Campbell brothers (criminal duo)

The Campbell brothers was an American criminal duo that were active in Boston, Massachusetts for several decades during the mid-20th century. The duo consisted of two brothers: Albert S. Campbell and Alvin R. Campbell Sr. The Campbell brothers were regarded to have associations with the Winter Hill Gang. The Campbells' criminal activities were primarily located in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston. The Campbell brothers were each plaintiffs in the United States Supreme Court case Campbell v. United States, which related to their criminal trial for a 1957 bank robbery. In the early 1980s, authorities claimed that Alvin Campbell was the, "leading black organized crime figure in New England".

Early lives
Of the two brothers, Alvin Campbell was the elder, being between one and two years older than Arnold. The Campbell brothers were black.

In his testimony in his 1969 criminal trial, Alvin Campbell stated that he had grown up in the Boston neighborhood of Roxbury and attended Boston Technical High School. Per statements made by Alvin Campbell and others in his 1958 and 1969 criminal trials, he had been a strong student and he had been granted a four-year scholarship to Princeton University in 1951, which was later revoked.

The Campbells' father, Cyrill Campbell, had a criminal record of his own. Both Campbell brothers began being criminally involved when they were each the age of fourteen. By 1957, around the time Alvin was 24 and Arnold was 23, the two brothers were ascending in the organized crime scene.

1958 federal bank robbery convictions

Original trial
In 1958, the Campbell brothers were convicted along with Donald Lester for a July 18, 1957 bank robbery that occurred at a Norfolk County Bank and Trust located in branch in Canton, Massachusetts. The three men were convicted in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Federal Judge William T. McCarthy gave all three men 25-year federal prison sentences.

The robbery on July 18, 1957 saw a heist of $31,618. Twenty employees and patrons had been locked in a vault by the bank robbers. In sentencing the three men, Judge McCarthy claimed that the twenty individuals had only averted the fate of death by suffocation by the fact that the vault door was not closed by the robbers, characterizing it as unintentional that the robbers had not sealed the vault. In his sentencing, Judge McCarthy castigated the local Roxbury courts and the Middlesex County for allowing the Campbell brothers previously escape the law, saying that the brothers had benefited from "fix after fix after fix".

Appeal
The three men appealed their conviction. The initial appeal centered upon the argument that the Jencks Act had not been followed when Judge McCarthy refused to require the state to enforce a request for production made by the men's defense counsel for the production of Federal Bureau of Investigation reports that would have shown that a key witness to the crime had, in his original statement to authorities, only reported seeing two robbers instead of three. The defense counsel desired to utilize this documentation for the purposes of witness impeachment. In the appeal cases, the three men were represented by Massachusetts attorneys Melvin S. Louson and Lawrence O’Donnell Sr. O'Donnell was already well known for his legal work in relation to the Great Brink's Robbery. Roger G. Connor argued the federal government's case before the Supreme Court for upholding the conviction.

An appeal was heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit. Argument for the case began on August 27, 1959. On September 15, 1959, the court delivered a ruling that denied the appellants petition for a rehearing.

The appeal was next argued to the Supreme Court of the United States in Campbell v. United States (373 U.S. 487). Argument for the case was heard beginning on April 25, 1963. On May 27, 1963, the court delivered an opinion favorable to the appellants that was authored by Justice William J. Brennan. The Supreme Court decision did not vacate the conviction. Rather, it remanded the matter to the District Court, ordering them to "hold a new inquiry" in accordance with the holdings of the Supreme Court opinion that would "supplement the record with new findings and enter a new final judgment of conviction if the court concludes upon the new inquiry to reaffirm its former rulings." Justice Tom C. Clark authored a partial dissent and partial concurrence that was joined by Justices John Marshall Harlan II and Potter Stewart. This agreed in part with the result, concurring with the majority's decision to remand the case. This opinion declared that Judge McCarthy had not properly probed the matter of whether the documentation was producible, but the opinion did not opine on whether it would indeed have been producible under the Jencks Act.

Arguments for the remanded appeals case before the  United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit began on October 2, 1961. On November 7, 1961, the court issued an opinion that remanded the matter to new criminal trial before a new judge.

Retrail
The retrial of the three men began on August 14, 1963. The case was presided over by Judge Charles Edward Wyzanski Jr. On August 15, 1963, Lester was acquitted. The Campbell brothers, however, were not. In the Campbell brothers' sentencing on August 22, 1963, Wyzanski heeded a recommendation by Assistant U.S. Attorney William J. Koen to give the brothers sentences that were reduced from those that McCarthy had handed them. The Campbell brothers were given new five year prison sentences.

1969 homicide trial and acquittal 
Shortly after they completed their 5-year prison sentences, the Campbell brothers again found themselves facing serious criminal charges, this time for murder. In 1969, when Alvin was 35 years old and Albert was 33, the Campbell brothers faced trial alongside Dennis W. Chandler for the triple-murder of Guido St. Laurent, Carnell Eaton, and Harold King as well as on further charges of assault with intent to murder Ronald Hicks and Frederick B. Rose. The charges included first degree homicide.

St. Laurent, a blind man who was a community organizer, civil rights leader, and ex-convict, was the leader of the group New England Grass Roots Organization (NEGRO). The other two casualties of the triple homicide were also leaders within the organization. They were all shot to death on November 13, 1968 at the organization's headquarters office on Blue Hill Avenue in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood.

Both of Campbell brothers had been working as salaried employees at the Boston operation of the New York City-based firm Woolman Systems. Also working at this firm were murder victims St. Laurent and Harold King, described as specializing "in work in ghettos with the federal government". At the time of the murders, Alvin Campbell had just started working as the project director for an automative training center operated by the firm and Arnold Campbell had just become the automotive centers director of training. Alleged accomplice Dennis W. Chandler worked as the night watchman at the automotive training center. Woolman Systems was, at the time, a significant sub-contractor of a new $2 million program to provide employment to the chronically unemployed as  part of the Roxbury-Dorchester-South End Greater Boston Consortium that was implementing a job training program in Boston. In the case against the three men, the prosecution alleged that they had committed the murder and assault with intent to murder with their alleged motive being a dispute over federal money that had been provided for the purposes of providing job training to chronically unemployed Roxbury residents. 

Investigators had first been directed to the three charged men after Ronald Hicks, a pimp who was one of the survivors of the fatal shooting incident, had named the Campbell brothers and Chandler as likely culprits and assigned the aforementioned motive as the reason for this belief. In March 1969, Hicks, who was the prosecution's main witness, was shot to death. It is believed that Johnny Martorano perpetrated this murder and had done so in order to prevent Hicks from testifying against the Campbell brothers. Martorano confessed this to a federal prosecutor.

The trial took place in the Suffolk County Superior Court and lasted three weeks. The trial had an all-white fifteen member jury, while all three defendants were black.

The defense, among other things, pointed out that one of the guns used to commit the murders was found three days after the murders in the possession of Ronald Randolph, a man who was shot and killed during a police chase. The state had chosen not to put forth any theories of how the gun came into the possession of Randolph. A photo was also displayed by the defense that placed Randolph at the murder scene the night of the killings. However, a photo was shown to Frederick B. Rose, who had survived the shooting, who testified that he was certain that Randolph was not one of the men involved in the attack. A witness who knew the defendants testified for the defense that he saw five men flee the NEGRO headquarters on the night the murders were committed, and that he was confident that those men were not the defendants. Additionally, the wives of each Campbell brothers and the girlfriend of Chandler corroborated alibis that they had been with their respective partners the night that the murders occurred.

In June 1969, the three men were acquitted.

Alvin Campbell's 1970 conviction for conspiracy and sale of cocaine
By the time the 1970s came along, Alvin Campbell was regarded as possibly aspiring to ascend to the very top of Boston’s organized crime hierarchy. Ron Wysocki of The Boston Globe wrote in 1972, "many street savvy people believed that Campbell's aim was to become Boston's first black leader of organized crime. However, in 1970, Alvin Campbell and Dennis W. Chandler were both given 20-year federal prison sentences for conspiracy and selling cocaine. Dennis W. Chandler was later shot to death outside of his home in Roxbury on November 25, 1977.

Alvin Campbell's 1982 conviction for gun and drug crimes
By 1982, Alvin Campbell and his wife Roberta had three children. Their eldest child was their son Alvin Jr. Their two younger children, son Andre and daughter Andrea, were twins born in 1982.

On November 23, 1982, by which time Campbell was out of prison on parole, the Boston Police Department conducted a police raid of the apartment where Campbell and his family lived and arrested Campbell. This ultimately led to another criminal conviction that would land him behind bars until his twin younger children were eight-years-old.

The reason for the police raid was to determine whether Campbell had a connection to three different murders. While conducting the raid, the police found five guns, including a sawed-off M-1 with a silencer, a 9mm automatic pistol with a silencer, an automatic rifle, and a .22 caliber semiautomatic firearm. A loaded firearm was found under Campbell's mattress. Many charges were pressed against related to his possession of firearms, silencers and cocaine. Campbell by the State of Massachusetts following the raid. However, these charges were dropped in December 1982 when the state decided it would hand over their case against Campbell so that federal investigators could instead explore the possibility of federal charges. The exception was that the state kept a charge against Campbell of assaulting a police officer during the raid. During the ordeal, Campbell was held at MCI Cedar Junction. His wife, Roberta, died in a car crash while traveling to visit Campbell at the correctional institute. Ultimately, Campbell was convicted on March 5, 1983 in the  United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in a trial that was overseen by judge A. David Mazzone. Campbell was sentenced to an eight year prison sentence.

At the time these charges were brought, authorities claimed that Alvin Campbell was the, "leading black organized crime figure in New England".

Personal life of Alvin Campbell
Alvin Campbell spent half of his life in prison. At one point, Campbell was incarcerated at Leavenworth Prison at the same time as fellow Boston organized crime leader Whitey Bulger.

Campbell was married to Roberta P. Campbell. Campbell and his wife Roberta had three children. Their eldest child was their son Alvin Jr. Their two other children, son Andre and daughter Andrea, were twins. Campbell was sentenced to an eight-year prison stint shortly after the birth of his twin children, and his wife Roberta died in a car crash on her way to pay him a visit at prison. As a result, their children were raised both in foster care and by various relatives.

Campbell’s two sons would ultimately also spend time in prison. Andre Campbell died at the age of 29 after suffering from scleroderma while in state custody awaiting trial. Most recently, his eldest son, Alvin Jr., in March 2020, was indicted on charges accusing him of serial rape. Campbell’s daughter, Andrea, has become a successful politician and attorney. She is the current attorney general of Massachusetts and former president of the Boston City Council. Campbell died when his daughter was a college student.

Personal life of Arnold Campbell
As of 2012, Arnold Campbell was retired and living in Arizona, where his daughter also was living.

External link
U.S. British Pathé video report on Guido St. Laurent triple homicide (1968)
FBI case file on Guido St. Laurent's murder

References

Winter Hill Gang
Gangs in Massachusetts
People from Roxbury, Boston
Murder trials
American bank robbers