query: Which former Ku Klux Klan member won an elected office in the U.S.?

title: Ku Klux Klan members in United States politics

text: of Los Angeles. Benjamin F. Stapleton, a Democrat, was mayor of Denver in the 1920s–1940s. He was a Klan member in the early 1920s and appointed fellow Klansmen to positions in municipal government. David Duke, a politician who ran in both Democrat and Republican presidential primaries, was openly involved in the leadership of the Ku Klux Klan. He was founder and Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in the mid-1970s; he re-titled his position as "National Director" and said that the KKK needed to "get out of the cow pasture and into hotel meeting rooms". He

title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: a bicameral Klongress with an upper house Klonvokation and lower Klanburgess. In the late 1970s David Duke's Knights of the Ku Klux Klan dropped the Imperial Wizard title, and the leader was called national director. That organization, now known as the Knights Party, no longer uses most of the traditional Klan titles, and the only fraternal titles used are Page, Squire and Knight for levels of membership. Aside from titles and geographical designations, a distinctive vocabulary has grown around the Ku Klux Klan organizations. These include names for rituals, code words, and practices of the various Klans. There are terms

text: left the organization in 1980. He ran for president in the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries. In 1989 Duke switched political parties from Democrat to Republican. In 1989, he became a member of the Louisiana State Legislature from the 81st district, and was Republican Party chairman for St. Tammany Parish. While one source claims Warren G. Harding, a Republican, was a Ku Klux Klan member while President, that claim is based on a third-hand account of a second-hand recollection in 1985 of a deathbed statement made sometime in the late 1940s concerning an incident in the early 1920s. Independent investigations have

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: By late 1927, there were 2,300 members of the Ku Klux Klan in Moose Jaw. Ku Klux Klan in Canada The Ku Klux Klan is an organization that expanded operations into Canada, based on the second Ku Klux Klan established in the United States in 1915. It operated as a fraternity, with chapters established in parts of Canada throughout the 1920s and early 1930s. The first registered provincial chapter was registered in Toronto in 1925 by two Americans and a Torontonian. The organization was most successful in Saskatchewan, where it briefly influenced political activity and whose membership included a member

title: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

text: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries are organized groups that supplement, but do not directly integrate with the Ku Klux Klan. These auxiliaries include: The Women of the Ku Klux Klan, The Jr. Ku Klux Klan, The Tri-K Girls, the American Crusaders, The Royal Riders of the Red Robe, The Ku Klux balla, and the Klan's Blind Colored Man auxiliary. The second iteration of the Ku Klux Klan emerged in the 1930s and was officially branded as "the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan." Its membership was restricted to American-born white, Protestant males over the age of 18.

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: Ku Klux Klan in Canada The Ku Klux Klan is an organization that expanded operations into Canada, based on the second Ku Klux Klan established in the United States in 1915. It operated as a fraternity, with chapters established in parts of Canada throughout the 1920s and early 1930s. The first registered provincial chapter was registered in Toronto in 1925 by two Americans and a Torontonian. The organization was most successful in Saskatchewan, where it briefly influenced political activity and whose membership included a member of Parliament. The conclusion of the American Civil War in 1865 resulted in the termination

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: supremacist, member of the Ku Klux Klan and leader of the Saskatchewan branch of the Church of Jesus Christ Christian Aryan Nation killed a Cree man, Leo LaChance, with an assault rifle. LaChance had entered Nerland's Prince Albert, Saskatchewan pawn shop to sell furs he had trapped. Although distancing itself from the violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan in the United States, the Ku Klux Klan in Canada was engaged in various campaigns threatening those who didn't conform to the Klan's beliefs. It resulted in significant property damage throughout Canada, including the razing of Saint-Boniface College in Saint Boniface,

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: or previous condition of servitude". This was followed by three Enforcement Acts, criminal codes protecting African Americans and primarily targeting the Ku Klux Klan. It was the third act, also known as the "Ku Klux Klan Act", which resulted in the termination of the Ku Klux Klan by 1872 and prosecution of hundreds of Klan members. The release of the film "The Birth of a Nation" by D. W. Griffith in 1915, glorifying the original Ku Klux Klan using historical revisionism, stoked resentment among some citizens and riots in cities where it screened. The day before Thanksgiving in 1915, William

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: documents from the office of a lawyer who had opposed incorporation of the Ku Klux Klan, and on 3 February he was convicted of insurance fraud. The downfall of Maloney was chiefly responsible for the discontinuation of the Ku Klux Klan in Alberta. In a letter to the Manitoba Free Press on 8 May 1928, J. W. E. Rosborough, the Imperial Wizard for Saskatchewan, stated that the creed of the Saskatchewan Ku Klux Klan was a belief in Protestantism, separation of church and state, one public school system, just laws and liberty, law and order, freedom from mob violence, freedom

title: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

text: Girls was for white, Protestant, American-born girls aged 12 to 18. The American Krusaders was open to white, Protestant, naturalized American citizens of foreign birth. The Ku Klux Kiddies was for kids 3-11 and the Klan's Colored Man auxiliary was for African-American men. Little is known about these auxiliaries. In Oregon the Junior Order of Klansmen was for teenagers. Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries are organized groups that supplement, but do not directly integrate with the Ku Klux Klan. These auxiliaries include: The Women of the Ku Klux Klan, The Jr. Ku Klux Klan, The Tri-K Girls,

title: Robert Shelton (Ku Klux Klan)

text: Robert Shelton (Ku Klux Klan) Robert Marvin Shelton (June 12, 1929 – March 17, 2003) was a former car-tire salesman and printer who became nationally famous as the Imperial Wizard of United Klans of America (UKA), a Ku Klux Klan group. Robert Marvin Shelton was born on June 12, 1929. Shelton was a factory worker and a car-tire salesman. He also owned a printing business, with an office on Union Boulevard. In the late 1960s, Shelton ran for Police Commissioner in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He finished in fifth place. Shelton served as the UKA leader starting in 1961, which peaked with

title: Robert Shelton (Ku Klux Klan)

title: The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy

text: with titles such as "Great Klan Victory in the Election of 1924," "Enemies of the Ku Klux Klan Stricken with Blindness," "Papal Contention for Rulership of the World," "Bow or Burn," and "The Ku Klux Klan and Women's Causes." She authored two more books on the Klan: "" in 1926, and "Heroes of the Fiery Cross" in 1928. White republished the Klan books as a three-volume set in 1943, three years before her death and 21 years after her initial association with the Klan, under the title "Guardians of Liberty". The set contained seven chapters from "The Ku Klux Klan

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: the second highest position after the Imperial Wizard. Informational notes Citations Bibliography Official websites Because there are multiple Ku Klux Klan organizations, there are multiple official websites. To find a website, try entering the full name of a particular organization into a search engine. Following are third-party lists of such organizations: The following, from the Stormfront forum, is a collection of links that are not necessarily national, as some may be local or peripheral: Other links Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan and commonly misspelled as the Klu Klux Klan,

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: mid 1920s, Ku Klux Klan branches were established throughout Canada. According to historian James Pitsula, these groups observed the same racial ideology but had a narrower focus than those in the United States, primarily to preserve the "Britishness" of Canada with respect to ethnicity and religious affiliation. The Ku Klux Klan of Canada made efforts to distinguish itself from the American organization, which used a "spectacular level of violent criminality" against black Americans and the white Americans who supported them. Hawkins stated at a rally in London that the Canadian Ku Klux Klan was not lawless, that it abided by

text: Ku Klux Klan members in United States politics This is a partial list of a few notable figures in U.S. national politics who were members of the Ku Klux Klan before taking office. Membership was secret. Sometimes political opponents might allege that a person was a member, or was supported at the polls by Klan members. Robert C. Byrd, was a recruiter for the Klan while in his 20s and 30s, rising to the title of Kleagle and Exalted Cyclops of his local chapter. After leaving the group, Byrd spoke in favor of the Klan during his early political career.

title: The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy

text: in Prophecy" and one from the 1928 "Heroes of the Fiery Cross". The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy is a 144-page book written by Bishop Alma Bridwell White in 1925 and illustrated by Reverend Branford Clarke. In the book she uses scripture to rationalize that the Klan is sanctioned by God "through divine illumination and prophetic vision". She also believed that the Apostles and the Good Samaritan were members of the Klan. The book was published by the Pillar of Fire Church, which she founded, at their press in Zarephath, New Jersey. The book

title: The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy

text: The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy is a 144-page book written by Bishop Alma Bridwell White in 1925 and illustrated by Reverend Branford Clarke. In the book she uses scripture to rationalize that the Klan is sanctioned by God "through divine illumination and prophetic vision". She also believed that the Apostles and the Good Samaritan were members of the Klan. The book was published by the Pillar of Fire Church, which she founded, at their press in Zarephath, New Jersey. The book sold over 45,000 copies. White wrote more than 35 books and was

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: seek relief in state courts, which were entirely unsympathetic to such appeals. Klan costumes, also called "regalia", disappeared from use by the early 1870s, after Grand Wizard Forrest called for their destruction as part of disbanding the Klan. The Klan was broken as an organization by 1872. In 1915, William Joseph Simmons held a meeting to revive the Klan in Georgia; he attracted two aging former members, and all other members were new. In 1915 the film "The Birth of a Nation" was released, mythologizing and glorifying the first Klan and its endeavors. The second Ku Klux Klan was founded

title: National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: the Internet Archive National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan The National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a Klan faction that has been around since November 1963. In the sixties, the National Knights were the main competitors against Robert Shelton's United Klans of America. The National Knights were founded by James Venable, a second generation Klansmen whose family owned the property on Stone Mountain where the Second Era Ku Klux Klan was founded. Venable had been a member of a succession of Klans since 1927 by the late 1950s, when he had risen to the rank of Imperial

title: National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan The National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a Klan faction that has been around since November 1963. In the sixties, the National Knights were the main competitors against Robert Shelton's United Klans of America. The National Knights were founded by James Venable, a second generation Klansmen whose family owned the property on Stone Mountain where the Second Era Ku Klux Klan was founded. Venable had been a member of a succession of Klans since 1927 by the late 1950s, when he had risen to the rank of Imperial Klonsel of the

title: Women of the Ku Klux Klan

text: "lacking in virtue". The second wave began in the early 1920s. In 1923, the Women of the Ku Klux Klan was formed as an auxiliary group of the Ku Klux Klan with its capitol in Little Rock, Arkansas. Approximately 500,000 women joined the WKKK during this period of time. Like the Klan, they were anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant, and anti-black. Although they were not as violent as their male counterparts, the KKK, they sometimes resorted to violent tactics. Similar to the original Klan, the Women of the Ku Klux Klan published their own creed, or "Kreed", in 1927 that outlined the

title: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

text: were also held for the politically inactive and women currently not in Klan families. In four months, the Women's Ku Klux Klan had successfully doubled its previous membership, now bringing the total to 250,000 women. By November 1923, thirty-six states included female chapters of the Ku Klux Klan. There were a number of female Klan auxiliary organizations in the 1920s before the foundation of the official Women of the Ku Klux Klan. These groups included Kamelia, Ladies of the Invisible Empire, Ladies of the Invisible Eye, Dixie Protestant Women's League, Grand League of Protestant Women, White American Protestants, Queens of

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (), commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan and commonly misspelled as the Klu Klux Klan, refers to three distinct secret movements at different points in time in the history of the United States. Each has advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration and—especially in later iterations—Nordicism and anti-Catholicism. Historically, the KKK used terrorism—both physical assault and murder—against groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society and all are considered right-wing extremist organizations. In each era, membership was secret

title: Ku Klux Klan recruitment

text: to white native-born Protestants during the 1920s. Ku Klux Klan recruitment Kleagles are the individuals responsible for recruiting potential Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members. Kleagles, as defined by the "Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia", are organizers or recruiters, "appointed by imperial wizard or his imperial representative to 'sell' the KKK among non-members". These members were paid typically by commission and received a portion of each new member's initiation fee. Recruitment of new KKK members entailed framing economic, political and social structural changes in favor of and in line with KKK goals. These goals promoted "100 percent Americanism" and benefits for

title: Ku Klux Klan recruitment

text: Ku Klux Klan recruitment Kleagles are the individuals responsible for recruiting potential Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members. Kleagles, as defined by the "Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia", are organizers or recruiters, "appointed by imperial wizard or his imperial representative to 'sell' the KKK among non-members". These members were paid typically by commission and received a portion of each new member's initiation fee. Recruitment of new KKK members entailed framing economic, political and social structural changes in favor of and in line with KKK goals. These goals promoted "100 percent Americanism" and benefits for white native-born Protestants. Informal ways Klansmen recruited

title: National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. was founded in the state, led by veteran Alabama Klansmen Emperor William Morris Hughes, which may have acted as a front for the National Knights. According to Venables testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee, the "National Association" or "Federation" of Ku Klux Klans existed basically as an informal meeting of KKK groups that began in either 1957 or 1958 while he was a member of the US Klans. In the early years the chairmanship of the Association would alternate, with a Klansmen from the host state elected as chairmen. In 1963, Venable

title: National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: stated he had been elected "temporary chairman" for three one-year terms. In Sept. of 1964 the National Association held an election. Aside from Venable, who was reelected chairman, the following officers were elected: P.L. Morgan of the Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan klaliff (vice-president); I.T. "Ted" Shearouse of the Association of Georgia Klans was elected kligrapp (secretary); Charles Maddox, also of the AGK, as klokard, H.G. Hill as Kludd (chaplain); Walter Rogers of the United Florida Ku Klux Klan as kladd; Flynn Harvey, of the Ohio Realm of the National Knights, klexter; Robert Hodges of the Association of

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: did so on orders from the Ku Klux Klan. The Ontario media, politicians and other civic authorities, and religious leaders spoke out against such violence and against the Klan. By the winter of 1926, Klan membership in Ontario was declining. In 1926, American Ku Klux Klan organizers Hugh Finlay Emmons and Lewis A. Scott from Indiana established a Klan organization in Saskatchewan. They spent most of early 1927 travelling throughout the province, establishing local Klan branches and selling memberships for per individual. They also spread Klan propaganda and burned crosses, and in July and August 1927 they made another tour

title: Ku Klux Klan in Maine

text: Catholic Church. At this last event, the names of all six booth-tenders were published in the newspaper, suggesting that the "Invisible Empire" was trying to adapt to the role of local fraternal organization. By the mid-1930s, however, references to the KKK in the Maine press had all but disappeared. [[Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United States]] [[Category:Anti-Irish sentiment]] [[Category:Anti-Quebec sentiment]] [[Category:Francophobia in North America]] [[Category:History of Maine]] [[Category:History of Portland, Maine]] [[Category:Ku Klux Klan by location|Maine]] [[Category:Politics of Maine]] Ku Klux Klan in Maine Although the Ku Klux Klan is most often associated with white supremacy, the revived Klan of the 1920s

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: Winnipeg, which resulted in 10 deaths, destruction of the building, and loss of all of its records and its library. Before the official establishment of the Ku Klux Klan in Canada, Catholic churches and property throughout Canada were targets of arson, notably the Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec in Quebec City in 1922. These were attributed to the Ku Klux Klan. Other violent acts associated with the Klan include the 1926 detonation of dynamite at St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Barrie. The man who placed the dynamite in the church's furnace room was later caught, and admitted that he

title: Ku Klux Klan in Maine

text: Ku Klux Klan in Maine Although the Ku Klux Klan is most often associated with white supremacy, the revived Klan of the 1920s was also anti-Catholic. In the state of Maine, with a negligible African-American population but a burgeoning number of French-Canadian and Irish immigrants, the Klan revival of the 1920s was mainly a Protestant nativist movement directed against the Catholic minority. For a period in the mid-1920s, the Klan captured elements of the Maine Republican Party, even helping to elect a governor, Owen Brewster. The Klan tapped into a long history of fraught relations between Maine's Protestant 'Yankee' population

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: as a second French-speaking province. Newly founded local chapters would announce their presence to the community with a ritual cross burning. This became an issue in the 1929 provincial election, ultimately resulting in a coalition government led by James Thomas Milton Anderson of the Conservatives after the Liberals failed to form a minority government. The Ku Klux Klan would appear at many election rallies for James Garfield Gardiner, burning crosses. Gardiner accused Anderson and the Conservatives of being associated with the Ku Klux Klan or seeking its support, but never provided proof. Klan membership included Conservatives, Liberals, and Progressives, and

title: Women of the Ku Klux Klan

text: Women of the Ku Klux Klan The WKKK (also known as the Women's Ku Klux Klan, Women of the Ku Klux Klan, or Ladies of the Invisible Empire) held to many of the same political and social ideas of the KKK but functioned as a separate branch of the national organization with their own actions and ideas. While most women focused on the moral, civic, and educational agendas of the Klan, they also had considerable involvement in issues of race, class, ethnicity, gender, and religion. The women of the WKKK fought for educational and social reforms like other Progressive reformers

title: Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan

text: Torn, Sheila Larken, Hilly Hicks, and two "M*A*S*H" alumni, Wayne Rogers ("Trapper John") and Johnny Haymer ("Sgt. Zale"). The Calvin Clements script was based on Don Whitehead's book, "Attack on Terror: The F.B.I. Against the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi" by Don Whitehead (pub. Funk & Wagnalls, 1970). Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan is a 1975 American two-part made-for-television drama film which dramatizes the events following the 1964 disappearance and murder of three Civil Rights workers in Mississippi. In this, it is similar in theme

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: the largest or the most influential iteration of the Klan, but he was skilled at attracting the spotlight." A list is maintained by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL): Aside from the Ku Klux Klan in Canada, there have been various attempts to organize KKK chapters outside the United States. In Australia in the late 1990s, former One Nation member Peter Coleman established branches throughout the country, and circa 2012 the KKK has attempted to infiltrate other political parties such as Australia First. Recruitment activity has also been reported in the United Kingdom, dating back to the 1960s when Robert Relf was

title: The Ku Klux Klan In Prophecy

text: the pro-Ku Klux Klan political periodical "The Good Citizen", one of numerous periodicals published by the Church. It is the first of three books White published to promote the KKK and her dogma of intolerance. The book includes an introduction by Arthur Hornbui Bell, Grand Dragon of the New Jersey Ku Klux Klan. The introduction reads as follows: This book brings out vividly the titanic struggle now taking place, not only in the United States, but over the entire world, and while at the present time the battle raging has not reached the point where bullets, swords and poison gas

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: Rights Act allowed the President to suspend "habeas corpus." In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant signed Butler's legislation. The Ku Klux Klan Act and the Enforcement Act of 1870 were used by the federal government to enforce the civil rights provisions for individuals under the constitution. The Klan refused to voluntarily dissolve after the 1871 Klan Act, so President Grant issued a suspension of "habeas corpus" and stationed federal troops in nine South Carolina counties. The Klansmen were apprehended and prosecuted in federal court. Judges Hugh Lennox Bond and George S. Bryan presided over the trial of KKK members in

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: the laws of the nation, but that it would promote changing those laws it didn't support or did "not meet the needs of the country". A 1925 photograph of garbed Canadian klansmen published by the "London Advertiser" demonstrated that the Klan robes in Canada differed from those in the United States by including a maple leaf opposite the cross insignia. One of the most prominent groups was the Ku Klux Klan of Kanada, whose main principles of white supremacy and nationalism required members to pledge that they were white, gentile, and Protestant. Organizers stated that the Ku Klux Klan was

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: Joseph Simmons and 15 of his friends established the second Ku Klux Klan atop Stone Mountain in Georgia, ceremonially burning a cross to mark the occasion. In March 1922, an African American man named Matthew Bullock fled North Carolina after the Ku Klux Klan had stated he was a wanted man, accusing him of inciting riots. His brother had been killed by Klansmen, who the "Toronto Star" reported at the time had "threatened to send robed riders to fetch Bullock and whisk him back to the American south". On 1 December 1924, C. Lewis Fowler of New York City, John

title: New York World Exposé of the Ku Klux Klan

text: New York World Exposé of the Ku Klux Klan The New York World's exposé of the Ku Klux Klan brought national media to the operations and actions of the Ku Klux Klan beginning on September 6, 1921. The newspaper published a series of twenty one consecutive daily articles that discussed numerous aspects of Ku Klux Klan including rituals, recruitment methods, propaganda, and hypocrisies in logic. At least fifteen other newspapers nationwide picked up the coverage, which led to national discourse on the activities of the group. These publications included The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Boston Globe, Pittsburgh Sun, The Plain Dealer

title: Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy

text: Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy The Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy was a Klan faction led by Asa Carter in the late 1950s. Despite the group's brief lifespan, it left its mark with a violent record, including an assault on Nat King Cole, participation in a riot in Clinton, Tennessee, and one of the few documented cases of castration by the Klan. The group began as the North Alabama Citizens Council, which broke away from the Citizens' Councils of America in October 1955. The new organization was based in Birmingham, while the mainstream group was headquartered

text: observers see Truman's flirtation with the Klan as a momentary aberration, point out that his close friend and business partner Eddie Jacobson was Jewish, and say that in later years Truman's presidency marked the first significant improvement in the federal government's record on civil rights since the post-Reconstruction nadir marked by the Wilson administration. Ku Klux Klan members in United States politics This is a partial list of a few notable figures in U.S. national politics who were members of the Ku Klux Klan before taking office. Membership was secret. Sometimes political opponents might allege that a person was a

text: of Profit." The twenty first article was titled "Klan's Big Three Dominant Figures in Klux Movement" – "Records of Trio Indicate Wide Range of Activities." New York World Exposé of the Ku Klux Klan The New York World's exposé of the Ku Klux Klan brought national media to the operations and actions of the Ku Klux Klan beginning on September 6, 1921. The newspaper published a series of twenty one consecutive daily articles that discussed numerous aspects of Ku Klux Klan including rituals, recruitment methods, propaganda, and hypocrisies in logic. At least fifteen other newspapers nationwide picked up the coverage,

title: Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood)

text: some links in this section." Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood) Ku Klux Klan activities in Inglewood, California, were highlighted by the 1922 arrest and trial of 36 men, most of them masked, for a night-time raid on a suspected bootlegger and his family. The raid led to the shooting death of one of the culprits, an Inglewood police officer. A jury returned a "not guilty" verdict for all defendants who completed the trial. It was this scandal, according to the "Los Angeles Times," that eventually led to the outlawing of the Klan in California. The Klan had a chapter in

title: White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: is also deceased. Today, the MS White Knights are led by Imperial Wizard Richard Green in Mississippi. White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan a chapter of the Ku Klux Klan. They originated in Mississippi and Louisiana in the early 1960s under the leadership of Samuel Bowers, its first Grand Wizard. The White Knights of Mississippi were formed in 1964, and they included roughly 200 members of the Original Knights of Louisiana. The White Knights were not interested in holding public demonstrations or in letting any information about themselves get out to

title: White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan a chapter of the Ku Klux Klan. They originated in Mississippi and Louisiana in the early 1960s under the leadership of Samuel Bowers, its first Grand Wizard. The White Knights of Mississippi were formed in 1964, and they included roughly 200 members of the Original Knights of Louisiana. The White Knights were not interested in holding public demonstrations or in letting any information about themselves get out to the masses. Similar to the United Klans of America (UKA), the White Knights of Mississippi were very

title: Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood)

text: Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood) Ku Klux Klan activities in Inglewood, California, were highlighted by the 1922 arrest and trial of 36 men, most of them masked, for a night-time raid on a suspected bootlegger and his family. The raid led to the shooting death of one of the culprits, an Inglewood police officer. A jury returned a "not guilty" verdict for all defendants who completed the trial. It was this scandal, according to the "Los Angeles Times," that eventually led to the outlawing of the Klan in California. The Klan had a chapter in Inglewood as late as October

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: Klan atrocities, accumulating 12 volumes. In February, former Union General and Congressman Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts introduced the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (Ku Klux Klan Act). This added to the enmity that Southern white Democrats bore toward him. While the bill was being considered, further violence in the South swung support for its passage. The Governor of South Carolina appealed for federal troops to assist his efforts in keeping control of the state. A riot and massacre occurred in a Meridian, Mississippi courthouse, from which a black state representative escaped by fleeing to the woods. The 1871 Civil

title: The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

text: The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan is a novel published in 1905. It was the second work in the Ku Klux Klan trilogy by Thomas F. Dixon Jr. that included "The Leopard's Spots" and "The Traitor". It was influential in providing the ideology that helped support the revival of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK or The Klan). The novel was twice notably adapted, immediately by its author as a play entitled "The Clansman" (1905), and a decade later by D. W. Griffith in the 1915 silent

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: Southern Poverty Law Center. , the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, while the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) puts it at 6,000 members total. The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to America's "Anglo-Saxon" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK. The first Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, sometime between December 1865 and August 1866 by six former officers of the Confederate army as a fraternal social club inspired at

title: Ku Klux Klan in Maine

text: an active part in the politics" of [[Brewer, Maine|Brewer]], and the following year Kleagle Farnsworth declared that "all Klan candidates" on the ballot had elected in the town of [[Dexter, Maine]] (Gov. Brewster's home town). In 1928 the "New York Times" referred to [[Newport, Maine|Newport]] and [[Kennebunkport, Maine|Kennebunkport]] as "old Ku Klux capitals" Other political figures whose elections were reportedly endorsed by the Klan included [[Androscoggin County]] sheriff E.E. , [[Auburn, Maine|Auburn]] mayor Fred E. Walton, [[Lisbon Falls, Maine|Lisbon Falls]] state representative Louis A. Jack, and president of the [[Maine State Senate]] Hodgdon Buzzell. A 1926 special election for U.S.

text: to the board. Mabry was released in February 1964, and the others in 1965. The organization itself dissolved sometime in early 1958. Asa Carter went on to become a speechwriter for George Wallace. Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy The Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy was a Klan faction led by Asa Carter in the late 1950s. Despite the group's brief lifespan, it left its mark with a violent record, including an assault on Nat King Cole, participation in a riot in Clinton, Tennessee, and one of the few documented cases of castration by the Klan. The

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: processing plant. In 1999, the city council of Charleston, South Carolina passed a resolution declaring the Klan a terrorist organization. In 2004, a professor at the University of Louisville began a campaign to have the Klan declared a terrorist organization in order to ban it from campus. Six Confederate veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee created the original Ku Klux Klan on December 24, 1865, during the Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War. The name was formed by combining the Greek ' ("κύκλος", "circle") with "clan". The group was known for a short time as the "Kuklux Clan". The Ku

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: 1869, arguing that it was "being perverted from its original honorable and patriotic purposes, becoming injurious instead of subservient to the public peace". Historian Stanley Horn argues that "generally speaking, the Klan's end was more in the form of spotty, slow, and gradual disintegration than a formal and decisive disbandment". A Georgia-based reporter wrote in 1870: "A true statement of the case is not that the Ku Klux are an organized band of licensed criminals, but that men who commit crimes call themselves Ku Klux". In many states, officials were reluctant to use black militia against the Klan out of

title: Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: of the group participated in the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. In July 2017, Chris Barker was interviewed by Univision's Ilia Calderón. During the interview, he called Calderón "a nigger" and stated that his group was going "to burn you out". He also said in reference to immigrants: "We killed 6 million Jews the last time. Eleven million is nothing." Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan The Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist and antisemitic organization styled after the original Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Formed around 2012, it aims to

text: Rice W. Means, a Republican U.S. Senator from Colorado, was a member of the Klan in Colorado. Clarence Morley, a Republican and the Governor of Colorado. He was a KKK member and a strong supporter of Prohibition. He tried to ban the Catholic Church from using sacramental wine and attempted to have the University of Colorado fire all Jewish and Catholic professors. Bibb Graves, a Democrat, who was the Governor of Alabama. He lost his first campaign for governor in 1922, but four years later, with the secret endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan, he was elected to his first

title: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

text: There are also organized Ku Klux Klan sanctioned auxiliary chapters across the Atlantic spread throughout European countries, in French-Canada, and Mexican cities. The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s existed during a Progressive Era, a period of great optimism in the ability of people to improve society. During this period, some believed that eugenics could improve society by increasing the desirable characteristics of the population thus reducing crime, poverty and other social problems. The 1920s were also characterized by profound social changes that disturbed many of America's largely rural, white, Protestant population. They feared the potential power and influence of:

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: The Klan also moved north into Canada, especially Saskatchewan, where it opposed Catholics. In Indiana, members were American-born, white Protestants and covered a wide range of incomes and social levels. The Indiana Klan was perhaps the most prominent Ku Klux Klan in the nation. It claimed more than 30% of white male Hoosiers as members. In 1924 it supported Republican Edward Jackson in his successful campaign for governor. Catholic and liberal Democrats—who were strongest in northeastern cities—decided to make the Klan an issue at the 1924 Democratic National Convention in New York City. Their delegates proposed a resolution indirectly attacking

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: in Birmingham in 1963. As of 2016, researchers estimate that there are just over 30 active Klan groups exist in the United States, with about 130 chapters. Estimates of total collective membership range from about 3,000 to between 5,000–8,000. In addition to its active membership, the Klan has an "unknown number of associates and supporters." Today, many sources classify the Klan as a "subversive or terrorist organization". In April 1997, FBI agents arrested four members of the True Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Dallas for conspiracy to commit robbery and for conspiring to blow up a natural gas

title: Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan The Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan is a white supremacist and antisemitic organization styled after the original Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Formed around 2012, it aims to "restore America to a White, Christian nation founded on God's word". The organization presents itself as part of a "new KKK". Rejecting the hate group label, it describes itself as a "non-violent pro-white civil rights movement." Unlike the Protestant (1915–1944), the group unites white-supremacist Christians of different denominations. It is however somewhat stricter than other contemporary KKK chapters in accepting only "native-born

title: Samuel Roper (Ku Klux Klan)

text: death. He died of kidney failure at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Gainesville, Florida on March 1, 1986. Samuel Roper (Ku Klux Klan) Samuel W. "Sam" Roper (April 10, 1895 – March 1, 1986) was an American law enforcement official and Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Prior to his position in the KKK, Roper was an Atlanta, Georgia police officer and the second Director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. After leaving law enforcement, in 1949, Roper succeeded Samuel Green as Imperial Wizard of the KKK, and held that position until 1950. His successor was Eldon Edwards.

title: Samuel Roper (Ku Klux Klan)

text: Samuel Roper (Ku Klux Klan) Samuel W. "Sam" Roper (April 10, 1895 – March 1, 1986) was an American law enforcement official and Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Prior to his position in the KKK, Roper was an Atlanta, Georgia police officer and the second Director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. After leaving law enforcement, in 1949, Roper succeeded Samuel Green as Imperial Wizard of the KKK, and held that position until 1950. His successor was Eldon Edwards. Roper moved to Florida in 1972 and was a resident of Chiefland, Florida at the time of his

title: Women of the Ku Klux Klan

text: Edward Young Clarke, founded the Southern Publicity Association. Their organization helped to turn the initially second Ku Klux Klan into a mass-membership organization with a broader social agenda. Elizabeth Tyler once stated, “the women’s organization will be on par with that of the men. We plan that all women who join us shall have equal rights with that of the men.” However, she also mentioned that “the women’s division...will not be in any sense a dependent auxiliary of the Ku Klux Klan. It will be a separate organization...bound to the parent organization.” Women played a minor role during the third

title: History of the Ku Klux Klan in New Jersey

text: History of the Ku Klux Klan in New Jersey The Ku Klux Klan has had a history in the U.S. state of New Jersey since the early part of the 1920s. The Klan was active in the areas of Trenton and Camden and had a presence in several of the state's northern counties in the 1920s. It had the most members in Monmouth County, and operated a resort in Wall Township. The first local chapter of the KKK in New Jersey was organized in 1921, after units had started in New York and Pennsylvania. Arthur Hornbui Bell was the state's

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: he stated was the "Rome of the West" because of its many Roman Catholic properties. He restored the Alberta Ku Klux Klan, which had been established in 1923 but was poorly organized and managed. He declared himself the Imperial Wizard, and sent for experienced Klan organizers from British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Travelling to as many as five engagements a day in rural areas to establish Klaverns and collect membership fees, the Klan sometimes encountered strong opposition, requiring police protection at Gibbons and Stony Plain, facing a volley of thrown rocks at Chauvin, and prevented from disembarking a train at Wainwright.

title: White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: only because one of the jurors flatly refused to convict a man who she knew was a preacher. However, Killen was eventually convicted of the murders in June 2005, 40 years after the fact; at age 79 he was sentenced to "three 20-year terms, one for each conviction of manslaughter in connection with the deaths of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in 1964." Ku Klux Klan activity in Mississippi, and specific White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan activity, did not stop after the Civil Rights era. In 2017, six different Klan organizations have been publicly identified in Mississippi, with three

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: The Klan celebrated the 1931 election of Edmonton mayor Dan Knott by burning a cross. On two occasions, Knott granted the Klan permission to hold gatherings and erect burning crosses on the Edmonton Exhibition grounds, now known as Northlands. The Klan published a newspaper "The Liberator" in downtown Edmonton during the early 1930s. Klan meetings were held in the Memorial Hall of the Royal Canadian Legion in Edmonton. The Ku Klux Klan received its charter in September 1932, but questions about the organization's funds led to disputes about Maloney's leadership. On 25 January 1933, he was convicted of stealing legal

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: composed of small independent chapters across the United States. According to a 1999 ADL report, the KKK's estimated size then was "No more than a few thousand, organized into slightly more than 100 units." In 2017, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors extremist groups, estimated that there were "at least 29 separate, rival Klan groups currently active in the United States, and they compete with one another for members, dues, news media attention and the title of being the true heir to the Ku Klux Klan." The formation of independent chapters has made KKK groups more difficult to

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: who refused to bow to racist convention or were innocent bystanders, unsuspecting victims of random violence. Among the more notorious murders by Klan members in the 1950s and 1960s: There was considerable resistance among African Americans and white allies to the Klan. In 1953, newspaper publishers W. Horace Carter (Tabor City, North Carolina), who had campaigned for three years, and Willard Cole (Whiteville, North Carolina) shared the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service citing "their successful campaign against the Ku Klux Klan, waged on their own doorstep at the risk of economic loss and personal danger, culminating in the conviction of

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: from domestic as well as foreign threats." In Indiana, traditional political historians focused on notorious leaders, especially D. C. Stephenson, the Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan, whose conviction for 1925 kidnap, rape, and murder of Madge Oberholtzer helped destroy the Ku Klux Klan movement nationwide. In his history of 1967, Kenneth Jackson already described the Klan of the 1920s as associated with cities and urbanization, with chapters often acting as a kind of fraternal organization to aid people coming from other areas. Social historian Leonard Moore titled his monograph "Citizen Klansmen" (1997) and contrasted the intolerant rhetoric of the

title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary Ku Klux Klan nomenclature has evolved over the order's nearly 160 years of existence. The titles and designations were first laid out in the original Klan's prescripts of 1867 and 1868, then revamped with William J. Simmons' Kloran of 1916. Subsequent Klans have made various modifications. The sources of the rituals, titles and even the name of the original KKK may be found in antebellum college fraternities and secret societies such as the Kuklos Adelphon. John Lester, one of the original members of the group, stated that the Klan rituals were "modeled on and

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: Klan's primary opposition was to the Loyal Leagues, Republican state governments, people such as Tennessee governor William Gannaway Brownlow, and other "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags". He argued that many Southerners believed that blacks were voting for the Republican Party because they were being hoodwinked by the Loyal Leagues. One Alabama newspaper editor declared "The League is nothing more than a nigger Ku Klux Klan." Despite Gordon's and Forrest's work, local Klan units never accepted the Prescript and continued to operate autonomously. There were never hierarchical levels or state headquarters. Klan members used violence to settle old personal feuds and local grudges,

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: two years after the Klan's creation, its activity was beginning to decrease. Members were hiding behind Klan masks and robes as a way to avoid prosecution for freelance violence. Many influential Southern Democrats feared that Klan lawlessness provided an excuse for the federal government to retain its power over the South, and they began to turn against it. There were outlandish claims made, such as Georgian B. H. Hill stating "that some of these outrages were actually perpetrated by the political friends of the parties slain." Union Army veterans in mountainous Blount County, Alabama organized "the anti-Ku Klux". They put

title: White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

text: of the Klan in a meeting held in the birthplace of the Ku Klux Klan, Pulaski, Tennessee, only to have it fall apart because of infighting which occurred when the Klan's various chapters came together. Clary's girlfriend was revealed to be an F.B.I. informant, which resulted in distrust of Clary among members of the different Klan chapters. Clary resigned from the Klan and he later became a born-again Christian and a civil rights activist. With the conviction of Killen in 2005, an earlier chapter of the White Knights of Mississippi came to a close. Price died in 2001; Wayne Roberts

title: Women of the Ku Klux Klan

text: Women were also concerned about the male Klan's increasing participation in acts of violence, which caused them to leave the Klan. Conflict arose during the modern wave regarding gender equity, because the Klan adheres to rules of "moral conservatism", such as its disbelief in divorce and its insistence that male authority should exist in politics as well as in the home. Many women in the modern Klan do not want their daughters to be a part of it, because they feel that women are not well respected. Women of the Ku Klux Klan The WKKK (also known as the Women's

title: Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood)

text: Haas Building at 7th Street and Broadway, Los Angeles, Grand Goblin Coburn refused to hand over to Undersheriff Eugene Biscailuz and Detective Walter Hunter the roster of Ku Klux Klan members. The two officers left but returned with a search warrant and a demand to open up the safe. Coburn declined. The officers called a locksmith and were prepared to crack the safe when Coburn changed his mind and ordered it opened. Inside were money receipts and correspondence. Elsewhere in the office searchers seized two embroidered Klan robes and a file of names. After more than a month of hearing

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: the provincial treasurer ("Klabee") was Walter Davy Cowan, Conservative Party of Canada Member of Parliament for Long Lake during the 17th Canadian Parliament from 1930 to 1935. Once they formed the government, the Conservatives condemned the Ku Klux Klan, but their opponents persisted in linking them to the organization until the 1934 provincial election. The Conservative government amended the School Act to ban the display of religious insignia in educational settings, and also amended the provincial immigration policy. The government also terminated recognition of teaching certificates granted by Quebec, effectively halting the recruitment of teachers from that province. Maloney married

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: of the province. Soon after, they fled Saskatchewan with the funds they had raised, leaving the Ku Klux Klan floundering. Hawkins and John James Maloney, a seminarian from Hamilton who denounced Romanism, moved to Saskatchewan to revive the organization. Under his leadership, the organization raised over in membership fees and claimed to have registered over 70,000 members. Fees were set at $15 per member annually. Many of its members were supporters of the Conservative Party of Saskatchewan frustrated with the success of the Liberal Party as a result of strong support from Catholics. Under the leadership of Hawkins and Maloney,

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: groups at all. According to a 2016 analysis by the SPLC, hate groups in general are on the rise in the United States. The ADL published a report in 2016 that concluded: "Despite a persistent ability to attract media attention, organized Ku Klux Klan groups are actually continuing a long-term trend of decline. They remain a collection of mostly small, disjointed groups that continually change in name and leadership." In 2015, however, the number of KKK chapters nationwide grew from 72 to 190. The SPLC released a similar report stating that "there were significant increases in Klan as well as

title: Ku Klux Klan

text: of Luverne, Alabama was lynched for failing to address a police officer as "Mister." After the decline of the national organization, small independent groups adopted the name "Ku Klux Klan," along with variations. They had no formal connection to the second KKK, except for the fact that they copied its terminology and costumes. Beginning in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in Birmingham, Alabama, began to resist social change and blacks' efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. The white men worked in mining and steel industries, with access to these materials. There were so

title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: began in March of each year, and the cycle was reckoned from December of each calendar year. Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary Ku Klux Klan nomenclature has evolved over the order's nearly 160 years of existence. The titles and designations were first laid out in the original Klan's prescripts of 1867 and 1868, then revamped with William J. Simmons' Kloran of 1916. Subsequent Klans have made various modifications. The sources of the rituals, titles and even the name of the original KKK may be found in antebellum college fraternities and secret societies such as the Kuklos Adelphon. John Lester,

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: as a result of increasing immigration from Europe, particularly Eastern Europe, which was primarily Roman Catholic and Jewish. In October 1927 at a Ku Klux Klan meeting held at Regina City Hall, Maloney said he had received a letter from Plutarco Elías Calles, the President of Mexico, in which Calles stated that Mexico had an illiteracy rate of 80% as a result of the Roman Catholic Church's control of the educational system over the previous 400 years. (Calles was staunchly anti-clerical, and during his presidency hostility to Catholics and the enactment of the Calles Law resulted in the Cristero War.)

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: the Klan became increasingly anti-Catholic and anti-French, and campaigned against the separate school system with the slogan "one nation, one flag, one language, one school". They opposed "crucifixes on public school walls, nuns teaching in public schools, and the teaching of French in public schools", blaming these issues on Quebec. (The Constitution Act, 1867 guaranteed provincial rights to education and language, protecting minority rights, including those of Catholics and French-speaking citizens.) At a meeting of the Ku Klux Klan on 10 January 1929 at the Regent Hall in Saskatoon, reverend S.P. Rondeau stated that Quebec was attempting to establish Saskatchewan

text: the publication of "The Clansman". One of the images most commonly associated with the Klan, that of a burning Latin cross, was actually taken from "The Clansman", but was not used by the original clan. Dixon, who had Scottish ancestry, drew upon the Scottish tradition of the "Crann Tara", a burning cross used to call clan members to arms, as inspiration for the depiction of cross burning. The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan is a novel published in 1905. It was the second work in the

title: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

text: formal women of the Ku Klux Klan. The Klan felt that by including women in their political agenda, women's suffrage could not only be safeguarded, but could also encourage development of other women's legal rights, while working to preserve white, Protestant supremacy. The women of the Klan were to be assistants to the Klansmen in their 100% American mission. Not all Klansmen were in favor of officially including women within their group. Some felt that allowing women to be involved in the political realm, including allowing them to vote, would foster masculine boldness and independence and depreciate the decency of

title: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

text: womanhood. As a result, some women felt alienated, and in 1922 they wrote letters to the editor of "The Fiery Cross" protesting their exclusion from the Klan. The wives of Klan members were not always happy staying at home with the children and wanted to be involved in the new white Protestant movement along with their husbands. Women were recruited into the Women's Ku Klux Klan by hired female kleagles, who used the same campaigning methods as their male counterparts. Recruitment was conducted through social contact using personal, family, and work connections as well as through existing organizations. Open meetings

text: Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan Attack on Terror: The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan is a 1975 American two-part made-for-television drama film which dramatizes the events following the 1964 disappearance and murder of three Civil Rights workers in Mississippi. In this, it is similar in theme to the 1988 movie "Mississippi Burning", though some names and details were changed, and both productions pick up the approximate storyline of the 1990 TV-movie "Murder in Mississippi". "Attack on Terror" starred Ned Beatty, John Beck, Marlyn Mason, Billy Green Bush, Dabney Coleman, Virginia Gregg, George Grizzard, Rip

text: on his deathbed that he had repudiated racism. In their 2005 book "Freakonomics", University of Chicago economist Steven D. Levitt and journalist Stephen J. Dubner alluded to Warren Harding's possible Klan affiliation. However, in a "New York Times Magazine" "Freakonomics" column, entitled "Hoodwinked? Does it matter if an activist who exposes the inner workings of the Ku Klux Klan isn't open about how he got those secrets?", Dubner and Levitt said that they no longer accepted Stetson Kennedy's testimony about Harding and the Klan. The 1920 Republican Party platform, which essentially expressed Harding's political philosophy, calls for Congress to pass

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: of the secessionist movement of the Confederate States of America and the abolition of slavery, which was the underlying cause of the war. The United States entered a period of Reconstruction, during which the infrastructure destroyed during the civil war would be rebuilt, national unity would be restored, and freed slaves were guaranteed their civil rights with the passage of the Reconstruction Amendments. In December 1865, six veterans of the Confederate Army established the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski, Tennessee. Presidents Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) and Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) undertook a moderate approach to Reconstruction, but after the 1866 election resulted

title: Women of the Ku Klux Klan

text: wave, which occurred during the late 1960s and early 1970s. KKK members consisted largely of men living in the rural South who had little formal education or money. Much of their violence was aimed at African Americans. Women no longer played a prominent role as they were integrated into the Ku Klux Klan. The fourth and "modern" wave emerged in the late 1980s. With women participating as full members of the Klan, they could even serve as leaders and come from a range of social and economic classes. The modern wave has been primarily fueled by economic, racial, and religious

text: first Grand Dragon, and continued serving in that post until the Ku Klux Klan was disbanded in 1944. As early as 1922, the New Jersey Klan protested Paterson, New Jersey's honored burial of the Roman Catholic priest William N. McNulty, which closed schools during his funeral. They argued it was a breach of the U.S. legal doctrine of separation of church and state. Mayor Frank J. Van Noort ordered the honors for the respected dean of a major church. In 1922 George W. Apgar was the King Kleagle, with state headquarters just outside Newark. In 1923, the Klan provided funding

title: Women of the Ku Klux Klan

text: goals and beliefs of the organization. By the end of the decade, the Klan collapsed rapidly as a result of economic depression, internal battles, and financial scandals. During the 1920s, the women helped the Ku Klux Klan expand their efforts throughout the country. The WKKK functioned separately from the KKK but it would join them in parades, social functions, and occasional meetings. To qualify for membership, one had to be a native-born, white Protestant woman. The WKKK drew its members from both rural and urban areas of the country. Mary Elizabeth Tyler was an Atlanta public-relations professional who, along with

text: Sought 'White Supremacy'." The twelfth article was titled "Ku Klux Klan Oath So Stiff, Startles 'Hardened Joiners'" – "One Section Endorses Principle of Secret Mob Rule, Another Requires Implicit Obedience to Unknown Constitution and Regulations and Obligation is Sealed in Open Lodge with Blood of Candidate." The thirteenth article was titled "Texas Newspapers Get Klan Command to Publish Letter" – "Lawless Ku Klux Spirit Evident in Outrages Credited to Organization – Supra-Legal Powers are Arrogated as Law is Ignored and Administration of Justice is Assumed by Men Who Hide Faces Behind Masks." The fourteenth article was titled "Wholesale Outrages Attributed

title: Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood)

text: despotism, graft and un-Americanism. Affidavits dealing with the split were filed in Superior Court on November 7, 1924, by Ray Mears of Ocean Park and Earnest M. Schultz of Venice, both former defendants in the Elduayen trial, stating, among other claims, that G. W. Price, also a defendant, had been present on the Elduayen property and had given orders to "go home and keep our mouths shut about what happened." On February 20, 1925, it was reported that the "Ku Klux Klan element" in Inglewood was supporting the recall of five city trustees (council members) in an attack on Street

title: Ku Klux Klan in Canada

text: H. Hawkins of Newport, Virginia, and Richard L. Cowan of Toronto signed an agreement to establish the Knights of Ku Klux Klan of Canada. Funding responsibilities for the provincial organization were split equally among them, and each was a founding Imperial Officer of the Provincial Kloncillum, the governing body of the organization. Fowler travelled to Canada on 1 January 1925 to officially establish the organization. Cowan was the Imperial Wizard (president), Hawkins the Imperial Klaliff (vice-president) and Chief of Staff, and Fowler the Imperial Kligrapp (secretary). They also split the organization's income equally. Fowler left Canada in 1926. During the

title: Ku Klux Klan auxiliaries

text: African-Americans, southern Europeans, Roman Catholics, Jews, Bolshevists, and potential and leftist labor unions. The Klan saw itself as defending American culture against dangerous foreigners and their ideas. It carried the American flag rather than the Confederate flag that later followers adopted. This group believed that it was defending traditional American values; however, it often violated some of those values. Drinking alcoholic beverages was suddenly disdained publicly as a symbol of southern Europeans, Catholics and Jews. They not only strongly supported national prohibition of alcohol, but actively enforced it, sometimes with violence. The Women of the Ku Klux Klan auxiliary was

text: Resign Positions, Denounces Organization as 'Un-American, Conceived in Avarice, Sired in Ignorance, and Damned in Greed'." The article focused on a resignation letter written to the Klan by a former Kleagle, Henry P. Fry, condemning the Klan due to conflict with their activities on moral grounds and the Klan's oath's conflict with his oath to the United States Army. The third article was titled "Ku Klux Klan Plot Alleged to Reach Army and Navy" – "Officers Club in New York Used for Mail Headquarters for Membership Solicitors – Men in Service Invited to Join Secret Order." The article focused on

text: agree with the Klan's methods. The Klokard of the Klan, Rev. Dr. Oscar Haywood, at one point challenged Dixon to a debate over the nature of the Ku Klux Klan. Despite Dixon's reported claims that he rejected violence except in self-defence, in the book previous to "The Clansman" in the trilogy, "The Leopard's Spots", Dixon's Klan dealt thusly with a black man who had asked a white woman to kiss him: Dixon's novel is often contraposed with Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin". The character of Gus in "The Clansman", who is shown as the worst kind of former slave,

title: Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood)

text: 1931. Police officer Shambeau told a coroner's jury that he had talked with some of Inglewood's leading citizens about the prospective raid several days before the event. Ku Klux Klan official N.A. Baker was in charge of a planning meeting held in the Beaver funeral home on Friday, April 21, where the meeting started with prayer and then several people took an oath of fealty to the Klan, including Shambeau. It was later said that the Elduayen family were bootleggers who had sold liquor causing the death of one man and the blinding of another. A "Los Angeles Examiner" reporter