title: Toward detecting emotions in spoken dialogs

text: The importance of automatically recognizing emotions from human speech has grown with the increasing role of spoken language interfaces in human-computer interaction applications. This paper explores the detection of domain-specific emotions using language and discourse information in conjunction with acoustic correlates of emotion in speech signals. The specific focus is on a case study of detecting negative and non-negative emotions using spoken language data obtained from a call center application. Most previous studies in emotion recognition have used only the acoustic information contained in speech. In this paper, a combination of three sources of information-acoustic, lexical, and discourse-is used for emotion recognition. To capture emotion information at the language level, an information-theoretic notion of emotional salience is introduced. Optimization of the acoustic correlates of emotion with respect to classification error was accomplished by investigating different feature sets obtained from feature selection, followed by principal component analysis. Experimental results on our call center data show that the best results are obtained when acoustic and language information are combined. Results show that combining all the information, rather than using only acoustic information, improves emotion classification by 40.7% for males and 36.4% for females (linear discriminant classifier used for acoustic information).


title: A database of German emotional speech

text: The article describes a database of emotional speech. Ten actors (5 female and 5 male) simulated the emotions, producing 10 German utterances (5 short and 5 longer sentences) which could be used in everyday communication and are interpretable in all applied emotions. The recordings were taken in an anechoic chamber with high-quality recording equipment. In addition to the sound electro-glottograms were recorded. The speech material comprises about 800 sentences (seven emotions * ten actors * ten sentences + some second versions). The complete database was evaluated in a perception test regarding the recognisability of emotions and their naturalness. Utterances recognised better than 80% and judged as natural by more than 60% of the listeners were phonetically labelled in a narrow transcription with special markers for voice-quality, phonatory and articulatory settings and articulatory features. The database can be accessed by the public via the internet (http://www.expressive-speech.net/emodb/).


title: Speech emotion recognition using hidden Markov models

text: In emotion classification of speech signals, the popular features employed are statistics of fundamental frequency, energy contour, duration of silence and voice quality. However, the performance of systems employing these features degrades substantially when more than two categories of emotion are to be classified. In this paper, a text independent method of emotion classification of speech is proposed. The proposed method makes use of short time log frequency power coefficients (LFPC) to represent the speech signals and a discrete hidden Markov model (HMM) as the classifier. The emotions are classified into six categories. The category labels used are, the archetypal emotions of Anger, Disgust, Fear, Joy, Sadness and Surprise. Adatabase consisting of 60 emotional utterances, each from twelve speakers is constructed and used to train and test the proposed system. Performance of the LFPC feature parameters is compared with that of the linear prediction Cepstral coefficients (LPCC) and mel-frequency Cepstral coefficients (MFCC) feature parameters commonly used in speech recognition systems. Results show that the proposed system yields an average accuracy of 78% and the best accuracy of 96% in the classification of six emotions. This is beyond the 17% chances by a random hit for a sample set of 6 categories. Results also reveal that LFPC is a better choice as feature parameters for emotion classification than the traditional feature parameters. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


title: Emotion Recognition in Speech Using Neural Networks

text: Emotion recognition in speech is a topic on which little research has been done to-date. In this paper, we discuss why emotion recognition in speech is a significant and applicable research topic, and present a system for emotion recognition using oneclass-in-one neural networks. By using a large database of phoneme balanced words, our system is speakerand context-independent. We achieve a recognition rate of approximately 50% when testing eight emotions.


title: Nonlinear dimension reduction for EEG-based epileptic seizure detection

text: Approximately 0.1 percent of epileptic patients die from unexpected deaths. In general, for intractable seizures, it is crucial to have an algorithm to accurately and automatically detect the seizures and notify care-givers to assist patients. EEG signals are known as definitive diagnosis of seizure events. In this work, we utilize the frequency domain features (normalized in-band power spectral density) for the EEG channels. We applied a nonlinear data-embedding technique based on stochastic neighbor distance metric to capture the relationships among data elements in high dimension and improve the accuracy of seizure detection. This proposed data embedding technique not only makes it possible to visualize data in two or three dimensions, but also tackles the inherent difficulties regarding high dimensional data classification such as time complexity and memory requirement. We also applied a patient specific KNN classification to detect seizure and non-seizure events. The results indicate that our nonlinear technique provides significantly better visualization and classification efficiency (F-measure greater than 87%) compared to conventional dimension reduction approaches.


title: SVD-based collaborative filtering with privacy

text: Collaborative filtering (CF) techniques are becoming increasingly popular with the evolution of the Internet. Such techniques recommend products to customers using similar users' preference data. The performance of CF systems degrades with increasing number of customers and products. To reduce the dimensionality of filtering databases and to improve the performance, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is applied for CF. Although filtering systems are widely used by E-commerce sites, they fail to protect users' privacy. Since many users might decide to give false information because of privacy concerns, collecting high quality data from customers is not an easy task. CF systems using these data might produce inaccurate recommendations. In this paper, we discuss SVD-based CF with privacy. To protect users' privacy while still providing recommendations with decent accuracy, we propose a randomized perturbation-based scheme.


title: Hierarchical interpretations for neural network predictions

text: Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved impressive predictive performance due to their ability to learn complex, non-linear relationships between variables. However, the inability to effectively visualize these relationships has led to DNNs being characterized as black boxes and consequently limited their applications. To ameliorate this problem, we introduce the use of hierarchical interpretations to explain DNN predictions through our proposed method, agglomerative contextual decomposition (ACD). Given a prediction from a trained DNN, ACD produces a hierarchical clustering of the input features, along with the contribution of each cluster to the final prediction. This hierarchy is optimized to identify clusters of features that the DNN learned are predictive. Using examples from Stanford Sentiment Treebank and ImageNet, we show that ACD is effective at diagnosing incorrect predictions and identifying dataset bias. Through human experiments, we demonstrate that ACD enables users both to identify the more accurate of two DNNs and to better trust a DNN’s outputs. We also find that ACD’s hierarchy is largely robust to adversarial perturbations, implying that it captures fundamental aspects of the input and ignores spurious noise.


title: Moving Target Indication via RADARSAT-2 Multichannel Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing

text: With the recent launches of the German TerraSAR-X and the Canadian RADARSAT-2, both equipped with phased array antennas and multiple receiver channels, synthetic aperture radar, ground moving target indication (SAR-GMTI) data are now routinely being acquired from space. Defence R&D Canada has been conducting SAR-GMTI trials to assess the performance and limitations of the RADARSAT-2 GMTI system. Several SAR-GMTI modes developed for RADARSAT-2 are described and preliminary test results of these modes are presented. Detailed equations of motion of a moving target for multiaperture spaceborne SAR geometry are derived and a moving target parameter estimation algorithm developed for RADARSAT-2 (called the Fractrum Estimator) is presented. Limitations of the simple dual-aperture SAR-GMTI mode are analysed as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio and target speed. Recently acquired RADARSAT-2 GMTI data are used to demonstrate the capability of different system modes and to validate the signal model and the algorithm.


title: Personalized Tour Recommendation Based on User Interests and Points of Interest Visit Durations

text: Tour recommendation and itinerary planning are challenging tasks for tourists, due to their need to select Points of Interest (POI) to visit in unfamiliar cities, and to select POIs that align with their interest preferences and trip constraints. We propose an algorithm called PERSTOUR for recommending personalized tours using POI popularity and user interest preferences, which are automatically derived from real-life travel sequences based on geotagged photos. Our tour recommendation problem is modelled using a formulation of the Orienteering problem, and considers user trip constraints such as time limits and the need to start and end at specific POIs. In our work, we also reflect levels of user interest based on visit durations, and demonstrate how POI visit duration can be personalized using this time-based user interest. Using a Flickr dataset of four cities, our experiments show the effectiveness of PERSTOUR against various baselines, in terms of tour popularity, interest, recall, precision and F1-score. In particular, our results show the merits of using time-based user interest and personalized POI visit durations, compared to the current practice of using frequency-based user interest and average visit durations.


title: MaJIC: Compiling MATLAB for Speed and Responsiveness

text: This paper presents and evaluates techniques to improve the execution performance of MATLAB. Previous efforts concentrated on source to source translation and batch compilation; MaJIC provides an interactive frontend that looks like MATLAB and compiles/optimizes code behind the scenes in real time, employing a combination of just-in-time and speculative ahead-of-time compilation. Performance results show that the proper mixture of these two techniques can yield near-zero response time as well as performance gains previously achieved only by batch compilers.


title: NEAT-o-Games: blending physical activity and fun in the daily routine

text: This article describes research that aims to encourage physical activity through a novel pervasive gaming paradigm. Data from a wearable accelerometer are logged wirelessly to a cell phone and control the animation of an avatar that represents the player in a virtual race game with other players over the cellular network. Winners are declared every day and players with an excess of activity points can spend some to get hints in mental games of the suite, like Sudoku. The racing game runs in the background throughout the day and every little move counts. As the gaming platform is embedded in the daily routine of players, it may act as a strong behavioral modifier and increase everyday physical activity other than volitional sporting exercise. Such physical activity (e.g., taking the stairs), is termed NEAT and was shown to play a major role in obesity prevention and intervention. A pilot experiment demonstrates that players are engaged in NEAT-o-Games and become more physically active while having a good dosage of fun.


title: A novel 8T SRAM with minimized power and delay

text: In this paper, a novel 8T SRAM cell is proposed which aims at decreasing the delay and lowering the total power consumption of the cell. The threshold voltage variations in the transistor affect the read and write stability of the cell. Also, power dissipation increases with the number of transistors which in turn affects the read and write stability. The proposed 8T SRAM bitcell is designed using 180 nm CMOS, n-well technology with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The results show that the average delay has been improved by 80 % compared to the conventional 6T cell. The total power is improved by 14.5 % as compared to conventional 6T SRAM cell.


title: Texture analysis of medical images.

text: The analysis of texture parameters is a useful way of increasing the information obtainable from medical images. It is an ongoing field of research, with applications ranging from the segmentation of specific anatomical structures and the detection of lesions, to differentiation between pathological and healthy tissue in different organs. Texture analysis uses radiological images obtained in routine diagnostic practice, but involves an ensemble of mathematical computations performed with the data contained within the images. In this article we clarify the principles of texture analysis and give examples of its applications, reviewing studies of the technique.


title: f3.js: A Parametric Design Tool for Physical Computing Devices for Both Interaction Designers and End-users

text: Although the exploration of design alternatives is crucial for interaction designers and customization is required for end-users, the current development tools for physical computing devices have focused on single versions of an artifact. We propose the parametric design of devices including their enclosure layouts and programs to address this issue. A Web-based design tool called f3.js is presented as an example implementation, which allows devices assembled from laser-cut panels with sensors and actuator modules to be parametrically created and customized. It enables interaction designers to write code with dedicated APIs, declare parameters, and interactively tune them to produce the enclosure layouts and programs. It also provides a separate user interface for end-users that allows parameter tuning and dynamically generates instructions for device assembly. The parametric design approach and the tool were evaluated through two user studies with interaction designers, university students, and end-users.


title: Recurrent Transformer Networks for Semantic Correspondence

text: We present recurrent transformer networks (RTNs) for obtaining dense correspondences between semantically similar images. Our networks accomplish this through an iterative process of estimating spatial transformations between the input images and using these transformations to generate aligned convolutional activations. By directly estimating the transformations between an image pair, rather than employing spatial transformer networks to independently normalize each individual image, we show that greater accuracy can be achieved. This process is conducted in a recursive manner to refine both the transformation estimates and the feature representations. In addition, a technique is presented for weakly-supervised training of RTNs that is based on a proposed classification loss. With RTNs, state-of-the-art performance is attained on several benchmarks for semantic correspondence.


title: Statics and Dynamics of Continuum Robots With General Tendon Routing and External Loading

text: Tendons are a widely used actuation strategy for continuum robots that enable forces and moments to be transmitted along the robot from base-mounted actuators. Most prior robots have used tendons routed in straight paths along the robot. However, routing tendons through general curved paths within the robot offers potential advantages in reshaping the workspace and enabling a single section of the robot to achieve a wider variety of desired shapes. In this paper, we provide a new model for the statics and dynamics of robots with general tendon routing paths that is derived by coupling the classical Cosserat-rod and Cosserat-string models. This model also accounts for general external loading conditions and includes traditional axially routed tendons as a special case. The advantage of the usage of this coupled model for straight-tendon robots is that it accounts for the distributed wrenches that tendons apply along the robot. We show that these are necessary to consider when the robot is subjected to out-of-plane external loads. Our experimental results demonstrate that the coupled model matches experimental tip positions with an error of 1.7% of the robot length, in a set of experiments that include both straight and nonstraight routing cases, with both point and distributed external loads.


title: Folded dipole antenna near metal plate

text: The paper presents the effects on antenna parameters when an antenna is placed horizontally near a metal plate. The plate has finite size and rectangular shape. A folded dipole antenna is used and it is placed symmetrically above the plate. The FEM (finite element method) is used to simulate the dependency of antenna parameters on the size of the plate and the distance between the plate and the antenna. The presence of the metal plate, even a small one if it is at the right distance, causes very big changes in the behaviour of the antenna. The bigger the plate, especially in width, the sharper and narrower are the lobes of the radiation pattern. The antenna height defines how many lobes the radiation pattern has. A number of the antenna parameters, including impedance, directivity and front-to-back ratio, change periodically as the antenna height is increased. The resonant frequency of the antenna also changes under the influence of the metal plate.


title: Semi-supervised Learning by Entropy Minimization

text: We consider the semi-supervised learning problem, where a decision rule is to be learned from labeled and unlabeled data. In this framework, we motivate minimum entropy regularization, which enables to incorporate unlabeled data in the standard supervised learning. Our approach includes other approaches to the semi-supervised problem as particular or limiting cases. A series of experiments illustrates that the proposed solutions benefit from unlabeled data. The method challenges mixture models when the data are sampled from the distribution class spanned by the generative model. The performances are definitely in favor of minimum entropy regularization when generative models are misspecified, and the weighting of unlabeled data provides robustness to the violation of the “cluster assumption”. Finally, we also illustrate that the method can also be far superior to manifold learning in high dimension spaces.


title: LinkNBed: Multi-Graph Representation Learning with Entity Linkage

text: Knowledge graphs have emerged as an important model for studying complex multirelational data. This has given rise to the construction of numerous large scale but incomplete knowledge graphs encoding information extracted from various resources. An effective and scalable approach to jointly learn over multiple graphs and eventually construct a unified graph is a crucial next step for the success of knowledge-based inference for many downstream applications. To this end, we propose LinkNBed, a deep relational learning framework that learns entity and relationship representations across multiple graphs. We identify entity linkage across graphs as a vital component to achieve our goal. We design a novel objective that leverage entity linkage and build an efficient multi-task training procedure. Experiments on link prediction and entity linkage demonstrate substantial improvements over the state-ofthe-art relational learning approaches.


title: Metacognition of the testing effect: guiding learners to predict the benefits of retrieval.

text: If the mnemonic benefits of testing are to be widely realized in real-world learning circumstances, people must appreciate the value of testing and choose to utilize testing during self-guided learning. Yet metacognitive judgments do not appear to reflect the enhancement provided by testing Karpicke & Roediger (Science 319:966-968, 2008). In this article, we show that under judicious conditions, learners can indeed reveal an understanding of the beneficial effects of testing, as well as the interaction of that effect with delay (experiment 1). In that experiment, subjects made judgments of learning (JOLs) for previously studied or previously tested items in either a cue-only or a cue-target context, and either immediately or after a 1-day delay. When subjects made judgments in a cue-only context, their JOLs accurately reflected the effects of testing, both immediately and at a delay. To evaluate the potential of exposure to such conditions for promoting generalized appreciation of testing effects, three further experiments elicited global predictions about restudied and tested items across two study/test cycles (experiments 2, 3, and 4). The results indicated that learners' global naïve metacognitive beliefs increasingly reflect the beneficial effects of testing when learners experience these benefits with increasing external support. If queried under facilitative circumstances, learners appreciate the mnemonic enhancement that testing provides on both an item-by-item and global basis but generalize that knowledge to future learning only with considerable guidance.


title: White-box cryptography: practical protection on hostile hosts

text: Businesses often interact with users via web-browsers and applications on mobile devices, and host services on cloud servers they may not own. Such highly-exposed environments employ white-box cryptography (WBC) for security protection. WBC operates on a security model far different from the traditional black-box model. The modern business world includes large commercial segments in which end-users are directly exposed to business application software hosted on web browsers, mobile phones, web-connected tablets, and an increasing number of other devices: the `internet of things' (IoT). Software applications and their communication activities now dominate much of the commercial world, and there have been countless hacks on such software, and on devices hosting it, with targets as diverse as mobile phones, web browser applications, vehicles, and even refrigerators! The business advantages of deploying computational power near the user encourage software migration to exposed network end-points, but this increasing exposure provides an ever growing attack surface. Here, we discuss goals and challenges of white-box cryptography and emerging approaches in a continual attempt to stay at least one step ahead of the attackers. We list some WBC techniques, both traditional and recent, indicating how they might be incorporated into a WBC AES implementation.


title: The pursuit of happiness: time, money, and social connection.

text: Does thinking about time, rather than money, influence how effectively individuals pursue personal happiness? Laboratory and field experiments revealed that implicitly activating the construct of time motivates individuals to spend more time with friends and family and less time working-behaviors that are associated with greater happiness. In contrast, implicitly activating money motivates individuals to work more and socialize less, which (although productive) does not increase happiness. Implications for the relative roles of time versus money in the pursuit of happiness are discussed.


title: Fragile online relationship: a first look at unfollow dynamics in twitter

text:
We analyze the dynamics of the behavior known as 'unfollow' in Twitter. We collected daily snapshots of the online relationships of 1.2 million Korean-speaking users for 51 days as well as all of their tweets. We found that Twitter users frequently unfollow. We then discover the major factors, including the reciprocity of the relationships, the duration of a relationship, the followees' informativeness, and the overlap of the relationships, which affect the decision to unfollow. We conduct interview with 22 Korean respondents to supplement the quantitative results.
 They unfollowed those who left many tweets within a short time, created tweets about uninteresting topics, or tweeted about the mundane details of their lives. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first systematic study of the unfollow behavior in Twitter.


title: The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review

text: It has been argued that the communication of emotions is more difficult in computer-mediated communication (CMC) than in face-to-face (F2F) communication. The aim of this paper is to review the empirical evidence in order to gain insight in whether emotions are communicated differently in these different modes of communication. We review two types of studies: (1) studies that explicitly examine discrete emotions and emotion expressions, and (2) studies that examine emotions more implicitly, namely as self-disclosure or emotional styles. Our conclusion is that there is no indication that CMC is a less emotional or less personally involving medium than F2F. On the contrary, emotional communication online and offline is surprisingly similar, and if differences are found they show more frequent and explicit emotion communication in CMC than in F2F. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


title: Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory.

text: The construct of narcissism is inconsistently defined across clinical theory, social-personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Two problems were identified that impede integration of research and clinical findings regarding narcissistic personality pathology: (a) ambiguity regarding the assessment of pathological narcissism vs. normal narcissism and (b) insufficient scope of existing narcissism measures. Four studies are presented documenting the initial derivation and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI). The PNI is a 52-item self-report measure assessing 7 dimensions of pathological narcissism spanning problems with narcissistic grandiosity (Entitlement Rage, Exploitativeness, Grandiose Fantasy, Self-sacrificing Self-enhancement) and narcissistic vulnerability (Contingent Self-esteem, Hiding the Self, Devaluing). The PNI structure was validated via confirmatory factor analysis. The PNI correlated negatively with self-esteem and empathy, and positively with shame, interpersonal distress, aggression, and borderline personality organization. Grandiose PNI scales were associated with vindictive, domineering, intrusive, and overly-nurturant interpersonal problems, and vulnerable PNI scales were associated with cold, socially avoidant, and exploitable interpersonal problems. In a small clinical sample, PNI scales exhibited significant associations with parasuicidal behavior, suicide attempts, homicidal ideation, and several aspects of psychotherapy utilization.


title: COPSS-lite: Lightweight ICN Based Pub/Sub for IoT Environments

text: Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a new networking paradigm that treats content as the first class entity. It provides content to users without regards to the current location or source of the content. The publish/subscribe (pub/sub) systems have gained popularity in Internet. Pub/sub systems dismisses the need for users to request every content of their interest. Instead, the content is supplied to the interested users (subscribers) as and when it is published. CCN/NDN are popular ICN proposals widely accepted in the ICN community however, they do not provide an efficient pub/sub mechanism. COPSS enhances CCN/NDN with an efficient pub/sub capability. Internet of Things (IoT) is a growing topic of interest in both Academia and Industry. The current designs for IoT relies on IP. However, the IoT devices are constrained in their available resources and IP is heavy for their operation.We observed that IoT’s are information centric in nature and hence ICN is a more suitable candidate to support IoT environments. Although NDN and COPSS work well for the Internet, their current full fledged implementations cannot be used by the resource constrained IoT devices. CCN-lite is a light weight, inter-operable version of the CCNx protocol for supporting the IoT devices. However, CCN-lite like its ancestors lacks the support for an efficient pub/sub mechanism. In this paper, we developed COPSS-lite, an efficient and light weight implementation of pub/sub for IoT. COPSS-lite is developed to enhance CCN-lite and also support multi-hop connection by incorporating the famous RPL protocol for low power and lossy networks. We provide a preliminary evaluation to show proof of operability with real world sensor devices in IoT lab. Our results show that COPSS-lite is compact, operates on all platforms that support CCN-lite and we observe significant performance benefits with COPSS-lite in IoT environments.


title: Parsing English with a Link Grammar

text: We develop a formal grammatical system called a link grammar, show how English grammar can be encoded in such a system, and give algorithms for efficiently parsing with a link grammar. Although the expressive power of link grammars is equivalent to that of context free grammars, encoding natural language grammars appears to be much easier with the new system. We have written a program for general link parsing and written a link grammar for the English language. The performance of this preliminary system – both in the breadth of English phenomena that it captures and in the computational resources used – indicates that the approach may have practical uses as well as linguistic significance. Our program is written in C and may be obtained through the internet. c 1991 Daniel Sleator and Davy Temperley * School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, sleator@cs.cmu.edu. y Music Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, dt3@cunixa.cc.columbia.edu. Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant CCR-8658139, Olin Corporation, and R. R. Donnelley and Sons. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of Olin Corporation, R. R. Donnelley and Sons, or the NSF.


title: Robust Physical-World Attacks on Machine Learning Models

text: Deep neural network-based classifiers are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples that can fool them into misclassifying their input through the addition of small-magnitude perturbations. However, recent studies have demonstrated that such adversarial examples are not very effective in the physical world—they either completely fail to cause misclassification or only work in restricted cases where a relatively complex image is perturbed and printed on paper. In this paper we propose a new attack algorithm—Robust Physical Perturbations (RP2)— that generates perturbations by taking images under different conditions into account. Our algorithm can create spatiallyconstrained perturbations that mimic vandalism or art to reduce the likelihood of detection by a casual observer. We show that adversarial examples generated by RP2 achieve high success rates under various conditions for real road sign recognition by using an evaluation methodology that captures physical world conditions. We physically realized and evaluated two attacks, one that causes a Stop sign to be misclassified as a Speed Limit sign in 100% of the testing conditions, and one that causes a Right Turn sign to be misclassified as either a Stop or Added Lane sign in 100% of the testing conditions.


title: Sociable driving agents to maintain driver's attention in autonomous driving

text: Recently, many studies have been conducted on increasing the automation level in cars to achieve safer and more efficient transportation. The increased automation level creates room for the drivers to shift their attention to non-driving related activities. However, there are cases that cannot be handled by automation where a driver should take over the control. This pilot study investigates a paradigm for keeping the drivers' situation-awareness active during autonomous driving by utilizing a social robot system, NAMIDA. NAMIDA is an interface consisting of three sociable driving agents that can interact with the driver through eye-gaze behaviors. We analyzed the effectiveness of NAMIDA on maintaining the drivers' attention to the road, by evaluating the response time of the drivers to a critical situation on the road. An experiment consisting of a take over scenario was conducted in a dynamic driving simulator. The results showed that existence of NAMIDA significantly reduced the response time of the drivers. However, surprisingly, NAMIDA without eye-gaze behaviors was more effective in reducing the response time than NAMIDA with eye-gaze behaviors. Additionally, the results revealed better subjective impressions for NAMIDA with eye-gaze behaviors behaviors.


title: Correlating driver gaze with the road scene for driver assistance systems

text: A driver assistance system (DAS) should support the driver by monitoring road and vehicle events and presenting relevant and timely information to the driver. It is impossible to know what a driver is thinking, but we can monitor the driver’s gaze direction and compare it with the position of information in the driver’s viewfield to make inferences. In this way, not only do we monitor the driver’s actions, we monitor the driver’s observations as well. In this paper we present the automated detection and recognition of road signs, combined with the monitoring of the driver’s response. We present a complete system that reads speed signs in real-time, compares the driver’s gaze, and provides immediate feedback if it appears the sign has been missed by t ©


title: Robust method for road sign detection and recognition

text: This paper describes a method for detecting and recognizing road signs in gray-level and color images acquired by a single camera mounted on a moving vehicle. The method works in three stages. First, the search for the road sign is reduced to a suitable region of the image by using some a priori knowledge on the scene or color clues (when available). Secondly, a geometrical analysis of the edges extracted from the image is carried out, which generates candidates to be circular and triangular signs. Thirdly, a recognition stage tests by cross-correlation techniques each candidate which, if validated, is classi ed according to the data-base of signs. An extensive experimentation has shown that the method is robust against low-level noise corrupting edge detection and contour following, and works for images of cluttered urban streets as well as country roads and highways. A further improvement on the detection and recognition scheme has been obtained by means of temporal integration based on Kalman ltering methods of the extracted information. The proposed approach can be very helpful for the development of a system for driving assistance.


title: Face recognition: A literature survey

text: As one of the most successful applications of image analysis and understanding, face recognition has recently received significant attention, especially during the past several years. At least two reasons account for this trend: the first is the wide range of commercial and law enforcement applications, and the second is the availability of feasible technologies after 30 years of research. Even though current machine recognition systems have reached a certain level of maturity, their success is limited by the conditions imposed by many real applications. For example, recognition of face images acquired in an outdoor environment with changes in illumination and/or pose remains a largely unsolved problem. In other words, current systems are still far away from the capability of the human perception system.This paper provides an up-to-date critical survey of still- and video-based face recognition research. There are two underlying motivations for us to write this survey paper: the first is to provide an up-to-date review of the existing literature, and the second is to offer some insights into the studies of machine recognition of faces. To provide a comprehensive survey, we not only categorize existing recognition techniques but also present detailed descriptions of representative methods within each category. In addition, relevant topics such as psychophysical studies, system evaluation, and issues of illumination and pose variation are covered.


title: Fast Radial Symmetry for Detecting Points of Interest

text: A new transform is presented that utilizes local radial symmetry to highlight points of interest within a scene. Its lowcomputational complexity and fast runtimes makes this method well-suited for real-time vision applications. The performance of the transform is demonstrated on a wide variety of images and compared with leading techniques from the literature. Both as a facial feature detector and as a generic region of interest detector the new transform is seen to offer equal or superior performance to contemporary techniques at a relatively low-computational cost. A real-time implementation of the transform is presented running at over 60 frames per second on a standard Pentium III PC.


title: Vision-based eye-gaze tracking for human computer interface

text: Eye-gaze is an input mode which has the potential of an efficient computer interface. Eye movement has been the focus of research in this area. Non-intrusive eyegaze tracking that allows slight head movement is addressed in this paper. A small 2D mark is employed as a reference to compensate for this movement. The iris center has been chosen for purposes of measuring eye movement. The gaze point is estimated after acquiring the eye movement data. Preliminary experimental results are given through a screen pointing application.


title: An Empirical Exploration of Curriculum Learning for Neural Machine Translation

text: Machine translation systems based on deep neural networks are expensive to train. Curriculum learning aims to address this issue by choosing the order in which samples are presented during training to help train better models faster. We adopt a probabilistic view of curriculum learning, which lets us flexibly evaluate the impact of curricula design, and perform an extensive exploration on a German-English translation task. Results show that it is possible to improve convergence time at no loss in translation quality. However, results are highly sensitive to the choice of sample difficulty criteria, curriculum schedule and other hyperparameters.


title: Algorithms for Lipschitz Learning on Graphs

text: We develop fast algorithms for solving regression problems on graphs where one is given the value of a function at some vertices, and must find its smoothest possible extension to all vertices. The extension we compute is the absolutely minimal Lipschitz extension, and is the limit for large p of p-Laplacian regularization. We present an algorithm that computes a minimal Lipschitz extension in expected linear time, and an algorithm that computes an absolutely minimal Lipschitz extension in expected time Õ(mn). The latter algorithm has variants that seem to run much faster in practice. These extensions are particularly amenable to regularization: we can perform l0-regularization on the given values in polynomial time and l1-regularization on the initial function values and on graph edge weights in time Õ(m). Our definitions and algorithms naturally extend to directed graphs.


title: Tanzer group IIB constricted ear repair with helical advancement and superior auricular artery chondrocutaneous flap.

text: Constricted ear deformity was first described by Tanzer and classified it into 3 groups according to the degree of constriction. The group IIB deformity involves the helix, scapha, and antihelical fold. The height of the ear is sharply reduced, and the soft tissue envelope is not sufficient to close the cartilage framework after expansion and reshaping.This study describes expanding the cartilage and increasing the height by advancing the helical root superiorly and repairing the skin-cartilage defect with a superior auricular artery chondrocutaneous flap in Tanzer group IIB constricted ear deformity.Six ears of 6 patients were treated with this technique during the past 3 years. All patients were satisfied with the appearance of their corrected ears, and the increase in height was maintained through the follow-up period.The described technique does not have the disadvantages and possible complications of harvesting a costal cartilage graft. Moving and fixing the root of helix to a more superior position provide the auricle with additional length. The superior auricular artery chondrocutaneous flap not only provides adequate soft tissue for primary closure of the anterior portion of the auricle but also aids in repairing the cartilage defect resulting from the superior advancement of the helix as well.


title: Hand Gesture Recognition using Sign Language

text: Sign Language is mostly used by deaf and dumb people. In order to improve the man machine interaction, sign language can be used as a way for communicating with machines. Most of the applications which enable sign language processing are using data gloves and other devices for interacting with computers. This restricts the freedom of users. So to avoid this, this system we capture live video stream through normal webcam and pass it as input and process this video to detect human gestures . These gestures can be signs represented in any sign language like American Sign Language (ASL), Indian Sign Language(ISL) etc. By processing these signs, this system can make an efficient system for searching using signs. In future this method of searching can be implemented in many areas such as railway station for searching the details of any trains, etc. Searching uses signs can play a major role in searching technique because the latest existing technique of searching is based on voice. But this may not work properly because each person has a different pronunciation. This system can overcome the drawbacks of the current available searching technique and thus can make every person under an umbrella of searching.


title: Thermoplastic Forming of Bulk Metallic Glass— A Technology for MEMS and Microstructure Fabrication

text: A technology for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microstructure fabrication is introduced where the bulk metallic glass (BMG) is formed at a temperature where the BMG exist as a viscous liquid under an applied pressure into a mold. This thermoplastic forming is carried out under comparable forming pressure and temperatures that are used for plastics. The range of possible sizes in all three dimensions of this technology allows the replication of high strength features ranging from about 30 nm to centimeters with aspect ratios of 20 to 1, which are homogeneous and isotropic and free of stresses and porosity. Our processing method includes a hot-cutting technique that enables a clean planar separation of the parts from the BMG reservoir. It also allows to net-shape three-dimensional parts on the micron scale. The technology can be implemented into conventional MEMS fabrication processes. The properties of BMG as well as the thermoplastic formability enable new applications and performance improvements of existing MEMS devices and nanostructures


title: Mobile Multimedia Recommendation in Smart Communities: A Survey

text: Due to the rapid growth of Internet broadband access and proliferation of modern mobile devices, various types of multimedia (e.g., text, images, audios, and videos) have become ubiquitously available anytime. Mobile device users usually store and use multimedia contents based on their personal interests and preferences. Mobile device challenges such as storage limitation have, however, introduced the problem of mobile multimedia overload to users. To tackle this problem, researchers have developed various techniques that recommend multimedia for mobile users. In this paper, we examine the importance of mobile multimedia recommendation systems from the perspective of three smart communities, namely mobile social learning, mobile event guide, and context-aware services. A cautious analysis of existing research reveals that the implementation of proactive, sensor-based and hybrid recommender systems can improve mobile multimedia recommendations. Nevertheless, there are still challenges and open issues such as the incorporation of context and social properties, which need to be tackled to generate accurate and trustworthy mobile multimedia recommendations.


title: Wireless Geophone Network for remote monitoring and detection of landslides

text: Recent years have shown an alarmous increase in rain fall induced landslides. This has facilitated the need for having a monitoring system to predict the landslides which could eventually reduce the loss of human life. We have developed and deployed a Wireless Sensor Network to monitor rainfall induced landslide, in Munnar, South India. A successful landslide warning was issued in June 2009 using this system. The system is being enhanced by incorporating a Wireless Geophone Network to locate the initiation of landslide. The paper discusses an algorithm that was developed to analyze the geophone data and automatically detect the landslide signal. A novel method to localize the landslide initiation point is detailed. The algorithm is based on the time delay inherent in the transmission of waves through the surface of the earth. The approach detailed here does not require additional energy since the geophones are self excitatory. The error rate of the approach is much less when compared to the other localization methods like RSSI. The proposed algorithm is being tested and validated, in the landslide laboratory set up at our university.


title: A compact, 37% fractional bandwidth millimeter-wave phase shifter using a wideband lange coupler for 60-GHz and E-band systems

text: A wideband 57.7–84.2 GHz Phase Shifter is presented using a compact Lange coupler to generate in-phase and quadrature signal. The Lange coupler is followed by two balun transformers that provide the IQ vector modulation with differential I and Q signals. The implemented Phase Shifter demonstrates an average 6-dB insertion loss and 5-dB gain variation. The measured average rms phase and gain errors are 7 degrees and 1 dB, respectively. The phase shifter is implemented in GlobalFoundries 45-nm SOI CMOS technology using a trap-rich substrate. The chip area is 385 μm × 285 μm and the Phase Shifter consumes less than 17 mW. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first phase shifter that covers both 60 GHz band and E-band frequencies with a fractional bandwidth of 37%.


title: An innovative ontology-driven system supporting personnel selection: the OntoHR case

text: This paper describes the initial development of an HRM system that aims to decrease the gap between higher vocational education and the labour market for a specific job in the ICT sector. This paper focuses specifically on the delineation of a process model and the selection of a suitable job role (information system analyst) that is valid across organisational and cultural boundaries. The process model implies various applied uses of this ontology-based system, including mapping qualifications in vocational education to current and valid job roles, testing and evaluating the student applicant on the basis of labour market driven competencies, and providing ad-hoc support to educational institutions by elucidating the weaknesses of particular VET curricula.


title: A Balanced Filtering Branch-Line Coupler

text: A balanced filtering branch-line coupler is proposed for the first time. The proposed design is realized by coupled microstrip lines and coupled-line-fed coupling structures. Based on this, the proposed design not only exhibits the functions of power dividing and filtering for differential-mode signals, but also can suppress the common-mode noise/signal and be easily connected with other balanced circuits. The dimension of the proposed design is similar to that of the traditional single-ended design. A prototype of the balanced filtering branch-line coupler centered at 1.87 GHz with the size of 0.33 λg × 0.42 λg is fabricated, where λg is the guided wavelength at the center frequency. The measured results exhibit the maximum insertion loss of 1.4 dB with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of 3.5%.


title: Identifying personal genomes by surname inference.

text: Sharing sequencing data sets without identifiers has become a common practice in genomics. Here, we report that surnames can be recovered from personal genomes by profiling short tandem repeats on the Y chromosome (Y-STRs) and querying recreational genetic genealogy databases. We show that a combination of a surname with other types of metadata, such as age and state, can be used to triangulate the identity of the target. A key feature of this technique is that it entirely relies on free, publicly accessible Internet resources. We quantitatively analyze the probability of identification for U.S. males. We further demonstrate the feasibility of this technique by tracing back with high probability the identities of multiple participants in public sequencing projects.


title: Automatic web spreadsheet data extraction

text:
Spreadsheets contain a huge amount of high-value data but do not observe a standard data model and thus are difficult to integrate. A large number of data integration tools exist, but they generally can only work on relational data. Existing systems for extracting relational data from spreadsheets are too labor intensive to support ad-hoc integration tasks, in which the correct extraction target is only learned during the course of user interaction.
 This paper introduces a system that automatically extracts relational data from spreadsheets, thereby enabling relational spreadsheet integration. The resulting integrated relational data can be queried directly or can be translated into RDF triples. When compared to standard techniques for spreadsheet data extraction on a set of 100 random Web spreadsheets, the system reduces the amount of human labor by 72% to 92%. In addition to the system design, we present the results of a general survey of more than 400,000 spreadsheets we downloaded from the Web, giving a novel view of how users organize their data in spreadsheets.


title: Analysis of waveguide slot-based structures using wide-band equivalent-circuit model

text: Analysis of geometrically complicated waveguide-based slotted arrays and filters is performed using a simple equivalent-circuit model. First, the circuit parameters (inductance and capacitance) of a simple waveguide slot-coupler problem are obtained through moment-method (MoM) analysis. The values of the lumped LC elements are virtually constant over the frequency range of interest (the X-band) for specific waveguide and slot dimensions. Based on the equivalent-circuit model of a single slot of two coupled waveguides, more complicated structures are then analyzed, such as slot coupler arrays and slot-based waveguide filters. The scattering parameters of these structures are obtained through circuit analysis, and are verified using the MoM and finite-difference time-domain method. Excellent agreement is observed over a wide band of frequencies and is confirmed by experimental results.


title: A Wearable Inertial Measurement System With Complementary Filter for Gait Analysis of Patients With Stroke or Parkinson’s Disease

text: This paper presents a wearable inertial measurement system and its associated spatiotemporal gait analysis algorithm to obtain quantitative measurements and explore clinical indicators from the spatiotemporal gait patterns for patients with stroke or Parkinson’s disease. The wearable system is composed of a microcontroller, a triaxial accelerometer, a triaxial gyroscope, and an RF wireless transmission module. The spatiotemporal gait analysis algorithm, consisting of procedures of inertial signal acquisition, signal preprocessing, gait phase detection, and ankle range of motion estimation, has been developed for extracting gait features from accelerations and angular velocities. In order to estimate accurate ankle range of motion, we have integrated accelerations and angular velocities into a complementary filter for reducing the accumulation of integration error of inertial signals. All 24 participants mounted the system on their foot to walk along a straight line of 10 m at normal speed and their walking recordings were collected to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system and algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed inertial measurement system with the designed spatiotemporal gait analysis algorithm is a promising tool for automatically analyzing spatiotemporal gait information, serving as clinical indicators for monitoring therapeutic efficacy for diagnosis of stroke or Parkinson’s disease.


title: Preparation of Personalized-dose Salbutamol Sulphate Oral Films with Thermal Ink-Jet Printing

text: To evaluate the use of thermal ink-jetting as a method for dosing drugs onto oral films. A Hewlett-Packard printer cartridge was modified so that aqueous drug solutions replaced the ink. The performance of the printer as a function of print solution viscosity and surface tension was determined; viscosities between 1.1 and 1.5 mm2 s-1 were found to be optimal, while surface tension did not affect deposition. A calibration curve for salbutamol sulphate was prepared, which demonstrated drug deposition onto an acetate film varied linearly with concentration (r2 = 0.9992). The printer was then used to deposit salbutamol sulphate onto an oral film made of potato starch. It was found that when doses were deposited in a single pass under the print head, then the measured dose was in good agreement with the theoretical dose. With multiple passes the measured dose was always significantly less than the theoretical dose. It is proposed that the losses arise from erosion of the printed layer by shearing forces during paper handling. The losses were predictable, and the variance in dose deposited was always less than the BP limits for tablet and oral syrup salbutamol sulphate preparations. TIJ printing offers a rapid method for extemporaneous preparation of personalized-dose medicines.


title: From big smartphone data to worldwide research: The Mobile Data Challenge

text: This paper presents an overview of the Mobile Data Challenge (MDC), a large-scale research initiative aimed at generating innovations around smartphone-based research, as well as community-based evaluation of mobile data analysis methodologies. First, we review the Lausanne Data Collection Campaign (LDCC) – an initiative to collect unique, longitudinal smartphone data set for the MDC. Then, we introduce the Open and Dedicated Tracks of the MDC; describe the specific data sets used in each of them; discuss the key design and implementation aspects introduced in order to generate privacypreserving and scientifically relevant mobile data resources for wider use by the research community; and summarize the main research trends found among the 100+ challenge submissions. We finalize by discussing the main lessons learned from the participation of several hundred researchers worldwide in the MDC Tracks.


title: ESUR prostate MR guidelines 2012

text: The aim was to develop clinical guidelines for multi-parametric MRI of the prostate by a group of prostate MRI experts from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR), based on literature evidence and consensus expert opinion. True evidence-based guidelines could not be formulated, but a compromise, reflected by “minimal” and “optimal” requirements has been made. The scope of these ESUR guidelines is to promulgate high quality MRI in acquisition and evaluation with the correct indications for prostate cancer across the whole of Europe and eventually outside Europe. The guidelines for the optimal technique and three protocols for “detection”, “staging” and “node and bone” are presented. The use of endorectal coil vs. pelvic phased array coil and 1.5 vs. 3 T is discussed. Clinical indications and a PI-RADS classification for structured reporting are presented. Key Points • This report provides guidelines for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in prostate cancer. • Clinical indications, and minimal and optimal imaging acquisition protocols are provided. • A structured reporting system (PI-RADS) is described.


title: An overview of pricing models for revenue management

text: This publication contains reprint articles for which IEEE does not hold copyright. Full text is not available on IEEE Xplore for these articles.


title: Recommendation Systems in Software Engineering

text: Software engineering is a knowledge-intensive activity that presents many information navigation challenges. Information spaces in software engineering include the source code and change history of the software, discussion lists and forums, issue databases, component technologies and their learning resources, and the development environment. The technical nature, size, and dynamicity of these information spaces motivate the development of a special class of applications to support developers: recommendation systems in software engineering (RSSEs), which are software applications that provide information items estimated to be valuable for a software engineering task in a given context. In this introduction, we review the characteristics of information spaces in software engineering, describe the unique aspects of RSSEs, present an overview of the issues and considerations involved in creating, evaluating, and using RSSEs, and present a general outlook on the current state of research and development in the field of recommendation systems for highly technical domains.


title: Relationship Between Visual-Motor Integration , Eye-Hand Coordination , and Quality of Handwriting

text: If the influence of visual-motor integration (copying forms) on the quality of handwriting has been widely investigated, the influence of eye-hand coordination (tracing item) has been less well analyzed. The Concise Assessment Scale for Children’s Handwriting (BHK), the Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP-2), and the section “Manual Dexterity” of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC) were administered to a group of second grade children (N = 75; 8.1-year-olds). The association of visual-motor integration and eye-hand coordination are predictive of the quality of handwriting (p < . 001). These two skills should be taken into consideration when children are referred to occupational therapy for difficulties in handwriting.


title: The research and implementation of metadata cache backup technology based on CEPH file system

text: Based on research and analysis of the Ceph file system, the log cache backup scheme is proposed. The log cache backup scheme reduces metadata access delays by caching logs and reducing the time of storing logs to server clusters. In order to prevent the loss of cached data in metadata servers, a cached data backup scheme is proposed. Compared to the metadata management subsystem of the Ceph, the log cache backup scheme can effectively improve the access performance of metadata. Finally, based on open source codes of the Ceph file system, the log cache backup scheme is implemented. Compared to the performance of the Ceph metadata management subsystem, experiment results show that performance improvements of the log cache backup scheme are up to 11.5%.


title: A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model: Investigating subjective norm and moderation effects

text: We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of previous research on the technology acceptance model (TAM) in an attempt to make well-grounded statements on the role of subjective norm. Furthermore, we compared TAM results by taking into account moderating effects of one individual-related factor (type of respondents), one technology-related factor (type of technology), and one contingent factor (culture). Results indicated a significant influence of subjective norm on perceived usefulness and behavioral intention to use. Moderating effects were found for all three factors. The findings yielded managerial implications for both intracompany and market-based settings. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


title: Triangular Tile Pasting P Systems for Pattern Generation

text: -In the area of membrane computing, a new computability model, called P system, which is a highly distributed, parallel theoretical computing model, was introduced by G.H. Păun [1], inspired from the cell structure and its function. There are several application areas of these P systems. Among these one area deals with the problem of picture generation. Ceterachi et al. [2] began a study on linking the two areas of membrane computing and picture grammars, which were not very much linked before, by relating P system and array-rewriting grammars generating picture languages and proposing array rewriting P systems. Iso-Triangular picture languages were introduced in [3], which can also generate rectangular and hexagonal picture languages. Tile pasting P system model for pattern generation was introduced in [4]. In this paper we propose a theoretical model of a P system using triangular tiles called Triangular tile pasting P system, for generating two dimensional patterns that are generated by gluing triangular tiles and study some of its properties. Keywords--Triangular Tiles, Array Grammars, Pasting System, Tile Pasting P Systems


title: Reducing Multiclass to Binary: A Unifying Approach for Margin Classifiers

text: We present a unifying framework for studying the solution of multiclass categorization problems by reducing them to multiple binary problems that are then solved using a margin-based binary learning algorithm. The proposed framework unifies some of the most popular approaches in which each class is compared against all others, or in which all pairs of classes are compared to each other, or in which output codes with error-correcting properties are used. We propose a general method for combining the classifiers generated on the binary problems, and we prove a general empirical multiclass loss bound given the empirical loss of the individual binary learning algorithms. The scheme and the corresponding bounds apply to many popular classification learning algorithms including support-vector machines, AdaBoost, regression, logistic regression and decision-tree algorithms. We also give a multiclass generalization error analysis for general output codes with AdaBoost as the binary learner. Experimental results with SVM and AdaBoost show that our scheme provides a viable alternative to the most commonly used multiclass algorithms.


title: Analysis of Emotionally Salient Aspects of Fundamental Frequency for Emotion Detection

text: During expressive speech, the voice is enriched to convey not only the intended semantic message but also the emotional state of the speaker. The pitch contour is one of the important properties of speech that is affected by this emotional modulation. Although pitch features have been commonly used to recognize emotions, it is not clear what aspects of the pitch contour are the most emotionally salient. This paper presents an analysis of the statistics derived from the pitch contour. First, pitch features derived from emotional speech samples are compared with the ones derived from neutral speech, by using symmetric Kullback-Leibler distance. Then, the emotionally discriminative power of the pitch features is quantified by comparing nested logistic regression models. The results indicate that gross pitch contour statistics such as mean, maximum, minimum, and range are more emotionally prominent than features describing the pitch shape. Also, analyzing the pitch statistics at the utterance level is found to be more accurate and robust than analyzing the pitch statistics for shorter speech regions (e.g., voiced segments). Finally, the best features are selected to build a binary emotion detection system for distinguishing between emotional versus neutral speech. A new two-step approach is proposed. In the first step, reference models for the pitch features are trained with neutral speech, and the input features are contrasted with the neutral model. In the second step, a fitness measure is used to assess whether the input speech is similar to, in the case of neutral speech, or different from, in the case of emotional speech, the reference models. The proposed approach is tested with four acted emotional databases spanning different emotional categories, recording settings, speakers and languages. The results show that the recognition accuracy of the system is over 77% just with the pitch features (baseline 50%). When compared to conventional classification schemes, the proposed approach performs better in terms of both accuracy and robustness.


title: The role of voice quality in communicating emotion, mood and attitude

text: This paper explores the role of voice quality in the communication of emotions, moods and attitudes. Listeners reactions to an utterance synthesised with seven different voice qualities were elicited in terms of pairs of opposing affective attributes. The voice qualities included harsh voice, tense voice, modal voice, breathy voice, whispery voice, creaky voice and lax–creaky voice. These were synthesised using a formant synthesiser, and the voice source parameter settings were guided by prior analytic studies as well as auditory judgements. Results offer support for some past observations on the association of voice quality and affect, and suggest a number of refinements in some cases. Listeners ratings further suggest that these qualities are considerably more effective in signalling milder affective states than the strong emotions. It is clear that there is no one-to-one mapping between voice quality and affect: rather a given quality tends to be associated with a cluster of affective attributes. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


title: Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction

text: In this paper, we outline the approach we have developed to construct an emotion-recognising system. It is based on guidance from psychological studies of emotion, as well as from the nature of emotion in its interaction with attention. A neural network architecture is constructed to be able to handle the fusion of different modalities (facial features, prosody and lexical content in speech). Results from the network are given and their implications discussed, as are implications for future direction for the research.


title: New Support Vector Algorithms

text: We propose a new class of support vector algorithms for regression and classification. In these algorithms, a parameter lets one effectively control the number of support vectors. While this can be useful in its own right, the parameterization has the additional benefit of enabling us to eliminate one of the other free parameters of the algorithm: the accuracy parameter in the regression case, and the regularization constant C in the classification case. We describe the algorithms, give some theoretical results concerning the meaning and the choice of , and report experimental results.


title: RNN-based sequence prediction as an alternative or complement to traditional recommender systems

text: The recurrent neural networks have the ability to grasp the temporal patterns within the data. This is a property that can be used in order to help a recommender system better taking into account the user past history. Still the dimensionality problem that raises within the recommender system field also raises here as the number of items the system have to be aware of is susceptibility high. Recent research have studied the use of such neural networks at a user’s session level. This thesis rather examines the use of this technique at a whole user’s past history level associated with techniques such as embeddings and softmax sampling in order to accommodate with the high dimensionality. The proposed method results in a sequence prediction model that can be used as is for the recommender task or as a feature within a more complex system.


title: Developing multiple hypotheses in behavioral ecology

text: Researchers in behavioral ecology are increasingly turning to research methods that allow the simultaneous evaluation of hypotheses. This approach has great potential to increase our scientific understanding, but researchers interested in the approach should be aware of its long and somewhat contentious history. Also, prior to implementing multiple hypothesis evaluation, researchers should be aware of the importance of clearly specifying a priori hypotheses. This is one of the more difficult aspects of research based on multiple hypothesis evaluation, and we outline and provide examples of three approaches for doing so. Finally, multiple hypothesis evaluation has some limitations important to behavioral ecologists; we discuss two practical issues behavioral ecologists are likely to face.


title: The Sixth PASCAL Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge

text: This paper presents the Fifth Recognizing Textual Entailment Challenge (RTE5). Following the positive experience of the last campaign, RTE-5 has been proposed for the second time as a track at the Text Analysis Conference (TAC). The structure of the RTE-5 Main Task remained unchanged, offering both the traditional two-way task and the threeway task introduced in the previous campaign. Moreover, a pilot Search Task was set up, consisting of finding all the sentences in a set of documents that entail a given hypothesis. 21 teams participated in the campaign, among which 20 in the Main Task (for a total of 54 runs) and 8 in the Pilot Task (for a total of 20 runs). Another important innovation introduced in this campaign was mandatory ablation tests that participants had to perform for all major knowledge resources employed by their systems.


title: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and the Adult ADHD Brain: A Neuropsychotherapeutic Perspective

text: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a recognized serious mental disorder that often persists into adulthood. The symptoms and impairments associated with ADHD often cause significant mental suffering in affected individuals. ADHD has been associated with abnormal neuronal activity in various neuronal circuits, such as the dorsofrontostriatal, orbitofrontostriatal, and frontocerebellar circuits. Psychopharmacological treatment with methylphenidate hydrochloride is recommended as the first-line treatment for ADHD. It is assumed that medication ameliorates ADHD symptoms by improving the functioning of the brain areas affected in the condition. However, side effects, contraindications, or non-response can limit the effectiveness of a psychopharmacological treatment for ADHD. It is therefore necessary to develop non-pharmacological interventions that target neuronal mechanisms associated with the condition in the same way as pharmacological treatment. We think that mindfulness meditation employed as a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention could help patients with ADHD to regulate impaired brain functioning and thereby reduce ADHD symptoms. In this paper, we highlight the mechanisms of such mindfulness meditation, and thus provide a rationale for further research and treatment development from a neuropsychotherapeutic perspective. We conclude that mindfulness meditation employed as a neuropsychotherapeutic intervention in therapy is a promising treatment approach in ADHD.


title: Image-based reconstruction of wire art

text: Objects created by connecting and bending wires are common in furniture design, metal sculpting, wire jewelry, etc. Reconstructing such objects with traditional depth and image based methods is extremely difficult due to their unique characteristics such as lack of features, thin elements, and severe self-occlusions. We present a novel image-based method that reconstructs a set of continuous 3D wires used to create such an object, where each wire is composed of an ordered set of 3D curve segments. Our method exploits two main observations: simplicity - wire objects are often created using only a small number of wires, and smoothness - each wire is primarily smoothly bent with sharp features appearing only at joints or isolated points. In light of these observations, we tackle the challenging image correspondence problem across featureless wires by first generating multiple candidate 3D curve segments and then solving a global selection problem that balances between image and smoothness cues to identify the correct 3D curves. Next, we recover a decomposition of such curves into a set of distinct and continuous wires by formulating a multiple traveling salesman problem, which finds smooth paths, i.e., wires, connecting the curves. We demonstrate our method on a wide set of real examples with varying complexity and present high-fidelity results using only 3 images for each object. We provide the source code and data for our work in the project website.


title: On the Semantics of Self-Unpacking Malware Code ∗

text: The rapid increase in attacks on software systems via malware such as viruses, worms, trojans, etc., has made it imperative to develop effective techniques for detecting and analyzing malware binaries. Such binaries are usually transmitted in packed or encrypted form, with the executable payload decrypted dynamically and then executed. In order to reason formally about their execution behavior, therefore, we need semantic descriptions that can capture this self-modifying aspect of their code. However, current approaches to the semantics of programs usually assume that the program code is immutable, which makes them inapplicable to self-unpacking malware code. This paper takes a step towards addressing this problem by describing a formal semantics for self-modifying code. We use our semantics to show how the execution of self-unpacking code can be divided naturally into a sequence of phases, and uses this to show how the behavior of a program can be characterized statically in terms of a program evolution graph. We discuss several applications of our work, including static unpacking and deobfuscation of encrypted malware and static cross-phase code analysis.


title: An Information Retrieval Approach For Automatically Constructing Software Libraries

text: Although software reuse presents clear advantages for programmer productivit.y and code reliability, it is not practiced enough. One of the reasons for the only moderate success of reuse is the lack of software libr'lries that facilitate the actual locating and understanding of reusable components. This paper dpscrihes II technology for automatically I\Ssembling large softwar~ libraries that promote softwarp rpuse by helping the user locate the components closest to hfO'r/his neeels Softwarp libraries are aut.omatically assemblfO'd from a set. of Ilnorganizpd component.s by using informat.ion rptripval techniques. The constrllction of the library is done in !.wo steps. First, attribut.es ;up alJtornal.ically pxtracted from nat.urlll language docllmpntat.ion by IIsing a npIV inJexing scheme ba~fO'd an t.he nntinns of lexical affinities anci quantity of inforrnllt.ion. Then, a hierarchy for browsing is alJtomat.iclllly generaterl using a clustering techniq1le that draws only nn the informlltion provided by the attribulps. Thanks to the frfO'p-!.pxt inrlexing se-heme, tools following this approach can accept free-style nat'Jral language 'luprips. This tpChllOlogy h1\.S bfO'en impll"ment .. d in the GURU ~ystpm, whirh h<l5 bpen applied 1.0 construct an organized library of Alx utilities. An exppriment. was rondllrtpd in orrlpr to pvalullte the n·t.rievll\ effectivl"nfO'ss of GURU 1\.5 compl\red to INFOExPLORER a hypprt.pxt lihrary syslplll for Alx 3 on the IBM RISe System/6000 series. We followpr\ Ihe usual evaluation prOf"pr\lJr!' us .. .! in informat.ion rptrifO'vl\l, hased upon recall and precision ml"a5IJrPS, and d"t.erminpd t 1111 I. nllr syst.f'Tll pr>rforms l!i% better on a random test set, while being milch le~s pxpensive to build than INFOEXl'LORF.R.


title: NOSEP: Nonoverlapping Sequence Pattern Mining With Gap Constraints

text: Sequence pattern mining aims to discover frequent subsequences as patterns in a single sequence or a sequence database. By combining gap constraints (or flexible wildcards), users can specify special characteristics of the patterns and discover meaningful subsequences suitable for their own application domains, such as finding gene transcription sites from DNA sequences or discovering patterns for time series data classification. Due to the inherent complexity of sequence patterns, including the exponential candidate space with respect to pattern letters and gap constraints, to date, existing sequence pattern mining methods are either incomplete or do not support the Apriori property because the support ratio of a pattern may be greater than that of its subpatterns. Most importantly, patterns discovered by these methods are either too restrictive or too general and cannot represent underlying meaningful knowledge in the sequences. In this paper, we focus on a nonoverlapping sequence pattern mining task with gap constraints, where a nonoverlapping sequence pattern allows sequence letters to be flexibly and maximally utilized for pattern discovery. A new Apriori-based nonoverlapping sequence pattern mining algorithm, NOSEP, is proposed. NOSEP is a complete pattern mining algorithm, which uses a specially designed data structure, Nettree, to calculate the exact occurrence of a pattern in the sequence. Experimental results and comparisons on biology DNA sequences, time series data, and Gazelle datasets demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the uniqueness of nonoverlapping sequence patterns compared to other methods.


title: A CMOS Transceiver for a Multistandard 13.56-MHz RFID Reader SoC

text: A CMOS transceiver for a multistandard 13.56-MHz radio-frequency identification reader system-on-a-chip (SoC) is designed and fabricated. The SoC consists of an RF/analog part for modulation/demodulation and a digital part for controlling the transceiver functionality. Prior to designing the integrated circuit, pre-experiments using discrete components and commercial tags are performed. With the results, overall functions and specifications are determined. For supporting multistandard, several blocks are designed with digital controls according to the standards. In the transmitter, a digitally controlled amplitude modulator for various modulation indexes and a power control circuit are adopted. In the receiver, a variable gain amplifier and a level-controllable comparator, which are also controlled digitally according to the standard, are introduced. The full transceiver SoC is implemented in the Chartered 0.18-¿m CMOS technology. The measurement results of the implemented chip indicate that the designed transceiver operates in a multistandard mode.


title: The contagious leader: impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes.

text: The present study examined the effects of leaders' mood on (a) the mood of individual group members, (b) the affective tone of groups, and (c) 3 group processes: coordination, effort expenditure, and task strategy. On the basis of a mood contagion model, the authors found that when leaders were in a positive mood, in comparison to a negative mood, (a) individual group members experienced more positive and less negative mood, and (b) groups had a more positive and a less negative affective tone. The authors also found that groups with leaders in a positive mood exhibited more coordination and expended less effort than did groups with leaders in a negative mood. Applied implications of the results are discussed.


title: A 3-Month, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Ability of an Extra-Strength Marine Protein Supplement to Promote Hair Growth and Decrease Shedding in Women with Self-Perceived Thinning Hair

text: An oral marine protein supplement (MPS) is designed to promote hair growth in women with temporary thinning hair (Viviscal Extra Strength; Lifes2good, Inc., Chicago, IL). This double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the ability of MPS to promote terminal hair growth in adult women with self-perceived thinning hair associated with poor diet, stress, hormonal influences, or abnormal menstrual cycles. Adult women with thinning hair were randomized to receive MPS (N = 30) or placebo (N = 30) twice daily for 90 days. Digital images were obtained from a 4 cm(2) area scalp target area. Each subject's hair was washed and shed hairs were collected and counted. After 90 days, these measures were repeated and subjects completed Quality of Life and Self-Assessment Questionnaires. MPS-treated subjects achieved a significant increase in the number of terminal hairs within the target area (P < 0.0001) which was significantly greater than placebo (P < 0.0001). MPS use also resulted in significantly less hair shedding (P = 0.002) and higher total Self-Assessment (P = 0.006) and Quality of Life Questionnaires scores (P = 0.035). There were no reported adverse events. MPS promotes hair growth and decreases hair loss in women suffering from temporary thinning hair. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02297360.


title: Digital Advertising: An Information Scientist's Perspective

text: Digital online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the express purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include text ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in-text ads, or Rich Media ads that appear on regular web pages, portals, or applications. Over the past 15 years online advertising, a $65 billion industry worldwide in 2009, has been pivotal to the success of the World Wide Web. That being said, the field of advertising has been equally revolutionized by the Internet, World Wide Web, and more recently, by the emergence of the social web, and mobile devices. This success has arisen largely from the transformation of the advertising industry from a low-tech, human intensive, “Mad Men” way of doing work to highly optimized, quantitative, mathematical, computerand data-centric processes that enable highly targeted, personalized, performance based advertising. This chapter provides a clear and detailed overview of the technologies and business models that are transforming the field of online advertising primarily from statistical machine learning and information science perspectives.


title: Design on the low-leakage diode string for using in the power-rail ESD clamp circuits in a 0.35-/spl mu/m silicide CMOS process

text: A new design of the diode string with very low leakage current is proposed for use in the ESD clamp circuits across the power rails. By adding an NMOS-controlled lateral SCR (NCLSCR) device into the stacked diode string, the leakage current of this new diode string with six stacked diodes at 5 V (3.3 V) forward bias can be reduced to only 2.1 (1.07) nA at a temperature of 125/spl deg/C in a 0.35 /spl mu/m silicide CMOS process, whereas the previous designs have a leakage current in the order of mA. The total blocking voltage of this new design with NCLSCR can be linearly adjusted by changing the number of the stacked diodes in the diode string without causing latch-up danger across the power rails. From the experimental results, the human-body-model ESD level of the ESD clamp circuit with the proposed low-leakage diode string is greater than 8 kV in a 0.35 /spl mu/m silicide CMOS process by using neither ESD implantation nor the silicide-blocking process modifications.


title: Zero-bias autoencoders and the benefits of co-adapting features

text: Regularized training of an autoencoder typically results in hidden unit biases that take on large negative values. We show that negative biases are a natural result of using a hidden layer whose responsibility is to both represent the input data and act as a selection mechanism that ensures sparsity of the representation. We then show that negative biases impede the learning of data distributions whose intrinsic dimensionality is high. We also propose a new activation function that decouples the two roles of the hidden layer and that allows us to learn representations on data with very high intrinsic dimensionality, where standard autoencoders typically fail. Since the decoupled activation function acts like an implicit regularizer, the model can be trained by minimizing the reconstruction error of training data, without requiring any additional regularization.


title: Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

text:
PURPOSE
Glaucoma is the leading cause of global irreversible blindness. Present estimates of global glaucoma prevalence are not up-to-date and focused mainly on European ancestry populations. We systematically examined the global prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and projected the number of affected people in 2020 and 2040.

DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.

PARTICIPANTS
Data from 50 population-based studies (3770 POAG cases among 140,496 examined individuals and 786 PACG cases among 112 398 examined individuals).

METHODS
We searched PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science for population-based studies of glaucoma prevalence published up to March 25, 2013. Hierarchical Bayesian approach was used to estimate the pooled glaucoma prevalence of the population aged 40-80 years along with 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Projections of glaucoma were estimated based on the United Nations World Population Prospects. Bayesian meta-regression models were performed to assess the association between the prevalence of POAG and the relevant factors.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Prevalence and projection numbers of glaucoma cases.

RESULTS
The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40-80 years is 3.54% (95% CrI, 2.09-5.82). The prevalence of POAG is highest in Africa (4.20%; 95% CrI, 2.08-7.35), and the prevalence of PACG is highest in Asia (1.09%; 95% CrI, 0.43-2.32). In 2013, the number of people (aged 40-80 years) with glaucoma worldwide was estimated to be 64.3 million, increasing to 76.0 million in 2020 and 111.8 million in 2040. In the Bayesian meta-regression model, men were more likely to have POAG than women (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CrI, 1.23-1.52), and after adjusting for age, gender, habitation type, response rate, and year of study, people of African ancestry were more likely to have POAG than people of European ancestry (OR, 2.80; 95% CrI, 1.83-4.06), and people living in urban areas were more likely to have POAG than those in rural areas (OR, 1.58; 95% CrI, 1.19-2.04).

CONCLUSIONS
The number of people with glaucoma worldwide will increase to 111.8 million in 2040, disproportionally affecting people residing in Asia and Africa. These estimates are important in guiding the designs of glaucoma screening, treatment, and related public health strategies.


title: Fuzzy Logic Based-Map Matching Algorithm for Vehicle Navigation System in Urban Canyons

text: With the rapid progress in the development of wireless technology, Global Positioning System (GPS) based vehicle navigation systems are being widely deployed in automobiles to serve the location-based needs of users and for efficient traffic management. An essential process in vehicle navigation is to map match the position obtained from GPS (or/and other sensors) on a road network map. This process of map matching in turn helps in mitigating errors from navigation solution. GPS based vehicle navigation systems have difficulties in tracking vehicles in urban canyons due to poor satellite availability. High Sensitivity GPS (HS GPS) receivers can alleviate this problem by acquiring and tracking weak signals (and increasing the availability), but at the cost of high measurement noise and errors due to multipath and cross correlation. Position and velocity results in such conditions are typically biased and have unknown distributions. Thus filtering and other statistical methods are difficult to implement. Soft computing has replaced classical computing on many fronts where uncertainties are difficult to model. Fuzzy logic, based on fuzzy reasoning concepts, is one of the most widely used soft computational methods. In many circumstances, it can take noisy, imprecise input, to yield crisp (i.e. numerically accurate) output. Fuzzy logic can be applied effectively to map match the output from a HS GPS receiver in urban canyons because of its inherent tolerance to imprecise inputs. This paper describes a map matching algorithm based on fuzzy logic. The input of the system comes from a SiRF HS XTrac GPS receiver and a low cost gyro (Murata ENV-05G). The results show an improvement in tracking the vehicle in urban canyon conditions.


title: Automatic design of low power CMOS buffer-chain circuit using differential evolutionary algorithm and particle swarm optimization

text: PSO and DE algorithms and its variants are used for the optimization of a buffer-chain circuit and the results of all the algorithms are compared in this literature. By testing these algorithms on different mathematical benchmark functions the best parameter values of buffer chain circuit are obtained in such a way that it reduces the error between simulated output and optimized output, hence giving the best circuit performance. Evolutionary algorithms are better in performance and speed than the classical methods. 130nm CMOS technology has been used in this work. With the help of these parameter values the circuit simulator gives the values of power consumption, symmetry, rise time and fall time, which are almost closer to the desired specification of the buffer chain circuit.


title: Memory Interference as a Determinant of Language Comprehension

text: The parameters of the human memory system constrain the operation of language comprehension processes. In the memory literature, both decay and interference have been proposed as causes of forgetting; however, while there is a long history of research establishing the nature of interference effects in memory, the effects of decay are much more poorly supported. Nevertheless, research investigating the limitations of the human sentence processing mechanism typically focus on decay-based explanations, emphasizing the role of capacity, while the role of interference has received comparatively little attention. This paper reviews both accounts of difficulty in language comprehension by drawing direct connections to research in the memory domain. Capacity-based accounts are found to be untenable, diverging substantially from what is known about the operation of the human memory system. In contrast, recent research investigating comprehension difficulty using a retrieval-interference paradigm is shown to be wholly consistent with both behavioral and neuropsychological memory phenomena. The implications of adopting a retrieval-interference approach to investigating individual variation in language comprehension are discussed.


Sentiment analysis is the procedure by which information is extracted from the opinions, appraisals and emotions of people in regards to entities, events and their attributes. In decision making, the opinions of others have a significant effect on customers ease in making choices regards to online shopping, choosing events, products, entities. In this paper, a rule based domain independent sentiment analysis method is proposed. The proposed method classifies subjective and objective sentences from reviews and blog comments. The semantic score of subjective sentences is extracted from SentiWordNet to calculate their polarity as positive, negative or neutral based on the contextual sentence structure. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method and it outperforms the machine learning methods. The proposed method achieves an accuracy of 87% at the feedback level and 83% at the sentence level for comments. [Aurangzeb khan, Muhammad Zubair Asghar, Shakeel Ahmad, Fazal Masud Kundi, Maria Qasim, Furqan. Sentiment Classification through Semantic Orientation Using SentiWordNet. Life Sci J 2014; 11(10):309-315] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 44


title: Radar Signal Processing for Jointly Estimating Tracks and Micro-Doppler Signatures

text: The aim of the radar systems is to collect information about their surroundings. In many scenarios besides static targets there are numerous moving objects with very different characteristics, such as extent, movement behavior or micro-Doppler spread. It would be most desirable to have algorithms that extract all information on static and moving object automatically, without a system operator. In this paper, we present measurements conducted with a commercially available high-resolution multi-channel linear frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar and algorithms that do not only produce radar images but a description of the scenario on a higher level. After conventional spectrum estimation and thresholding, we present a clustering stage that combines individual detections and generates representations of each target individually. This stage is followed by a Kalman filter based multi-target tracking block. The tracker allows us to follow each target and collect its properties over time. With this method of jointly estimating tracks and characteristics of each individual target in a scenario, inputs for classifiers can be generated. Which, in turn, will be able to generate information that could be used for driver assistance or alarm trigger systems.


title: The medial patellofemoral ligament: location of femoral attachment and length change patterns resulting from anatomic and nonanatomic attachments.

text:
BACKGROUND
Incompetence of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is an integral factor in patellofemoral instability. Reconstruction of this structure is gaining increasing popularity. However, the natural behavior of the ligament is still not fully understood, and crucially, the correct landmark for femoral attachment of the MPFL at surgery is poorly defined.

PURPOSE
To determine the length change pattern of the native MPFL, investigate the effect of nonanatomic femoral and differing patellar attachment sites on length changes, and recommend a reproducible femoral attachment site for undertaking anatomic MPFL reconstruction.

STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive laboratory study.

METHODS
Eight cadaveric knees were dissected of skin and subcutaneous fat and mounted in a kinematics rig with the quadriceps tensioned. The MPFL length change patterns were measured for combinations of patellar and femoral attachments using a suture and displacement transducer. Three attachments were along the superomedial border of the patella, and 5 femoral attachments were at the MPFL center and 5 mm proximal, distal, anterior, and posterior to this point. Reproducibility of attachment sites was validated radiographically.

RESULTS
The femoral attachment point, taking the anterior-posterior medial femoral condyle diameter to be 100%, was identified 40% from the posterior, 50% from the distal, and 60% from the anterior border of the medial femoral condyle. This point was most isometric, with a mean maximal length change to the central patellar attachment of 2.1 mm from 0° to 110° of knee flexion. The proximal femoral attachment resulted in up to 6.4 mm mean lengthening and the distal attachment up to 9.1 mm mean shortening through 0° to 110° of knee flexion, resulting in a significantly nonisometric graft (P < .05).

CONCLUSION
We report the anatomic femoral and patellar MPFL graft attachments, with confirmation of the reproducibility of their location and resulting kinematic behavior. Nonanatomic attachments caused significant loss of isometry.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The importance of an anatomically positioned MPFL reconstruction is highlighted, and an identifiable radiographic point for femoral tunnel position is suggested for use intraoperatively.


title: The Spatial Orienting paradigm: How to design and interpret spatial attention experiments

text: This paper is conceived as a guide that will describe the very well known Spatial Orienting paradigm, used to explore attentional processes in healthy individuals as well as in people suffering from psychiatric disorders and brain-damaged patients. The paradigm was developed in the late 1970s, and since then, it has been used in thousands of attentional studies. In this review, we attempt to describe, the paradigm for the naïf reader, and explain in detail when is it used, which variables are usually manipulated, how to interpret its results, and how can it be adapted to different populations and methodologies. The main goal of this review is to provide a practical guide to researchers who have never used the paradigm that will help them design their experiments, as a function of their theoretical and experimental needs. We also focus on how to adapt the paradigm to different technologies (such as event-related potentials, functional resonance imaging, or transcranial magnetic stimulation), and to different populations by presenting an example of its use in brain-damaged patients.