Rose de Freycinet

Rose de Freycinet, born Rose Pinon, (1794 – 7 May 1832) was a Frenchwoman who, in the company of her husband, Louis de Freycinet, sailed around the world between 1817 and 1820 on a French scientific expedition on a military ship, initially disguised as a man. While not the first woman to circumnavigate the world, she was the first to record her experiences, in a diary. Being not intended for publication and being both frank and personal musings  about people, places and events, her writings represent an important anthropological resource.

Biography

Early years
De Freycinet was born Rose Pinon in Saint-Julien-du-Sault, in the Yonne department. Her father was Étienne Pinon, a bank clerk from a family with Royalist connections, who married Jeanne Catherine, née Tauzin, the daughter of a coach-builder, in Paris in 1791. After being widowed, Jeanne Pinon ran a boarding school for girls. Rose was educated in that school, along with some 40 young ladies from Paris.

Rose was the oldest daughter. Her father died while she was relatively young, followed by her brother, leaving Rose with the responsibility of looking after her younger sister, Stéphanie, who later took a job as a governness in Mauritius in 1818; Stéphanie married a civil servant, M. Maillard, who later repudiated her.

Marriage to de Freycinet

At age 19, Rose married 35-year-old Louis Claude de Saulces de Freycinet, a member of the French aristocracy. The difference in social class proved no impediment for a happy marriage; by all accounts, her in-laws loved and respected her, and throughout her life, Rose maintained an animated correspondence with her in-laws, wherever her travels took her.
 Over the course of her journey she also corresponded with her mother, Madame Pinon, whom she missed dearly, especially because her departure meant her mother was separated from all of her children.

Aboard the Uranie

Louis de Freycinet had earlier participated in the Baudin voyage that produced the first map of the Australian coastline in the period 1801-3. It is on that voyage he would have been aware of his leader Nicolas Baudin's meeting with Matthew Flinders and of their virtually simultaneous proving that  New Holland of the Dutch and New South Wales of Cook was part of one island continent Australia. Displaying considerable cartographic skill, when  Baudin's second ship was sent home under Jacques Hamelin laden with specimens and records, de Freycinet was elevated above others to command , a small vessel purchased in order to continue the surveys.

After the death of both Baudin and the voyage anthropologist François Peron who attempted to complete the account, and finalising an account of the voyage, in 1817 he was given command of the Uranie on an expedition under the auspices of the French Navy and the Ministry of the Interior, in which Louis Isidore Duperrey, Jacques Arago, Adrien Taunay the Younger, and others went to Rio de Janeiro to perform various scientific measurements and to collect specimens in natural history. Rose Pinon and he were newly wed; perhaps aware of  Flinder's imprisonment and his enforced separation from his wife Ann, they conspired to avoid a similar fate aboard. Dressed in men's clothes; Rose de Freycinet became the first woman to write an account of her experiences circumnavigating the world.

To prepare the ship for his wife's presence, de Freycinet had the living quarters of the corvette renovated (they were refurbished and extended, even at the expense of the ship's navigability), and much attention was paid to hygienic standards aboard the ship, food safety, and health. Apparently, becoming a stowaway was Rose's own idea; she may have hatched the plan as early as 1815, and probably solidified her scheme after her husband received approval for the expedition, in October 1816. She went on board on 16 September 1817; report of her presence reached the French media soon after, leading to sensational reports in the press and "indignation in official circles."

The presence of women aboard Navy vessels was illegal, and it is possible that the Navy, the Ministry of the Interior, and the press learned of Rose's presence from an officer who was removed to make way for her. At any rate, Rose initially dressed as a man, and even visited the governor of Gibraltar dressed in "a blue frock-coat with trousers to match."

The Navy was powerless since the first French port of call for the Uranie was Réunion, in the Indian Ocean, which was not reached until 1818. When the ship did land there, the local governor was unable or unwilling to act, swayed as he was, according to Rose, by her husband's arguments and her charm. A court-martial that investigated the shipwreck, in 1820, never mentioned Rose's presence.

The expedition brought back a great number of scientific specimens, including minerals, plants, insects, animals, despite the shipwreck of the Uranie in 1820 in the Falkland Islands. According to Jacques Arago, the artist who had been hired to do botanical and other illustrations and who was the only civilian on board, during the shipwreck Rose de Freycinet behaved herself admirably. Her diary, however, was not published until 1927.

Death
In Paris, 1832, Louis fell ill with cholera. With a Dr. Gaimard, who had also traveled aboard the Uranie, Rose nursed him back to health, even though she suffered from a stomach ailment. However, she became ill, and died on 7 May 1832.

Legacy and publications

Journal and Letters
 Rose de Freycinet's journal which was written expressly for her friend Caroline de Nanteuil (and does not seem intended for publication). The journal comprises three small volumes with original notebook wrappers bound as one. Each is numbered individually at the top left-hand side of each page. It is written in ink in Rose's own hand on 132 pages (46, 44, 42 pages), with 18 of them left blank. The State Library of New South Wales has made a digitised version of the journal available online. 
The second account of the voyage is through a series of 15 letters (a folio, of about 30,000 words on 206 pages with 13 left blank) written to her mother, Madame Pinon during the voyage. While the original letters did not survive, Louis had copied these out after Rose's death in 1832. The State Library of New South Wales has made a digitised version of the journal available online.

Publications
Freycinet, R., Duplomb, C., & Pinon, L. (1927). Campagne de l' "Uranie"(1817-1820) : Journal...d'après le manuscrit original accampangé de notes / par Charles Duplomb : [illust. and appxs.]. Paris: Societe d' Editions, 8994985 (National Bibliographic Database (ANBD))
Rose de Freycinet's life and adventures were recounted by Marnie Bassett, Realms and Islands (1962)
An English translation of the text was made by Marc Serge Rivière in 2003, 
Freycinet, Rose Marie de, d. 1832. (n.d.). Journal of a Voyage round the World, 1817-1820 by Rose Marie De Saulces Freycinet: A Translation into English by Sir William Dixson. A digitised version of the journal has been made available online by The State Library of New South Wales DLSPENCER 139. 
Rose de Freycinet (patronymic Pinon) and Federico Motta curator, Una viaggiatrice clandestina a bordo dell'Uranie negli anni 1817-20, Verona, Giugno 2017. Translation in Italian of Rose original Journal, fully annotated with new documents and with a complete revision of Louis de Freycinet travel.  There is the most complete bibliography on the journey of Louis de Freycinet and Rose de Freicinet  
McCarthy, Michael (2005). "Rose de Freycinet and the French Exploration Corvette L'Uranie (1820): a Highlight of the 'French Connection' with the 'Great Southland'". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 34 (1): 62–78. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00044.x.
Falkiner, Suzanne (2022) ROSE The story of Rose de Freycinet, the first woman to circumnavigate the world and leave a written account of her journey, ABC Books/HarperCollins, history, biography

Legacy
Rose de Freycinet's name is remembered in the Rose Atoll, in what is now American Samoa, named for her by her husband in 1819 and a dove the Pinon Imperial-Pigeon.[ref=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/piipig2/cur/introduction]  Her diary was not published until 1927.
Paintings by the expedition's artist, Jaques Arago, attest to her presence ashore in Australia at various places including Shark Bay, Western Australia and later in Sydney.
Interest in her and her diary led to a renewed interest in the wreck of the Uranie in the Falkland Islands.  In 2001 an expedition organized by the Western Australian Museum "conducted research, search and survey aimed at adding to the body of knowledge about the de Freycinet's, their ship and their camp." The wreck was relocated and a report  into the extensive survivor's camp and the wreck was prepared.

References

Further reading

External links
 

  

1794 births
1832 deaths
French explorers
Stowaways
Women diarists
People from Yonne
Female explorers
Women travel writers
French travel writers
French women writers
19th-century French women writers
19th-century diarists