query: What is osteoporosis?

title: Osteoporosis

text: vertebral fractures for which spinal radiography can help considerably in diagnosis and follow-up. Vertebral height measurements can objectively be made using plain-film X-rays by using several methods such as height loss together with area reduction, particularly when looking at vertical deformity in T4-L4, or by determining a spinal fracture index that takes into account the number of vertebrae involved. Involvement of multiple vertebral bodies leads to kyphosis of the thoracic spine, leading to what is known as dowager's hump. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA scan) is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is diagnosed when the bone

title: Osteoporosis

text: the use of medication that increases osteoporosis risk may be unavoidable. Caffeine is not a risk factor for osteoporosis. It is more likely in females than males. Many diseases and disorders have been associated with osteoporosis. For some, the underlying mechanism influencing the bone metabolism is straightforward, whereas for others the causes are multiple or unknown. Certain medications have been associated with an increase in osteoporosis risk; only glucocorticosteroids and anticonvulsants are classically associated, but evidence is emerging with regard to other drugs. Age-related bone loss is common among humans due to exhibiting less dense bones than other primate species.

title: Osteoporosis

text: chronic malnutrition in the agricultural area in which these individuals lived. "It follows that the skeletal deformation may be attributed to their heavy labor in agriculture as well as to their chronic malnutrition", causing the osteoporosis seen when radiographs of the remains were made. Osteoporosis means "porous bones", from Greek: οστούν/"ostoun" meaning "bone" and πόρος/"poros" meaning "pore". Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the

title: Osteoporosis

text: are affected. It is more common in women than men. In the developed world, depending on the method of diagnosis, 2% to 8% of males and 9% to 38% of females are affected. Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear. About 22 million women and 5.5 million men in the European Union had osteoporosis in 2010. In the United States in 2010, about eight million women and one to two million men had osteoporosis. White and Asian people are at greater risk. The word "osteoporosis" is from the Greek terms for "porous bones". Osteoporosis itself has no symptoms;

title: World Osteoporosis Day

text: the International Osteoporosis Foundation. In 1998 and 1999, the World Health Organization acted as co-sponsor of World Osteoporosis Day. The day also marks the launch of a year-long campaign to raise awareness of osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease. Since 1999 these campaigns have featured a specific theme. World Osteoporosis Day World Osteoporosis Day is observed annually on October 20th, and launches a year-long campaign dedicated to raising global awareness of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease. Organized by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), the World Osteoporosis Day campaign is accompanied by community events and local

title: World Osteoporosis Day

text: World Osteoporosis Day World Osteoporosis Day is observed annually on October 20th, and launches a year-long campaign dedicated to raising global awareness of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease. Organized by the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), the World Osteoporosis Day campaign is accompanied by community events and local campaigns by national osteoporosis patient societies from around the world with activities in over 90 countries. World Osteoporosis Day was launched on October 20th 1996 by the United Kingdom’s National Osteoporosis Society and supported by the European Commission. Since 1997, the awareness day has been organised by

title: Senile osteoporosis

text: Senile osteoporosis Senile osteoporosis, formerly known as osteoporosis type II, has been recently recognized as a geriatric syndrome with a particular pathophysiology. It has been pointed out that senile osteoporosis is the product of a skeleton in an advanced stage of life and also due to a deficiency caused by calcium, but physicians are also coming to the conclusion that multiple mechanisms in the development stages of the disease interact together and the product is an osteoporotic bone, regardless of age. Most of the etiologic considerations regarding senile osteoporosis are not very clear for physicians yet. But based on the

title: Osteoporosis

text: Because of the more porous bones of humans, frequency of severe osteoporosis and osteoporosis related fractures is higher. The human vulnerability to osteoporosis is an obvious cost but it can be justified by the advantage of bipedalism inferring that this vulnerability is the byproduct of such. It has been suggested that porous bones help to absorb the increased stress that we have on two surfaces compared to our primate counterparts who have four surfaces to disperse the force. In addition, the porosity allows for more flexibility and a lighter skeleton that is easier to support. One other consideration may be

title: Osteoporosis

text: bone mineral density, age, smoking, alcohol usage, weight, and gender. Recognized calculators include FRAX and Dubbo. The term "established osteoporosis" is used when a broken bone due to osteoporosis has occurred. Osteoporosis is a part of frailty syndrome. The increased risk of falling associated with aging leads to fractures of the wrist, spine, and hip. The risk of falling, in turn, is increased by impaired eyesight due to any cause (e.g. glaucoma, macular degeneration), balance disorder, movement disorders (e.g. Parkinson's disease), dementia, and sarcopenia (age-related loss of skeletal muscle). Collapse (transient loss of postural tone with or without loss of

title: Osteoporosis

text: 4%). People who exercised had on average less bone loss (0.85% at the spine, 1.03% at the hip). Weight-bearing endurance exercise and/or exercises to strengthen muscles improve bone strength in those with osteoporosis. Aerobics, weight bearing, and resistance exercises all maintain or increase BMD in postmenopausal women. Fall prevention can help prevent osteoporosis complications. There is some evidence for hip protectors specifically among those who are in care homes. Bisphosphonates are useful in decreasing the risk of future fractures in those who have already sustained a fracture due to osteoporosis. This benefit is present when taken for three to four

title: Osteoporosis

text: Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, and the hip. Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms. Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously. Chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur following a broken bone. Osteoporosis may be due to lower-than-normal maximum bone mass

title: Osteoporosis

text: proper diet during childhood and efforts to avoid medications that increase the rate of bone loss. Efforts to prevent broken bones in those with osteoporosis include a good diet, exercise, and fall prevention. Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol may help. Biphosphonate medications are useful in those with previous broken bones due to osteoporosis. In those with osteoporosis but no previous broken bones, they are less effective. A number of other medications may also be useful. Osteoporosis becomes more common with age. About 15% of white people in their 50s and 70% of those over 80

title: Osteoporosis

text: above-mentioned causes may be performed. Conventional radiography is useful, both by itself and in conjunction with CT or MRI, for detecting complications of osteopenia (reduced bone mass; pre-osteoporosis), such as fractures; for differential diagnosis of osteopenia; or for follow-up examinations in specific clinical settings, such as soft tissue calcifications, secondary hyperparathyroidism, or osteomalacia in renal osteodystrophy. However, radiography is relatively insensitive to detection of early disease and requires a substantial amount of bone loss (about 30%) to be apparent on X-ray images. The main radiographic features of generalized osteoporosis are cortical thinning and increased radiolucency. Frequent complications of osteoporosis are

title: Osteoporosis

text: and greater-than-normal bone loss. Bone loss increases after menopause due to lower levels of estrogen. Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments, including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and surgical removal of the ovaries. Certain medications increase the rate of bone loss, including some antiseizure medications, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glucocorticosteroids. Smoking and too little exercise are also risk factors. Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult. This is typically measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Prevention of osteoporosis includes a

title: Osteoporosis

text: spends 37 billion euros per year in healthcare costs related to osteoporosis, and the US spends an estimated 19 billion USD annually for related healthcare costs. The link between age-related reductions in bone density and fracture risk goes back at least to Astley Cooper, and the term "osteoporosis" and recognition of its pathological appearance is generally attributed to the French pathologist Jean Lobstein. The American endocrinologist Fuller Albright linked osteoporosis with the postmenopausal state. Bisphosphonates were discovered in the 1960s. Anthropologists have studied skeletal remains that showed loss of bone density and associated structural changes that were linked to a

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: National Osteoporosis Society The National Osteoporosis Society (NOS), established in 1986, is the only UK-wide charity dedicated to improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. It is based in Camerton, Somerset, England. Osteoporosis is a fragile bone condition. It can lead to painful and debilitating broken bones, particularly of the wrist, hip and spine. Broken bones are also known as fractures. Often these occur from just a minor bump or fall and many such breaks could have been prevented with earlier diagnosis and treatment. Is it estimated that over three million people in Britain are affected by osteoporosis, causing

title: International Osteoporosis Foundation

text: International Osteoporosis Foundation The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), headquartered in Nyon, Switzerland, is a non-governmental organization founded in 1998. It was formed from the merger of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis, founded in 1987, and the International Federation of Societies on Skeletal Diseases. The foundation functions as a global alliance of individuals and organizations concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and musculoskeletal bone disease. The goal of the Foundation is to increase the early detection of osteoporosis and related musculoskeletal diseases, as well as to improve the treatment of these conditions through international collaboration among national healthcare

title: Osteoporosis

text: whereas this risk is only 1.9% and 2.4% in Chinese men and women. Diet may also be a factor that is responsible for this difference, as vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and folate are all linked to bone mineral density. About 22 million women and 5.5 million men in the European Union had osteoporosis in 2010. In the United States in 2010 about 8 million women and one to 2 million men had osteoporosis. This places a large economic burden on the healthcare system due to costs of treatment, long-term disability, and loss of productivity in the working population. The EU

title: Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis

text: predisposing cause of osteoporosis or bone fragility. Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis Pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO; also known as pregnancy-associated osteoporosis PAO and pregnancy-related osteoporosis) is a rare early presentation of osteoporosis in which young women experience low trauma or spontaneous fractures during or soon after pregnancy or lactation. Fragility fractures of the spine are most commonly described, but the condition can be associated with other types of fracture. , The symptoms usually appear during or after a first pregnancy with the most common complaint being severe back pain The exact causes of the disease are not yet known, and

title: Osteoporosis

text: Around the ages of 30–35, cancellous or trabecular bone loss begins. Women may lose as much as 50%, while men lose about 30%. The diagnosis of osteoporosis can be made using conventional radiography and by measuring the bone mineral density (BMD). The most popular method of measuring BMD is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition to the detection of abnormal BMD, the diagnosis of osteoporosis requires investigations into potentially modifiable underlying causes; this may be done with blood tests. Depending on the likelihood of an underlying problem, investigations for cancer with metastasis to the bone, multiple myeloma, Cushing's disease and other

title: Senile osteoporosis

text: intake of calcium in elder people is quite low, and this problem is worsened by a reduced capability to ingest it. This, attached to a decrease in the absorption of vitamin D concerning metabolism, are also factors that contributes to a diagnosis of osteoporosis type II. Even though more studies are necessary for an efficient evaluation of the role played by zinc in senile osteoporosis, doctors recommend a proper supplementation of dietary zinc. Replacement estrogen has proved to be an efficient way to combat the loss of bone mass in women when such treatment is started in the menopausal stage

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: the charity launched its first Research Appeal to fund ground-breaking research into osteoporosis and in 1997, the charity went online with its first website. 1998 saw the first government strategy on osteoporosis launched following years of campaigning. The charity also worked with students from the London College of Fashion to host a fashion show highlighting the problems of finding great looking clothes to fit people with osteoporosis. The following year, Dr Miriam Stoppard OBE became an ambassador of the charity helping to raise awareness of the condition and actor Ross Kemp lent his support in launching the charity’s Bone Friendly

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: fundraising target of £4m over the next 5 years, which will help to ensure all patients receive the same care and treatment across the UK through increased provision of FLS. In 2016, charity President Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall wrote to British astronaut Tim Peake, thanking him for his help in osteoporosis research during his time in space. The work undertaken was designed to help researchers develop interventions to prevent bone loss and to help future space travellers as well as people living with osteoporosis on Earth. 2017 saw the launch of the charity’s most recent awareness campaign,

title: Osteoporosis

text: and moderation of alcohol intake are commonly recommended as ways to help prevent it. In people with coeliac disease adherence to a gluten-free diet decreases the risk of developing osteoporosis and increases bone density. The diet must ensure optimal calcium intake (of at least one gram daily) and measuring vitamin D levels is recommended, and to take specific supplements if necessary. Studies of the benefits of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D are conflicting, possibly because most studies did not have people with low dietary intakes. A 2018 review by the USPSTF found low-quality evidence that the routine use of

title: Senile osteoporosis

text: current evidence attached to clinical experimentation, it has been determined that the pathogenesis of the disease is clearly related to a deficiency of zinc. Such deficiency is known to lead to an increment of endogenous heparin, which is most likely caused by mast cell degranulation, and an increase in the bone resorption (calcium discharge in the bones) reaction of prostaglandin E2, which constrain the formation of more bone mass, making bones more fragile. These co-factors are shown to play an important role in the pathogenetic process attached to senile osteoporosis as they enhance the action of the parathyroid hormone. The

title: Osteoporosis

text: degrade the bone matrix, while osteoblasts rebuild the bone matrix. Low bone mass density can then occur when osteoclasts are degrading the bone matrix faster than the osteoblasts are rebuilding the bone. The three main mechanisms by which osteoporosis develops are an inadequate peak bone mass (the skeleton develops insufficient mass and strength during growth), excessive bone resorption, and inadequate formation of new bone during remodeling, likely due to MSC biasing away from the osteoblast and toward the marrow adipocyte lineage. An interplay of these three mechanisms underlies the development of fragile bone tissue. Hormonal factors strongly determine the rate

title: International Osteoporosis Foundation

text: to raising global awareness of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and related diseases of bones, muscles and joints. The Capture the Fracture® (CTF) program was created by IOF in 2012 to promote secondary fracture prevention through best practice framework guidance and recognition of Fracture Liaison Services around the World. 224 Fracture Liaisons Services (FLS) have been established in 35 countries as part of the CTF program. The Map of Best Practice, established as part of the CTF program, gives recognition to FLS by grading their level of service. The excellence obtained by the FLS is designated as gold,

title: Osteoporosis

text: males with osteoporosis. Fluoride supplementation does not appear to be effective in postmenopausal osteoporosis, as even though it increases bone density, it does not decrease the risk of fractures. Teriparatide (a recombinant parathyroid hormone) has been shown to be effective in treatment of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Some evidence also indicates strontium ranelate is effective in decreasing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy, while effective for osteoporosis, is only recommended in women who also have menopausal symptoms. It is not recommended for osteoporosis by itself. Raloxifene, while effective in decreasing vertebral

title: Osteoporosis

text: harm versus benefit of screening for osteoporosis is unknown. Prescrire states that the need to test for osteoporosis in those who have not had a previous bone fracture is unclear. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry suggest BMD testing for men 70 or older, or those who are indicated for risk equal to that of a 70‑year‑old. A number of tools exist to help determine who is reasonable to test. Lifestyle prevention of osteoporosis is in many aspects the inverse of the potentially modifiable risk factors. As tobacco smoking and high alcohol intake have been linked with osteoporosis, smoking cessation

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: as the Royal Osteoporosis Society in 2019. 2019 marks two significant moments – it is the 25th anniversary since the National Osteoporosis Society, the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (now IOF) and the World Health Organisation announced the landmark decision on how to clinically define osteoporosis across the world. It also marks 25 years since National Osteoporosis Society president, Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall, started her longstanding association with the National Osteoporosis Society. The National Osteoporosis Society supports ground-breaking and pioneering research aimed at improving the prevention, diagnosis treatment of osteoporosis. The charity has invested over £5 million in

title: Osteoporosis

text: the ribs are common in men as young as age 35. These are often overlooked as signs of osteoporosis, as these men are often physically active and suffer the fracture in the course of physical activity. An example would be as a result of falling while water skiing or jet skiing. However, a quick test of the individual's testosterone level following the diagnosis of the fracture will readily reveal whether that individual might be at risk. It is estimated that 200 million people have osteoporosis. Osteoporosis becomes more common with age. About 15% of White people in their 50s and

title: Osteoporosis

text: rather than T-scores should be used, and the diagnosis of osteoporosis in such women also should not be made on the basis of densitometric criteria alone. Chemical biomarkers are a useful tool in detecting bone degradation. The enzyme cathepsin K breaks down type-I collagen, an important constituent in bones. Prepared antibodies can recognize the resulting fragment, called a neoepitope, as a way to diagnose osteoporosis. Increased urinary excretion of C-telopeptides, a type-I collagen breakdown product, also serves as a biomarker for osteoporosis. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) differs from DXA in that it gives separate estimates of BMD for trabecular and

title: Senile osteoporosis

text: of their lives. John R. Lee, a Harvard graduate who wrote a book on the subject, came to the conclusion that by adding supplementation with natural progesterone to an existing natural osteoporosis treatment program, bone density was increased every year by 3-5% until it stabilized at the bone density levels expected for a 35-year-old woman, this after studies in 100 women between 38 and 83 with an average of 62 years old. Senile osteoporosis Senile osteoporosis, formerly known as osteoporosis type II, has been recently recognized as a geriatric syndrome with a particular pathophysiology. It has been pointed out that

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: The charity launched its new Research Strategy in October 2017. The Research Strategy aspires to progress the Charity's four key aims to "Care, Support, Prevent and Cure" osteoporosis, and reinforces the charity's commitment to drive their research agenda through: The Duchess of Cornwall Award was created by the charity in 2009. It recognises an individual for their outstanding contribution to the field of osteoporosis, in any of the following areas: Recipients to date have included: National Osteoporosis Society The National Osteoporosis Society (NOS), established in 1986, is the only UK-wide charity dedicated to improving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of

title: Osteoporosis

text: that diets today have much lower amounts of calcium than the diets of other primates or the tetrapedal ancestors to humans which may lead to higher likelihood to show signs of osteoporosis. The underlying mechanism in all cases of osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. In normal bone, matrix remodeling of bone is constant; up to 10% of all bone mass may be undergoing remodeling at any point in time. The process takes place in bone multicellular units (BMUs) as first described by Frost & Thomas in 1963. Osteoclasts are assisted by transcription factor PU.1 to

title: Osteoporosis

text: its main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Osteoporotic fractures occur in situations where healthy people would not normally break a bone; they are therefore regarded as fragility fractures. Typical fragility fractures occur in the vertebral column, rib, hip and wrist. Fractures are a common symptom of osteoporosis and can result in disability. Acute and chronic pain in the elderly is often attributed to fractures from osteoporosis and can lead to further disability and early mortality. These fractures may also be asymptomatic. The most common osteoporotic fractures are of the wrist, spine, shoulder and hip. The symptoms of

title: Osteoporosis

text: 70% of those over 80 are affected. It is more common in women than men. In the developed world, depending on the method of diagnosis, 2% to 8% of males and 9% to 38% of females are affected. Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear. There are 8.9 million fractures worldwide per year due to osteoporosis. Globally, 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men over the age of 50 will have an osteoporotic fracture. Data from the United States shows a decrease in osteoporosis within the general population and in white women, from 18% in 1994

title: Osteoporosis

text: strontium ranelate can help to prevent osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Although people with osteoporosis have increased mortality due to the complications of fracture, the fracture itself is rarely lethal. Hip fractures can lead to decreased mobility and additional risks of numerous complications (such as deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia). The six-month mortality rate for those aged 50 and above following hip fracture was found to be around 13.5%, with a substantial proportion (almost 13%) needing total assistance to mobilize after a hip fracture. Vertebral fractures, while having a smaller impact on mortality, can

title: International Osteoporosis Foundation

text: systems and governments. The Foundation is the largest global NGO dedicated to osteoporosis and musculoskeletal diseases. Members of IOF are divided into a committee of 240 National Societies, a committee of 148 Scientific Advisors, and a committee of Corporate Advisors. Individuals may register as free or professional members via the IOF website. The current president of IOF is Professor Cyrus Cooper. IOF is a member of the Non Communicable Disease (NCD) Alliance as of 2015. IOF publishes the following journals: The International Osteoporosis Foundation organises the annual World Osteoporosis Day, observed internationally on October 20th . The day is dedicated

title: Steroid-induced osteoporosis

text: Steroid-induced osteoporosis Steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP) is osteoporosis arising due to use of glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) - analogous to Cushing's syndrome and involving mainly the axial skeleton. The synthetic glucocorticoid prescription drug prednisone is a main candidate after prolonged intake. Bisphosphonates are beneficial in reducing the risk of vertebral fractures. Some professional guidelines recommend prophylactic calcium and vitamin D supplementation in patients who take the equivalent of more than 30 mg hydrocortisone (7.5 mg of prednisolone), especially when this is in excess of three months. The use of thiazide diuretics, and gonadal hormone replacement has also been recommended, with the use

title: Steroid-induced osteoporosis

text: of calcitonin, bisphosphonates, sodium fluoride or anabolic steroids also suggested in refractory cases. Alternate day use may not prevent this complication. Mechanisms of SIOP include: Steroid-induced osteoporosis Steroid-induced osteoporosis (SIOP) is osteoporosis arising due to use of glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) - analogous to Cushing's syndrome and involving mainly the axial skeleton. The synthetic glucocorticoid prescription drug prednisone is a main candidate after prolonged intake. Bisphosphonates are beneficial in reducing the risk of vertebral fractures. Some professional guidelines recommend prophylactic calcium and vitamin D supplementation in patients who take the equivalent of more than 30 mg hydrocortisone (7.5 mg of prednisolone),

title: International Osteoporosis Foundation

text: who should have the right to diagnosis, care, involvement, and support. The International Osteoporosis Foundation was established in 1998 with the merger of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (EFFO) and the International Federation of Societies on Skeletal Diseases (IFSSD). In 2008 IOF was granted Roster Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Since 2010, IOF and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) jointly organize the annual World Congress on Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (WCO). The first WCO was held in 2000 in Chicago, Illinois and was formerly

title: International Osteoporosis Foundation

text: individuals to assess whether they are consuming enough calcium as part of a regular diet. The IOF One-Minute Osteoporosis Risk Test enables people to understand the status of bone health through a series of simple questions on family history and personal clinical risk factors. Launched in March 2017 with a call for ‘"No more broken bones"’, the IOF Global Patient Charter, was developed in cooperation with osteoporosis patient societies worldwide. It seeks to drive global action for improved osteoporosis prevention and fracture patient care. The Charter calls on healthcare authorities to address the needs of millions of osteoporosis patients worldwide,

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: 2018 the National Osteoporosis Society announced that it has had a rare Royal title approved by The Queen. Subsequently, the charity has announced its intention to be known as the Royal Osteoporosis Society in 2019. Following its foundation in Somerset in 1986, by Professor Allan Dixon and Linda Edwards, the charity set about the task of raising awareness and fighting for those affected by the osteoporosis. In 1987 membership of the new organisation grew with 2,000 members joining in one year. The charity held its first scientific conference on osteoporosis and bone health in 1988, an annual event which continues

text: Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis Pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO; also known as pregnancy-associated osteoporosis PAO and pregnancy-related osteoporosis) is a rare early presentation of osteoporosis in which young women experience low trauma or spontaneous fractures during or soon after pregnancy or lactation. Fragility fractures of the spine are most commonly described, but the condition can be associated with other types of fracture. , The symptoms usually appear during or after a first pregnancy with the most common complaint being severe back pain The exact causes of the disease are not yet known, and most women with PLO have no known

title: International Osteoporosis Foundation

text: run by the IOF secretariat. Since 2010, there have been 11 WCO congresses organized in collaboration with ESCEO. In addition to the annual WCO congress, IOF also hosts regional meetings and has organized 9 regional meetings since 2010 across Latin America, Middle East & Africa, and Asia Pacific. International Osteoporosis Foundation The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), headquartered in Nyon, Switzerland, is a non-governmental organization founded in 1998. It was formed from the merger of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis, founded in 1987, and the International Federation of Societies on Skeletal Diseases. The foundation functions as a global alliance of individuals

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: today, attracting hundreds of health professionals. The conference is now recognised across the world as an important date in the bone health calendar. Membership reached 13,500 in 1991 as increasing numbers of people affected by osteoporosis join the charity for help and support. In 1992 the charity launched its telephone Helpline with just two specialist osteoporosis nurses. 1993 saw the charity develop its first education pack for schools with the focus on helping people to build stronger bones. The following year, 50,000 leaflets about osteoporosis and bone health were sent to fracture clinics in hospitals across the UK. In 1996,

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: care of osteoporosis. In 2010, 375,000 free information leaflets were sent out in response to enquiries from members and health professionals. The charity celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2016. Ambassador Susan Hampshire CBE was presented with the "Duchess of Cornwall Award" in recognition of her work to raise awareness and funds for those affected by osteoporosis. The ‘Sunlight’ campaign launched in 2013 advising people about the bone-building benefits of safe exposure to the sun. Over 5,000 healthcare professionals downloaded the influential Vitamin D and Bone Health clinical guidance/guidelines. In 2014 the charity’s drive to create more Fracture Liaison Services (FLS)

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: attracted almost 900 scientists and clinicians. As a result of a 2004 inquiry report by an All Party Group of MPs and politicians with an interest in osteoporosis, the Government announced £20 million extra funding for DXA bone density scanners in England in 2005. 2006 saw the charity launch a programme to provide mobile DXA scanning trucks, thanks to a donation from The Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons. This developed into the Osteoporosis Scanning Services Development Project (OSSDP), providing funding for 14 separate projects in England and Wales. In 2007, the charity launched a further Research Appeal to fund

title: Osteoporosis

text: DXA, CT scanners are large and expensive, and because its practice has been less standardized than BMD, its results are more operator-dependent. Peripheral QCT has been introduced to improve upon the limitations of DXA and QCT. Quantitative ultrasound has many advantages in assessing osteoporosis. The modality is small, no ionizing radiation is involved, measurements can be made quickly and easily, and the cost of the device is low compared with DXA and QCT devices. The calcaneus is the most common skeletal site for quantitative ultrasound assessment because it has a high percentage of trabecular bone that is replaced more often

title: Osteoporosis

text: an opportunity to bind to RANK, and hence suppresses its ability to increase bone resorption. RANKL, RANK and OPG are closely related to tumor necrosis factor and its receptors. The role of the Wnt signaling pathway is recognized, but less well understood. Local production of eicosanoids and interleukins is thought to participate in the regulation of bone turnover, and excess or reduced production of these mediators may underlie the development of osteoporosis. Trabecular bone (or cancellous bone) is the sponge-like bone in the ends of long bones and vertebrae. Cortical bone is the hard outer shell of bones and the

title: Osteoporosis

text: calcium supplementation, kidney stones, and stomach problems. Vitamin K deficiency is also a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. The gene gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) is dependent on vitamin K. Functional polymorphisms in the gene could attribute to variation in bone metabolism and BMD. Vitamin K2 is also used as a means of treatment for osteoporosis and the polymorphisms of GGCX could explain the individual variation in the response to treatment of vitamin K. A 2011 review reported a small benefit of physical exercise on bone density of postmenopausal women. The chances of having a fracture were also slightly reduced (absolute difference

title: Osteoporosis

text: In the United States, more than 250,000 hip fractures annually are attributable to osteoporosis. A 50-year-old white woman is estimated to have a 17.5% lifetime risk of fracture of the proximal femur. The incidence of hip fractures increases each decade from the sixth through the ninth for both women and men for all populations. The highest incidence is found among men and women ages 80 or older. Between 35 and 50% of all women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture. In the United States, 700,000 vertebral fractures occur annually, but only about a third are recognized. In a

title: Osteoporosis

text: consciousness) leads to a significant risk of falls; causes of syncope are manifold, but may include cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heart beat), vasovagal syncope, orthostatic hypotension (abnormal drop in blood pressure on standing up), and seizures. Removal of obstacles and loose carpets in the living environment may substantially reduce falls. Those with previous falls, as well as those with gait or balance disorders, are most at risk. Risk factors for osteoporotic fracture can be split between nonmodifiable and (potentially) modifiable. In addition, osteoporosis is a recognized complication of specific diseases and disorders. Medication use is theoretically modifiable, although in many cases,

title: Osteoporosis

text: mineral density is less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young (30–40-year-old), healthy adult women reference population. This is translated as a T-score. But because bone density decreases with age, more people become osteoporotic with increasing age. The World Health Organization has established the following diagnostic guidelines: The International Society for Clinical Densitometry takes the position that a diagnosis of osteoporosis in men under 50 years of age should not be made on the basis of densitometric criteria alone. It also states, for premenopausal women, Z-scores (comparison with age group rather than peak bone mass)

title: Osteoporosis

text: series of 9704 women aged 68.8 on average studied for 15 years, 324 had already suffered a vertebral fracture at entry into the study and 18.2% developed a vertebral fracture, but that risk rose to 41.4% in women who had a previous vertebral fracture. In the United States, 250,000 wrist fractures annually are attributable to osteoporosis. Wrist fractures are the third most common type of osteoporotic fractures. The lifetime risk of sustaining a Colles' fracture is about 16% for white women. By the time women reach age 70, about 20% have had at least one wrist fracture. Fragility fractures of

title: Osteoporosis

text: lead to a severe chronic pain of neurogenic origin, which can be hard to control, as well as deformity. Though rare, multiple vertebral fractures can lead to such severe hunch back (kyphosis), the resulting pressure on internal organs can impair one's ability to breathe. Apart from risk of death and other complications, osteoporotic fractures are associated with a reduced health-related quality of life. The condition is responsible for millions of fractures annually, mostly involving the lumbar vertebrae, hip, and wrist. Fragility fractures of ribs are also common in men. Hip fractures are responsible for the most serious consequences of osteoporosis.

title: Osteoporosis

text: medication among those at low risk, bisphosphonate treatment can be stopped. In those at higher risk they recommend up to ten years of medication by mouth or six years of intravenous treatment. For those with osteoporosis but who have not had a fracture evidence does not support a reduction in fracture risk with risedronate or etidronate. Alendronate decreases fractures of the spine but does not have any effect on other types of fractures. Half stop their medications within a year. When on treatment with bisphosphonates rechecking bone mineral density is not needed. Another review found tentative evidence of benefit in

title: Osteoporosis

text: to 10% in 2006. White and Asian people are at greater risk. People of African descent are at a decreased risk of fractures due to osteoporosis, although they have the highest risk of death following an osteoporotic fracture. It has been shown that latitude affects risk of osteoporotic fracture. Areas of higher latitude such as Northern Europe receive less Vitamin D through sunlight compared to regions closer to the equator, and consequently have higher fracture rates in comparison to lower latitudes. For example, Swedish men and women have a 13% and 28.5% risk of hip fracture by age 50, respectively,

title: Osteoporosis

text: calcium and vitamin D supplements (or both supplements together) did not reduce the risk of having an osteoporotic fracture in male and female adults living in the community who had no known history of vitamin D deficiency, osteoporosis, or a fracture. Furthermore, the same review found moderate-quality evidence that the combination of vitamin D and calcium supplementation increases the risk for developing kidney stones in this population. The evidence was insufficient to determine if supplementation with vitamin D, calcium, or the combination of both had an effect on the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or death from any cause. The

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: services all patients aged over 50 years within a local population who have suffered a fragility fracture, with the aim of reducing their risk of subsequent fractures. The charity is working to establish UK-wide coverage of FLS, and aims to ensure that every person aged over 50 who breaks a bone is assessed for osteoporosis and managed appropriately through an FLS. Studies show that half of hip fractures occur in patients with a prior fragility fracture. It is estimated that 25% of hip fractures could be prevented with systematic identification and treatment of fragility fractures - ultimately saving lives. "“NOS

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: around 500,000 broken bones every year. The society, which celebrated its 30th anniversary in June 2016, works on behalf of all those affected by the condition, to raise awareness and understanding of osteoporosis among the general public and health professionals. Its aim is to prevent future fractures and help and support people living with the condition today. Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall is President of the charity. Ambassadors include Dr Miriam Stoppard OBE, Miriam Margolyes OBE, Craig Revel Horwood, Susan Hampshire CBE, and Diana Moran. In 2016 the charity’s income totalled more than £4.8 million. On September 23

title: What Is the What

text: What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as "murahaleen" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight

title: What Is the What

text: That Happens Will Happen Today". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: has been leading in the development and implementation of FLS in the UK over the last two years to ensure that secondary fracture prevention becomes mainstream in the NHS. Their achievement of establishing 18 new services has been phenomenal. However, there is still wide variation in provision across the country and further services need to be created to ensure prevention of further fragility fractures.”" Professor Neil Gittoes BSc PhD FRCP, Consultant Endocrinologist, National Osteoporosis Society Trustee and Chair of the Clinical and Scientific Committee. To enable them to continue to drive forward engagement with FLS, the charity have set a

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: across the UK, in partnership with local NHS A&E and orthopaedic departments, is set up to identify patients who have had a fracture and might be at risk of osteoporosis, then appropriately treating and referring patients. 42% of people the charity surveyed reported being in long-term pain that they didn’t think would ever go away. Fear of fracturing again leads to a reduction in normal activities, social isolation and depression. Spinal fractures in particular can devastate people’s lives leading to severe spinal deformity, chronic pain and height loss. Fracture Liaison Services (FLS) systematically identify, treat, monitor and refer to appropriate

title: Here Is What Is

text: Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It was first released in December 2007 as a high-quality download, and later released on CD on March 18, 2008. The album is the result of the same project that led to the 2007 documentary "Here Is What Is" that premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival in September. The movie documents the aesthetics and creative process behind Lanois' approach to music making and recording. The album has been presented as a direct soundtrack to this film, and

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: more than 130 projects which have enhanced knowledge and understanding of osteoporosis, leading to significant improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Results from research funded by the charity which looked at the positive effects of hopping on the bone health of older men, were widely reported in the national media. Updates on the research funded by the charity were published in some of the UK’s leading scientific journals during 2015, ensuring visibility of the charity’s work in the bone health community. The charity does not receive any government funding. All research projects are enabled through the support of members and donors.

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: A Message to My Younger Self. Designed to start the conversation about bone health between the generations, the campaign focusses on the two key themes of Nutrition and Exercise. People were also invited to share a message to their younger selves, about the importance of building strong and healthy bones during childhood and adolescence. Launched in April, the campaign prompted wide scale interest and debate in the national press. On September 23 2018 the National Osteoporosis Society announced that it has had a rare Royal title approved by The Queen. Subsequently, the charity has announced its intention to be known

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: research into osteoporosis. In the same year 24,000 people signed the charity’s petition to call on the Prime Minister to review government guidance that recommended one type of treatment which a quarter of people were unable to take. The petition was delivered to Downing Street, generating wide scale publicity and media coverage. Craig Revel Horwood and Dr Miriam Stoppard OBE fronted the charity’s ‘Boogie for Your Bones’ awareness campaign about building strong bones through dance, in 2008. Separate manifestos for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland were launched in 2009, setting out steps to improve the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and

title: National Osteoporosis Society

text: Logo, raising awareness of products beneficial to bone health. In 2000, the charity’s national TV ad campaign titled ‘It could happen to you’ was seen by millions of people. 2001 celebrated Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall become President of the charity. Having been an ambassador since 1987, HRH continues to work tirelessly on behalf of the charity and all those affected by osteoporosis. In 2003, the charity’s network of local Support Groups reached 130. The groups, run by dedicated volunteers, work to build awareness and offer support in their local communities. The charity’s 10th annual conference in 2004

title: (What Is) Love?

text: (What Is) Love? "(What Is) Love?" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled "What Is Love?", the song appeared on the soundtrack to "The Back-up Plan" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. The song was later included on Lopez's seventh studio album "Love?" (2011), as the album's title track. "(What Is) Love?" is a midtempo electropop song written by Diana "Wynter" Gordon, with the song's producer Emile "D'Mile" Dernst II. The song is about "not knowing what love is," according to Gordon. A remix of "(What Is) Love?", entitled "What Is Love? Part II", was

title: Here Is What Is

text: some of the tracks ("Beauty" and "Chest of Drawers") are conversations with Brian Eno. All songs written by Daniel Lanois unless otherwise noted. "Where Will I Be" is a new version of a song which had been previously released on Emmylou Harris' album "Wrecking Ball" in 1995. "Lovechild" and "Sacred And Secular" tracks incorporates, respectively, the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Carla", on Belladonna album, and the pedal steel guitar melody used in "Transmitter", on Shine album. Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It

title: What Is the What

text: writes: "Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art." The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees

title: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy

text: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third, consciousness is a transient quality, not a permanent quality. By itself, the soul is without consciousness; consciousness is produced in the soul only when it is conjoined with certain other entities. Hiriyanna,

title: What Is Life

text: of "What Is Life" on his 2005 tribute CD "Something for George". "What Is Life" was performed live at George Fest 2014 by "Weird Al" Yankovic. The recording is available on YouTube. The following musicians are believed to have played on "What Is Life": What Is Life "What Is Life" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album "All Things Must Pass". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts

title: This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get

text: in the film. The album was seen as a step down from the band's efforts. Pitchfork Media named the album "maligned but salvageable". Allmusic said the album as "the most tentative and least powerful of PiL's recordings." This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get is a 1984 album by Public Image Ltd. It is the band's fourth official studio album and includes the single "Bad Life" and a re-recorded version of a "This Is Not a Love Song", which had been a No. 5 UK and international

text: This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get is a 1984 album by Public Image Ltd. It is the band's fourth official studio album and includes the single "Bad Life" and a re-recorded version of a "This Is Not a Love Song", which had been a No. 5 UK and international hit when released as a single in 1983. An early version of the album was released in 1983 by founding PiL guitarist Keith Levene as "Commercial Zone". The album was then re-recorded after Levene's departure from the

text: commenting on this point, notes: Hiriyanna expresses his perplexity in reviewing the Nyaya-Vaisesika view of consciousness, and then comes out with a comment equating this view with the Charvaka view of consciousness: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third,

title: What Is History?

text: and were instead products of their own places and times, which in turn decided what "facts of the past" they determined into "facts of history". British historian Richard J. Evans said "What Is History?" caused a revolution in British historiography in the 1960s. Australian historian Keith Windschuttle, a critic of Carr, said "What Is History?" is one of the most influential books written about historiography, and that very few historians working in the English language since the 1960s had not read it. What Is History? What Is History? is a study that was written by the English historian E. H.

title: What Is Art?

text: in Tolstoy and his problems: essays. London: Grant Richards. pp. 66–101. Maude, Aylmer (1901b). “"What is Art?" - Tolstoy’s Theory of Art”, in Tolstoy and his problems: essays. London: Grant Richards. pp. 102–127. Noyes, George (1918). Tolstoy. London: Duffield. Pevear, Richard (1995). "Preface" in Tolstoy, Leo (1995 [1897]). "What is Art?" (Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky). London: Penguin. Simmons, Ernest (1973). "What is Art?", in Tolstoy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 175–189. What Is Art? What is Art? ( "Chto takoye iskusstvo?") is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first

text: He then flew over to London and presented them to Richard Branson as the finished new PiL album for Virgin Records: "Commercial Zone". For his part, John Lydon decided to completely abandon the tapes and re-record the whole album from scratch with session musicians. This new version of "Commercial Zone" became "This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get" in 1984. "The Order of Death" is a reference to the film "Copkiller", also known as "The Order of Death". The line "This is what you want... This is what you get", which gives title to the album, appears

text: were not re-recorded for "This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get" (although a remixed version of "Blue Water" was included as the B-side on the "This Is Not a Love Song" 12" single). Songs on "This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get" which did not appear in any form on "Commercial Zone" are "Tie Me to the Length of That", "The Pardon" and "1981", and are the only songs on the album which do not credit Keith Levene as a co-writer. PiL was supposed to score the soundtrack for the 1983 suspense film "Copkiller", starring Harvey

title: What Is Love

text: What Is Love "What Is Love" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, "The Album". The song is recognizable by its refrain "What is love? Baby don't hurt me, don't hurt me... no more." It was a massive hit in Europe, becoming a number-one hit in at least 13 countries and reaching number two in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, the song was moderately successful, reaching number 11 in the United States, number 12 in Australia, number 17 in Canada, and number 48 in New Zealand. "What Is Love" was written

title: What Is Art?

text: What Is Art? What is Art? ( "Chto takoye iskusstvo?") is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first published in English due to difficulties with the Russian censors. Tolstoy cites the time, effort, public funds, and public respect spent on art and artists as well as the imprecision of general opinions on art as reason for writing the book. In his words, "it is difficult to say what is meant by art, and especially what is good, useful art, art for the sake of which we might condone such sacrifices as are being

title: (What Is) Love?

text: she was dissatisfied with the circumstances, but was in "no way dissing Lopez." A mastered version of "What Is Love?" was included on the soundtrack to "The Back-up Plan" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. "What Is Love?" was re-titled as "(What Is) Love?" and appeared on "Love?" (2011). "(What Is) Love?" was due to be released as a promotional single from "Love?" on April 26, 2011, but was "unlocked" and released four days earlier, on April 22, 2011 by through a campaign on Lopez's Facebook page. It was released in many European countries on April 25. The song

title: What You Get Is What You See

text: What You Get Is What You See "What You Get Is What You See" is a song by recording artist Tina Turner from her album "Break Every Rule" (1986). The song was written by the Terry Britten and Graham Lyle team and was notably different from the three previous singles that they had written for Turner, "What's Love Got to Do with It", "We Don't Need Another Hero" and "Two People", as it was an up-tempo country-tinged rock track featuring Eric Clapton on guitars. Tina Turner said in an interview that "What You Get Is What You See" is her

title: What Is and What Should Never Be

text: What Is and What Should Never Be "What Is and What Should Never Be" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second track on "Led Zeppelin II" (1969). "What is and What Should Never Be" was one of the first songs on which Page used his soon-to-become trademark Gibson Les Paul for recording. The production makes liberal use of stereo as the guitars pan back and forth between channels. Robert Plant's vocals were phased during the verses. Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked, "The

title: What Is Love

text: An official music video was released directed by Soulvizion. It features the Dutch professional basketball player Don Rigters who plays the role of David Rose, a basketball player who is severely injured trying to make a comeback to the game with encouragement from his girlfriend, (played by Melissa Kanza), his three teammates, (Alkenah Wansing, Jeroen Jansen and Lindy Chippendel) and by his basketball coach (played by J E Rigters). What Is Love "What Is Love" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, "The Album". The song is recognizable by its refrain "What is love?

title: What Is It?

text: What Is It? What Is It? is a 2005 American surrealist film written, edited, co-produced and directed by Crispin Glover. It stars Crispin Glover and Fairuza Balk and Steven C. Stewart. As of 2008, the film has only been shown at independent theaters, typically accompanied by a question-and-answer session, a one-hour dramatic narration of eight different profusely illustrated books as a slideshow, and a meet-and-greet/book signing with Glover. "What Is It?" is the first entry in a planned trilogy directed by Glover, followed by "It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine." and continued with "It Is Mine". The "adventures" of a

title: What Is Literature?

text: The art of writing is deeply linked to freedom and thus ventures into the fields of politics and democracy. The poet frees himself by disassociation, and the prose writer fulfills a duty to utilize language for the end of a conceived free society. What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as "Literature and Existentialism",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals "Les Temps modernes", "Situations I" and "Situations II", essays "What is Writing?" and "Why Write?" were translated into English and

title: What Work Is

text: terribly damaged conditions of American labor, whose circumstance has perhaps never been more wrecked.” After Levine was named Poet Laureate, "What Work Is" reached the top of Amazon.com's "Movers and Shakers" list. What Work Is What Work Is is a collection of poetry by Philip Levine. The collection has many themes that are representative of Levine's writing including physical labor, class identity, family relationships and personal loss. Its primary focus on work and the working class led to it being studied with emphasis on Marxist literary criticism. The focus on work is expressed in thematically different ways throughout the collection.

title: What Work Is

text: What Work Is What Work Is is a collection of poetry by Philip Levine. The collection has many themes that are representative of Levine's writing including physical labor, class identity, family relationships and personal loss. Its primary focus on work and the working class led to it being studied with emphasis on Marxist literary criticism. The focus on work is expressed in thematically different ways throughout the collection. Furthermore, much of the collection was shaped by concerns for blue collar workers as well as nationwide political events. "What Work Is" was first published in 1991 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.

title: What Is and What Should Never Be

text: and What Should Never Be" was performed live at Led Zeppelin concerts between 1969 and 1973. A live version taken from a performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1970 can be seen on the "Led Zeppelin DVD". Another was included on disc two of the live triple album "How The West Was Won". Two more versions were included in BBC Sessions. What Is and What Should Never Be "What Is and What Should Never Be" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second

title: What Is Life

text: What Is Life "What Is Life" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album "All Things Must Pass". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts in Australia and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom, "What Is Life" appeared as the B-side to "My Sweet Lord", which was the best-selling single there of 1971. Harrison's backing musicians on the song include Eric Clapton and the entire Delaney & Bonnie Friends band,

title: What Is Love

text: in "Just Dance 2017". In 2009, German DJ Klaas remixed the song under the title "Klaas meets Haddaway – What Is Love 2K9". This remix charted in several European countries. In 2016, Belgian DJ Lost Frequencies released a cover titled "What Is Love 2016", as a single from his debut album "Less Is More". It was actually already produced back in 2014 as a remix for Jaymes Young's cover version of "What is Love". This version was remade for the album and became a hit on a number of European singles charts and topped the Belgian Ultratop Official Singles Chart.

title: What Is Literature?

text: What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as "Literature and Existentialism",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals "Les Temps modernes", "Situations I" and "Situations II", essays "What is Writing?" and "Why Write?" were translated into English and published by the Paris-based literary journal Transition 1948. The English translation by Bernard Frechtman was published in 1950. Sartre attempts to devise an understanding of the effect literature has on those who are subjected to it. In the foreword Sartre addresses his critics

title: (What Is) Love?

text: the internet on April 20, 2013. According to Jessica Sager of PopCrush, it picks up where the original song left off. Sager wrote that the song "likely isn't about [Marc] Anthony — but for those new to the song, it's surely easy to interpret it as such. Lopez gets pretty revealing in the new song, addressing a divorce directly and explicitly". Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love?". (What Is) Love? "(What Is) Love?" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled "What Is Love?", the song appeared on the soundtrack to "The Back-up Plan" (2010),

title: The World Is What It Is

text: The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in 2008 (by Picador in the UK and Knopf in the USA). The title is a quotation from Naipaul's book "A Bend in the River". "The world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow themselves to become nothing, have no place in it." French deals with Naipaul's family background and his life from his birth in 1932 until his second marriage

title: What Is Art?

text: Aylmer Maude, translator of many of Tolstoy's writings, calls it "probably the most masterly of all Tolstoy's works", citing the difficulty of the subject matter and its clarity. For a comprehensive review of the reception at the time of publication, see Maude 1901"b". Bayley, John (1986 [1966]). ""What is Art?" - excerpt from Tolstoy and the Novel" in Bloom, Harold (ed.). Leo Tolstoy. New York: Chelsea House. p. 141-152. Jahn, Gary R. (1975). "The aesthetic theory of Leo Tolstoy's "What is Art?"". "Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism" 34 (1): 59-65. Maude, Aylmer (1901a). “"What is Art?" - An Introduction”,