Delmiro Augusto da Cruz Gouveia

Delmiro Augusto da Cruz Gouveia, better known as Delmiro Gouveia (Ipu, June 5 of 1863 — Pedra, October 10 1917), was an industrialist and entrepreneur Brazilianman.
One of the pioneers of the industrialization of Brazil and the use of its hydroelectric potential, when he built the first hydroelectric plant in the Northeast and the second in the country, the Usina de Angiquinho, preceded only by Marmelos Power Plant. He was also the creator of what is considered the first shopping center in Brazil, the Mercado Modelo Coelho Cintra, inaugurated on September 7 of 1899 in Recife.

Early years of life 
He was born at Fazenda Boa Vista, in the municipality of Ipu, in Ceará, the son of Leonila Flora da Cruz Gouveia from Pernambuco and Delmiro Porfírio de Farias from Ceará. His family moved in 1868 to the state of Pernambuco, where he settled in the city of Goiana, moving to Recife in 1872.

With the death of his mother, he had to start working at the age of 15, in 1878, initially as a conductor for the Brazilian Street Railways Company on the urban train, called maxambomba. He later became Chief of the Caxangá Station, in Recife. He was a dispatcher in a cotton warehouse.

In 1883 he went to the interior of Pernambuco, interested in the trade in goat and sheep skins, which he began to trade with great success. In 1886 he established himself in the leather business and started to work, on commission, for the Swedish immigrant Herman Theodor Lundgren (Casas Pernambucanas) and for other companies specialized in this trade, such as Levy & Cia. . He also worked on his own. In 1896, he founded the company Delmiro Gouveia & Cia and started to eliminate his competitors from the market, employing the best employees of the competing companies.

Major Achievements 

In 1899, inspired by the 1893 Chicago International Fair, he inaugurated the Mercado Modelo Coelho Cintra in Recife, a modern shopping and leisure center that can be considered the first shopping center in Brazil. This undertaking was a great success and a source of pride for Recife, and attracted crowds estimated at more than 8,000 people, until it was deliberately set on fire on January 2, 1900, by the Pernambuco police, on the orders of the Conselheiro Rosa e Silva, at the time vice-president of the country, who was a fierce political enemy of Delmiro, and at the behest of the then governor Sigismundo Gonçalves, faithful rocista.

After the fire, started for political reasons at the Derby Centro Comercial, and also because he fell in love with, and later kidnapped, a natural 16-year-old daughter of the then governor of Pernambuco, his political arch-enemy, Delmiro concluded that his life was in danger in Recife and, in 1903, he moved to Pedra, in Alagoas, a village lost in the heart of the sertão, but strategically located for its trade, in the Microregion of Alagoas in the Sertão do São Francisco, bordering Pernambuco, Sergipe and Bahia, and today called Delmiro Gouveia in his honor. Delmiro bought a farm in Pedra, on the margins of the Paulo Affonso Railroad, where he centralized his lucrative fur trade and built corrals, a dam, his residence, and buildings to house a tannery.

Planning to build a sewing thread factory there - which until then were imported from England, the well-known Linhas Corrente, which monopolized the Brazilian market, and appealing to nationalist, nativist ideals and civic interests then in vogue, he obtained concessions from the government of Alagoas that included the right to own vacant land, tax exemption for the future factory, and permission to capture energy from the Paulo Afonso waterfall, in addition to government resources for help build 520 kilometers of roads connecting Pedra to other locations. From 1912, construction began on the yarn factory and the Vila Operária da Pedra, with more than 200 masonry houses. On January 26, 1913, he inaugurated the first hydroelectric plant in Northeast Brazil with a capacity of 1,500 HP at the Angiquinho Falls. In 1914, the new factory began its activities under the corporate name Companhia Agro Fabril Mercantil, producing lines with the trade name "Estrela" for Brazil, and "Barrilejo" for the rest of Latin America. With prices far below "Linhas Corrente", produced in England by Machine Cotton, which until then had monopolized the sewing thread market throughout Latin America, logo dominated the Brazilian market, and large slices of Latin American markets.

The success of the company, which in 1916 was already producing more than 500,000 spools of thread per day, caught the attention of the English conglomerate Machine Cotton, which tried by all means to buy the factory. For political reasons and land issues, Delmiro Gouveia came into conflict with several colonels in the region, which probably, according to most historians, caused his mysterious gunshot murder. Other historians, supported by the concept of Roman Law qui prodest?, what was this good for? who did it benefit? include Cottton Machine in the list of suspects. "Linhas Corrente", which had the machines destroyed, the buildings demolished and the machinery and debris thrown into the São Francisco River, thus getting rid of an uncomfortable competition.

Highlights 
He built the second hydroelectric plant in Brazil, a plant with a power of 1 500 HP, at Angiquinho Falls, a waterfall at Paulo Afonso. "He exported goat skins to New York fashion a century before the 'fashion' world was heard around here", says an article. In 1899, the first shopping center in Brazil, the Derby, was inaugurated in Recife, a commercial and leisure center with market, hotel, casino, velodrome, amusement park and residential allotment. In 1914 he founded Companhia Agro Fabril Mercantil, the first in South America to manufacture sewing threads and yarn for knitting. After his murder - still unclear - the original machinery of Companhia Agro Fabril Mercantil was thrown over a cliff in the São Francisco river by the Scottish group Machine Cotton who bought the company from its successors , to destroy it, thus getting rid of its competition in the field.

Movies 
 Delmiro Gouveia: O Homem e a Terra, directed by Geraldo Sarno, documentary, B&W, 90 min, Rio de Janeiro, 1971
 Coronel Delmiro Gouveia, directed by Geraldo Sarno, fiction, color, 90 min. Rio de Janeiro 1978

Chronology 
 1863 – Delmiro is born, in the District of Santo Izidro, Ipu.
 1868 – Transfer to Pernambuco
 1883 – Purchase and export of furs
 1886 – Leather branch
 1896 – Casa Delmiro Gouveia and Co.
 1898 – Construction of the model market in Derby (Recife)
 1903 – Chooses the village of Pedra (280 km from Maceió, capital of Alagoas), current Delmiro Gouveia.
 1910 – Use of the Paulo Afonso waterfall
 1912 – Cia Agro Fabril Mercantil and construction of Vila Operária Padrão
 1913 – Hydroelectric power from the fall of Angiquinho, Cachoeira in Paulo Afonso.
 1914 – Estrela manufactures sewing threads
 1917 – He is murdered at the age of 54.

References

Citations

Bibliography 

 The Province, Recife, 27 Dec. 1899. p. 1.
 The Province, Recife, 29 Dec. 1899. p. 1.
 CAMARA, Phaelante da. The journey of the future President. The Province, Recife, 13 May. 1906. p. 1.
 CAVALCANTI, Plínio. A Chanaan sertaneja da Pedra (written about the work carried out by Delmiro Gouveia in Northeast Brazil). Rio de Janeiro, 1927.
 CHATEAUBRIAND, Assisi. An Answer to Canudos. In: Response to Canudos: reports and essays. Recife: COMUNICARTE; Brasilia: Fundação Assis Chateaubriand, 1990. p. 59-71.
 CHATEAUBRIAND, Assisi. The King and Lord of the Little Horn. The newspaper. Rio de Janeiro, June 16, 1963. First Notebook. p. 3.
 Cia. Agro Fabril Mercantil. Correio da Pedra, Pedra, 12 Aug. 1923. p. 1.
 Delmiro Gouveia, Correio da Pedra, Pedra, 22 Oct. 1922. p. 1. (transcription of an article published in Jornal do Commercio, Recife, 10 Oct. 1922).
 Derby. Jornal Pequeno, Recife, 27 jan. 1900. p. 2.
 Wait one moment. The Province, Recife, 10 Jan. 1900. p. 1.
 FIGUEROA, Solomon. A visit to Pedra and Waterfall by Paulo Affonso. Correio da Pedra, Pedra, 23 set. 1925. p. 1 and 2.
 FREYRE, Gilberto. Old Félix and his Memoirs of a Cavalcanti. Rio de Janeiro, José Olympio Ed., 1959.
 GOES, Lauro. Memories of a relatively well-lived past, but which we would never want to make it relive (1914-1917). Recife, 1962. p. 7. (manuscript).
 GOUVEIA, Delmiro. The Province, Recife, 1 Jan. 1898. p. 2.
 GOUVEIA, Delmiro. Mr. Rosa e Silva. Jornal do Commercio, Publications on Demand. Rio de Janeiro, 28 June. 1899. p. 4
 GOUVEIA, Delmiro. The Vice-attack. Jornal do Commercio, Publications on Demand. Rio de Janeiro, 7 July. 1899. p. 4.
 GOUVEIA, Delmiro. The two Roses. Jornal do Commercio, Publications on Demand. Rio de Janeiro, 12 July. 1899. p. 3.
 GOUVEIA, Delmiro. Rosa Vice-president and Rosa Sabe Tudo. Jornal do Commercio, Publications on Demand. Rio de Janeiro, 21 July. 1899. p. 4.
 GOUVEIA, Delmiro. The Roses. Documentary evidence. Jornal do Commercio, Publications on Request. Rio de Janeiro, 1 Aug. 1899. p. 5.
 GOUVEIA, Delmiro. To the Public. The Province, Recife, 5 jan. 1900. p. 2.
 LAGE, N. L. (Ed.) The Enigmas of Our History. 1st ed. Rio de Janeiro: Otto Pierre Editores, 1981. v. 12.3500p.
 LAGE, N. L. Delmiro Gouveia: His Crime Was Planting Plenty in the Sertão. In: Nilson Lemos Lage. (Org.). The enigmas of our History. 1st. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Otto Pierre Editores, 1981, v. 5th., p. 7-52.
 LIMA JUNIOR, Felix. Delmiro Gouveia: the Mauá of the Sertão of Alagoas. Lives and Memories Collection. Maceió, Department of Culture/ Gov. from Alagoas, 1963.
 MARCOVITCH, Jacques. Pioneers and entrepreneurs: the saga of development in Brazil. São Paulo: EdUSP, 2005, ISBN 9788531410482
 MARTINS, F. Magalhães. Delmiro Gouveia did not die. The Saga of the Merchant and Industrialist. Delmiro Gouveia, Delmiro Gouveia Museum/ Ormeo Junqueira Botelho Foundation, 1989.
 MENEZES, Hildebrando. Delmiro Gouveia: life and death. Recife, CEPE, 1991.
 MENEZES, Olympio. Itinerary of Delmiro Gouveia. Recife, IJNPS/MEC, 1963.
 At the Derby. Jornal Pequeno, Recife, 27 Dec. 1899. p. 2.
 THE MURDER OF Colonel Delmiro Gouveia. Diario de Pernambuco, Recife, 12 Oct. 1917. (Confirms the rumor of the attack against Delmiro Gouveia and provides a brief history of his life and work.)
 Paris in the Derby. Jornal Pequeno, Recife, 11 set. 1899. p. 2.
 Rosa e Silva. O Paiz, Rio de Janeiro, 20 jul. 1899. p. 1.
 SANTOS, Adolfo. Delmiro Gouveia. Testimony for a biographical study. Recife, 1947. (mimeo.). 44p.
 SEGALL, Mauricio. The Colonel of Colonels. Folha de S.Paulo, São Paulo, 2 mar. 1980. Folhetim, p. 5.
 WRIGHT, Marie Robinson. The New Brazil. Its Resources and attractions. Historical, Descriptive and Industrial. Philadelphia, George Barrie & Son, 1901.

External links 

 Delmiro Gouveia. Contest Brasileiros do Século (13th place), Isto É Magazine
 Delmiro Gouveia - A Herrói do Sertão - Rádio Delmirio, Delmiro Gouveia, AL

Brazilian murder victims