title: Split learning for health: Distributed deep learning without sharing raw patient data

text: Can health entities collaboratively train deep learning models without sharing sensitive raw data? This paper proposes several configurations of a distributed deep learning method called SplitNN to facilitate such collaborations. SplitNN does not share raw data or model details with collaborating institutions. The proposed configurations of splitNN cater to practical settings of i) entities holding different modalities of patient data, ii) centralized and local health entities collaborating on multiple tasks and iii) learning without sharing labels. We compare performance and resource efficiency trade-offs of splitNN and other distributed deep learning methods like federated learning, large batch synchronous stochastic gradient descent and show highly encouraging results for splitNN.


title: Computer proficiency questionnaire: assessing low and high computer proficient seniors.

text:
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Computers and the Internet have the potential to enrich the lives of seniors and aid in the performance of important tasks required for independent living. A prerequisite for reaping these benefits is having the skills needed to use these systems, which is highly dependent on proper training. One prerequisite for efficient and effective training is being able to gauge current levels of proficiency. We developed a new measure (the Computer Proficiency Questionnaire, or CPQ) to measure computer proficiency in the domains of computer basics, printing, communication, Internet, calendaring software, and multimedia use. Our aim was to develop a measure appropriate for individuals with a wide range of proficiencies from noncomputer users to extremely skilled users.

DESIGN AND METHODS
To assess the reliability and validity of the CPQ, a diverse sample of older adults, including 276 older adults with no or minimal computer experience, was recruited and asked to complete the CPQ.

RESULTS
The CPQ demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach's α = .98), with subscale reliabilities ranging from .86 to .97. Age, computer use, and general technology use all predicted CPQ scores. Factor analysis revealed three main factors of proficiency related to Internet and e-mail use; communication and calendaring; and computer basics. Based on our findings, we also developed a short-form CPQ (CPQ-12) with similar properties but 21 fewer questions.

IMPLICATIONS
The CPQ and CPQ-12 are useful tools to gauge computer proficiency for training and research purposes, even among low computer proficient older adults.


title: An empirical evaluation for the intrusion detection features based on machine learning and feature selection methods

text: Despite the great developments in information technology, particularly the Internet, computer networks, global information exchange, and its positive impact in all areas of daily life, it has also contributed to the development of penetration and intrusion which forms a high risk to the security of information organizations, government agencies, and causes large economic losses. There are many techniques designed for protection such as firewall and intrusion detection systems (IDS). IDS is a set of software and/or hardware techniques used to detect hacker's activities in computer systems. Two types of anomalies are used in IDS to detect intrusive activities different from normal user behavior. Misuse relies on the knowledge base that contains all known attack techniques and intrusion is discovered through research in this knowledge base. Artificial intelligence techniques have been introduced to improve the performance of these systems. The importance of IDS is to identify unauthorized access attempting to compromise confidentiality, integrity or availability of the computer network. This paper investigates the Intrusion Detection (ID) problem using three machine learning algorithms namely, BayesNet algorithm, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The algorithms are applied on a real, Management Information Based (MIB) dataset that is collected from real life environment. To enhance the detection process accuracy, a set of feature selection approaches is used; Infogain (IG), ReleifF (RF), and Genetic Search (GS). Our experiments show that the three feature selection methods have enhanced the classification performance. GS with bayesNet, MLP and SVM give high accuracy rates, more specifically the BayesNet with the GS accuracy rate is 99.9%.


title: IGCTs vs. IGBTs for circuit breakers in advanced ship electrical systems

text: Solid-State Circuit Breakers (SSCBs) are being considered for several of the new Navy ships' power distribution platforms. This is because SSCBs offer many advantages to electrical systems that conventional Electro-Mechanical Circuit Breakers (EMCBs) cannot. These advantages include much faster interruption of overcurrents, based on lower current thresholds and/or di/dt rate of current rise; reduced energy flowing into the electrical system during faults; and reduced system ringing during fault interruptions. Additional advantages of SSCBs are the elimination of electrical arcing, which is particularly useful for DC and higher voltage distribution systems and systems in environments with volatile gases or explosives; reduced acoustic noise and Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI) levels during circuit breaker switching; and reduced maintenance and lifecycle costs during the typical 40-year lifetime of the ship. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of SSCBs using IGCTs, SSCBs using IGBTs and conventional EMCBs. It will also describe the differences between IGCTs and IGBTs and will consider the design of the bus voltage snubber. This paper will also show how redesigning the ship's electrical system, while considering these important issues, can result in a more reliable, cost-effective power distribution system for the ship.


title: Lifelong Machine Learning November , 2016

text: Lifelong machine learning (or lifelong learning) is an advanced machine learning paradigm that learns continuously, accumulates the knowledge learned in previous tasks, and uses it to help future learning. In the process, the learner becomes more and more knowledgeable and effective at learning. This learning ability is one of the hallmarks of human intelligence. However, the current dominant machine learning paradigm learns in isolation: given a training dataset, it runs a machine learning algorithm on the dataset to produce a model. It makes no attempt to retain the learned knowledge and use it in future learning. Although this isolated learning paradigm has been very successful, it requires a large number of training examples, and is only suitable for well-defined and narrow tasks. In comparison, we humans can learn effectively with a few examples because we have accumulated so much knowledge in the past which enables us to learn with little data or effort. Lifelong learning aims to achieve this capability. As statistical machine learning matures, it is time to make a major effort to break the isolated learning tradition and to study lifelong learning to bring machine learning to a new height. Applications such as intelligent assistants, chatbots, and physical robots that interact with humans and systems in real-life environments are also calling for such lifelong learning capabilities. Without the ability to accumulate the learned knowledge and use it to learn more knowledge incrementally, a system will probably never be truly intelligent. This book serves as an introductory text and survey to lifelong learning.


title: Who are the crowdworkers?: shifting demographics in mechanical turk

text: Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing system in which tasks are distributed to a population of thousands of anonymous workers for completion. This system is increasingly popular with researchers and developers. Here we extend previous studies of the demographics and usage behaviors of MTurk workers. We describe how the worker population has changed over time, shifting from a primarily moderate-income, U.S.-based workforce towards an increasingly international group with a significant population of young, well-educated Indian workers. This change in population points to how workers may treat Turking as a full-time job, which they rely on to make ends meet.


title: On the Use of College Students in Social Science Research : Insights from a Second-Order Meta-analysis

text: A second-order meta-analysis was conducted to assess the implications of using college student subjects in social science research. Four meta-analyses investigating response homogeneity (cumulative N 1 650,000) and 30 meta-analyses reporting effect sizes for 65 behavioral or psychological relationships (cumulative N 1 350,000) provided comparative data for college student subjects and nonstudent (adult) subjects for the present research. In general, responses of college student subjects were found to be slightly more homogeneous than those of nonstudent subjects.Moreover, effect sizes derived from college student subjects frequently differed from those derived from nonstudent subjects both directionally and in magnitude. Because there was no systematic pattern to the differences observed, caution must be exercised when attempting to extend any relationship found using college student subjects to a nonstudent (adult) population. The results augur in favor of, and emphasize the importance of, replicating research based on college student subjects withnonstudent subjects before attempting any generalizations.


title: Utility data annotation with Amazon Mechanical Turk

text: We show how to outsource data annotation to Amazon Mechanical Turk. Doing so has produced annotations in quite large numbers relatively cheaply. The quality is good, and can be checked and controlled. Annotations are produced quickly. We describe results for several different annotation problems. We describe some strategies for determining when the task is well specified and properly priced.


title: Cheap and Fast - But is it Good? Evaluating Non-Expert Annotations for Natural Language Tasks

text: Human linguistic annotation is crucial for many natural language processing tasks but can be expensive and time-consuming. We explore the use of Amazon’s Mechanical Turk system, a significantly cheaper and faster method for collecting annotations from a broad base of paid non-expert contributors over the Web. We investigate five tasks: affect recognition, word similarity, recognizing textual entailment, event temporal ordering, and word sense disambiguation. For all five, we show high agreement between Mechanical Turk non-expert annotations and existing gold standard labels provided by expert labelers. For the task of affect recognition, we also show that using non-expert labels for training machine learning algorithms can be as effective as using gold standard annotations from experts. We propose a technique for bias correction that significantly improves annotation quality on two tasks. We conclude that many large labeling tasks can be effectively designed and carried out in this method at a fraction of the usual expense.


title: Crowdsourcing user studies with Mechanical Turk

text: User studies are important for many aspects of the design process and involve techniques ranging from informal surveys to rigorous laboratory studies. However, the costs involved in engaging users often requires practitioners to trade off between sample size, time requirements, and monetary costs. Micro-task markets, such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk, offer a potential paradigm for engaging a large number of users for low time and monetary costs. Here we investigate the utility of a micro-task market for collecting user measurements, and discuss design considerations for developing remote micro user evaluation tasks. Although micro-task markets have great potential for rapidly collecting user measurements at low costs, we found that special care is needed in formulating tasks in order to harness the capabilities of the approach.


title: FORWARD AND INVERSE KINEMATICS STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CONSTRUCTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL PARAMETER ' S MODELING

text: Forward and inverse kinematic studies of industrial robots (IR) have been developed and presented in a large number of papers. However, eve n g neral mathematic formalization is usually almost correct, (basically following up general Har tenberg Denavit (H-D) conventions and associated homogenous transformation matrix), only few papers presents kinematic models ready to be directly implemented on a real scale industrial robot or as well able to evaluate kinematics behavior of a real scale IR specific model. That is usually due to som e inconsistencies in modeling, the most frequently of these referring on: the incomplete formalization of the full set of constructive and functional parame ters (that mandatory need to be considered in case of a specific real IR's model), avoidance of considering IR's specific design features, (as joint dimensions a d links dimensions are) leading to wrongly locat ing the reference frames used for expressing homogenous coordinate transformations, as well as missing of the validation procedures able to check the correct itude of the mathematical models, previously to its implementing in a real scale IR's controller. That is why present paper shows first a completely new approach for IR's forward an inverse kinematics, in terms of IR's analytical modeling by taking into account the full set of IR's constructive and funct ional parameters of two different IR's models. Then , for both direct and inverse mathematical models complet e symbolic formalization and full set of solutions for forward and inverse kinematics are presented for bo th IR types. In order to study mathematical models applicability on the real scale IR, two specific IR models were studied: an ABB serial-link open chain kinematics IR and a Fanuc serial-link closed chain ki ematics IR. Numerical results were verified by cross validation using both analytically calculatio ns results and by mean of a constrained 3D CAD mode l used to geometrically verify the results. The param etric form of the model elaborated in PTC Mathcad 1 4 allows a quick reconfiguration for other robot's mo dels having similar configurations. Results can be also used for solving dynamics, path planning and contro l p blems in case of real scale IR.


title: Comparing the effects of different individualized music interventions for elderly individuals with severe dementia

text:
BACKGROUND
Individuals with dementia often experience poor quality of life (QOL) due to behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Music therapy can reduce BPSD, but most studies have focused on patients with mild to moderate dementia. We hypothesized that music intervention would have beneficial effects compared with a no-music control condition, and that interactive music intervention would have stronger effects than passive music intervention.

METHODS
Thirty-nine individuals with severe Alzheimer's disease were randomly and blindly assigned to two music intervention groups (passive or interactive) and a no-music Control group. Music intervention involved individualized music. Short-term effects were evaluated via emotional response and stress levels measured with the autonomic nerve index and the Faces Scale. Long-term effects were evaluated by BPSD changes using the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (BEHAVE-AD) Rating Scale.

RESULTS
Passive and interactive music interventions caused short-term parasympathetic dominance. Interactive intervention caused the greatest improvement in emotional state. Greater long-term reduction in BPSD was observed following interactive intervention, compared with passive music intervention and a no-music control condition.

CONCLUSION
Music intervention can reduce stress in individuals with severe dementia, with interactive interventions exhibiting the strongest beneficial effects. Since interactive music intervention can restore residual cognitive and emotional function, this approach may be useful for aiding severe dementia patients' relationships with others and improving QOL. The registration number of the trial and the name of the trial registry are UMIN000008801 and "Examination of Effective Nursing Intervention for Music Therapy for Severe Dementia Elderly Person" respectively.


title: Generating Legal Arguments and Predictions from Case Texts

text: In this paper, we present methods for automatically finding abstract, legally relevant concepts in case texts and demonstrate how they can be used to make predictions of case outcomes, given the texts as inputs.In a set of experiments to test these methods, we focus on the open question of how best to represent legal text for finding abstract concepts. We compare different ways of representing legal case texts in order to test whether adding domain knowledge and some linguistic information can improve performance.We found that replacing individual names by roles in the case texts led to better indexing, and that adding certain syntactic and semantic information, in the form of Propositional Patterns that capture a sense of "who did what", led to better prediction. Our experiments also showed that of three learning algorithms, Nearest Neighbor worked best in learning how to identify indexing concepts in texts.In these experiments, we introduced a prototype system that can reason with text cases; it analyzes a case, predicts its outcome considering other cases in the database, and explains the prediction, all starting with a textual description of the case's facts as input.


title: GUIDANCE LAW EVALUATION FOR MISSILE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS

text: In missile guidance system, to reduce the interception “miss distance,” it is important to choose a suitable guidance law and navigation constant. This paper investigates and compares the system behavior of guidance laws under different navigation constants. Based on use of the adjoint technique, miss distance sensitivity analyses which consider the system noise, target step maneuver, initial heading error and system parameters for different guidance laws and navigation constants are presented. Based on these analyses, some suggestions for choosing a suitable guidance law and navigation constant are given for the design of missile guidance systems. Also, a suggestion for the optimal escape time for pilots of fighter planes is given.


title: Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem

text: This paper introduces ant colony system (ACS), a distributed algorithm that is applied to the traveling salesman problem (TSP). In ACS, a set of cooperating agents called ants cooperate to find good solutions to TSPs. Ants cooperate using an indirect form of communication mediated by pheromone they deposit on the edges of the TSP graph while building solutions. We study ACS by running experiments to understand its operation. The results show that ACS outperforms other nature-inspired algorithms such as simulated annealing and evolutionary computation, and we conclude comparing ACS-3-opt, a version of ACS augmented with a local search procedure, to some of the best performing algorithms for symmetric and asymmetric TSPs. Accepted for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Vol.1, No.1, 1997. In press.


title: Predicting Player Churn in Multiplayer Games using Goal-Weighted Empowerment

text: The extent to which players feel compelled to play a game is a primary factor in determining that game’s success. Using ideas from self-determination theory, we propose that the drive to play games is related to player’s ability to exercise their mastery drive. In self-determination theory, increasing one’s control is intrinsically rewarding, however it is difficult to instantiate this theory to make concrete predictions of when a player will quit a game early in favor of another activity. The problem of predicting within-game churn events involves modeling and predicting a player’s motivational state to remain in a game. We combine new motivation theory ideas with machine learning methods to develop a computational model that postulates that player’s satisfaction is directly related to their perceived locus of control, extrinsic vs. intrinsic, and hypothesize a set of measurable signals that mediate a player’s locus of control. An agent will continue goal pursuit within the game based on its “empowerment”, which is essentially its ability to predict the future based on its own actions. This indicator of locus of control accounts for both the feasibility of the goal and whether expected progress toward a selected goal is being achieved. A player’s behavior can be used to estimate their empowerment by correlating their continuation of goal pursuit with measures of their expectations of progress and goal-achievability. We apply these concepts and build a model to predict player when players will quit a game early for the multiplayer game, Dota2.


title: The Mobile Sensing Platform: An Embedded Activity Recognition System

text: Activity-aware systems have inspired novel user interfaces and new applications in smart environments, surveillance, emergency response, and military missions. Systems that recognize human activities from body-worn sensors can further open the door to a world of healthcare applications, such as fitness monitoring, eldercare support, long-term preventive and chronic care, and cognitive assistance. Wearable systems have the advantage of being with the user continuously. So, for example, a fitness application could use real-time activity information to encourage users to perform opportunistic activities. Furthermore, the general public is more likely to accept such activity recognition systems because they are usually easy to turn off or remove.


title: Breast shape (ptosis) as a marker of a woman's breast attractiveness and age: Evidence from Poland and Papua.

text:
OBJECTIVES
A women's breast is a sex-specific and aesthetic bodily attribute. It is suggested that breast morphology signals maturity, health, and fecundity. The perception of a woman's attractiveness and age depends on various cues, such as breast size or areola pigmentation. Conducted in Poland and Papua, the current study investigated how breast attractiveness, and the further estimate of a woman's age based on her breast's appearance, is affected by the occurrence of breast ptosis (ie, sagginess, droopiness).

METHODS
In the Polish sample, 57 women and 50 men (N = 107) were presented with sketches of breasts manipulated to represent different stages of ptosis based on two different breast ptosis classifications. The participants were asked to rate the breast attractiveness and age of the woman whose breasts were depicted in each sketch. In Papua, 45 men aged 20 to 75 years took part in the study, which was conducted using only one of the classifications of breast ptosis.

RESULTS
Regardless of the classification used, the results showed that the assessed attractiveness of the breasts decreased as the estimated age increased with respect to the more ptotic breasts depicted in the sketches. The results for Papuan raters were the same as for the Polish sample.

CONCLUSIONS
Breast ptosis may be yet another physical trait that affects the perception and preferences of a potential sexual partner. The consistency in ratings between Polish and Papuan raters suggests that the tendency to assess ptotic breasts with aging and a loss of attractiveness is cross-culturally universal.


title: Growth charts for individuals with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

text: Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly neurodevelopmental syndrome of impaired cholesterol synthesis. Growth restriction and developmental delay are very common clinical manifestations of SLOS. The degree, etiology, and consequences of growth restriction in SLOS remain an area of limited knowledge to the scientific community. There have been no studies describing the growth parameters and providing reference growth charts for individuals with SLOS. Our longitudinal data from 78 patients between the ages of 0.1 and 16 years with SLOS show a growth restriction of about two standard deviations below the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) norms for age. This study represents comprehensive anthropometric data from the largest cohort available, and proposes growth charts for widespread use in the management and study of individuals with SLOS.


title: Superhydrophobic silanized melamine sponges as high efficiency oil absorbent materials.

text: Superhydrophobic sponges and sponge-like materials have attracted great attention recently as potential sorbent materials for oil spill cleanup due to their excellent sorption capacity and high selectivity. A major challenge to their broad use is the fabrication of superhydrophobic sponges with superior recyclability, good mechanical strength, low cost, and manufacture scalability. In this study, we demonstrate a facile, cost-effective, and scalable method to fabricate robust, superhydrophobic sponges through the silanization of commercial melamine sponges via a solution-immersion process. The silanization was achieved through secondary amine groups on the surface of the sponge skeletons with alkylsilane compounds, forming self-assembled monolayers on the surface of sponge skeletons. This resulted in our ability to tune the surface properties of the sponges from being hydrophilic to superhydrophobic with a water contact angle of 151.0°. The superhydrophobic silanized melamine sponge exhibited excellent sorption capacity for a wide range of organic solvents and oils, from 82 to 163 times its own weight, depending on the polarity and density of the employed organic solvents and oils, and high selectivity and outstanding recyclability with an absorption capacity retention greater than 90% after 1000 cycles. These findings offer an effective approach for oil spill containment and environmental remediation.


title: Data mining models for student careers

text: This paper presents a data mining methodology to analyze the careers of University graduated students. We present different approaches based on clustering and sequential patterns techniques in order to identify strategies for improving the performance of students and the scheduling of exams. We introduce an ideal career as the career of an ideal student which has taken each examination just after the end of the corresponding course, without delays. We then compare the career of a generic student with the ideal one by using the different techniques just introduced. Finally, we apply the methodology to a real case study and interpret the results which underline that the more students follow the order given by the ideal career the more they get good performance in terms of graduation time and final grade. 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: AdGraph: A Machine Learning Approach to Automatic and Effective Adblocking

text: Filter lists are widely deployed by adblockers to block ads and other forms of undesirable content in web browsers. However, these filter lists are manually curated based on informal crowdsourced feedback, which brings with it a significant number of maintenance challenges. To address these challenges, we propose a machine learning approach for automatic and effective adblocking called AdGraph. Our approach relies on information obtained from multiple layers of the web stack (HTML, HTTP, and JavaScript) to train a machine learning classifier to block ads and trackers. Our evaluation on Alexa top-10K websites shows that AdGraph automatically and effectively blocks ads and trackers with 97.7% accuracy. Our manual analysis shows that AdGraph has better recall than filter lists, it blocks 16%more ads and trackers with 65% accuracy. We also show that AdGraph is fairly robust against adversarial obfuscation by publishers and advertisers that bypass filter lists.


title: A cluster validity index for fuzzy clustering

text: Cluster validity indexes have been used to evaluate the fitness of partitions produced by clustering algorithms. This paper presents a new validity index for fuzzy clustering called a partition coefficient and exponential separation (PCAES) index. It uses the factors from a normalized partition coefficient and an exponential separation measure for each cluster and then pools these two factors to create the PCAES validity index. Considerations involving the compactness and separation measures for each cluster provide different cluster validity merits. In this paper, we also discuss the problem that the validity indexes face in a noisy environment. The efficiency of the proposed PCAES index is compared with several popular validity indexes. More information about these indexes is acquired in series of numerical comparisons and also three real data sets of Iris, Glass and Vowel. The results of comparative study show that the proposed PCAES index has high ability in producing a good cluster number estimate and in addition, it provides a new point of view for cluster validity in a noisy environment. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


title: Modeling and Control of a Flux-Modulated Compound-Structure Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

text: The compound-structure permanent-magnet synchronous machine (CS-PMSM), comprising a double rotor machine (DRM) and a permanent-magnet (PM) motor, is a promising electronic-continuously variable transmission (e-CVT) concept for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). By CS-PMSM, independent speed and torque control of the vehicle engine is realized without a planetary gear unit. However, the slip rings and brushes of the conventional CS-PMSM are considered a major drawback for vehicle application. In this paper, a brushless flux-modulated CS-PMSM is investigated. The operating principle and basic working modes of the CS-PMSM are discussed. Mathematical models of the CS-PMSM system are given, and joint control of the two integrated machines is proposed. As one rotor of the DRM is mechanically connected with the rotor of the PM motor, special rotor position detection and torque allocation methods are required. Simulation is carried out by Matlab/Simulink, and the feasibility of the control system is proven. Considering the complexity of the controller, a single digital signal processor (DSP) is used to perform the interconnected control of dual machines instead of two separate ones, and a typical hardware implementation is proposed.


title: Eye detection by using deep learning

text: In recent years, deep learning algorithm has been one of the most used method in machine learning. Success rate of the most popular machine learning problems has been increased by using it. In this work, we develop an eye detection method by using a deep neural network. The designed network, which is accepted as an input by Caffe, has 3 convolution layers and 3 max pooling layers. This model has been trained with 16K positive and 52K negative image patches. The last layer of the network is the classification layer which operates a softmax algorithm. The trained model has been tested with images, which were provided on FDDB and CACD datasets, and also compared with Haar eye detection algorithm. Recall value of the method is higher than the Haar algorithm on the two datasets. However, according to the precision rate, the Haar algorithm is successful on FDDB dataset.


title: Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy

text: Studies of psychiatric disorders have traditionally focused on emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety and hallucinations. However, poorly controlled cognitive deficits are equally prominent and severely compromise quality of life, including social and professional integration. Consequently, intensive efforts are being made to characterize the cellular and cerebral circuits underpinning cognitive function, define the nature and causes of cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders and identify more effective treatments. Successful development will depend on rigorous validation in animal models as well as in patients, including measures of real-world cognitive functioning. This article critically discusses these issues, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for improving cognition in individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders.


title: D-AMINO ACID OXIDASE: A REVIEW

text: Over many years, D-serine and glycine were found to be the endogenous ligands for glycine-binding site for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. D-serine before being used up by the cells undergoes oxidative deamination by the enzyme D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and makes D-serine levels reduced in the brain, thereby affecting brain functions. In this review, we will discuss about the synthesis, location, therapeutic potential of DAAO function, role in cognition, and neuropathic pain.


title: A Survey of Mobile Crowdsensing Techniques: A Critical Component for the Internet of Things

text: Mobile crowdsensing serves as a critical building block for emerging Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, the sensing devices continuously generate a large amount of data, which consumes much resources (e.g., bandwidth, energy, and storage) and may sacrifice the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of applications. Prior work has demonstrated that there is significant redundancy in the content of the sensed data. By judiciously reducing redundant data, data size and load can be significantly reduced, thereby reducing resource cost and facilitating the timely delivery of unique, probably critical information and enhancing QoS. This article presents a survey of existing works on mobile crowdsensing strategies with an emphasis on reducing resource cost and achieving high QoS. We start by introducing the motivation for this survey and present the necessary background of crowdsensing and IoT. We then present various mobile crowdsensing strategies and discuss their strengths and limitations. Finally, we discuss future research directions for mobile crowdsensing for IoT. The survey addresses a broad range of techniques, methods, models, systems, and applications related to mobile crowdsensing and IoT. Our goal is not only to analyze and compare the strategies proposed in prior works, but also to discuss their applicability toward the IoT and provide guidance on future research directions for mobile crowdsensing.


title: End-to-end Learning of Latent Dirichlet Allocation by Mirror-Descent Back Propagation

text: We develop a fully discriminative learning approach for supervised Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, which maximizes the posterior probability of the prediction variable given the input document. Different from traditional variational learning or Gibbs sampling approaches, the proposed learning method applies (i) the mirror descent algorithm for exact maximum a posterior inference and (ii) back propagation with stochastic gradient descent for model parameter estimation, leading to scalable learning of the model in an end-to-end discriminative manner. As a byproduct, we also apply this technique to develop a new learning method for the traditional unsupervised LDA model. Experimental results on two real-world regression and classification tasks show that the proposed methods significantly outperform the previous supervised/unsupervised LDA learning methods.


title: Multi-Objective Optimization of 50 kW/85 kHz IPT System for Public Transport

text: Inductive power transfer (IPT) is an attractive solution for the automated battery charging of public transport electric vehicles (EVs) with low maintenance requirements. This paper presents the design of a 50 kW/85 kHz contactless EV charger, with a focus on the IPT transmitter and receiver coils. The multi-objective magnetics optimization reveals the Pareto tradeoffs and performance limitations in terms of high efficiency, high power density, and low stray field for high-power IPT systems without moving mechanical parts. A full-scale hardware prototype is realized and experimentally investigated. The dc-dc conversion efficiency, including all the power electronics stages, is measured as 95.8% at 50 kW power transfer across an air gap of 160 mm (coil dimensions 410 × 760 × 60 mm3). With 150 mm coil misalignment in the worst case direction, the dc-dc efficiency drops to 92%. The measurements of the magnetic stray field show compliance with ICNIRP 2010 at 800 mm distance from the IPT coil center.


title: On the Effectiveness of Minimal Context Selection for Robust Question Answering

text: Machine learning models for question-answering (QA), where given a question 1 and a passage, the learner must select some span in the passage as an answer, are 2 known to be brittle. By inserting a single nuisance sentence into the passage, an 3 adversary can fool the model into selecting the wrong span. A promising new 4 approach for QA decomposes the task into two stages: (i) select relevant sentences 5 from the passage; and (ii) select a span among those sentences. Intuitively, if 6 the sentence selector excludes the offending sentence, then the downstream span 7 selector will be robust. While recent work has hinted at the potential robustness 8 of two-stage QA, these methods have never, to our knowledge, been explicitly 9 combined with adversarial training. This paper offers a thorough empirical in10 vestigation of adversarial robustness, demonstrating that although the two-stage 11 approach lags behind single-stage span selection, adversarial training improves its 12 performance significantly, leading to an improvement of over 22 points in F1 score 13 over the adversarially-trained single-stage model. 14


title: Hyracks: A flexible and extensible foundation for data-intensive computing

text: Hyracks is a new partitioned-parallel software platform designed to run data-intensive computations on large shared-nothing clusters of computers. Hyracks allows users to express a computation as a DAG of data operators and connectors. Operators operate on partitions of input data and produce partitions of output data, while connectors repartition operators' outputs to make the newly produced partitions available at the consuming operators. We describe the Hyracks end user model, for authors of dataflow jobs, and the extension model for users who wish to augment Hyracks' built-in library with new operator and/or connector types. We also describe our initial Hyracks implementation. Since Hyracks is in roughly the same space as the open source Hadoop platform, we compare Hyracks with Hadoop experimentally for several different kinds of use cases. The initial results demonstrate that Hyracks has significant promise as a next-generation platform for data-intensive applications.


title: An improved traffic signs recognition and tracking method for driver assistance system

text: We introduce a new computer vision based system for robust traffic sign recognition and tracking. Such a system presents a vital support for driver assistance in an intelligent automotive. Firstly, a color based segmentation method is applied to generate traffic sign candidate regions. Secondly, the HoG features are extracted to encode the detected traffic signs and then generating the feature vector. This vector is used as an input to an SVM classifier to identify the traffic sign class. Finally, a tracking method based on optical flow is performed to ensure a continuous capture of the recognized traffic sign while accelerating the execution time. Our method affords high precision rates under different challenging conditions.


title: Applying a flexible microactuator to robotic mechanisms

text: A flexible microactuator (FMA) driven by an electropneumatic (or electrohydraulic) system has been developed. It has three degrees of freedom-pitch, yaw, and stretch-making it suitable for robotic mechanisms such as fingers, arms, or legs. It is made of fiber-reinforced rubber, and the mechanism is very simple, enabling miniature robots without conventional link mechanisms to be designed. Serially connected FMAs act as a miniature robot manipulator. The kinematics and control algorithm for this type of robot are presented. FMAs combined in parallel act as a multifingered robot hand, with each FMA representing a finger. An algorithm for the cooperative control for such FMAs, the stable region for holding, and its performance have been developed.<<ETX>>


title: Design, fabrication and control of soft robots

text: Conventionally, engineers have employed rigid materials to fabricate precise, predictable robotic systems, which are easily modelled as rigid members connected at discrete joints. Natural systems, however, often match or exceed the performance of robotic systems with deformable bodies. Cephalopods, for example, achieve amazing feats of manipulation and locomotion without a skeleton; even vertebrates such as humans achieve dynamic gaits by storing elastic energy in their compliant bones and soft tissues. Inspired by nature, engineers have begun to explore the design and control of soft-bodied robots composed of compliant materials. This Review discusses recent developments in the emerging field of soft robotics.


title: Monolithic fabrication of sensors and actuators in a soft robotic gripper

text: In this paper, we present a fluidically functionalized soft-bodied robot that integrates both sensing and actuation. Rather than combining these functions as an afterthought, we design sensors and actuators into the robot at the onset, both reducing fabrication complexity and optimizing component interactions. We utilize liquid metal strain sensors and pneumatic actuators embedded into a silicone robotic gripper. The robot's body is formed by curing the silicone in complex 3D printed molds. We show that the liquid metal strain gauges provide a repeatable resistance response during robotic actuation. We further show that, given sufficient control over other time-dependent variables, it is possible to determine when the robot begins gripping an object during actuation.


title: Soft robotic glove for combined assistance and at-home rehabilitation

text: This paper presents a portable, assistive, soft robotic glove designed to augment hand rehabilitation for individuals with functional grasp pathologies. The robotic glove utilizes soft actuators consisting of molded elastomeric chambers with fiber reinforcements that induce specific bending, twisting and extending trajectories under fluid pressurization. These soft actuators were mechanically programmed tomatch and support the range of motion of individual fingers. They demonstrated the ability to generate significant force when pressurized and exhibited low impedance when un-actuated. To operate the soft robotic glove, a control hardware system was designed and included fluidic pressure sensors in line with the hydraulic actuators and a closed-loop controller to regulate the pressure. Demonstrations with the complete system were performed to evaluate the ability of the soft robotic glove to carry out gross and precise functional grasping. Compared to existing devices, the soft robotic glove has the potential to increase user freedom and independence through its portable waist belt pack and open palm design. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


title: Peristaltic locomotion with antagonistic actuators in soft robotics

text: This paper presents a soft robotic platform that exhibits peristaltic locomotion. The design principle is based on the unique antagonistic arrangement of radial/circular and longitudinal muscle groups of Oligochaeta. Sequential antagonistic motion is achieved in a flexible braided mesh-tube structure with NiTi coil actuators. A numerical model for the mesh structure describes how peristaltic motion induces robust locomotion and details the deformation by the contraction of NiTi actuators. Several peristaltic locomotion modes are modeled, tested, and compared on the basis of locomotion speed. The entire mechanical structure is made of flexible mesh materials and can withstand significant external impacts during locomotion. This approach can enable a completely soft robotic platform by employing a flexible control unit and energy sources.


title: A Fast Distributed Algorithm for Mining Association Rules

text: With the existence of many large transaction databases, the huge amounts of data, the high scalability of distributed systems, and the easy partition and distribution of a centralized database, it is important to inuestzgate eficient methods for distributed mining of association rules. This study discloses some interesting relationships between locally large and globally large itemsets and proposes an interesting distributed association rule mining algorithm, FDM (Fast Distributed Mining of association rules), which generates a small number of candidate sets and substantially reduces the number of messages to be passed at mining association rules. Our performance study shows that FDM has a superior performance over the direct application of a typical sequential algorithm. Further performance enhancement leads to a few variations of the algorithm.


title: Mathematical methods in solutions of the problems from the Third International Students' Olympiad in Cryptography

text: The mathematical problems and their solutions of the Third International Students’ Olympiad in Cryptography NSUCRYPTO’2016 are presented. We consider mathematical problems related to the construction of algebraic immune vectorial Boolean functions and big Fermat numbers, problems about secrete sharing schemes and pseudorandom binary sequences, biometric cryptosystems and the blockchain technology, etc. Two open problems in mathematical cryptography are also discussed and a solution for one of them proposed by a participant during the Olympiad is described. It was the first time in the Olympiad history.


title: TraceMixer: Privacy-preserving crowd-sensing sans trusted third party

text: Crowd-sensing promises cheap and easy large scale data collection by tapping into the sensing and processing capabilities of smart phone users. However, the vast amount of fine-grained location data collected raises serious privacy concerns among potential contributors. In this paper, we argue that crowd-sensing has unique requirements w.r.t. privacy and data utility which renders existing protection mechanisms infeasible. We hence propose TraceMixer, a novel location privacy protection mechanism tailored to the special requirements in crowd-sensing. TraceMixer builds upon the well-studied concept of mix zones to provide trajectory privacy while achieving high spatial accuracy. First in this line of research, TraceMixer applies secure two-party computation technologies to realize a trustless architecture that does not require participants to share locations with anyone in clear. We evaluate TraceMixer on real-world datasets to show the feasibility of our approach in terms of privacy, utility, and performance. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of TraceMixer in a real-world crowd-sensing campaign.


title: EXPOSURE: Finding Malicious Domains Using Passive DNS Analysis

text: The domain name service (DNS) plays an important role in the operation of the Internet, providing a two-way mapping between domain names and their numerical identifiers. Given its fundamental role, it is not surprising that a wide variety of malicious activities involve the domain name service in one way or another. For example, bots resolve DNS names to locate their command and control servers, and spam mails contain URLs that link to domains that resolve to scam servers. Thus, it seems beneficial to monitor the use of the DNS system for signs that indicate that a certain name is used as part of a malicious operation. In this paper, we introduce EXPOSURE, a system that employs large-scale, passive DNS analysis techniques to detect domains that are involved in malicious activity. We use 15 features that we extract from the DNS traffic that allow us to characterize different properties of DNS names and the ways that they are queried. Our experiments with a large, real-world data set consisting of 100 billion DNS requests, and a real-life deployment for two weeks in an ISP show that our approach is scalable and that we are able to automatically identify unknown malicious domains that are misused in a variety of malicious activity (such as for botnet command and control, spamming, and phishing).


title: Apprentice: Using Knowledge Distillation Techniques To Improve Low-Precision Network Accuracy

text: Deep learning networks have achieved state-of-the-art accuracies on computer vision workloads like image classification and object detection. The performant systems, however, typically involve big models with numerous parameters. Once trained, a challenging aspect for such top performing models is deployment on resource constrained inference systems — the models (often deep networks or wide networks or both) are compute and memory intensive. Low-precision numerics and model compression using knowledge distillation are popular techniques to lower both the compute requirements and memory footprint of these deployed models. In this paper, we study the combination of these two techniques and show that the performance of low-precision networks can be significantly improved by using knowledge distillation techniques. Our approach, Apprentice, achieves state-of-the-art accuracies using ternary precision and 4-bit precision for variants of ResNet architecture on ImageNet dataset. We present three schemes using which one can apply knowledge distillation techniques to various stages of the train-and-deploy pipeline.


title: 08 67 0 v 1 [ cs . C V ] 2 3 M ar 2 01 8 Object Detection for Comics using Manga 109 Annotations

text: With the growth of digitized comics, image understanding techniques are becoming important. In this paper, we focus on object detection, which is a fundamental task of image understanding. Although convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based methods archived good performance in object detection for naturalistic images, there are two problems in applying these methods to the comic object detection task. First, there is no large-scale annotated comics dataset. The CNN-based methods require large-scale annotations for training. Secondly, the objects in comics are highly overlapped compared to naturalistic images. This overlap causes the assignment problem in the existing CNN-based methods. To solve these problems, we proposed a new annotation dataset and a new CNN model. We annotated an existing image dataset of comics and created the largest annotation dataset, named Manga109-annotations. For the assignment problem, we proposed a new CNN-based detector, SSD300-fork. We compared SSD300-fork with other detection methods using Manga109-annotations and confirmed that our model outperformed them based on the mAP score.


title: Simulation of phasor measurement unit (PMU) in MATLAB

text: The advent of phasor measurement unit in power system is revolutionizing the conventional grid towards smart grid. Phasor measurement units are extremely expensive devices which takes into account many aspects of the power system that are not disclosed by the manufacturer while estimating phasors of currents and voltage. This paper aims to build a laboratory prototype of PMU which can estimate the phasor updating process of a commercial PMU at the benefit of improved measurement accuracy, reduced manufacturing cost and increased timely information.


title: Discriminative Information Retrieval for Knowledge Discovery

text: We propose a framework for discriminative Information Retrieval (IR) atop linguistic features, trained to improve the recall of tasks such as answer candidate passage retrieval, the initial step in text-based Question Answering (QA). We formalize this as an instance of linear feature-based IR (Metzler and Croft, 2007), illustrating how a variety of knowledge discovery tasks are captured under this approach, leading to a 44% improvement in recall for candidate


title: The Business Value of Business inTelligence

text: This paper focuses on the influence of BI on manufacturing and distribution organizations, although much of what’s covered in it can apply to businesses in non-related industries, as well. To kick it off, the chart below illustrates the primary value propositions of business intelligence and the types of business analytics (e.g., Sales, Inventory, Supplier Performance analysis) that support each value area. The effect of BI on each of these business value areas are then discussed in more detail in the following sections.


title: Software project management with GAs

text: A Project Scheduling Problem consists in deciding who does what during the software project lifetime. This is a capital issue in the practice of software engineering, since the total budget and human resources involved must be managed optimally in order to end in a successful project. In short, companies are principally concerned with reducing the duration and cost of projects, and these two goals are in conflict with each other. In this work we tackle the problem by using genetic algorithms (GAs) to solve many different software project scenarios. Thanks to our newly developed instance generator we can perform structured studies on the influence the most important problem attributes have on the solutions. Our conclusions show that GAs are quite flexible and accurate for this application, and an important tool for automatic project management. 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


title: Language processing and learning models for community question answering in Arabic

text: In this paper we focus on the problem of question ranking in community question answering (cQA) forums in Arabic. We address the task with machine learning algorithms using advanced Arabic text representations. The latter are obtained by applying tree kernels to constituency parse trees combined with textual similarities, including word embeddings. Our two main contributions are: (i) an Arabic language processing pipeline based on UIMA —from segmentation to constituency parsing— built on top of Farasa, a state-of-the-art Arabic language processing toolkit; and (ii) the application of long short-term memory neural networks to identify the best text fragments in questions to be used in our tree-kernel-based ranker. Our thorough experimentation on a recently released cQA dataset shows that the Arabic linguistic processing provided by Farasa produces strong results and that neural networks combined with tree kernels further boost the performance in terms of both efficiency and accuracy. Our approach also enables an implicit comparison between different processing pipelines as our tests on Farasa and Stanford parsers demonstrate.


title: Simulating LTE/LTE-Advanced Networks with SimuLTE

text: In this work we present SimuLTE, an OMNeT++-based simulator for LTE and LTE-Advanced networks. Following well-established OMNeT++ programming practices, SimuLTE exhibits a fully modular structure, which makes it easy to be extended, verified and integrated. Moreover, it inherits all the benefits of such a widely-used and versatile simulation framework as OMNeT++, i.e., experiment support and seamless integration with the OMNeT++ network modules, such as INET. This allows SimuLTE users to build up mixed scenarios where LTE is only a part of a wider network. This paper describes the architecture of SimuLTE, with particular emphasis on the modeling choices at the MAC layer, where resource scheduling is located. Furthermore, we describe some of the verification and validation efforts and present an example of the performance analysis that can be carried out with SimuLTE.


title: Abstract Cryptography

text: Cryptography Ueli Maurer ETH Zurich FOSAD 2009, Bertinoro, Aug./Sept. 2009. Abstract CryptographyCryptography Ueli Maurer ETH Zurich FOSAD 2009, Bertinoro, Aug./Sept. 2009. “I can only understand simple things.” JAMES MASSEY Abstraction Abstraction: eliminate irrelevant details from consideration Examples: group, field, vector space, relation, graph, .... Goals of abstraction: • simpler definitions • generality of results • simpler proofs • elegance • didactic suitabilityion Abstraction: eliminate irrelevant details from consideration Examples: group, field, vector space, relation, graph, .... Goals of abstraction: • simpler definitions • generality of results • simpler proofs • elegance • didactic suitability Abstraction Abstraction: eliminate irrelevant details from consideration Examples: group, field, vector space, relation, graph, .... Goals of abstraction: • simpler definitions • generality of results • simpler proofs • elegance • didactic suitability • understandingion Abstraction: eliminate irrelevant details from consideration Examples: group, field, vector space, relation, graph, .... Goals of abstraction: • simpler definitions • generality of results • simpler proofs • elegance • didactic suitability • understanding Abstraction Abstraction: eliminate irrelevant details from consideration Examples: group, field, vector space, relation, graph, .... Goals of abstraction: • simpler definitions • generality of results • simpler proofs • elegance • didactic suitability • understanding Goals of this talk: • Introduce layers of abstraction in cryptography. • Ex mples of abstract definitions and proofs. • Announce new security framework “abstract cryptography” (with Renato Renner).ion Abstraction: eliminate irrelevant details from consideration Examples: group, field, vector space, relation, graph, .... Goals of abstraction: • simpler definitions • generality of results • simpler proofs • elegance • didactic suitability • understanding Goals of this talk: • Introduce layers of abstraction in cryptography. • Ex mples of abstract definitions and proofs. • Announce new security framework “abstract cryptography” (with Renato Renner). Motivating example: One-time pad 1 C , C , ... 1 ciphertext 1 2 key 2 1 key 2 1 2 2 addition modulo 2 M , M , ... M , M , ... plaintext plaintext K , K , ... K , K , ... Motivating example: One-time pad 1 C , C , ... 1 ciphertext 1 2 key 2 1 key 2 1 2 2 addition modulo 2 M , M , ... M , M , ... plaintext plaintext K , K , ... K , K , ... Perfect secrecy (Shannon): C and M statist. independent. One-time pad in terms of systems .


title: A low cost ultra-wideband pulse transceiver

text: A low cost pulse transceiver has been developed for measuring the electrical properties of materials. The transceiver generates an ultra wide band (UWB) pulse as well as samples the received pulse. The pulse generator has been designed using a silicon-germanium (SiGe) analog comparator which is a possible alternative to step recovery diodes. The pulse is received by an extended time sampling circuit. The sampling circuit presented is an alternative design that does not require the use of a broadband balun.


title: A Survey of Shortest-Path Algorithms

text: A shortest-path algorithm finds a path containing the minimal cost between two vertices in a graph. A plethora of shortest-path algorithms is studied in the literature that span across multiple disciplines. This paper presents a survey of shortest-path algorithms based on a taxonomy that is introduced in the paper. One dimension of this taxonomy is the various flavors of the shortest-path problem. There is no one general algorithm that is capable of solving all variants of the shortest-path problem due to the space and time complexities associated with each algorithm. Other important dimensions of the taxonomy include whether the shortest-path algorithm operates over a static or a dynamic graph, whether the shortest-path algorithm produces exact or approximate answers, and whether the objective of the shortest-path algorithm is to achieve time-dependence or is to only be goal directed. This survey studies and classifies shortest-path algorithms according to the proposed taxonomy. The survey also presents the challenges and proposed solutions associated with each category in the taxonomy.


title: Image super-resolution by estimating the enhancement weight of self example and external missing patches

text: Image super-resolution (SR) is the process of generating a high-resolution (HR) image using one or more low-resolution (LR) inputs. Many SR methods have been proposed, but generating the small-scale structure of an SR image remains a challenging task. We hence propose a single-image SR algorithm that combines the benefits of both internal and external SR methods. First, we estimate the enhancement weights of each LR-HR image patch pair. Next, we multiply each patch by the estimated enhancement weight to generate an initial SR patch. We then employ a method to recover the missing information from the high-resolution patches and create that missing information to generate a final SR image. We then employ iterative back-projection to further enhance visual quality. The method is compared qualitatively and quantitatively with several state-of-the-art methods, and the experimental results indicate that the proposed framework provides high contrast and better visual quality, particularly for non-smooth texture areas.


title: Tailoring graph-coloring register allocation for runtime compilation

text: Just-in-time compilers are invoked during application execution and therefore need to ensure fast compilation times. Consequently, runtime compiler designers are averse to implementing compile-time intensive optimization algorithms. Instead, they tend to select faster but less effective transformations. In this paper, we explore this trade-off for an important optimization - global register allocation. We present a graph-coloring register allocator that has been redesigned for runtime compilation. Compared to Chaitin- Briggs [7], a standard graph-coloring technique, the reformulated algorithm requires considerably less allocation time and produces allocations that are only marginally worse than those of Chaitin-Briggs. Our experimental results indicate that the allocator performs better than the linear-scan and Chaitin-Briggs allocators on most benchmarks in a runtime compilation environment. By increasing allocation efficiency and preserving optimization quality, the presented algorithm increases the suitability and profitability of a graph-coloring register allocation strategy for a runtime compiler.


title: Introduction to Information Retrieval Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, and Hinrich Schtze (Stanford University, Yahoo! Research, and University of Stuttgart) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, xxi+482 pp; hardbound, ISBN 978-0-521-86571-5, $60.00

text: Introduction to Information Retrieval is the first textbook with a coherent treatment of classical and web information retrieval, including web search and the related areas of text classification and text clustering. Written from a computer science perspective, it gives an up-to-date treatment of all aspects of the design and implementation of systems for gathering, indexing, and searching documents and of methods for evaluating systems, along with an introduction to the use of machine learning methods on text collections. Designed as the primary text for a graduate or advanced undergraduate course in information retrieval, the book will also interest researchers and professionals. A complete set of lecture slides and exercises that accompany the book are available on the web.


title: EMI filter design and optimization for both AC and DC side in a DC-fed motor drive system

text: This paper proposes an EMI filter design and optimization method for both AC and DC side in a DC-fed motor drive system. Based on the noise generation and propagation mechanism, the analysis of common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) EMI noise equivalent circuits is provided. Based on those equivalent circuits, this paper investigates the system EMI noise between AC and DC side, which shows the interaction between DM and CM noises and the interaction between adding AC and DC side filters. With these considerations, an optimized EMI filter design procedure is proposed to design CM and DM filters for both AC and DC sides. To minimize the impact on the EMI noise of one side caused by adding filter on the other side, certain order must be followed to design AC and DC CM and DM filters. Moreover, the EMI filter weight optimization method is also discussed to get the minimum weight of EMI filter and improve system power density. Simulation and experimental results verify the interaction between AC and DC filters and show that EMI filters can be designed to suppress both AC and DC EMI noise to meet the standard with the proposed EMI filter design method.


title: A Survey on Potential Applications of Honeypot Technology in Intrusion Detection Systems

text: Information security in the sense of personal and institutional has become a top priority in digitalized modern world in parallel to the new technological developments. Many methods, tools and technologies are used to provide the information security of IT systems. These are considered, encryption, authentication, firewall, and intrusion detection and prevention systems. Moreover, honeypot systems are proposed as complementary structures. This paper presents the overall view of the publications in IDS, IPS and honeypot systems. Recently, honeypot systems are anymore used in connection with intrusion detection systems. So this paper describes possible implementation of honeypot technologies combined with IDS/IPS in a network. Studies in the literature have shown intrusion detection systems cannot find the 0-day vulnerabilities. The system provided by the honeypots and intrusion detection systems in the network, might detect new exploit and hacker attempt. Index Terms – Information security, Intrusion detection system (IDS), Intrusion prevention system (IPS), Honeypot, Network Security.


title: Does core strength training influence running kinetics, lower-extremity stability, and 5000-M performance in runners?

text: Although strong core muscles are believed to help athletic performance, few scientific studies have been conducted to identify the effectiveness of core strength training (CST) on improving athletic performance. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 6 weeks of CST on ground reaction forces (GRFs), stability of the lower extremity, and overall running performance in recreational and competitive runners. After a screening process, 28 healthy adults (age, 36.9 +/- 9.4 years; height, 168.4 +/- 9.6 cm; mass, 70.1 +/- 15.3 kg) volunteered and were divided randomly into 2 groups (n = 14 in each group). A test-retest design was used to assess the differences between CST (experimental) and no CST (control) on GRF measures, lower-extremity stability scores, and running performance. The GRF variables were determined by calculating peak impact, active vertical GRFs (vGRFs), and duration of the 2 horizontal GRFs (hGRFs), as measured while running across a force plate. Lower-extremity stability was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test. Running performance was determined by 5000-m run time measured on outdoor tracks. Six 2 (pre, post) x 2 (CST, control) mixed-design analyses of variance were used to determine the influence of CST on each dependent variable, p < 0.05. Twenty subjects completed the study (nexp = 12 and ncon = 8). A significant interaction occurred, with the CST group showing faster times in the 5000-m run after 6 weeks. However, CST did not significantly influence GRF variables and lower-leg stability. Core strength training may be an effective training method for improving performance in runners.


title: A performance and energy comparison of FPGAs, GPUs, and multicores for sliding-window applications

text: With the emergence of accelerator devices such as multicores, graphics-processing units (GPUs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application designers are confronted with the problem of searching a huge design space that has been shown to have widely varying performance and energy metrics for different accelerators, different application domains, and different use cases. To address this problem, numerous studies have evaluated specific applications across different accelerators. In this paper, we analyze an important domain of applications, referred to as sliding-window applications, when executing on FPGAs, GPUs, and multicores. For each device, we present optimization strategies and analyze use cases where each device is most effective. The results show that FPGAs can achieve speedup of up to 11x and 57x compared to GPUs and multicores, respectively, while also using orders of magnitude less energy.


title: Correntropy: Properties and Applications in Non-Gaussian Signal Processing

text: The optimality of second-order statistics depends heavily on the assumption of Gaussianity. In this paper, we elucidate further the probabilistic and geometric meaning of the recently defined correntropy function as a localized similarity measure. A close relationship between correntropy and M-estimation is established. Connections and differences between correntropy and kernel methods are presented. As such correntropy has vastly different properties compared with second-order statistics that can be very useful in non-Gaussian signal processing, especially in the impulsive noise environment. Examples are presented to illustrate the technique.


title: Real-Time Optical Flow Calculations on FPGA and GPU Architectures: A Comparison Study

text: FPGA devices have often found use as higher-performance alternatives to programmable processors for implementing a variety of computations. Applications successfully implemented on FPGAs have typically contained high levels of parallelism and have often used simple statically-scheduled control and modest arithmetic. Recently introduced computing devices such as coarse grain reconfigurable arrays, multi-core processors, and graphical processing units (GPUs) promise to significantly change the computational landscape for the implementation of high-speed real-time computing tasks. One reason for this is that these architectures take advantage of many of the same application characteristics that fit well on FPGAs. One real-time computing task, optical flow, is difficult to apply in robotic vision applications in practice because of its high computational and data rate requirements, and so is a good candidate for implementation on FPGAs and other custom computing architectures. In this paper, a tensor-based optical flow algorithm is implemented on both an FPGA and a GPU and the two implementations discussed. The two implementations had similar performance, but with the FPGA implementation requiring 12× more development time. Other comparison data for these two technologies is then given for three additional applications taken from a MIMO digital communication system design, providing additional examples of the relative capabilities of these two technologies.


title: Performance comparison of FPGA, GPU and CPU in image processing

text: Many applications in image processing have high inherent parallelism. FPGAs have shown very high performance in spite of their low operational frequency by fully extracting the parallelism. In recent micro processors, it also becomes possible to utilize the parallelism using multi-cores which support improved SIMD instructions, though programmers have to use them explicitly to achieve high performance. Recent GPUs support a large number of cores, and have a potential for high performance in many applications. However, the cores are grouped, and data transfer between the groups is very limited. Programming tools for FPGA, SIMD instructions on CPU and a large number of cores on GPU have been developed, but it is still difficult to achieve high performance on these platforms. In this paper, we compare the performance of FPGA, GPU and CPU using three applications in image processing; two-dimensional filters, stereo-vision and k-means clustering, and make it clear which platform is faster under which conditions.


title: Scalable matrix inversion using MapReduce

text: Matrix operations are a fundamental building block of many computational tasks in fields as diverse as scientific computing, machine learning, and data mining. Matrix inversion is an important matrix operation, but it is difficult to implement in today's popular parallel dataflow programming systems, such as MapReduce. The reason is that each element in the inverse of a matrix depends on multiple elements in the input matrix, so the computation is not easily partitionable. In this paper, we present a scalable and efficient technique for matrix inversion in MapReduce. Our technique relies on computing the LU decomposition of the input matrix and using that decomposition to compute the required matrix inverse. We present a technique for computing the LU decomposition and the matrix inverse using a pipeline of MapReduce jobs. We also present optimizations of this technique in the context of Hadoop. To the best of our knowledge, our technique is the first matrix inversion technique using MapReduce. We show experimentally that our technique has good scalability, enabling us to invert a 10^5 x 10^5 matrix in 5 hours on Amazon EC2. We also show that our technique outperforms ScaLAPACK, a state-of-the-art linear algebra package that uses MPI.


title: AMEE Guide No. 14: Outcome-based education: Part 1-An introduction to outcome-based education

text: SUMM AR Y Outcome-based education, a performance-based approach at the cutting edge of curr iculum development, offers a powerful and appealing way of reforming and managing medical education. The emphasis is on the productÐ what sort of doctor will be producedÐ rather than on the educational process. In outcome-based education the educational outcomes are clearly and unambiguously speci ® ed. These determine the curr iculum content and its organisation, the teaching methods and strategies, the courses offered, the assessment process, the educational environment and the curriculum timetable.They also provide a framework for curr iculum evaluation. A doctor is a unique combination of different kinds of abilities. A three-circle model can be used to present the learning outcomes in medical education, with the tasks to be performed by the doctor in the inner core, the approaches to the performance of the tasks in the middle area, and the growth of the individual and his or her role in the practice of medicine in the outer area. Medical schools need to prepare young doctors to practise in an increasingly complex healthcare scene with changing patient and public expectations, and increasing demands from employing authorities. Outcome-based education offers many advantages as a way of achieving this. It emphasises relevance in the curriculum and accountability, and can provide a clear and unambiguous framework for curr iculum planning which has an intuitive appeal. It encourages the teacher and the student to share responsibility for learning and it can guide student assessment and course evaluation. What sort of outcomes should be covered in a curriculum, how should they be assessed and how should outcome-based education be implemented are issues that need to be addressed.


title: Comparative assessment of methods for aligning multiple genome sequences

text: Multiple sequence alignment is a difficult computational problem. There have been compelling pleas for methods to assess whole-genome multiple sequence alignments and compare the alignments produced by different tools. We assess the four ENCODE alignments, each of which aligns 28 vertebrates on 554 Mbp of total input sequence. We measure the level of agreement among the alignments and compare their coverage and accuracy. We find a disturbing lack of agreement among the alignments not only in species distant from human, but even in mouse, a well-studied model organism. Overall, the assessment shows that Pecan produces the most accurate or nearly most accurate alignment in all species and genomic location categories, while still providing coverage comparable to or better than that of the other alignments in the placental mammals. Our assessment reveals that constructing accurate whole-genome multiple sequence alignments remains a significant challenge, particularly for noncoding regions and distantly related species.


title: Structured Feature Learning for Pose Estimation

text: In this paper, we propose a structured feature learning framework to reason the correlations among body joints at the feature level in human pose estimation. Different from existing approaches of modeling structures on score maps or predicted labels, feature maps preserve substantially richer descriptions of body joints. The relationships between feature maps of joints are captured with the introduced geometrical transform kernels, which can be easily implemented with a convolution layer. Features and their relationships are jointly learned in an end-to-end learning system. A bi-directional tree structured model is proposed, so that the feature channels at a body joint can well receive information from other joints. The proposed framework improves feature learning substantially. With very simple post processing, it reaches the best mean PCP on the LSP and FLIC datasets. Compared with the baseline of learning features at each joint separately with ConvNet, the mean PCP has been improved by 18% on FLIC. The code is released to the public.


title: Power Electronic Transformer-Based Railway Traction Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

text: In this paper, power electronic transformer (PET)-based railway traction systems are comprehensively reviewed according to the unique application features and requirements. By comparing PET and conventional line frequency transformer (LFT)-based systems, their pros and cons are summarized. By further reviewing all kinds of PET-based designs from the early concepts to the latest ones in the order of their publication dates, the developing trends are highlighted. By synthetically considering the requirements and the state of the art, the key challenges and opportunities are identified and discussed. It shows that although PET-based systems are still developing and far from mature, they are already superior to LFT-based systems in terms of system weight, efficiency, and functionalities especially for 15-kV/16.7-Hz applications. With the advancements on wide bandgap power devices, medium frequency transformers, and converters, PET systems will be even more promising and available for all types of railway tractions in the near future.


title: ACE: An Efficient Asynchronous Corner Tracker for Event Cameras

text: The emergence of bio-inspired event cameras has opened up new exciting possibilities in high-frequency tracking, overcoming some of the limitations of traditional frame-based vision (e.g. motion blur during high-speed motions or saturation in scenes with high dynamic range). As a result, research has been focusing on the processing of their unusual output: an asynchronous stream of events. With the majority of existing techniques discretizing the event-stream into frame-like representations, we are yet to harness the true power of these cameras. In this paper, we propose the ACE tracker: a purely asynchronous framework to track corner-event features. Evaluation on benchmarking datasets reveals significant improvements in accuracy and computational efficiency in comparison to state-of-the-art event-based trackers. ACE achieves robust performance even in challenging scenarios, where traditional frame-based vision algorithms fail.


title: Branch-and-bound processing of ranked queries

text: Despite the importance of ranked queries in numerous applications involving multi-criteria decision making, they are not efficiently supported by traditional database systems. In this paper, we propose a simple yet powerful technique for processing such queries based on multi-dimensional access methods and branch-and-bound search. The advantages of the proposed methodology are: (i) it is space efficient, requiring only a single index on the given relation (storing each tuple at most once), (ii) it achieves significant (i.e., orders of magnitude) performance gains with respect to the current state-of-theart, (iii) it can efficiently handle data updates, and (iv) it is applicable to other important variations of ranked search (including the support for non-monotone preference functions), at no extra space overhead. We confirm the superiority of the proposed methods with a detailed experimental study. r 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


title: Deep visual foresight for planning robot motion

text: A key challenge in scaling up robot learning to many skills and environments is removing the need for human supervision, so that robots can collect their own data and improve their own performance without being limited by the cost of requesting human feedback. Model-based reinforcement learning holds the promise of enabling an agent to learn to predict the effects of its actions, which could provide flexible predictive models for a wide range of tasks and environments, without detailed human supervision. We develop a method for combining deep action-conditioned video prediction models with model-predictive control that uses entirely unlabeled training data. Our approach does not require a calibrated camera, an instrumented training set-up, nor precise sensing and actuation. Our results show that our method enables a real robot to perform nonprehensile manipulation — pushing objects — and can handle novel objects not seen during training.


title: Credit Card Fraud Detection: A Hybrid Approach Using Fuzzy Clustering & Neural Network

text: Due to the rapid progress of the e-commerce and online banking, use of credit cards has increased considerably leading to a large number of fraud incidents. In this paper, we have proposed a novel approach towards credit card fraud detection in which the fraud detection is done in three phases. The first phase does the initial user authentication and verification of card details. If the check is successfully cleared, then the transaction is passed to the next phase where fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is applied to find out the normal usage patterns of credit card users based on their past activity. A suspicion score is calculated according to the extent of deviation from the normal patterns and thereby the transaction is classified as legitimate or suspicious or fraudulent. Once a transaction is found to be suspicious, neural network based learning mechanism is applied to determine whether it was actually a fraudulent activity or an occasional deviation by a genuine user. Extensive experimentation with stochastic models shows that the combined use of clustering technique along with learning helps in detecting fraudulent activities effectively while minimizing the generation of false alarms.


title: 3D reconstruction of freely moving persons for re-identification with a depth sensor

text: In this work, we describe a novel method for creating 3D models of persons freely moving in front of a consumer depth sensor and we show how they can be used for long-term person re-identification. For overcoming the problem of the different poses a person can assume, we exploit the information provided by skeletal tracking algorithms for warping every point cloud frame to a standard pose in real time. Then, the warped point clouds are merged together to compose the model. Re-identification is performed by matching body shapes in terms of whole point clouds warped to a standard pose with the described method. We compare this technique with a classification method based on a descriptor of skeleton features and with a mixed approach which exploits both skeleton and shape features. We report experiments on two datasets we acquired for RGB-D re-identification which use different skeletal tracking algorithms and which are made publicly available to foster research in this new research branch.


title: An Enhanced Neural Network Technique for Software Risk Analysis

text: An enhanced technique for risk categorization is presented. This technique, PCA-ANN, provides an improved capability to discriminate high-risk software. The approach draws on the combined strengths of pattern recognition, multivariate statistics and neural networks. Principal component analysis is utilized to provide a means of normalizing and orthogonalizing the input data, thus eliminating the ill effects of multicollinearity. A neural network is used for risk determination/classification. A significant feature of this approach is a procedure, herein termed cross-normalization. This procedure provides the technique with capability to discriminate data sets that include disproportionately large numbers of high-risk software modules.


title: Comparison of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness and Glasgow Liege Scale/Glasgow Coma Scale in an intensive care unit population.

text:
BACKGROUND
The Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) has been proposed as an alternative for the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)/Glasgow Liège Scale (GLS) in the evaluation of consciousness in severely brain-damaged patients. We compared the FOUR and GLS/GCS in intensive care unit patients who were admitted in a comatose state.

METHODS
FOUR and GLS evaluations were performed in randomized order in 176 acutely (<1 month) brain-damaged patients. GLS scores were transformed in GCS scores by removing the GLS brainstem component. Inter-rater agreement was assessed in 20% of the studied population (N = 35). A logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, and etiology was performed to assess the link between the studied scores and the outcome 3 months after injury (N = 136).

RESULTS
GLS/GCS verbal component was scored 1 in 146 patients, among these 131 were intubated. We found that the inter-rater reliability was good for the FOUR score, the GLS/GCS. FOUR, GLS/GCS total scores predicted functional outcome with and without adjustment for age and etiology. 71 patients were considered as being in a vegetative/unresponsive state based on the GLS/GCS. The FOUR score identified 8 of these 71 patients as being minimally conscious given that these patients showed visual pursuit.

CONCLUSIONS
The FOUR score is a valid tool with good inter-rater reliability that is comparable to the GLS/GCS in predicting outcome. It offers the advantage to be performable in intubated patients and to identify non-verbal signs of consciousness by assessing visual pursuit, and hence minimal signs of consciousness (11% in this study), not assessed by GLS/GCS scales.


title: A weight-neutral versus weight-loss approach for health promotion in women with high BMI: A randomized-controlled trial

text: Weight loss is the primary recommendation for health improvement in individuals with high body mass index (BMI) despite limited evidence of long-term success. Alternatives to weight-loss approaches (such as Health At Every Size - a weight-neutral approach) have been met with their own concerns and require further empirical testing. This study compared the effectiveness of a weight-neutral versus a weight-loss program for health promotion. Eighty women, aged 30-45 years, with high body mass index (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) were randomized to 6 months of facilitator-guided weekly group meetings using structured manuals that emphasized either a weight-loss or weight-neutral approach to health. Health measurements occurred at baseline, post-intervention, and 24-months post-randomization. Measurements included blood pressure, lipid panels, blood glucose, BMI, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, distress, self-esteem, quality of life, dietary risk, fruit and vegetable intake, intuitive eating, and physical activity. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models to examine group-by-time interaction effects and between and within-group differences. Group-by-time interactions were found for LDL cholesterol, intuitive eating, BMI, weight, and dietary risk. At post-intervention, the weight-neutral program had larger reductions in LDL cholesterol and greater improvements in intuitive eating; the weight-loss program had larger reductions in BMI, weight, and larger (albeit temporary) decreases in dietary risk. Significant positive changes were observed overall between baseline and 24-month follow-up for waist-to-hip ratio, total cholesterol, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, self-esteem, and quality of life. These findings highlight that numerous health benefits, even in the absence of weight loss, are achievable and sustainable in the long term using a weight-neutral approach. The trial positions weight-neutral programs as a viable health promotion alternative to weight-loss programs for women of high weight.


title: Budgeted Batch Bayesian Optimization With Unknown Batch Sizes

text: Parameter settings profoundly impact the performance of machine learning algorithms and laboratory experiments. The classical grid search or trial-error methods are exponentially expensive in large parameter spaces, and Bayesian optimization (BO) offers an elegant alternative for global optimization of black box functions. In situations where the black box function can be evaluated at multiple points simultaneously, batch Bayesian optimization is used. Current batch BO approaches are restrictive in that they fix the number of evaluations per batch, and this can be wasteful when the number of specified evaluations is larger than the number of real maxima in the underlying acquisition function. We present the Budgeted Batch Bayesian Optimization (B3O) for hyper-parameter tuning and experimental design we identify the appropriate batch size for each iteration in an elegant way. To set the batch size flexible, we use the infinite Gaussian mixture model (IGMM) for automatically identifying the number of peaks in the underlying acquisition functions. We solve the intractability of estimating the IGMM directly from the acquisition function by formulating the batch generalized slice sampling to efficiently draw samples from the acquisition function. We perform extensive experiments for both synthetic functions and two real world applications machine learning hyper-parameter tuning and experimental design for alloy hardening. We show empirically that the proposed B3O outperforms the existing fixed batch BO approaches in finding the optimum whilst requiring a fewer number of evaluations, thus saving cost and time.


title: A Roadmap for Natural Language Processing Research in Information Systems

text: Natural Language Processing (NLP) is now widely integrated into web and mobile applications, enabling natural interactions between human and computers. Although many NLP studies have been published, none have comprehensively reviewed or synthesized tasks most commonly addressed in NLP research. We conduct a thorough review of IS literature to assess the current state of NLP research, and identify 12 prototypical tasks that are widely researched. Our analysis of 238 articles in Information Systems (IS) journals between 2004 and 2015 shows an increasing trend in NLP research, especially since 2011. Based on our analysis, we propose a roadmap for NLP research, and detail how it may be useful to guide future NLP research in IS. In addition, we employ Association Rules (AR) mining for data analysis to investigate co-occurrence of prototypical tasks and discuss insights from the findings.


title: Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning

text: The first needs a lot of data and suffers from covariate shift. It’s a supervised learning method when we fit the state-action pair mapping. The latter finds a cost function under which the expert is uniquely optimal. Compounding error is not a problem here, but IRL is super data inefficiend and requires RL in the inner loop. Since we only interested in the final policy, why do we learn the cost function? So, GAIL was born.


title: Real-time capable methods to determine the magnet temperature of permanent magnet synchronous motors — A review

text: The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is widely used in highly utilised automotive traction drives and other industrial applications. With regards to the device life-time, safe operation and control performance, the magnet temperature is of great interest. Since a direct magnet temperature measurement is not feasible in most cases, this contribution gives a review on state-of-the-art model-based magnet temperature determination methods in PMSM. In this context, the existing publications can be classified into thermal models, flux observers and voltage signal injection approaches. Firstly, brief introductions of these methods are given, followed by a direct comparison regarding drawbacks and benefits. Finally, this contribution concludes with an outlook of potential further investigations in this research field.


title: A Floor and Obstacle Height Map for 3D Navigation of a Humanoid Robot

text: With the development of biped robots, systems became able to navigate in a 3 dimensional world, walking up and down stairs, or climbing over small obstacles. We present a method for obtaining a labeled 2.5D grid map of the robot's surroundings. Each cell is marked either as floor or obstacle and contains a value telling the height of the floor or obstacle. Such height maps are useful for path planning and collision avoidance. The method uses a novel combination of a 3D occupancy grid for robust sensor data interpretation and a 2.5D height map for fine resolution floor values. We evaluate our approach using stereo vision on the humanoid robot QRIO and show the advantages over previous methods. Experimental results from navigation runs on an obstacle course demonstrate the ability of the method to generate detailed maps for autonomous navigation.


title: Deep Learning Driven Visual Path Prediction From a Single Image

text: Capabilities of inference and prediction are the significant components of visual systems. Visual path prediction is an important and challenging task among them, with the goal to infer the future path of a visual object in a static scene. This task is complicated as it needs high-level semantic understandings of both the scenes and underlying motion patterns in video sequences. In practice, cluttered situations have also raised higher demands on the effectiveness and robustness of models. Motivated by these observations, we propose a deep learning framework, which simultaneously performs deep feature learning for visual representation in conjunction with spatiotemporal context modeling. After that, a unified path-planning scheme is proposed to make accurate path prediction based on the analytic results returned by the deep context models. The highly effective visual representation and deep context models ensure that our framework makes a deep semantic understanding of the scenes and motion patterns, consequently improving the performance on visual path prediction task. In experiments, we extensively evaluate the model's performance by constructing two large benchmark datasets from the adaptation of video tracking datasets. The qualitative and quantitative experimental results show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches and owns a better generalization capability.


title: Railway Track Circuit Fault Diagnosis Using Recurrent Neural Networks

text: Timely detection and identification of faults in railway track circuits are crucial for the safety and availability of railway networks. In this paper, the use of the long-short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network is proposed to accomplish these tasks based on the commonly available measurement signals. By considering the signals from multiple track circuits in a geographic area, faults are diagnosed from their spatial and temporal dependences. A generative model is used to show that the LSTM network can learn these dependences directly from the data. The network correctly classifies 99.7% of the test input sequences, with no false positive fault detections. In addition, the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) method is used to examine the resulting network, further showing that it has learned the relevant dependences in the data. Finally, we compare our LSTM network with a convolutional network trained on the same task. From this comparison, we conclude that the LSTM network architecture is better suited for the railway track circuit fault detection and identification tasks than the convolutional network.


title: Does working memory training work? The promise and challenges of enhancing cognition by training working memory.

text: A growing body of literature shows that one's working memory (WM) capacity can be expanded through targeted training. Given the established relationship between WM and higher cognition, these successful training studies have led to speculation that WM training may yield broad cognitive benefits. This review considers the current state of the emerging WM training literature, and details both its successes and limitations. We identify two distinct approaches to WM training, strategy training and core training, and highlight both the theoretical and practical motivations that guide each approach. Training-related increases in WM capacity have been successfully demonstrated across a wide range of subject populations, but different training techniques seem to produce differential impacts upon the broader landscape of cognitive abilities. In particular, core WM training studies seem to produce more far-reaching transfer effects, likely because they target domain-general mechanisms of WM. The results of individual studies encourage optimism regarding the value of WM training as a tool for general cognitive enhancement. However, we discuss several limitations that should be addressed before the field endorses the value of this approach.