Tsukahara Bokuden

was a famous swordsman of the early Sengoku period. He was described as a kensei (sword saint). He was the founder of a new Kashima style of kenjutsu, and served as an instructor of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshiteru and Ise provincial governor daimyō Kitabatake Tomonori.

Early life
Bokuden was born into the Yoshikawa family within the Hitachi Province of Honshu. The family was one of four Karō families serving the Kashima clan; one of the cadet branches of the Imperial House of Japan (descendants of the ).
Bokuden was adopted by the Tsukahara family, an offshoot of the Kashima clan; he was styled as Tsukahara Bokuden Takamoto. Earlier in his life, his name was Tsukahara Shin'emon Takamoto.

Career
 

Bokuden learned the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū from his adopted father and later honed his skills by engaging in musha shugyō (warrior's ascetic training), traveling throughout Japan and training with most of the skillful and knowledgeable swordsmen of the day. Tsukahara Bokuden was the classic knight-errant; a rich nobleman, he travelled the Japanese countryside, often with a full entourage. He later systematized the teaching of the Kashima area's local martial arts, including such approaches to combat as Kashima no tachi and Ichi no tachi. After allegedly receiving a divine inspiration from Takemikazuchi no kami, the deity of Kashima Shrine, he named his martial system as Kashima Shintō-ryū. He also, for a brief period, called his system Mutekatsu-ryū ("winning without hands").

In one anecdote recorded in the Kōyō Gunkan, Bokuden was challenged by a mannerless ruffian. When asked about his style, Bokuden replied that he studied the "Style of No Sword". The ruffian laughed and insultingly challenged Bokuden to fight him without a sword. Bokuden then agreed to fight the man without his sword but suggested they row out to a nearby island on Lake Biwa to avoid disturbing others. The ruffian agreed, but when he jumped from the boat to the shore of the island, drawing his blade, Bokuden pushed the boat back out, leaving the ruffian stranded on the island. Bokuden explained: "This is my no-sword school". Bruce Lee was so fond of this story that in Enter the Dragon (1973) he teaches a bully a lesson about "Fighting without Fighting" when he offers to leave a junk and sail to an island.

There is a fictional story that the young Miyamoto Musashi challenged Bokuden to a duel during a meal. When Musashi struck first, Bokuden parried the blade using the from the as a shield (as depicted in a nishiki-e by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi). As Tsukahara Bokuden had died in 1571, 13 years before Musashi's birth in 1584, the meeting is an apocryphal myth.

According to modern Japanese author and practitioner of Japanese martial arts, Tokitsu Kenji, Tsukahara fought his first duel to the death at the age of 17. Through his lifetime, he fought another 19 duels and in 37 battles. He was wounded 6 times but only by arrows. His death toll is estimated to have been 212 kills.

Death and legacy
Bokuden died of natural causes in 1571. His grave at  is in Kashima, Ibaraki. Those devoted to the art of Japanese sword-fighting, would make pilgrimages to the Kashima Shrine because it is considered the spiritual home of kenjutsu.

Subordinates
These are traditionally considered students of Bokuden:
Ujii Shouken
Morooka Ichiha/Ippa
Makabe Ujimoto
Narita Nagayasu
Saito Denkibo
Matsuoka Norikata
Hayashizaki Jinsuke
Ashikaga Yoshiteru
Kitabatake Tomonori
Hosokawa Fujitaka
Imagawa Ujizane
Kamiizumi Nobutsuna
Yamamoto Kansuke

In popular culture

Books
Shotaro Ikenami "The Last Journey of the Bokuden" Kadokawa Group Publishing, 1980
Yo Tsumoto " Tsukahara Uden 12th Game " Kodansha, 1983
Gishū Nakayama "Tsukahara Bokuden" Tokuma Shoten, 1989
Ryuichiro Mine "Nippon Kenkiden Tsukahara Uden" Shodensha, 1993
Shotaro Ishinomori "Tsukahara Bokuden" Shogakukan, 1996
Yukio Yahagi "Undefeated Sword Saint Tsukahara Bokuden" Kodansha, 2011

Movies
In Akira Kurosawa’s film, Seven Samurai, the scene in which the character Gorobei’s swordsmanship skills are tested is based on an episode from Tsukahara’s life.

TV
"Tsukahara Bokuden" (October 2nd to November 13th, 2011, NHK BS Premium Performance: Masato Sakai. The original is the above-mentioned "Twelfth Game")
Video Games

 In the video game Nioh 2, Tsukahara makes an appearance as a combat teacher. The player must beat him to unlock new skill tiers

References

Bibliography
Steven Turnbull: The Samurai Swordsman. Tuttle Publishing 2008,  (restricted online version (google books))
Jinichi Tokeshi: Kendo: Elements, Rules and Philosophy. University of Hawaii Press 2003, 
Tsukahara Bokuden: The Hundred Rules of War. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform 2017, 

1489 births
1571 deaths
Samurai
Japanese swordfighters
Martial arts school founders