query: What is supernova?

title: Superluminous supernova

text: to account for some observed gamma-ray bursts. Superluminous supernova A superluminous supernova (SLSN, plural superluminous supernovae or SLSNe), also known as a hypernova, is a type of stellar explosion with a luminosity 10 or more times higher than that of standard supernovae. Like supernovae, SLSNe seem to be produced by several mechanisms, which is readily revealed by their light-curves and spectra. There are multiple models for what conditions may produce an SLSN, including core collapse in particularly massive stars, millisecond magnetars, interaction with circumstellar material (CSM model), or pair-instability supernovae. Hypernovae produce long gamma ray bursts (GRBs), which range from

title: Superluminous supernova

text: Superluminous supernova A superluminous supernova (SLSN, plural superluminous supernovae or SLSNe), also known as a hypernova, is a type of stellar explosion with a luminosity 10 or more times higher than that of standard supernovae. Like supernovae, SLSNe seem to be produced by several mechanisms, which is readily revealed by their light-curves and spectra. There are multiple models for what conditions may produce an SLSN, including core collapse in particularly massive stars, millisecond magnetars, interaction with circumstellar material (CSM model), or pair-instability supernovae. Hypernovae produce long gamma ray bursts (GRBs), which range from 2 seconds to over a minute in

title: Supernova remnant

text: the energetic shock fronts required to generate ultra-high energy cosmic rays. Observation of the SN 1006 remnant in the X-ray has shown synchrotron emission consistent with it being a source of cosmic rays. However, for energies higher than about 10 eV a different mechanism is required as supernova remnants cannot provide sufficient energy. It is still unclear whether supernova remnants accelerate cosmic rays up to PeV energies. The future telescope CTA will help to answer this question. Supernova remnant A supernova remnant (SNR) is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. The supernova remnant is

title: Vela Supernova Remnant

text: was not seen earlier because in most wavelengths it is lost in the presence of the Vela remnant. Vela Supernova Remnant The Vela supernova remnant is a supernova remnant in the southern constellation Vela. Its source Type II supernova exploded approximately 11,000–12,300 years ago (and was about 800 light-years away). The association of the Vela supernova remnant with the Vela pulsar, made by astronomers at the University of Sydney in 1968, was direct observational evidence that supernovae form neutron stars. The Vela supernova remnant includes NGC 2736. It also overlaps the Puppis Supernova Remnant, which is four times more distant.

title: Supernova remnant

text: Supernova remnant A supernova remnant (SNR) is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova. The supernova remnant is bounded by an expanding shock wave, and consists of ejected material expanding from the explosion, and the interstellar material it sweeps up and shocks along the way. There are two common routes to a supernova: either a massive star may run out of fuel, ceasing to generate fusion energy in its core, and collapsing inward under the force of its own gravity to form a neutron star or a black hole; or a white dwarf star may

title: Vela Supernova Remnant

text: Vela Supernova Remnant The Vela supernova remnant is a supernova remnant in the southern constellation Vela. Its source Type II supernova exploded approximately 11,000–12,300 years ago (and was about 800 light-years away). The association of the Vela supernova remnant with the Vela pulsar, made by astronomers at the University of Sydney in 1968, was direct observational evidence that supernovae form neutron stars. The Vela supernova remnant includes NGC 2736. It also overlaps the Puppis Supernova Remnant, which is four times more distant. Both the Puppis and Vela remnants are among the largest and brightest features in the X-ray sky. The

title: Supernova impostor

text: made news after the fact was the one observed on October 20, 2004, in the galaxy UGC 4904 by Japanese amateur astronomer Koichi Itagaki. This LBV star exploded just two years later, on October 11, 2006, as supernova SN 2006jc. Supernova impostor Supernova impostors are stellar explosions that appear at first to be a supernova but do not destroy their progenitor stars. As such, they are a class of extra-powerful novae. They are also known as Type V supernovae, Eta Carinae analogs, and giant eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBV). Supernova impostors appear as remarkably faint supernovae of spectral type

title: Type Ia supernova

text: Type Ia supernova A type Ia supernova (read "type one-a") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf. Physically, carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with a low rate of rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses (). Beyond this, they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion. Somewhat confusingly, this limit is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, despite being marginally different from the absolute

title: Near-Earth supernova

text: parsecs or 660 ly). If so, this is an unexpected event because supernovae less than 200 parsecs away are estimated to occur less than once per 100,000 years. Near-Earth supernova A near-Earth supernova is an explosion resulting from the death of a star that occurs close enough to the Earth (roughly less than 10 to 300 parsecs (30 to 1000 light-years) away) to have noticeable effects on Earth's biosphere. On average, a supernova explosion occurs within of the Earth every 240 million years. Gamma rays are responsible for most of the adverse effects a supernova can have on a living

title: Superluminous supernova

text: it will collapse into a black hole without producing a visible supernova outburst. A star with a core mass slightly below this level—in the range of —will undergo a supernova explosion, but so much of the ejected mass falls back onto the core remnant that it still collapses into a black hole. If such a star is rotating slowly, then it will produce a faint supernova, but if the star is rotating quickly enough, then the fallback to the black hole will produce relativistic jets. The energy that these jets transfer into the ejected shell renders the visible outburst substantially

title: History of supernova observation

text: in October 2007, the most luminous supernova ever observed. The explosion was at least 100 times more luminous than any previously observed supernova, with the progenitor star being estimated 150 times more massive than the Sun. Although this had some characteristics of a Type Ia supernova, Hydrogen was found in the spectrum. It is thought that SN 2006gy is a likely candidate for a pair-instability supernova. SN 2005ap, which was discovered by Robert Quimby who also discovered SN 2006gy, was about twice as bright as SN 2006gy and about 300 times as bright as a normal type II supernova. On

title: Supernova nucleosynthesis

text: gravitational-wave astronomy to the "r"-process is the radiogenic power from radioactive decay of "r"-process nuclei that maintains the visibility of these spun off "r"-process fragments. Otherwise they would dim quickly. Unquestionably this discovery raised support for such mergers being the main sources of the "r"-process nuclei rather than core-collapse supernovae; but that debate continues. Supernova nucleosynthesis Supernova nucleosynthesis is a theory of the nucleosynthesis of the natural abundances of the chemical elements in supernova explosions, advanced as the nucleosynthesis of elements from carbon to nickel in massive stars by Fred Hoyle in 1954. In massive stars, the nucleosynthesis by fusion

title: Supernova impostor

text: Supernova impostor Supernova impostors are stellar explosions that appear at first to be a supernova but do not destroy their progenitor stars. As such, they are a class of extra-powerful novae. They are also known as Type V supernovae, Eta Carinae analogs, and giant eruptions of luminous blue variables (LBV). Supernova impostors appear as remarkably faint supernovae of spectral type IIn—which have hydrogen in their spectrum and narrow spectral lines that indicate relatively low gas speeds. These impostors exceed their pre-outburst states by several magnitudes, with typical peak absolute visual magnitudes of −11 to −14, making these outbursts as bright

title: Near-Earth supernova

text: Near-Earth supernova A near-Earth supernova is an explosion resulting from the death of a star that occurs close enough to the Earth (roughly less than 10 to 300 parsecs (30 to 1000 light-years) away) to have noticeable effects on Earth's biosphere. On average, a supernova explosion occurs within of the Earth every 240 million years. Gamma rays are responsible for most of the adverse effects a supernova can have on a living terrestrial planet. In Earth's case, gamma rays induce a chemical reaction in the upper atmosphere, converting molecular nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose

title: Type II supernova

text: more opaque and blow away their outer layers until they are small enough to explode as a normal type Ibc supernova. It is thought that even in our own galaxy, mergers of old low metallicity stars may form massive stars capable of creating a pair instability supernova. Type II supernova A Type II supernova (plural: "supernovae" or "supernovas") results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star. A star must have at least 8 times, but no more than 40 to 50 times, the mass of the Sun () to undergo this type of explosion. Type II

title: Supernova nucleosynthesis

text: Supernova nucleosynthesis Supernova nucleosynthesis is a theory of the nucleosynthesis of the natural abundances of the chemical elements in supernova explosions, advanced as the nucleosynthesis of elements from carbon to nickel in massive stars by Fred Hoyle in 1954. In massive stars, the nucleosynthesis by fusion of lighter elements into heavier ones occurs during sequential hydrostatic burning processes called helium burning, carbon burning, oxygen burning, and silicon burning, in which the ashes of one nuclear fuel become, after compressional heating, the fuel for the subsequent burning stage. During hydrostatic burning these fuels synthesize overwhelmingly the alpha-nucleus () products. A rapid

title: Superluminous supernova

text: ranging from about the same as a normal core collapse supernova to perhaps 50 times brighter, although remaining bright for much longer. Models of the creation and subsequent spin down of a magnetar yield much higher luminosities than regular supernova events and match the observed properties of at least some SLSNe. In cases where pair-instability supernova may not be a good fit for explaining a SLSN, a magnetar explanation is more plausible. There are still models for SLSN explosions produced from binary systems, white dwarf or neutron stars in unusual arrangements or undergoing mergers, and some of these are proposed

title: Supernova

text: binary. As a result, very little material is ejected from the exploding star (c. ). In the most extreme cases, ultra-stripped supernovae can occur in naked metal cores, barely above the Chandrasekhar mass limit. SN 2005ek might be an observational example of an ultra-stripped supernova, giving rise to a relatively dim and fast decaying light curve. The nature of ultra-stripped supernovae can be both iron core-collapse and electron capture supernovae, depending on the mass of the collapsing core. The core collapse of some massive stars may not result in a visible supernova. The main model for this is a sufficiently

title: Type II supernova

text: Through a process that is not clearly understood, about 1%, or 10 joules (1 foe), of the energy released (in the form of neutrinos) is reabsorbed by the stalled shock, producing the supernova explosion. Neutrinos generated by a supernova were observed in the case of Supernova 1987A, leading astrophysicists to conclude that the core collapse picture is basically correct. The water-based Kamiokande II and IMB instruments detected antineutrinos of thermal origin, while the gallium-71-based Baksan instrument detected neutrinos (lepton number = 1) of either thermal or electron-capture origin. When the progenitor star is below about – depending on the strength

title: Supernova

text: Ic supernovae are associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRB), though it is also believed that any hydrogen-stripped Type Ib or Ic supernova could produce a GRB, depending on the circumstances of the geometry. The mechanism for producing this type of GRB is the jets produced by the magnetic field of the rapidly spinning magnetar formed at the collapsing core of the star. The jets would also transfer energy into the expanding outer shell, producing a super-luminous supernova. Ultra-stripped supernovae occur when the exploding star has been stripped (almost) all the way to the metal core, via mass transfer in a close

title: Type II supernova

text: variables with large mass losses before exploding. SN 1998S and SN 2005gl are examples of Type IIn supernovae; SN 2006gy, an extremely energetic supernova, may be another example. A Type IIb supernova has a weak hydrogen line in its initial spectrum, which is why it is classified as a Type II. However, later on the H emission becomes undetectable, and there is also a second peak in the light curve that has a spectrum which more closely resembles a Type Ib supernova. The progenitor could have been a massive star that expelled most of its outer layers, or one which

title: Supernova

text: Supernova A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is an event that occurs upon the death of certain types of stars. Supernovae are more energetic than novae. In Latin, "nova" means "new", referring astronomically to what appears to be a temporary new bright star. Adding the prefix "super-" distinguishes supernovae from ordinary novae, which are far less luminous. The word "supernova" was coined by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1931. Only three, Milky Way naked-eye supernova events have been observed during the last thousand years, though many have been seen in other galaxies using telescopes.

title: Supernova (Today Is the Day album)

text: have ever been on planet Earth" and even suggested that the album played a key role in the development of heavy metal music, citing that artists such as The Dillinger Escape Plan and Botch were influenced by the sound of Today Is the Day. Deadguy drummer Dave Rosenberg described "Supernova" as one of his favorite albums of all time. Adapted from the "Supernova" liner notes. Today Is the Day Production Supernova (Today Is the Day album) Supernova is the debut studio album by American band Today Is the Day, released on April 1993 by Amphetamine Reptile Records. In 2008, a

title: Supernova (Today Is the Day album)

text: Supernova (Today Is the Day album) Supernova is the debut studio album by American band Today Is the Day, released on April 1993 by Amphetamine Reptile Records. In 2008, a remastered version of the album, including tracks from the band's "I Bent Scared" 7" single, was released via Steve Austin's self run SuperNova Records. A music video was produced for the track "6 Dementia Satyr". Since its initial release in 1993, "Supernova" has been awarded with praise from critics for its style and musicianship. Patrick Kennedy of Allmusic awarded it 4 and a half out of 5 stars, hailing it

title: Supernova

text: be observable wherever it occurs, but it is less likely that the progenitor will ever have been observed. It isn't even known exactly what a Type Ia progenitor system looks like, and it is difficult to detect them beyond a few parsecs. The total supernova rate in our galaxy is estimated to be between 2 and 12 per century, although we haven't actually observed one for several centuries. Statistically, the next supernova is likely to be produced from an otherwise unremarkable red supergiant, but it is difficult to identify which of those supergiants are in the final stages of heavy

title: Supernova

text: debated whether SN 1961V was a true supernova following an LBV outburst or an impostor. The type codes, described above given to supernovae, are "taxonomic" in nature: the type number describes the light observed from the supernova, not necessarily its cause. For example, Type Ia supernovae are produced by runaway fusion ignited on degenerate white dwarf progenitors while the spectrally similar Type Ib/c are produced from massive Wolf–Rayet progenitors by core collapse. The following summarizes what is currently believed to be the most plausible explanations for supernovae. A white dwarf star may accumulate sufficient material from a stellar companion to

title: Supernova nucleosynthesis

text: This establishes Ni as the most abundant of the radioactive nuclei created in this way. Its radioactivity energizes the late supernova light curve and creates the pathbreaking opportunity for gamma-ray-line astronomy. See SN 1987A light curve for the aftermath of that opportunity. Clayton and Meyer have recently generalized this process still further by what they have named "the secondary supernova machine", attributing the increasing radioactivity that energizes late supernova displays to the storage of increasing Coulomb energy within the quasiequilibrium nuclei called out above as the quasiequilibria shift from primarily Si to primarily Ni. The visible displays are powered by

title: Supernova

text: accreting white dwarf might produce a supernova although the exact mechanism and timescale is still debated. These systems are faint and difficult to identify, but the novae and recurrent novae are such systems that conveniently advertise themselves. One example is U Scorpii. The nearest known Type Ia supernova candidate is IK Pegasi (HR 8210), located at a distance of 150 light-years, but observations suggest it will be several million years before the white dwarf can accrete the critical mass required to become a Type Ia supernova. Supernova A supernova ( plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is an

title: Supernova

text: being observed. The date of the Cassiopeia A supernova event was determined from light echoes off nebulae, while the age of supernova remnant RX J0852.0-4622 was estimated from temperature measurements and the gamma ray emissions from the radioactive decay of titanium-44. The most luminous supernova ever recorded is ASASSN-15lh. It was first detected in June 2015 and peaked at , which is twice the bolometric luminosity of any other known supernova. However, the nature of this supernova continues to be debated and several alternative explanations have been suggested, e.g. tidal disruption of a star by a black hole. Among the

title: Failed supernova

text: Failed supernova A failed supernova is an astronomical event in time domain astronomy in which a star suddenly brightens as in the early stage of a supernova, but then does not increase to the massive flux of a supernova. They could be counted as a subcategory of supernova imposters. They have sometimes misleadingly been called unnovae. Failed supernovae are thought to create stellar black holes by the collapsing of a red supergiant star in the early stages of a supernova. When the star can no longer support itself, the core collapses completely, forming a stellar-mass black hole, and consuming the

title: Supernova

text: time ultimately made the chemistry of life on Earth possible. A near-Earth supernova is a supernova close enough to the Earth to have noticeable effects on its biosphere. Depending upon the type and energy of the supernova, it could be as far as 3000 light-years away. Gamma rays from a supernova would induce a chemical reaction in the upper atmosphere converting molecular nitrogen into nitrogen oxides, depleting the ozone layer enough to expose the surface to harmful ultraviolet solar radiation. This has been proposed as the cause of the Ordovician–Silurian extinction, which resulted in the death of nearly 60% of

title: Supernova

text: and gives the appearance of mixture between a normal Type Ia and a Type IIn supernova. Examples are SN 2002ic and SN 2005gj. These supernova have been dubbed Type Ia/IIn, Type Ian, Type IIa and Type IIan. Very massive stars can undergo core collapse when nuclear fusion becomes unable to sustain the core against its own gravity; passing this threshold is the cause of all types of supernova except Type Ia. The collapse may cause violent expulsion of the outer layers of the star resulting in a supernova, or the release of gravitational potential energy may be insufficient and the

title: Supernova

text: also Hubble's law). Supernova discoveries are reported to the International Astronomical Union's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, which sends out a circular with the name it assigns to that supernova. The name is the marker "SN" followed by the year of discovery, suffixed with a one or two-letter designation. The first 26 supernovae of the year are designated with a capital letter from "A" to "Z". Afterward pairs of lower-case letters are used: "aa", "ab", and so on. Hence, for example, "SN 2003C" designates the third supernova reported in the year 2003. The last supernova of 2005 was SN 2005nc,

title: History of supernova observation

text: May 21, 2008, astronomers announced that they had for the first time caught a supernova on camera just as it was exploding. By chance, a burst of X-rays was noticed while looking at galaxy NGC 2770, 88 million light-years from Earth, and a variety of telescopes were aimed in that direction just in time to capture what has been named SN 2008D. "This eventually confirmed that the big X-ray blast marked the birth of a supernova," said Alicia Soderberg of Princeton University. One of the many amateur astronomers looking for supernovae, Caroline Moore, a member of the Puckett Observatory Supernova

title: Failed supernova

text: would however generate a burst of gravitational waves. This process would occur in the higher mass red supergiants, explaining the absence of observed supernovae with such progenitors. Failed supernova A failed supernova is an astronomical event in time domain astronomy in which a star suddenly brightens as in the early stage of a supernova, but then does not increase to the massive flux of a supernova. They could be counted as a subcategory of supernova imposters. They have sometimes misleadingly been called unnovae. Failed supernovae are thought to create stellar black holes by the collapsing of a red supergiant star

title: Supernova (American band)

text: band who used the name "Supernova", and that their trademark rights had never been very strong. On 12 September 2006, the judge ruled in favor of the original Supernova, granting their request for a preliminary injunction. The injunction kept the producers and musicians of Rock Star from performing, recording, or selling merchandise under the name "Supernova" pending the outcome of the lawsuit. As a result, the CBS band was simply renamed "Rock Star Supernova" and the lawsuit was dropped soon thereafter (Rock Star Supernova disbanded in 2008). Supernova (American band) Supernova is an American pop punk band formed in Costa

title: Supernova (comics)

text: the series progressed, the narrative and characters within the narrative presented a number of choices for the real identity of Supernova. During Week 19, Supernova met with Wonder Girl, who thought that he was Kon-El. Lex Luthor sees footage of this meeting, three weeks later, during Week 22, and is furious, believing that Supernova is Superman. The character Ralph Dibny confronts and confirms the identity of Supernova but this information is not shared with the reader until issue 37 of the series where he is revealed to be Booster Gold. With the assistance of Rip Hunter, he had faked his

title: Supernova

text: far side of the galaxy. It is likely to be produced by the collapse of an unremarkable red supergiant and it is very probable that it will already have been catalogued in infrared surveys such as 2MASS. There is a smaller chance that the next core collapse supernova will be produced by a different type of massive star such as a yellow hypergiant, luminous blue variable, or Wolf–Rayet. The chances of the next supernova being a Type Ia produced by a white dwarf are calculated to be about a third of those for a core collapse supernova. Again it should

title: Supernova

text: these supernovae arise from dim, common white dwarf stars in binary systems, it is likely that a supernova that can affect the Earth will occur unpredictably and in a star system that is not well studied. The closest known candidate is IK Pegasi (see below). Recent estimates predict that a Type II supernova would have to be closer than eight parsecs (26 light-years) to destroy half of the Earth's ozone layer, and there are no such candidates closer than about 500 light years. The next supernova in the Milky Way will likely be detectable even if it occurs on the

title: Supernova

text: thermodynamic support and causes initial collapse followed by runaway fusion, resulting in a pair-instability supernova. A sufficiently large and hot stellar core may generate gamma-rays energetic enough to initiate photodisintegration directly, which will cause a complete collapse of the core. The table below lists the known reasons for core collapse in massive stars, the types of star that they occur in, their associated supernova type, and the remnant produced. The metallicity is the proportion of elements other than hydrogen or helium, as compared to the Sun. The initial mass is the mass of the star prior to the supernova event,

title: Supernova

text: seen by Tycho Brahe in Cassiopeia). There is some evidence that the youngest galactic supernova, G1.9+0.3, occurred in the late 19th century, considerably more recently than Cassiopeia A from around 1680. Neither supernova was noted at the time. In the case of G1.9+0.3, high extinction along the plane of the galaxy could have dimmed the event sufficiently to go unnoticed. The situation for Cassiopeia A is less clear. Infrared light echos have been detected showing that it was a type IIb supernova and was not in a region of especially high extinction. Before the development of the telescope, only five

title: Pulsational pair-instability supernova

text: then undergoes a core-collapse supernova or hypernova. It is possible that this is what occurred during the 1843 eruption of the primary star of the Eta Carinae star system although there is no substantial evidence supporting this. Gamma rays by stars of fewer than are not energetic enough to produce electron-positron pairs. Some of these stars will undergo supernovae at the end of their lives, but the causative mechanisms are unrelated to pair-instability. In stars of , a pulsational pair-instability supernova can occur. Stars like this are massive enough that the gamma rays are energetic enough to produce electron-positron pairs

title: Supernova (EP)

text: 2014 Supernova (EP) Supernova is the debut EP by English Synthpop band, Lovestarrs. Consisting of 4 tracks, the EP was released through iTunes and various online retailers on 16 September 2014. "Life Is A Bitch" was released on Soundcloud as the lead track from the EP. The music video for "80's Love Song" consists of lead singer Sarah having an almost drug-induced hallucination. The video was directed by Sam Taylor. To promote "Supernova", Lovestarrs played shows in London, England and Stockholm, Sweden. The setlist consisted of material from Supernova, and various other upcoming songs. Setlist representative of show of 27

title: Supernova (EP)

text: Supernova (EP) Supernova is the debut EP by English Synthpop band, Lovestarrs. Consisting of 4 tracks, the EP was released through iTunes and various online retailers on 16 September 2014. "Life Is A Bitch" was released on Soundcloud as the lead track from the EP. The music video for "80's Love Song" consists of lead singer Sarah having an almost drug-induced hallucination. The video was directed by Sam Taylor. To promote "Supernova", Lovestarrs played shows in London, England and Stockholm, Sweden. The setlist consisted of material from Supernova, and various other upcoming songs. Setlist representative of show of 27 June

title: Supernova

text: supernovae are more complex than these two simplified theories, the astrophysical collapse mechanics have been established and accepted by most astronomers for some time. Due to the wide range of astrophysical consequences of these events, astronomers now deem supernova research, across the fields of stellar and galactic evolution, as an especially important area for investigation. The earliest recorded supernova, SN 185, was viewed by Chinese astronomers in 185 AD. The brightest recorded supernova was SN 1006, which occurred in 1006 AD and was described by observers across China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt, and Europe. The widely observed supernova SN 1054 produced

title: Supernova

text: The most recent directly observed supernova in the Milky Way was Kepler's Supernova in 1604, but two more recent supernova remnants have also been found. Statistical observations of supernovae in other galaxies suggest they occur on average about three times every century in the Milky Way, and that any galactic supernova would almost certainly be observable with modern astronomical telescopes. Supernovae may expel much, if not all, of the material away from a star at velocities up to or 10% of the speed of light. This drives an expanding and fast-moving shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium, and in

title: Type Ia supernova

text: better judge the quality of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles, which is an important link in the argument for dark energy. The Type Ia supernova is a subcategory in the Minkowski–Zwicky supernova classification scheme, which was devised by German-American astronomer Rudolph Minkowski and Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky. There are several means by which a supernova of this type can form, but they share a common underlying mechanism. Theoretical astronomers long believed the progenitor star for this type of supernova is a white dwarf, and empirical evidence for this was found in 2014 when a Type Ia supernova was observed

title: Texas Supernova Search

text: Texas Supernova Search Texas Supernova Search is one of many ongoing projects to identify and record supernova events. The project is led by Robert Quimby and to date has found 35 supernovae, 29 of which they were the first to report on. In addition they have discovered 12 novae (including a probable LBV), in M31 and M33 and 6 dwarf novae. The project's most notable successes are SN 2005ap and SN 2006gy, the 2 most powerful supernovae yet recorded. SN 2005ap was an extremely energetic type II supernova. It is reported to be the brightest supernova yet recorded, twice as

title: Type II supernova

text: curve from the supernova. When the spectrum of a Type II supernova is examined, it normally displays Balmer absorption lines – reduced flux at the characteristic frequencies where hydrogen atoms absorb energy. The presence of these lines is used to distinguish this category of supernova from a Type I supernova. When the luminosity of a Type II supernova is plotted over a period of time, it shows a characteristic rise to a peak brightness followed by a decline. These light curves have an average decay rate of 0.008 magnitudes per day; much lower than the decay rate for Type Ia

title: Supernova

text: and only four of those are in the Milky Way. A number of close or well known stars have been identified as possible core collapse supernova candidates: the red supergiants Antares and Betelgeuse; the yellow hypergiant Rho Cassiopeiae; the luminous blue variable Eta Carinae that has already produced a supernova impostor; and the brightest component, a Wolf–Rayet star, in the Regor or Gamma Velorum system, Others have gained notoriety as possible, although not very likely, progenitors for a gamma-ray burst; for example WR 104. Identification of candidates for a Type Ia supernova is much more speculative. Any binary with an

title: Supernova

text: influences on the star's life, and may decisively influence the possibility of having planets orbiting it. The kinetic energy of an expanding supernova remnant can trigger star formation by compressing nearby, dense molecular clouds in space. The increase in turbulent pressure can also prevent star formation if the cloud is unable to lose the excess energy. Evidence from daughter products of short-lived radioactive isotopes shows that a nearby supernova helped determine the composition of the Solar System 4.5 billion years ago, and may even have triggered the formation of this system. Supernova production of heavy elements over astronomic periods of

title: Supernova

text: stars at near solar metallicity will lose all their hydrogen before they reach core collapse and so will not form a Type II supernova. At low metallicity, all stars will reach core collapse with a hydrogen envelope but sufficiently massive stars collapse directly to a black hole without producing a visible supernova. Stars with an initial mass up to about 90 times the sun, or a little less at high metallicity, are expected to result in a Type II-P supernova which is the most commonly observed type. At moderate to high metallicity, stars near the upper end of that mass

title: Supernova

text: indicating that it was the 367th supernova found in 2005. Since 2000, professional and amateur astronomers have been finding several hundreds of supernovae each year (572 in 2007, 261 in 2008, 390 in 2009; 231 in 2013). Historical supernovae are known simply by the year they occurred: SN 185, SN 1006, SN 1054, SN 1572 (called "Tycho's Nova") and SN 1604 ("Kepler's Star"). Since 1885 the additional letter notation has been used, even if there was only one supernova discovered that year (e.g. SN 1885A, SN 1907A, etc.) — this last happened with SN 1947A. "SN", for SuperNova, is a

title: Supernova

text: supernova in the Milky Way galaxy. Neutrinos are particles that are produced in great quantities by a supernova, and they are not significantly absorbed by the interstellar gas and dust of the galactic disk. Supernova searches fall into two classes: those focused on relatively nearby events and those looking farther away. Because of the expansion of the universe, the distance to a remote object with a known emission spectrum can be estimated by measuring its Doppler shift (or redshift); on average, more-distant objects recede with greater velocity than those nearby, and so have a higher redshift. Thus the search is

title: Kepler's Supernova

text: including a broader range of data Roeslin could have made a better argument. Kepler's Supernova SN 1604, also known as Kepler's Supernova, Kepler's Nova or Kepler's Star, was a supernova of Type Ia that occurred in the Milky Way, in the constellation Ophiuchus. Appearing in 1604, it is the most recent supernova in our own galaxy to have been unquestionably observed by the naked eye, occurring no farther than from Earth. Visible to the naked eye, Kepler's Star was brighter at its peak than any other star in the night sky, with an apparent magnitude of −2.5. It was visible

title: Kepler's Supernova

text: Kepler's Supernova SN 1604, also known as Kepler's Supernova, Kepler's Nova or Kepler's Star, was a supernova of Type Ia that occurred in the Milky Way, in the constellation Ophiuchus. Appearing in 1604, it is the most recent supernova in our own galaxy to have been unquestionably observed by the naked eye, occurring no farther than from Earth. Visible to the naked eye, Kepler's Star was brighter at its peak than any other star in the night sky, with an apparent magnitude of −2.5. It was visible during the day for over three weeks. Records of its sighting exist in

title: Pulsational pair-instability supernova

text: for many months longer than a typical type II or type I supernova. Possible examples of pulsational pair-instability supernovae include the 1843 eruption of Eta Carinae A, and possibly SN 1000+0216 which could have been either a pulsational pair-instability supernova or a supernova of pair-instability. The 1961 Supernova-like events SN 1961V and SN 2010dn are believed to be the potential supernova impostors involving a massive LBVs (Luminous Blue Variables) and could have been pair-instability pulsations, as could the repeating events at iPTF14hls. Pulsational pair-instability supernova A pulsational pair-instability supernova is a supernova impostor event that generally occurs in stars at

title: Supernova Early Warning System

text: AstroAlert service, which is linked to SNEWS. Supernova Early Warning System The SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS) is a network of neutrino detectors designed to give early warning to astronomers in the event of a supernova in the Milky Way, our home galaxy, or in a nearby galaxy such as the Large Magellanic Cloud or the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy. , SNEWS has not issued any supernova alerts. This is unsurprising because supernovae appear to be rare: the most recent known supernova remnant in the Milky Way was around the turn of the 20th century, and the most recent supernova

title: Champagne Supernova

text: interview, Noel told the following anecdote: This writer, he was going on about the lyrics to "Champagne Supernova", and he actually said to me: 'You know, the one thing that's stopping it being a classic is the ridiculous lyrics.' And I went: 'What do you mean by that?' And he said: 'Well, "Slowly walking down the hall, faster than a cannonball" — what's that mean?' And I went: 'I don't know. But are you telling me, when you've got 60,000 people singing it, they don't know what it means? It means something different to every one of them.' The song

title: Novation Supernova

text: Novation Supernova The Novation SuperNova, released in 1998, was a 3U rack-mounted virtual analogue polyphonic synthesizer with 16+ note polyphony and multitimbral operation, made by the British company Novation. One important feature being the provision of multiple effects units which could be assigned to each timbre, allowing a much richer sound than had generally been possible with a multitimbral synthesizer. The SuperNova and its successor, the SuperNova II, have been used by a wide range of artists including Orbital, ATB, The Faint, Ozric Tentacles, Sin, Jean Michel Jarre and A Guy Called Gerald. The Novation SuperNova was first produced in

title: Rock Star: Supernova

text: Rock Star: Supernova Rock Star: Supernova is the second season of the reality television show "Rock Star". The show, hosted by Dave Navarro and Brooke Burke, featured 15 contestants competing to become the lead vocalist for a newly formed supergroup featuring Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee, former Metallica bassist Jason Newsted, and former Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke. On September 13, 2006, Lukas Rossi was crowned the winner and became the frontman of "Rock Star: Supernova". As the show's name implies, the new group was to be called Supernova; however, another band named Supernova was granted an injunction against

title: Supernova Early Warning System

text: Supernova Early Warning System The SuperNova Early Warning System (SNEWS) is a network of neutrino detectors designed to give early warning to astronomers in the event of a supernova in the Milky Way, our home galaxy, or in a nearby galaxy such as the Large Magellanic Cloud or the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy. , SNEWS has not issued any supernova alerts. This is unsurprising because supernovae appear to be rare: the most recent known supernova remnant in the Milky Way was around the turn of the 20th century, and the most recent supernova confirmed to have been observed was Kepler's

title: 2012: Supernova

text: 2012: Supernova 2012: Supernova is a 2009 direct-to-video science fiction disaster film directed by Anthony Fankhauser and starring Brian Krause, Heather McComb, and Najarra Townsend. It was distributed by The Asylum. As with the previous film, titled "2012: Doomsday" is a mockbuster of the Roland Emmerich film "2012", which was released a month later. It is the second film in the Asylum's "2012" Trilogy though the films have nothing to do with one another. The third film is titled "". When a star gone supernova threatens to destroy the Earth, an astrophysicist puts together a dangerous and desperate plan to

title: Supernova

text: supposed Type IIn supernovae are actually supernova impostors, massive eruptions of LBV-like stars similar to the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae. In these events, material previously ejected from the star creates the narrow absorption lines and causes a shock wave through interaction with the newly ejected material. When a stellar core is no longer supported against gravity, it collapses in on itself with velocities reaching 70,000 km/s (0.23"c"), resulting in a rapid increase in temperature and density. What follows next depends on the mass and structure of the collapsing core, with low mass degenerate cores forming neutron stars, higher mass

title: Supernova remnant

text: galaxy is G1.9+0.3, discovered in the galactic center. An SNR passes through the following stages as it expands: There are three types of supernova remnant: Supernova remnants are considered the major source of galactic cosmic rays. The connection between cosmic rays and supernovas was first suggested by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1934. Vitaly Ginzburg and Sergei Syrovatskii in 1964 remarked that if the efficiency of cosmic ray acceleration in supernova remnants is about 10 percent, the cosmic ray losses of the Milky Way are compensated. This hypothesis is supported by a specific mechanism called "shock wave acceleration" based

title: Type Ia supernova

text: from two teams were subsequently awarded Nobel Prizes for this discovery. It has been discovered that Type Ia supernovae that were considered the same are in fact different; moreover, a form of the Type Ia supernova that is relatively infrequent today was far more common earlier in the history of the universe. This could have far reaching cosmological significance and could lead to revision of estimation of the rate of expansion of the universe and the prevalence of dark energy. Type Ia supernova A type Ia supernova (read "type one-a") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems

title: Pulsational pair-instability supernova

text: Pulsational pair-instability supernova A pulsational pair-instability supernova is a supernova impostor event that generally occurs in stars at around 100 to 130 solar mass (), as opposed to a typical pair-instability supernova which occurs in stars of 130 to . Like pair-instability supernovae, pulsational pair-instability supernovae are caused by draining of a star's energy in the production of electron-positron pairs but, whereas a pair-instability supernova completely disrupts the star in a massive supernova, the star's pulsational pair-instability eruption sheds . This generally shrinks it down to a mass of less than , too small for electron-positron pair creation, where it

title: SuperNova Records

text: bands. SuperNova had a distribution and manufacturing deal with Sony, and to help fund the label Austin sold his firearm collection. In 2008, the label released a film based on the Today Is the Day album "Axis of Eden" as a digital download. By 2010, the label shut down due to the stress of the business side of running the label. SuperNova Records SuperNova Records was an independent record label founded and operated by Steve Austin, the frontman of the American noise rock band Today Is the Day. The name was first used in 1992 for the release of the

title: Shockwave Supernova

text: Shockwave Supernova Shockwave Supernova is the fifteenth studio album by guitarist Joe Satriani, released on July 24, 2015 through Sony Music Entertainment. It features bassist Bryan Beller and drummer Marco Minnemann of The Aristocrats, as well as progressive rock multi-instrumentalist Mike Keneally. The album is Satriani's second album, after "Professor Satchafunkilus and the Musterion of Rock" (2008), to be produced by John Cuniberti. Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic gave "Shockwave Supernova" four stars out of five, calling it "proud egghead music that grooves on its own technical acumen" and that it "feels like a collaborative record; it's as fun to

title: Galaxy Supernova

text: Galaxy Supernova "Galaxy Supernova" is the eighth Japanese single by South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. It was included on the group's third Japanese studio album "Love & Peace" and was released as the second single from the album on September 18, 2013. The song was written by Frederik Tao Nordsø Schjoldan, Fridolin Nordsø Schjoldan, Kamikaoru, and Martin Hoberg Hedegaard, whilst production was handled by Nozomu Tsuchiya. Musically, "Galaxy Supernova" is an electropop song. The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who praised its music styles and compared the song to the group's previous Japanese singles "Mr. Taxi"

title: Supernova

text: of Type Ic hypernovae and long duration gamma-ray bursts. If the relativistic jets are too brief and fail to penetrate the stellar envelope then a low luminosity gamma-ray burst may be produced and the supernova may be sub-luminous. When a supernova occurs inside a small dense cloud of circumstellar material, it will produce a shock wave that can efficiently convert a high fraction of the kinetic energy into electromagnetic radiation. Even though the initial energy was entirely normal the resulting supernova will have high luminosity and extended duration since it does not rely on exponential radioactive decay. This type of

title: Supernova

text: due to strong stellar winds or else from interaction with a companion. These stars are known as Wolf–Rayet stars, and they occur at moderate to high metallicity where continuum driven winds cause sufficiently high mass loss rates. Observations of Type Ib/c supernova do not match the observed or expected occurrence of Wolf–Rayet stars and alternate explanations for this type of core collapse supernova involve stars stripped of their hydrogen by binary interactions. Binary models provide a better match for the observed supernovae, with the proviso that no suitable binary helium stars have ever been observed. Since a supernova can occur

title: Supernova

text: the normal classifications are designated peculiar, or 'pec'. Fritz Zwicky defined additional supernovae types, although based on a very few examples that did not cleanly fit the parameters for a Type I or Type II supernova. SN 1961i in NGC 4303 was the prototype and only member of the Type III supernova class, noted for its broad light curve maximum and broad hydrogen Balmer lines that were slow to develop in the spectrum. SN 1961f in NGC 3003 was the prototype and only member of the Type IV class, with a light curve similar to a Type II-P supernova, with

title: Supernova

text: Buso chanced upon a supernova that had just become visible on earth. After examining the images he contacted the Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata. "It was the first time anyone had ever captured the initial moments of the “shock breakout” from an optical supernova, one not associated with a gamma-ray or X-ray burst." The odds of capturing such an event were put between one in ten million to one in a hundred million, according to astronomer Melina Bersten from the Instituto de Astrofísica. The supernova Buso observed was a Type IIb made by a star twenty times the mass

title: Nearby Supernova Factory

text: distance of only 400 million to 1.1 billion light years. SNfactory uses a highly automated "pipeline" in which survey images from NASA's Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking project are processed by a supercomputing cluster to find promising candidates, which are then observed using the project's Supernova Integral Field Spectrograph (SNIFS) on the University of Hawaii telescope atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Results from the project will also be used in refining the planned Supernova/Acceleration Probe. Nearby Supernova Factory The Nearby Supernova Factory (SNfactory) is a collaborative experiment led by Greg Aldering, designed to collect data on more Type Ia supernovae than have

title: Supernova (comics)

text: in a two-part story. This version of the character also reappeared as one of several alternate versions of Superman. In "Superman/Batman Annual" #2, a temporarily powerless Superman wears a costume with a similar design to the Nova suit, but calls himself Supernova. During Week 15, as Booster Gold gets bad promotion and publicity, Supernova seems to be getting the new good promotion and publicity that Booster Gold was once having. This was an intentional design choice on the parts of the writers to feed into the mystery that was set up in his first appearance - "Who is Supernova?". As

title: Supernova (comics)

text: Supernova (comics) Supernova is an identity used by three characters in the , all related to the Carter bloodline. The first appearance of this character was in the weekly DC Comics series "52" where the mystery of his true identity and purpose was one of the recurring themes of the series. The character of Supernova first appears during the eighth issue of the weekly comic series "52". His costume and name are similar in design—albeit with a different color scheme—to the costume of Nova, an "imaginary story" version of Superman who lost his Kryptonian powers and became a Batman-like crimefighter

title: Superluminous supernova

text: the central progenitor star itself immediately prior to the observed supernova event. Such stars are likely candidates of hypergiants or LBVs that appear undergoing substantial mass loss due to Eddington instability, for example SN2005gl. Another type of suspected SLSN is a pair-instability supernova, of which SN 2006gy may possibly be the first observed example. This supernova event was observed in a galaxy about 238 million light years (73 megaparsecs) from Earth. The theoretical basis for pair-instability collapse has been known for many decades and was suggested as a dominant source of higher mass elements in the early universe as super-massive

title: Lumines Supernova

text: PlayStation Home. "Lumines Supernova" was received well among critics. It currently has an aggregated score of 80 out of 100 based on 16 reviews. IGN listed it in their Top 25 PlayStation Games, Top 10 PlayStation Network Exclusive Games, and was the Runner up to IGN's Game of the Month for December 2008. "Kotaku" praised the new DigDown game mode and the Sequencer option but criticized the lack of online multiplayer. Lumines Supernova "Lumines Supernova" gameplay has remained largely the same from its previous counterparts. The goal of the game is to rotate and move 2x2 blocks varying between two

title: Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova

text: and "X2" arcade releases in North America and Europe. The PlayStation 2 release of "SuperNova" and "SuperNova 2" received mixed reviews. For the first title, GameSpot and IGN each gave it a 7 out of 10 rating. Eurogamer gave Dancing Stage SuperNova a 6 out of 10. Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova , released in Europe as Dancing Stage SuperNova, is an arcade and PlayStation 2 game in the "Dance Dance Revolution" ("DDR") series of music video games. It was produced by Konami and released through Betson Enterprises. The game was released in Europe on April 28, 2006, followed shortly by

title: Supernova (Mr Hudson song)

text: Supernova (Mr Hudson song) "Supernova" is a song by British singer Mr Hudson, featuring American rapper Kanye West. "Supernova" was premiered on 13 May 2009, on Zane Lowe BBC Radio Show and then released through Mr Hudson's and Kanye West's blogs. The song was later remixed by Calvin Harris in a more electronic fashion. After being officially released as a single on 19 July 2009, it promptly debuted high on European charts. "Supernova" was released to iTunes on 19 July 2009 after being able to pre-order throughout the previous week. On the Irish Singles Chart, "Supernova" debuted in the top

title: Supernova (American band)

text: as trademark protection of the "Supernova" name and the destruction of all Rock Star materials bearing the name "Supernova". One of the primary pieces of evidence was a MySpace message from Rock Star producer Butch Walker in which he notes that the defendants had been informed of the existence of a prior Supernova, but decided to proceed anyway. The defendants did not believe that the plaintiffs had exclusive and enforceable trademark rights to the band name "Supernova" for a number of reasons, including that the Orange County Supernova band had not performed for years, that they were not the only

title: History of supernova observation

text: 1987, Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud was observed within hours of its start. It was the first supernova to be detected through its neutrino emission and the first to be observed across every band of the electromagnetic spectrum. The relative proximity of this supernova has allowed detailed observation, and it provided the first opportunity for modern theories of supernova formation to be tested against observations. The rate of supernova discovery steadily increased throughout the twentieth century. In the 1990s, several automated supernova search programs were initiated. The Leuschner Observatory Supernova Search program was begun in 1992 at Leuschner

title: History of supernova observation

text: History of supernova observation The known history of supernova observation goes back to 185 AD, when supernova SN 185 appeared, the oldest appearance of a supernova recorded by humankind. Several additional supernovae within the Milky Way galaxy have been recorded since that time, with SN 1604 being the most recent supernova to be observed in this galaxy. Since the development of the telescope, the field of supernova discovery has expanded to other galaxies. These occurrences provide important information on the distances of galaxies. Successful models of supernova behavior have also been developed, and the role of supernovae in the star

title: Supernova

text: but in some situations it may also generate relativistic jets that result in a gamma-ray burst or an exceptionally luminous supernova. Collapse of massive non-degenerate cores will ignite further fusion. When the core collapse is initiated by pair instability, oxygen fusion begins and the collapse may be halted. For core masses of , the collapse halts and the star remains intact, but core collapse will occur again when a larger core has formed. For cores of around , the fusion of oxygen and heavier elements is so energetic that the entire star is disrupted, causing a supernova. At the upper

title: Supernova Early Warning System

text: three members (Super-Kamiokande, LVD, and SNO). The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is no longer active as it is being upgraded to its successor program SNO+. The detectors send reports of a possible supernova to a computer at Brookhaven National Laboratory to identify a supernova. If the SNEWS computer identifies signals from two detectors within 10 seconds, the computer will send a supernova alert to observatories around the world to study the supernova. The SNEWS mailing list is open-subscription, and the general public is allowed to sign up; however, the SNEWS collaboration encourages amateur astronomers to instead use Sky and Telescope magazine's

title: Diffuse supernova neutrino background

text: Diffuse supernova neutrino background The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background (DSNB) is a theoretical population of neutrinos (and anti-neutrinos) originating from all of the supernovae events which have occurred throughout the Universe. An individual supernova will release as many as formula_1 neutrinos, which is detectable as a short burst of events on Earth provided that the supernova occurred within our own galaxy or its satellite galaxy, the only current example of which is SN1987A. In contrast the DSNB is a continuous source of neutrino events for which currently only experimental upper limits exist e.g. from the Super Kamiokande experiment at a

title: Supernova

text: luminous blue variables to collapse, most likely as a Type IIn supernova. Several examples of hot luminous progenitors of Type IIn supernovae have been detected: SN 2005gy and SN 2010jl were both apparently massive luminous stars, but are very distant; and SN 2009ip had a highly luminous progenitor likely to have been an LBV, but is a peculiar supernova whose exact nature is disputed. The progenitors of Type Ib/c supernovae are not observed at all, and constraints on their possible luminosity are often lower than those of known WC stars. WO stars are extremely rare and visually relatively faint, so

title: Supernova

text: of the ejecta into electromagnetic radiation by interaction with the dense shell of material. This only occurs when the material is sufficiently dense and compact, indicating that it has been produced by the progenitor star itself only shortly before the supernova occurs. Large numbers of supernovae have been catalogued and classified to provide distance candles and test models. Average characteristics vary somewhat with distance and type of host galaxy, but can broadly be specified for each supernova type. Notes: A long-standing puzzle surrounding Type II supernovae is why the remaining compact object receives a large velocity away from the epicentre;

title: Supernova

text: the light output. In Type IIb supernovae the hydrogen atmosphere of the progenitor is so depleted (thought to be due to tidal stripping by a companion star) that the light curve is closer to a Type I supernova and the hydrogen even disappears from the spectrum after several weeks. Type IIn supernovae are characterised by additional narrow spectral lines produced in a dense shell of circumstellar material. Their light curves are generally very broad and extended, occasionally also extremely luminous and referred to as a superluminous supernova. These light curves are produced by the highly efficient conversion of kinetic energy

title: Supernova

text: supernovae were seen in the last millennium. Compared to a star's entire history, the visual appearance of a galactic supernova is very brief, perhaps spanning several months, so that the chances of observing one is roughly once in a lifetime. Only a tiny fraction of the 100 billion stars in a typical galaxy have the capacity to become a supernova, restricted to either those having large mass or extraordinarily rare kinds of binary stars containing white dwarfs. However, observation and discovery of extragalactic supernovae are now far more common. The first such observation was of SN 1885A in the Andromeda

title: Champagne Supernova

text: "NME" interview on 30 September 1995: Some of the lyrics were written when I was out of it. There's the words: 'Someday you will find me/ Caught beneath a landslide/ In a Champagne Supernova in the sky'. That's probably as psychedelic as I'll ever get. It means different things when I'm in different moods. When I'm in a bad mood being caught beneath a landslide is like being suffocated. The song is a bit of an epic. It's about when you're young and you see people in groups and you think about what they did for you and they did

title: Supernova

text: split between high redshift and low redshift, with the boundary falling around a redshift range of "z"=0.1–0.3—where "z" is a dimensionless measure of the spectrum's frequency shift. High redshift searches for supernovae usually involve the observation of supernova light curves. These are useful for standard or calibrated candles to generate Hubble diagrams and make cosmological predictions. Supernova spectroscopy, used to study the physics and environments of supernovae, is more practical at low than at high redshift. Low redshift observations also anchor the low-distance end of the Hubble curve, which is a plot of distance versus redshift for visible galaxies. (See

title: Supernova (Latvian TV series)

text: Supernova (Latvian TV series) Supernova is a Latvian music entertainment show created by the Latvian broadcaster, LTV. It is currently used as the Latvian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. "Supernova" began airing in 2015, replacing the previous short-lived Latvian national selection "Dziesma". Its first winner, Aminata Savadogo went on to bring Latvia to the finals for the first time since 2008, earning Latvia their best placing since 2005, and their fourth best placing ever. "Supernova 2015" consisted of two introduction shows, two heats, a semi-final, and a final. The introduction shows took place on 18 and 25 January

title: Supernova (Mr Hudson song)

text: follows Mr Hudson and Kanye West in their pursuit of women, with R&B singer Estelle making a cameo appearance in the video as one of the love interests. Juxtaposed with these images is a sequence of an actual supernova, as well as a flashing light suit, featured prominently during the song's chorus. CD single UK single Supernova (Mr Hudson song) "Supernova" is a song by British singer Mr Hudson, featuring American rapper Kanye West. "Supernova" was premiered on 13 May 2009, on Zane Lowe BBC Radio Show and then released through Mr Hudson's and Kanye West's blogs. The song was

title: Vela Supernova Remnant

text: Vela supernova remnant (SNR) is one of the closest known to us. The Geminga pulsar is closer (and also resulted from a supernova), and in 1998 another near-Earth supernova remnant was discovered, RX J0852.0-4622, which from our point of view appears to be contained in the southeastern part of the Vela remnant. One estimate of its distance puts it only 200 parsecs away (about 650 ly), closer than the Vela remnant, and, surprisingly, it seems to have exploded much more recently (in the last thousand years) because it is still radiating gamma rays from the decay of titanium-44. This remnant

title: History of supernova observation

text: predicted to discover three to four million supernovae during its ten-year survey, over a broad range of distances. History of supernova observation The known history of supernova observation goes back to 185 AD, when supernova SN 185 appeared, the oldest appearance of a supernova recorded by humankind. Several additional supernovae within the Milky Way galaxy have been recorded since that time, with SN 1604 being the most recent supernova to be observed in this galaxy. Since the development of the telescope, the field of supernova discovery has expanded to other galaxies. These occurrences provide important information on the distances of

title: Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova

text: original "Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova" arcade release in North America reached sales of about 250 brand new cabinets by distributor Betson. Conversion kits were also available, upgrading a machine with "Dance Dance Revolution Extreme" or older to SuperNova. As of October 2018, there are 337 "SuperNova" and "SuperNova 2" arcade machines available worldwide, of which 253 are located in the Americas. In North America, Konami partnered with Betson to distribute "SuperNova" and "SuperNova 2" to arcades. The partnership resulted in "lower quality footpads and monitors" compared to Japan, though still of better quality than the infamous "Dance Dance Revolution X"

title: Supernova

text: hydrogen absorption lines but weak hydrogen emission lines. The Type V class was coined for SN 1961V in NGC 1058, an unusual faint supernova or supernova impostor with a slow rise to brightness, a maximum lasting many months, and an unusual emission spectrum. The similarity of SN 1961V to the Eta Carinae Great Outburst was noted. Supernovae in M101 (1909) and M83 (1923 and 1957) were also suggested as possible Type IV or Type V supernovae. These types would now all be treated as peculiar Type II supernovae, of which many more examples have been discovered, although it is still

title: Supernova

text: turn, sweeping up an expanding shell of gas and dust, which is observed as a supernova remnant. Supernovae create, fuse and eject the bulk of the chemical elements produced by nucleosynthesis. Supernovae play a significant role in enriching the interstellar medium with the heavier atomic mass chemical elements. Furthermore, the expanding shock waves from supernovae can trigger the formation of new stars. Supernova remnants are expected to accelerate a large fraction of galactic primary cosmic rays, but direct evidence for cosmic ray production was found only in a few of them so far. They are also potentially strong galactic sources