Donald Goines

Donald Goines (pseudonym: Al C. Clark; December 15, 1936 – October 21, 1974) was an African-American writer of urban fiction. His novels were deeply influenced by the work of Iceberg Slim.

Early life and family
Goines was born in Detroit, Michigan on December 15, 1936. His parents were a middle-class Black Catholic couple that ran a laundry business. Hs mother Myrtle Goines told Goines that her family was descended from Jefferson Davis and a woman who was enslaved. Donald was the middle child of three, and the only son.

At age 15, Goines lied about his age to join the Air Force and fought in the Korean War.

Adult life
During his stint in the Armed Forces, Goines developed an addiction to heroin that continued after his honorable discharge in the mid-1950s. In order to support his addiction, Goines committed crimes including pimping, larceny, robbery, illegal liquor manufacturing and theft. He lived in several cities, including Kansas City, Missouri and Junction City, Kansas, but mostly in his native Detroit. He was sentenced to prison several times, both state and federal.

He began writing while serving a sentence in Michigan's Jackson Penitentiary. Goines initially attempted to write Westerns, but he decided to write urban fiction after reading Robert "Iceberg Slim" Beck's autobiography Pimp: The Story of My Life.

Goines continued to write novels at an accelerated pace in order to support his drug addictions, with some books taking only a month to complete. His sister Joan Goines Coney later said that Goines wrote at such an accelerated pace in order to avoid committing more crimes, and based many of the characters in his books on people he knew in real life. He completed 16 books.

In 1974 Goines published Crime Partners, the first book in the Kenyatta series under the name Al C. Clark. Holloway House's chief executive Bentley Morriss requested that Goines publish the book under a pseudonym in order to avoid having the sales of Goines's work suffer due to too many books releasing at once. The book dealt with an anti-hero character named after Jomo Kenyatta that ran an organization similar to the Black Panthers to clear the ghetto of crime. In his book The Low Road, Eddie B. Allen remarks that the series was a departure from some of Goines's other works, with the character of Kenyatta symbolizing a sense of liberation for Goines.

Inner City Hoodlum, which Goines had finished before his death, was published posthumously in 1975. Set in Los Angeles, the novel was about heroin, money and murder.

Death
On October 21, 1974 Goines and his common-law wife Shirley Sailor were discovered dead in their Highland Park, Michigan apartment. The police had received an anonymous phone call earlier that evening and responded, discovering Goines in the living room of the apartment and Sailor's body in the kitchen. Both Goines and Sailor had sustained multiple gunshot wounds to the chest and head. 

The identity of the two gunmen is unknown, as is the reason behind the murders. Popular theories involve Goines being murdered due to his basing several of his characters on real life criminals as well as the theory that Goines was killed due to his being in debt over drugs.

At his funeral, a relative placed a book with Goines in his casket, but it was stolen.

Novels

Kenyatta series
Crime Partners (1974) [as Al C. Clark]
Death List (1974) [as Al C. Clark]
Kenyatta's Escape (1974) [as Al C. Clark]
Kenyatta's Last Hit (1975) [as Al C. Clark]

Stand alone novels
Dopefiend (1971)
Whoreson (1972)
Black Gangster (1972)
Street Players (1973)
White Man's Justice, Black Man's Grief (1973)
Black Girl Lost (1974)
Eldorado Red (1974)
Swamp Man (1974)
Never Die Alone (1974)
Cry Revenge (1974) [as Al C. Clark]
Daddy Cool (1974)
Inner City Hoodlum (1975)

Influence
Goines's writing has had an impact upon several people, with several rappers inserting mentions of Goines and his writing into their lyrics. In his 1996 song Tradin' War Stories, rapper 2Pac writes "Machiavelli was my tutor, Donald Goines my father figure". On the Real Brothas album by hip-hop duo B.G. Knocc Out & Dresta, the second one mentioned the author by rapping "take a good look because you're looking at a crook/my life done been took, right outta Donald Goines' book". 

Ludacris mentions Goines in his 2006 song "Eyebrows Down".  AZ compares himself to Donald Goines' work in "Rather Unique", with the line, "Your mind's boggled but I'm as deep as Donald Goines' novels". Nas also named the song "Black Girl Lost" on his sophomore album It Was Written after the book by Goines. The New York rap trio Cru had a song called "Goines Tale" where all of Donald's book titles were incorporated into the song's lyrics. 

Rapper Jadakiss referenced Goines in the Sheek Louch song "Mighty D-Block (2 Guns Up)" with the lyrics "Yo, the revolve' or the mati's cool, Knife game like Daddy Cool's, since Bally Shoes". The rapper 50 Cent writes in his self-help-cum-autobiography Hustle Harder, Hustle Smarter, that "Personally, I didn’t get into reading until I found writers like Donald Goines and Iceberg Slim who wrote in a voice that felt familiar to me".

Goines' books have been utilized in several prison literacy programs. His novel Dopefiend has been taught in a Rutgers University class.

Adaptations

Films

Some of Goines's works have been adapted into film. His book Crime Partners was turned into a 2001 film starring Ice-T, Snoop Dogg, and Ja Rule, and in 2004 his book Never Die Alone was also released as a film starring DMX.

Graphic novel
In 1984 the graphic novel adaptation of the book Daddy Cool was released by Melrose Square a division of Holloway House.  There have been reproductions since 1984 but it was the only graphic of its kind by Donald Goines that was published by Melrose Square.

See also
 List of homicides in Michigan
List of unsolved murders

References

Further reading
Allen, Eddie B., Jr. Low Road: The Life and Legacy of Donald Goines. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004.
Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Donald Goines." Encyclopedia of Hip Hop Literature. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2009. 102–6.
Stone, Eddie. Donald Writes No More. Los Angeles: Holloway House, 1974.

1936 births
1974 deaths
1974 murders in the United States
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
African-American novelists
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War
American male novelists
American pimps
Deaths by firearm in Michigan
Male murder victims
Murdered African-American people
Novelists from Michigan
People murdered in Michigan
Unsolved murders in the United States
Writers from Detroit
20th-century pseudonymous writers
20th-century African-American writers
African-American male writers
Urban fiction
African-American Catholics