query: When did Mount St. Helen last have a significant eruption?

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano. Starting in October 2004, there was a gradual building of a new lava dome. The new dome did not rise above the caldera created by the 1980 eruption. This activity lasted until January 2008. 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens On May 18, 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Skamania County, in the U.S. state of Washington. The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens On May 18, 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in Skamania County, in the U.S. state of Washington. The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the most significant volcanic eruption to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. It has often been declared as the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: thousands of animals were killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward the land passed to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved, as it was, in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980. Several small earthquakes, beginning on March 15, indicated that magma may have begun moving below the volcano. On

title: Mount Rainier

text: twentieth century: Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 and 2004. However, past eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher: Crater Lake's last eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to collapse, and Mt. Rainier's closest neighbor, Mount St. Helens, produced the largest eruption in the continental United States when it erupted in 1980. Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in the Cascade Range at 2-3 per century. Mount Rainier is currently listed as a Decade Volcano, or one of the 16 volcanoes with the greatest likelihood

title: Mount St. Helens

text: Goat Rocks), and one of Kane's field sketches shows smoke emanating from about the same location. On April 17, 1857, the "Republican", a Steilacoom, Washington, newspaper, reported that "Mount St. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen ... to be in a state of eruption". The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption. This was the first reported volcanic activity since 1854. Before the 1980 eruption, Spirit Lake offered year-round recreational activities. In the summer there was boating, swimming, and camping, while in the winter there was

title: Mount St. Helens

text: 1980 eruption. Mount St. Helens is west of Mount Adams, in the western part of the Cascade Range. These "sister and brother" volcanic mountains are approximately from Mount Rainier, the highest of Cascade volcanoes. Mount Hood, the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon, is southeast of Mount St. Helens. Mount St. Helens is geologically young compared with the other major Cascade volcanoes. It formed only within the past 40,000 years, and the pre-1980 summit cone began rising about 2,200 years ago. The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the Holocene epoch (the last 10,000 or so

title: 2004–08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens

text: 2004–08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens The 2004–2008 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States has been documented as a continuous eruption in the form of gradual extrusion of magma. Starting in October 2004 and ceasing in January 2008, a new lava dome was built up. The new dome did not rise above the crater created by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. On September 23, 2004, around 2:00 a.m. PDT, Mount St. Helens experienced an earthquake swarm, with about 200 small (less than magnitude 1) earthquakes occurring less than one-half mile (one kilometer) below the

title: Mount St. Helens

text: later by National Guard helicopter pilots. Their film, "The Eruption of Mount St. Helens", later became a popular documentary. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress established the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, a area around the mountain and within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Following the 1980 eruption, the area was left to gradually return to its natural state. In 1987, the U.S. Forest Service reopened the mountain to climbing. It remained open until 2004 when renewed activity caused the closure of the area around the mountain (see "Geological history" section above for more details). Most

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: the lower Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers. The May 18, 1980, event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the contiguous United States. Approximately fifty-seven people were killed directly from the blast and 200 houses, 47 bridges, of railways and of highway were destroyed; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility, and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash. U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape. A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May

title: Explosive eruption

text: Explosive eruption In volcanology, an explosive eruption is a volcanic eruption of the most violent type. A notable example is the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Such eruptions result when sufficient gas has dissolved under pressure within a viscous magma such that expelled lava violently froths into volcanic ash when pressure is suddenly lowered at the vent. Sometimes a lava plug will block the conduit to the summit, and when this occurs, eruptions are more violent. Explosive eruptions can send rocks, dust, gas and pyroclastic material up to 20 km into the atmosphere at a rate of up to

title: Mount Hood

text: such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the only known fatality related to volcanic activity in the Cascades occurred in 1934, when a climber suffocated in oxygen-poor air while exploring ice caves melted by fumaroles in Coalman Glacier on Mount Hood. Since 1950, there have been several earthquake swarms each year at Mount Hood, most notably in July 1980 and June 2002. Seismic activity is monitored by the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, which issues weekly updates (and daily updates if significant eruptive activity is occurring at a Cascades

title: Lateral eruption

text: to be created by immediate decompression of a magma chamber lying not far below the flanks of a volcano. This occurred during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in the U.S. state of Washington, and also along the base or flanks of Mount Pelée's lava dome during its 1902 eruption on the northern tip of the French overseas department of Martinique in the Lesser Antilles island arc of the Caribbean. As was observed during the Mount St. Helens eruption, the rapid decompression of magma coupled with the subsidence of the mountain flank can briefly subject the surrounding landscape to

title: Phreatic eruption

text: Phreatic eruption A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian eruption or steam-blast eruption, occurs when magma heats ground or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma (anywhere from ) causes near-instantaneous evaporation to steam, resulting in an explosion of steam, water, ash, rock, and volcanic bombs. At Mount St. Helens, hundreds of steam explosions preceded a 1980 plinian eruption of the volcano. A less intense geothermal event may result in a mud volcano. Phreatic eruptions typically include steam and rock fragments; the inclusion of liquid lava is unusual. The temperature of the fragments can range from cold

title: Mount St. Helens

text: was short and markedly different from other periods in Mount St. Helens history. It produced the only unequivocal laterally directed blast known from Mount St. Helens before the 1980 eruptions. During Sugar Bowl time, the volcano first erupted quietly to produce a dome, then erupted violently at least twice producing a small volume of tephra, directed-blast deposits, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Roughly 700 years of dormancy were broken in about 1480, when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt, beginning the Kalama period. The eruption in 1480 was several times larger than the May 18,

title: Mount Shasta

text: Shasta is still alive. The worst-case scenario for an eruption is a large pyroclastic flow, such as what occurred in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Since there is ice, such as Whitney Glacier and Mud Creek Glacier, lahars would also result. Ash would probably blow inland, perhaps as far as eastern Nevada. There is a small chance an eruption could result in a collapse of the mountain, as happened when Mount Mazama in Oregon collapsed to form what is now called Crater Lake, but this is of much lower probability. The United States Geological Survey monitors Mount Shasta

title: Mount Cayley volcanic field

text: large volcanic eruption from any volcanoes in the Mount Cayley field would have major effects on the Sea-to-Sky Highway and municipalities such as Squamish, Whistler, Pemberton and probably Vancouver. Because of these concerns, the Geological Survey of Canada is planning to create hazard maps and emergency plans for Mount Cayley, as well as for the Mount Meager massif north of the volcanic field, which experienced a major volcanic eruption 2,350 years ago similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Like many other volcanoes in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Mount Cayley has been the source for several large landslides.

title: Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument

text: originally predicted) recovery of the land as revegetation proceeds and wildlife returns. Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is a U.S. National Monument that includes the area around Mount St. Helens in Washington. It was established on August 27, 1982 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan following the 1980 eruption. The 110,000 acre (445 km) National Volcanic Monument was set aside for research, recreation, and education. Inside the Monument, the environment is left to respond naturally to the disturbance. Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was the United States' first such monument managed by the

text: Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is a U.S. National Monument that includes the area around Mount St. Helens in Washington. It was established on August 27, 1982 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan following the 1980 eruption. The 110,000 acre (445 km) National Volcanic Monument was set aside for research, recreation, and education. Inside the Monument, the environment is left to respond naturally to the disturbance. Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was the United States' first such monument managed by the U.S. Forest Service. At dedication ceremonies on May 18, 1983, Max Peterson,

title: Mount Pinatubo

text: also irreparably damaged the Philippine Air Force's recently retired fleet of Vought F-8s, as these were in open storage at Basa Air Base at the time. The June 15 eruption had a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 6, and came some 450–500 years after the volcano's last known eruptive activity. The eruption ejected about of material, making it the largest eruption since that of Novarupta in 1912 and some ten times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Ejected material such as tephra fallout and pyroclastic flow deposits are much less dense than magma, and the volume of

text: sides of Mount St. Helens are accessible only by U.S. Forest Service roads. The main roads are: Bear Meadows is an alpine meadow and viewpoint northeast of Mt. St. Helens. It is located on U.S. Forest Service Road 99. Gary Rosenquist camped here with friends on May 17–18, 1980. He started taking his famous eruption photographs from this location. The sequence of eruption photos show give a time lapse view of the developing eruption. As the lateral blast developed, he and his friends abandoned their campsite fearing for their lives. He continued taking photos as they escaped in a car.

title: Mount Tehama

text: Chaos Crags, and Sunflower Flat, and effusive eruptions of basalt have occurred at Tumble Buttes, Hat Mountain, and Prospect Peak. Pyroclastic flows and lahars could easily occur near glaciated areas and in river valleys like Hat Creek Valley. In addition to the volcanic hazards that could possibly occur, one volcano did erupt in the 20th century in LVNP: (Lassen Peak). Lassen's eruptions (1914-21, though most activity occurred between 1914-17) were very small compared to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Mount Tehama Brokeoff Volcano (also called Mount Tehama) is an eroded andesitic stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc and

title: Mount St. Helens

text: small eruptions of ash from 1831 to 1857, including a fairly large one in 1842. The vent was apparently at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank. Goat Rocks dome was the site of the bulge in the 1980 eruption, and it was obliterated in the major eruption event on May 18, 1980 that destroyed the entire north face and top of the mountain. On March 20, 1980, Mount St. Helens experienced a magnitude 4.2 earthquake; and, on March 27, steam venting started. By the end of April, the north side of the mountain had started to bulge. On

title: Mount St. Helens

text: of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. Mount St. Helens is most notorious for its major 1980 eruption, the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, of railways, and of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale caused an eruption that reduced the elevation of the mountain's summit from to , leaving a wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris

title: Phreatic eruption

text: of the volcanic island and created the loudest sound in recorded history, was a phreatic event. Kilauea, in Hawaii, has a long record of phreatic explosions; a 1924 phreatic eruption hurled rocks estimated at eight tons up to a distance of one kilometer. Additional examples are the 1963–65 eruption of Surtsey, the 1965 eruption of Taal Volcano, the 1982 Mount Tarumae eruption, the 2014 eruption of Mount Ontake and on May 7, 2013, at 8 a.m. (PST) Mayon Volcano produced a surprise phreatic eruption lasting 73 seconds. Phreatic eruption A phreatic eruption, also called a phreatic explosion, ultravulcanian eruption or

title: Mount St. Helens

text: years). Prior to the 1980 eruption, Mount St. Helens was the fifth-highest peak in Washington. It stood out prominently from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and extensive snow and ice cover of the pre-1980 summit cone, earning it the nickname "Fuji-san of America". The peak rose more than above its base, where the lower flanks merge with adjacent ridges. The mountain is across at its base, which is at an elevation of on the northeastern side and elsewhere. At the pre-eruption tree line, the width of the cone was . Streams that originate on the volcano enter three main

title: Mount St. Helens

text: 1980, eruption. In 1482, another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume is known to have occurred. Ash and pumice piled northeast of the volcano to a thickness of ; away, the ash was deep. Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. Helens' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system. This 150-year period next saw the eruption of less silica-rich lava in the form of andesitic ash that formed at least eight alternating light- and dark-colored layers. Blocky andesite lava then flowed from St. Helens' summit crater down the volcano's southeast flank. Later, pyroclastic flows

title: Mount Rainier

text: of causing great loss of life and property if eruptive activity resumes. If Mt. Rainier were to erupt as powerfully as Mount St. Helens did in its May 18, 1980 eruption, the effect would be cumulatively greater, because of the far more massive amounts of glacial ice locked on the volcano compared to Mount St. Helens, the vastly more heavily populated areas surrounding Rainier, and the simple fact that Mt Rainier is a much bigger volcano, almost twice the size of St. Helens. Lahars from Rainier pose the most risk to life and property, as many communities lie atop older

title: 2014 Mount Ontake eruption

text: 2014 Mount Ontake eruption A volcanic eruption of took place on September 27, 2014, killing 63 people. Mount Ontake is a volcano located on the Japanese island of Honshu around 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Nagoya and around 200 km (120 mi) West of Tokyo. It was the first fatal volcanic eruption in Japan since the 1991 collapse of a lava dome at Mount Unzen, and the deadliest volcanic eruption in Japan since Torishima killed an estimated 150 people in 1902. The volcanic eruption happened at 11:52 Japan Standard Time (UTC+9). There were no significant earthquakes that might have

title: The Eruption of Mount Pelee

text: "The Eruption of Mount Pelee" was presumed lost for many years; a film in the collection of the Cinémathèque Française was sometimes misidentified as Méliès's film, but it was in fact Zecca's version. Méliès's film was finally recovered in 2007, when a copy was found and restored by the Filmoteca de Catalunya. The Eruption of Mount Pelee Éruption volcanique à la Martinique, released in the United States as The Eruption of Mount Pelee and in Britain as The Terrible Eruption of Mount Pelée and Destruction of St. Pierre, Martinique, is a 1902 French short silent film directed by Georges Méliès.

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: groundwater system, causing many steam-driven explosions (phreatic eruptions). As May 18 dawned, Mount St. Helens' activity did not show any change from the pattern of the preceding month. The rate of bulge movement, sulfur dioxide emission, and ground temperature readings did not reveal any changes indicating a catastrophic eruption. USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston was on duty at an observation post approximately north of the volcano: as of 6 a.m., Johnston's measurements did not indicate any unusual activity. Suddenly, at 8:32 a.m., a magnitude 5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide,

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: is equivalent to about of solid rock, or about 7% of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche. By around 5:30 p.m. on May 18, the vertical ash column declined in stature, but less severe outbursts continued through the next Generally, given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions, a certain variation of the ash type will occur, as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption. The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception, and hence the ash properties have

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: intangible costs of the eruption. Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose tenfold in the weeks immediately following the eruption, and then returned to near-normal levels once timber-salvaging and ash-cleanup operations were underway. Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption. Several months after May 18, a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems, even though they had coped successfully during the crisis. Counties in the region requested funding for mental health programs to assist such people. Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption dealt a

title: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

text: eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures, in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816. This brief period of significant climate change triggered extreme weather and harvest failures in many areas around the world. Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed after any other large volcanic eruption since the early Stone Age. Although scientists have proven that the post-eruption climate changes and the Tambora eruption are linked, they have only an incomplete understanding of the processes involved. Mount Tambora experienced several centuries of dormancy

title: The Eruption of Mount Pelee

text: The Eruption of Mount Pelee Éruption volcanique à la Martinique, released in the United States as The Eruption of Mount Pelee and in Britain as The Terrible Eruption of Mount Pelée and Destruction of St. Pierre, Martinique, is a 1902 French short silent film directed by Georges Méliès. The film is a short reconstruction, using miniature models, of a recent historical event: the eruption on 8 May 1902 of Mount Pelée, which destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre, Martinique. Mount Pelée looms over the town of Saint-Pierre. Fire and smoke rises from the crater; then lava begins pouring down the sides

title: 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai

text: 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai The 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai was a major volcanic eruption which occurred during the Meiji period of the Empire of Japan. The eruption occurred on July 15, 1888, and pyroclastic flows buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, Fukushima Prefecture north of Tokyo. At least 477 people were killed and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless in what became the worst volcanic disaster in recent Japanese history. Mount Bandai is a stratovolcano. Its last eruption had occurred in 806. Mount Bandai had a

title: 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai

text: especially the multi-hued lakes of Goshiki-numa. (caldera) 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai The 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai was a major volcanic eruption which occurred during the Meiji period of the Empire of Japan. The eruption occurred on July 15, 1888, and pyroclastic flows buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, Fukushima Prefecture north of Tokyo. At least 477 people were killed and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless in what became the worst volcanic disaster in recent Japanese history. Mount Bandai is a stratovolcano. Its last eruption had

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: nearly crippling blow to tourism, an important industry in Washington. Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens–Gifford Pinchot National Forest area, but conventions, meetings and social gatherings also were cancelled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption. The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering, however, proved only temporary. Mount St. Helens, perhaps because of its reawakening, has regained its appeal for tourists. The United States Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano's devastation. St. Helens

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: 23 to document the destruction. However, their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost. A second eruption occurred the next day (see below), but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that. The eruption ejected more than of material. A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash, pumice and volcanic bombs while the rest was fragmented, older rock. The removal of the north side of the mountain (13% of the cone's volume) reduced Mount St. Helens' height by about and left a crater wide and deep with its north end open

title: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

text: of 1816, global temperatures cooled by . This very significant cooling directly or indirectly caused 90,000 deaths. The eruption of Mount Tambora was the most significant cause of this climate anomaly. While there were other eruptions in 1815, Tambora is classified as a VEI-7 eruption with a column tall, eclipsing all others by at least one order of magnitude. The VEI is used to quantify the amount of ejected material, with a VEI-7 being . Every index value below that is one order of magnitude (meaning, ten times) less. Furthermore, the 1815 eruption occurred during a Dalton Minimum, a period

title: Mount St. Helens

text: northeastern Washington danced and prayed rather than collecting food and suffered during that winter from starvation. In late 1805 and early 1806, members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition spotted Mount St. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report either an ongoing eruption or recent evidence of one. They did however report the presence of quicksand and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the Sandy River near Portland, suggesting an eruption by Mount Hood sometime in the previous decades. In 1829 Hall J. Kelley led a campaign to rename the Cascade Range as the President's Range and

title: Mount Rinjani

text: Rinjani. Eruption rate, eruption sites, eruption type and magma composition have changed during the last 10,000 years before the caldera forming eruption. The eruptions of 1994 and 1995 have presented at Gunung Baru (or 'New Mountain' – approximately above sea level) in the center of this caldera and lava flows from subsequent eruptions have entered the lake. This cone has since been renamed Gunung Barujari (or 'Gunung Baru Jari' in Indonesian). The first historical eruption occurred in September 1847. The most recent eruption of Mount Rinjani was in May 2010 and the most recent significant eruptions occurred during a spate

title: Mount St. Helens

text: features were observed, such as a lava spine nicknamed the "whaleback", which comprised long shafts of solidified magma being extruded by the pressure of magma beneath. These features were fragile and broke down soon after they were formed. On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback broke off, causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several hundred meters into the air. Mount St. Helens showed significant activity on March 8, 2005, when a plume of steam and ash emerged—visible from Seattle. This relatively minor eruption was a release of pressure consistent with ongoing dome building. The release was

title: Mount Shasta

text: and now forms the summit. The rock at the summit crater has been extensively hydrothermally altered by sulfurous hot springs and fumaroles there (only a few examples still remain). In the last 8,000 years, the Hotlum Cone has erupted at least eight or nine times. About 200 years ago the last significant Mount Shasta eruption came from this cone and created a pyroclastic flow, a hot lahar (mudflow), and three cold lahars, which streamed down Mount Shasta's east flank via Ash Creek. A separate hot lahar went down Mud Creek. This eruption was thought to have been observed by the

title: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

text: Oppenheimer (2003), and Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program for VEI. 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful in recorded history, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. It is the most recently known VEI-7 event and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about 180 CE. Mount Tambora is on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, then part of the Dutch East Indies. Although its eruption reached a violent climax on 10 April 1815, increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions occurred during the next

title: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

text: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful in recorded history, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. It is the most recently known VEI-7 event and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about 180 CE. Mount Tambora is on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, then part of the Dutch East Indies. Although its eruption reached a violent climax on 10 April 1815, increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions occurred during the next six months to three years. The ash from the

title: Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

text: Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji The started on 16 December 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about 1 January 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period. Today the crater of the main eruption can be visited from the Fujinomiya or Gotemba Trails on Mount Fuji. Hokusai's "One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji" includes an image of the small crater at a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope. This was called "Mount Hōei", because the eruption occurred in the fourth year of Hōei.

title: The Eruption of Mount Pelee

text: Méliès's table-top miniature models recreate the eruption in a "storybook illustration" style highly indebted to Romanticism. Academic opinion is divided on the exact method Méliès used to create the eruption. The Méliès descendant and film scholar Jacques Malthête hypothesized that a type of flare known as the was used (as Méliès did four years later to create an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in "The Merry Frolics of Satan"); film historians René Jeanne and Charles Ford nominated a flammable combination of cloth, colored water, cinders, and a kind of powdered chalk called ; Méliès's granddaughter, Madeleine Malthête-Méliès, indicated that starch was

title: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79

text: "remarkable that both coins will have taken just two months after minting to enter circulation and reach Pompeii before the disaster." Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano in modern-day Italy, erupted in AD 79 in one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history. Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet. The event is the namesake for the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruptions. Mount Vesuvius violently spewed forth a deadly cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of , ejecting molten

title: 2014 Mount Ontake eruption

text: 27, as authorities and residents marked a month since the volcano killed 57 people and left six others missing. On January 25, 2017, bereaved families of five victims filed a lawsuit against the country and Nagano prefecture, seeking damages of 150 million yen. They argued that the warning level should have been raised prior to the eruption. The government said that the Japan Meteorological Agency had not raised the warning level even though earthquake levels were slightly elevated, because the warning level was based on additional data and historical activity. 2014 Mount Ontake eruption A volcanic eruption of took place

title: Mount St. Helens

text: Another member of the expedition later described "cellular basaltic lavas" at the mountain's base. In late fall or early winter of 1842, nearby settlers and missionaries witnessed the so-called Great Eruption. This small-volume outburst created large ash clouds, and mild explosions followed for 15 years. The eruptions of this period were likely phreatic (steam explosions). Josiah Parrish in Champoeg, Oregon witnessed Mount St. Helens in eruption on November 22, 1842. Ash from this eruption may have reached The Dalles, Oregon, 48 miles (80 km) southeast of the volcano. In October 1843, future California governor Peter H. Burnett recounted a story

text: by a small tremor that lasted nearly ninety minutes, and a magnitude 2.7 earthquake. But by the end of January, the lava dome growth had stopped. On July 10, 2008, it was determined that the eruption that began in 2004 had ended, after 6 months of inactivity. 2004–08 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens The 2004–2008 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States has been documented as a continuous eruption in the form of gradual extrusion of magma. Starting in October 2004 and ceasing in January 2008, a new lava dome was built up. The new dome did

title: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79

text: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano in modern-day Italy, erupted in AD 79 in one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history. Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, a Roman administrator and poet. The event is the namesake for the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruptions. Mount Vesuvius violently spewed forth a deadly cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of , ejecting molten rock, pulverized pumice and hot ash at a massive rate of 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the

title: Mount Shasta

text: explorer La Pérouse, from his ship off the California coast, in 1786, but this has been disputed. During the last 10,000 years, Mount Shasta has erupted an average of every 800 years, but in the past 4,500 years the volcano has erupted an average of every 600 years. The last significant eruption on Mount Shasta may have occurred about two centuries ago. Mount Shasta can release volcanic ash, pyroclastic flows or dacite and andesite lava. Its deposits can be detected under nearby small towns. Mount Shasta has an explosive, eruptive history. There are fumaroles on the mountain, which show Mount

title: Hatepe eruption

text: Hatepe eruption The Hatepe eruption, named for the Hatepe Plinian pumice tephra layer, sometimes referred to as the Taupo eruption and dated to around 180 AD, was Lake Taupo's most recent major eruption. It is considered New Zealand's largest eruption during the last 20,000 years. The eruption ejected some , a VEI 7 eruption, of which was ejected in a few minutes. This makes it one of the most violent eruptions in the last 5000 years, comparable to the Minoan eruption in the 2nd millennium BC, the 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. The

title: 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera

text: 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera The most recent eruption of Mount Tarawera occurred in the early hours of 10 June 1886 in the North Island, New Zealand. It is the deadliest eruption in New Zealand since the arrival of Europeans. Up to 150 people, mostly Māori, were killed, and many settlements were destroyed or buried. Shortly after midnight on Thursday 10 June 1886, a series of increasingly violent earthquakes struck the North Island, New Zealand. Beginning at 2 a.m., the three peaks of Mount Tarawera erupted, spewing molten rock and columns of smoke and ash up to into the air.

title: 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera

text: Piripai, Pukekiore, Otuapane, Te Tapahoro, Te Wairoa, Totarariki, and Waingongogo were buried or destroyed. The official death toll was reported as 150, and many more were displaced, making the eruption the most deadly in New Zealand history. Te Wairoa is now a tourist attraction called "The Buried Village". Many people survived by sheltering in Te Wairoa's stronger buildings. 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera The most recent eruption of Mount Tarawera occurred in the early hours of 10 June 1886 in the North Island, New Zealand. It is the deadliest eruption in New Zealand since the arrival of Europeans. Up to

title: Campanian Ignimbrite eruption

text: Campanian Ignimbrite eruption The Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (CI, also CI Super-eruption) was a major volcanic eruption in the Mediterranean during the late Quaternary, classified at 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). The event has been attributed to the Archiflegreo volcano, the caldera of the Phlegraean Fields, located west of Mount Vesuvius under the western outskirts of the city of Naples and the Gulf of Pozzuoli, Italy. Estimates of the date, magnitude and the amount of ejected material have varied considerably during several centuries of investigation. This applies to most significant volcanic events that originated in the Campanian Plain, as

title: When Did You Last See Your Money?

text: gave him the money instead of the sausages the previous day by mistake, leaving the matter happily resolved (although Mainwaring will have to explain the 'mysterious' disappearance of the sausages, which he ate himself). Pike gets the idea of helping Jones remember where he left his money from a film called "Man in the Shadows" starring Walter Abel and Joan Blondell. This film is purely fictional, although Pike may be misremembering Two in the Dark(1936). When Did You Last See Your Money? When Did You Last See Your Money? is the ninth episode of the fifth series of the British

title: Mount Helen, Victoria

text: frequency of approximately 30 minutes. Mount Helen, Victoria Mount Helen is a fast-growing southern suburb of Ballarat situated just north of the town of Buninyong in Victoria, Australia on the Canadian Creek. At the , the population was 2,975. Mount Helen, like nearby Mount Clear is characterised by its topography of gently undulating hills flanked by bush and pine plantation forestry. Canadian Creek, runs north to south through the suburb's centre. The first house in Mount Helen was built in 1952. Mount Helen is the headquarters of Federation University Australia and the Ballarat Technology Park, a campus style office park

title: Mount Helen, Victoria

text: Mount Helen, Victoria Mount Helen is a fast-growing southern suburb of Ballarat situated just north of the town of Buninyong in Victoria, Australia on the Canadian Creek. At the , the population was 2,975. Mount Helen, like nearby Mount Clear is characterised by its topography of gently undulating hills flanked by bush and pine plantation forestry. Canadian Creek, runs north to south through the suburb's centre. The first house in Mount Helen was built in 1952. Mount Helen is the headquarters of Federation University Australia and the Ballarat Technology Park, a campus style office park with tenants including IBM, and

title: Avellino eruption

text: Avellino eruption The Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius refers to a Plinian-type eruption that occurred in the 2nd millennium BC and is estimated to have had a VEI of 6 (making this eruption more explosive than the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD). It is the source of the Avellino Pumice () deposits named from the comune of Avellino in Campania where they have been found extensively. "Assessment of volcanological factors" in one scientific study reconstruct a minimum eruption time of 3 hours in which an initial explosion raised a column of and deposited about 0.32 km of white

title: Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

text: volumes of ash fell, resulting in temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on 7–8 August 1708, the year following the Hōei eruption, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud, breaking the dams and flooding the Ashigara plain. Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji The started on 16 December 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about 1 January 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period. Today the crater of the main eruption can be visited from the Fujinomiya or Gotemba Trails on Mount Fuji. Hokusai's "One

title: Avellino eruption

text: of animals and people, as well as skeletons. The residents had hastily abandoned the village, leaving it to be buried under pumice and ash in much the same way Pompeii was later preserved. Avellino eruption The Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius refers to a Plinian-type eruption that occurred in the 2nd millennium BC and is estimated to have had a VEI of 6 (making this eruption more explosive than the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD). It is the source of the Avellino Pumice () deposits named from the comune of Avellino in Campania where they have been found

title: When Did You See Her Last?

text: Young Kit had been arrested (Widdershins appeared in "The Grim Grotto" as an adult). When Did You See Her Last? When Did You See Her Last? is the second book in the "All the Wrong Questions" series by Lemony Snicket (also known as Daniel Handler), a series set before the events of "A Series of Unfortunate Events". A dark humour story, Snicket returns to continue the tale of his time in Stain'd-by-the-Sea, accompanied by his chaperone, S. Theodora Markson. S. Theodora Markson and Lemony Snicket are called to the Knight household: housemaids Zada and Zora are worried about the disappearance

title: When Did You See Her Last?

text: When Did You See Her Last? When Did You See Her Last? is the second book in the "All the Wrong Questions" series by Lemony Snicket (also known as Daniel Handler), a series set before the events of "A Series of Unfortunate Events". A dark humour story, Snicket returns to continue the tale of his time in Stain'd-by-the-Sea, accompanied by his chaperone, S. Theodora Markson. S. Theodora Markson and Lemony Snicket are called to the Knight household: housemaids Zada and Zora are worried about the disappearance of Cleo Knight. Cleo's parents are permanently dazed and confused, which Lemony realizes is

title: Limnic eruption

text: state capacity for the DRC government. Lake Kivu has not reached a high level of CO saturation yet; if the water were to become heavily saturated, a limnic eruption would pose a great risk to human and animal life. Two significant changes in Lake Kivu's physical state have brought attention to a possible limnic eruption: the high rates of methane dissociation and a rising surface temperature. Research investigating historical and present-day temperatures show Lake Kivu's surface temperature is increasing by about 0.12 °C per decade. Lake Kivu is in close proximity to potential triggers: Mount Nyiragongo (an active volcano which

title: 2014 Mount Ontake eruption

text: peak, bringing the total body count from 36 to 47; a revision after an erroneous initial count of 48. On October 4, 2014, four new bodies were discovered by rescuers on the slopes of Mount Ontake after searching in previously unexplored areas away from trekking roads. Those four were confirmed to have died. Typhoon Phanfone prevented searching activities from October 5 till 6. On October 7, three more bodies were discovered, bringing the total of confirmed deaths to 54. As of October 11, the death toll is at 56. The victims of the Mount Ontake eruption were mourned on October

title: Church of St Helen, St Helen Auckland

text: Webster), and it is affiliated with The Society. Church of St Helen, St Helen Auckland The Church of St Helen is a Church of England parish church in St Helen Auckland, County Durham. It is a grade I listed building. The church dates to the late 12th century and early 13th century. The oldest surviving part of the church, the two easternmost bays of the nave, were built in 1120. A low-pitched roof was added when the roof was rebuilt in the 15th century. At the turn of the 16th century, a clerestory and battlements were built. The original door

title: Church of St Helen, St Helen Auckland

text: Church of St Helen, St Helen Auckland The Church of St Helen is a Church of England parish church in St Helen Auckland, County Durham. It is a grade I listed building. The church dates to the late 12th century and early 13th century. The oldest surviving part of the church, the two easternmost bays of the nave, were built in 1120. A low-pitched roof was added when the roof was rebuilt in the 15th century. At the turn of the 16th century, a clerestory and battlements were built. The original door to the church remains, making it "one of

title: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

text: quantities, so the effects are limited (Bodenmann et al. 2011). It has been suggested that a volcanic eruption in 1809 may also have contributed to a reduction in global temperatures. By most calculations, the eruption of Tambora was at least a full order of magnitude larger than that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.(Graft et al. 1993) An estimated of the top of the mountain collapsed to form a caldera, reducing the height of the summit by a third. Around of rock was blasted into the air.(Williams 2012). Toxic gases also were pumped into the atmosphere, including sulfur that caused lung

title: The Eruption of Mount Pelee

text: poured down the model to simulate lava, and that pieces of paper and unseasoned wood were burned to create smoke; and the Méliès expert John Frazer suggested that the model was made of cardboard and paper and that "the eruption [was] created by a combination of flashing lights, powdered chalk, and cinders." According to the film historian Pierre Lephrohon, the poet Guillaume Apollinaire once asked Méliès himself how he made "The Eruption of Mount Pelee". Méliès said simply: "By photographing cinders and chalk." Apollinaire remarked to a friend who was with them: "Monsieur and I have the same occupation, we

title: Mount St. Helens

text: dome. Associated seismic activity was the most noteworthy since 2004. Scientists suspended activities in the crater and the mountain flanks, but the risk of a major eruption was deemed low. By the end of January, the eruption paused; no more lava was being extruded from the lava dome. On July 10, 2008, it was determined that the eruption had ended, after more than six months of no volcanic activity. American Indian lore contains numerous legends to explain the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and other Cascade volcanoes. The most famous of these is the Bridge of the Gods legend told

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: was new lava, and the rest was fragmented, older rock. The huge ensuing ash cloud sent skyward from St. Helens' northern foot was visible throughout the quiet zone. The near-supersonic lateral blast, loaded with volcanic debris, caused devastation as far as from the volcano. The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into three roughly concentric zones: By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims, it was still as hot as and filled with suffocating gas and flying debris. Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation while

title: Mount St. Helens

text: recorded sighting of Mount St. Helens on May 19, 1792, while surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St Helens on October 20, 1792, as it came into view when the "Discovery" passed into the mouth of the Columbia River. Years later, explorers, traders, and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area. Geologists and historians determined much later that the eruption took place in 1800, marking the beginning of the 57-year-long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period (see geology section). Alarmed by the "dry snow," the Nespelem tribe of

title: Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

text: and ash was followed some days later with the more forceful ejections of rocks and stones. Mount Fuji has not erupted since. In the year following the Hōei eruption, a secondary disaster occurred when the flooded due to sediment build-up resulting from the ash fall. Volcanic ash fell and widely covered the cultivated fields east of Mount Fuji. To recover the fields farmers cast volcanic products out to dumping-grounds making piles. The rain washed material from the dumping grounds away to the rivers again and again and made some of the rivers shallower, especially into the , into which huge

title: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

text: light is absorbed by the substance. It is known that the silicate particles have a real index of refraction ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 for visible light. However, there is a spectrum of colors associated with samples of volcanic ash, from very light to dark gray. This makes for variations in the measured imaginary refractive index under visible light. In the case of Mount St. Helens, the ash settled in three main layers on the ground: For example, when comparing the imaginary part of the refractive index "k" of stratospheric ash from 15 km and 18 km from the volcano

title: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79

text: a second-century historian, in his "Life of Titus" simply says that, "There were some dreadful disasters during his reign, such as the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Campania." Writing well over a century after the actual event, Roman historian Cassius Dio (as translated in the Loeb Classical Library 1925 edition) wrote that, "In Campania remarkable and frightful occurrences took place; for a great fire suddenly flared up at the very end of the summer." Since at least the late 18th century, a minority among archaeologists and other scientists have suggested that the eruption began "after" August 24, during the autumn,

title: When Did You Last See Your Money?

text: When Did You Last See Your Money? When Did You Last See Your Money? is the ninth episode of the fifth series of the British comedy series "Dad's Army" that was originally transmitted on 1 December 1972. Jones arrives at the bank to deposit a donation by local shopkeepers of £500 for the serviceman's canteen, but the packet that he hands over contains sausages, not money. During a typical day at Swallows Bank, Mainwaring complains about Pike's unprofessional talk with customers and insists that Wilson and Pike continue to use the door to enter his office (despite the fact that

title: The Eruption of Mount Pelee

text: enchant ordinary materials." "The Eruption of Mount Pelee" was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 397 in its catalogues. Two other filmmakers contemporary with Méliès, Ferdinand Zecca and Thomas Edison, produced their own miniature-model reconstructions of the Pelée eruption. Zecca's version, produced in May 1902 as "Catastrophe de la Martinique" (number 544 in the Pathé Frères catalogue), used four stagehands to create the eruption effect: one burning sulfur behind the model mountain, another pouring down smoke from a ladder off screen, a third on another ladder throwing down handfuls of sawdust to represent cinders, and a fourth

title: 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

text: greenhouse gases, comprising 0.0394 percent and 0.4 percent of the atmosphere, respectively. Their small ratio disguises their significant role in trapping solar insolation and reradiating it back to Earth. The 1815 eruption released SO into the stratosphere, causing a global climate anomaly. Different methods have estimated the ejected sulphur mass during the eruption: the petrological method; an optical depth measurement based on anatomical observations; and the polar ice core sulfate concentration method, using cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The figures vary depending on the method, ranging from 10 to 120 million tonnes. In the spring and summer of 1815, a

title: Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

text: Although it brought no lava flow, the Hōei eruption released some of volcanic ash, which spread over vast areas around the volcano, even reaching Edo almost away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. In Edo, the volcanic ash was several centimetres thick. The eruption is rated a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The eruption happened on Mount Fuji's east–north-east flank and formed three new volcanic vents, named No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The catastrophe developed over the course of several days; an initial earthquake and explosion of cinders

title: The Eruption of Mount Pelee

text: of the mountain. The village is soon engulfed in smoke and flames. The film is one of the most frequently cited examples of Méliès's "reconstructed newsreels," staged re-enactments of current events. "The Eruption of Mount Pelee" was his third-to-last work in the genre. It was followed by two others also made in 1902: "The Catastrophe of the Balloon "Le Pax"" and the most complex one of all, "The Coronation of Edward VII". Stylistically, the film is reminiscent of the dioramas popular in the 19th century, which offered simulated views of places and events that would otherwise be inaccessible to spectators.

title: MV St Helen

text: MV St Helen MV "St Helen was a vehicle and passenger ferry operated by Wightlink on their route from Portsmouth to Fishbourne on the Isle of Wight. Due to her age, she has been sold and was removed from service on 26 March 2015. She now operates in Sardinia (Italy) with the name Anna Mur" operated by Delcomar, together with her sister ship, the former . MV "St Helen" was built by Robb Caledon Shipbuilders, the last ship to be launched from their Leith Shipyard. She entered service with Sealink on 28 November 1983 shortly after her sister , She

title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel) I Know What You Did Last Summer (1973) is a suspense novel for young adults by Lois Duncan. It was later adapted into the film of the same name. In an unnamed town, high-school senior Julie James receives a sinister note from an elusive stalker telling her, "I know what you did last summer." The note refers to events of the previous year, when Julie, her boyfriend Ray Bronson, Ray's best friend Barry Cox, and Barry's girlfriend and Julie's best friend Helen Rivers accidentally ran over and killed a young boy named

title: Mount St. Helens

text: sent an ash plume over the western rim of the crater; the ash plume then rapidly dissipated. On December 19, 2006, a large white plume of condensing steam was observed, leading some media people to assume there had been a small eruption. However, the Cascades Volcano Observatory of the USGS did not mention any significant ash plume. The volcano was in continuous eruption from October 2004, but this eruption consisted in large part of a gradual extrusion of lava forming a dome in the crater. On January 16, 2008, steam began seeping from a fracture on top of the lava

title: Mount Meager massif

text: history of eruptions and poses a threat to the surrounding region. Any volcanic hazard ranging from landslides to eruptions could pose a significant risk to humans and wildlife. Although the massif has not erupted for more than 2,000 years, it could produce a major eruption; if this were to happen, relief efforts would be quickly organized. Teams such as the Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan (IVENP) are prepared to notify people threatened by volcanic eruptions in Canada. The Mount Meager massif produced the largest volcanic eruption in Canada in the last 10,000 years. About 2,400 years ago, an explosive eruption

title: Mount Garibaldi

text: damage to populated areas, making Mount Garibaldi and other Garibaldi belt volcanoes a major hazard. There are significant hazards from almost all Canadian volcanoes that require hazard maps and emergency plans. Volcanoes which exhibit significant seismic activity, such as Mount Garibaldi, appear to be most likely to erupt. A significant eruption of any of the Garibaldi belt volcanoes would significantly impact Highway 99 and communities like Pemberton, Whistler and Squamish, and possibly Vancouver. Explosive eruptions from Mount Garibaldi would pose a severe threat to the nearby communities of Whistler and Squamish. Although no Plinian eruptions have been identified in Garibaldi's

title: Mount Noorat

text: Mount Noorat Mount Noorat is a dormant volcano, situated on Glenormiston Road north of the township of Noorat, and approximately six kilometres north of Terang, Victoria, Australia. The last eruption is estimated to have occurred between 5,000 and 20,000 years ago. Mount Noorat is a major volcano of the Newer Volcanics Province of Victoria, with a peak height of 310 metres above sea level and a crater between 160 and 200 metres. It is characterised by multiple vents, a complex topography, and the deepest scoria enclosed crater in Victoria. The mount illustrates a transition from maar eruption to scoria cone

title: 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain

text: flows. An average of of Plinian ashfall and coignimbrite ashfall covered about of the Sea of Japan and northern Japan. This ash layer has been named the "Baegdusan-Tomakomai ash"(B-Tm). It probably occurred in winter in late A.D. 946. This was one of the largest and most violent eruptions in the last 5000 years along with the Hatepe eruption of Lake Taupo at around 180 AD, the 1257 eruption of Mount Samalas near Mount Rinjani, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. In 2017 it was found that by cross-referencing tree-ring analysis with ash deposits found in ice cores drilled in

title: Mount Lokon

text: July 2011, forcing thousands of people to evacuate. The volcano again began showing signs of activity on 10 February 2012, and 19 September 2012 (11:01pm). An eruption occurred at 8:20, am the same day sending an ash plume two miles into the sky. Local residents have been evacuated from a two and a half mile exclusion zone around the volcano. An eruption occurred on 17 December 2012. Indonesia has 129 volcanoes including Mount Lokon. The eruption of Mount Lokon in 1991 killed a Swiss hiker and forced thousands of people to flee their homes. Lokon volcano erupted the last 29

title: And When Did You Last See Your Father?

text: And When Did You Last See Your Father? And When Did You Last See Your Father? is a 2007 British drama film directed by Anand Tucker. The screenplay by David Nicholls is based on the 1993 memoir of the same title by Blake Morrison. The film is a series of flashbacks to various periods in the life of Blake Morrison as he remembers moments he shared with his father Arthur while he, his mother, and younger sister Gillian tend to him on his deathbed in his Yorkshire home. Despite Blake's success as a writer, poet, and critic, his father –

title: And When Did You Last See Your Father?

text: English and subtitles in French and Spanish. Bonus features include commentary by director Anand Tucker, deleted scenes, and the original trailer. And When Did You Last See Your Father? And When Did You Last See Your Father? is a 2007 British drama film directed by Anand Tucker. The screenplay by David Nicholls is based on the 1993 memoir of the same title by Blake Morrison. The film is a series of flashbacks to various periods in the life of Blake Morrison as he remembers moments he shared with his father Arthur while he, his mother, and younger sister Gillian tend

title: The Eruption of Mount Pelee

text: agitating the miniature sea and raising the water level to suggest a tidal wave. The film historian Georges Sadoul notes that Zecca's version aims for academic realism in its style, creating an effect markedly different from Méliès's deliberately Romanticized portrayal. The Edison Manufacturing Company version was released in three parts: "Mt. Pelee Smoking Before Eruption (St. Pierre, Martinique)", "Mt. Pelee in Eruption and Destruction of St. Pierre (Martinique)", and "Burning of St. Pierre (Martinique)." The Edison Company had sent the photographer J. Blair Smith to Martinique to film the aftermath of the accident; meanwhile, the filmmaker Edwin S. Porter stayed

title: Mount Fee

text: too small to be felt by people, but the existing network of seismographs has been established to monitor tectonic earthquakes. However, the seismograph network is too far away to provide a good indication of what is happening under the mountain. It may sense an increase in seismic activity if the volcano becomes very restless, but this may only provide a warning for a significant eruption. It might detect activity only once the volcano has started erupting. A significant eruption at Mount Fee would probably have considerable effects, particularly in a region like southwestern British Columbia where the Garibaldi Belt is

title: Mount St. Helens

text: also to rename each major Cascade mountain after a former President of the United States. In his scheme Mount St. Helens was to be renamed Mount Washington. The first authenticated eyewitness report of a volcanic eruption was made in March 1835 by Meredith Gairdner, while working for the Hudson's Bay Company stationed at Fort Vancouver. He sent an account to the "Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal", which published his letter in January 1836. James Dwight Dana of Yale University, while sailing with the United States Exploring Expedition, saw the quiescent peak from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841.

title: Mount E

text: Mount E Mount E consists of non-alkali, mafic, volcanic rock. The andesitic volcano is topped with a lava dome. Mount E last erupted on June 8, 1874. This eruption consisted of phreatic explosions and was rated a 1 on the VEI scale. The oldest recorded eruption started November 18, 1846. The eruption triggered lahars damaging several houses and causing fatalities. Radiocarbon dating and tephrochronology indicate five other eruptions predating the historical records in the approximate years 1350, 550 BC, 1050 BC, 3900 BC ±100 years, 7050 BC. The eruption in 7050 BC was the largest with a VEI of 3.

title: Mount E

title: Peléan eruption

text: viscous magma then forms a steep-sided dome or volcanic spine in the volcano's vent. The dome may later collapse, resulting in flows of ash and hot blocks. The eruption cycle is usually completed in a few years, but in some cases may continue for decades, like in the case of Santiaguito. The 1902 explosion of Mount Pelée is the first described case of a Peléan eruption, and gave it its name. Some other examples include the following: Peléan eruption Peléan eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption. They can occur when viscous magma, typically of rhyolitic or andesitic type, is

title: St Helen and St Katharine

text: St Helen and St Katharine St Helen & St Katharine is an independent girls' day school, located in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. St Helen's School, Abingdon was founded in 1903 by the Community of St Mary the Virgin (CSMV) to provide a Christian education for girls. St Katharine's School, in Wantage, is named after St. Catherine of Alexandria, although spelled with a "K". The schools merged in 1938 to create St Helen & St Katharine. St Helen & St Katharine is an independent day school for girls located on the outskirts of Abingdon. An extensive network of school buses, which St Helen

title: Eruption column

text: dispersed, in the absence of weather systems. Substantial amounts of stratospheric injection can have global effects: after Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, global temperatures dropped by about . The largest eruptions are thought to cause temperature drops down to several degrees, and are potentially the cause of some of the known mass extinctions. Eruption column heights are a useful way of measuring eruption intensity since for a given atmospheric temperature, the column height is proportional to the fourth root of the mass eruption rate. Consequently, given similar conditions, to double the column height requires an eruption ejecting 16 times as