Khanate

A khanate or khaganate is the name for a type of historic polity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic, Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe, politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organised tribally, where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects, gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate, a khaganate, the realm of a khagan, was a large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan, translating as "Khan of the Khans", roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor.

Mongol khanates

Mongol Empire (1206–1368)

Mongol Empire was the largest steppe nomadic Khaganate as well as second largest empire and the largest contiguous empire in history. After Genghis Khan established appanages for his family in the Mongol Empire during his rule (1206–1227), his sons, daughters, and grandsons inherited separate sections of the empire. The Mongol Empire and Mongolian khanates that emerged from those appanages are listed below.
 List of Mongol khanates
 Chagatai Khanate (1226–1347), In 1226, the second son of Genghis Khan, Chagatai Khan established the Chagatai Khanate. At its height in the late 13th century, the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the defunct Qara Khitai Empire. Initially the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed the emperor's orders. By 1347 the khanate had splitted into the Moghulistan and West Chagatai Khanate.
Il-Khanate (1252–1335), In 1256, Il-Khanate was established by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Hulagu Khan. Its core territory lies in what is now part of the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. Its last khan Abu Sa'id died in 1335, after which the khanate disintegrated. The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians in order to present the Mongols as heirs to the Sasanians (224–651 AD) of pre-Islamic Iran.
  Golden Horde 
 Blue Horde
 Great Horde
 Astrakhan Khanate
 Crimean Khanate
 Khanate of Kazan
 White Horde
 Nogai Horde
 Kazakh Khanate
 Khanate of Bukhara
 Khanate of Khiva
 Khanate of Sibir
 Yuan dynasty
 Northern Yuan dynasty
 Bogd Khanate (1911–1924), under rule of the Bogd Khan, the last Mongol khagan
 Dzungar Khanate, formed in 1634, covering Xinjiang region of China, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Kazakhstan and western Mongolia; 2 December 1717 – 1720, also styled Protector of Tibet; 1755 tributary to the Qing dynasty, 1758 annexed by Qing dynasty
 Kalmyk Khanate, established c.1630 by the Torghut branch of the Mongol Oirats, settled along the lower Volga River (in modern Russia and Kazakhstan), 1630-1771
 Kara Del
 Keraite Khanate
 Khamag Mongol Khanate
 Khoshut Khanate
 Khotgoid Khanate
 Mergid Khanate
 Naiman Khanate
 Tatar Khanate
 Moghul Khanate
 Yarkent Khanate
 Turpan Khanate
 Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930

Turkic khanates

Possible Proto-Turkic or Turkic khaganates

 Xiongnu, mentioned in Chinese sources, were possibly of Proto-Turkic or Turkic origin (disputed) and are proposed as the possible ancestors of the Huns (who may have been Turkic, but whose language remains unclassified).
 Xueyantuo, mentioned in Chinese sources, were a Tiele tribe, related to the earlier Dingling people, who emerged after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy (they were at one point vassals of the Göktürks, later aligning with the Tang dynasty against the Eastern Göktürks).

Turkic khaganates

  First Turkic Khaganate
 Eastern Turkic Khaganate
 Western Turkic Khaganate
 Avar Khaganate
 Second Turkic Khaganate
 Uyghur Khaganate
 Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
 Khazar Khaganate
 Turgesh Khaganate
 Kara-Khanid Khanate
 Kimek Khanate

 Cumania
 Pechenegs

  Old Great Bulgaria
 Volga Bulgaria, predecessor to the modern Chuvash Republic and the Chuvash people.
 First Bulgarian Empire, which started as a Turkic state, also known as Danube Bulgaria (in contrast to Volga Bulgaria, as both were established by members of the same Bulgar Turkic Dulo clan), but later became fully Slavicized and a Tsardom.
  Golden Horde
  Khanate of Kazan
  Crimean Khanate

Central Asian Turkic khanates 
Keraite Khanate
Naiman Khanate
Tatar Khanate
Merkit Khanate
 Senior zhuz
 Middle zhuz
 Junior zhuz
  Nogai Khanate
 Astrakhan Khanate
 Besh Tau El
 Bukey Horde, Bokei or Buqei; also known as the Inner or Interior Horde –  This state founded in 1801 by Sultan Bukey under Russian suzerainty, and restyled as  the khanate of the Inner Horde in 1812. 5,000–7,500 families of Kazakhs from the Younger Kazakh Zhuz tribe settled between the Volga and Yaik (Ural) rivers. In 1845 the post of khan was abolished, and Russia took over the region.
 Khanate of Bukhara
 Khanate of Khiva
 
 Karluk Khanate
 Khanate of Kashgaria – Kashgaria was founded in 1514 as part of Chagatai Khanate; in the 17th century it was divided into several minor khanates without importance, with real power going to the so-called Khwaja, Arabic Islamic religious leaders. It became the Yarkent Khanate which was annexed by the Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr in 1680.

 Kazakh Khanate
  Kokand Khanate
 Kumul Khanate – a vassal state to Qing dynasty and Republic of China, abolished in 1930
 Maimana Khanate
 Oghuz Yabgu State
 Qasim Khanate (hence modern Kasimov) – named after its founder, a vassal of Moscovia/Russia
  Khanate of Sibir – source of the name Siberia, as the first significant conquest during Russia's great eastern expansion across the Urals
 The Khanate of Tuva near Outer Mongolia
 Uzbek Khanate
 Yarkent Khanate
 Turpan Khanate

Iranian khanates 

 Ardabil Khanate
 Baku Khanate
 Derbent Khanate
 Erivan Khanate
 Ganja Khanate
 Gazikumukh Khanate
 Javad Khanate
 Karabakh Khanate
 Karadagh khanate
 Khalkhal Khanate
 Khoy Khanate
 Kura Khanate
 Maku Khanate
 Maragheh Khanate
 Marand Khanate
 Nakhchivan Khanate
 Nishapur Khanate
 Quba Khanate
 Sarab Khanate
 Shaki Khanate
 Shamakhy Khanate
 Shirvan Khanate
 Tabriz Khanate
 Talysh Khanate
 Urmia Khanate

Other khanates 
 Rouran Khaganate
 Later Jin dynasty – Later evolved into the Qing dynasty
  Khanate of Kalat

See also
 Rus Khaganate (not an actual Khanate but so named retroactively)
 Afsharid dynasty
 Beg Khan
 Orda (organization)
 Safavid dynasty
 Timurid dynasty

References

External links

 
Political systems
 
Anthropology
Islamic monarchies