Mäjilis

The Mäjilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (, also transliterated as Mazhilis; "Assembly" in Kazakh) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kazakhstan. The upper house of Parliament is the Senate of Kazakhstan. There are 98 directly-elected seats in the chamber. Members of Parliament are elected to five-year terms.

History
After the 1995 Kazakh constitutional referendum was held on 30 August 1995 where Kazakhstani voters overwhelmingly approved a new draft of the Constitution of Kazakhstan, a bicameral Parliament was established that included the lower house Mäjilis.

In the 1995 elections, under the new parliamentary structure, all seats in both houses of parliament were contested in December 1995; runoff elections filled twenty-three seats in the Mäjilis for which the initial vote was inconclusive. International observers reported procedural violations in the Mäjilis voting. The new parliament, which was seated on 30 January 1996, included 68 Kazakh and 31 Russian members; 10 deputies members of which were women.

In the aftermath of the 2004 elections, the Otan became the first party in the Mäjilis to hold the majority of seats which became bigger after the Asar, Civic Party, and Agrarian Party merged with Otan in 2006.

After the constitutional amendments in May 2007, the seats in the Mäjilis were expanded from 77 to 107, which 98 of them were elected through party-list proportional representation that was used for the first time in the 2007 legislative elections. From there, Nur Otan won all the contested seats, eliminating any opposition in the Mazhilis.

In the 2012 legislative elections, minor parties, the Ak Zhol Democratic Party and Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan, entered into Mäjilis; however, the ruling party has maintained its dominant-party control since then.

Constitutional amendments and electoral law changes in 2021 and 2022 eliminated the nine seats reserved for the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, reduced the electoral threshold for proportional seats from 7% to 5%, and re-introduced single member constituencies.

Composition

The Mäjilis is composed of 98 directly-elected members. Elections of Mäjilis members are held every 5 years (unless a snap election is called earlier) and are elected through mixed-member majoritarian representation: 69 seats via closed party-list proportional representation with a required 5% electoral threshold to win seats (which are allocated according to the largest remainder method), and 29 seats via first-past-the-post in single-member constituencies. Since 2021, Article 89 of the Constitutional Law "On Elections" requires for parties to include at least 30% quota of women, young people (aged under 29), and disabled persons within their electoral lists.

Leadership 

The Chairman of the Mäjilis heads the lower chamber and is elected by the Mäjilis members. The Mäjilis Chair opens sessions, convenes regular joint sessions and chairs the regular and extraordinary joint sessions of the Parliament.

The Mäjilis Chairmen is assisted by two Deputy Chairpersons who nominates them and are elected by the deputies of the Mäjilis. The Deputy Chairpersons of the Mäjilis carry out tasks made by the chairman who take on certain responsibilities if he or she is not able to.

Members 
The term of office of the Mäjilis members is five years. Regular elections for Mäajilis are held no later than two months before the end of the term of office of the current convocation of the Parliament. Snap elections of Mäjilis members are held within two months from the date of the early termination of the powers of the Mäajilis.

A member of the Mäjilis can be a person who has reached 25 years of age, is a citizen of Kazakhstan and has permanently resided in its territory for the last ten years.

Deprivation of a deputy of the Mäjilis of the Parliament of the mandate may be made when:

 Withdrawal or expulsion of a deputy from a political party from which, in accordance with the constitutional law, he was elected
 Termination of the activity of a political party, from which, in accordance with the constitutional law, the deputy was elected

Committees 
The Mäjilis is composed of seven committees:

 Committee on Agrarian Issues
 Committee on Legislation and Judicial and Legal Reform 
 Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defense and Security 
 Committee on Social and Cultural Development 
 Committee on Finance and Budget 
 Committee on Issues of Ecology and Environmental Management 
 Committee for Economic Reform and Regional Development

Powers 
According to the Constitution of Kazakhstan, the exclusive jurisdiction of the Mäjilis includes:

 Acceptance for consideration of draft constitutional laws submitted to the Parliament and consideration of these drafts;
 By a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the chamber, giving consent to the President for the appointment of the Prime Minister
 Announcement of the next presidential elections
 Exercise of other powers assigned by the Constitution
 The Mäjilis, by a majority of votes from the total number of Mäjilis members, on the initiative of at least one fifth of the total number of the members, has the right to express a vote of no confidence in the Government

List of Convocations

Latest election
Results of the 2023 Kazakh legislative election

References

External links
Parliament website 
Structure of Kazakhstan's government

Government of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
1996 establishments in Kazakhstan