all its modernisation thanks to gas and

title: Algeria–Mexico relations

text: Algeria–Mexico relations Algeria–Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Algeria and Mexico. In 1962, Mexico was the first country to recognize the newly independent Algeria after gaining independence from France. Diplomatic relations between the two nations were formally established on 21 October 1964. In 1965, Mexico's ambassador in Cairo, Egypt was accredited to Algeria. In 1974, a resident embassy of Mexico was opened in Algiers and in 1975, Algeria opened an embassy in Mexico City. In 2008, as a sign of mutual friendship, a statue of Abdelkader El Djezairi was unveiled in Mexico City. In 2011, a statue dedicated

title: Algeria–United States relations

text: did not trust U.S. intentions in the Maghreb area, especially since the U.S. had friendly relations with Morocco and Tunisia after the two countries had won their independence. The United States tried to balance the situation with Algeria without alienating France. The FLN tried to appeal to America to support its independence. Algeria and the United States have a complicated relationship that has improved politically and economically. When John F. Kennedy was still a senator, he spoke in support of Algerian independence to "The New York Times" on July 2, 1957. During his presidency, Kennedy congratulated Algeria after it had

title: Algeria–Qatar relations

text: Algeria–Qatar relations Algerian–Qatari relations refers to the relationship between Algeria and Qatar. Algeria has an embassy in Doha while Qatar has an embassy in Algiers. Both are majority Arab nations and members of the Arab League, and traditionally they have a friendly relations, although Algeria has some diplomatic disputes with Qatar over Al Jazeera's coverage of Algeria. Amidst the crisis of Libya, Algeria's neighbor, and Qatar's involvement, Algeria has expressed significant concerns of Libya's insecurity and has shared opposition to Qatar's adventure in Libya, although not directly. There has been significant political arguments between two countries. Algeria was believed to

title: Algeria–Tunisia relations

text: Algeria was relieved that Tunisia was not going to export its revolution to them. They are both members of the African Union. On December 14, president Beji Caed Essebsi visited Algeria on a fraternal visit. Algeria president, Boutaflika, has not visited Tunisia since 2012. Algeria–Tunisia relations Smaller and in a more precarious position vis-à-vis Libya, Tunisia has consistently made efforts to align with Algeria. In the 1970s, Tunisia reversed its position on the Western Sahara so as not to antagonize Algerian authorities. Tunisia was the first nation to sign the Treaty of Fraternity and Concord with Algeria, in 1983. Throughout

title: Algeria

text: north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes (counties). Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, including ancient Numidians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Idrisid, Aghlabid, Rustamid, Fatimids, Zirid, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Spaniards, Ottomans and the French colonial empire. Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria. Algeria is a regional and middle power. The North African country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe, and energy exports are the backbone of the economy. According to OPEC Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world

title: Aïn Lechiakh

text: areas. Ain-Lechiakh is mainly an agricultural town and in the time of the French colonization was completely surrounded by vineyards. Some of the vineyards were later removed and the land was converted to wheat production. As with most towns and cities in Algeria, Ain-Lechiakh had a French name prior to 1962 when Algeria was still colonized by the French. It was named Voltaire after the famous French writer. Aïn Lechiakh Aïn Lechiekh or Ain Leckiakh is a town in northern Algeria. It had a population of 13,196 in 2004. It is a town in the state (wilaya) of Ain-Defla. Ain-Lechiakh

title: Algeria–Canada relations

text: responsible for a hostage taking at an isolated natural gas plant in the Sahara desert in January 2013. Canada launched its own investigation. In March, the RCMP confirmed that one Canadian's body was identified to be related to the attack. The investigation was slowed by the fact that Canada and Algeria do not share intelligence information. Algeria–Canada relations Algeria–Canada relations refer to Interstate relations between Algeria and Canada. Canada recognized Algeria following its independence from France in 1962, and formal diplomatic relations were established two years later in 1964. In 2006, Governor General Michaëlle Jean visited Algeria as part of

title: Mascara, Algeria

text: with: Mascara, Algeria Mascara () is the capital city of Mascara Province, Algeria, in northwestern Algeria. It has 150,000 inhabitants (2008 estimate). It was founded in the 10th century by the Banu Ifran, a Berber tribe and was the capital city of Emir Abd al-Qadir, a leader of the Algerian resistance to early French colonial rule. Mascara is an administrative, commercial and a market centre. Its trade is mostly centered on leather goods, grains, and olive oil, but it is especially famous for its good wine. It has good road and rail connections with other urban centres of Algeria. Relizane

title: Mascara, Algeria

text: Mascara, Algeria Mascara () is the capital city of Mascara Province, Algeria, in northwestern Algeria. It has 150,000 inhabitants (2008 estimate). It was founded in the 10th century by the Banu Ifran, a Berber tribe and was the capital city of Emir Abd al-Qadir, a leader of the Algerian resistance to early French colonial rule. Mascara is an administrative, commercial and a market centre. Its trade is mostly centered on leather goods, grains, and olive oil, but it is especially famous for its good wine. It has good road and rail connections with other urban centres of Algeria. Relizane is

title: 1213 Algeria

text: satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Algeria" measures between 29.2 and 34.5 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo in the range of 0.057 to 0.093. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.059 and a diameter of 33.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.1, and characterizes it as a C-type asteroid. This minor planet was named in honour of the North African country Algeria, location of the discovering observatory and a French colony at the time. Naming citation was published before 1977 (). 1213 Algeria 1213 Algeria, provisional

title: Abortion in Algeria

text: up to date and gives money to make a difference in theses women’s lives. “Abortion Finally Legalized in Algeria.” "Sexuality Policy Watch", 15 Aug. 2018, sxpolitics.org/abortion-finally-legalized-in-algeria/18834. International Campaign for Women's Right. “ALGERIA – Abortion Has Not Been Legalized in Algeria.” "Safe Abortion Womens Right", 21 Aug. 2018, www.safeabortionwomensright.org/algeria-abortion-has-not-been-legalised-in-algeria/. “The Tragedy of Secret Abortion Clinics in Algeria: The ‘Lucrative Crime’ – الشروق أونلاين.”, 8 Mar. 2012, www.echoroukonline.com/the-tragedy-of-secret-abortion-clinics-in-algeria-the-lucrative-crime/. Abortion in Algeria Algeria is the most restricted countries in the region regarding abortion. There are many laws and punishments regarding abortion. If there are posters, publicity, public meetings, group meetings that have to

title: Algeria

text: including Lakhdar Belloumi, Rachid Mekhloufi, Hassen Lalmas, Rabah Madjer, Salah Assad and Djamel Zidane. The Algeria national football team qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup. In addition, several football clubs have won continental and international trophies as the club ES Sétif or JS Kabylia. The Algerian Football Federation is an association of Algeria football clubs organizing national competitions and international matches of the selection of Algeria national football team. Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse. The country was considered as the "granary of Rome". It offers

title: Algeria–Turkey relations

text: between the group and Algeria, due to the important of Algeria for regional security of Africa and MENA. Turkey is also increasingly becoming an important weapon exporter to Algeria and military cooperation between two countries are growing as well, giving the status of Algerian People's National Armed Forces as one of the well-trained, battle-hardened and professional Arab militaries. From Algeria to Turkey: From Turkey to Algeria: Algeria–Turkey relations Algeria–Turkey relations are foreign relations between Algeria and Turkey. Algeria has an embassy in Ankara, and a general consulate in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Algiers. Both countries are full members

title: Air Express Algeria

text: to offer the new LET 410 equipped with GE H80 engines. Air Express Algeria Air Express Algeria is an Algerian airline dedicated to the Oil and Gas Industry. The company is based in Hassi Messaoud (Algeria). Air Express Algeria was founded in 2002. The services provided by the company include transportation of personnel, medical evacuation, VIP transport and light cargo. Based in Hassi Messaoud, Algeria Air Express operates to international standards defined by OGP (Oil and Gas Producers). Air Express Algeria operates Raytheon Beech 1900D Airliner and Let L-410 UVP-E20 aircraft. The total fleet of the company consists of 15

title: Algeria–Russia relations

text: of Algerian culture in Russia, which was attended by Minister of Culture PDRA H.Tumi. December 14–18, 2010 in Moscow, the Week of Algerian cinema. The Days of Russian Culture in Algeria is scheduled for 12–19 October 2011 In Andhra, there are over 13 thousand graduates of our civil and military schools. Algeria–Russia relations Algeria–Russia relations ()() refers to the bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Algeria and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate in Annaba, and Algeria has an embassy in Moscow. Algeria currently enjoys very strong relations with Russia. Cold War Era Throughout the

title: Algeria–Russia relations

text: Algeria–Russia relations Algeria–Russia relations ()() refers to the bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Algeria and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Algiers and a consulate in Annaba, and Algeria has an embassy in Moscow. Algeria currently enjoys very strong relations with Russia. Cold War Era Throughout the Algerian War of Independence, the Soviet Union had been providing military, technical and material assistance to Algeria. The USSR was the first country in the world to de facto recognize the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic in October 1960, and then de jure on March 23, 1962, by establishing diplomatic

title: Algeria

text: the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months. The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Algeria has the second largest military in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion). In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 MiG-29SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $1.9 billion. Russia is also building two 636-type diesel submarines for Algeria. Algeria has been categorized by Freedom House as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the

title: French Algeria

text: Algeria), wine rations and food, land concessions, and promised high wages. Between 1841 and 1845, about 20,000 individuals were offered this assisted emigration by the French government, though it is unknown exactly how many actually went to Algeria. These measures were funded and supported by the French government (both local officials and national) because they saw the move to Algeria as a solution to overpopulation and unemployment; those who applied for assisted emigration emphasized their work ethics, undeserved employment in France, a presumption of government obligation to the less fortunate. By 1848, Algeria was populated by 109,400 Europeans, only 42,274

title: Algeria–Pakistan relations

text: Governed Muslim state" by a popular national daily Pakistan Observer in 2005. A Pak-Algerian Group in the Pakistan Parliament was formed on 10 January 1990. The first ever Parliamentary Group in Algeria dedicated to the Promotion of friendship between Algeria and Pakistan was instituted on 29 December 1990. Subsequently, a Parliamentarian group of friendship with Algeria was also created in the Senate of Pakistan and Algeria reciprocated by establishing a 13-member Algeria-Pakistan Group of Friendship in the National Council of Transition. The relations between the two countries got a fresh boost after the visit of the former President Musharraf in

title: Algeria–Mauritania relations

text: Algeria–Mauritania relations Algeria–Mauritania relations is the relationship between two neighboring Arab Maghreb countries, Algeria and Mauritania. The relationship between two countries is often characterized as friendly, although there were several political standoffs between two countries in the past like the Western Sahara War, which Mauritania and Morocco together invaded the region, while Algeria opposed it and supported the Polisario Front. Nonetheless, weaker and poorer than Algeria in every aspect, Mauritania ceded their claims and restored tie with Algeria. Algeria has an embassy in Nouakchott while Mauritania has an embassy in Algiers. The Polisario Front, supported by Algeria, fought in a

title: Algeria–Ukraine relations

text: Algeria–Ukraine relations Algeria–Ukraine relations are foreign relations between Algeria and Ukraine. Algeria recognized Ukraine’s independence in 1992. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1993. Algeria has an embassy in Kiev. Ukraine has an embassy in Algiers (opened in 1999). Algeria recognized Ukraine’s independence in 1992. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in 1993. Soon (1993–1994), military and trade agreements between two countries were signed. The USSR being one of the major supporters of independent Algeria, the economic connections between the Soviet Ukraine and Algeria were fairly significant, since a large portion of Soviet industries (in particular, of

title: Poverty in Algeria

text: indicators deteriorated between 1987 and 1995 resulting in prolonged economic recession, high rates of national debt and growing social unhappiness. The lack of economic growth in Algeria meant that the creation of employment was absent, and unemployment rose to 27% in 1994 as a result. Previously, the government responded to rising growth in job seeking by intensifying public sector employment. However, as economic activity declined and oil prices collapsed, the public sector employment slowed down which in turn contributed to the rising rates of poverty. By 1986, Algeria was faced with increasing political and economic strain when the price of

title: Algeria–Egypt relations

text: Anwar Sadat's decision to visit to Israel on 19–21 November 1977 and his intentions to negotiate with the Israelis, which Algeria, and several other Arab states, considered a stab in the back. Libya's Muammar Gaddafi denounced the visit as soon as it was announced and when it eventually took place, he called for a summit meeting in Tripoli on December 2 that included Algeria, Syria, Iraq, South Yemen and the PLO who later called themselves the "Front of Steadfastness and Confrontation" in what was officially termed the Tripoli Declaration intended to put pressure on Egypt to withdraw its decisions to

title: Taxation in Algeria

text: Taxation in Algeria In Algeria, the most important sources of government revenue have been oil and gas royalties. The current Algerian tax system consists of 2 regimes the real and the fixed regime. This distinction issued from the reform implemented in 2007 when the taxation was revised. The main incentive to review the taxes was the fact that after the oil crisis taxes became the main resource of national income. That is why the incentive to work on its effectivity and to optimize it appeared in government. The fixed regime relies on the single fixed tax (the main change and

title: Religion in Algeria

text: of the population. In the early 1980s, the Roman Catholic population numbered about 45,000, most of whom were foreigners or Algerians who had married French or Italians. In addition, there was a Protestant community. Because the government adopted a policy of not inquiring about religious affiliation in censuses or surveys to avoid provoking religious tensions, the number of Christians in the early 1990s was not known. The Bahá'í Faith in Algeria dates from 1952. Though the religion achieved some growth and organization through 1967 including converts, the period of the independence of Algeria when the country adopted Islamic practices in

title: Algeria women's national football team

text: qualified for the first championship in their history when they participated in the 2004 AWC, again held in South Africa. Algeria's only rival in the qualifying round was Mali. Their road to the Championship started on the 11th of July, as visitor. They drew with Mali 2–2. Bowhani and Zerrouki scored for Algeria. At home, Algeria won 1–0 thanks to Zerrouki's goal in the 15 minute. Algeria was drawn in Group B with Nigeria, Cameroon and Mali, who qualified as a lucky loser because both DR Congo and Gabon (who were scheduled to play together in the qualifiers) withdrew. The

title: Rheinmetall Algeria

text: The production of the first armoured personnel start From 2015 within ten years up to a total of 1,200 important key components, which require much more expertise to be imported from Germany. Rheinmetall Algeria The cooperation between Rheinmetall and Ferrostaal proven for several years in Algeria., the defence companies from Dusseldorf founded in algeria in March 2011, together with Ferrostaal and government partners Rheinmetall Algeria SPA. in Ain smar near Constantine Algeria,composed of three main shareholders, namely the Company of the development in the automotive industry (EDIV) coming under the National Defence Ministry (51%) The second shareholder is represented by

title: Rheinmetall Algeria

text: Rheinmetall Algeria The cooperation between Rheinmetall and Ferrostaal proven for several years in Algeria., the defence companies from Dusseldorf founded in algeria in March 2011, together with Ferrostaal and government partners Rheinmetall Algeria SPA. in Ain smar near Constantine Algeria,composed of three main shareholders, namely the Company of the development in the automotive industry (EDIV) coming under the National Defence Ministry (51%) The second shareholder is represented by the Emirati investment fund "Aabar" (24,5%), Ferrostaal (19,5%) Rheinmetall is considered as the technological partner (5%). The company's goal: building a production facility for the manufacture of armoured transport vehicle type Fuchs.

title: Algeria–Sudan relations

text: Algeria has an embassy in Khartoum while Sudan has an embassy in Algiers. Before 2011, Sudan and Algeria were respectively, the first and second largest African countries as well as the first and second largest Arab countries, but after 2011, Algeria became the largest African and Arab country. Sudan was accused by Algeria for meddling into the Algerian Civil War that caused the death of 200.000 Algerians. Alongside Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Morocco were also involved on supporting the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria. Thus this was the reason for the souring relationship between two nations. In response,

title: Energy in Algeria

text: bcm, 2) Russia 589 bcm, 3) Canada 159 bcm, Iran 144 bcm, 4) Norway 106 bcm, 5) China 90 bcm, 6) Qatar 89 bcm, and 7) Algeria 81 bcm. The Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline ("TransMed") is a natural gas pipeline from Algeria via Tunisia to Sicily and Italy constructed in 1978-1983 and 1991-1994. The Maghreb–Europe Gas Pipeline is 1,620 kilometres long natural gas pipeline from Algeria via Morocco to Spain. Algeria is a member of OPEC . In 2008 Algeria was the top 7th oil products exporter. Less than 11% of worlds oil products were exported. Total world crude oil export was

title: Algeria–Spain relations

text: to reinforce relations since 2013. Algeria and Spain positioned themselves as important partners in 2015, and linked to have enjoyed a stronger relations as for 2017. One of the main key reason for the strong tie between Algeria and Spain is about Moroccan irredentism, which Morocco sought to create a greater Morocco that aimed to Spanish Andalusia and Western Algeria as parts of Moroccan territory. As such, Spain and Algeria seek a close tie together in counter to Morocco, notably Western Sahara issue and disputes between Morocco and Spain. Algeria–Spain relations Algeria–Spain relations are foreign relations between Algeria and Spain.

title: Algeria–Italy relations

text: important for stability in the region. Algeria has an embassy in Rome. Italy has an embassy in Algiers. Two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean. After the Roman Empire annexed Carthage, which had also ruled northern Algeria, the Roman administration developed a strong cultural establishment within Algeria, that remains heavily in Algeria today. During French conquest of Algeria, Italo-French settlers had arrived as part of French colonial domination in Algeria that later formed the Pied-Noirs, and they had developed a significant cultural impact on Algerian society. They were violently forced to leave upon the independence of Algeria

title: Algeria–Canada relations

text: Algeria–Canada relations Algeria–Canada relations refer to Interstate relations between Algeria and Canada. Canada recognized Algeria following its independence from France in 1962, and formal diplomatic relations were established two years later in 1964. In 2006, Governor General Michaëlle Jean visited Algeria as part of a tour of Africa, during which she promoted the partnership between Canada and Algeria in assisting in African development. In 2010, Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika visited Canada to take part in the G8 summit in Muskoka. Lawrence Cannon, then the Minister of Foreign Affairs, visited Algeria in January 2011 and met with his Algerian counterpart, Minister

title: Algeria–Egypt relations

text: countries should collaborate with “a coordination of positions” in order to overcome these issues and that this cooperation. A month earlier, the two countries sought to hold a Joint Algerian-Egyptian Higher Committee to would meet in June when Egypt elects a new president. Diplomatic sources from both countries told the website "Al-Monitor" that "Egypt and Algeria will become the two arms of a pincer on the Libyan desert". During the meeting, Algeria agreed to ship five 145,000 m cargoes of liquefied natural gas to Egypt before the end of 2014. This was aimed at helping Egypt to overcome its worst

title: Algeria–Egypt relations

text: between both leaders which dated back to Ben Bella's long stay in Cairo at the initial phase of the Algerian War. Morocco's King Hassan II however accepted his invitation earlier than Nasser but he merely received the same welcoming Algerians gave Nasser when he arrived with thousands rushing from all over Algeria in order to see him. This strong appreciation for Nasser was apparent in the following decades even after his death due to the Nasser's introduction of pan-Arabism, often called Nasserism, in Algeria with Ben Bella being a staunch Nasserist. Ben Bella had established a special bureau designated for

title: Women in Algeria

text: head of state. Louisa Hanoune became the first women in both Algeria and the Arab world to run for office in 2004. When it comes to owning land, women are at a major disadvantage. Their access to owning land is limited by the traditional laws of Algeria. Even through Algerian women by law have the right to access bank loans and are free to negotiate financial or business contracts, these actions are usually restricted by their husbands. Women in the workforce accounted for 37% versus men who accounted for 80%. The youth unemployment rate for males (43%) was slight lower

title: Algeria national football team 2014

text: the left. Algeria equalised in the 60th minute when Islam Slimani scored with a header at the back post after a free kick from the left by Yacine Brahimi which was missed by Russian goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev. Algeria held on for the draw, and as South Korea lost to Belgium in the other match played at the same time, Algeria finished as group runners-up and reached the second round for the first time in their history (after unsuccessful campaigns in 1982, 1986, and 2010), while Russia failed to advance out of the group stage in all three tournaments since the

title: Algeria–Syria relations

text: in Algeria are now working in small and medium businesses. Algeria–Syria relations Algero–Syrian relations refers to the relationship between the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and the Syrian Arab Republic. Algeria has an embassy in Damascus; while Syria has an embassy in Algiers. Both are members of the Arab League (but Syria was suspended in 2012). Algeria is one of the few Arab countries that maintains tie with the Syrian Government under Bashar al-Assad, and has defended the government within the Arab League. The struggle of Algerians against French colonialism during the Algerian War drew inspirations from the other Arab

title: Algeria–Italy relations

text: in 1962. Italy has been a strong supporter for Algeria's stability following a decade of civil conflict in Algeria, and provided intelligence for Algerian Government battling the Islamists. According to the Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, the relationship between Italy and Algeria is "strategic". Italy and Algeria have been working to deepen the tie between two states, notably economic and energy cooperations. Algeria–Italy relations Algerian–Italian relations refers to long historical and current relations between the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and the Republic of Italy. Two countries have a strong connection, as northern part of Algeria's today was formerly territory

title: Algeria–Mauritania relations

text: war against Mauritania and Morocco. Mauritanian military, weaker in both materials and arms, was forced to renounce their claims. As for the result, Algeria and Mauritania reapproached the tie and became strategic partnerships. Both two countries have been aiming to work and collaborate, while trying not to anger Morocco, Algeria's fierce rival but Mauritania's important economic investor. Algeria is expanding their investments to Mauritania to counter Moroccan influence. Morocco has expressed their concerns over the tie between two nations. Algeria–Mauritania relations Algeria–Mauritania relations is the relationship between two neighboring Arab Maghreb countries, Algeria and Mauritania. The relationship between two countries

title: Algeria–Iran relations

text: meddling in the conflict and supporting the hardcore Armed Islamic Group of Algeria which killed nearly 200.000 people. Iran was found to have used Sudan as a transit supporting rebels and secretly supported by Sudan. Chadli Bendjedid, then-President of Algeria, believed that Algeria could not become the other Iran, and the Islamists, supported by both Iran and Saudi Arabia, were suppressed. This low-point relations pushed Algeria to finally cede their mission of representing Iran's interests in the United States in response to Iran's supports to GIA. Pakistan later replaced Algeria as representative of Iran's interests. Since the end of the

title: Algeria–Malaysia relations

text: Algeria–Malaysia relations Algeria–Malaysia relations ( ; ; ; Jawi: هوبوڠن الجزائر–مليسيا) refers to bilateral foreign relations between Algeria and Malaysia. Algeria has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Algiers. The Algerian embassy in Malaysia was opened in 1993 with the Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika visiting Malaysia twice in 2003, for the NAM and OIC Summits. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad reciprocated the visit in the same year, during which several agreements were signed concerning bilateral trade, information and communication technology as well as co-operation between the Algeria Press Service and Bernama news agency. In 2002,

title: Algeria–China relations

text: Algeria had two nuclear reactors, one of which was a heavy water research facility built by China. Algeria signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in June 1996. Relations between Algeria and China are old. These relations are based on an idea of belonging to the Third World and then on the idea of developing countries to prove this rhetoric the former Chinese Ambassador of RPC in Algeria, Liu Yuhe, declared in 2010 “ You do not have to worry about GDP alone, there's the per capita income. In China it is $ 3,800 ... In Algeria it is $ 5,000. There

title: Algeria–Canada relations

text: of Foreign Affairs Mourad Medelci. Algeria is Canada's top trading partner in Africa. There is a large trade imbalance between Algeria and Canada in favour of the Algerians. Canadian exports to Algeria totalled $352 million in 2010, mostly in agricultural products such as Durum wheat, while Canadian imports from Algeria totalled $3.8 billion, 99% of which was crude oil. The Algerian community in Canada numbers approximately 50,000 people, most of whom reside in and around Montreal. Air Algérie operates one daily flight from Montreal to Algiers to serve this market. Algeria claimed that two Canadians were among the Jihadi militants