Al-Attar Mosque

The Al-Attar Mosque () is a congregational mosque (jāmiʿ) in the Old City of Tripoli, Lebanon built around 1350 A.D during the Mamluk Era. The mosque is widely noted for its unusual layout, its interior bears no resemblance to any other known mosque types, and for its square-shaped minaret, an integral part of the skyline of Tripoli and the tallest Mamluk Era minaret in the city. Today it is the site of ongoing archaeological excavations, while still functioning as an active place of worship for the Sunni Muslim population and as a tourist destination.

History
The history of Al-Attar Mosque is contested, but it is largely believed that the mosque was formerly the place of a Crusader church, an assertion first made by a scholar named Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi in his travelogue Al-Rihlah al-Tarabulusiyah. The exact nature of transformation from church to mosque is theorized in multiple capacities. One hypothesis states that the mosque was built on the ruins of a destroyed church, while another believes that a surviving Crusader church structure was merely converted to a mosque, yet another hypothesis believes the structure was never a church at all and began its life at a mosque. Regardless of its potential church history, the story of the structure as a mosque began in the 14th century. An inscription within the mosque dates its creation as 1350 AD. The mosque's foundation is believed to have been through an endowment (a waqf khayri) by a wealthy perfume merchant tied to the name “al-Attar.” Though the mosque is often called the Perfumers Mosque, it was not associated with the corporation of perfumers. The founder is also thought to be a non-Mamluck, making Al-Attar the first non-Mamluck mosque in Tripoli. The mosque went through multiple alterations and renovations after its foundational date and it was the first mosque in Lebanon to undergo scientific excavations.

Architecture 
There are three entrances (portals) to the mosque, the east entrance, which is the main entrance, the western entrance, and the north entrance. The core of the structure is the main prayer hall (situated south to north) with a barrel vault that leads to a dome structure. There is a vestibule leading into the prayer hall from the eastern entrance and an ablution room to the north of that. The qiblah wall borders the main prayer hall in the south, with the minbar in the center and the mihrab to the east. The minaret is situated in the north.

Construction 
There are two main architects attributed to the construction of the mosque whose names are inscribed within the building. One is Abu Bakr ibn al-Basis, a well known architect of the time, and the other is Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, an unknown architect who is written to have been responsible for the main eastern portal and minbar.

The construction of the mosque is broken up into three distinct sections that occurred at three different times. The oldest section of the mosque is the southern section, the northern section was constructed in a second phase, and then finally a third phase consisted of adding the ablution room, vestibule, and the adjoining eastern room.

Style and Significance 
The mosque blends in with its surroundings. The three entrances are direct extensions of three roads, with the dome of the mosque being where these three major streets would intersect. This layout asserts the mosque as meeting place for, and extension of the surrounding community.  

Notable exterior structures are the grand and richly decorated eastern portal which is made from light and dark-colored alternating stone with stone molding, decorative ablaq, a square plaque of polychrome marble, and a crowning muqarnas niche. Another is the towering square-shaped minaret that is made out of sandstone.

In the interior, the minbar in the center is a built-in white marble structure. The mihbar sits off-center on the qiblah wall. This layout is extremely uncommon in mosque construction. The odd configuration of these interior components has been the main cause of speculation surrounding the mosque's history and potential previous usage as a church.

Sources

References 

Mosques in Tripoli, Lebanon
Mamluk architecture in Lebanon