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Home Travel Book Retrospect of Western Travel September 2011 DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511734366 ISBN: 9781108019286 Authors: Harriet Martineau Harriet Martineau This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet. Download citation Copy link Link copied Copy link Link copied Citations (14) Abstract Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) was a British writer and scholar who can be described as one of the first British sociologists. She was one of the first social theorists to examine all aspects of a society, including social class, religion, national character and the status of women. After the death of her fiancé Martineau published articles on economics and taxation before embarking on a two year tour of the United States in 1834. She immersed herself in American society, visiting both Houses of Congress along with prisons, hospitals and literary and scientific institutions. These volumes contain a description of her travels through America. Written in the form of a travel book, Martineau's sharp powers of observation provide not only a vivid description of America but also insights into the construction of nineteenth century American society. Volume 1 contains her travels from New York to Washington D.C. Discover the world's research 25+ million members 160+ million publication pages 2.3+ billion citations Join for free Citations (14) References (0) A Study on The Travel Journal and Pictures: Li Danlin's Image of Foreign Lands and Cultures Chapter Nov 2022 Wenjun Zhu View Blurring Stereotypes: "Aus dem Leben eines Tonkünstlers" as a Medium of Italian Musical Character around 1800 Chapter Nov 2022 Carolin Krahn View Toward a Production-Oriented Imagology Chapter Nov 2022 Ulrike Kristina Köhler View #JeSuisAmatrice: Identity through a Landscape of Wounds; Toward a Geo-Imagology Chapter Nov 2022 Daniel Brandlechner View Nationality as Intersectional Storytelling: Inventing the Parisienne Chapter Nov 2022 Maria Weilandt View "… the first singer, a born German": Notions of Nationality as a Field of Conflict in Operatic Music of the 1770s Chapter Nov 2022 Andrea Horz View The Myth of the Orient in Flaubert's Voyage en Égypte and Bachmann's Das Buch Franza Chapter Nov 2022 Walter Wagner View "I have gotten used to the whites, but I tremble before the blacks!": Fashioning Colonial Subjectivities in The Brave Rabbit in Africa Chapter Nov 2022 Kristína Kállay View The Fall of the Berlin Wall Transnational: Images and Stereotypes in Yadé Kara's Selam Berlin and Paul Beatty's Slumberland Chapter Nov 2022 Gianna Zocco View New Perspectives on Imagology Chapter Nov 2022 Katharina Edtstadler Sandra Folie Gianna Zocco View THE BEGINNING OF EUROPEAN FEMINIST SOCIOLOGY: HARRIET MAR-TINEAU Article Full-text available Nov 2022 S. A. Baturenko The relevance of the work is due to the problem of the emergence of such a well-known trend in modern science as feminist sociology. The article attempts to consider the beginning of the formation of feminist sociology in Europe. Based on the analysis of primary sources, the author reveals the contribution of the English researcher Harriet Martineau to the development of this direction. Her contribution to the development of sociology as a science is currently beyond doubt, since the name of this English sociologist is put on a par with recognized classical sociologists such as O. Comte, G. Spencer. Martino was one of those sociologists who drew attention to a different vision of social reality, namely the fact that women see the world differently than men, their thoughts and feelings are socially and culturally conditioned. Martino's vision and approaches to the study of social issues are distinguished by originality and are based on his own numerous empirical studies. The author of the article made an attempt to trace the research logic of the English sociologist. If the first positivists were engaged in the search and justification of the laws of the stages of social progress, then for Martino one of the main tasks was to study social life in society in its concrete manifestation, everyday patterns of interaction between people formed in various cultural and historical contexts. The author shows that the work of the English researcher really allows us to talk about her socially critical approach to the study of society and the great im-portance of the problem of discrimination against women in modern society. Martineau's sociology can be regarded as feminist, which marked the beginning of women's studies and the general socio-critical orientation of thinking in science, to some extent opposed to the sociological canon. View Show abstract Founding Women, Sociology, and Hope Article Full-text available Oct 2022 Adrian Scribano From the perspective of revolutions, utopias and/or optimism, the logic of transforming the future has been one of the axes at the beginning of the social sciences of the 19th and 20th centuries. If hope is understood as a practice of anticipating the future, in the sense that Ernest Bloch gave it, it is easy to see how these actions that perform and "pre-form" the connection between past, present and future acquire a special interest for sociology.
In this article, we will take as a platform for reflection the thought of Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) and Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935). The two, from different perspectives, thematize hope as an emotion, social practice and behaviour pattern, which offers an unbeatable possibility for reflection on hope today.
The objective of the article is to reconstruct the notion of hope from the perspective of the women who originated sociological theory, taking up the thought of the aforementioned authors and presenting some central topics needed to build a sociology of hope.
To achieve this objective, the following argumentative strategy has been followed: (a) it is established what constitutes a sociological 'classic', and in what sense Martineau and Perkin Gilman are such; (b) hope according to Harriet Martineau is presented; (c) the concept of Hope according to Charlotte Perkins Gilman is synthetized, (d) some clues for sociology of hope are developed, based on the thoughts of Martineau and Perkins Gilman; and (e) some notes for a sociology of hope are summarized. View Show abstract La représentation des Noirs dans le cinéma d'animation américain : entre pseudosciences et circulations intermédiatiques transnationales (1907‑1946)Black Representation in American Animated Films: From Pseudoscientific Depictions to Transnational Intermedial Circulations (1907–1975) Article Jun 2021 Pierre Cras View Introduction: Revolutionising the Dead: Burke, Paine, De Quincey Chapter Sep 2018 David McAllister Two different but overlapping groups were named as 'the dead' in Romantic and early Victorian culture: the familiar dead, who could be named, remembered, and mourned, and another group, the dead as a crowd, a mass, a threatening force. This chapter considers the differences between these two common ways of imagining the dead, before tracing the emergence of a highly politicised debate about their relations to the society of the living. It shows how and why this debate erupted into public view during the Revolution Controversy, the pamphlet war that dominated British responses to the French Revolution throughout the early 1790s. It then traces competing representations of the dead in key texts by Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Thomas De Quincey, as revolutionary, liberal, and conservative writers argued over how the living should imagine the dead. Were they unaccountable tyrants, whose dead hand prevented the people from governing in their own best interests? Benevolent ancestors, from whom the living had inherited a just society and who therefore deserved their obedience and loyalty? Or something else entirely: a problem to be measured, legislated against, reformed, cajoled, cleaned-up, re-positioned, reinterpreted, rethought, and ultimately reimagined? View Show abstract ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. Recommended publications Discover more about: Travel Book Retrospect of Western Travel January 2010 Harriet Martineau Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) was a British writer and scholar who can be described as one of the first British sociologists. She was one of the first social theorists to examine all aspects of a society, including social class, religion, national character and the status of women in a society. After the death of her fiancé Martineau published articles on economics and taxation before embarking ... [Show full abstract] on a two year tour of the United States in 1834. She immersed herself in American society, visiting both Houses of Congress along with prisons, hospitals and literary and scientific institutions. These volumes contain a description of her travels through America. Written in the form of a travel book, Martineau's sharp powers of observation provide not only a vivid description of America but also insights into the construction of nineteenth century American society. Volume 2 contains her travels in the South of America. Read more Book Retrospect of Western Travel September 2011 Harriet Martineau Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) was a British writer and scholar who can be described as one of the first British sociologists. She was one of the first social theorists to examine all aspects of a society, including social class, religion, national character and the status of women in a society. After the death of her fiancé Martineau published articles on economics and taxation before embarking ... [Show full abstract] on a two year tour of the United States in 1834. She immersed herself in American society, visiting both Houses of Congress along with prisons, hospitals and literary and scientific institutions. These volumes contain a description of her travels through America. Written in the form of a travel book, Martineau's sharp powers of observation provide not only a vivid description of America but also insights into the construction of nineteenth century American society. Volume 3 contains her travels in New England. Read more Interested in research on Travel? Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in Travel and many other scientific topics. Join for free ResearchGate iOS App Get it from the App Store now. Install Keep up with your stats and more Access scientific knowledge from anywhere
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https://thediplomat.com/2023/01/how-xi-jinping-used-the-ccp-constitution-to-cement-his-power/ |
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Chinese President Xi Jinping waves at an event to introduce new members of the Politburo Standing Committee at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on Oct. 23, 2022.
Credit: AP Photo/Andy Wong, File
" Après moi, le déluge ," the famous and ambiguous expression by an absolutist French monarch typifies assertive rulers' propensity to cling to power without considering the consequences for their successors. In China, the reform and opening period from the late 1970s onward was characterized by sweeping economic reforms, contrasted with insipid political changes. Nevertheless, the gradual institutionalization of the party-state apparatus and relatively smooth transfers of power brought a fair amount of stability into the system, and was widely appreciated.
By contrast, Xi Jinping's leadership period, which began in 2012 with no end in sight, is characterized by a series of centralization measures that are intended to increase internal cohesion of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and strengthen its grip on society. In contrast with the more group-oriented leadership style of his post-Mao predecessors, Xi's actions have led to a concentration of power in his own hands, unseen since Mao's times.
The highly personalistic style of official policymaking under Xi Jinping obviously and consciously tries to imitate Mao's standing. To some extent, this is explained by the hierarchically structured "democratic centralism" mechanism of the party's organization, and the need for visibility and unquestioned authority of the current leader. But the personalization of the official ideology ("Xi Jinping Thought" in its various versions) and insistent demands of constant deference to the leader by the party members depart significantly from previous practice, which tried to accommodate more diverse leadership groups.
The party's constitution , which can be revised only once in five years, during the National Party Congress, is one of the important tools to ensure the institutional stability of the CCP and protect it from abrupt and unexpected changes. Although it can't be viewed as an insurmountable obstacle to arbitrary changes – the interpretation of the text belongs to those who wield real power – the amount of attention given to the wording of the amendments reveals not only its importance for the legitimization of the leadership role, but also internal tensions in the leadership circles over each alteration.
The Post-Mao History of the Party Constitution
The last major revision of the CCP Constitution took place during the 12th Party Congress in 1982, at the beginning of the reform and opening era. The text from 1977 was in many parts rewritten. The post of the chairman of the Central Committee was scrapped in favor of a general secretary, as a sign of a more collective leadership. The new constitution also included an explicit ban on one-man arbitrary decision-making and a personality cult . (The term "collective leadership" as a prescribed way of managing the party on every level, appeared in the 1956 revision and had been brought back already in 1977, just after Mao's death.)
The constitution of the 12th Congress redefined the role of Mao Zedong as the founder of the PRC, and the foremost party leader and ideologue in those formative years. The paragraph describing the officially confirmed role of Mao in the PRC and party history was placed in the introductory section. Mao Zedong Thought, sustained as the official party ideology, was mentioned together seven times in different parts of the document.
The constitution from 1982 remained the base for all the subsequent revisions made at the following Party Congresses. Most of these changes were incremental, adding new phrases, passages and paragraphs. Major changes to the existing text were avoided.
The paragraph concerning Mao's role that was created in 1982 was passed in almost the same form until the 15th Party Congress in 1997, after the death of Deng Xiaoping. There were also no changes in the positioning of Mao's ideology. The only revision that took place during that period was an editorial change of two characters in the description of Marxist-Leninist principles, altered from "universal" to "fundamental" in 1992. The change, although small, was significant in phrase-obsessed party culture, as it justified the necessity of creative adjustments of "fundamental" ideological tenets.
In 1992, the biggest editorial change in the introductory historical part of the party constitution was an extension of a paragraph that followed the description of Mao's role. It didn't mention any CCP leaders by name but added an explicit remark about post-Mao reforms and their ideological underpinnings. The phrase "reform and opening," which hasn't been used in the constitution previously, appeared together 12 times in the 1992 revision. The reform period was named "a new phase" and its doctrinal fundamentals called the "Theory of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics."
After Deng Xiaoping's death, during the 15th Party Congress in 1997, the 1992 additions were used as a base for an entirely new paragraph, one that explicitly described the role of Deng and "Deng Xiaoping Theory" in the party and state history. Deng's theory was pronounced as a current development of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought and equivalent to the Theory of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. The phrase "Deng Xiaoping Theory" was mentioned in the whole document six times (mostly substituting previous mentions of the "Theory of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics"), always with Mao Zedong Thought preceding it. The two ideologies were positioned as equally indispensable stages of development of the Marxist ideological basis of the party.
The 1997 revision of the constitution was the first time that the name of a party leader – and the theory bearing his name – appeared in the document, with the exception of Mao. It was an important precedent, as all constitutions after 1949 avoided mentioning personal names other than the founder of the party-state, Mao Zedong.
The 1997 revision of the CCP constitution revealed the meticulous attention paid by the party leadership to avoid diminishing the role of Mao and to refrain from substantial changes to the text. Mao's and Deng's sections would remain unchanged until the 19th Party Congress in 2017, and, with only minor editorial changes made in that year, are largely the same even now.
The 2002 revision of the constitution, made during the 16th Party Congress, added the name of the outgoing general secretary, Jiang Zemin. Through this, the precedent set in 1997 to honor Deng was extended further to include all outgoing principal leaders. The new paragraph describing Jiang's role was inserted beneath Mao's and Deng's section, and his part was a bit shorter than theirs.
To further avoid putting Jiang on par with Mao and Deng, Jiang's name wasn't used to label the new version of the official ideology. The new ideological input was called the "Theory of 'Three Represents'" and described as a recent development of CCP's official ideology formulated under Jiang's leadership, but the theory itself didn't bear his name. Jiang's paragraph was never revised again and appears in the same form in the current version of the constitution.
In 2007, during the next party congress, under the leadership of Hu Jintao, a new paragraph was added beneath Jiang's that introduced a new contribution to the official theory called the "Scientific Outlook on Development." Although the document didn't name Hu personally, the new chapter and "new theory" was linked with his term in office. This increased the importance of Hu's rule, especially given Jiang's strong remaining influence. Yet the new chapter contained only 165 characters, obviously less than the preceding ones.
At the 18th Party Congress in 2012, the retiring Hu Jintao got the same privilege as Jiang Zemin, and in the paragraph about "Scientific Outlook on Development" his name was included in the same way: i.e., mentioning his role as a leader at the time, but without attaching his name to the theory. Hu's chapter afterwards received only minor changes in 2017.
Xi's Constitutional Power Grab
The amendments that took place in the party constitution at the 19th Congress in 2017, under the leadership of Xi Jinping, although they maintained the practice of small changes and incremental additions, nevertheless constituted a visible departure from the cautious ways the edits were made in the post-Mao era. The most striking difference was the inclusion of the name of the current party leader, something that was not practiced after Mao.
The preservation of Mao's name in the constitution was regarded as a symbol of the party's unity and continuity, and treated as an exception due to his role as the founder of the party-state. Jiang Zemin broke this rule first by including Deng's name after his death in 1997 – a bid to preserve the fundamentals of the reform era – and then his own name in 2002, as he tried to avoid being marginalized after stepping down. But he didn't put himself on par with Mao and Deng.
That precedent was willingly converted into a custom by Hu Jintao. Not including his name as the outgoing leader would have appeared as a statement on the diminished status of his rule and his supporters.
Xi Jinping built his changes on those precedents, but went much further. First of all, he succeeded in adding his own paragraph, analogous to those already mentioned, with his name included even while serving as the current leader – a privilege that wasn't granted to any leader except Mao. To make the difference with the previous leaders even more visible, Xi also included a new version of the official theory bearing his own name: " Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era ." His section in the amended constitution consisted of 336 characters, visibly more than the others, including Deng's and Mao's.
The most unexpected and visible departure was qualifying Xi Jinping as the "leadership core." The phrase in this form didn't have precedent in the party's previous constitutional revisions. The word " core " appeared first in the 1956 revision, in the context of describing the CCP's leadership of the whole society. Afterwards the word was used in this way, with the exception of the 1973 revision, when it didn't appear. From 1982 onward, marking the changes of the reform and opening era, the description of the party's leadership role in the Chinese society as a leadership core, was put at the very beginning of the text.
From 1992 the phrase became repeated more widely in the document, first four times, then six times in 2002, eight times in 2007, nine times in 2012, and a record 11 times in 2017. But even at the peak of Mao's power, the title "core" was never applied in such a personal way (in the 1969 constitution Mao obtained the famous title of "supreme leader," but "the core" status remained attached to the party).
It is worth noting that giving Xi Jinping the unprecedented title of "leadership core" didn't meet with any visible dissent in the leadership circles. But the consequences of the wording are far-reaching and difficult to overestimate. That the party constitution, its supreme document that can be changed only once every half a decade, officially stated Xi's name was a visible confirmation of his intention to remain in the post indefinitely – especially when taking into account the party's custom, well established from 1982, of adding new content rather than explicitly editing the existing text.
The description of Xi as the "leadership core" was used in the section about the obligations of party members and will have to be revised when the new leader takes the seat. For Xi, confirming him as an unquestioned leader in the main party document facilitates lifelong rule and makes internal resistance more difficult. Mao is the only other living leader to be named in the party's constitution as a source of official ideology (remember, Deng was named only after his death), and Mao remained in charge until his death.
In case of Xi's death, the need for revision will be obvious, but – as was the case with Mao – the new leader will face the challenge of dealing with the legacy of his predecessor, either positively (the title "supreme leader" was preserved for Mao in 1977 constitution after his death, then removed in 1982), or more critically (the extensive changes in the 1982 constitution).
Even more perplexing would be a situation where Xi Jinping steps down, for whatever reason. In that case, even removing his title as "leadership core" would leave Xi still as a frontman of official ideology, so there would be a need to redefine the place of Xi's ideological formulations – or leave him in a privileged and influential position for longer.
In any case, Xi's successor will encounter many problems when deciding on the proper place and the wording for Xi Jinping and his theory. The same happened when defining the role of Mao and his ideology; this time it could also lead to another round of fierce contention for power, internal divisions, and radical redrawing of the rules.
The 20th Party Congress Revisions
It seems that Xi Jinping put effort into making any potential transfer of power as difficult as possible, and countering the danger of diminishing or erasing his role in future revisions to the CCP Constitution. As previously noted, no past leader has had his section in the constitution significantly downgraded, much less erased. By modeling his position to resemble the first generation of leaders, Xi seems to seek indefinite power now, and everlasting glory afterwards.
Xi's catchphrase of the "new era" (新时代) is similar to the description of the reform and opening period in the party constitution as "a new phase" (新时期) and thus claims at least the same importance – or even indicates a replacement of the previous epoch, making Xi a founder of a new one. His ideological formula "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" is also based on Deng's "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics."
These intentions were confirmed further in the latest revisions of the CCP constitution at the 20th Party Congress in October 2022. There was much speculation circulating before the event, that Xi would get the coveted title of "supreme leader," which would elevate him to the same level of glory as Mao and above everybody else. There were also expectations that Xi would try to simplify the name of his theory to "Xi Jinping Thought," parallel to Mao's and Deng's ideological catchphrases.
The fact that these changes didn't happen can be seen as a sign of insufficient power and internal resistance to these plans. Whatever the cause of the restraint, the changes that were made further solidify Xi's position and confirm his intentions of remaining in power indefinitely, while leaving open the possibility of the aforementioned adjustments.
The changes that took place in 2017 at the 19th Party Congress are sufficiently radical to prop up Xi's aspirations without any new additions. Nevertheless, Xi Jinping still felt the necessity to demonstrate his dominance over the party-state apparatus by significantly enlarging the paragraph describing his rule, from 336 to 409 characters, which further highlighted the disparity with the paragraphs about his predecessors (Mao's 277 characters, Deng's 278, Jiang's 263, Hu's 236). Xi also inserted some new ideological catchwords associated with him in recent party documents and official media, albeit without explicitly linking them to his name: "Four Consciousnesses," "Four Confidences," "Two Safeguards," and the economic policy catchphrase "Dual Circulation."
The phrase "Two Establishes," however, is conspicuously absent from this list, especially because it is usually used together with the "Two Safeguards." Even if this omission is yet another sign of internal resistance inside the party leadership toward concentrating excessive power in Xi's hands, it doesn't really change things in an important way. Xi' s core position in the party and his theory as the obligatory guideline are already confirmed elsewhere in the document.
The new additions are not as important as those from 2017, because ideological catchwords without clear reference to the leader's name are vague enough to be interpreted freely in the future. They can remain unrevised without causing problems for subsequent leaders, like the many other phrases accumulated in the past.
Already in 2018, the party constitution was revised in a way that binds any future successor by having the outgoing leader named as an indispensable part of the organization. It departs from the established custom of group decision-making and diminishes efforts toward more institutionalization of the CCP.
But these charges were also a result of the always-existing need for a dominating leader, which is inherent in such a centralized and personalized structure. Deng's authority derived his role in the establishment of the PRC and allowed him to exercise power without formal leadership status. Jiang Zemin, as the leader chosen by Deng himself, protected his position by inserting Deng's paragraph into the constitution, then at his departure his own name, thereby making a precedent followed by Hu Jintao.
All these personal references that accumulated over time confirm the tensions caused by internal power struggles, which were masked by official unity and harmony. It would be difficult otherwise to explain the importance that the party leaders attach to enshrining these personal remarks in the main party document.
That weakness – intrinsic insufficient institutionalization in an over-centralized structure – can also help explain why the critical changes made by Xi Jinping in 2017 passed so smoothly. They might even be seen by many in the party as a stabilizing factor, since their negative impact will be revealed fully only during the next power transition period. But it is doubtful that the changes will help maintain party unity on that day. As in so many other aspects in China, the prospects of leadership continuity look increasingly fragile and uncertain.
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HUGH MACDONALD, BIZET IN ITALY: LETTERS AND JOURNALS, 1857–1860, THE BOYDELL PRESS, WOODBRIDGE UK, 2021, £45, $90 ISBN 978 1 78 327580 9
Richard Langham Smith [/author/Smith%2C+Richard+Langham]Royal College of Musiclanghamsmith@googlemail.com
Pages 139-142 | Published online: 23 May 2022
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THEORY AND PRACTICE IN LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY VIOLIN PERFORMANCE: AN EXAMINATION OF STYLE IN PERFORMANCE, 1850—1900. BY DAVID MILSOM. PP. 287; CD. (ASHGATE, ALDERSHOT, 2003, £40. ISBN 0-7546-0756-9.).
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Music and Letters, Volume 86, Issue 3, August 2005, Pages 492–493, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/gci084 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/gci084]
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John Parsons, Theory and Practice in Late Nineteenth-Century Violin Performance: An Examination of Style in Performance, 1850—1900. By David Milsom. pp. 287; CD. (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003, £40. ISBN 0-7546-0756-9.)., Music and Letters, Volume 86, Issue 3, August 2005, Pages 492–493, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/gci084 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/gci084]
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David Milsom's study examines the differing performance styles of the Franco-Belgian and German schools of violin playing between roughly 1850 and 1900. By considering a wide selection of instrumental treatises from the period, together with recorded performances from the early twentieth century, he reviews the approaches of these schools to using expressive devices in performance and reflects on the often conflicting relationship between actual practice and written theory. Indeed, Carl Flesch observed 'a gulf which cannot be bridged' (in Die Kunst des Violinspiels (Berlin, 1923–8); Eng. trans., The Art of Violin Playing (New York, 1924–30), i. 30) when considering the correlation of violin playing to printed hypothesis. Milsom's book eloquently verifies for us that this was often the case. Taking advantage of the rich and largely untapped resource of archive recordings to illustrate his findings, Milsom's study is a welcome contribution to the growing research areas of both performance practice and recording studies.
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Theory and Practice in Late Nineteenth-Century Violin Performance: An Examination of Style in Performance, 1850—1900. By David Milsom. pp. 287; CD. (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2003, £40. ISBN 0-7546-0756-9.). - 24 Hours access
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February 2020 8
March 2020 2
April 2020 2
May 2020 2
June 2020 3
July 2020 4
August 2020 1
September 2020 1
November 2020 5
December 2020 1
February 2021 7
June 2021 6
July 2021 3
August 2021 2
September 2021 1
October 2021 1
January 20 | 1,028,605 |
https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/bill-brown-4225 | Matches (9)
UAE Tri-Series (2)
Vitality Blast Men (1)
Duleep Trophy (2)
ENG vs SA (1)
CPL (2)
FIJI Women vs JPN Women (1)
Previous
Bet 365 [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]https://www.bet365.com/olp/cricket?affiliate=365_02495924
AFG Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
AFG
(18.3/20 ov) 153/4
UAE Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
UAE
null
[/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-afghanistan-6th-match-1497878/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/points-table-standings]Report [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-afghanistan-6th-match-1497878/match-report]Series [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870]
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Durham
Hampshire Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Hampshire
Today
5:30 PM
null
[/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/durham-vs-hampshire-2nd-quarter-final-1460881/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/points-table-standings]Series [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753]
SOZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
SOZ
(169.2 ov) 536
NOZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
NOZ
null
[/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/south-zone-vs-north-zone-1st-semi-final-1492386/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/points-table-standings]Series [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379]
WEZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
WEZ
438
CEZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
CEZ
(67 ov) 229/2
null
[/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/central-zone-vs-west-zone-2nd-semi-final-1492387/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/points-table-standings]Series [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379]
SA Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
SA
330/8
ENG Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
ENG
(50 ov, T:331) 325/9
null
[/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/england-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-1448355/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Report [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/england-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-1448355/match-report]Series [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336]
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Barbados Royals
Antigua and Barbuda Falcons Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Antigua and Barbuda Falcons
Today
11:00 PM
null
[/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-antigua-and-barbuda-falcons-22nd-match-1477993/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/points-table-standings]Series [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498]
BR Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
BR
165/6
GAW Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
GAW
(19.4/20 ov, T:166) 170/6
null
[/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-guyana-amazon-warriors-21st-match-1477992/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/points-table-standings]Report [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-guyana-amazon-warriors-21st-match-1477992/match-report]Series [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498]
PAK Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
PAK
171/5
UAE Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
UAE
(20 ov, T:172) 140/7
null
[/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-pakistan-5th-match-1497877/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/points-table-standings]Report [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-pakistan-5th-match-1497877/match-report]Series [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870]
JPN-W Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
JPN-W
(20/20 ov) 120
FJI-W Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
FJI-W
(20/20 ov, T:121) 97/7
null
[/series/japan-women-in-fiji-2025-1499621/fiji-women-vs-japan-women-1st-t20i-1499779/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/japan-women-in-fiji-2025-1499621/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Series [/series/japan-women-in-fiji-2025-1499621]
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Edition GL
BILL BROWN
Australia
Compare [/cricketers/compare/bill-brown-4225]
Bill Brown [https://img1.hscicdn.com/image/upload/f_auto,t_h_100_2x/lsci/db/PICTURES/CMS/13600/13628.1.jpg]
INTL CAREER: 1934 - 1948
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* Mitchell Starc [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Mitchell Starc [/cricketers/mitchell-starc-311592]
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* Pat Cummins [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Pat Cummins [/cricketers/pat-cummins-489889]
* Jason Sangha [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Jason Sangha [/cricketers/jason-sangha-959827]
* Steven Smith [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Steven Smith [/cricketers/steven-smith-267192]
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* Nicola Carey [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Nicola Carey [/cricketers/nicola-carey-381217]
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* Chris Green [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Chris Green [/cricketers/chris-green-787073]
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* Michael Bracewell [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Michael Bracewell [/cricketers/michael-bracewell-326968]
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* Jacob Duffy [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Jacob Duffy [/cricketers/jacob-duffy-547766]
* Matt Henry [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Matt Henry [/cricketers/matt-henry-506612]
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* Will O'Rourke [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Will O'Rourke [/cricketers/will-o-rourke-1211825]
* Glenn Phillips [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Glenn Phillips [/cricketers/glenn-phillips-823509]
* Rachin Ravindra [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Rachin Ravindra [/cricketers/rachin-ravindra-959767]
* Mitchell Santner [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Mitchell Santner [/cricketers/mitchell-santner-502714]
* Will Young [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Will Young [/cricketers/will-young-547749]
Alphabetically sorted top ten of players who have played the most matches across formats in the last 12 months
Overview [/cricketers/bill-brown-4225]
Stats [/cricketers/bill-brown-4225/bowling-batting-stats]
Records [/cricketers/bill-brown-4225/tests-odi-t20-records]
Matches [/cricketers/bill-brown-4225/matches]
News [/cricketers/bill-brown-4225/news]
Photos [/cricketers/bill-brown-4225/photos]
Full Name
William Alfred Brown
Born
July 31, 1912, Toowoomba, Queensland
Died
March 16, 2008, Murrumba Downs, Queensland, (aged 95y 229d)
Batting Style
Right hand Bat
Bowling Style
Right arm Offbreak
TEAMS
Australia team flag-latest [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Australia [/team/australia-2]New South Wales Team logo (2022) [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]New South Wales [/team/new-south-wales-387]Queensland logo [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Queensland [/team/queensland-459]
WA (Bill) Brown was an outstanding opening batsman and excellent fieldsman for Australia on either side of the Second World War, his achievements perhaps overshadowed by his more lauded contemporaries. He averaged nearly 47 in Tests, and over fifty in first-class cricket, making 39 first-class hundreds. He would have undoubtedly played more Test cricket if it were not for the war. An unspectacular bat, he was a superb glancer, and deft placer of the ball. He had a full range of shots, however, and was hard to tie down.
Brown's cricket career got off to a most inauspicious start when in his debut first-class innings for New South Wales in 1932 he was run out for a duck without facing a ball. He made a good impression in the Sheffield Shield, and to the surprise of some was picked to tour England in 1934. He had an outstanding tour; his 119 against Lancashire earned him a place in the first Test, where his second innings 73 helped Australia earn victory after Woodfull, Ponsford and Bradman had failed. He made his debut Test hundred in the second Test, as Australia experienced a rare loss at Lord's, and was promoted to open with Ponsford in the third Test where he made a useful 72. He failed in the final two Tests, but had proven himself as a Test player of class, ending up third in | 1,028,606 |
https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/arthur-morris-6644 | Matches (9)
UAE Tri-Series (2)
Vitality Blast Men (1)
Duleep Trophy (2)
ENG vs SA (1)
CPL (2)
FIJI Women vs JPN Women (1)
Previous
Bet 365 [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]https://www.bet365.com/olp/cricket?affiliate=365_02495924
AFG Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
AFG
(19/20 ov) 160/4
UAE Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
UAE
null
[/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-afghanistan-6th-match-1497878/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/points-table-standings]Report [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-afghanistan-6th-match-1497878/match-report]Series [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870]
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Durham
Hampshire Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Hampshire
Today
5:30 PM
null
[/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/durham-vs-hampshire-2nd-quarter-final-1460881/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/points-table-standings]Series [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753]
SOZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
SOZ
(169.2 ov) 536
NOZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
NOZ
null
[/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/south-zone-vs-north-zone-1st-semi-final-1492386/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/points-table-standings]Series [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379]
WEZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
WEZ
438
CEZ Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
CEZ
(67 ov) 229/2
null
[/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/central-zone-vs-west-zone-2nd-semi-final-1492387/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379/points-table-standings]Series [/series/duleep-trophy-2025-26-1492379]
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SA
330/8
ENG Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
ENG
(50 ov, T:331) 325/9
null
[/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/england-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-1448355/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Report [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/england-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-1448355/match-report]Series [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336]
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Barbados Royals
Antigua and Barbuda Falcons Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Antigua and Barbuda Falcons
Today
11:00 PM
null
[/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-antigua-and-barbuda-falcons-22nd-match-1477993/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/points-table-standings]Series [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498]
BR Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
BR
165/6
GAW Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
GAW
(19.4/20 ov, T:166) 170/6
null
[/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-guyana-amazon-warriors-21st-match-1477992/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/points-table-standings]Report [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-guyana-amazon-warriors-21st-match-1477992/match-report]Series [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498]
PAK Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
PAK
171/5
UAE Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
UAE
(20 ov, T:172) 140/7
null
[/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-pakistan-5th-match-1497877/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/points-table-standings]Report [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-pakistan-5th-match-1497877/match-report]Series [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870]
JPN-W Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
JPN-W
(20/20 ov) 120
FJI-W Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
FJI-W
(20/20 ov, T:121) 97/7
null
[/series/japan-women-in-fiji-2025-1499621/fiji-women-vs-japan-women-1st-t20i-1499779/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/japan-women-in-fiji-2025-1499621/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Series [/series/japan-women-in-fiji-2025-1499621]
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Edition GL
ARTHUR MORRIS
Australia
Compare [/cricketers/compare/arthur-morris-6644]
Arthur Morris [https://img1.hscicdn.com/image/upload/f_auto,t_ds_square_w_320,q_50/lsci/db/PICTURES/CMS/329700/329797.4.png]
INTL CAREER: 1946 - 1955
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* Jason Sangha [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Jason Sangha [/cricketers/jason-sangha-959827]
* Steven Smith [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Steven Smith [/cricketers/steven-smith-267192]
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* Chris Green [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Chris Green [/cricketers/chris-green-787073]
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Overview [/cricketers/arthur-morris-6644]
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Full Name
Arthur Robert Morris
Born
January 19, 1922, Bondi, Sydney, New South Wales
Died
August 22, 2015, Sydney, New South Wales, (aged 93y 215d)
Batting Style
Left hand Bat
Bowling Style
Left arm Wrist spin
TEAMS
Australia team flag-latest [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Australia [/team/australia-2]New South Wales Team logo (2022) [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]New South Wales [/team/new-south-wales-387]
The acme of elegance and the epitome of sportsmanship, Arthur Morris lost prime run-getting years to the war after the then unprecedented feat, as an 18-year-old, of scoring a hundred in each innings of his first-class debut in December 1940. By his first series against England in 1946-47, however, this calm and compact left-hander was close to the finished article, and scored three consecutive hundreds. He then outscored even Bradman in the Tests of 1948: only three Australians, in fact, have a better Ashes average. Once decoupled from his favourite partner Sid Barnes, Morris was a more spasmodic performer, although he ended a run of outs against England in January 1951 with his highest Test score, 206, and carried on molesting bowlers most civilly for another five years.
Gideon Haigh
View more
ARTHUR MORRIS CAREER STATS
Batting & Fielding
FORMAT MAT INNS NO RUNS HS AVE 100S 50S 6S CT ST
Tests 46 79 3 3533 206 46.48 12 12 | 1,028,607 |
http://historicalperformancestudies.pl/ | CRL/CACERT Repository | 1,028,608 |
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* Mattiazzi's New Collection Coordinated by Konstantin Grcic
12
MATTIAZZI'S NEW COLLECTION COORDINATED BY KONSTANTIN GRCIC
THE NEW STELO CHAIR BY INDUSTRIAL FACILITY, A REINTERPRETATION OF THE CLASSIC WINDSOR SEAT, AND THE ZONA CARPET COLLECTION BY STUDIO AKFB
By: Antonella Fraccalvieri [/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#204652414343414c5649455249604152434849504f5254414c450e434f4d] , Antonella Fraccalvieri [/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0462766567676568726d61766d446576676c6d746b76706568612a676b69] 1126 Read 1126 times
Mattiazzi's New Collection Coordinated by Konstantin Grcic
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Mattiazzi's New Collection Coordinated by Konstantin Grcic
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17/04/2025 - Konstantin Grcic, Artistic Director of Mattiazzi in collaboration with Annahita Kamali and Florian Böhm / Studio AKFB (responsible for visual language and communication), has chosen two distinct research directions for the 2025 Mattiazzi furniture collections. On one hand, there is the more classic path, focusing on the design of a new chair, STELO (designed by Industrial Facility), while on the other, there is the diversification of the Mattiazzi catalogue through the introduction of a new product category: a rug collection designed by Annahita Kamali and Florian Böhm. The new collections were presented at the Salone del Mobile 2025.
Mattiazzi's New Collection Coordinated by Konstantin Grcic 2Pin it [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?media=https://img.edilportale.com/news/j_Mattiazzi-Salone-del-Mobile-2025-27web-Ph-FabianFrinzel-104729_1.jpg&url=https://www.archiproducts.com&description=Mattiazzi%27s+New+Collection+Coordinated+by+Konstantin+Grcic+2]
STELO CHAIR BY INDUSTRIAL FACILITY
STELO, the new chair designed by Sam Hecht and Kim Colin of London-based Industrial Facility, continues the collaboration that began with the BRANCA chair (2010), one of the most celebrated designs in Mattiazzi's collection. STELO draws inspiration from the Windsor chair, but with a modern reinterpretation.
Mattiazzi's New Collection Coordinated by Konstantin Grcic 3Pin it [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?media=https://img.edilportale.com/news/j_MTZ-MC28---STELO-by-Sam-Hecht--Kim-Colin-H-RES-Ph-Studio-AKFB-015-104729_2.jpg&url=https://www.archiproducts.com&description=Mattiazzi%27s+New+Collection+Coordinated+by+Konstantin+Grcic+3]
The design emphasizes the careful balance of Mattiazzi's expertise in craftsmanship and advanced machining, resulting in a chair that prioritizes both precision and sustainability. Every element of the chair is thoughtfully considered, from the craftsmanship to the minimal impact on resources. The chair is available in three finishes: sage green, black, turquoise and natural wood.
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ZONA CARPETS COLLECTION BY ANNAHITA KAMALI AND FLORIAN BÖHM, STUDIO AKFB
Since its debut at the Salone del Mobile, Mattiazzi has embraced a simple but evocative approach to introducing new products. Each release is accompanied by carefully curated imagery to create an atmosphere and tell a story about the product. Over time, the research has evolved to include explorations into abstract imagery, partly generated through artificial intelligence.
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For the ZONA collection, Annahita Kamali and Florian Böhm took inspiration from these images, transforming them into preparatory drawings for a series of three carpets. Available in two sizes (170x240 cm and 250x300 cm), the carpets are made from 100% hand-spun New Zealand wool and are hand-knotted in Nepal. Mattiazzi oversees the entire production process, ensuring that the carpets meet its commitment to quality, sustainability, and respect for the labour involved.
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The same sustainable approach extends to the stand architecture by Konstantin Grcic, which is designed with reuse in mind, minimizing resource consumption while maintaining a strong visual identity.
Mattiazzi on ARCHIPRODUCTS [https://www.archiproducts.com/en/mattiazzi]
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Mattiazzi's New Collection Coordinated by Konstantin Grcic 8Pin it [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?media=https://img | 1,028,609 |
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MATTHEW G. STANARD. SELLING THE CONGO: A HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PRO-EMPIRE PROPAGANDA AND THE MAKING OF BELGIAN IMPERIALISM.
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Matthew G.
Stanard
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Selling the Congo: A History of European Pro-Empire Propaganda and the Making of Belgian Imperialism
.
Lincoln
:
University of Nebraska Press
.
2011
. Pp. xiv, 387. $65.00.
David Ciarlo [javascript:;]
David Ciarlo
University of Colorado
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The American Historical Review, Volume 118, Issue 4, October 2013, Pages 1263–1264, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.4.1263 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.4.1263]
Published:
25 September 2013
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David Ciarlo, Matthew G. Stanard. Selling the Congo: A History of European Pro-Empire Propaganda and the Making of Belgian Imperialism., The American Historical Review, Volume 118, Issue 4, October 2013, Pages 1263–1264, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.4.1263 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.4.1263]
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EXTRACT
Despite the vast scholarly literature on imperialism, there is little English-language work on Belgium's relationship to empire. Matthew G. Stanard offers a welcome addition to studies of the imperial metropole. The book offers a survey of "pro-empire propaganda," with substantive chapters devoted to imperial expositions, museums of empire, educational/curricular efforts by the colonial office, monuments, and colonial filmmaking. While the chapters focus primarily on the 1920s through the 1950s, the figure of Leopold II, who ran the colony as a private fiefdom before 1908, looms large. Based on archival investigation and buttressed by secondary sources in French, Dutch, German, and English, Stanard's is a direct and workmanlike book. In the footsteps of John M. MacKenzie's Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion (1880–1960) (1984), Stanard showcases the variety of state-sponsored, pro-empire propaganda across five decades.
The effect of this propaganda, Stanard argues, was not that it forged a "visceral" loyalty toward empire on the part of everyday Belgians; rather, its successes can be seen primarily in two other areas. First, it created or reinforced a denigrating image of Africans, strengthening Belgian "feelings of supremacy and otherness" toward them (pp. 16, 259). At the 1935 World's Fair in Brussels, and again in the state-sponsored films of the late 1950s, the complexity and diversity of Congolese society were submerged in order to trumpet Belgium's role in "civilizing" anonymous savages. A second "success" of the propaganda was to elevate the era prior to 1908 into myth. In the 1930s, the explorers and soldiers from the 1890s were recast as "heroic pioneers"—literally so, in bronze statuary. Most significantly, the figure of Leopold II was rehabilitated; by the 1950s, Leopold's notorious role in the horrors visited upon the Congo was not so much "forgotten" as deliberately erased. While the motivations behind Leopold's rehabilitation remain underdeveloped in the book, Stanard's third argument offers us a glimpse as to its effect: colonial propaganda helped to remake a decentralized, linguistically divided polity into a more centralized, more unified nation of "Belgians."
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OBJECTIVES
We sought to describe a new technique for tricuspid valve repair in Ebstein's anomaly and to report early echocardiographic results, as well as early and midterm clinical outcomes.
METHODS
From November 1993 through August 2005, 40 consecutive patients with Ebstein's anomaly (mean age, 16.8 ± 12.3 years) underwent a new surgical repair modified from Carpentier's procedure, the principal details of which are as follows. The anterior and posterior tricuspid valve leaflets are mobilized from their anomalous attachments in the right ventricle, and the free edge of this complex is rotated clockwise to be sutured to the septal border of the anterior leaflet, thus creating a cone the vertex of which remains fixed at the right ventricular apex and the base of which is sutured to the true tricuspid valve annulus level. Additionally, the septal leaflet is incorporated into the cone wall whenever possible, and the atrial septal defect is closed in a valved fashion.
RESULTS
There was 1 (2.5%) hospital death and 1 late death. Early postoperative echocardiograms have shown good right ventricular morphology and reduction in tricuspid regurgitation grade from 3.6 ± 0.5 to 1.2 ± 0.5 (P < .0001). After mean follow-up of 4 years, the functional class (New York Heart Association) improved from 2.6 ± 0.7 to 1.2 ± 0.4 (P < .0001). Two patients required late tricuspid valve re-repair, and there was neither atrioventricular block nor tricuspid valve replacement at any time.
CONCLUSIONS
This surgical technique for Ebstein's anomaly can be performed with low mortality and morbidity. Early echocardiograms showed significant reduction of tricuspid insufficiency, and the follow-up showed improvement in patients' clinical status and low incidence of reoperation.
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CTSNET CLASSIFICATION
20
21
35
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ASD
atrial septal defect
AV
atrioventricular
NYHA
New York Heart Association
RV
right ventricle
TV
tricuspid valve
TVR
tricuspid valve replacement
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Dr da Silva
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Original Articles
KINGS, MASKS, AND FESTIVALS IN THE GRASSLANDS OF CAMEROON
Hans‐Joachim Koloss [/author/Koloss%2C+Hans-Joachim] Curator of the African Department, Museum für Völkerkunde, Arnimallee 23–27, Berlin 33, D‐1000, West Germany
Pages 287-291 | Published online: 17 May 2010
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ABSTRACT
A cinematic project was carried out in Oku, in the savannah in the Cameroons, from December 1977 to February 1978. The aim was to systematically survey the main cultural spheres representative of this kingdom. This task was made possible through the collaboration of the king and the Kwifon, a secret society which collectively ruled the kingdom during the pre‐European era. We were able to collect a wealth of information on the palace, the areas reserved for traditional and cultic practices, as well as on the domain of the ruling families and of secret societies. The above‐mentioned themes are examined in detail in the film and provide essential data for African Studies.
Un projet cinématographique a pu avoir lieu à Oku (Savane camerounaise) de décembre 1977 à février 1978. Le but de ce projet était de recenser d'une manière systématique et représentative les sphères culturelles principales de ce royaume. Ceci n'a pu réussir que grâce à la coopération du roi et de la société secrète "Kwifon" qui à l'époque préeuropéenne gouvernaient le royaume en commun. On a pu acquérir un très riche material sur le palais, l'endroit réservé aux traditions et au culte ainsi que dans le domaine des grandes familles et des société secrètes. Les thèmes très importants de "royaume", "sociétés secrètes", "culte des morts et des ancêtres" et "masques et médecine" ont pu être étudiés d'une manière détaillée, ce qui est une aide essentielle pour toutes les études qui concernent l'Afrique.
Desde diciembre de 1977 hasta febrero de 1978 pude llevar a cabo en Oku (praderas de Camerum) un proyecto fílmico, cuya meta fue abarcar sistematica y representativamente los principales campos culturales de ese reinado. Eso se consiguió sólo en colaboración con el Rey y la sociedad secreta "Kwifon", la que antes del tiempo europeo desempenaban en conjunto el poder ejecutivo. Por este medio se pudo ganar un innumerable material fílmico de los palacios, de las tradiciones y centros culticos de las tribus, también del ámbito de las grandes familias y de las organizaciones secretas. Temas tan importantes para el conjunto de la africanistica como monarquía, máscaras y carácter de la medicina, organizaciones secretas, culto a los muertos y antepasados se pudieron documentar detalladamente.
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* Ethics | 1,028,614 |
https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/graeme-smith-47270/tests-odi-t20-records | Matches (6)
UAE Tri-Series (2)
Vitality Blast Men (1)
ENG vs SA (1)
CPL (2)
Previous
AFG Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
AFG
(20 ov) 170/4
UAE Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
UAE
null
[/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-afghanistan-6th-match-1497878/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/points-table-standings]Report [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-afghanistan-6th-match-1497878/match-report]Series [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870]
Durham Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Durham
Hampshire Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Hampshire
Today
5:30 PM
null
[/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/durham-vs-hampshire-2nd-quarter-final-1460881/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753/points-table-standings]Series [/series/vitality-blast-men-2025-1460753]
SA Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
SA
330/8
ENG Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
ENG
(50 ov, T:331) 325/9
null
[/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/england-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-1448355/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Report [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/england-vs-south-africa-2nd-odi-1448355/match-report]Series [/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336]
Barbados Royals Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Barbados Royals
Antigua and Barbuda Falcons Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
Antigua and Barbuda Falcons
Today
11:00 PM
null
[/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-antigua-and-barbuda-falcons-22nd-match-1477993/live-cricket-score]Schedule [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/points-table-standings]Series [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498]
BR Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
BR
165/6
GAW Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
GAW
(19.4/20 ov, T:166) 170/6
null
[/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-guyana-amazon-warriors-21st-match-1477992/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/points-table-standings]Report [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498/barbados-royals-vs-guyana-amazon-warriors-21st-match-1477992/match-report]Series [/series/caribbean-premier-league-2025-1468498]
PAK Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
PAK
171/5
UAE Flag [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-transparent.png]
UAE
(20 ov, T:172) 140/7
null
[/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-pakistan-5th-match-1497877/full-scorecard]Schedule [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results]Table [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/points-table-standings]Report [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870/united-arab-emirates-vs-pakistan-5th-match-1497877/match-report]Series [/series/united-arab-emirates-t20i-tri-series-2025-1497870]
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Edition AU
GRAEME SMITH
South Africa|Opening Batter
Compare [/cricketers/compare/graeme-smith-47270]
Graeme Smith [https://img1.hscicdn.com/image/upload/f_auto,t_ds_square_w_320,q_50/lsci/db/PICTURES/CMS/320300/320346.1.png]
INTL CAREER: 2002 - 2014
Most Viewed Players [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
Most Viewed Players
* Matthew Breetzke [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Matthew Breetzke [/cricketers/matthew-breetzke-595267]
* Dewald Brevis [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Dewald Brevis [/cricketers/dewald-brevis-1070665]
* Senuran Muthusamy [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Senuran Muthusamy [/cricketers/senuran-muthusamy-535393]
* Corbin Bosch [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Corbin Bosch [/cricketers/corbin-bosch-594322]
* Tristan Stubbs [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Tristan Stubbs [/cricketers/tristan-stubbs-595978]
* Aiden Markram [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Aiden Markram [/cricketers/aiden-markram-600498]
* Temba Bavuma [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Temba Bavuma [/cricketers/temba-bavuma-372116]
* Nandre Burger [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Nandre Burger [/cricketers/nandre-burger-971349]
* Ryan Rickelton [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Ryan Rickelton [/cricketers/ryan-rickelton-605661]
* Keshav Maharaj [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Keshav Maharaj [/cricketers/keshav-maharaj-267724]
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Bangladesh
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* Jaker Ali [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Jaker Ali [/cricketers/jaker-ali-824541]
* Litton Das [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Litton Das [/cricketers/litton-das-536936]
* Mehidy Hasan Miraz [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Mehidy Hasan Miraz [/cricketers/mehidy-hasan-miraz-629063]
* Najmul Hossain Shanto [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Najmul Hossain Shanto [/cricketers/najmul-hossain-shanto-629058]
* Parvez Hossain Emon [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Parvez Hossain Emon [/cricketers/parvez-hossain-emon-1139511]
* Rishad Hossain [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Rishad Hossain [/cricketers/rishad-hossain-1139523]
* Tanzid Hasan [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Tanzid Hasan [/cricketers/tanzid-hasan-990023]
* Tanzim Hasan Sakib [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Tanzim Hasan Sakib [/cricketers/tanzim-hasan-sakib-1139520]
* Taskin Ahmed [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Taskin Ahmed [/cricketers/taskin-ahmed-538506]
* Towhid Hridoy [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]Towhid Hridoy [/cricketers/towhid-hridoy-990031]
Alphabetically sorted top ten of players who have played the most matches across formats in the last 12 months
Overview [/cricketers/graeme-smith-47270]
Stats [/cricketers/graeme-smith-47270/bowling-batting-stats]
Records [/cricketers/graeme-smith-47270/tests-odi-t20-records]
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Videos [/cricketers/graeme-smith-47270/videos]
News [/cricketers/graeme-smith-47270/news]
Photos [/cricketers/graeme-smith-47270/photos]
Top Records
Most matches as captain [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
1st
Most matches as captain (109)
Test matches
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283746.html]
Most runs in a calendar year [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
4th
Most runs in a calendar year (1656)
Test matches
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284248.html]
Most double hundreds in a series [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
2nd
Most double hundreds in a series (2)
Test matches
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282953.html]
Hundred and a duck in a match [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
record [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
Hundred and a duck in a match
Test matches
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283120.html]
Most catches in an innings [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
1st
Most catches in an innings (5)
Test matches
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283555.html]
5000 runs and 50 fielding dismissals [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
record [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
5000 runs and 50 fielding dismissals
Test matches
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282824.html]
Highest partnership for the fifth wicket [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
6th
Highest partnership for the fifth wicket (338)
Test matches
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283583.html]
Most matches as captain [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
7th
Most matches as captain (150)
One-Day Internationals
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283747.html]
Dismissed for 99 (and 199, 299 etc) [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
1st
Dismissed for 99 (and 199, 299 etc) (99)
One-Day Internationals
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283022.html]
Most innings before first duck [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
5th
Most innings before first duck (67)
One-Day Internationals
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284081.html]
Most catches in an innings [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
3rd
Most catches in an innings (4)
One-Day Internationals
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283642.html]
5000 runs and 50 fielding dismissals [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
record [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
5000 runs and 50 fielding dismissals
One-Day Internationals
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282825.html]
Most matches as captain [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
4th
Most matches as captain (286)
Combined Test, ODI and T20I records
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283427.html]
Hundreds in consecutive matches [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
4th
Hundreds in consecutive matches (4)
Combined Test, ODI and T20I records
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284152.html]
Most catches in career [https://wassets.hscicdn.com/static/images/lazyimage-noaspect.svg]
10th
Most catches in career (292)
Combined Test, ODI and T20I records
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283649 | 1,028,615 |
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THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY'S INTEGRATION POLICY TOWARDS PRIVATE BUSINESS AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE NINTH NATIONAL SURVEY OF CHINESE PRIVATE ENTERPRISES
Jun Ma [email protected] [/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#bbdac8dfdad7c38a8988fb8a898d95d8d4d6] and Xuan HeView all authors and affiliations
Volume 4, Issue 3 [/toc/chsa/4/3]
https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002218782636 [https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002218782636]
Contents
* Abstract
* Introduction
* The logic and solutions of the ruling party's integration of private enterprises—political absorption and organizational embeddedness
* The ruling party's integrated strategy and its effect on the Chinese private sector
* Statistics and variable measurement
* Empirical results and regression analysis
* Discussion and conclusion
* Acknowledgements
* Funding
* Footnotes
* References
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ABSTRACT
Since the Chinese economic reform, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has gradually moved toward a separation of the party-state from society, manifested in the withdrawal of party power from many areas of society and the growing new power of private enterprises. The CPC has actively reformed itself as it has evolved from a revolutionary party into a governing party. The party's support of and collaboration with private enterprises, a powerful and indispensable force in the Chinese economy, is a good example of such a change. Instead of focusing on political acceptance and organizational infiltration as most of the existing studies have done, this paper examines the political incorporation of the CPC's integration policy towards private enterprises. Theoretical analysis, supported by case studies, indicates that the relationship between the ruling party and private businesses is not, contrary to common understanding, unidirectional absorption and penetration by the Party. Instead, it is an interdependent and mutually beneficial relationship. A further empirical examination of the Ninth National Survey of Private Enterprises confirms that private businesses that have set up CPC organizations or have owners who are themselves CPC members identify more strongly with the ruling party policies and are more active in production expansion and long-term growth. It appears that the CPC's integration policy towards private enterprises has effectively utilized both 'top-down' organizational infiltration and 'bottom-up' political integration. In doing so, the CPC maintains its control over private enterprises. Not only does it consolidate the governing legitimacy of the Party, it also enables private businesses to fulfil its social function. The policy helps the Party successfully prevent the formation of non-institutionalized powers outside the system.
INTRODUCTION
After more than 30 years' reform and opening up, China has undergone tremendous changes in its social structure and economic system, but it has still maintained an authoritative governance system in its political structure (Cao, 2011). What has maintained the stability of the system for such a long time? Tsai (2007) believed that the changing Chinese political system had followed a path on which 'the system's structure remains unchanged and the political environment keeps changing', enabling the Chinese government to satisfy the power demands of all kinds of economic entities represented by private enterprises without undergoing any political system reforms. After over 30 years' power-transfer reformation, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has weakened its control over all aspects of society, including ideological, social, economic and political life. The 'Party-state' system has undergone a process of atrophy (Shambaugh, 2011). It is the rapid growth and accumulation of the non-state-controlled social forces that have yielded a group of newly emerging economic and social forces that have drifted outside the existing political system. The impulsion of exploring action room and self-organization1 has broken the existing patterns of power and interests in the Party-state and created challenges and threats to the political Party-state structure (Gong, 2012).
Therefore, the private sector, which has accumulated abundant economic and social capital, especially those private entrepreneurs outside the system, has, to some extent, possessed the potential capability of 'rallying outside the system'. If the Chinese Communist Party leaves the 'impulsion of self-organization' uncontrolled, the newly emerging social strata may possibly organize themselves into an opposing force, causing actual threats and challenges to the ruling legitimacy of the CPC and social stability. Can it be said, then, that a social class of private entrepreneurs acts autonomously and struggles with the state's power in the market transformation in China? After studying the current literature, Huang (2014a, 2014b) concluded that this deduction was not reasonable, because the newly emerged class in China is a new social stratum that depends upon and conspires with the state. With its political advantage and organizational resources, the ruling party uses the integration strategy of political absorption and organizational embeddedness to effectively resolve the pressure from the newly emerging social stratum and makes those forces a part of the Party-state, thus forming mutualistic relations between those forces and the Party-state (Li, 2001; Chen and Dickson, 2008).
Most of the current research studies on the CPC's political absorption and organizational embeddedness focus on a specific aspect. This process has never been studied from the perspective of Party-state integration, and the empirical studies of data analysis from this perspective are insufficient. Li et al. (2008) viewed Party membership as a bridge that connects the CPC and the government but did not pursue specific studies on the working mechanism that influences enterprise behavior; Ma et al. (2012, 2013) studied grassroots Party organizations' impacts on the governance of the state-owned enterprises, but he was only interested in the process of the Party's organizational embeddedness and ignored the process of political absorption. The influential mechanism of the Party-state behavior with Chinese characteristics towards private entrepreneurs' resource distribution and behavior selection is not fully discussed and is not given sufficient attention. These Party-state behaviors include absorbing private business owners into the CPC, establishing grassroots party organizations within private enterprises, and allowing these organizations to participate in decision-making.
Thus, to observe how the CPC uses its political advantage, organizational resources, integrated methods of political absorption, and organizational embeddedness to encourage private entrepreneurs to invest more into productive and long-term orientated activities is an appropriate perspective from which to study the effects of the CPC's integrated strategy concerning the private sector, and a direct manifestation of mutual political trust between the ruling party and private business owners. Based on the above analysis, this paper mainly focuses on the following issues:
1.
Is the integrated strategy of the ruling party regarding the private sector a 'unilateral wish'? What are private entrepreneurs' attitudes towards it?
2.
How do Communist Party memberships of private entrepreneurs and party organizations within enterprises jointly influence the private entrepreneurs' evaluations of the policies implemented by the CPC? Do they advocate and support the CPC's leadership? Do they prefer associating outside the system or standing up for the current system?
3.
How does the influential mechanism of private entrepreneurs' party memberships and party organizations within their enterprises work on productive activities and long-term orientated activities?
THE LOGIC AND SOLUTIONS OF THE RULING PARTY'S INTEGRATION OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISES—POLITICAL ABSORPTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL EMBEDDEDNESS
POLITICAL ABSORPTION
Absorbing newly emerging social forces into a party organization is an indispensable path for the CPC's growth into a modern party and for maintaining its ruling legitimacy and consolidating its governance. The proposal of the important thoughts of the 'Three Representatives' indicates that the CPC has begun to absorb 'the representatives of advanced productive forces'. Some scholars even believed that the thoughts of 'Three Representatives' were an invitation to private entrepreneurs to join the CPC (Guiheux, 2006). The issue concerning private entrepreneurs' joining the Communist Party was further clarified in the report of the 16th National Congress of the CPC, making it more accessible to private entrepreneurs.
The concept of 'political absorption' could be traced back to King (1997), who proposed 'administrative absorption',2 which indicates that the government absorbs social elites or political forces represented by elite groups into its administrative decision-making framework, and thus a certain level of 'elite integration' is obtained. In order to acquire political identification from new social elites for consolidating legitimacy of governance and to display its resource advantages and economic social construction functions, the ruling party uses its own political and organizational resources to absorb social elites into the Party and the government bodies, making them a part of the 'colluded party-state' system (Goodman, 1995). More specifically, the CPC 'absorbs politically'3 private entrepreneurs in two ways. First, the CPC gives private entrepreneurs political identities, such as Communist Party membership, deputyship to the People's Congress, membership in the People's Political Consultative Conference, etc.; and second, private entrepreneurs are absorbed into social groups, such as the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce and Private Enterprise Association, which offer them limited access to political activities.
Table 1 demonstrates the objective status of private entrepreneurs' political identities and party-building in enterprises nationwide from 2002 to 2012. For the past 10 years, private entrepreneurs with CPC memberships have constituted more than 30% of the total investigated private entrepreneurs. This percentage shows an upward trend. Private entrepreneurs who have not joined the CPC have shown a growing desire to do so.
Table 1. Investigation on private entrepreneurs' political identity and CPC organization in private enterprises.
YEAR OF INVESTIGATION PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS WITH PARTY MEMBERSHIPS PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS WILLING TO JOIN THE PARTY PRIVATE ENTERPRISES WITH PARTY ORGANIZATIONS
2002 972 (0.299) 545 (0.167) 892 (0.274)
2004 1126 (0.313) 411 (0.114) 899 (0.250)
2006 1395 (0.364) 368 (0.096) 1129 (0.294)
2008 1372 (0.335) 421 (0.103) 1294 (0.316)
2010 1838 (0.398) 1043 (0.226) 1275 (0.276)
2012 1662 (0.328) 1666 (0.328) 1565 (0.308)
Note: (1) The figures of the three indicators in this table are population totals, and those in brackets are percentages. (2) Three indicators in the table are recoded as virtual variables between 0 and 1. Private entrepreneurs who have or want to have a Communist Party membership are coded as 1, otherwise as 0; Private enterprises in which a Communist Party organization is established are coded as 1, otherwise 0. (3) The source of statistics was the random sampling data of national private entrepreneurs from 2002 to 2012. The statistics were sorted by the authors.
Next, we shall discuss the process of the CPC's political absorption, with two specific case examples:
Case 1. Su Wenfang was a rich entrepreneur in Xuanwei City, Yunnan Province. He owned several companies both within and outside of his village. In 1999, he was elected party branch secretary of Hongqiao Village in Banqiao Town, and he was elected Village Head in 2000. The media described the case of Su Wenfang as providing a solution for the | 1,028,616 |
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σ-Methyl-π-Cyclopentadienylmolybdenum Tricarbonyl [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326956962_s-Methyl-p-Cyclopentadienylmolybdenum_Tricarbonyl]
* Chapter [publication/326956962_s-Methyl-p-Cyclopentadienylmolybdenum_Tricarbonyl]
January 2007
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44 Reads
Inorganic Syntheses
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]W.L. Jolly [scientific-contributions/William-L-Jolly-2076884702]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]N.A.D. Carey [scientific-contributions/NAD-Carey-2163511589]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]H.C. Clark [scientific-contributions/HC-Clark-2077883389]
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Bis(Cyclopentadienyl)Iron: (Ferrocene) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326956982_BisCyclopentadienylIron_Ferrocene]
* Chapter [publication/326956982_BisCyclopentadienylIron_Ferrocene]
January 2007
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165 Reads
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7 Citations
Inorganic Syntheses
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]W.L. Jolly [scientific-contributions/William-L-Jolly-2076884702]
·
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]N.A.D. Carey [scientific-contributions/NAD-Carey-2163511589]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]H.C. Clark [scientific-contributions/HC-Clark-2077883389]
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Cyclopentadienyl Metal Carbonyls and Some Derivatives [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285351020_Cyclopentadienyl_Metal_Carbonyls_and_Some_Derivatives]
* Chapter [publication/285351020_Cyclopentadienyl_Metal_Carbonyls_and_Some_Derivatives]
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Inorganic Syntheses
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]R. B. King [scientific-contributions/R-B-King-2110102272]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]F. G. A. Stone [scientific-contributions/F-G-A-Stone-2079091400]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]William L. Jolly [scientific-contributions/William-L-Jolly-2076884702]
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[...]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]Roy Tsugawa [scientific-contributions/Roy-Tsugawa-2086700336]
cyclopentadienyl carbonyls;cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl;tetracarbonyl (cyclopentadienyl)vanadium;tricarbonyl (cyclopentadienyl)chromium dimer;mercuribis[tricarbonyl (cyclopentadienyl) chromium
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Bis(Cyclopentadienyl)Nickel: (Nickelocene) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279416345_BisCyclopentadienylNickel_Nickelocene]
* Chapter [publication/279416345_BisCyclopentadienylNickel_Nickelocene]
January 2007
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107 Reads
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4 Citations
Inorganic Syntheses
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]William L. Jolly [scientific-contributions/William-L-Jolly-2076884702]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]David J. Chazan [scientific-contributions/David-J-Chazan-2076831691]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]N. A. D. Carey [scientific-contributions/NAD-Carey-2163511589]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]H. C. Clark [scientific-contributions/HC-Clark-2077883389]
bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel;nickelocene;ferrocene;nickel tetracarbonyl;dimethyl sulfoxide
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CITATIONS (1)
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> ... Tetrabutylammonium fluoride solution (1 M solution in THF, Aldrich), 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (Aldrich), and catalyst CuI ("Vekton-M" Ltd.) were used as received. PdCl 2 (NCMe) 2 , Cp(CO) 2 FeI, (PPh 3 ) AuCl, 2-ethynylthiophene and 2-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]thiophene were prepared according to the literature procedures [28][29][30][31]. The IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu IRTracer-100 spectrometer (Japan). 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were obtained using NMR spectrometer AVANCE III 600 (Bruker, Germany). ...
>
>
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> Reference:
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> Transition metal catalyzed Fe–C coupling reactions in synthesis of dicarbonyl(2-thienylethynyl)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)iron complex: Spectroscopic, structure and electrochemical study [publication/342861555_Transition_metal_catalyzed_Fe-C_coupling_reactions_in_synthesis_of_dicarbonyl2-thienylethynyle5-cyclopentadienyliron_complex_Spectroscopic_structure_and_electrochemical_study]
Cyclopentadienyl Metal Carbonyls and Some Derivatives [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285351020_Cyclopentadienyl_Metal_Carbonyls_and_Some_Derivatives]
* Citing Chapter
* January 2007
Inorganic Syntheses
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]R. B. King [scientific-contributions/R-B-King-2110102272]
·
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]F. G. A. Stone [scientific-contributions/F-G-A-Stone-2079091400]
·
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]William L. Jolly [scientific-contributions/William-L-Jolly-2076884702]
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[...]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]Roy Tsugawa [scientific-contributions/Roy-Tsugawa-2086700336]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
David J. Chazan [scientific-contributions/David-J-Chazan-2076831691]
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
F. G. A. Stone [scientific-contributions/F-G-A-Stone-2079091400]
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
Henry Steinberg [scientific-contributions/Henry-Steinberg-2086653400]
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
Roy Tsugawa [scientific-contributions/Roy-Tsugawa-2086700336]
[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
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[https://c5.rgstatic.net/m/435982309481010/images/template/default/author/author_default_m.jpg]
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Full Name
Richard Beckett
Born
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Died
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Richard Beckett made nine known appearances in major or first-class matches for the MCC between 1804 and 1807. He was killed while serving with the Coldstream Guards during the closing stages of the Battle of Talavera in 1809 and thus has the unfortunate distinction of being the first first-class player to be killed in battle.
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FORMAT MAT INNS NO RUNS HS AVE 100S 50S CT ST
FC 9 17 0 120 34 7.05 0 0 3 0
Bowling
FORMAT MAT BALLS RUNS WKTS BBI BBM AVE ECON SR 4W 5W 10W
FC 9 0 0 0 - - - - - 0 0 0
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THE THREE REPRESENTS CAMPAIGN: REFORM THE PARTY OR INDOCTRINATE THE CAPITALISTS?
* January 2004
Authors:
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ABSTRACT
The newly amended Constitution of the People's Republic of China enshrines the "Three Represents" as one of the ruling theories of China. Accordingly, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must always represent the development trend of China's advanced produc- tive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fun- damental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. The Three Represents Campaign has long been considered to ensure that the Party expand its membership to include private entrepreneurs, redefine its societal role, modify its core tenets, and institutionalize its rule. The constitutional status of the slogans seems to corroborate that conclusion. The assertion, however, overlooks another side of the ideological movement: the CCP's desire to absorb capitalists into a preexisting Party line and to indoctrinate them with the Party ortho- doxy. By doing this, the CCP is in fact strengthening its orthodox ideology so as to increase its authority and legitimacy.
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THE THREE REPRESENTS CAMPAIGN:
REFORM THE PARTY OR INDOCTRINATE
THE CAPITALISTS?
Jia Hepeng
The newly amended Constitution of the People's Republic of
China enshrines the "Three Represents" as one of the ruling theories
of China. Accordingly, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) must
always represent the development trend of China's advanced produc-
tive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fun-
damental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. The
Three Represents Campaign has long been considered to ensure that
the Party expand its membership to include private entrepreneurs,
redefine its societal role, modify its core tenets, and institutionalize its
rule. The constitutional status of the slogans seems to corroborate that
conclusion. The assertion, however, overlooks another side of the
ideological movement: the CCP's desire to absorb capitalists into a
preexisting Party line and to indoctrinate them with the Party ortho-
doxy. By doing this, the CCP is in fact strengthening its orthodox
ideology so as to increase its authority and legitimacy.
Campaign to Defend Ruling Rationale
Initially brought forward in February 2000, the Three Represents
theory was highlighted in Jiang Zemin's July 1, 2001, speech, which
was delivered to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the CCP. In the
speech, Jiang also urged that capitalists and other elites be allowed to
join the Party (Jiang 2001a). Since then, explanations that the CCP
would change its proletarian nature have abounded both in the media
and academia (Paltiel 2001, Lawrence 2002, Saich 2002, Fewsmith
2002b). Those explanations continue to dominate academia as the
Cato Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Fall 2004). Copyright © Cato Institute. All rights
reserved.
Jia Hepeng is a journalist with China Daily and China Business Weekly.
261
new CCP leadership headed by Hu Jintao further promoted the
Three Represents theory after it took power at the 16th National
Party Congress in November 2002 (Dickson 2003, Mulvenon 2003).
Commentators also argue that the decision to admit capitalists into
the Party and institutionalize the Party's rule downplays the ideologi-
cal role of the CCP. According to some experts, a natural outcome of
the fading importance of ideology is that the CCP will become more
authoritarian rather than totalitarian, commonly thought as the eve of
democratization (Guo 2000: 1–32).
But a prudent reflection on the speeches of Hu and Jiang, a critical
analysis of the development tracks of the Three Represents Cam-
paign, and a systematic observation of the CCP's new policy orienta-
tion will lead political students to reach somewhat different view-
points. It is clear that the Party's ideological role has not been re-
duced at all. Indeed, Zhang (1996:2) has shown that since the CCP
launched its economic reform movement in late 1978, ideology has
become an important vehicle for communicating regime values to the
Party rank and file and to the whole population. The logic is contin-
ued as the CCP adapts its traditional ideology by assimilating new
elements of China's modernizing society through the Three Repre-
sents Campaign.
New Leadership's Enhanced Ideological Efforts
The performance of the new leadership since 2002 illustrates its
eagerness to maintain the dogmatic Party lines. On December 5, just
days after being elected as the general secretary of the CCP, Hu
Jintao went to inspect Xibaipo, a holy revolutionary land of the CCP.
The trip was highly symbolic, representing the new general secre-
tary's zeal to embrace the traditional Party line. The speech Hu made
in Xibaipo, which was published one month later, emphasized that
the Party leadership must keep a humble attitude and a hardworking
spirit, which are called two musts (wubi). In the speech, Hu linked
the Three Represents to the hardworking attitude and the so-called
fish-water connection between the Party cadres and the masses (Hu
2003a). He did not mention the reform aspects of the Three Repre-
sents.
The disastrous severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which
broke out in November 2002 in Guangdong Province and spread to
Beijing and other Chinese cities in the first half of 2003, gave the new
leadership another chance to highlight its image of caring for the
people. On April 28, during the peak of the fight against SARS, the
Politburo met to discuss the Three Represents. The theory was ap-
parently linked to anti-SARS efforts, in which one of the Three
CATO JOURNAL
262
Represents—representing the basic interests of the majority of
people—was highly stressed (Qiushi 2003). This move was also aimed
at resuming the injured legitimacy of the Party after the government's
poor response to SARS in the early period of the epidemic that
deprived hundreds of their lives.
Starting in June 2003, the Chinese media have been promoting a
new campaign to study the Three Represents. In Hu's speech on July
1, 2003, to mark the 82nd anniversary of the CCP, the essence of
Three Represents was explained to mean that the CCP should dedi-
cate itself to the interests of the public and govern for the benefit of
the people (Hu 2003b).
Hu Jintao's highlight on studying the Three Represents has been
considered by political researchers as a way to weaken the legacy and
authority of Jiang Zemin (Miller 2003) or as an attempt to interject his
own ideas into Jiang's theories (Fewsmith 2003).
But the conclusions are partial in that scholars have neglected Hu's
emphasis on the dogmatic Party line. It is true that the new leadership
launched some reform measures, such as the enactment of the Law
on Administrative Licensing in August 2003 that nominally limits the
government's power, the release of the Regulations of Internal Su-
pervision of CCP in 2004, and the constitutional amendments.
1
But
these reform policies, aimed at meeting new demands of the advanc-
ing market economy, are done in the pretext that the Party's mo-
nopoly hold on political power has not been weakened. The nominal
limitation to the government revealed in these reform measures is
aimed at limiting the abuses of power by individual officials or gov-
ernment organs, rather than restricting the CCP's dominance over
political power. In fact, the limitation does not contradict the dogmas
of a Leninist Party, which are major legitimatization resources for the
CCP, because a Leninist Party must represent the people and receive
the people's supervision. This view is consistent with the dogmatic
side of the Three Represents theory.
But how are we to understand the protection of private property
that has been written into the amended Constitution? Clearly, we
should not think the new leadership has succumbed to the demands
of rising capitalists. The constitutional revision has been explained
mainly—both by researchers and the official media—as a way to
protect the property of average people, as most urban residents now
own their housing and other valuable belongings.
2
In addition, the
1
For details of the amendments, see China Daily (2004).
2
See, for example, Zhao (2002), and Song (2004).
THREE REPRESENTS CAMPAIGN
263
constitutional revision is at most symbolic, as the Chinese government
always keeps a blind eye on appeals that certain policies or laws
violate the Constitution, and the courts never use the Constitution as
a basis for ruling (The Economist 2004). The new stipulation that the
state shall make compensation for the land expropriated or requisi-
tioned is also aimed to offer nominal protections to average people's
properties. Thus, the added constitutional article on private property
rights is naturally connected with the Three Represents theory, which
is also written into the amended PRC Constitution.
The new leadership's emphasis on socialist ideology is a continua-
tion of the policy of Jiang and other leaders who proposed the Three
Represents Campaign.
In Jiang's July 1, 2001, speech that first clarified the Three Rep-
resents, certain theoretical shifts are apparent, such as the substitu-
tion of "the majority of the people"for "working class."Nevertheless,
the tone and the expression of the speech were still identical to
traditional socialist dogmas that the CCP claims to hold. That spirit
was also apparent in Jiang's previous speeches on the Three Repre-
sents theory, in which Jiang, in language similar to that of his prede-
cessors, repeatedly stressed that the Party was challenged by a new
socioeconomic situation, and that it should better represent the in-
terests of the people in the new era. In those speeches, the statements
confirming the capitalists'importance, which characterized the July 1
speech, did not appear (Jiang 2001b).
The Necessity to Maintain Socialist Ideology
The efforts of Jiang and Hu to promote the traditional Party lines
through the Three Represents Campaign are a result of the rising
need to maintain the legitimacy of CCP's rule. Despite China's out-
standing economic performance, including an average annual GDP
growth rate that surpassed 9 percent in the 1990s,
3
the CCP's eco-
nomic reforms have actually weakened the legitimacy of the prevail-
ing socialist ideology by introducing and expanding various forms of
private ownership, encouraging income disparities, and, in some
cases, causing serious corruption.
Since economic reform began in 1978, the Party's reformist lead-
ership and its ideologues have defended the rationales for many new
3
China Statistics Yearbook 2001 (2002): 51.
CATO JOURNAL
264
policies, ranging from the rural household contract system to the
leasing of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
But since the mid-1990s, various social problems, especially rising
layoffs from SOEs, have become increasingly poignant. Official sta-
tistics show that a total of 20.9 million workers lost their jobs in the
state-owned and urban collective-owned sectors.
4
The rising unemployment and rapidly widening income gap
5
shad-
owed the CCP's economic legitimacy and previous justifications of
the reform policies because the fruit of economic growth was not
enjoyed by a large portion of population, while socialism by definition
means equality and common wealth. As a Chinese political observer
pointed out, "The basic rationale of socialism would be thrown into
question if China had to pursue modernization at the expense of
equality"(Chen 1995: 192).
The reformist Deng Xiaoping theory, which was written into the
CCP's Constitution at the Party's 15th National Congress in 1997, is
insufficient to meet the new demands of socioeconomic development
(Hong and Sun 1999: 35) and defend against the leftists'repeated
accusation. This is because the leftists'arguments were more coher-
ent and systematic than the reform theories that remain basically
contradictory to traditional socialist dogmas (Misra 2001: 143). There-
fore, Deng's theory cannot offer a rational base for the reformist
leadership.
According to Max Weber, there are three major types of legitimate
domination: rational ground, traditional ground, and charismatic
ground, of which rational ground plays the most important role in
modern world (Wu 1999: 14).
For a socialist party, socialism's goals of common wealth, equal
society, and the inevitable transition to communism are a natural
rational ground for its ruling. But where is the rational base for
China's reformist socialist leaders? For the CCP leadership, there is
a demand for a rational base that incorporates reform into its tradi-
tional ideology—ideology that stresses common wealth ahead of eco-
nomic performance.
That demand is revealed by empirical studies conducted in the late
1990s. A survey carried out in six Chinese cities showed that overall
satisfaction with reform declined in 1999 while the percentage of
4
China Statistics Yearbook 2002 (2003:): 117.
5
Economists with Nankai University estimate that China's Gini coefficient reached 0.40 in
1997, indicating China's income disparity had reached a dangerous level (Wang, Hu, and
Ding 2002).
THREE REPRESENTS CAMPAIGN
265
those who claimed that reform was too slow decreased from 17
percent in 1991 to 12 percent in 1999 (Tang 2001: 891–909).
On the other hand, the same survey showed that political support
for China's socialist system and ideology was very high. For example,
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