query: who are the inventors of the first transistor?

title: History of the transistor

text: thought it best that his name be left off the patent application. Shockley was incensed, and decided to demonstrate who was the real brains of the operation. Only a few months later he invented an entirely new type of transistor with a layer or "sandwich" structure. This new form was considerably more robust than the fragile point-contact system, and would go on to be used for the vast majority of all transistors into the 1960s. It would evolve into the bipolar junction transistor. The static induction transistor, the first high frequency transistor concept, was invented by Japanese engineers Jun-ichi Nishizawa

title: History of the transistor

text: about 15 volts". Brattain and H. R. Moore made a demonstration to several of their colleagues and managers at Bell Labs on the afternoon of 23 December 1947, often given as the birth date of the transistor. The "PNP point-contact germanium transistor" operated as a speech amplifier with a power gain of 18 in that trial. In 1956 John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley were honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". Twelve people are mentioned as directly involved in the invention of the transistor

title: History of the transistor

text: Metropolitan Vickers Ltd rebuilt the full 200 transistor (& 1300 diode) design in 1956 using junction transistors (for internal use). The IBM 7070 (1958), IBM 7090 (1959), and CDC 1604 (1960) were the first computers (as products for sale) based on transistors. Shockley was upset about the device being credited to Brattain and Bardeen, who he felt had built it "behind his back" to take the glory. Matters became worse when Bell Labs lawyers found that some of Shockley's own writings on the transistor were close enough to those of an earlier 1925 patent by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld that they

title: History of the transistor

text: Donald G. Fink, Philco's director of research, summarized the status of the transistor's commercial potential with an analogy: "Is it a pimpled adolescent, now awkward, but promising future vigor? Or has it arrived at maturity, full of languor, surrounded by disappointments?" Prototypes of all-transistor AM radio receivers were demonstrated, but were really only laboratory curiosities. However, in 1950 Shockley developed a radically different type of solid-state amplifier which became known as the bipolar junction "transistor". Although it works on a completely different principle to the point-contact "transistor", this is the device which is most commonly referred to as simply a

title: Grown-junction transistor

text: Grown-junction transistor The grown-junction transistor was the first type of bipolar "junction" transistor made. It was invented by William Shockley at Bell Labs on June 23, 1948 (patent filed June 26, 1948), six months after the first bipolar point-contact transistor. The first germanium prototypes were made in 1949. Bell Labs announced Shockley’s grown-junction transistor on July 4, 1951. An NPN grown-junction transistor is made of a single crystal of semiconductor material which has two PN junctions grown into it. During the growth process, a seed crystal is slowly pulled from a bath of molten semiconductor, which then grows into a

title: Transistor

text: and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.

title: Transistor

text: transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the "Compagnie des Freins et Signaux", a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in

title: History of the transistor

text: "transistor" today. Morgan Sparks made the bipolar junction transistor into a practical device. These were also licensed to a number of other electronics companies, including Texas Instruments, who produced a limited run of transistor radios as a sales tool. Early transistors were chemically unstable and only suitable for low-power, low-frequency applications, but as transistor design developed, these problems were slowly overcome. There are numerous claimants to the title of the first company to produce practical transistor radios. Texas Instruments had demonstrated all-transistor AM radios as early as 1952, but their performance was well below that of equivalent battery tube models.

title: The Inventors (novel)

text: The Inventors (novel) The Inventors is a children's novel, co-written by Alexander Gordon Smith and his brother Jamie Webb. It follows the story of two best friends, Nate and Cat, young inventors who win a year-long scholarship at Saint Solutions, a giant skyscraper. There, under the eye of the world's greatest inventor, Ebenezer Saint, they are given free rein to invent whatever they want. But things take a dark turn when Saint refuses to let them leave the complex, and what started as the opportunity of a lifetime turns to a fight for not only their lives, but for the

title: The Inventors (novel)

text: downloads his mind into a robotic body. As his memories come back, the robotic Saint heads for the exit. The Inventors (novel) The Inventors is a children's novel, co-written by Alexander Gordon Smith and his brother Jamie Webb. It follows the story of two best friends, Nate and Cat, young inventors who win a year-long scholarship at Saint Solutions, a giant skyscraper. There, under the eye of the world's greatest inventor, Ebenezer Saint, they are given free rein to invent whatever they want. But things take a dark turn when Saint refuses to let them leave the complex, and what

title: History of the transistor

text: and Y. Watanabe in 1950, and was finally able to produce some experimental prototypes in 1975. It was the fastest transistor through to the 1980s. Further developments included the grown-junction transistor (1951), the surface-barrier transistor (1953), the diffusion transistor, the tetrode transistor, and the pentode transistor. The diffused silicon 'mesa transistor' was developed at Bell in 1955 and made commercially available by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1958. The spacistor was a type of transistor developed in the 1950s as an improvement over the point-contact transistor and the later alloy junction transistor. In 1953, Philco had developed the world's first high frequency

title: The New Inventors

text: Gledhill. The new show was called "The New Inventors". The very first episode of "The New Inventors" aired on 11 March 2004. After 8 seasons, "The New Inventors" ended in 2011. The last episode aired on 17 August 2011 on ABC TV. The New Inventors The New Inventors was an Australian television show, that was broadcast on ABC1 and hosted by broadcaster and comedian James O'Loghlin. Each episode featured three Australian inventions and short video tape packages. IP Australia, a supporter of the program, described it as a way for Australian inventions to gain publicity and possible entrance into the

title: History of the transistor

text: floor on October 21, 1955. The all-transistor car radio was a $150 option. The first low-cost junction transistor available to the general public was the CK722, a PNP germanium small signal unit introduced by Raytheon in early 1953 for $7.60 each. In the 1950s and 1960s, hundreds of hobbyist electronics projects based around the CK722 transistor were published in popular books and magazines. Raytheon also participated in expanding the role of the CK722 as a hobbyist electronics device by publishing "Transistor Applications" and "Transistor Applications- Volume 2" during the mid-1950s. The world’s first transistor computer was built at the University

title: History of the transistor

text: History of the transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit. The vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, was the transistor's precursor, introduced in 1907. The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld published no research articles about his devices, and his work was ignored by industry. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. There is no direct evidence that these devices were built, but later work in the

title: History of the transistor

text: Carver Mead and reported in 1966. History of the transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit. The vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, was the transistor's precursor, introduced in 1907. The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld published no research articles about his devices, and his work was ignored by industry. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. There is no direct evidence that these devices were

title: History of the transistor

text: and could compete favorably with vacuum tube portables. The TR-63 was also the first transistor radio to use all miniature components. (The term "pocket" was a matter of some interpretation, as Sony allegedly had special shirts made with oversized pockets for their salesmen.) In the April 28th 1955 edition of the Wall Street Journal, Chrysler and Philco announced that they had developed and produced the world’s first all-transistor car radio. Chrysler made the all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, available as an "option" in Fall 1955 for its new line of 1956 Chrysler and Imperial cars, which hit the showroom

title: History of the transistor

text: surface-barrier transistor, which was also the first transistor that was suitable for high speed computers. The world's first all-transistor car radio, manufactured by Philco in 1955, used surface-barrier transistors in its circuitry design. With the fragility problems solved, a remaining problem was purity. Making germanium of the required purity was proving to be a serious problem, and limited the number of transistors that actually worked from a given batch of material. Germanium's sensitivity to temperature also limited its usefulness. Scientists theorized that silicon would be easier to fabricate, but few bothered to investigate this possibility. Morris Tanenbaum et al. at

title: History of the transistor

text: Technical Memorandum calling for votes: Pierce recalled the naming somewhat differently: The Nobel Foundation states that the term is a combination of the words "transfer" and "resistor". The world's first commercial transistor production line was at the Western Electric plant on Union Boulevard in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Production began on Oct. 1, 1951 with the point contact germanium transistor. By 1953, the transistor was being used in some products, such as hearing aids and telephone exchanges, but there were still significant issues preventing its broader application, such as sensitivity to moisture and the fragility of the wires attached to germanium crystals.

title: Transistor–transistor logic

text: Transistor–transistor logic Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor"); it is the same naming convention used in resistor–transistor logic (RTL) and diode–transistor logic (DTL). TTL integrated circuits (ICs) were widely used in applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer electronics, and synthesizers. Sometimes TTL-compatible logic levels are not associated directly with TTL integrated circuits, for example as a label on the inputs and outputs of electronic instruments. After their introduction in

title: Transistor Blast: The Best of the BBC Sessions

text: except where noted. Live in Concert, Hammersmith Palais, 22 December 1980 Transistor Blast: The Best of the BBC Sessions Transistor Blast: The Best of the BBC Sessions is a boxed set by XTC released in 1998, just two months prior to "Apple Venus Volume 1". Tracks on the first two discs are culled from various BBC radio sessions the group performed on over the years, notably for John Peel and David Jensen. Discs three and four are live recordings, the latter of which was previously released as "BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert". "Opening Speech" from the first disc is

text: Transistor Blast: The Best of the BBC Sessions Transistor Blast: The Best of the BBC Sessions is a boxed set by XTC released in 1998, just two months prior to "Apple Venus Volume 1". Tracks on the first two discs are culled from various BBC radio sessions the group performed on over the years, notably for John Peel and David Jensen. Discs three and four are live recordings, the latter of which was previously released as "BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert". "Opening Speech" from the first disc is Andy Partridge imitating John Peel. All songs written by Andy Partridge,

title: Transistor–transistor logic

text: that will reliably convert the analog input to a digital value, effectively operating as a one bit A to D converter. Transistor–transistor logic Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor"); it is the same naming convention used in resistor–transistor logic (RTL) and diode–transistor logic (DTL). TTL integrated circuits (ICs) were widely used in applications such as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer electronics, and synthesizers. Sometimes TTL-compatible logic levels are not associated directly

title: History of the transistor

text: A workable all-transistor radio was demonstrated in August 1953 at the Düsseldorf Radio Fair by the German firm Intermetall. It was built with four of Intermetall's hand-made transistors, based upon the 1948 invention of Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker. However, as with the early Texas units (and others) only prototypes were ever built; it was never put into commercial production. The production of the first commercially successful transistor radio is often incorrectly attributed to Sony (originally Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo). However the Regency TR-1, made by the Regency Division of I.D.E.A. (Industrial Development Engineering Associates) of Indianapolis, Indiana, was the first

title: History of the transistor

text: Bell Laboratories were the first to develop a working silicon transistor on January 26, 1954. A few months later, Gordon Teal, working independently at Texas Instruments, developed a similar device. Both of these devices were made by controlling the doping of single silicon crystals while they were grown from molten silicon. A far superior method was developed by Morris Tanenbaum and Calvin S. Fuller at Bell Laboratories in early 1955 by the gaseous diffusion of donor and acceptor impurities into single crystal silicon chips. Many developments from 55 to 66. The first gallium-arsenide Schottky-gate field-effect transistor (MESFET) was made by

title: The Inventors (Australian TV series)

text: The Inventors (Australian TV series) The Inventors was an Australian ABC TV programme which ran from 1970 to 1982. At its peak it was one of the ABC's highest rating programmes. In each episode, a number of inventors would show their invention, and it was critiqued by a panel of three judges, who announced a winner at the end of the show. Most episodes were 30 minutes long, though the end-of-year finale, in which a yearly winner was announced, ran longer. For the majority of the show's run, the host was Geoff Stone, and the panel was Leo Port, Diana

title: The Inventors (Australian TV series)

text: Fisher and Vic Nicholson. Port died in 1978 and was replaced by Neville Stephenson. In 1980, all of the presenters except Fisher left to start a similar programme on the Nine Network, "What’ll They Think Of Next?" The Inventors (Australian TV series) The Inventors was an Australian ABC TV programme which ran from 1970 to 1982. At its peak it was one of the ABC's highest rating programmes. In each episode, a number of inventors would show their invention, and it was critiqued by a panel of three judges, who announced a winner at the end of the show. Most

title: The Re-Inventors

text: contractor on the Canadian lifestyle program "Colour Confidenetial" for 65 episodes prior to co-hosting "The Re-Inventors". Jeremy MacPherson is a special effects artist and carpenter who has worked on hundreds of film and television productions, most notably "X-Men", "Chicago", "" and "". On History Television, two half-hour episodes were typically broadcast back-to-back in a one-hour time slot. It aired on the Canadian French TV channel "Historia" as Absurde et breveté and was dubbed into French. The series is airing in over 60 countries in 30 languages and is currently running on Smithsonian Channel and Charge! in the USA. The first

title: Florida Inventors Hall of Fame

text: by Paul Sanberg, after visiting the National Inventors Hall of Fame, located in Alexandria, Virginia, and noticing a lack of Floridians in the Hall. The Florida Inventors Hall of Fame was formed in 2013 and the first induction ceremony was held September 10, 2014, in Tampa Florida. The first inductees included historic inventors Thomas Edison (who had a laboratory in Fort Myers, Florida), Robert Cade, John Gorrie, and William Glenn, as well as currently active scientists, Shin-Tson Wu, and Shyam Mohapatra. The second annual induction ceremony has been announced for October 2, 2015, in Tampa. The FIHF is led by

title: Inventors' Day

text: nation and the world, the Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97 – 198), has designated 11 February, the anniversary of the birth of the inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who held over 1,000 patents, as National Inventors' Day. Inventors' Day Inventors' Day is a day of the year set aside by a country to recognise the contributions of inventors. Not all countries recognise Inventors' Day. Those countries which do recognise an Inventors' Day do so with varying degrees of emphasis and on different days of the year. The Inventors' Day () in Argentina has been celebrated since

title: Transistor–transistor logic

text: base–emitter junctions of the multiple-emitter transistor are reverse-biased. Unlike DTL, a small “collector” current (approximately 10µA) is drawn by each of the inputs. This is because the transistor is in reverse-active mode. An approximately constant current flows from the positive rail, through the resistor and into the base of the multiple emitter transistor. This current passes through the base–emitter junction of the output transistor, allowing it to conduct and pulling the output voltage low (logical zero). An input logical zero. Note that the base–collector junction of the multiple-emitter transistor and the base–emitter junction of the output transistor are in series

title: The New Inventors

text: The New Inventors The New Inventors was an Australian television show, that was broadcast on ABC1 and hosted by broadcaster and comedian James O'Loghlin. Each episode featured three Australian inventions and short video tape packages. IP Australia, a supporter of the program, described it as a way for Australian inventions to gain publicity and possible entrance into the mass market. The 200th episode of the program was broadcast on 29 October 2008. The program aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm. The grand finale edition for season 7 was broadcast on 23 September 2010 on ABC. Currently, the show is being

title: The Re-Inventors

text: The Re-Inventors The Re-Inventors is a Canadian TV show based around exploring historic inventions and testing them. The show follows the hosts, Matt Hunter and Jeremy MacPherson, as they discover and reconstruct inventions to see how ideas from the past hold up in the present world. In each episode, the hosts choose a historic invention and attempt to rebuild it. The hosts would examine the original patent information, including blueprints, then, along with additional tradesmen as needed, build the prototypes, and test each of these, often strange, inventions to see if any could actually succeed. Often, a few related inventions

title: The Re-Inventors

text: season was also released on Netflix USA on February 1, 2014. Note: Episode listing is based on the two seasons that aired on the Smithsonian Channel. The episodes from 2008-2009 were not shown on the Smithsonian Channel, and the show is no longer associated with or listed on the History Channel website, where the 2008-2009 episodes were aired. The Re-Inventors The Re-Inventors is a Canadian TV show based around exploring historic inventions and testing them. The show follows the hosts, Matt Hunter and Jeremy MacPherson, as they discover and reconstruct inventions to see how ideas from the past hold up

title: Transistor radio

text: popular choice with listeners who are dissatisfied with terrestrial music radio because of a limited selection of music and reception problems. However, transistor radios are still popular for news, talk radio, weather, live sporting events and emergency alert applications. Transistor radio A transistor radio is a small portable radio receiver that uses transistor-based circuitry. Following their development in 1954, made possible by the invention of the transistor in 1947, they became the most popular electronic communication device in history, with billions manufactured during the 1960s and 1970s. Their pocket size sparked a change in popular music listening habits, allowing people

title: Fore Inventors Only

text: Fore Inventors Only Fore Inventors Only is a reality TV series that airs nationally on the Golf Channel, featuring different inventors who are trying to successfully launch their golf-related inventions in the marketplace. Just like the TV show "American Inventor", the contestants compete against one another in a series of eliminations. The show's host is Vince Cellini. The inventions range from devices that help with putting to designer "skins" that can be wrapped around one's golf clubs. The program has been renewed for a second season by the Golf Channel and is currently encouraging interested contestants to apply for the

title: Fore Inventors Only

text: show. Fore Inventors Only Fore Inventors Only is a reality TV series that airs nationally on the Golf Channel, featuring different inventors who are trying to successfully launch their golf-related inventions in the marketplace. Just like the TV show "American Inventor", the contestants compete against one another in a series of eliminations. The show's host is Vince Cellini. The inventions range from devices that help with putting to designer "skins" that can be wrapped around one's golf clubs. The program has been renewed for a second season by the Golf Channel and is currently encouraging interested contestants to apply for

title: National Inventors Hall of Fame

text: National Inventors Hall of Fame The National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF) is an American not-for-profit organization which recognizes individual engineers and inventors who hold a U.S. patent of highly significant technology. Founded in 1973, its primary mission is to "honor the people responsible for the great technological advances that make human, social and economic progress possible." Besides the Hall of Fame, it also operates a museum in Alexandria, Virginia, and a middle school in Akron, Ohio, and sponsors educational programs, a collegiate competition, and special projects all over the United States to encourage creativity among students. , 562 inventors

title: National Academy of Inventors

text: National Academy of Inventors The National Academy of Inventors (NAI) is a US non-profit organization dedicated to encouraging inventors in academia, following the model of the National Academies of the United States. It was founded at the University of South Florida in 2010. Starting in 2012, the NAI has inducted 757 Fellows into the organization. Fellows must be named as an inventor on at least one US patent and are selected by the NAI Fellows Committee. Past members of the selection committee have included audio engineer and record producer Sir George Martin. The NAI also includes colleges and universities as

title: Darlington transistor

text: 0.65 V in silicon) higher than a single transistor saturation voltage, which is typically 0.1 - 0.2 V in silicon. For equal collector currents, this drawback translates to an increase in the dissipated power for the Darlington transistor over a single transistor. The increased low output level can cause troubles when TTL logic circuits are driven. Another problem is a reduction in switching speed or response, because the first transistor cannot actively inhibit the base current of the second one, making the device slow to switch off. To alleviate this, the second transistor often has a resistor of a few

title: Inventors Assistance League

text: or patent, file for a copyright, learn to market their inventions and get Pre-Patent Protection. The Better Business Bureau rates the Inventors Assistance League with an A+ Rating, its highest possible rating. The Inventors Assistance League has its office in Los Angeles (Eagle Rock), California. Inventors Assistance League Inventors Assistance League (IAL) is a non-profit organization created to assist inventors, small businesses and entrepreneurs. Its parent organization, the National Inventor's Foundation, was the very first federally chartered non-profit group to serve creative individuals since patent laws were established in 1790. Founder and original president Ted De Boer was a patent

title: Inventors' Day

text: Inventors' Day Inventors' Day is a day of the year set aside by a country to recognise the contributions of inventors. Not all countries recognise Inventors' Day. Those countries which do recognise an Inventors' Day do so with varying degrees of emphasis and on different days of the year. The Inventors' Day () in Argentina has been celebrated since 1986 and is held yearly on 29 September, the birthday of the inventor of the ballpoint pen, László József Bíró. The Inventors' Day () in the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria and Switzerland is celebrated on 9 November, the birthday of the

title: Inventors' Day

text: Austrian-born inventor and Hollywood actress Hedy Lamarr whose main invention was the frequency-hopped spread spectrum 1942. The day was proclaimed by Berlin inventor and entrepreneur Gerhard Muthenthaler. According to the website of the organisation it intends to pursue the following goals: "Hungarian Inventors' Day" () is celebrated on 13 June in memoriam of Albert Szent-Györgyi who registered his national patent about the synthesized Vitamin C in 1941. It is celebrated by the Association of Hungarian Inventors (MAFE) since 2009. Since 1995, the Republic of Moldova has celebrated an Inventors' and Rationalizers' Day annually at the end of June. Since 1957,

title: Twisted Transistor

text: Twisted Transistor "Twisted Transistor" is a song written and recorded by American band Korn for their seventh studio album "See You on the Other Side". It was released as the album's first single in September 2005. This is the first Korn single as a quartet without former guitarist Brian Welch who departed the group in 2005. The song introduces a clear change in direction for the band, embracing a more pop-tinged, bouncy sound, free of most of lead singer Jonathan Davis's throaty rage that characterized the group's previous albums, while guitarist Brian "Head" Welch's pummeling, seven-string guitar riffs are replaced

title: Transistor tester

text: Transistor tester Transistor testers are instruments for testing the electrical behavior of transistors and solid-state diodes. There are three types of transistor testers each performing a unique operation. In addition, curve tracers are reliable indicators of transistor performance. A circuit tester is used to check whether a transistor which has previously been performing properly in a circuit is still operational. The transistor's ability to "amplify" is taken as a rough index of its performance. This type of tester indicates to a technician whether the transistor is dead or still operative. The advantage of this tester is that the transistor does

title: Single-atom transistor

text: cooling nor vacuum are required. Few atom transistors have been developed at Waseda University and at Italian CNR by Takahiro Shinada and Enrico Prati, who observed the Anderson-Mott transition in miniature by employing arrays of only two, four and six individually implanted As or P atoms. Single-atom transistor A single-atom transistor is a device that can open and close an electrical circuit by the controlled and reversible repositioning of one single atom. The single-atom transistor was invented and first demonstrated in 2004 by Prof. Thomas Schimmel and his team of scientists at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (former University of

title: National Inventors Hall of Fame

text: electric motorcycle that runs on spheres instead of wheels. National Inventors Hall of Fame The National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF) is an American not-for-profit organization which recognizes individual engineers and inventors who hold a U.S. patent of highly significant technology. Founded in 1973, its primary mission is to "honor the people responsible for the great technological advances that make human, social and economic progress possible." Besides the Hall of Fame, it also operates a museum in Alexandria, Virginia, and a middle school in Akron, Ohio, and sponsors educational programs, a collegiate competition, and special projects all over the United

title: Transistor tester

text: real life application. Hence these testers are useful, but can't be regarded as giving accurate real-life hfe values. This type of tester is used for measuring transistor parameters dynamically under various operating conditions. The readings they give are absolute. Among the important characteristics measured are: Transistor testers have the necessary controls and switches for making the proper voltage, current and signal settings. A meter with a calibrated "good" and "bad" scale is on the front. In addition, these transistor testers are designed to check the solid-state diodes. There are also testers for checking high transistor and rectifiers. Transistor tester Transistor

title: Transistor radio

text: protection, the company held a news conference on June 30, 1948, at which a prototype transistor radio was demonstrated. There are many claimants to the title of the first company to produce practical transistor radios, often incorrectly attributed to Sony (originally Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). Texas Instruments had demonstrated all-transistor AM (amplitude modulation) radios as early as May 25, 1954, but their performance was well below that of equivalent vacuum tube models. A workable all-transistor radio was demonstrated in August 1953 at the Düsseldorf Radio Fair by the German firm Intermetall. It was built with four of Intermetall's hand-made transistors,

title: Inventors Assistance League

text: Inventors Assistance League Inventors Assistance League (IAL) is a non-profit organization created to assist inventors, small businesses and entrepreneurs. Its parent organization, the National Inventor's Foundation, was the very first federally chartered non-profit group to serve creative individuals since patent laws were established in 1790. Founder and original president Ted De Boer was a patent agent with US Trademark and Copyright Office. He created the organization in 1962 (and formalized with the State of California in 1970) when he became frustrated with the lack of affordable legal advice and guidance for inventors. The organization helps individuals file for a trademark

title: Transistor Corazón

text: you paint a "dreamy atmosphere". One minute you are "in the middle of a Mexican fiesta"; the next, you are forty miles out of Jackson pondering the meaning of a broken love affair. Italy's "Roots Highway" described "Transistor Corazón" as "a classic product of the new independent roots music" and Melissa Greener as "an artist who is certainly finding her own way". The title track, it said, is "a gem...as if Joan Baez sang a piece of Tom Russell". Transistor Corazón Transistor Corazón is the third album by American singer-songwriter Melissa Greener. It was released on 14 June 2013. Produced

title: History of the transistor

text: actual performance, rather in the fashion of the first MP3 players. Still, aside from its indifferent performance, the TR-1 was a very advanced product for its time, using printed circuit boards, and what were then considered micro-miniature components. Masaru Ibuka, co-founder of the Japanese firm Sony, was visiting the United States when Bell Labs announced the availability of manufacturing licenses, including detailed instructions on how to manufacture junction transistors. Ibuka obtained special permission from the Japanese Ministry of Finance to pay the $50,000 license fee, and in 1955 the company introduced their own five-transistor "coatpocket" radio, the TR-55, under the

title: History of the transistor

text: in the Bell Laboratory. At the same time some European scientists were led by the idea of solid-state amplifiers. In August 1948 German physicists Herbert F. Mataré (1912–2011) and Heinrich Welker (1912–1981), working at Compagnie des Freins et Signaux Westinghouse in Aulnay-sous-Bois, France applied for a patent on an amplifier based on the minority carrier injection process which they called the "transistron". Since Bell Labs did not make a public announcement of the transistor until June 1948, the transistron was considered to be independently developed. Mataré had first observed transconductance effects during the manufacture of silicon diodes for German radar

title: Transistor count

text: Transistor count The transistor count is the number of transistors on an integrated circuit (IC). Transistor count is the most common measure of IC complexity, although there are caveats. For instance, the majority of transistors are contained in the cache memories in modern microprocessors, which consist mostly of the same memory cell circuits replicated many times. The rate at which transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observed that the transistor count doubles approximately every two years. , the largest transistor count in a commercially available single-chip processor is 19.2 billion— AMD's Ryzen-based Epyc. In other types of

title: Transistor

text: "microwave" transistors are as small as grains of sand. Often a given transistor type is available in several packages. Transistor packages are mainly standardized, but the assignment of a transistor's functions to the terminals is not: other transistor types can assign other functions to the package's terminals. Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary (normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number, q.e. BC212L and BC212K). Nowadays most transistors come in a wide range of SMT packages, in comparison the list of available through-hole packages is relatively small, here is a short list of

title: Transistor

text: flexible electronics. Transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern

title: Transistor

text: Transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices,

title: Transistor computer

text: was built and demonstrated in October 1954, but was not commercialized. The Philco Transac models S-1000 scientific computer and S-2000 electronic data processing computer were early commercially produced large-scale all-transistor computers; they were announced in 1957 but did not ship until sometime after the fall of 1958. The Philco computer name "Transac" stands for Transistor-Automatic-Computer. Both of these Philco computer models used the surface-barrier transistor in their circuitry designs, the world's first high-frequency transistor suitable for high-speed computers. The surface-barrier transistor was developed by Philco in 1953. RCA shipped the RCA 501 its first all transistor computer in 1958. In

title: The Ladybug Transistor

text: The Ladybug Transistor The Ladybug Transistor is a Brooklyn-based indie pop group associated with The Elephant Six Collective. Started in 1995 by Gary Olson, Edward Powers and Javier Villegas, the band quickly released "Marlborough Farms" on Park N' Ride records, adding and subtracting a couple of members and going on an international tour. With Jeff Baron (Guppyboy, The Essex Green) and Jennifer Baron (Saturnine) added to the line-up, they released "Beverley Atonale" in 1997, this time on Merge Records. Powers left the band and the remaining members, with San Fadyl and Sasha Bell of The Essex Green and the solo

title: The Ladybug Transistor

text: from one such attack. The band released its sixth album, "Can't Wait Another Day", on June 5, 2007. This line-up included Kyle Forester (Crystal Stilts) and Ben Crum of Great Lakes. For their seventh album, "Clutching Stems", Olson, Forester and Rydholm gathered new recruits Mark Dzula (The Magic Caravan, Jukebox Radio), Eric Farber (The Lisps), and Michael O'Neill (MEN). The album, recorded at Marlborough Farms (studio) and Sunset Cottage, Poconos, was released on June 6, 2011, by Merge Records. The Ladybug Transistor The Ladybug Transistor is a Brooklyn-based indie pop group associated with The Elephant Six Collective. Started in 1995

title: Transistor

text: transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n–p–n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p–n–p transistor). This construction produces two p–n junctions: a base–emitter junction and a base–collector junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor). BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers

title: Transistor laser

text: the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Research into the transistor laser came about after Feng and Holonyak created the first light-emitting transistor in 2004. Feng and his team then modified the light-emitting transistor to focus the light it output into a laser beam. Their research was funded by DARPA. The paper written about the discovery of the transistor laser was ranked as a top five paper out of all of "Applied Physics Letters"’ history, and the transistor laser was called one of the top 100 discoveries by "Discover". The transistor laser functions like a typical transistor, but emits infrared light

title: Transistor

text: on January 26, 1954 by Morris Tanenbaum. The first commercial silicon transistor was produced by Texas Instruments in 1954. This was the work of Gordon Teal, an expert in growing crystals of high purity, who had previously worked at Bell Labs. The first MOSFET actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960. The transistor is the key active component in practically all modern electronics. Many consider it to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. Its importance in today's society rests on its ability to be mass-produced using a highly automated process (semiconductor

title: Nanoscale vacuum-channel transistor

text: transistor making them suitable for space application. Although vacuum-channel transistors are not currently commercially available, several implementations and prototypes of vacuum-channel transistors are reported in the literature such as vertical field-emitter vacuum-channel transistor, gate-insulated planar electrodes vacuum-channel transistor, vertical vacuum-channel transistor, and all-around gate vacuum-channel transistor. The concept of using field-emitted electron beam in a diode was first mentioned in a 1961 article by Kenneth Shoulders. However, due to the technological difficulty of fabricating a field-emitter electron source, such a diode was not implemented. As the field of microfabrication advanced, it became possible to fabricate field-emitted electron sources, thereby paving

title: Native transistor

text: circuits. The main disadvantages of the native transistor are the larger size due to additional doping mask, and sometimes lower transconductance. Typical minimal size of the native N-channel MOSFET (NMOS) gate is 2-3 times longer and wider than standard Threshold voltage transistor. The cost of chips including native transistors is also increased because of the additional doping operations. Native transistor In electronics, a native transistor (or sometimes natural transistor) is a variety of the MOS field-effect transistor that is intermediate between enhancement and depletion modes. Most common is the n-channel native transistor. Historically, native transistors were referred to as MOSFETs

title: Darlington transistor

text: is 1.3 V. Another drawback of the Darlington pair is its increased "saturation" voltage. The output transistor is not allowed to saturate (i.e. its base–collector junction must remain reverse-biased) because the first transistor, when saturated, establishes full (100%) parallel negative feedback between the collector and the base of the second transistor. Since collector–emitter voltage is equal to the sum of its own base–emitter voltage and the collector-emitter voltage of the first transistor, both positive quantities in normal operation, it always exceeds the base-emitter voltage. (In symbols, formula_4 always.) Thus the "saturation" voltage of a Darlington transistor is one V (about

title: The New Inventors

text: picked a winner, referencing the six criteria of the show: originality, need, safety, design, market and marketability, and manufacture and pricing. The winner of the episode was then in the running to appear in the annual grand final episode, and be named "Inventor of the Year" and join the ranks of the Hills Hoist and the fax machine in Australia's hall of fame of home-grown inventions. The public could vote by SMS or online for their favourite invention, which was then in the running for an annual People's Choice award. In the 1970s ABC broadcast "The Inventors", produced by Beverly

title: The New Inventors

text: syndicated in the United States on Vibrant TV Network. Each invention was given time to present its use, economic viability, purpose and niche. The inventors were then queried by a panel of three judges, chosen for each program based on their speciality. The judges included agricultural scientist Chris Russell, CSIRO engineer James Bradfield Moody, designer Alison Page, futurist Mark Pesce, science broadcaster and microbiologist Bernie Hobbs, woodworker Richard Vaughan, designer and inventor Sally Dominguez, materials scientist Veena Sahajwalla, journalist and inventor Christine Kininmonth and inventor and plastic surgeon Dr Fiona Wood. At the end of the show the three judges

title: Resistor–transistor logic

text: Resistor–transistor logic Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) (sometimes also transistor–resistor logic (TRL)) is a class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices. RTL is the earliest class of transistorized digital logic circuit used; other classes include diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL). RTL circuits were first constructed with discrete components, but in 1961 it became the first digital logic family to be produced as a monolithic integrated circuit. RTL integrated circuits were used in the Apollo Guidance Computer, whose design was begun in 1961 and which first flew in 1966.

title: National Academy of Inventors

text: a national conference since 2011. Keynote speakers have included former U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu. In 2017, US Representative Dennis A. Ross introduced the bill HR 976, which would provide the NAI a federal charter like those held by other US National Academies. National Academy of Inventors The National Academy of Inventors (NAI) is a US non-profit organization dedicated to encouraging inventors in academia, following the model of the National Academies of the United States. It was founded at the University of South Florida in 2010. Starting in 2012, the NAI has inducted 757 Fellows into the organization. Fellows

title: Transistor

text: Petertil. It was initially released in one of four different colours: black, bone white, red, and gray. Other colours were to shortly follow. The first "production" all-transistor car radio was developed by Chrysler and Philco corporations and it was announced in the April 28th 1955 edition of the Wall Street Journal. Chrysler had made the all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, available as an option starting in fall 1955 for its new line of 1956 Chrysler and Imperial cars which first hit the dealership showroom floors on October 21, 1955. The first working silicon transistor was developed at Bell Labs

title: Field-effect transistor

text: Field-effect transistor The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field to control the electrical behaviour of the device. FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. Many different implementations of field effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The conductivity between the drain and source terminals is controlled by an electric field in the device, which is generated by the voltage difference between the source and the gate of the device. The field-effect transistor was first patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1926 and

title: Transistor

text: Most transistors are made from very pure silicon or germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials can also be used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller, and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers. The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled

title: Florida Inventors Hall of Fame

text: Florida Inventors Hall of Fame The Florida Inventors Hall of Fame is an organization that honors Florida inventors, and is housed in the USF Research Park at the University of South Florida (USF) in Tampa. It was founded in 2013 by Dr. Paul R. Sanberg, senior vice president for research and innovation at USF, and is one of five state-specific halls of fame dedicated to inventors in the United States. In April 2014, State Senator Jeff Brandes sponsored the recognition of it, honoring the hall of fame for its commitment to invention, discovery, innovation, and excellence. The FIHF was founded

title: Transistor

text: On April 12, 1950, Bell Labs chemists Gordon Teal and Morgan Sparks had successfully produced a working bipolar NPN junction amplifying germanium transistor. Bell Labs had announced the discovery of this new "sandwich" transistor in a press release on July 4, 1951. The first high-frequency transistor was the surface-barrier germanium transistor developed by Philco in 1953, capable of operating up to . These were made by etching depressions into an N-type germanium base from both sides with jets of Indium(III) sulfate until it was a few ten-thousandths of an inch thick. Indium electroplated into the depressions formed the collector and

title: Transistor laser

text: to apply to not just electrons, but photons, too. Transistor laser Transistor laser is a semiconductor device that functions as a transistor with an electrical output and an optical output as opposed to the typical two electrical outputs. This optical output separates it from typical transistors and, because optical signals travel faster than electrical signals, has the potential to speed up computing immensely. Researchers who discovered the transistor laser developed a new model of Kirchhoff's current law to better model the behavior of simultaneous optical and electrical output. The team credited with discovering the transistor laser was headed by Milton

title: Transistor laser

text: Transistor laser Transistor laser is a semiconductor device that functions as a transistor with an electrical output and an optical output as opposed to the typical two electrical outputs. This optical output separates it from typical transistors and, because optical signals travel faster than electrical signals, has the potential to speed up computing immensely. Researchers who discovered the transistor laser developed a new model of Kirchhoff's current law to better model the behavior of simultaneous optical and electrical output. The team credited with discovering the transistor laser was headed by Milton Feng and Nick Holonyak, Jr., and was based at

title: Transistor

text: have allowed transistors to replace vacuum tubes in most applications are Transistors have the following limitations: Transistors are categorized by Hence, a particular transistor may be described as "silicon, surface-mount, BJT, n–p–n, low-power, high-frequency switch". A popular way to remember which symbol represents which type of transistor is to look at the arrow and how it is arranged. Within an NPN transistor symbol, the arrow will Not Point iN. Conversely, within the PNP symbol you see that the arrow Points iN Proudly. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction

title: Culture of the United States

text: resulting in the flow of many modern innovations. The great American inventors include Robert Fulton (the steamboat); Samuel Morse (the telegraph); Eli Whitney (the cotton gin, interchangeable parts); Cyrus McCormick (the reaper); and Thomas Edison (with more than a thousand inventions credited to his name). Most of the new technological innovations over the 20th and 21st centuries were either first invented in the United States, first widely adopted by Americans, or both. Examples include the lightbulb, the airplane, the transistor, the atomic bomb, nuclear power, the personal computer, the iPod, video games, online shopping, and the development of the Internet.

title: Resistor–transistor logic

text: Schottky diodes, as in Schottky TTL. Resistor–transistor logic Resistor–transistor logic (RTL) (sometimes also transistor–resistor logic (TRL)) is a class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices. RTL is the earliest class of transistorized digital logic circuit used; other classes include diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL). RTL circuits were first constructed with discrete components, but in 1961 it became the first digital logic family to be produced as a monolithic integrated circuit. RTL integrated circuits were used in the Apollo Guidance Computer, whose design was begun in 1961

title: Avalanche transistor

text: of the avalanche transistor served also as an application of Miller's empirical formula for the avalanche multiplication coefficient formula_1, first introduced in the paper . The need for better understanding transistor behavior in the avalanche breakdown region, not only for use in avalanche mode, gave rise to an extensive research on impact ionization in semiconductors (see ). From the beginning of the 1960s to the first half of the 1970s, several avalanche-transistor circuits were proposed. The kind of bipolar junction transistor best suited for use in the avalanche breakdown region was studied. A complete reference, which includes also the contributions

title: Darlington transistor

text: Darlington transistor In electronics, the Darlington transistor (commonly called a Darlington pair) is a compound structure of a particular design made by two bipolar transistors connected in such a way that the current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one. This configuration gives a much higher current gain than each transistor taken separately. Invented in 1953 by Sidney Darlington. A Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor, meaning it has one base, collector, and emitter. It typically creates a high current gain (approximately the product of the gains of the two transistors, due to the

title: Avalanche transistor

text: in reference , paragraph 3.2.4 "Trigger circuits" one such configuration is described, where the avalanche transistor is used itself as a part of the trigger circuit of a complex pulser, while in reference a balanced level discriminator where a common bipolar junction transistor is emitter-coupled to an avalanche transistor is briefly described. The two avalanche pulser described below are both base triggered and have two outputs. Since the device used is an NPN transistor, formula_60 is a positive going output while formula_61 is a negative going output: using a PNP transistor reverses the polarities of outputs. The description of their

title: Avalanche transistor

text: collector current as a sum of various component currents though the collector since only those fluxes of charge are subject to this phenomenon. Kirchhoff's current law applied to a bipolar junction transistor implies the following relation, always satisfied by the collector current formula_3 while for the same device working in the active region, basic transistor theory gives the following relation where Equating the two formulas for formula_3 gives the following result and since formula_12 is the common base current gain of the transistor, then When avalanche effects in a transistor collector are considered, the collector current formula_3 is given by

title: Spin transistor

text: of its high potential for practical use in the computer world, spin transistors are currently being researched in various firms throughout the world, such as in England and in Sweden. Recent breakthroughs have allowed the production of spin transistors, using readily available substances, that can operate at room temperature: a precursor to commercial viability. Spin transistor The magnetically sensitive transistor (also known as the spin transistor or spintronic transistor—named for spintronics, the technology which this development spawned), originally proposed in 1990 by Supriyo Datta and Biswajit Das, currently still being developed, is an improved design on the common transistor invented

title: Transistor–transistor logic

text: obsolete, TTL devices still found extensive use as the glue logic interfacing between more densely integrated components. TTL was invented in 1961 by James L. Buie of TRW, which declared it, "particularly suited to the newly developing integrated circuit design technology." The original name for TTL was "transistor-coupled transistor logic" (TCTL). The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963, called the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family (SUHL). The Sylvania parts were used in the controls of the Phoenix missile. TTL became popular with electronic systems designers after Texas Instruments introduced the 5400 series of ICs, with

title: Transistor model

text: to organize thought. A transistor's parameters represent its electrical properties. Engineers employ transistor parameters in production-line testing and in circuit design. A group of a transistor's parameters sufficient to predict circuit gain, input impedance, and output impedance are components in its small-signal model. A number of different two-port network parameter sets may be used to model a transistor. These include: Scattering parameters, or S parameters, can be measured for a transistor at a given bias point with a vector network analyzer. S parameters can be converted to another parameter set using standard matrix algebra operations. " Transistor model Transistors are

title: Unijunction transistor

text: voltage- or current-regulated supplies. The original unijunction transistor types are now considered obsolete, but a later multi-layer device, the programmable unijunction transistor, is still widely available. There are three types of unijunction transistor: Unijunction transistor circuits were popular in hobbyist electronics circuits in the 1960s and 1970s because they allowed simple oscillators to be built using just one active device. For example, they were used for relaxation oscillators in variable-rate strobe lights. Later, as integrated circuits became more popular, oscillators such as the 555 timer IC became more commonly used. In addition to its use as the active device in

title: Transistor–transistor logic

text: between the bottom of the resistor and ground. If one input voltage becomes zero, the corresponding base–emitter junction of the multiple-emitter transistor is in parallel with these two junctions. A phenomenon called current steering means that when two voltage-stable elements with different threshold voltages are connected in parallel, the current flows through the path with the smaller threshold voltage. That is, current flows out of this input and into the zero (low) voltage source. As a result, no current flows through the base of the output transistor, causing it to stop conducting and the output voltage becomes high (logical one).

title: Inventors' Day

text: Russia has celebrated an Inventors' and Rationalizers' Day () annually at the last Saturday of June. Thailand recognises 2 February as Inventors' Day each year. The Thai Cabinet set this date to commemorate the anniversary of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej’s allocation of a patent for a "slow speed surface aerator" on 2 February 1993. While as of yet, the United Kingdom does not officially recognize an Inventor's Day, in 2014 BT made a public appeal to celebrate "the first" National Inventor's Day on 2 December 2014. While many countries celebrate inventiveness on a significant day relating to one of

title: Resistor–transistor logic

text: voltage of transistor Q is taken as output, and is high when the inputs are low. Thus, the analog resistive network and the analog transistor stage perform the logic function NOR. The limitations of the one-transistor RTL NOR gate are overcome by the multi-transistor RTL implementation. It consists of a set of parallel-connected transistor switches driven by the logic inputs (see the figure on the right). In this configuration, the inputs are completely separated and the number of inputs is limited only by the small leakage current of the cut-off transistors at output logical "1". The same idea was used

title: Transistor

text: 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium). For example, 2N3055 is a silicon n–p–n power transistor, 2N1301 is a p–n–p germanium switching transistor. A letter suffix (such as "A") is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant, but rarely gain groupings. Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming

title: Transistor

text: device fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs. The invention of the first transistor at Bell Labs was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009. Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as "discrete") transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to "IC", "microchips" or simply "chips"), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2009, can use as many as 3 billion transistors (MOSFETs). "About

title: Transistor

text: some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both. From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete-transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive. Before transistors were developed, vacuum (electron) tubes (or in the UK "thermionic valves" or just "valves") were the main active components in electronic equipment. The key advantages that

title: Transistor–transistor logic

text: the high voltage level (up to V) of the output logical "1" when the output is not loaded. A common variation omits the collector resistor of the output transistor, making an open-collector output. This allows the designer to fabricate logic by connecting the open-collector outputs of several logic gates together and providing a single external pull-up resistor. If any of the logic gates becomes logic low (transistor conducting), the combined output will be low. Examples of this type of gate are the 7401 and 7403 series. Open-collector outputs of some gates have a higher maximum voltage, such as 15V for

title: Pass transistor logic

text: pMOS transistor connected in parallel. Static and dynamic types of pass transistor logic exist, with differing properties with respect to speed, power and low-voltage operation. As integrated circuit supply voltages decrease, the disadvantages of pass transistor logic become more significant; the threshold voltage of transistors becomes large compared to the supply voltage, severely limiting the number of sequential stages. Because complementary inputs are often required to control pass transistors, additional logic stages are required. Pass transistor logic In electronics, pass transistor logic (PTL) describes several logic families used in the design of integrated circuits. It reduces the count of transistors

title: Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors

text: the War". Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors A Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors is a periodic Royal Commission of the United Kingdom used to hear patent disputes. On 6 October 1919 a Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors was convened to hear 11 claims for the invention of the tank; one of the eleven "claimants" was a team of two (thus there were 12 individuals involved). A Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors was established in 1946 to hear claims of inventors who "allege that their inventions, drawings or processes have been used by Government Departments and Allied

title: Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors

text: Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors A Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors is a periodic Royal Commission of the United Kingdom used to hear patent disputes. On 6 October 1919 a Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors was convened to hear 11 claims for the invention of the tank; one of the eleven "claimants" was a team of two (thus there were 12 individuals involved). A Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors was established in 1946 to hear claims of inventors who "allege that their inventions, drawings or processes have been used by Government Departments and Allied Governments during

title: Inventors' Day

text: that country's inventors, 2 December does not appear to have such a relationship. However, the day was also the release of a study by BT of the inventiveness of UK residents. As of 9 November, 2016 there has not been any announcement of a second or subsequent National Inventor's Day in the United Kingdom. Ronald Reagan as President of the United States proclaimed 11 February 1983 as National Inventors' Day, Proclamation 5013, to "...call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies and activities". In recognition of the enormous contribution inventors make to the

title: Avalanche transistor

text: the semiconductor crystal lattice. Avalanche breakdown in semiconductors has found application in switching circuits for two basic reasons The two circuits considered in this section are the simplest examples of avalanche transistor circuits for switching purposes: both the examples detailed are monostable multivibrators. There are several more complex circuits in the literature, for example in the books and . Most circuits employing an avalanche transistor are activated by the following two different kinds of input: Avalanche transistor can also be triggered by lowering the emitter voltage formula_59, but this configuration is rarely seen in the literature and in practical circuits.:

title: Alloy-junction transistor

text: (MAT) was developed by Philco as an improved type of alloy-junction transistor, it offered much higher speed. It is constructed of a semiconductor crystal forming the base, into which a pair of wells are etched (similar to Philco's earlier surface-barrier transistor) on opposite sides then fusing emitter and collector alloy beads into the wells. The micro-alloy diffused transistor (MADT), or micro-alloy diffused-base transistor, was developed by Philco as an improved type of micro-alloy transistor; it offered even higher speed. It is a type of diffused-base transistor. Before using electrochemical techniques and etching depression wells into the base semiconductor crystal material,