query: Name a Gaelic language.

title: Scottish Gaelic name

text: mother called Kirsten. Scottish Gaelic name A formal Gaelic language name consists of a given name and a surname. First names are either native or nativized (i.e. borrowed and made to fit the Gaelic sound system). Surnames are generally patronymic, i.e. they refer to a historical ancestor. The form of a surname varies according to whether its bearer is male (e.g. "MacDonald") or female (e.g. "MacDonald") though for some surnames the adjectival form of a name such as (adjectival form of MacDonald) can be used for both men and women. However, when used in the female form the first letter

title: Scottish Gaelic name

text: Scottish Gaelic name A formal Gaelic language name consists of a given name and a surname. First names are either native or nativized (i.e. borrowed and made to fit the Gaelic sound system). Surnames are generally patronymic, i.e. they refer to a historical ancestor. The form of a surname varies according to whether its bearer is male (e.g. "MacDonald") or female (e.g. "MacDonald") though for some surnames the adjectival form of a name such as (adjectival form of MacDonald) can be used for both men and women. However, when used in the female form the first letter is lenited (if

title: Scottish Gaelic name

text: this layer include: Scots names which have been borrowed into Gaelic include: Names which were borrowed from Latin include: A fair number of Gaelic names were borrowed into English at different periods (e.g. Kenneth, Duncan, Donald, Malcolm, Calum, Lachlan, Alasdair, Iain, Eilidh), although it can sometimes be difficult to tell if the donor language was Irish or Scottish Gaelic (e.g. Deirdre, Rory, Kennedy, Bridget/Bride, Aiden). On occasion, the same name was borrowed more than once due to misinterpretation of Gaelic morphology. For example, the names Hamish and Mhairi are derived from Gaelic and but rather than borrowing the root forms,

title: Scottish Gaelic name

text: MacKonochie, MacOnachie, MacOnechy, MacOnochie, Donohue" or "Donohoe" (ignoring the Mac/Mc variation). Note that Scottish Gaelic does not put a space between the and the second element, whereas in Irish, there is a space: Nicknames (, ) in Gaelic operate similarly to those in other languages and usually indicate a physical characteristic, an occupation, a location or an incident the person is associated and so forth. Some examples Due to the relative paucity of names and surnames in Gaelic, the official name of a person (i.e. first name plus a surname, in Gaelic or English) is rarely used in Gaelic speaking

title: Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005

text: Plan includes proposals for the promotion of strategies for increasing the number able to speak Gaelic, encouraging its use and facilitating access to Gaelic language and culture." The Plan addresses the following: Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 () is an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in 2005, and is the first piece of legislation to give formal recognition to the Scottish Gaelic language. The bill was introduced into the Scottish Parliament on 28 September 2004 by Peter Peacock. On 21 August 2005 the Parliament voted unanimously to approve the bill. The Gaelic Language

title: Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005

text: Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 () is an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in 2005, and is the first piece of legislation to give formal recognition to the Scottish Gaelic language. The bill was introduced into the Scottish Parliament on 28 September 2004 by Peter Peacock. On 21 August 2005 the Parliament voted unanimously to approve the bill. The Gaelic Language Act aims to secure Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, "commanding equal respect" with English, by establishing as part of the framework of government in Scotland and also requiring the creation

title: A Gaelic Blessing

text: Olson in 1978. Rutter, an Anglican, set many biblical texts for Christian services. The format of the text is based in a similar format to that found in some Celtic Christian prayers and songs, such as those found in the Christian-era Scottish Gaelic collection, the Carmina Gadelica. Rutter has said that his English-only composition is based on "an old Gaelic rune", and that he added a line mentioning Jesus and the word Amen, to make it also a Christian anthem. However, most surviving prayers with this structure, in both Gaelic and English, already include Christian elements. The original, English-language piece

title: Classical Gaelic

text: an adaptation of John Knox's "Book of Common Order", was the first book printed in either Scottish or Irish Gaelic. ISO 639-3 gives the name "Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic" (and the code codice_1) to cover both Classical Gaelic and Early Modern Irish. Classical Gaelic Classical Gaelic (; ) was the shared literary form that was in use in Scotland and Ireland from the 13th century to the 18th century. The language may be thought of as a high-register version of Early Modern Irish. Although the first written signs of Scottish Gaelic having diverged from Irish appear as far back as the 12th

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: Scottish Gaelic literature Scottish Gaelic literature refers to literature composed in the Scottish Gaelic language, a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages, along with Irish and Manx. In early Middle Ages what is now Scotland was culturally and politically divided. In the West of were the Gaelic-speaking people of Dál Riata, who had close links with Ireland, from where they brought with them the name Scots. Very few works of Gaelic poetry survive from the early Medieval period, and most of these are in Irish manuscripts. There are religious works that can be identified as Scottish, including the

title: Scottish Gaelic Wikipedia

text: Scottish Gaelic Wikipedia The Scottish Gaelic Wikipedia (, ) is the Scottish Gaelic language version of Wikipedia. , it contains 14,766 articles and has 36 active editors. The encyclopedia was founded in 2004. In 2017, Susan Ross was hired by the National Library of Scotland (NLS) to develop and promote the encyclopedia, a part time position that lasted 12 months. The NLS intended to augment its Gaelic resources following a digitization drive that put Gaelic-language materials on the Internet. Ross is a second-language speaker of Gaelic who learned the language as a teenager and completed a doctorate in Gaelic studies.

title: Gaelic revival

text: and (1916). His collection of poems, (1914) contains his most famous poem, "" ("I am Ireland"). Gaelic revival The Gaelic revival () was the late-nineteenth-century national revival of interest in the Irish language (also known as "Gaelic") and Irish Gaelic culture (including folklore, sports, music, arts, etc.). Irish had diminished as a spoken tongue, remaining the main daily language only in isolated rural areas, with English having become the dominant language in the majority of Ireland. Interest in Gaelic culture was evident in the beginning of the nineteenth century with the formation of the Ulster Gaelic Society in 1830, and

title: Gaelic revival

text: Gaelic revival The Gaelic revival () was the late-nineteenth-century national revival of interest in the Irish language (also known as "Gaelic") and Irish Gaelic culture (including folklore, sports, music, arts, etc.). Irish had diminished as a spoken tongue, remaining the main daily language only in isolated rural areas, with English having become the dominant language in the majority of Ireland. Interest in Gaelic culture was evident in the beginning of the nineteenth century with the formation of the Ulster Gaelic Society in 1830, and later in the scholarly works of John O'Donovan and Eugene O'Curry, and the foundation of the

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: Gaelic writing. Notable examples of Gaelic verse composed in this manner are the Book of the Dean of Lismore and the manuscript. Note: Items in brackets denote archaic or dialectal forms Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic ( ) or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to the Gaels of Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language placenames. In the 2011 census of Scotland, 57,375 people

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic ( ) or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to the Gaels of Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language placenames. In the 2011 census of Scotland, 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) reported as able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: development body, "". Aside from "Scottish Gaelic", the language may also be referred to simply as "Gaelic", pronounced or in English. "Gaelic" may also refer to the Irish language. Scottish Gaelic is distinct from Scots, the Middle English-derived language varieties which had come to be spoken in most of the Lowlands of Scotland by the early modern era. Prior to the 15th century, these dialects were known as "Inglis" ("English") by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called "Scottis" ("Scottish"). From the late 15th century, however, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as "Erse"

title: Muriel (given name)

text: Muriel (given name) Muriel is a feminine given name in the English language. The name is of Gaelic origin and was originally spelt as "Muirgheal" ("muir" "sea", "gheal" "bright") in Irish and "Muireall" in Scottish Gaelic. Various versions have long been evident in Breton, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic languages. The name was very common in medieval England, typically in the form of "Merial", and unusually for a name of Celtic origin remained common after the Norman Conquest although rare from about 1300. Remaining common in Scotland as Muriel, the name in this form was introduced back into England in the

title: Muriel (given name)

text: mid-19th century, facilitated by Dinah Craik's 1856 novel "John Halifax, Gentleman" whose title character's daughter is named "Muriel"; born in 1802 Muriel is said to be named "after the rather peculiar name of John's mother." Usage of "Muriel" peaked in the early 1920s and has subsequently declined. Muriel (given name) Muriel is a feminine given name in the English language. The name is of Gaelic origin and was originally spelt as "Muirgheal" ("muir" "sea", "gheal" "bright") in Irish and "Muireall" in Scottish Gaelic. Various versions have long been evident in Breton, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic languages. The name was very

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: Hebrides. Only about half of speakers were fully fluent in the language. Nevertheless, there are revival efforts, and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses. Outside Scotland, Canadian Gaelic is spoken mainly in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Scottish Gaelic is not an official language of either the European Union or the United Kingdom. However, it is classed as an indigenous language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which the British government has ratified, and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 established a language

title: Douglas (given name)

text: "Douglas" is derived from the Gaelic elements: "dubh", meaning "dark, black"; and "glas", meaning "stream" (also a derivative of "glas", meaning "green"). The surname "Douglas" is a habitational name, which could be derived from any of the many places so-named. While there are numerous places with this name in both Ireland and Scotland, it is thought, in most cases, to refer to Douglas, South Lanarkshire, which was once the stronghold of Clan Douglas. The Scottish Gaelic form of the given name is ; the Irish language form it is , and "Dubhghlas", which are pronounced . The Hawaiian language form

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador (especially the Codroy Valley), Manitoba and Alberta. Gaelic-speaking poets in communities across Canada have produced a large and significant branch of Gaelic literature comparable to that of Scotland itself. Having its origins in Scotland, the Scottish Gaelic language is similar to, but should not be confused with, the Irish language in Newfoundland. At its peak in the mid-19th century, Scottish Gaelic, considered together with the closely related Newfoundland Irish, was the third most spoken language in Canada after English and French. In Atlantic Canada today, there are currently approximately 2,000 speakers, mainly in Nova Scotia. In

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: in Halifax. Maxville Public School in Maxville, Glengarry, Ontario, Canada offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly, and Prince Edward Island, Canada, the Colonel Gray High School offer an introductory and an advanced course in Scottish Gaelic. A number of Scottish and some Irish universities offer full-time degrees including a Gaelic language element, usually graduating as Celtic Studies. St. Francis Xavier University, the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts and Cape Breton University (formerly known as the "University College of Cape Breton") in Nova Scotia, Canada also offer a Celtic Studies degrees and/or Gaelic language programs. In Russia the Moscow State

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: tourism. As in Scotland, areas of North-Eastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton have bilingual street signs. Nova Scotia also has " (The Gaelic Council of Nova Scotia), a non-profit society dedicated to the maintenance and promotion of the Gaelic language and culture in Maritime Canada. Maxville Public School in Maxville, Glengarry, Ontario, Canada offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. In Prince Edward Island, the Colonel Gray High School now offers both an introductory and an advanced course in Gaelic; both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as

title: Gaelic revival

text: Ossianic Society. Concern for spoken Irish led to the formation of the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language in 1876, and the Gaelic Union in 1880. The latter produced the "Gaelic Journal". Irish sports were fostered by the Gaelic Athletics Association, founded in 1884. The Gaelic League () was established in 1893 by Eoin MacNeill and other enthusiasts of Gaelic language and culture. Its first president was Douglas Hyde. The objective of the League was to encourage the use of Irish in everyday life in order to counter the ongoing anglicisation of the country. It organised weekly gatherings

title: Sorley (given name)

text: Sorley (given name) Sorley is a masculine given name in the English language. "Sorley" is an Anglicised form of ' ( ), a name mutual to both the Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages, which means "summer wanderer". The Gaelic name is a form of the English "Somerled", and both names are ultimately derived from the Old Norse Old Norse '. A variant form of ' is '. A variant form of "Somerled" is "Summerlad", a name altered by folk etymology, derived from the words "summer" and "lad". "" is sometimes Anglicised as "Samuel", although these two names are etymologically unrelated

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: Order – was published in 1996 by the Church of Scotland. The widespread use of English in worship has often been suggested as one of the historic reasons for the decline of Gaelic. The Church of Scotland is supportive today, but has a shortage of Gaelic-speaking ministers. The Free Church also recently announced plans to abolish Gaelic-language communion services, citing both a lack of ministers and a desire to have their congregations united at communion time. From the sixth century to the present day, Scottish Gaelic has been used as the language of literature. Two prominent writers of the twentieth

title: East Sutherland Gaelic

text: Scottish Gaelic Dialect", was described by Wolfgang U. Dressler as "the first major monograph" on language death. East Sutherland Gaelic East Sutherland Gaelic ( ) is an obsolescent dialect of Scottish Gaelic which was spoken in fishing villages on the eastern coast of Sutherland, especially in Brora, Golspie, and Embo. The Scottish Gaelic language has been in decline since the fourteenth century, when its speakers were a majority of Scotland's population, due to the higher prestige of English. The East Sutherland dialect was spoken in coastal villages by fisherfolk descended from Gaelic speakers who had been evicted from the fertile

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: the 1970s this number has increased to over 40 titles per year. With regard to Gaelic poetry this includes the Great Book of Gaelic, "An Leabhar Mòr", a Scottish Gaelic, English and Irish language collaboration featuring the work of 150 poets, visual artists and calligraphers. Established contemporary poets in Scottish Gaelic include Meg Bateman, Maoilios Caimbeul, Rody Gorman, Aonghas MacNeacail and Angus Peter Campbell. Marcas Mac an Tuairneir, an award-winning poet and second-language speaker born in York, tried to modernise Gaelic poetry by addressing his homosexuality in his 2014 anthology, "Deò". Gaelic prose has expanded also, particularly with the development

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: emergent nationalism in the era following the conclusion of the Wars of Scottish Independence was organized using Scots as well. For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's "The Brus" (1375) and Blind Harry's "The Wallace" (before 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. By the end of the 15th century, English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead as 'Yrisch' or 'Erse', i.e. Irish and their own language as 'Scottis'. Scottish Gaelic has a rich oral ("") and written tradition, having been the language of the bardic culture of the Highland clans for many years. However, the language was

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: channels and on the independent commercial channels, usually subtitled in English. The ITV franchise in the north of Scotland, STV North (formerly "Grampian Television") produces some non-news programming in Scottish Gaelic. The Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which completely ignored Gaelic, and led to generations of Gaels being forbidden to speak their native language in the classroom, is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living can recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school. Even later, when these attitudes had changed, little provision was made for Gaelic medium education in Scottish schools. As late

title: Gaelic Journal

text: to them here". Gaelic Journal The Gaelic Journal () was a periodical publication "exclusively devoted to the preservation and cultivation of the Irish Language". According to Tomas O Flannghaile it was "the first journal devoted to the living Irish language". It has been described by the historian Donnchadh Ó Corráin as "the first important bilingual Irish periodical". An early manifestation of the Gaelic revival, it was established with the help of Douglas Hyde, and first published in 1882, by the "Gaelic Union", and from 1893 by Conradh na Gaeilge. After some initial irregularities, the journal was published monthly until 1909.

title: Gaelic Journal

text: Gaelic Journal The Gaelic Journal () was a periodical publication "exclusively devoted to the preservation and cultivation of the Irish Language". According to Tomas O Flannghaile it was "the first journal devoted to the living Irish language". It has been described by the historian Donnchadh Ó Corráin as "the first important bilingual Irish periodical". An early manifestation of the Gaelic revival, it was established with the help of Douglas Hyde, and first published in 1882, by the "Gaelic Union", and from 1893 by Conradh na Gaeilge. After some initial irregularities, the journal was published monthly until 1909. Its first editor

title: Gaelic calendar

text: Irish language refer to Celtic religion and mythology, and generally predate the arrival of Christianity. The words for May ("Bealtaine"), August ("Lúnasa") and November ("Samhain"), are the names of Gaelic religious festivals. In addition, the names for September ("Meán Fómhair") and October ("Deireadh Fómhair") translate directly as "middle of harvest" and "end of harvest". Christianity has also left its mark on the Irish months: the name for December ("Nollaig") derives from Latin "natalicia" (birthday), referring to the birth of Christ. Historical texts suggest that, during Ireland's Gaelic era, the day began and ended at sunset. Through contact with the Romans,

title: Scottish Gaelic medium education

text: but as an academic subject to be studied only through the English language with ever decreasing numbers of students studying the language. Scottish Gaelic medium education Gaelic medium education (G.M.E. or GME; ) is a form of education in Scotland that allows pupils to be taught primarily through the medium of Scottish Gaelic, with English being taught as the secondary language. Gaelic medium education is increasingly popular throughout Scotland, and the number of pupils who are in Gaelic medium education has risen from 24 in 1985 (its first year) to 3,892 in 2016. The current figure is the highest number

title: Scottish Gaelic Renaissance

text: the oath had to be said in English.) Scottish Gaelic Renaissance The Scottish Gaelic Renaissance () is a continuing movement concerning the revival of the Scottish Gaelic language. Although the Scottish Gaelic language had been facing gradual decline in the number of speakers since the late 19th century, the number of young fluent Gaelic speakers is quickly rising. The movement has its origins in the Scottish Renaissance, especially in the work of Sorley MacLean, George Campbell Hay, Derick Thomson and Iain Crichton Smith. Sabhal Mòr Ostaig is sometimes seen as being a product of this renaissance. Although many of the

title: Scottish Gaelic Renaissance

text: Scottish Gaelic Renaissance The Scottish Gaelic Renaissance () is a continuing movement concerning the revival of the Scottish Gaelic language. Although the Scottish Gaelic language had been facing gradual decline in the number of speakers since the late 19th century, the number of young fluent Gaelic speakers is quickly rising. The movement has its origins in the Scottish Renaissance, especially in the work of Sorley MacLean, George Campbell Hay, Derick Thomson and Iain Crichton Smith. Sabhal Mòr Ostaig is sometimes seen as being a product of this renaissance. Although many of the products of the Renaissance were in poetry, or

title: History of Scottish Gaelic

text: History of Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic ( ), is a Celtic language native to Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language placenames. It is commonly accepted by scholars that Gaelic was brought to Scotland, probably in the 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of on Scotland's west coast in present-day Argyll. However, archaeologist Dr Ewan Campbell has argued that there is no archaeological or placename evidence

title: Aisling (name)

text: Aisling (name) Aisling is an Irish language feminine given name meaning "dream" or "vision" and referring to an aisling, a poetic genre that developed during the late 17th and 18th century in Irish language genre poetry. "Aisling" was not used as a given name before the 20th century. There are many variant anglicised forms of the name, including Ashling, Aislin, Aislinn and Aislene. Pronunciation of the name also varies, with the most common pronunciation being ; other forms acceptable to Irish speakers are and . Others, such as , and , do not follow the Gaelic pronunciation. The name Aisling

title: Scottish Gaelic medium education

text: Scottish Gaelic medium education Gaelic medium education (G.M.E. or GME; ) is a form of education in Scotland that allows pupils to be taught primarily through the medium of Scottish Gaelic, with English being taught as the secondary language. Gaelic medium education is increasingly popular throughout Scotland, and the number of pupils who are in Gaelic medium education has risen from 24 in 1985 (its first year) to 3,892 in 2016. The current figure is the highest number of Gaelic medium Education pupils in Scotland since the 2005 passage of the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act by the Scottish Parliament. Not

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: Canadian Gaelic Canadian Gaelic or Cape Breton Gaelic (), known in English as often simply Gaelic, is the dialects of Scottish Gaelic spoken by people in Atlantic Canada who have their origins in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. While there have been many different regional dialects of Scottish Gaelic that have been spoken in communities across Canada, Atlantic Canada is the only area in North America where Gaelic continues to be spoken as a community language, especially in Cape Breton. All of these dialects had their origins in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, although some have become effectively

title: History of Scottish Gaelic

text: these dialects, which are now defunct in Scotland, have been preserved, and indeed re-established, in the Nova Scotia Gaelic community. Those of particular note are the Morar and Lochaber dialects, the latter of which pronounces the broad or velarised l () as []. History of Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic ( ), is a Celtic language native to Scotland. A member of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages, Scottish Gaelic, like Modern Irish and Manx, developed out of Middle Irish. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language placenames. It is commonly accepted by scholars that

title: Gaelic type

text: in the word "na". Other Irish companies that have used Gaelic script in their logos including the GAA, Telecom Éireann and An Post. The Garda Síochána uses Gaelic Script on its official seal. The GAA logo uses the script to incorporate both the English language GAA acronym and the Irish language CLG acronym. The logo more strongly shows the more widely used acronym GAA but taking a closer look a C joins with an L and then to a G lying down. Unicode treats the Gaelic script as a font variant of the Latin alphabet. A lowercase insular g (ᵹ)

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: St Francis Xavier University in Antigonish has a Celtic Studies department with Gaelic-speaking faculty members, and is the only such university department outside Scotland to offer four full years of Scottish Gaelic instruction. Many English-speaking artists of Canadian Gaelic heritage have featured Canadian Gaelic in their works, among them Alistair MacLeod ("No Great Mischief"), Ann-Marie MacDonald ("Fall on Your Knees"), and D.R. MacDonald ("Cape Breton Road"). Gaelic singer Mary Jane Lamond has released several albums in the language, including the 1997 hit , ("Jenny Dang the Weaver"). Cape Breton fiddling is a unique tradition of Gaelic and Acadian styles, known

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: an official course on Prince Edward Island. The province of British Columbia is host to the " (The Gaelic Society of Vancouver), the Vancouver Gaelic Choir, the Victoria Gaelic Choir, as well as the annual Gaelic festival " Vancouver". The city of Vancouver's Scottish Cultural Centre also holds seasonal Scottish Gaelic evening classes. The BBC operates a Gaelic-language radio station "" as well as a television channel, . Launched on 19 September 2008, BBC Alba is widely available in the UK (on Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media). It also broadcasts across Europe on the Astra 2 satellites. The channel

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: soon. Seeing Gaelic spoken in such a forum raises the profile of the language as we drive forward our commitment to creating a new generation of Gaelic speakers in Scotland." The Scottish Gaelic used in Machine-readable British passports differs from Irish passports in places. "Passport" is rendered ' (in Irish, '); "The European Union", ' (in Irish, '), while "Northern Ireland" is ' in Gaelic (the Irish equivalent is '). Bilingual road signs, street names, business and advertisement signage (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout Gaelic-speaking regions in the Highlands and Islands, including Argyll. In many

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: unique to Canada exist, though research on the exact number is deficient. The language has also had a considerable effect on Cape Breton English. Names in Cape Breton Island () Names in mainland Nova Scotia () Elsewhere in Canada Canadian Gaelic Canadian Gaelic or Cape Breton Gaelic (), known in English as often simply Gaelic, is the dialects of Scottish Gaelic spoken by people in Atlantic Canada who have their origins in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. While there have been many different regional dialects of Scottish Gaelic that have been spoken in communities across Canada, Atlantic Canada is

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: Scottish or Irish Gaelic. The bill was defeated 42–7. Despite the widespread disregard by government on Gaelic issues, records exist of at least one criminal trial conducted entirely in Gaelic, . Despite the long history of Gaels and their language and culture in Canada, the Gaelic speech population started to decline after 1850. This drop was a result of prejudice (both from outside, and from within the Gaelic community itself), aggressive dissuasion in school and government, and the perceived prestige of English. Gaelic has faced widespread prejudice in Great Britain for generations, and those feelings were easily transposed to British

title: Gaelic Ireland

text: of famine weakened the Norman economy. The Black Death arrived in Ireland in 1348. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. After it had passed, Gaelic Irish language and customs came to dominate the country again. The English-controlled area shrank back to the Pale, a fortified area around Dublin. Outside the Pale, the Hiberno-Norman lords intermarried with Gaelic noble families, adopted the Irish language and customs and sided with the Gaelic Irish in

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: "Book of Common Order" was translated into Scottish Gaelic by Séon Carsuel (John Carswell), Bishop of the Isles, and printed in 1567. This is considered the first printed book in Scottish Gaelic though the language resembles classical Irish. By the early modern era Gaelic had been in geographical decline for three centuries and had begun to be a second class language, confined to the Highlands and Islands. The tradition of classic Gaelic poetry survived longer in Scotland than in Ireland, with the last fully competent member of the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were hereditary poets to the Lords of the Isles

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: suppressed by the Scottish and later British states, especially after the Battle of Culloden in 1746, during the Highland Clearances, and by the exclusion of Scottish Gaelic from the educational system. Even before then, charitable schools operated by the Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge (SSPCK) used instructional methods designed to suppress the language in favour of English and corporal punishment against students using Gaelic. This was counterbalanced by the activities of the Gaelic Schools Society, founded in 1811. Their primary purpose was to teach Gaels literacy in their own language, with emphasis on being able to

title: Classical Gaelic

text: Classical Gaelic Classical Gaelic (; ) was the shared literary form that was in use in Scotland and Ireland from the 13th century to the 18th century. The language may be thought of as a high-register version of Early Modern Irish. Although the first written signs of Scottish Gaelic having diverged from Irish appear as far back as the 12th century annotations of the Book of Deer, Scottish Gaelic did not have a standardised form and did not appear in print on a significant scale until the 1767 translation of the New Testament into Scottish Gaelic although John Carswell's "",

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: ("Irish") and the Lowland vernacular as "Scottis". Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word "Erse" in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used. Gaelic was commonly believed to have been brought to Scotland, in the 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of on Scotland's west coast in present-day Argyll. Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to until the eighth century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. By 900, Pictish appears to have become extinct,

title: Scottish Gaelic punk

text: Scottish Gaelic punk Scottish Gaelic Punk is a subgenre of punk rock in which bands sing some or all of their music in Scottish Gaelic. The Gaelic punk scene is, in part, an affirmation of the value of minority languages and cultures. Gaelic punk bands express political views, particularly those related to anarchism and environmentalism. Punk in the Welsh language, particularly the bands connected with the Anhrefn record label, was an early inspiration to the Gaelic punk scene in Scotland. The Scottish rock band Runrig's first album (Play Gaelic) in 1978 is considered to be the first notable modern Scottish

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: the writers of the "An Claigeann Damien Hirst" (Ùr-sgeul, 2009) and "Saorsa" (Ùr-sgeul, 2011) anthologies. In 2013, the first ever Scottish Gaelic hard science fiction novel, "Air Cuan Dubh Drilseach" by Tim Armstrong, was published by CLÀR. Within Gaelic drama, two Gaelic theatre companies were recently professionally active: Fir Chlis and Tosg, which was managed by the late Simon MacKenzie. Most recently, the Gaelic drama group Tog-I, established by Arthur Donald, has attempted to revive the sector. Scottish Gaelic literature Scottish Gaelic literature refers to literature composed in the Scottish Gaelic language, a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: Cape Breton Island set the stage. Starting in the late 1990s, the Nova Scotia government began studying ways it might enhance Gaelic in the province. In December 2006 the Office of Gaelic Affairs was established. In Prince Edward Island, the Colonel Gray High School now offers both an introductory and an advanced course in Gaelic; both language and history are taught in these classes. This is the first recorded time that Gaelic has ever been taught as an official course on Prince Edward Island. Maxville Public School in Maxville, Glengarry, Ontario, Canada offers Scottish Gaelic lessons weekly. The last "fluent"

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: literary language without an early modern translation of the Bible. The lack of a well-known translation until the late 18th century may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic. The Highland Clearances and widespread emigration significantly weakened Gaelic language and culture and had a profound impact on the nature of Gaelic poetry. The best poetry in this vein contained a strong element of protest, including Uilleam Mac Dhun Lèibhe's (William Livingstone, 1808–70) protest against the Islay clearances in "Fios Thun a' Bhard" ("A Message for the Poet") and Seonaidh Phàdraig Iarsiadair's (John Smith, 1848–81) long emotional condemnation of those

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I (1406–37) onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline. Lowland writers began to treat Gaelic as a second class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the lowlands. The major corpus of Medieval Scottish Gaelic poetry, "The Book of the Dean of Lismore" was compiled by the brothers James and Donald MacGregor in the early decades of the

title: Gaelic Athletic Association

text: Gaelic Athletic Association The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA; , ("CLG")) is an Irish international amateur sporting and cultural organisation, focused primarily on promoting indigenous Gaelic games and pastimes, which include the traditional Irish sports of hurling, camogie, Gaelic football, Gaelic handball and rounders. The association also promotes Irish music and dance, and the Irish language. It has more than 500,000 members worldwide, assets in excess of €2.6 billion, and declared total revenues of €94.8 million in 2010, with a total gross profit of €78.5 million. Gaelic football and hurling are the most popular activities promoted by the organisation, and the

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: exist). According to , a total of 2,092 primary pupils were enrolled in Gaelic-medium primary education in 2008–09, as opposed to 24 in 1985. The Columba Initiative, also known as " (formerly ), is a body that seeks to promote links between speakers of Scottish Gaelic and Irish. In May 2004, the Nova Scotia government announced the funding of an initiative to support the language and its culture within the province. Several public schools in Northeastern Nova Scotia and Cape Breton offer Gaelic classes as part of the high-school curriculum. The government's Gaelic Affairs offers lunch-time lessons to public servants

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: terms of the total number of speakers in the 2011 census, there were 7,195 total speakers of "Gaelic languages" in Canada, with 1,365 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island where the responses mainly refer to Scottish Gaelic. The 2011 census also reported that over 300 residents of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island considered a Gaelic language to be their "mother tongue". In 1621, King James VI of Scotland allowed privateer William Alexander to establish the first Scottish colony overseas. The group of Highlanders – all of whom were Gaelic-speaking – settled at what is presently known as Port

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: modern Gaelic vocabulary. Scottish Gaelic has also influenced the Scots language and English, particularly Scottish Standard English. Loanwords include: whisky, slogan, brogue, jilt, clan, trousers, gob, as well as familiar elements of Scottish geography like ben ('), glen (') and . Irish has also influenced Lowland Scots and English in Scotland, but it is not always easy to distinguish its influence from that of Scottish Gaelic. The modern Scottish Gaelic alphabet has 18 letters: The letter "", now mostly used to indicate lenition (historically sometimes inaccurately called "aspiration") of a consonant, was in general not used in the oldest orthography,

title: Scottish Gaelic phonology

text: Scottish Gaelic phonology This article is about the phonology of the Scottish Gaelic language. There is no standard variety of Scottish Gaelic; although statements below are about all or most dialects, the north-western dialects (Outer Hebrides, Skye and the Northwest Highlands) are discussed more than others as they represent the majority of speakers. Gaelic phonology is characterised by: Due to the geographic concentration of Gaelic speakers along the western seaboard with its numerous islands, Gaelic dialectologists tend to ascribe each island its own dialect. On the mainland, no clear dialect boundaries have been established to date but the main areas

title: East Sutherland Gaelic

text: East Sutherland Gaelic East Sutherland Gaelic ( ) is an obsolescent dialect of Scottish Gaelic which was spoken in fishing villages on the eastern coast of Sutherland, especially in Brora, Golspie, and Embo. The Scottish Gaelic language has been in decline since the fourteenth century, when its speakers were a majority of Scotland's population, due to the higher prestige of English. The East Sutherland dialect was spoken in coastal villages by fisherfolk descended from Gaelic speakers who had been evicted from the fertile interior valleys of Sutherland during the Highland Clearances of the early nineteeth century. Because of their occupational,

title: Scottish Gaelic orthography

text: Scottish Gaelic orthography Scottish Gaelic orthography has evolved over many centuries. Scottish Gaelic spelling is mainly based on etymological considerations. Due to the etymological nature of the writing system, the same written form may result in a multitude of pronunciations depending on the spoken variant. For example, the word "coimhead" "watching" may result in , , , or . The alphabet is known as the "aibidil" in Scottish Gaelic, and formerly the "Beith Luis Nuin" from the first three letters of the Ogham alphabet: "b, l, n". The alphabet now used for writing the Scottish Gaelic language consists of the

title: Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005

text: of a national plan for Gaelic to provide strategic direction for the development of the Gaelic language. [Note: The phrase "equal respect" contains no clear meaning in the law. Its usage was chosen to prevent the assumption that the Gaelic language is in any way considered to have "equal validity or parity of esteem with English".] The Act also gives a key role in promoting Gaelic in Scotland, advising Scottish Ministers on Gaelic issues, driving forward Gaelic planning and preparing guidance on Gaelic education. The Act also provides a framework for the creation of Gaelic language plans by Scottish public

title: Scottish Gaelic name

text: the English forms are based on the Gaelic vocative case forms and . Some names which did not acquire currency outside the Gaelic-speaking world were roughly transliterated into English, such as which is often rendered as "Gormelia". Others were with no cognate were often equated with English names which bore some similarity to the Gaelic name in order to obtain "English equivalents". This includes which was equated with Euphemia, with Dorothy, with Rebecca or Sophie. The majority of Gaelic surnames in the Highlands and western parts are patronymic in nature and of Goidelic extraction, although epithets, geography or occupation and

title: Kerry (name)

text: in Wales a first name, either masculine or feminine. [[Category:English unisex given names]] [[Category:English-language unisex given names]] [[Category:Irish unisex given names]] [[Category:Irish-language unisex given names]] Kerry (name) Kerry or Kerri is both a masculine and feminine English language given name of Gaelic (Irish) origin. In its original form Ciarraighe ("Ciarraí"), it denoted "the people of Ciar" ("ciar-raighe"), Ciar being the son of Fergus mac Róich, who gave his name to County Kerry. Ciarraighe was thus the name of the pre-Gaelic tribe who lived in the area of what is now County Kerry. However branches of the Ciarraighe were all over

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: be played on ice wearing skates, the precursor to modern ice hockey. The first Gaelic language film to be made in North America, ("The Wake of Calum MacLeod") is a six-minute short filmed in Cape Breton. The Gaelic scholar Michael Newton made a half-hour documentary, "Singing Against the Silence" (2012), about the revival of Nova Scotia Gaelic in that language; he has also published an anthology of Canadian Gaelic literature, (2015). Efforts to address the decline specifically of Gaelic language in Nova Scotia began in the late 1980s. Two conferences on the status of Gaelic language and culture held on

title: A Gaelic Blessing

text: a gentle nature. It was published first in 1987 by Hinshaw Music, but then, like other music by John Rutter, by Oxford University Press (also in versions with harp or with string orchestra) and by the Royal School of Church Music. It has been recorded in collections of Rutter's choral works performed under his direction by the Cambridge Singers and the City of London Sinfonia. Together with the composer's Requiem, it was recorded in 2010 by the choir Polyphony and the Bournemouth Sinfonietta, conducted by Stephen Layton. A Gaelic Blessing A Gaelic Blessing is an English language choral composition by

title: A Gaelic Blessing

text: A Gaelic Blessing A Gaelic Blessing is an English language choral composition by John Rutter, consisting of four vocal parts (SATB) and organ or orchestra. It is also known by the repeating first line of the text, "Deep peace". The work was commissioned by the Chancel Choir of First United Methodist Church, Omaha, Nebraska, for their conductor Mel Olson. It was published first in 1978 by Hinshaw Music, by Oxford University Press and by the Royal School of Church Music. The piece was commissioned by the Chancel Choir of First United Methodist Church in Omaha, Nebraska, for their conductor Mel

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: is the national advisory partnership for Gaelic place names in Scotland. In the nineteenth century, Canadian Gaelic was the third-most widely spoken language in Canada and Gaelic-speaking immigrant communities could be found throughout the country. Gaelic poets in Canada produced a significant literary tradition. The number of Gaelic-speaking individuals and communities declined sharply, however, after the First World War. Nova Scotia is home to 1,275 Gaelic speakers as of 2011, of whom 300 claim to have Gaelic as their "mother tongue." The Nova Scotia government maintains an Office of Gaelic Affairs which works to promote the Gaelic language, culture, and

title: Professor of Gaelic (Glasgow)

text: new Gaelic Language Plan with an aim of making Gaelic a commonly used language by 2020. The Scottish Government has been putting efforts into the support and revival of Gaelic in Scotland in recent years, in line with their duties under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 established the Bòrd na Gàidhlig, a non-governmental public body responsible for the promomotion of Gaelic language in Scotland. The first holder of the post is Professor Roibeard Ó Maolalaigh, head of the Department of Celtic and Gaelic at the university, who had previously held a

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: including: language workshops and immersions, milling frolics, square dances, fiddle and piping sessions, concerts and festivals. Up until about the turn of the 20th century, Gaelic was widely spoken on eastern Prince Edward Island (PEI). In the 2011 Canadian Census, 10 individuals in PEI cited that their mother tongue was a Gaelic language, with over 90 claiming to speak a Gaelic language. Gaels, their language and culture have influenced the heritage of Glengarry County and other regions in present-day Ontario, where many Highland Scots settled commencing in the 18th century, and to a much lesser extent the provinces of New

title: History of Scottish Gaelic

text: Scotland's emergent nationalism in the era following the Wars of Scottish Independence was organised using Scots as well. For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's "The Brus" (1375) and Blind Harry's "The Wallace" (before 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. It was around this time that the very name of Gaelic began to change. Until the 14th century, Gaelic was referred to in English as "Scottis", i.e. the language of the Scots. By the end of the 15th century, however, the Scottish dialect of Northern English had absorbed that designation. English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead

title: Kerry (name)

text: Kerry (name) Kerry or Kerri is both a masculine and feminine English language given name of Gaelic (Irish) origin. In its original form Ciarraighe ("Ciarraí"), it denoted "the people of Ciar" ("ciar-raighe"), Ciar being the son of Fergus mac Róich, who gave his name to County Kerry. Ciarraighe was thus the name of the pre-Gaelic tribe who lived in the area of what is now County Kerry. However branches of the Ciarraighe were all over Ireland: Kerry is also a common surname and as such is of Welsh origin, though sometimes spelled Ceri. However, Ceri (pronounced Kerry) is more commonly

title: Scots language

text: at the time), whereas "Scottish" ("Scottis") referred to Gaelic. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the English language used in Scotland had arguably become a distinct language, albeit one lacking a name which clearly distinguished it from all the other English variants and dialects spoken in Britain. From 1495 the term "Scottis" was increasingly used to refer to the Lowland vernacular and "Erse", meaning Irish, as a name for Gaelic. For example, towards the end of the fifteenth century, William Dunbar was using "Erse" to refer to Gaelic and, in the early sixteenth century, Gavin Douglas was using "Scottis"

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name (such as ' or ' rather than the anglicised forms "Ratagan" or "Lochailort" respectively). Bilingual railway station signs are now more frequent than they used to be. Practically all the stations in the Highland area use both English and Gaelic, and the spread of bilingual station signs is becoming ever more frequent in the Lowlands of Scotland, including areas where Gaelic has not been spoken for a long time. This has been welcomed by many supporters of the language as a means of raising its profile as well

title: Scottish Gaelic name

text: nominalizing suffix (e.g. ). In the case of women, the element is used (derived from "the daughter of the son of"). Various other morphological changes (such as lenition or slenderization) may apply in Gaelic, so the surname MacDonald for example may appear as , , , depending on the grammatical context. As a result of misspellings, one Gaelic surname often corresponds to numerous English forms, e.g. "son of Duncan" may appear in English as: "Donagh(y), Donnagh, Dono(u)gh, MacConachie, MacConachy, MacConaghy, MacConchy, MacConechie, MacConkey, MacConnachie, MacConnechie, MacConnichie, MacConochie, MacConoughy, MacDona, MacDonachie, MacDonachy, MacDonaghy, MacDonaugh, MacDonnach, MacDonnagh, MacDonnoghie, MacDonogh, MacDonoghue, MacDonough, MacDunphy,

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: University offers Gaelic language, history and culture courses. The University of the Highlands and Islands offers a range of Gaelic language, history and culture courses at NC, HND, BA (ordinary), BA (Hons) and Msc, and offers opportunities for postgraduate research through the medium of Gaelic. Residential courses at on the Isle of Skye offer adults the chance to become fluent in Gaelic in one year. Many continue to complete degrees, or to follow up as distance learners. A number of other colleges offer a one-year certificate course, which is also available online (pending accreditation). Lews Castle College's Benbecula campus offers

title: Gaelic revival

text: and that this could only be reversed through building up the language. Eoin MacNeill followed this up with an article in the "Gaelic Journal", "A Plea and a Plan for the Extension of the Movement to Preserve and Spread the Gaelic language in Ireland", and set about forming an organisation to help bring this about, together with Eugene O'Growney and J. H. Lloyd (). The Gaelic League () was founded on 31 July 1893. Hyde was elected president, MacNeill secretary, and Lloyd treasurer, and Thomas O'Neill Russell was among those elected to the council. The Gaelic League held weekly meetings

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: dormant since the time of emigration. Even in Cape Breton, the situation of the language is precarious. Scottish Gaels settled in Nova Scotia commencing in 1773 with the arrival of the Ship Hector and continuing up until the 1850s. Gaelic has been spoken for 241 years in Nova Scotia: on Cape Breton Island and on the northeastern Nova Scotia mainland. During the early 1900s, the Gaelic language was nearly wiped out in Canadian schools. The Gaelic cultural identity community is a vibrant part of Nova Scotia's diverse peoples and communities. Thousands of Nova Scotians attend Gaelic-related activities and events annually

title: Scottish Gaelic literature

text: and then the Donalds of Clanranald, still working in the early eighteenth century. Nevertheless, interest in the sponsorship of panegyric Gaelic poetry was declining among the clan leaders. Gaelic was gradually being overtaken by Middle Scots, which became the language of both the nobility and the majority population. Middle Scots was derived substantially from Old English, with Gaelic and French influences. It was usually called "Inglyshe" and was very close to the language spoken in northern England, Unlike many of his predecessors, James VI actively despised Gaelic culture. As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: as 1958, even in Highland schools, only 20% of primary students were taught Gaelic as a subject, and only 5% were taught other subjects through the Gaelic language. Gaelic-medium playgroups for young children began to appear in Scotland during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Parent enthusiasm may have been a factor in the "establishment of the first Gaelic medium primary school units in Glasgow and Inverness in 1985". The first modern solely Gaelic-medium secondary school, ("Glasgow Gaelic School"), was opened at Woodside in Glasgow in 2006 (61 partially Gaelic-medium primary schools and approximately a dozen Gaelic-medium secondary schools also

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: was signed in 2002. Today over a dozen public institutions offer Gaelic courses, (such as a Canadian History course in Gaelic at North Nova Education Centre, Nova Scotia) in addition to advanced programmes conducted at Cape Breton, St Francis Xavier, and Saint Mary's Universities. The Nova Scotia Highland Village offers a bilingual interpretation site, presenting Gaelic and English interpretation for visitors and offering programmes for the local community members and the general public. The Gaelic College in St. Anns offers Gaelic immersion weekends, weeks and summer programs. Sponsored by local Gaelic organizations and societies, ongoing Gaelic language adult immersion classes

title: Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland

text: fortnightly Gaelic lessons in Gaelic by J. Nicolson. The weekly series "Learning Gaelic" by Edward Purcell with John M Bannerman and Archie Henry began in 1949. Among the early BBC TV courses for beginners' Gaelic was (1979). The current series for beginners is "Speaking our Language", which is now repeated regularly on BBC Alba. With the spread of Gaelic-medium units in primary schools, attended also by children from English-speaking households, there was a need for education series aimed at children in the early stages of immersion-phase language-learning: (TV) and (Radio) both appeared in 1998. Gaelic broadcasting in Scotland Gaelic broadcasting

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: In 2014, the census of pupils in Scotland showed 497 pupils in publicly funded schools had Gaelic as the main language at home, a drop of 18% from 606 students in 2010. During the same period, Gaelic medium education in Scotland has grown, with 3,583 pupils being educated in a Gaelic-immersion environment in 2014, up from 2,638 pupils in 2009. However, even among pupils enrolled in Gaelic medium schools, 81% of primary students and 74% of secondary students report using English more often than Gaelic when speaking with their mothers at home. Gaelic has long suffered from its lack of

title: East Sutherland Gaelic

text: social, and geographical isolation, the fisherfolk retained the use of the Gaelic language about half a century longer than surrounding communities, in the process becoming isolated from other dialects of Gaelic. East Sutherland speakers could only understand other dialects of Gaelic with difficulty, if at all. By the turn of the twentieth century, Gaelic was still the community language; there were even a few monolingual speakers. Although the decline of the fishing industry following World War II had impacted the local dialect's viability, when Nancy Dorian started studying the dialect in 1963, there were still more than 200 speakers in

title: Gaelic literature

text: Gaelic literature Gaelic literature (; ) is literature in the vernacular Gaelic languages of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man. Gaelic literature is recognised as one of the oldest literature traditions of Europe, excepting only Latin literature and Greek literature: literature has been written in Gaelic languages from the 1st centuries AD to the present day. Latin had been used extensively in the Gaelic lands, with the advent of Christianity, however, the Gaels were in the vanguard as regards using their own language to write literary works of merit. Before the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, the Gaels had

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: an independent 1-year course in Gaelic and Traditional Music (FE, SQF level 5/6). In the Western Isles, the isles of Lewis, Harris and North Uist have a Presbyterian majority (largely Church of Scotland – ' in Gaelic, Free Church of Scotland and Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland.) The isles of South Uist and Barra have a Catholic majority. All these churches have Gaelic-speaking congregations throughout the Western Isles. Notable city congregations with regular services in Gaelic are St Columba's Church, Glasgow and Greyfriars Tolbooth & Highland Kirk, Edinburgh. ' – a shorter Gaelic version of the English-language Book of Common

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: involving hundreds of individuals are held in over a dozen communities in the province. These immersion programs focus on learning language through activity, props and repetition. Reading, writing and grammar are introduced after the student has had a minimum amount of exposure to hearing and speaking Gaelic through everyday contextualized activities. The grouping of immersion methodologies and exposure to Gaelic cultural expression in immersion settings is referred to in Nova Scotia as . The phonology of some Canadian Gaelic dialects have diverged in several ways from the standard Gaelic spoken in Scotland, while others have remained the same. Gaelic terms

title: Scottish Gaelic medium education

text: by Highland schools at this time saw the introduction of the "Highland Minute" in 1887 which aimed at aiding designated boards financially while also recognising Gaelic as a specific subject in the higher classes of both elementary and secondary schools. Grants to aid the supply of Gaelic speaking teachers were also introduced. Despite these small measures towards the reintroduction of Gaelic into the classroom the manner in which the language was taught is thought to have contributed to its decline with the language being taught not as the native tongue of the pupils, via the medium of the language itself,

title: Gaelic revival

text: language; he took a keen interest in the traditional games of Ireland, and in 1884, with Maurice Davin, he would found the Gaelic Athletic Association to promote the games of Gaelic football, hurling and handball. In 1882 the Gaelic Union began publication of a monthly journal, the "Gaelic Journal". Its first editor was David Comyn; he was followed by John Fleming, a prominent Irish scholar, and then Father Eugene O'Growney. In November 1892 Douglas Hyde gave a lecture to the National Literary Society entitled "The Necessity for De-Anglicising Ireland." He said that the Irish people had become almost completely anglicised,

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: sudden stop of Gaelic intergenerational transmission, caused by shame and prejudice, was the immediate cause of the drastic decline in Gaelic fluency in the 20th century. Ultimately the population dropped from a peak of 200,000 in 1850, to 80,000 in 1900, to 30,000 in 1930 and 500–1,000 today. There are no longer entire communities of Canadian Gaelic-speakers, although traces of the language and pockets of speakers are relatively commonplace on Cape Breton, and especially in traditional strongholds like Christmas Island, The North Shore, and Baddeck. A. W. R. MacKenzie founded the Nova Scotia Gaelic College at St Ann's in 1939.

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: misinformed; Lunenburg Senator Henry A. N. Kaulbach, in response to Thomas Robert McInnes's Gaelic bill, described the language as only "well suited to poetry and fairy tales". The belief that certain languages had inherent strengths and weaknesses was typical in the 19th century, but has been rejected by modern linguistics. Around 1880, from The North Shore, wrote (The Woman who Lost her Gaelic), a humorous song recounting the growing phenomenon of Gaels shunning their mother-tongue. With the outbreak of World War II the Canadian government attempted to prevent the use of Gaelic on public telecommunications systems. The government believed Gaelic

title: Scottish Gaelic

text: that any substantial change will occur in the fortunes of the language as a result of 's efforts. On 10 December 2008, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Scottish Human Rights Commission had the UDHR translated into Gaelic for the first time. However, given there are no longer any monolingual Gaelic speakers, following an appeal in the court case of "Taylor v Haughney" (1982), involving the status of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the High Court ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings. The Scottish Qualifications Authority offer two streams

title: Gaelic road signs in Scotland

text: appropriately to the change in speed of the leading vehicle. The study recommends the use of "separation techniques", such as using a different colour of font for each language, which eliminates the problem. Bilingual road signs in Scotland typically use white letters for English and yellow for Gaelic. Gaelic road signs in Scotland In the Gaelic-speaking parts of Scotland, the use of the Gaelic language on road signs instead of, or more often alongside, English is now common, but has been a controversial issue. In the 18th and 19th centuries, map makers recorded Gaelic placenames in Anglicised versions. One would

title: History of Scottish Gaelic

text: certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten. By the 10th century, Gaelic had become the dominant language throughout northern and western Scotland, the Gaelo-Pictic Kingdom of Alba. Its spread to southern Scotland was less even and less complete. Place name analysis suggests dense usage of Gaelic in Galloway and adjoining areas to the north and west, as well as in West Lothian and parts of western Midlothian. Less dense usage is suggested for north Ayrshire, Renfrewshire, the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire. This latter region

title: Canadian Gaelic

text: was used by subversives affiliated with Ireland, a neutral country perceived to be tolerant of the Nazis. In Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton where the Gaelic language was strongest, it was actively discouraged in schools with corporal punishment. Children were beaten with the ("hanging stick") if caught speaking Gaelic. Job opportunities for monolingual Gaels were few and restricted to the dwindling Gaelic-communities, compelling most into the mines or the fishery. Many saw English fluency as the key to success, and for the first time in Canadian history Gaelic-speaking parents were teaching their children to speak English en masse. The

title: Scottish Gaelic punk

text: Gaelic-language music album; other than Ultravox's 1984 album "Lament", which contained some Gaelic lyrics in the song "Man of Two Worlds", and mid-1990s grindcore band Scatha, from Tomintoul who featured Gaelic in several of their songs, there were no further albums of modern music all in Gaelic until spring 2005, when Oi Polloi and Mill a h-Uile Rud both released all-Gaelic EPs. Mill a h-Uile Rud, based in Seattle, United States, formed in Scotland, and have played at least as many concerts in Europe as they have in the United States. All of their material is in Gaelic. They are

title: Traditional Gaelic music

text: Traditional Gaelic music Traditional Gaelic music is the folk music of Goidelic language-speaking communities, often including lyrics in those languages. The six Celtic nationalities are divided into two musical groups, Gaelic and Brythonic, which according to Alan Stivell differentiate "mostly by the extended range (sometimes more than two octaves) of Irish and Scottish melodies and the closed range of Breton and Welsh melodies (often reduced to a half-octave), and by the frequent use of the pure pentatonic scale in Gaelic music". The emigration of Scottish Gaels to Cape Breton has also resulted in a unique strain of Gaelic music evolving

title: Orla (name)

text: Órla forms—became popular in the late 20th century, not only in Ireland but also in Scotland, despite the name not having a Scottish heritage. It is quite common, even in Ireland, to see the name written as "Orla" without the vowel-lengthening fada accent on the "o". Orla is also a male given name in the Danish language. Orla (name) Órla, Órlaith, Orla or Orlagh (pronounced OR-lah) is a female given name of Celtic origin. The root form of the name is "Órfhlaith", interpretable as "golden princess" as it combines the Gaelic elements "ór" ("gold") and "fhlaith" (literally "prince"), its full