query: What is typhoid fever?

title: Typhoid fever

text: Typhoid fever Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to "Salmonella" typhi that causes symptoms. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days; weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases there may be confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Diarrhea is uncommon. Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are

title: Typhoid fever

text: 6,000 people. In 2015, it resulted in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total). The risk of death may be as high as 20% without treatment. With treatment, it is between 1 and 4%. Typhus is a different disease. However, the name typhoid means "resembling typhus" due to the similarity in symptoms. Classically, the course of untreated typhoid fever is divided into four distinct stages, each lasting about a week. Over the course of these stages, the patient becomes exhausted and emaciated. The Gram-negative bacterium that causes typhoid fever is "Salmonella"

title: Typhoid fever

text: that the War Department create a Typhoid Fever Board. Major Walter Reed, Edward O. Shakespeare, and Victor C. Vaughan were appointed August 18, 1898, with Reed being designated the President of the Board. The Typhoid Board determined that during the war, more soldiers died from this disease than from yellow fever or from battle wounds. The Board promoted sanitary measures including latrine policy, disinfection, camp relocation, and water sterilization, but by far the most successful antityphoid method was vaccination, which became compulsory in June 1911 for all federal troops. The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means

title: Typhoid fever

text: still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. The cause is the bacterium "Salmonella" Typhi, also known as "Salmonella enterica" serotype Typhi, growing in the intestines and blood. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Risk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene. Those who travel in the developing world are also at risk. Only humans can be infected. Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases. Diagnosis is by either culturing the bacteria or

title: Typhoid fever

text: US Army, and two years later, his vaccination program became the first in which an entire army was immunized. It eliminated typhoid as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. military. Most developed countries saw declining rates of typhoid fever throughout the first half of the 20th century due to vaccinations and advances in public sanitation and hygiene. In 1908, the chlorination of public drinking water was a significant step in the US in the control of typhoid fever. The first permanent disinfection of drinking water in the U.S. was made in 1908 to the Jersey City,

title: Typhoid fever

text: is indicated for patients with multiple perforations. If antibiotic treatment fails to eradicate the hepatobiliary carriage, the gallbladder should be resected. Cholecystectomy is not always successful in eradicating the carrier state because of persisting hepatic infection. As resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin is now common, these agents have not been used as first–line treatment of typhoid fever for almost 20 years. Typhoid resistant to these agents is known as multidrug-resistant typhoid (MDR typhoid). Ciprofloxacin resistance is an increasing problem, especially in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Many centres are shifting from using ciprofloxacin as the first line

title: Typhoid fever

text: years old. In 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness. Outbreaks of typhoid fever are also frequently reported from sub-Saharan Africa and countries in Southeast Asia. Historically, in the pre-antibiotic era, the case fatality rate of typhoid fever was 10–20%. Today, with prompt treatment, it is less than 1%. However, about 3–5% of individuals who are infected will develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder. Since "S." Typhi is human-restricted, these chronic carriers become the crucial reservoir, which

title: Typhoid fever

text: the scientific name "Salmonella enterica enterica", serovar Typhi. The British bacteriologist Almroth Edward Wright first developed an effective typhoid vaccine at the Army Medical School in Netley, Hampshire. It was introduced in 1896 and used successfully by the British during the Boer War in South Africa. At that time, typhoid often killed more soldiers at war than were lost due to enemy combat. Wright further developed his vaccine at a newly opened research department at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London from 1902, where he established a method for measuring protective substances (opsonin) in human blood. Citing the example

title: Typhoid fever

text: the most destructive, was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary. In 1907, she became the first carrier in the United States to be identified and traced. She was a cook in New York who was closely associated with 53 cases and three deaths. Public health authorities told Mary to give up working as a cook or have her gall bladder removed, as she had a chronic infection that kept her active as a carrier of the disease. Mary quit her job, but returned later under a false name. She was detained and quarantined after another typhoid outbreak. She died

title: Typhoid fever

text: detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacterium can be difficult. Bone marrow testing is the most accurate. A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 40% to 90% of cases during the first two years. The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years. It is recommended for those at high risk or people traveling to areas where the disease is common. Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing. Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare

title: Paratyphoid fever

text: Paratyphoid fever Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of "Salmonella enterica". Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacteria without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Both typhoid and

title: Paratyphoid fever

text: is most common in parts of Asia and rare in the developed world. Most cases are due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C. In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in about 29,200 deaths, down from 63,000 deaths in 1990. The risk of death is between 10 and 15% without treatment, while with treatment, it may be less than 1%. Paratyphoid fever resembles typhoid fever. Infection is characterized by a sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain, malaise, anorexia, a nonproductive cough (in early stage of illness), a relative bradycardia (slow heart rate), and hepatosplenomegaly (an enlargement of the liver and

title: Paratyphoid fever

text: get the disease in Asian countries. About 16 million cases occur a year, which result in about 25,000 deaths worldwide. Paratyphoid fever Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of "Salmonella enterica". Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may

title: Dengue fever

text: two weeks of being in the tropics or subtropics. It can be difficult to distinguish dengue fever and chikungunya, a similar viral infection that shares many symptoms and occurs in similar parts of the world to dengue. Often, investigations are performed to exclude other conditions that cause similar symptoms, such as malaria, leptospirosis, viral hemorrhagic fever, typhoid fever, meningococcal disease, measles, and influenza. Zika fever also has similar symptoms as dengue. The earliest change detectable on laboratory investigations is a low white blood cell count, which may then be followed by low platelets and metabolic acidosis. A moderately elevated level

title: Paratyphoid fever

text: paratyphoid are of similar severity. Paratyphoid and typhoid fever are types of enteric fever. Paratyphoid is caused by the bacterium "Salmonella enterica" of the serotypes Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, or Paratyphi C growing in the intestines and blood. They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected. Diagnosis may be based on symptoms and

title: Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever

text: outbreak situation, several cases occur around the same time. They may be grouped together, and there may be person-to-person transmission. An initial diagnosis of a VHF can be made based on the signs and symptoms of the specific VHF. Suspecting a VHF during a non-outbreak situation in a single case is more difficult. The early symptoms of a VHF include high fever and headache. These are also symptoms for many infections seen at the health facility. Most people who present with fever do not have a VHF. Their fever is more often caused by malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, severe bacterial

title: Paratyphoid fever

text: fever caused by the "S. enterica" serotypes A and B. In particular, a reanalysis of data from a trial conducted in Chile showed the Ty21a vaccine was 49% effective (95% CI: 8–73%) in preventing paratyphoid fever caused by the serotype B. Evidence from a study of international travelers in Israel also indicates the vaccine may prevent a fraction of infections by the serotype A, although no trial confirms this. This cross-protection by a typhoid vaccine is most likely due to O antigens shared between different "S. enterica" serotypes. Exclusion from work and social activities should be considered for symptomatic, and

title: Typhoid adware

text: with Typhoid Mary (Mary Mallon), the first identified person who never experienced any symptoms yet spread infection. At the same time running antivirus software on the affected computer is useless, since it has no adware installed. The implemented proof of concept was described in an article written in March 2010, by Daniel Medeiros Nunes de Castro, Eric Lin, John Aycock, and Mea Wang. While typhoid adware is a variant of the well-known man-in-the-middle attack, the researchers point out a number of new important issues, such as protection of video content and growing availability of public wireless internet access which are

title: Andreas J. Bäumler

text: Germany. Dr. Bäumler is a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology and Editor in Chief of the scientific journal "Infection and Immunity." The Bäumler lab studies the human disease manifestations associated with "Salmonella" serotypes such as typhoid fever caused by "Salmonella" typhi and gastroenteritis caused by non-typhoidal "Salmonella" serotypes (e.g. "S". Typhimurium). One focus of Dr. Bäumler's research is to understand why typhoid fever and gastroenteritis differ in the host response elicited at the site where both infections originate, the intestinal mucosa. The Bäumler lab aims to understand what "Salmonella" virulence factors and host factors contribute to the different

title: Plague of Athens

text: of teeth recovered from an ancient Greek burial pit, led by Manolis Papagrigorakis of the University of Athens, which found DNA sequences similar to those of the organism that causes typhoid fever. Symptoms generally associated with typhoid resemble Thucydides' description. They include: Some aspects of typhoid are at clear variance from Thucydides' description. Scavenger animals do not die from infection with typhoid, the onset of fever in typhoid is typically slow and subtle, and typhoid generally kills later in the disease course. As typhoid is most commonly transmitted through poor hygiene habits and public sanitation conditions in crowded urban areas,

title: Widal test

text: the titer (e.g., from 1:40 to 1:640) in the course of the infection, or a conversion from an IgM reaction to an IgG reaction of at least the same titer, would be consistent with a typhoid infection. A new serological test called the Tubex test is neither superior nor better performing than the Widal test. Therefore, Tubex test is not recommended for diagnosis of typhoid fever. Widal test In 1896 and named after its inventor, Georges-Fernand Widal, is a presumptive serological test for enteric fever or undulant fever whereby bacteria causing typhoid and malaria fever(caused by protozoa) are mixed with

title: Typhoid fever

text: However, unlike the Typhidot test, the Widal test quantifies the specimen with titres. Typhidot is a medical test consisting of a dot ELISA kit that detects IgM and IgG antibodies against the outer membrane protein (OMP) of the Salmonella typhi. The typhidot test becomes positive within 2–3 days of infection and separately identifies IgM and IgG antibodies. The test is based on the presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies to a specific 50Kd OMP antigen, which is impregnated on nitrocellulose strips. IgM shows recent infection whereas IgG signifies remote infection. The most important limitation of this test is that

title: Typhoid fever

text: are responsible for the transmission of the bacteria in endemic regions of the world. Diagnosis is made by any blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test (demonstration of antibodies against "Salmonella" antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar). In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding malaria, dysentery, or pneumonia, a therapeutic trial time with chloramphenicol is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of the Widal test and cultures of the blood and stool. The Widal test is time-consuming and prone to significant false positive results. The test may also be falsely negative in the early course of illness.

title: Typhoid fever

text: Typhi, also known as "Salmonella enterica" serotype Typhi. There are two main types of Typhi namely the ST1 and ST2 based on MLST subtyping scheme, which are currently widespread globally. "Salmonella" Typhi is spread through the fecal-oral route from individuals that are currently infected and from asymptomatic carriers of the bacteria. Unlike other strains of "Salmonella", there are no animal carriers of "S." Typhi. Humans are the only known carriers of the bacteria. An asymptomatic human carrier is an individual who is still excreting "S." Typhi in their stool a year after the acute stage of the infection. Human carriers

title: Widal test

text: Widal test In 1896 and named after its inventor, Georges-Fernand Widal, is a presumptive serological test for enteric fever or undulant fever whereby bacteria causing typhoid and malaria fever(caused by protozoa) are mixed with a serum containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual. In cases of "Salmonella" infection, it is a demonstration of the presence of O-soma false-positive result. Test results need to be interpreted carefully to account for any history of enteric fever, typhoid vaccination, and the general level of antibodies in the populations in endemic areas of the world. Typhidot is the other test used to ascertain

title: Typhus

text: occurred in Baltimore, Memphis and Washington, D.C. between 1865 and 1873. Typhus was also a significant killer during the US Civil War, although typhoid fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever". Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium "Salmonella typhii" (not to be confused with "Salmonella enterica", the cause of salmonella food poisoning), is a completely different disease from typhus. In Canada alone, the typhus epidemic of 1847 killed more than 20,000 people from 1847 to 1848, mainly Irish immigrants in fever sheds and other forms of quarantine, who had contracted the disease aboard the crowded

title: Salmonella

text: due to the burden of HIV, malaria, and malnutrition, especially in children. The genetic makeup of iNTS is evolving into a more typhoid-like bacterium, able to efficiently spread around the human body. Symptoms are reported to be diverse, including fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and respiratory symptoms, often with an absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Typhoid fever is caused by "Salmonella" serotypes which are strictly adapted to humans or higher primates—these include "Salmonella "Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C. In the systemic form of the disease, salmonellae pass through the lymphatic system of the intestine into the blood of the patients (typhoid

title: Mary Mallon

text: who has survived a previous episode of typhoid fever yet continues to shed the associated bacteria, "Salmonella typhi", in feces and urine. Washing hands with soap before touching or preparing food, washing dishes and utensils with soap and water, and only eating cooked food are all ways to reduce the risk of typhoid infection. Mary Mallon Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), also known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish-American cook. She was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was presumed to have

title: Asymptomatic carrier

text: individual. (Hence, Typhoid Mary.) Those who recover from this infection can still carry the bacteria in their cells, and therefore be asymptomatic. Mary Mallon, known as "Typhoid Mary", was an asymptomatic carrier of "Salmonella" "enterica" serovar typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. A cook for several families and soldiers in New York City during the late 1800’s, several cases of typhoid fever were traced to her by the Health Department. At the time, there was no way of eradicating the disease, and it was spread primarily through fecal-oral transmission. Most of Mary Mallon's transmission risk was thought to arise

title: Typhoid fever

text: New Jersey, water supply. Credit for the decision to build the chlorination system has been given to John L. Leal. The chlorination facility was designed by George W. Fuller. In 1942 doctors introduced antibiotics in clinical practice, greatly reducing mortality. Today, the incidence of typhoid fever in developed countries is around five cases per million people per year. The disease has been referred to by various names, often associated with symptoms, such as gastric fever, enteric fever, abdominal typhus, infantile remittant fever, slow fever, nervous fever, and pythogenic fever. Typhoid fever Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a

title: Typhoid fever

text: it is not quantitative and the result is only positive or negative. The term 'enteric fever' is a collective term that refers to severe typhoid and paratyphoid. Sanitation and hygiene are important to prevent typhoid. Typhoid does not affect animals other than humans. Typhoid can only spread in environments where human feces are able to come into contact with food or drinking water. Careful food preparation and washing of hands are crucial to prevent typhoid. Industrialization, and in particular, the invention of the automobile, contributed greatly to the elimination of typhoid fever, as it eliminated the public health hazards associated

title: Typhoid fever

text: pair of epidemics struck the Mexican highlands in 1545 and 1576, causing an estimated 7 to 17 million deaths. A study published in 2018 suggests that the cause was typhoid fever. Some historians believe that the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia, died out from typhoid. Typhoid fever killed more than 6000 settlers in the New World between 1607 and 1624. A long-held belief is that 9th US President William Henry Harrison died of pneumonia, but recent studies suggest he likely died from typhoid. This disease may also have been a contributing factor in the death of 12th US President Zachary

title: Typhoid fever

text: outbreaks in high incidence areas. Just as important, it is also very cost-effective. Vaccination prices are normally low, less than US $1 per dose. Because the price is low, poverty-stricken communities are more willing to take advantage of the vaccinations. Although vaccination programs for typhoid have proven to be effective, they alone cannot eliminate typhoid fever. Combining the use of vaccines along with increasing public health efforts is the only proven way to control this disease. Since the 1990s there have been two typhoid fever vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization. The ViPS vaccine is given via injection, while

title: Typhoid fever

text: Taylor due to the unsanitary conditions in Washington, D.C., in the mid-19th century. During the American Civil War, 81,360 Union soldiers died of typhoid or dysentery, far more than died of battle wounds. In the late 19th century, the typhoid fever mortality rate in Chicago averaged 65 per 100,000 people a year. The worst year was 1891, when the typhoid death rate was 174 per 100,000 people. During the Spanish–American War, American troops were exposed to typhoid fever in stateside training camps and overseas, largely due to inadequate sanitation systems. The Surgeon General of the Army, George Miller Sternberg, suggested

title: Typhoid fever

text: of the deaths of diarrheal diseases in general. Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin. Otherwise, a third-generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is the first choice. Cefixime is a suitable oral alternative. Typhoid fever, when properly treated, is not fatal in most cases. Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, have been commonly used to treat typhoid fever in microbiology. Treatment of the disease with antibiotics reduces the case-fatality rate to about 1%. Without treatment, some patients develop sustained fever, bradycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal symptoms and, occasionally, pneumonia. In white-skinned

title: Typhoid fever

text: such access to basic public health needs is not in the near future. In 430 BC, a plague, which some believe to have been typhoid fever, killed one-third of the population of Athens, including their leader Pericles. Following this disaster, the balance of power shifted from Athens to Sparta, ending the Golden Age of Pericles that had marked Athenian dominance in the Greek ancient world. The ancient historian Thucydides also contracted the disease, but he survived to write about the plague. His writings are the primary source on this outbreak, and modern academics and medical scientists consider typhoid fever the

title: Typhoid fever

text: with having horse manure in the public street which led to large number of flies. According to statistics from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the chlorination of drinking water has led to dramatic decreases in the transmission of typhoid fever in the United States. Two typhoid vaccines are licensed for use for the prevention of typhoid: the live, oral Ty21a vaccine (sold as Vivotif by Crucell Switzerland AG) and the injectable typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (sold as Typhim Vi by Sanofi Pasteur and 'Typherix by GlaxoSmithKline). Both are efficacious and recommended for travellers to areas where

title: Typhoid fever

text: typhoid is endemic. Boosters are recommended every five years for the oral vaccine and every two years for the injectable form. An older, killed-whole-cell vaccine is still used in countries where the newer preparations are not available, but this vaccine is no longer recommended for use because it has a higher rate of side effects (mainly pain and inflammation at the site of the injection). To help decrease rates of typhoid fever in developing nations, the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed the use of a vaccination program starting in 1999. Vaccinations have proven to be a great way at controlling

title: Typhoid fever

text: to the healthy through their consumption of contaminated water. He proposed strict isolation or quarantine as a method for containing such outbreaks in the future. The medical and scientific communities did not identify the role of microorganisms in infectious disease until the work of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. In 1880, Karl Joseph Eberth described a bacillus that he suspected was the cause of typhoid. In 1884, pathologist Georg Theodor August Gaffky (1850–1918) confirmed Eberth's findings, and the organism was given names such as Eberth's bacillus, "Eberthella" Typhi, and Gaffky-Eberth bacillus. Today, the bacillus that causes typhoid fever goes by

title: Typhoid fever

text: most likely cause. In 2006, a study detected DNA sequences similar to those of the bacterium responsible for typhoid fever in dental pulp extracted from a burial pit dated to the time of the outbreak. The cause of the plague has long been disputed and other scientists have disputed the findings, citing serious methodologic flaws in the dental pulp-derived DNA study. The disease is most commonly transmitted through poor hygiene habits and public sanitation conditions; during the period in question related to Athens above, the whole population of Attica was besieged within the Long Walls and lived in tents. A

title: Typhoid fever

text: isolates testing sensitive to CIP but not to NAL should be reported as "reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin". However, an analysis of 271 isolates showed that around 18% of isolates with a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.125–1.0 mg/l) would not be picked up by this method. How this problem can be solved is not certain, because most laboratories around the world (including the West) are dependent on disk testing and cannot test for MICs. In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19

title: Typhoid fever

text: patients, pink spots, which fade on pressure, appear on the skin of the trunk in up to 20% of cases. In the third week, untreated cases may develop gastrointestinal and cerebral complications, which may prove fatal in up to 10–20% of cases. The highest case fatality rates are reported in children under 4 years. Around 2–5% of those who contract typhoid fever become chronic carriers, as bacteria persist in the biliary tract after symptoms have resolved. Surgery is usually indicated in cases of intestinal perforation. Most surgeons prefer simple closure of the perforation with drainage of the peritoneum. Small-bowel resection

title: Typhoid fever

text: can persist for decades for further spread of the disease, further complicating the identification and treatment of the disease. Lately, the study of Typhi associated with a large outbreak and a carrier at the genome level provides new insights into the pathogenesis of the pathogen. In industrialized nations, water sanitation and food handling improvements have reduced the number of cases. Developing nations, such as those found in parts of Asia and Africa, have the highest rates of typhoid fever. These areas have a lack of access to clean water, proper sanitation systems, and proper health care facilities. For these areas,

title: Typhoid fever

text: for treating suspected typhoid originating in South America, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, or Vietnam. For these people, the recommended first-line treatment is ceftriaxone. Also, azithromycin has been suggested to be better at treating typhoid in resistant populations than both fluoroquinolone drugs and ceftriaxone. Azithromycin significantly reduces relapse rates compared with ceftriaxone. A separate problem exists with laboratory testing for reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin: current recommendations are that isolates should be tested simultaneously against ciprofloxacin (CIP) and against nalidixic acid (NAL), and that isolates that are sensitive to both CIP and NAL should be reported as "sensitive to ciprofloxacin", but that

title: Typhoid vaccine

text: Typhoid vaccine Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live vaccine given by mouth) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective for the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccinating all children in areas where the disease is common. Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk. Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of

title: Typhoid vaccine

text: Vietnam, the vaccine had more than 90 percent efficacy in the first year and protection lasted at least 4 years. Depending on the formulation it can be given starting at the age of two (ViPS), six years old (Ty21a) or 6 months (TCV). Typhoid vaccine Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live vaccine given by mouth) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective for the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA

title: Typhoid vaccine

text: recommended. The first typhoid vaccines were developed in 1896 by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle. Due to side-effects newer formulations are currently recommended. Typhoid vaccines are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$4.44 per dose as of 2014. In the United States they cost $25–50. Ty21a, the Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, and Vi-rEPA are effective in reducing typhoid fever with low rates of adverse effects. Newer vaccines such as Vi-TT (PedaTyph) are awaiting field

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: Her name comes from early 20th-century Irish-American cook and typhoid fever carrier "Typhoid Mary" Mallon. She first appeared as Mutant Zero in "" #4 (September 2007) as a member of Henry Peter Gyrich's black ops team but she was eventually revealed to be this character. Prior to this, writer Dan Slott stated that the "mysterious character" was secretly a well-known character in disguise. Typhoid Mary is an enemy and former lover of Daredevil with low level psionic powers, including telekinesis. She has been a professional criminal employed by organized crime syndicates as an assassin in the past. She is also

title: Typhoid fever

text: of the Second Boer War, during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the British Army that 10 million vaccine doses should be produced for the troops being sent to the Western Front, thereby saving up to half a million lives during World War I. The British Army was the only combatant at the outbreak of the war to have its troops fully immunized against the bacterium. For the first time, their casualties due to combat exceeded those from disease. In 1909, Frederick F. Russell, a U.S. Army physician, adopted Wright's typhoid vaccine for use with the

title: Typhoid fever

text: of pneumonia after 26 years in quarantine. A notable outbreak occurred in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1964. This was due to contaminated tinned meat sold at the city's branch of the William Low chain of stores. No fatalities resulted. In 2004–05 an outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo resulted in more than 42,000 cases and 214 deaths. During the course of treatment of a typhoid outbreak in a local village in 1838, English country doctor William Budd realised the "poisons" involved in infectious diseases multiplied in the intestines of the sick, were present in their excretions, and could be transmitted

title: Continuous fever

text: Continuous fever Continuous fever is a type or pattern of fever in which temperature does not touch the baseline and remains above normal throughout the day. The variation between maximum and minimum temperature in 24 hours is less than 1°C (1.5°F). It usually occurs due to some infectious disease. Diagnosis of continuous fever is usually based on the clinical signs and symptoms but some biological tests, chest X-ray and CT scan are also used. Typhoid fever is an example of continuous fever and it shows a characteristic step-ladder pattern, a step-wise increase in temperature with a high plateau. Continuous fever

title: Lassa fever

text: and assess its course and complications. The confidence of a diagnosis can be compromised if laboratory tests are not available. One comprising factor is the number of febrile illnesses present in Africa, such as malaria or typhoid fever that could potentially exhibit similar symptoms, particularly for non-specific manifestations of Lassa fever. In cases with abdominal pain, in countries where Lassa is common, Lassa fever is often misdiagnosed as appendicitis and intussusception which delays treatment with the antiviral ribavirin. In West Africa, where Lassa is most prevalent, it is difficult for doctors to diagnose due to the absence of proper equipment

title: Paratyphoid fever

text: spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animal infected. Paratyphoid B is more frequent in Europe. It can present as a typhoid-like illness, as a severe gastroenteritis or with features of both. Herpes labialis, rare in true typhoid fever, is frequently seen in paratyphoid B. Diagnosis is with isolation of the agent in blood or stool and

title: Lassa fever

text: usually initially spread to people via contact with the urine or feces of an infected multimammate rat. Spread can then occur via direct contact between people. Diagnosis based on symptoms is difficult. Confirmation is by laboratory testing to detect the virus's RNA, antibodies for the virus, or the virus itself in cell culture. Other conditions that may present similarly include Ebola, malaria, typhoid fever, and yellow fever. The Lassa virus is a member of the "Arenaviridae" family of viruses. There is no vaccine. Prevention requires isolating those who are infected and decreasing contact with the rats. Other efforts to control

title: Paratyphoid fever

text: be carefully educated about personal hygiene. This would include careful handwashing after defecation and sexual contact, before preparing or eating food, and especially the sanitary disposal of feces. Food handlers should be educated in personal hygiene prior to handling food or utensils and equipment. Infected individuals should be advised to avoid food preparation. Sexually active people should be educated about the risks of sexual practices that permit fecal-oral contact. Those who travel to countries with poor sanitation should receive a live attenuated typhoid vaccine—Ty21a (Vivotif), which, in addition to the protection against typhoid fever, may provide some protection against paratyphoid

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: kills Kirigi in a final battle, Elektra throws a sai through the hedges of a maze and straight into Typhoid's face. Typhoid falls back onto the ground and disintegrates. The character is specifically called "Typhoid Mary" rather than just Typhoid during the "Making of Elektra" feature on the DVD. Typhoid Mary (comics) Typhoid Mary (Mary Walker), also known as Bloody Mary and Mutant Zero, is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was initially depicted as an enemy of Daredevil, but has also come into conflict with Spider-Man and Deadpool. The character was

title: Coalition against Typhoid

text: Coalition against Typhoid The Coalition against Typhoid (CaT) is a global forum of health and immunization experts working to save lives and reduce suffering by accelerating the delivery of typhoid vaccines to populations that need them most. Typhoid control requires a comprehensive strategy that combines immediate measures such as appropriate treatment and vaccination of high-burden and high-risk populations with sustainable long-term solutions like access to safe water, basic sanitation and promotion of good hygiene practices, including hand washing. The primary goal of CaT is to define the barriers to adoption of typhoid vaccines in the communities where they are needed

title: Aftermath (Fever Fever album)

text: album four stars for "Highlight Magazine", Geoff Burns describes, "While Aftermath is only the first album from Fever Fever, the band demonstrates what they want to sound like and don’t have a problem in doing so." Aftermath (Fever Fever album) Aftermath is the first studio album and a popular album from Fever Fever. Slospeak Records released the album on September 16, 2014. Awarding the album four stars from Jesus Freak Hideout, Scott Fryberger states, "Fever Fever have truly delivered a fine product for their first label release. "Aftermath" contains many treasures, and it's an album you may go back to

title: Coalition against Typhoid

text: most, and discover key activities needed to overcome them. Coalition against Typhoid The Coalition against Typhoid (CaT) is a global forum of health and immunization experts working to save lives and reduce suffering by accelerating the delivery of typhoid vaccines to populations that need them most. Typhoid control requires a comprehensive strategy that combines immediate measures such as appropriate treatment and vaccination of high-burden and high-risk populations with sustainable long-term solutions like access to safe water, basic sanitation and promotion of good hygiene practices, including hand washing. The primary goal of CaT is to define the barriers to adoption of

title: Typhoid adware

text: other WiFi hotspots. Typhoid adware would trick a laptop to recognize it as the wireless provider and inserts itself into the route of the wireless connection between the computer and the actual provider. After that the adware may insert various advertisements into the data stream to appear on the computer during the browsing session. In this way even a video stream, e.g., from YouTube may be modified. What is more, the adware may run from an infested computer whose owner would not see any manifestations, yet will affect neighboring ones. For the latter peculiarity it was named in an analogy

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: smaller knives. In the alternate timeline seen in the 2005 "House of M" storyline, Typhoid Mary appears as an assassin of Wilson Fisk. In the parallel dimension seen in the 1998 - 2001 miniseries, "Mutant X", Typhoid Mary is a member of the Avengers. She is later killed by Captain America while battling the Six. Typhoid Mary appears in the 2005 film "Elektra", portrayed by Natassia Malthe. In the film, she is an assassin for the Hand whose breath or touch kills whatever they come into contact with. Her poison touch spreads throughout an area at will, killing life, and

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: Mary hired Deadpool to kill her, Typhoid hired him to break her out, and Bloody Mary hired The Vamp/Animus to break her out to resume a killing spree. Deadpool defeated the Vamp/Animus but refused to kill Mary, allowing the Typhoid personality to become dominant. Typhoid and Deadpool had a few adventures together, including traveling to New York City to confront Daredevil for accidentally kicking her out of the brothel some years ago (as she regained the memories of this incident when Deadpool pushed her out of a window), before Deadpool attempted to reform Typhoid. This did not go well and

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: Typhoid Mary (comics) Typhoid Mary (Mary Walker), also known as Bloody Mary and Mutant Zero, is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was initially depicted as an enemy of Daredevil, but has also come into conflict with Spider-Man and Deadpool. The character was portrayed in the film "Elektra" by Natassia Malthe. Alice Eve portrays a grounded version of the character in the television series "Iron Fist" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Typhoid Mary first appeared in "Daredevil" #254 (May 1988), and was created by writer Ann Nocenti and artist John Romita Jr.

title: Typhoid adware

text: Typhoid adware Typhoid adware is a type of computer security threat that uses a Man-in-the-middle attack to inject advertising into web pages a user visits when using a public network, like a WiFi hotspot. Researchers from the University of Calgary identified the issue, which does not require the affected computer to have adware installed in order to display advertisements on this computer. The researchers said that the threat was not yet observed, but described its mechanism and potential countermeasures. The environment for the threat to work is an area of non-encrypted wireless connection, such as a wireless internet cafe or

title: Typhoid adware

text: not well-monitored. Researchers say that annoying advertisements are only the tip of the iceberg. A serious danger may come from, e.g., promotions of rogue antivirus software seemingly coming from a trusted source. Suggested countermeasures include: All these approaches have been investigated earlier in other contexts. Typhoid adware Typhoid adware is a type of computer security threat that uses a Man-in-the-middle attack to inject advertising into web pages a user visits when using a public network, like a WiFi hotspot. Researchers from the University of Calgary identified the issue, which does not require the affected computer to have adware installed in

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: X-Men. During the "Infinity Wars" storyline, Typhoid Mary is among the villains that accompany Turk Barrett to his meeting with the Infinity Watch at Central Park. Typhoid Mary is a mutant and possesses a number of limited psionic powers. She can use telekinesis to levitate small objects over short distances (such as weapons of under 10 pounds; knives, razors, etc., which her "Bloody Mary" persona often gathered and assembled into improvised battle-armor). She is a powerful pyrokinetic, meaning she can cause spontaneous combustion within line of sight to set objects in her immediate vicinity aflame. She can implant mental suggestions

title: Scarlet fever

text: pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated Group A Strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of Group A Streptococcus which produce a pyrogenic exotoxin. These toxin producing strains cause scarlet fever in people who do not already have antitoxin antibodies. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A, B, and C (speA, speB, and speC) have been identified. The pyrogenic exotoxins are also called erythrogenic toxins and cause the erythematous rash of scarlet fever. The strains of Group A Streptococcus which cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages in

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: the war, Kingpin - using secret code words to activate her fourth personality - reveals that she was an inside agent who was ignorant of her 'true' goal all along. Typhoid Mary joins the Sisterhood of Mutants, as Lady Deathstrike promises to use Arkea to reintegrate Mary's personalities, which Arkea then does. The sisterhood, specifically Arkea and Amora, resurrect Selene and Madelyne Pryor. Before the Sisterhood can recruit additional members and go on an offensive, the X-Men attack. Typhoid Mary is defeated by Psylocke. Arkea is killed, while Madelyne swears to maintain the Sisterhood and continue the war against the

title: Typhoid vaccine

text: trials to demonstrate efficacy against natural exposure. The oral Ty21a vaccine prevents around one-half of typhoid cases in the first three years after vaccination. The injectable Vi polysaccharide vaccine prevented about two-thirds of typhoid cases in the first year and had a cumulative efficacy of 55% by the third year. The efficacy of these vaccines has only been demonstrated in children older than 2 years. Vi-rEPA vaccine, a new conjugate form of the injectable Vi vaccine, may be more effective and prevents the disease in many children under the age of 5 years. In a trial in 2-to-5-year-old children in

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: voice patterns of her different personas, not to mention the different ways of dress, even Daredevil's super-senses were long unable to tell the different personas all belonged to the same woman, and Typhoid Mary took advantage of this situation to hide from Daredevil/Matt Murdock even within earshot. As Mutant Zero, Mary appears to possess the same psionic powers utilized by both Typhoid and Bloody Mary. It is unknown whether the powers she possesses as Mutant Zero are equal to or stronger than those of the "Bloody Mary" personality. Recent battles suggest they are more powerful, but take their toll on

title: Disease in colonial America

text: both cause bloody flux. These two diseases are deadly in their own right but when a person has both at the same time it is almost impossible to recover. The Typhoid Fever causes a prolonged burning fever, is debilitating, and causes death more often than not. It occurs mostly in the hot months of the year but can flare up at any time. The first epidemic of the fever was located in Virginia by Reverend Robert Hunt after taking a voyage where Typhoid Fever transpired. Typhoid Fever was a huge component of military operations; because many soldiers would become afflicted

title: Fever Fever (band)

text: current single "Aftermath" has charted at No. 30. Fever Fever (band) Fever Fever, is an American Christian music band. They come from Columbus, Ohio. The band started making music in 2005. Their membership is Drew Murfin, Wes Black, Andrew Bashaw, and Zack Taylor. The band released three extended plays while they were independent from a label; "Fever Fever" in 2008, "Kingdom" in 2012, and "Native Color" in 2013. They released an album, "LoveQuest" independently in 2009. Their first studio album, "Aftermath" was released by Slospeak Records, in 2014. Fever Fever is an alternative indie band from Columbus, Ohio. Their current

title: Fever Fever (band)

text: Fever Fever (band) Fever Fever, is an American Christian music band. They come from Columbus, Ohio. The band started making music in 2005. Their membership is Drew Murfin, Wes Black, Andrew Bashaw, and Zack Taylor. The band released three extended plays while they were independent from a label; "Fever Fever" in 2008, "Kingdom" in 2012, and "Native Color" in 2013. They released an album, "LoveQuest" independently in 2009. Their first studio album, "Aftermath" was released by Slospeak Records, in 2014. Fever Fever is an alternative indie band from Columbus, Ohio. Their current members are lead vocalist and guitarist Drew Murfin,

title: Blonde Fever

text: Blonde Fever Blonde Fever is a 1944 comedy film directed by Richard Whorf. It is also known as Autumn Fever. It marked Gloria Grahame's film debut. Peter Donay (Philip Dorn) is the not-so-happy owner of the Café Donay, which is a fancy roadside establishment somewhere between Reno and Lake Tahoe in Nevada. His marriage is not what it should be, and he has a gambling addiction. One day, he meets nightclub waitress Sally Murfin (Gloria Grahame), who is a lot more interested in Peter's money and business than in anything else. Peter’s wife, Delilah (Mary Astor), knows about her husband's

title: Typhoid fever

text: the Ty21a is taken through capsules. It is recommended only people 2 years or older be vaccinated with the ViPS vaccine and requires a revaccination after 2–3 years with a 55–72% vaccine efficacy. The alternative Ty21a vaccine is recommended for people 5 years or older, and has a 5-7-year duration with a 51–67% vaccine efficacy. The two different vaccines have been proven as a safe and effective treatment for epidemic disease control in multiple regions. A version combined with hepatitis A is also available. The rediscovery of oral rehydration therapy in the 1960s provided a simple way to prevent many

title: Victoria Dam (Western Australia)

text: cases of typhoid fever occurred at a timber mill in the catchment in 1892, at a time when typhoid fever became increasingly prevalent in Perth. Between 1895 and 1900, there were 4047 cases and 425 deaths from typhoid fever in Perth, and the water supply was suspected to be contaminated. In response to this, in 1896 the Colonial Government purchased the scheme, including the dam, pipelines and Mount Eliza reservoir. In 1897, a sample of the water from the reservoir was found to contain the bacteria causing typhoid fever, and strict by-laws were implemented to prosecute any cases of pollution

title: Typhoid fever

text: food for others. The disease is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment of the disease more difficult. In 2015, there were 12.5 million new cases worldwide. The disease is most common in India. Children are most commonly affected. Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease. Each year in the United States, about 400 cases are reported and it is estimated that the disease occurs in about

title: Typhoid Mary (comics)

text: Murdock. She temporarily reverted to her "Mary" personality, but then reverted to her "Typhoid" personality, and began a romance with the Kingpin. She hired Bullet, Bushwacker, Ammo, and the Wild Boys to attack Daredevil, and then personally led these criminals against the blind vigilante. A favorite pawn of the Kingpin, Typhoid frequently battled and had a love-hate relationship with Daredevil before disappearing. Through hypnosis, the abnormal and psychotic personalities were suppressed from Walker's consciousness, and she began to lead a normal life, becoming an actress on a soap opera. She was sent by Doctor Doom to learn the secrets of

title: Jungle Fever (soundtrack)

text: Jungle Fever (soundtrack) Jungle Fever is the 1991 soundtrack album by American R&B musician Stevie Wonder to Spike Lee's movie "Jungle Fever". It was released by Motown Records on May 28, 1991. "Jungle Fever" received lukewarm reviews from music critics. In a contemporary review for "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau cited "Fun Day" and the title track as highlights and referred to Wonder as "a genius even if that's what he's selling". Bill Wyman of "Entertainment Weekly" felt it lacks memorable hooks and was critical of Wonder's lyrics and style of arrangement, which he said sounds "more and more dated

title: Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever

text: on February 16, 2010. The production companies are Tonic Films, Morningstar Films, Carr Miller Entertainment and Tunnel Post. The special effects are from Quantum Creation FX who created the make-up effects. Rider Strong and Giuseppe Andrews are the only two "Cabin Fever" cast members to come back for the sequel. The film score was composed by Ryan Shore. Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever (also known as Cabin Fever 2 or Cabin Fever: Spring Fever) is a 2009 American horror film sequel to the 2002 film "Cabin Fever". The film is about a high school prom

title: Fever (Destefano novel)

text: effects of the virus and Rhine is faced with a hard decision of what she is willing to sacrifice for freedom. "Fever" was published as a hardcover in the United States on February 12, 2013, by Simon & Schuster Children's Book's For Young Readers. Fever (Destefano novel) Fever is a 2013 young-adult dystopian novel written by Lauren DeStefano. It was published on February 12. 2012, by Simon & Schuster Book's For Young Readers. It takes place in a dystopian future where scientists have created a generation of perfect humans, who suffer from no illnesses or disorders. However, an unforeseen virus

title: Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever

text: Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever (also known as Cabin Fever 2 or Cabin Fever: Spring Fever) is a 2009 American horror film sequel to the 2002 film "Cabin Fever". The film is about a high school prom that descends into sheer panic when a deadly flesh-eating virus spreads via a popular brand of bottled water. The film was directed by Ti West. Sometime after the events of the previous film, a very disfigured Paul (Rider Strong) escapes from the creek and wanders through the woods, leaving pieces of his own flesh along the way. When

title: George Miller Sternberg

text: George Miller Sternberg Brigadier General George Miller Sternberg (June 8, 1838 – November 3, 1915) was a U.S. Army physician who is considered the first U.S. bacteriologist, having written "Manual of Bacteriology" (1892). After he survived typhoid and yellow fever, Sternberg documented the cause of malaria (1881), discovered the cause of lobar pneumonia (1881), and confirmed the roles of the bacilli of tuberculosis and typhoid fever (1886). As the 18th U.S. Army Surgeon General, from 1893 to 1902, Sternberg led commissions to control typhoid and yellow fever, along with his subordinate Major Walter Reed. Sternberg also oversaw the establishment of

title: Metal fume fever

text: zinc levels may (unsurprisingly) be elevated. Chest X-ray abnormalities may also be present. An interesting feature of metal fume fever involves rapid adaptation to the development of the syndrome following repeated metal oxide exposure. Workers with a history of recurrent metal fume fever often develop a tolerance to the fumes. This tolerance, however, is transient, and only persists through the work week. After a weekend hiatus, the tolerance has usually disappeared. This phenomenon of tolerance is what led to the name "Monday Fever". In 2006, approximately 700 metal fume exposures were reported to the United States Poison control center. The

title: Aftermath (Fever Fever album)

text: Aftermath (Fever Fever album) Aftermath is the first studio album and a popular album from Fever Fever. Slospeak Records released the album on September 16, 2014. Awarding the album four stars from Jesus Freak Hideout, Scott Fryberger states, "Fever Fever have truly delivered a fine product for their first label release. "Aftermath" contains many treasures, and it's an album you may go back to quite often thanks to its superbly-written instrumentation and catchy pop hooks." Roger Gelwicks, rating the album four stars at Jesus Freak Hideout, writes, ""Aftermath" pays off as one of the finest debuts this year". Giving the

title: 1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak

text: person to person, by disposable paper towels and warm air hand driers. 1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak In 1964 there was an outbreak of typhoid in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. The first two cases were identified on 20 May 1964; eventually over 400 cases were diagnosed and the patients were quarantined at the City Hospital in Urquhart Road and Woodend Hospital in Eday Road, but no fatalities resulted. Dr Ian MacQueen, the Medical Officer of Health for Aberdeen, became well known in the media for his twice-daily briefings. The outbreak was eventually traced to contaminated tinned corned beef from South

title: 1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak

text: 1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak In 1964 there was an outbreak of typhoid in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. The first two cases were identified on 20 May 1964; eventually over 400 cases were diagnosed and the patients were quarantined at the City Hospital in Urquhart Road and Woodend Hospital in Eday Road, but no fatalities resulted. Dr Ian MacQueen, the Medical Officer of Health for Aberdeen, became well known in the media for his twice-daily briefings. The outbreak was eventually traced to contaminated tinned corned beef from South America made by Fray Bentos and sold in the city's branch of

title: Lassa fever

text: been used. When Lassa fever infects pregnant women late in their third trimester, inducing delivery is necessary for the mother to have a good chance of survival. This is because the virus has an affinity for the placenta and other highly vascular tissues. The fetus has only a one in ten chance of survival no matter what course of action is taken; hence, the focus is always on saving the life of the mother. Following delivery, women should receive the same treatment as other Lassa fever patients. Work on a vaccine is continuing, with multiple approaches showing positive results in

title: Chest Fever

text: "The Rolling Stone Album Guide", Paul Evans stated that "The organ mastery of 'Chest Fever' unleashed the Band's secret weapon, Garth Hudson." The introduction is based on Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor. In live performances, this solo evolved into an improvisation drawing from numerous musical styles and lasting several minutes. "When Levon Helm has complained about the share out of royalties at this period, this is the song he quotes," states Viney. "His theme is that Garth's contribution was always grossly under-estimated and under-credited. As he says, 'what do you remember about 'Chest Fever' - the lyrics or

title: Scarlet fever

text: years has been on the rise. Countries including England, Wales, South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Hong Kong. Researchers are unsure as to what has caused the spike in cases of the disease. The Dick test was invented in 1924 and was used to identify those susceptible to scarlet fever. The Dick test consisted of injecting a diluted strain of the streptococci known to cause scarlet fever into a person's skin. A local reaction in the skin at the site of injection appeared in people who were susceptible to developing scarlet fever. This reaction was most notable around 24 hours after

title: Fever 333

text: new unreleased tracks. Fever 333 members Jason Aalon Butler, Stephen Harrison, and Aric Improta hinted at the musical project and the show days prior to the midday performance. Butler posted a statement upon the announcement of the formation of Fever 333 in an Instagram post. "To those of you who want change, here is an offering to start that conversation. I've had a lot of people asking me what I'll be doing in the future—here is a taste of that." Butler continued, "I love art. I love being a musician. I love progress. And I am no stranger to pushing

title: Postoperative fever

text: antipyretics and extra fluid intake. The diagnostic workup of post-operative fever is guided by the potential etiologies on the differential diagnosis. The patient's surgical and post-operative course should be reviewed in detail, noting whether the patient has been regularly using an incentive spirometer or not, whether a Foley catheter was/is in place, what medications s/he has received, etc. The patient should be asked if s/he is having any pain (and where?) or other symptoms such as coughing or dysuria, which may help to localize the source of the fever. A thorough physical exam should be conducted, auscultating the lungs, noting

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: William Gull

text: may seem, has a fixed and invariable meaning" "Published Writings, "Study of Medicine"" "If facts be nature’s words, our words should be true sign of nature's facts. A word rightly imposed is a landmark indicating so much recovered from the region of ignorance" "Published Writings, Volume 156, "Study of Medicine"" "Never forget that it is not a pneumonia, but a pneumonic man who is your patient. Not a typhoid fever, but a typhoid man" "Published Writings (edited by T. D. Acland), Memoir II." "Realize, if you can, what a paralyzing influence on all scientific inquiry the ancient belief must have

title: Beisfjord massacre

text: for an inspection of the camp" (...) The SS officers' suspicion of typhoid fever was confirmed by this [Norwegian] MD. Typhoid fever must be diagnosed thru blood- or stool samples. (...) The physical symptoms that the prisoners had, concurred, but neither the Norwegian- or German MD took blood tests. The Norwegian MD picked out 85 prisoners who allegedly had typhoid fever. He supposedly did not examine them thoroughly, but [he] picked out the prisoners from a distance because they looked frail. They were immediately sent to the infirmary". The Beisfjord camp was quarantined by the SS on 15 July 1942

title: Epidemic typhus

text: epidemic killed more than 20,000 people, mainly Irish immigrants in fever sheds and other forms of quarantine, who had contracted the disease aboard coffin ships. In America, a typhus epidemic killed the son of Franklin Pierce in Concord, New Hampshire in 1843 and struck in Philadelphia in 1837. Several epidemics occurred in Baltimore, Memphis and Washington, D.C. between 1865 and 1873. Typhus fever was also a significant killer during the American Civil War, although typhoid fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever." Typhoid is a completely different disease from typhus. Physician, anthropologist, historian Rudolph Carl

title: Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth

text: people a year. The worst year was 1891, when the typhoid death rate was 174 per 100,000 persons. One of the most famous people to die from typhoid fever in Chicago was Stephen A. Douglas, a Democratic contender in the 1860 presidential election, who died on June 3, 1861. Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth The Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth is a persistent urban legend, stating that 90,000 people in Chicago died of typhoid fever and cholera in 1885. Although the story is widely reported, these deaths did not occur. Lake Michigan was the source of Chicago's drinking water. During

title: Mary Mallon

text: or some other undesirable thing. Actress Elisabeth Moss is reported to be developing a TV miniseries in which "Typhoid Mary" is a central character, based on the 2013 novel "Fever" by Mary Beth Keane. In August 2013, researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine announced they were making breakthroughs in understanding the exact science behind asymptomatic carriers such as Mallon. The bacteria that cause typhoid may hide in macrophages, a type of immune cell. Individuals can develop typhoid fever after ingesting food or water contaminated during handling by a human carrier. The human carrier may be a healthy person

title: Mary Mallon

text: Mary Mallon Mary Mallon (September 23, 1869 – November 11, 1938), also known as Typhoid Mary, was an Irish-American cook. She was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. She was presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook. She was twice forcibly isolated by public health authorities and died after a total of nearly three decades in isolation. Mary Mallon was born in 1869 in Cookstown, County Tyrone, in what is now Northern Ireland. She migrated