Chlorobenzene

Chlorobenzene is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Uses
Chlorobenzene is used as a high-boiling solvent in industrial applications as well as in the laboratory. 

Chlorobenzene is nitrated on a large scale to give a mixture of 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 4-nitrochlorobenzene, which are separated. These mononitrochlorobenzenes are converted to related 2-nitrophenol, 2-nitroanisole, bis(2-nitrophenyl)disulfide, and 2-nitroaniline by nucleophilic displacement of the chloride, with respectively sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sodium disulfide, and ammonia.  The conversions of the 4-nitro derivative are similar.

Historical
The major use of chlorobenzene is as an intermediate in the production of herbicides, dyestuffs, and rubber. 

Chlorobenzene once was used in the manufacture of pesticides, most notably DDT, by reaction with chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde), but this application has declined with the diminished use of DDT.  At one time, chlorobenzene was the main precursor for the manufacture of phenol:
C6H5Cl  +  NaOH  →   C6H5OH  +  NaCl

The reaction also has a byproduct of salt. The reaction is known as the Dow process, with the reaction carried out at 350 °C using fused sodium hydroxide without solvent.  Labeling experiments show that the reaction proceeds via elimination/addition, through benzyne as the intermediate.

Production
It was first described in 1851.  Chlorobenzene is manufactured by chlorination of benzene in the presence of a catalytic amount of Lewis acid such as ferric chloride, sulfur dichloride, and anhydrous aluminium chloride:

The catalyst enhances the electrophilicity of the chlorine.  Because chlorine is electronegative, C6H5Cl exhibits somewhat decreased susceptibility to further chlorination. Industrially the reaction is conducted as a continuous process to minimize the formation of dichlorobenzenes.

Laboratory routes
Chlorobenzene is producible from aniline via benzenediazonium chloride, otherwise known as the Sandmeyer reaction.

Safety 
Chlorobenzene exhibits "low to moderate" toxicity as indicated by its  of 2.9 g/kg. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 75 ppm (350 mg/m3) over an eight-hour time-weighted average for workers handling chlorobenzene.

Toxicology and biodegradation
Chlorobenzene can persist in soil for several months, in air for about 3.5 days, and in water for less than one day. Humans may be exposed to this agent via breathing contaminated air (primarily via occupational exposure), consuming contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with contaminated soil (typically near hazardous waste sites). However, because it has only been found at 97 out of 1,177 NPL hazardous waste sites, it is not considered a widespread environmental contaminant. The bacterium Rhodococcus phenolicus degrades chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and phenol as sole carbon sources.

Upon entering the body, typically via contaminated air, chlorobenzene is excreted both via the lungs and the urinary system.

On other planets
Chlorobenzene has been detected in a sedimentary rock on Mars. It was speculated that the chlorobenzene might have been produced when the sample was heated in the instrument sampling chamber. The heating would have triggered a reaction of organics in the Martian soil, which is known to contain perchlorate.

See also
Fluorobenzene
Chlorobenzenes—different numbers of chlorine substituents
Bromobenzene
Iodobenzene

References

External links

Halogenated solvents
Hazardous air pollutants
Chlorobenzenes
Aromatic solvents
Phenyl compounds