query: When was Maria Theresa born?

title: Maria Theresa

text: Maria Theresa Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina ( ; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. She started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his

title: Maria Theresa

text: of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hainault, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady of the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany." Maria Theresa Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina ( ; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma. By marriage, she was

title: Maria Theresa

text: However, she despised the Jews and the Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the state church and refused to allow religious pluralism. Consequently, her regime was branded as intolerant. The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonor

title: Maria Theresa

text: and so would the births of Maria Anna, the eldest surviving child, and Maria Carolina (1740–1741). While fighting to preserve her inheritance, Maria Theresa gave birth to a son named after Saint Joseph, to whom she had repeatedly prayed for a male child during the pregnancy. Maria Theresa's favourite child, Maria Christina, was born on her 25th birthday, four days before the defeat of the Austrian army in Chotusitz. Five more children were born during the war: Maria Elisabeth, Charles, Maria Amalia, Leopold and Maria Carolina (1748–1748). During this period, there was no rest for Maria Theresa during pregnancies or

title: Maria Theresa Lewis

text: Maria Theresa Lewis (Maria) Theresa Lewis (born Villiers, later Lister; 8 March 1803 – 9 November 1865) was a British writer and biographer. Maria Theresa Villiers was born on 8 March 1803. She was the daughter of the Honourable George Villiers, a member of the aristocratic Villiers family, and Theresa Parker. On 6 November 1830, Lister married the novelist Thomas Henry Lister. They had three children: Thomas, Maria and Alice. Her son, Thomas Villiers Lister (1832–1902), married first Fanny Harriet Coryton and secondly Florence Selina Hamilton, daughter of geologist William John Hamilton and his second wife Margaret Frances Florence Dillon.

title: Theresa Maria Clark

text: Clark purchased the Scott Stamp and Coin Company and renamed it Scott Publications. They eventually sold the firm to Gordon R. Harmer in 1946. Theresa Maria Clark was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1954. Theresa Maria Clark Theresa Maria Clark (c.1890-1953) of New York City, was a philatelist and philatelic editor. She was born Theresa Maria Scheidemantel and married Hugh Massey Clark. In about 1908, Theresa Clark joined the Scott Stamp and Coin Company and served in various positions with the firm until 1946. While working at Scott’s, she met Hugh Massey Clark and the

title: Theresa Maria Clark

text: Theresa Maria Clark Theresa Maria Clark (c.1890-1953) of New York City, was a philatelist and philatelic editor. She was born Theresa Maria Scheidemantel and married Hugh Massey Clark. In about 1908, Theresa Clark joined the Scott Stamp and Coin Company and served in various positions with the firm until 1946. While working at Scott’s, she met Hugh Massey Clark and the two eventually married. They both were co-editors of the 1935 and 1936 issues of the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. Theresa also, while at Scott, was the editor of "The Chronicle of New Issues". In 1938 Theresa and Hugh

title: Maria Theresa Lewis

text: the year 1783 to 1852". Lady Lewis also edited a novel by the Hon. Emily Eden called "The Semi-Detached House" in 1859, and she wrote two plays, based on fairy tales, for children to perform. Lewis died in Brasenose College in Oxford in 1865 from cancer. Maria Theresa Lewis (Maria) Theresa Lewis (born Villiers, later Lister; 8 March 1803 – 9 November 1865) was a British writer and biographer. Maria Theresa Villiers was born on 8 March 1803. She was the daughter of the Honourable George Villiers, a member of the aristocratic Villiers family, and Theresa Parker. On 6 November

title: Maria Theresa

text: possess enough land to maintain the Empire's integrity, Maria Theresa, who was used to being assisted in the administration of her vast realms, declared Joseph to be her new co-ruler on 17 September 1765. From then on, mother and son had frequent ideological disagreements. The 22 million gulden that Joseph inherited from his father was injected into the treasury. Maria Theresa had another loss in February 1766 when Haugwitz died. She gave her son absolute control over the military following the death of Count Leopold Joseph von Daun. According to Robert A. Kann, Maria Theresa was a monarch of above-average

title: Maria Theresa

text: that Austria abolish the Ostend Company in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. In total, Great Britain, France, Saxony, United Provinces, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Denmark, Sardinia, Bavaria and the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire recognised the sanction. France, Spain, Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged. Little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister, Maria Anna, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. The portraits of the imperial family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine and Maria Anna. The Prussian ambassador noted that she had large blue

title: Maria Theresa of Spain

text: interruption until present time. Born an Infanta of Spain at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial, she was the daughter of King Philip IV, and his wife Elisabeth of France, who died when Maria Theresa was six years old. As a member of the House of Austria, Maria Theresa was entitled to use the title Archduchess of Austria. She was known in Spain as María Teresa de Austria and in France as Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche. Unlike France, the kingdom of Spain had no Salic Law, so it was possible for a female to assume the throne. When Maria Theresa's brother Balthasar

title: Maria Theresa

text: heir, Joseph, while weeping, and she dramatically consigned the future king to the defense of the "brave Hungarians". This act managed to win the sympathy of the members, and they declared that they would die for Maria Theresa. In 1741, the Austrian authorities informed Maria Theresa that the Bohemian populace would prefer Charles Albert to her as sovereign. Maria Theresa, desperate and burdened by pregnancy, wrote plaintively to her sister: "I don't know if a town will remain to me for my delivery." She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to

title: Maria Theresa

text: the Prussian territories that were occupied. Although Silesia remained under the control of Prussia, a new balance of power was created in Europe, and Austrian position was strengthened by it thanks to its alliance with the Bourbons in Madrid, Parma and Naples. Maria Theresa herself decided to focus on domestic reforms and refrain from undertaking any further military operations. Over the course of twenty years, Maria Theresa gave birth to sixteen children, thirteen of whom survived infancy. The first child, Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. The child's sex caused great disappointment

title: Maria Theresa

text: son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a great disappointment to him and the people of Vienna; Charles never managed to overcome this feeling. Maria Theresa replaced Maria Josepha as heir presumptive to the Habsburg realms the moment she was born; Charles VI had issued the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 which had placed his nieces behind his own daughters in the line of succession. Charles sought the other European powers' approval for disinheriting his nieces. They exacted harsh terms: in the Treaty of Vienna (1731), Great Britain demanded

title: Maria Theresa of Savoy

text: Maria Theresa of Savoy Maria Theresa of Savoy (Maria Teresa; 31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) was a French princess (Countess of Artois) by marriage to Charles Philippe, Count of Artois, grandson of Louis XV and younger brother of Louis XVI. Some nineteen years after her death, her spouse assumed the throne of France as King Charles X. Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy was born at the Royal Palace in Turin during the reign of her grandfather Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. The daughter of the heir apparent and his wife, Victor Amadeus and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain,

title: Maria Theresa

text: their age and rank. Following her fiftieth birthday in May 1767, Maria Theresa contracted smallpox from her daughter-in-law, Maria Josepha of Bavaria. She survived, but the new empress did not. Maria Theresa then forced her daughter, Archduchess Maria Josepha, to pray with her in the Imperial Crypt next to the unsealed tomb of Empress Maria Josepha. The Archduchess started showing smallpox rash two days after visiting the crypt and soon died. Maria Carolina was to replace her as the pre-determined bride of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. Maria Theresa blamed herself for her daughter's death for the rest of her

title: Maria Theresa thaler

text: when it was accepted formally in the Bavarian monetary convention. Because of the date of the Bavarian Monetary convention, many writers erroneously state that the Maria Theresa Thaler was first struck in 1751. Since the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, the coin has always been dated 1780. On 19 September 1857, Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria declared the Maria Theresa thaler to be an official trade coinage. A little over a year later, on 31 October 1858, it lost its status as currency in Austria. The MTT could also be found throughout the Arab world, especially in Saudi Arabia,

title: Maria Theresa of Savoy

text: Mausoleum near to Graz Cathedral. Maria Theresa of Savoy Maria Theresa of Savoy (Maria Teresa; 31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) was a French princess (Countess of Artois) by marriage to Charles Philippe, Count of Artois, grandson of Louis XV and younger brother of Louis XVI. Some nineteen years after her death, her spouse assumed the throne of France as King Charles X. Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy was born at the Royal Palace in Turin during the reign of her grandfather Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia. The daughter of the heir apparent and his wife, Victor Amadeus and

title: Maria Theresa Short

text: Maria Theresa Short Maria Theresa Short was an entrepreneur who increased public access to scientific equipment in Edinburgh in the 19th century. In the early 18th century, the Short family were scientific instrument makers in Edinburgh’s Southside. In 1776 their son Thomas leased some land on Calton Hill and built a Gothic House to display his instruments to the public. As a condition of his lease, the local council demanded that female relatives of Thomas could not inherit the building and its contents. When he died in 1788, his wife and children did not inherit it. In 1827 Maria Theresa

title: Maria Theresa

text: Maria Theresa's protestations. Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the Polish people. She even once argued, "What right have we to rob an innocent nation that it has hitherto been our boast to protect and support?" The duo argued that it was too late to abort now. Besides, Maria Theresa herself agreed with the partition when she realised that Frederick II of Prussia and Catherine II of Russia would do it with or without Austrian participation. Maria Theresa claimed and eventually took Galicia and Lodomeria; in the words of Frederick, "the

title: Maria Theresa

text: of Silesia, and Maria Theresa ceded the Duchy of Parma to Philip of Spain. France had successfully conquered the Austrian Netherlands, but Louis XV, wishing to prevent potential future wars with Austria, returned them to Maria Theresa. Frederick of Prussia's invasion of Saxony in August 1756 began a Third Silesian War and sparked the wider Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa and Kaunitz wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia. Before the war started, Kaunitz had been sent as an ambassador at Versailles from 1750-53 to win over the French. Meanwhile, the British still refused to help Maria Theresa

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)

text: Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827) Maria Theresa of Austria ("Maria Theresia Josepha Charlotte Johanna"; 14 January 1767 – 7 November 1827) was born an Archduchess of Austria and a Princess of Tuscany. She was later Queen of Saxony as the second wife and consort of King Anthony of Saxony. Maria Theresa was born in Florence, Italy, the eldest child of Grand Duke Peter Leopold of Tuscany (later Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain. Like all the eldest daughters of the children of her paternal grandparents, she was named after her grandmother, the Habsburg ruler

title: Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza

text: Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza Maria Teresa of Bragança, Infanta of Portugal (Maria Teresa Carolina Micaela Ana Josefina Antónia Francisca de Assis e de Paula Brígida Pia Gerardina Severina Inácia Luísa Estanislau Joana Policarpa; 26 January 1881, Ödenburg, Austria-Hungary – 17 January 1945, Stainach, Nazi Germany) was a member of the House of Braganza and Infanta of Portugal by birth. Through her marriage to Prince Karl Ludwig of Thurn and Taxis, Maria Theresa was also a member of the House of Thurn and Taxis. Maria Theresa was born in Ödenburg, Austria-Hungary (now in Hungary), the only daughter of the Miguelist

title: Maria Theresa

text: Wilhelmine Amalia, coveted portions of her inheritance. Maria Theresa did secure recognition from King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, who had not accepted the Pragmatic Sanction during her father's lifetime, in November 1740. In December, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Duchy of Silesia and requested that Maria Theresa cede it, threatening to join her enemies if she refused. Maria Theresa decided to fight for the mineral-rich province. Frederick even offered a compromise: he would defend Maria Theresa's rights if she agreed to cede to him at least a part of Silesia. Francis Stephen was inclined to consider such an

title: Maria Theresa Kemble

text: scholar. Her brother occasionally acted fops and footmen at Drury Lane and the Haymarket, and was subsequently an actor and a cowkeeper in America. Her sister Adelaide, an actress in a line similar to her own, was popular in Newcastle upon Tyne. Maria Theresa Kemble Maria Theresa Kemble (1774–1838), née Marie Thérèse Du Camp, was an Austrian-born English actress, singer, dancer and comic playwright on the stage. She was the wife of actor Charles Kemble. She was the daughter of Jeanne Dufour and George De Camp who were both performers. She was born in Vienna 17 January 1774 and brought

title: Maria Theresa Kemble

text: Maria Theresa Kemble Maria Theresa Kemble (1774–1838), née Marie Thérèse Du Camp, was an Austrian-born English actress, singer, dancer and comic playwright on the stage. She was the wife of actor Charles Kemble. She was the daughter of Jeanne Dufour and George De Camp who were both performers. She was born in Vienna 17 January 1774 and brought to England where she appeared as Cupid at the age of six years old in Jean-Georges Noverre.'s ballet at the Opera House. She spoke no English and learned the language herself although she was tutored in other subjects. Two years later she

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)

text: of Naples. Francis' spouse Duchess Maria Sophia in Bavaria, however, disputed her influence and Francis had a difficult position in the conflict between his wife and stepmother, without being able to satisfy either. Maria Sophia informed Francis about a plot created by Maria Theresa with the attempt to put the biological son of Maria Theresa on the throne, but Francis chose to believe Maria Theresa when she swore her innocence. It was not until the revolts against the monarchy had already begun that Francis decided to listen to the advice of his wife rather than his stepmother. Maria Theresa was

title: Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily

text: Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the last Holy Roman Empress and the first Empress of Austria by marriage to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) (1751–1825) and Marie Caroline of Austria (1752–1814). Born "Maria Teresa", and named after her maternal grandmother Maria Theresa of Austria, she was the eldest of 17 children born to her parents, the King and Queen of Naples and Sicily. She

title: Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal

text: ultimately resulting in the recovery of the necklace, the imprisonment of her great-nephew, and the absconding of the two agents. Maria Theresa died in Vienna during World War II. She survived her husband by 48 years. Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal (; 24 August 1855 – 12 February 1944) was a Princess of the House of Braganza. She became by marriage an Archduchess of Austria and also sister-in-law of Emperors Franz Joseph I of Austria and Maximilian I of Mexico, as well as step-grandmother of Emperor Charles I of Austria. Maria Teresa was born in

title: Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia

text: Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (Maria Theresia Josefa Johanna; 1 November 1773 – 29 March 1832) was born an Archduchess of Austria and a Princess of Modena. She was later Queen of Sardinia as consort of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. She was born at the Royal Palace of Milan, a daughter of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, governor of Milan and son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria after whom she was named. Her mother was Maria Beatrice d'Este, heiress to the Duchy of Modena. Maria Theresa married on 25 April 1789 at the

title: Maria Theresa thaler

text: some 18 million MTTs in Bombay to use in their campaign to drive the Italians out of Ethiopia. The Maria Theresa thaler bearing the date of 1780 is a "protected coin" for the purposes of Part II of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981. Maria Theresa thaler The Maria Theresa thaler (MTT) is a silver bullion coin that has been used in world trade continuously since it was first minted in 1741. It is named after Empress Maria Theresa, who ruled Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia from 1740 to 1780 and is depicted on the coin. In 1741 they used the

title: Maria Theresa

text: as none of Maria Theresa's advisors expected France to betray them. Francis Stephen urged Maria Theresa to reach a rapprochement with Prussia, as did Great Britain. Maria Theresa reluctantly agreed to negotiations. Contrary to all expectations, a significant amount of support for the young Queen came from Hungary. Her coronation as Queen of Hungary took place in St. Martin's Cathedral, Pressburg, on 25 June 1741. She had spent months honing the equestrian skills necessary for the ceremony and negotiating with the Diet. To appease those who considered her gender to be a serious obstacle, Maria Theresa assumed masculine titles. Thus,

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)

text: the war against Napoleon I. They were able to return in 1813. She was able to enjoy the title queen of Saxony for only a few months after the death of her brother-in-law Frederick Augustus I in May 1827. The latter's alliance with Napoleon led to significant losses of territory for Saxony at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars. Maria Theresa died at Leipzig in 1827. Maria Theresa and Anthony were parents to four children, all of whom were born and died in Dresden; none survived to the age of two: Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827) Maria Theresa of Austria

title: Maria Theresa

text: life because, at the time, the concept of an extended incubation period was largely unknown and it was believed that Maria Josepha had caught smallpox from the body of the late empress. In April 1770, Maria Theresa's youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, married Louis, Dauphin of France, by proxy in Vienna. Maria Antonia's education was neglected, and when the French showed an interest in her, her mother went about educating her as best she could about the court of Versailles and the French. Maria Theresa kept up a fortnightly correspondence with Maria Antonia, now called Marie Antoinette, in which she often

title: Maria Theresa

text: around the births; the war and child-bearing were carried on simultaneously. Five children were born during the peace between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War: Maria Johanna, Maria Josepha, Maria Carolina, Ferdinand and Maria Antonia. She delivered her last child, Maximilian Francis, during the Seven Years' War, aged 39. Maria Theresa asserted that, had she not been almost always pregnant, she would have gone into battle herself. Maria Theresa's mother, Empress Elisabeth Christine, died in 1750. Four years later, Maria Theresa's governess, Marie Karoline von Fuchs-Mollard, died. She showed her gratitude to Countess Fuchs by

title: Maria Theresa

text: to enable him to vote in the imperial elections as elector of Bohemia (which she could not do because of her sex), Maria Theresa made Francis Stephen co-ruler of the Austrian and Bohemian lands on 21 November 1740. It took more than a year for the Diet of Hungary to accept Francis Stephen as co-ruler, since they asserted that the sovereignty of Hungary could not be shared. Despite her love for him and his position as co-ruler, Maria Theresa never allowed her husband to decide matters of state and often dismissed him from council meetings when they disagreed. The first

title: Maria Theresa

text: display of the new queen's authority was the formal act of homage of the Lower Austrian Estates to her on 22 November 1740. It was an elaborate public event which served as a formal recognition and legitimation of her accession. The oath of fealty to Maria Theresa was taken on the same day in the Ritterstube of the Hofburg. Immediately after her accession, a number of European sovereigns who had recognised Maria Theresa as heir broke their promises. Queen Elisabeth of Spain and Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria, married to Maria Theresa's deprived cousin Maria Amalia and supported by Empress

title: Maria Theresa

text: the War of the Austrian Succession. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. Over the course of the war, despite the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg empire. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years' War. Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, had eleven daughters, including the Queen of France, the Queen of Naples and Sicily, the Duchess of Parma, and five sons,

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)

text: Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855) Maria Theresa of Austria (21 March 1801 – 12 January 1855) was born an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Tuscany. She was a daughter of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Luisa of Naples and Sicily. She was named after her great-great-grandmother Empress Maria Theresa. In 1817, she married Charles Albert of Sardinia and subsequently became the Queen of Sardinia upon her husband's accession to the throne in 1831. "Maria Theresia Franziska Josepha Johanna Benedikta" (German) was a member of the Tuscan branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria

title: Maria Theresa Asmar

text: Maria Theresa Asmar Maria Theresa Asmar (1804 – before 1870) was an ethnic Assyrian from Tel Keppe, Ottoman Empire, who wrote "Memoirs of a Babylonian Princess", which consists of two volumes and 720 pages. This book was written in the early 19th century, describing her travels through Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine and the harem system used in Turkey. It was translated into English in 1844. Maria Theresa Asmar died in France before the Franco-Prussian War, and was known as Babylon's Princess in Europe. Facing tremendous obstacles, Asmar, an Assyrian woman, set up a school for women in Baghdad and

title: Maria Theresa thaler

text: Maria Theresa thaler The Maria Theresa thaler (MTT) is a silver bullion coin that has been used in world trade continuously since it was first minted in 1741. It is named after Empress Maria Theresa, who ruled Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia from 1740 to 1780 and is depicted on the coin. In 1741 they used the Reichsthaler standard of 9 thalers to the Vienna mark (a weight approximating half a pound of fine silver). In 1750 the thaler was debased to 10 thalers to the Vienna mark. The following year the new standard was effectively adopted across the German-speaking world

title: Maria Theresa of Savoy

text: Wars, Maria Theresa and her sister Marie Joséphine left Turin for Novara, in parallel with the departure of Marie Joséphine's husband from Verona. While her sister continued to Austria, Maria Therese accepted her father's invitation to return to Turin after the peace between France and Savoy in May. In December 1798, when Piemonte was annexed by France, Maria Theresa left with her lady-in-waiting for Graz in Austria, where she was permitted to remain and where she died in 1805. Because she died before her spouse became King of France, she remained Countess of Artois. She was buried in the Imperial

title: Maria Theresa

text: this. Maria Theresa promoted the Greek Catholics and emphasised their equal status with Roman Catholics. Despite the fact that Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public flagellantism. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders. Her relationship with the Jesuits was complex. Members of this order educated her, served as her confessors, and supervised the religious education of her eldest son. The Jesuits were powerful and influential in the early years of Maria Theresa's reign. However, the queen's ministers convinced

title: Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal

text: Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal (; 24 August 1855 – 12 February 1944) was a Princess of the House of Braganza. She became by marriage an Archduchess of Austria and also sister-in-law of Emperors Franz Joseph I of Austria and Maximilian I of Mexico, as well as step-grandmother of Emperor Charles I of Austria. Maria Teresa was born in Kleinheubach, Kingdom of Bavaria the second daughter of Miguel I of Portugal and Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Her father became king of Portugal in 1828 after deposing his niece Queen Maria II. He reigned until 1834

title: Maria Theresa Reef

text: Maria Theresa Reef The Maria Theresa Reef is a supposed reef in the South Pacific (south of the French Tuamotu islands and east of New Zealand); it appears to be a phantom reef. It is also known as Tabor Island or Tabor Reef on French maps. It was reported in three contemporary newspapers as a dangerous reef seen on 16 November 1843 by a Captain Asaph P. Taber (not "Tabor") of the "Maria-Theresa", a New Bedford, Massachusetts, whaler, to be situated at , later adjusted to . Jean-Paul Faivre reports that map no. 5356 of the (French) Naval Hydrographic Office

title: Maria Theresa

text: differences prevented him from arranging his daughter's marriage to the Protestant prince Frederick of Prussia. In 1725, he betrothed her to Charles of Spain and her sister, Maria Anna, to Philip of Spain. Other European powers compelled him to renounce the pact he had made with the Queen of Spain, Elisabeth Farnese. Maria Theresa, who had become close to Francis Stephen, was relieved. Francis Stephen remained at the imperial court until 1729, when he ascended the throne of Lorraine, but was not formally promised Maria Theresa's hand until 31 January 1736, during the War of the Polish Succession. Louis XV

title: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770)

text: the first Bourbon King of Spain, Philip V of Spain. On her paternal side, she descended from the famous Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. Her ancestors could be traced to as far as Charles I Magnus, a ninth-century Holy Roman Emperor. When the little archduchess was a little over a year old, her mother died a week after giving birth to Archduchess Marie Christine, who died a few moments after being born. Her father was inconsolable and found refuge in his infant daughter, whom he referred to as his "second self". Maria Theresa was also

title: Maria Theresa

text: and their family members, but also help cover the national expenditure in peace or war. However, such reform was fiercely resisted by the Hungarian nobility. Meanwhile, Joseph was hoping for a more radical change, and he himself abolished forced peasant labour during his reign in 1789, although this was later retracted by Emperor Leopold II. Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second son, Leopold. Maria Theresa was devastated. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Theresa abandoned all ornamentation, had her hair cut short,

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)

text: Matching that combination, her paternal grandmother, Maria Luisa of Spain, was the sister of her maternal grandfather, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. As a consequence she only had four great-grandparents rather than the usual eight. (Although not so unusual, it may be worth pointing out that her grandmothers and great-grandmothers, as well as her mother or herself and her sister, or her daughter were all surnamed "Maria".) Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855) Maria Theresa of Austria (21 March 1801 – 12 January 1855) was born an Archduchess of Austria and Princess of Tuscany. She was a daughter of Ferdinand

title: Maria Theresa

text: In addition to this, there was the "Hofrechenskammer" or the exchequer which was tasked with the handling of all financial accounts. Meanwhile, in 1760, Maria Theresa created the Council of State ("Staatsrat"), composed of the state chancellor, three members of the high nobility and three knights, which served as a committee of experienced people who advised her. The council of state lacked executive or legislative authority, but nevertheless showed the difference between the form of government employed by Frederick II of Prussia. Unlike the latter, Maria Theresa was not an autocrat who acted as her own minister. Prussia would adopt

title: Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza

text: father as rightful king of Portugal acknowledged Maria Theresa as an Infanta of Portugal. Maria Theresa married Prince Karl Ludwig of Thurn and Taxis (1863–1942), a member of the Czech branch of the family, son of Prince Maximilian Karl Friedrich of Thurn and Taxis and his wife Amélie Eugénie de Tascher de La Pagerie, on 22 May 1900 in Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany. Maria Theresa and Karl Ludwig had one son: Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza Maria Teresa of Bragança, Infanta of Portugal (Maria Teresa Carolina Micaela Ana Josefina Antónia Francisca de Assis e de Paula Brígida Pia Gerardina Severina Inácia

title: Maria Theresa

text: throne and her sex, and though he had fought against her in three wars, he never considered her his enemy. With her death, the House of Habsburg died out and was replaced by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Joseph, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her, and he introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph II produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa only issued about 100 edicts per year. Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public "persona" and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection from her subjects; a

title: Maria Theresa

text: peasant well-being. Although Maria Theresa was initially reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy, and interventions were also further eased by widespread peasant unrest induced by the effects of war and famine in 1770-2 and noble abuse of manorial rights. In 1771-78, a series of "Robot Patents" were issued by Maria Theresa, and these patents regulated and restricted peasant labour only in the German and Bohemian parts of the realm. The goal was to ensure that peasants not only could support themselves

title: Maria Theresa

text: of both genders from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend school. The education reform was met with hostility particularly by peasants who wanted the children to work in the fields instead. Maria Theresa crushed the dissent by ordering the arrest of all those opposed. Overall, although the idea had merit, the reforms were not as successful as they were expected to be; in some parts of Austria, half of the population was illiterate well into the 19th century. Maria Theresa permitted non-Catholics to attend university and allowed the introduction of secular subjects (such as law), which

title: Maria Theresa

text: including two Holy Roman Emperors, Joseph II and Leopold II. Of the sixteen children, ten survived to adulthood. Though she was expected to cede power to Francis and Joseph, both of whom were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa was the absolute sovereign who ruled with the counsel of her advisers. Maria Theresa promulgated institutional, financial and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz and Gerard van Swieten. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing.

title: Maria Theresa

text: the death penalty. In 1776, Austria outlawed torture, particularly at the behest of Joseph II. Much unlike Joseph, but with the support of religious authorities, Maria Theresa was opposed to the abolition of torture. Born and raised between Baroque and Rococo eras, she found it difficult to fit into the intellectual sphere of the Enlightenment, which is why she only slowly followed humanitarian reforms on the continent. From an institutional perspective, in 1749, she founded the Supreme Judiciary as a court of final appeal for all hereditary lands. Austrian historian Karl Vocelka observed that the educational reforms enacted by Maria

title: Maria Theresa

text: state revenues substantially. In 1775, for the first time ever the Habsburg Monarchy achieved its first balanced budget, and by 1780, the Habsburg state revenue had reached 50 million gulden. After Maria Theresa recruited Gerard van Swieten from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named Anton de Haen, and de Haen was the actual founder of the Viennese Medicine School ("Wiener Medizinischen Schule"). Maria Theresa also banned the creation of new burial grounds without prior government permission, thus countering wasteful and unhygienic burial customs. Meanwhile, her decision to have her children inoculated after the smallpox epidemic of 1767

title: Maria Theresa

text: In 1764, she ordered the release of those Jews who had been jailed for a blood libel in the village of Orkuta. Notwithstanding her strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria. There were also parts of the realm where the Jews were treated better, such as Trieste, Gorizia and Vorarlberg. Maria Theresa was as conservative in matters of state as in those of religion, but implemented significant reforms to strengthen Austria's military and bureaucratic efficiency. She employed Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, who modernised the empire by creating a standing army of 108,000

title: Maria Theresa

text: state in which I found the army, I cannot begin to describe it." Maria Theresa found herself in a difficult situation. She did not know enough about matters of state and she was unaware of the weakness of her father's ministers. She decided to rely on her father's advice to retain his counselors and to defer to her husband, whom she considered to be more experienced, on other matters. Both decisions later gave cause for regret. Ten years later, Maria Theresa recalled in her "Political Testament" the circumstances under which she had ascended: "I found myself without money, without credit,

title: Maria Theresa of Spain

text: given me." Of her six children, only one survived her, Louis, "", the oldest one, who died in 1711. One of her younger grandsons would eventually inherit her claim to the Spanish throne to become King Philip V of Spain in 1700. Maria Theresa was portrayed by Nathalie Cerda in the film Vatel (2000) and by French actress Elisa Lasowski in the TV series "Versailles", which ran for three seasons from 2015 to 2018. Maria Theresa of Spain Maria Theresa of Spain (; ; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until

title: Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg

text: of Portugal Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, and his wife Princess Sophie of Liechtenstein. Maria Theresa was an elder sister of Aloys, 7th Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Maria Theresa married her first cousin Infante Miguel, Duke of Braganza, only son and second eldest child of former King Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, on 8 November 1893 in Kleinheubach, Kingdom of Bavaria. Maria Theresa and Miguel had eight children: Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (German: "Maria Theresa, Prinzessin von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg") (4 January 1870, Rome, Papal States – 17 January 1935, Vienna, Federal State of Austria)

title: Maria Theresa of Spain

text: been rumors that Maria Theresa had an illegitimate daughter, Louise Marie Thérèse (The Black Nun of Moret). Maria Theresa played little part in political affairs except for the years 1667, 1672, and 1678, during which she acted as regent while her husband was away on campaigns on the frontier. During the last week of July 1683, Maria Theresa fell ill and, as her illness worsened, her husband ordered for the sacraments to be kept nearby. She died a painful death on 30 July 1683, at Versailles. Upon her death, Louis XIV said: "This is the first chagrin which she has

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)

text: among the first to leave Naples during the revolt: first to Gaeta with her children and advisors, and then to Rome. She resided in the same palace that Francis and Maria Sophia would use when they arrived. She died from cholera, nursed by her stepson Francis, who mourned her greatly. Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867) Maria Theresa of Austria (Maria Theresia Isabella; 31 July 1816 – 8 August 1867) was the second wife of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. She was the eldest daughter of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg. Her paternal grandparents were

title: Maria Theresa

text: apart when Charles Albert died in January 1745. The French overran the Austrian Netherlands in May. Francis Stephen was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 13 September 1745. Prussia recognised Francis as emperor, and Maria Theresa once again recognised the loss of Silesia by the Treaty of Dresden in December 1745, ending the Second Silesian War. The wider war dragged on for another three years, with fighting in northern Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; however, the core Habsburg domains of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia remained in Maria Theresa's possession. The Treaty of Aachen, which concluded the eight-year conflict, recognised Prussia's possession

title: Maria Theresa Asmar

text: welcomed with open arms western Christian missionaries, who then bribed the Turkish government to give them the licence for the school and forbid Maria to carry on with her project. Left frustrated and angry to have been treated this way by fellow Christians, she sought sanctuary with the Arab Bedouins. She set about recording their daily lives, everything from the weddings and celebrations to their assaults on other tribes. She explains in great detail Bedouin life. Maria Theresa Asmar Maria Theresa Asmar (1804 – before 1870) was an ethnic Assyrian from Tel Keppe, Ottoman Empire, who wrote "Memoirs of a

title: Maria Theresa

text: Netherlands. This alarmed Frederick II of Prussia, and thus the War of Bavarian Succession erupted in 1778. Maria Theresa very unwilingly consented to the occupation of Bavaria, and a year later she made peace proposals to Frederick II despite Joseph's objections. Although Austria managed to gain the Innviertel area, this "Potato War" caused a setback to the financial improvement that the Habsburg had made. The 500,000 gulden in annual revenue from 100,000 inhabitants of Innviertel were not comparable to the 100,000,000 gulden that were spent during the war. It is unlikely that Maria Theresa ever completely recovered from the smallpox

title: Maria Theresa van Thielen

text: father, and probably much of her work has been attributed to him. She signed her works "M.T.Van THIELEN.F". She painted two flower pieces in her father's style for the city hall of Mechelen, one of which is signed and dated 1664. Maria Theresa van Thielen Maria Theresia van Thielen (7 March 1640 – 11 February 1706) was a Flemish Baroque painter. Maria van Thielen was born into an artistic patrician family. According to Cornelis de Bie in his "Het Gulden Cabinet" her two sisters were painters; Houbraken says she competed with her sisters Anna Maria and Francoise Katharina and was

title: Maria Theresa van Thielen

text: Maria Theresa van Thielen Maria Theresia van Thielen (7 March 1640 – 11 February 1706) was a Flemish Baroque painter. Maria van Thielen was born into an artistic patrician family. According to Cornelis de Bie in his "Het Gulden Cabinet" her two sisters were painters; Houbraken says she competed with her sisters Anna Maria and Francoise Katharina and was very successful. The sister Anna may well have been her aunt Anna, however, who married the painter Theodoor Rombouts. The three women learned flower painting from their father, Jan Philip van Thielen. Maria's work is in the same style as her

title: Maria Theresa

text: reproached her for laziness and frivolity and scolded her for failing to conceive a child. Maria Theresa was not just critical of Marie Antoinette. She disliked Leopold's reserve and often blamed him for being cold. She criticised Maria Carolina for her political activities, Ferdinand for his lack of organisation, and Maria Amalia for her poor French and haughtiness. The only child she did not constantly scold was Maria Christina, who enjoyed her mother's complete confidence, though she failed to please her mother in one aspect – she did not produce any surviving children. One of Maria Theresa's greatest wishes was

title: Military Order of Maria Theresa

text: Military Order of Maria Theresa The Military Order of Maria Theresa (, , , , , ) was the highest military honour of the Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire. Founded on 18 June 1757, the day of the Battle of Kolin, by the Empress Maria Theresa, the honour was to reward especially meritorious and valorous acts by commissioned officers, including and especially the courageous act of defeating an enemy, and thus "serving" their monarch. It was specifically given for "successful military acts of essential impact to a campaign that were undertaken on [the officer's] own initiative, and might

title: Military Order of Maria Theresa

title: Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal

text: children by his second wife, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Archduke Otto Franz of Austria, Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria and Archduchess Margarete Sophie of Austria. Maria Theresa managed to obtain considerable influence at the Austrian court when Empress Elisabeth effectively withdrew from the social scene in Vienna after the suicide of her only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, in January 1889. Maria Theresa stood in for the Empress and carried out honours at the Hofburg Imperial Palace with the Emperor until the death of her husband in 1896 when court etiquette ruled she had to go into retirement. She remained

title: Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919)

text: Act was not repealed until 1948 and, consequently, Maria Theresa would have been covered by its provisions. Following her death in 1919, Maria Theresa's son Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria inherited the Jacobite claim. Like his mother, he and his descendants have also refrained from pressing their claims to the British thrones. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919) Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (Maria Theresa Henriette Dorothee; 2 July 1849 – 3 February 1919) was the last Queen of Bavaria. She was the daughter and only child of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and his wife, Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. On 20 February

text: since 1807, ever seriously pursued this claim. Maria Theresa was the first Jacobite heir-general since James Francis Edward Stuart (1688-1766) who could (but for her religion) also have claimed to be a natural-born citizen of Great Britain. While she was not born on British soil, as James had been, Maria Theresa was a descendant of the Electress Sophia of Hanover. Under the terms of the Sophia Naturalization Act 1705, the Electress Sophia and all "issue of her body" were declared to be natural-born British subjects, regardless of the actual place of their birth, unless they were Roman Catholics. The 1705

text: close to her youngest paternal aunt, Archduchess Maria Antonia, just seven years her senior. She was Maria Theresa's first grandchild. Just a few months short of her eighth birthday, Archduchess Maria Theresa became ill with pleurisy. Her father, by that time "Holy Roman Emperor", did everything in his power to save her and attended her bedside even at night. However, the medicine in those days was highly undeveloped and Archduchess Maria Theresa died on 23 January 1770 from a very high fever. Her father was heartbroken. When Khevenhüller had to disturb Joseph in order to make the arrangements for the

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)

text: Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867) Maria Theresa of Austria (Maria Theresia Isabella; 31 July 1816 – 8 August 1867) was the second wife of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. She was the eldest daughter of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen and Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg. Her paternal grandparents were Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain. Her maternal grandparents were Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg (1768–1816) and his wife Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg. Maria Theresa was Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter of the Castle of Prague (1834-1835). On 9 January 1837 in

title: Maria Theresa Reef

text: and the folding map in "Malte-Brun revised by E. Cortambert, vol. 4" (without further reference) both mark "Maria-Theresa," apparently 153 degrees W of Greenwich, and that no. 5356 also marks Ernest Legouve Reef. According to Krauth, who makes, however, several mistakes, the logbook of the "Maria Theresa" may read "Saw breakers." Krauth further claims that Tabor would be in French waters if it existed. It was unsuccessfully searched for in 1957. In 1983, the position of the reef was recalculated at , more than 1,000 km further east, and searched for, but not found. Its existence is doubtful. Other nearby

title: Maria Theresa thaler

text: Tanzania to Mozambique. Its popularity in the Red Sea region was such that merchants would not accept any other type of currency. The Italian government produced a similar designed coin in the hope of replacing the Maria Theresa thaler, but it never gained acceptance. The Maria Theresa thaler was also formerly the currency of the Hejaz, Yemen, the Aden Protectorate as well as Muscat and Oman on the Arabia peninsula. The coin remains popular in North Africa and the Middle East to this day in its original form: a silver coin with a portrait of the buxom empress on the

title: Maria Theresa Short

text:
over by Patrick Geddes in 1892. Patrick Geddes
 Outlook Tower "Edinburgh in the 19th Century" (1901)W.M.Gilbert
 "Camera Obscura & World of Illusions reading material" Maria Theresa Short Maria Theresa Short was an entrepreneur who increased public access to scientific equipment in Edinburgh in the 19th century. In the early 18th century, the Short family were scientific instrument makers in Edinburgh’s Southside. In 1776 their son Thomas leased some land on Calton Hill and built a Gothic House to display his instruments to the public. As a condition of his lease, the local council demanded that female relatives of Thomas could

title: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1845–1927)

text: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1845–1927) Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (15 July 1845 – 8 October 1927) was a member of the Austrian house of Habsburg-Lorraine. Maria Theresa was a daughter of Archduke Albert, Duke of Teschen and Princess Hildegard of Bavaria. In June 1862, King Louis I of Portugal asked Maria Theresa to marry him in a letter sent to her father. It was urgent for him to get married as his older brother, King Peter V, had died in November 1861, without issue and two of his younger brothers, John and Ferdinand, followed him shortly after, which

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1767–1827)

text: Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa and her siblings were given a somewhat different upbringing than was usual for royal children at the time: they were actually raised by their parents rather than a retinue of servants, were largely kept apart from any ceremonial court life and were taught to live simply and modestly. On 8 September 1787, Maria Theresa was married to Prince Anthony of Saxony by proxy in Florence; the couple later married in person in Dresden on 18 October 1787. Anthony had previously been married to Maria Carolina of Savoy, who died of smallpox in 1782. Mozart's opera "Don

text: Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1849–1919) Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (Maria Theresa Henriette Dorothee; 2 July 1849 – 3 February 1919) was the last Queen of Bavaria. She was the daughter and only child of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este and his wife, Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. On 20 February 1868, at St. Augustine's Church in Vienna, Maria Theresa married the future Ludwig III, last king of Bavaria. The couple had thirteen children: On 20 February 1868 she married Prince Ludwig, eldest son of Bavaria's Prince Regent Luitpold, in the Augustinerkirche in Vienna. The couple had fallen in love during a visit

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1801–1855)

text: 1798 – 28 July 1849), and a wedding mass was celebrated on 2 October in Florence Cathedral. In Italian, her name was "Maria Teresa Francesca Giuseppa Giovanna Benedetta". In March 1820, an heir was born followed by two more children, the latter of which died in infancy. From her marriage, she was known as the princess of Carignano. In 1824, Charles Albert was recognised as heir to the throne by Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. He and Maria Theresa became king and queen in 1831, when his predecessor Charles Felix of Sardinia died without issue. After the death of her

text: Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (German: "Maria Theresa, Prinzessin von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg") (4 January 1870, Rome, Papal States – 17 January 1935, Vienna, Federal State of Austria) was a Princess of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg and a member of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg by birth and an Infanta of Portugal, Duchess consort of Braganza, and titular Queen consort of Portugal through her marriage to Miguel, Duke of Braganza, Miguelist claimant to the throne of Portugal from 1866 to 1920. Maria Theresa was the fifth child and fourth daughter of Charles, 6th Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, brother of titular Queen consort

title: Maria Theresa

text: Magdalene of the Palatinate-Neuburg, were her godmothers. Most descriptions of her baptism stress that the infant was carried ahead of her cousins, Maria Josepha and Maria Amalia, the daughters of Charles VI's elder brother and predecessor, Joseph I, before the eyes of their mother, Wilhelmine Amalia. It was clear that Maria Theresa would outrank them, even though their grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, had his sons sign the Mutual Pact of Succession, which gave precedence to the daughters of the elder brother. Her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a

title: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933)

text: Vienna. Maria Theresia and Charles Stephen had six children together: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933) Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria () (18 September 1862, Alt-Bunzlau, Bohemia, Austrian Empire – 10 May 1933, Schloss Saybusch, Saybusch, Poland) was a member of the House of Habsburg-Tuscany and Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Tuscany by birth. Maria Theresia was the eldest child and eldest daughter of Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria and his wife, Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Maria Theresa married Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria, fourth child and third son of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria and his wife,

title: Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal

text: his wife Zita into exile in Madeira, but eventually returned to Vienna, where she spent the rest of her life. In 1929, following a decline in her finances, Maria Theresa engaged two agents to sell the Napoleon Diamond Necklace, a piece inherited from her husband, in the United States. After a series of botched sales attempts, the pair finally sold the necklace for $60,000 with the aid of the great-nephew of Maria Theresa, the Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany but he claimed nearly 90% of the sale price as "expenses". Maria Theresa appealed to the United States courts,

text: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1762–1770) Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (, ; 20 March 176223 January 1770) was a daughter of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, and his first wife, Isabella of Parma. Maria Theresa's parents, Crown Prince Joseph (future Holy Roman Emperor) and Princess Isabella of Parma were married in Vienna on 16 October 1760. In late 1761, Isabella became pregnant and on 20 March 1762, she delivered a daughter who was christened "Maria Theresia Elisabeth Philippine Louise Josephe Johanna" and was styled Archduchess of Austria. On her maternal side, little Maria Theresa descended from people such as

text: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1862–1933) Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria () (18 September 1862, Alt-Bunzlau, Bohemia, Austrian Empire – 10 May 1933, Schloss Saybusch, Saybusch, Poland) was a member of the House of Habsburg-Tuscany and Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Tuscany by birth. Maria Theresia was the eldest child and eldest daughter of Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria and his wife, Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Maria Theresa married Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria, fourth child and third son of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria, on 28 February 1886 in

title: Maria Theresa Reef

text: would be about 151 or 153 degrees W of Greenwich. The character Cyrus Smith of "The Mysterious Island" seems to go wrong in his calculation of Tabor's position, possibly by as much as four degrees. Since Lincoln Island is positioned with reference to Tabor, this in turn means that the position of the Island can not reliably be determined. They could in fact be one and the same island due to a misreading of a meridian. Maria Theresa Reef The Maria Theresa Reef is a supposed reef in the South Pacific (south of the French Tuamotu islands and east of

title: Maria Theresa

text: Theresa were "really founded on Enlightenment ideas," although the ulterior motive was still to "meet the needs of an absolutist state, as an increasingly sophisticated and complicated society and economy required new administrators, officers, diplomats and specialists in virtually every area." Previously, the existing primary schools were run by various orders of the Catholic Church. After her reform, compulsory and secular primary schools were established. Maria Theresa herself might have wanted the schools to teach Catholic orthodoxy, but the curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere rote learning. All children

title: Maria Theresa of Austria (1816–1867)

text: at the Augustinian Church in Vienna, Maria Theresa married Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. The bride was almost twenty-one years old and the groom twenty-seven. Queen Maria Theresa is described as badly dressed and did not answer to the ideal of a regal person: she disliked her public role and life at court and preferred to confine herself to her private rooms dedicated to needlework and her children. She had a good relationship to both her spouse and her stepson Francis: her stepson respected her and she used to demonstratively call him her son. Maria Theresa was interested in

title: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886)

text: Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1817–1886) Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este () (14 July 1817, Modena, Duchy of Modena and Reggio – 25 March 1886, Gorizia, Austria–Hungary) was a member of the House of Austria-Este and Archduchess and Princess of Austria, Princess of Hungary, Bohemia, and Modena by birth. Through her marriage to Henri, comte de Chambord, Maria Theresa was also a member of the House of Bourbon. Henri was disputedly King of France and Navarre from 2 to 9 August 1830 and afterwards the Legitimist Pretender to the throne of France from 1844 to 1883. Maria Theresa was the

title: Maria Theresa

text: her that the order posed a danger to her monarchical authority. Not without much hesitation and regret, she issued a decree that removed them from all the institutions of the monarchy, and carried it out thoroughly. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order. Though she eventually gave up trying to convert her non-Catholic subjects to Catholicism, Maria Theresa regarded both the Jews and Protestants as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. She was probably the

title: Maria Theresa of Savoy

text: took place at the Palace of Versailles on 16 November 1773. As her husband was the grandson of a king, the newly named Marie Thérèse held the rank of "granddaughter of France", and was commonly referred to by the simple style "Madame la comtesse d'Artois". Maria Theresa was described as diminutive, somewhat ill-shaped, clumsy and with a long nose and was not regarded a beauty, but her complexion was generally admired; as a person, she was regarded as "not distinguished in any sense", but nevertheless goodhearted. Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, who corresponded with Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa regarding

title: Maria Theresa of Savoy

text: her mother, died while the court was at Choisy-le-Roi at the age of just 6 months. Prior to the meeting of the Estates General, every member of the Royal Family was publicly mocked by libelous verses, in which Maria Theresa was claimed to have given birth to an illegitimate child. Maria Theresa left France with her spouse after the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, which marked the beginning of the French Revolution, and took refuge in her homeland of Savoy. She left one week after her spouse with a retinue of thirty people, and since she had

title: Maria Theresa of Spain

text: Maria Theresa of Spain Maria Theresa of Spain (; ; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France. Her marriage in 1660 with King Louis XIV, her cousin, was made with the purpose of ending the long-standing war between France and Spain. Famed for her virtue and piety, she saw five of her six children die in early childhood, and is frequently viewed as an object of pity in historical

title: Maria Theresa

text: qualifications but intellectually inferior to Joseph and Leopold. Kann asserts that she nevertheless possessed qualities appreciated in a monarch: warm heart, practical mind, firm determination and sound perception. Most importantly, she was ready to recognise the mental superiority of some of her advisers and to give way to a superior mind while enjoying support of her ministers even if their ideas differed from her own. Joseph, however, was never able to establish rapport with the same advisers, even though their philosophy of government was closer to Joseph's than to Maria Theresa's. The relationship between Maria Theresa and Joseph was not

title: Maria Theresa

text: arrangement, but the Queen and her advisers were not, fearing that any violation of the Pragmatic Sanction would invalidate the entire document. Maria Theresa's firmness soon assured Francis Stephen that they should fight for Silesia, and she was confident that she would retain "the jewel of the House of Austria". The resulting war with Prussia is known as the First Silesian War. The invasion of Silesia by Frederick was the start of a lifelong enmity; she referred to him as "that evil man". As Austria was short of experienced military commanders, Maria Theresa released Marshall Neipperg, who had been imprisoned

title: Maria Theresa

text: eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth and a notably strong body. Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresa's parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other. Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from horse riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her Hungarian coronation ceremony. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI, in which she relished participating. Her education was overseen by Jesuits. Contemporaries thought