Todd Matshikiza

Todd Tozama Matshikiza (7 March 1921 – 4 October 1968) was a South African jazz pianist, composer and journalist. As a journalist, he was a contributor to the innovatory South African magazine Drum, and known for his autobiographical short stories. As a musician, Matshikiza was celebrated for composing the score of the musical King Kong. He became a Google Doodle on 25th September 2023.

Early life
Born on 7 March 1921, into a musical family in Queenstown, Eastern Cape province, South Africa, Matshikiza was the son of Samuel Bokwe Matshikiza, and Grace Ngqoyi Matshikiza, the seventh of seven children. Grace was a well-known soprano, and his father played the organ in the Anglican Church.

He graduated from St Peter's College in Rosettenville, Johannesburg and obtained a diploma in music at Adams College in Natal, and teacher's diploma at Lovedale Institute in Alice (1941/42).  He stayed on as a teacher at Lovedale, where he taught English and Mathematics at the high school, until 1947. During this period, Matshikiza composed songs and choral works, blending African traditional and European-classical styles; in particular Hamba Kahle, which has become a standard work for choral groups throughout South Africa. It was performed for the arrival of then Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom at Bulawayo in 1946, and for the Johannesburg Music Festival in 1950.

Career in Johannesburg
Matshikiza moved to Johannesburg in 1947, and married Esme Sheila Mpama on 26 December 1950. The couple had a daughter, Marian Linda, and son, John Anthony. He taught for a while and founded the Todd Matshikiza School of Music, a private music school, where he taught piano. Jazz and composing remained his primary interests; however, in order to supplement the family income, he worked briefly for Vanguard Booksellers in Johannesburg. From 1949 to 1954, Matshikiza was a committee member of the Syndicate of African Artists, which aimed to promote music by visiting artists from the townships.

In 1952, Matshikiza was invited to join Drum magazine which, under new editorial direction, aimed for a more critical readership. Matshikiza, together with investigative journalist Henry Nxumalo, Ezekiel Mphahlele, Nat Nakasa, Bloke Modisane and others, became one of its early writers.  His jazz column covered the township scene, particularly Sophiatown, where he commented on the likes of Kippie Moeketsi and Hugh Masekela, who both played for The Jazz Epistles. Matshikiza covered township life in his regular column "With the Lid Off". Amongst his close associates, his innovative writing style became known as “Matshikese”, and was characterised by a creative and playful use of syntax and musical style. Drum editor Anthony Sampson, with whom he developed a lifelong friendship, observed later that "Todd transformed Drum. He wrote as he spoke, in a brisk tempo with a rhythm in every sentence. He attacked the typewriter like a piano". Matshikiza also worked briefly for the Golden City Post, a sister publicaton of Drum with whom it shared offices in Johannesburg and Cape Town.

His love of classical music inspired him to compose the choral piece Makhaliphile in 1953, which he dedicated to Trevor Huddleston, who had worked with less-favoured communities in Johannesburg. This was a combination of classical, jazz and traditional themes. In 1956, he composed Uxolo! ("peace"), commissioned for the 70th anniversary of Johannesburg. The 70th anniversary of this commission was commemorated with a Google Doodle on 25th September 2023.

In 1958, Matshikiza composed the music and some of the lyrics of the jazz musical King Kong, which had an all-black cast. Portraying the life and times of heavyweight boxer Ezekiel Dlamini, popularly known as “King Kong”, the musical was a hit in 1959. It attracted multi-racial audiences, and was performed in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth, before being staged at the Prince’s Theatre in London’s West End in 1961. Matshikiza’s interest in the boxer stemmed in part from his having been assigned to cover the trial of Dlamini. King Kong launched the international career of Miriam Makeba, who played the shebeen queen of the Back of the Moon, a shebeen (illicit bar) of the time in Sophiatown. 

Matshikiza composed the music for Alan Paton’s play Mkhumbane, which opened in Durban on 29 March 1960. The musical, in a-capella form, recounts the trials of a grass-roots community whose daily lives are affected by forced removal and the actions of gangsters.

London
Frustrated by the apartheid system, and enabled by plans afoot to stage the King Kong musical in London, Matshikiza moved with his wife and two children to England in August 1960. Matshikiza remained in London when most of the cast returned to South Africa. He found it difficult to break into the English music scene, but collaborated with other musicians, playing piano in London jazz venues. He gave lectures on African music and freelanced for publications, including a seminal article which highlighted the radical contribution of Black South African music, in the fight against apartheid. He continued to write for Drum magazine, to which he contributed a monthly column entitled "Todd in London", and worked for the BBC as a presenter and researcher.

His autobiographical book entitled “Chocolates for my Wife”, recounts his experiences of life in apartheid South Africa and in Britain. The book touches on the black experience, and describes how he was affected by it. In the early 1960s he participated in an international competition to write a national anthem for recently-independent Nigeria, and in a festival in Oran celebrating Algeria’s independence.

Zambia
Missing Africa, in 1964, Matshikiza and his wife were invited to work in newly-independent Zambia, where he became a broadcaster and presenter with Radio Zambia. He felt stifled musically and took up a position in 1967 as the music archivist for the Zambian Information Service. In this capacity he travelled extensively throughout Zambia, building up the archival collection, and researching Zambian traditional music and instruments. Some of his later music drew inspiration from Zambian traditional songs. He was one of five South African Black artists to perform in the first Zambia Arts Festival, held at Luanshya in May 1965.

Matshikiza remained frustrated at being prevented from returning to South Africa, where his writing had been banned by the government. He died in Lusaka on 4 October 1968. His funeral was attended by numerous dignitaries, including the ANC’s Oliver Tambo, and a Zambian ministerial delegation.

Family
Todd's son John Matshikiza was an actor in television and film. John died on 15 September 2008 in Johannesburg, aged 54. Todd's granddaughter, Lindiwe Matshikiza, has followed in the footsteps of her father and grandfather, becoming a theatre actress and director.

Books
 Chocolates for My Wife, Todd Matshikiza, Hodder & Stoughton, 1961. David Philip Publishers, 1982, 
 With the Lid Off: South African Insights from Home and Abroad, 1959-2000, T. Matshikiza J. Matshikiza., M&G Books,

References

Sources

External links
 Todd Matshikiza’s entry in the Dictionary of African composers

1921 births
1968 deaths
20th-century composers
20th-century journalists
20th-century male musicians
South African composers
South African journalists
South African male composers
Xhosa people