The Chicago tribune and the Daily news, New York - 1923-09-10 (4769446) — page 2
WEEKLY LITERARY COLUMN
Rabelais; Or, The Ancient Order Of Nasty Men.
SOME OF THE THINGS YOU MAY NOT HAVE THOUGHT WERE IN RABELAIS
ONE inch of joy sttrmounts of grief a s pan;
not - M
C01nm(Lnd. Then 1 of began myself? ta thlnk that il 15 very tm which 1S commonly sa,ià, tha1 ' the one-hall of the ivorld knoweih not lWîO the other halj' iju <•
Y et doth il not lie in the poivci of every one to Je a deb tor? To acquit Crgditors U not at the disposure of caeh- mon s arb1tra1nent, hand.3 h Vjctors by How many vtctories have bcen talc'en out of the han s f ,
the vanquished wh-en th-ey would not rest satisfied with reason.
Accordinq to right military discipline, you must never drive your enemy xmto despair, for that such a sirait doth multiply his force, and mtrease his couragV, ïvhich was before broken and cast dou n.
Th? Devil was sick—the Devil a mon', 100uld &e;
The Deuil was well-the devil a monkwaihe.
(Frbm "The Vives, IIeroick Deeds, and Sayings of Gargantua an4 JU Sonne Pantagruel" (1533-'53), as translœled by VrqÚhart and M otteux (1653'94).) . , . — —-
TBREIE centuries and three-quarters Dr. François Rabelais hais been in his grave and yet, iwliether you ever looked into ii-is book 0,r not, you talk him every day.
He srtamped bi m self clean and, clear -on tire common coin of human speêcn.
Because to laugh is proper to the man.
The wri'ter ""vhose nanie is a eynoiiym and a byword for the most outrageaous utterance is the wriiter whose savings are ever on the lips of very simple folk and of the most sophisticated; on the 'lips of '!lle pureinind-ed and the austère; on the lips of peasants and parsons and prudes.
Everybody talks Rabelais.
\Vhen you say "do not car.e a I)utton" foT.: this or that, you are quoting from one of the most outrageons chapters in ail the n,.early one thou6and large-octavo pages of the Gargantua-Pantagruel^masterpiece of Dr. Rabelais—that chapter XVI in Book II, which is entitled, "Of the Qualities and Conditions of Pannrg-e," a chapter wh1<C11 for erutire and nauseating nastineôs-'but not debauebing or^ entiicing nastiness, for Rabelais' badness is almost never of that kin-d probably marks the lowest depth which 1he human mind is capable of toirching.
When you say.ithat someboily is so credulous that be woaild believe "thé moon.is made of green ,e'heese," then again .you are quoting Babel ailS as cast inlto sturdy Cromwellian and Jaicobite Englisii 'by Sir Thomas Urqij!liart, tbe Scot, and Pierre Motteux, the Frenchiman from Rouen, WhOill the Revoca'tion of t'h-e Edi'ct of Nantes d.rove to peace and prosperit.y in Engïand.
WÜen you Bay that one slaDuld not i"look a gid't (or, more precisely, "a given") liorse in the mouth," you are quoting from the same ,chapter' of the same book (chapter Ç, Book 1), and when you say that - so and iso bas "featbered liis nest weil," you hâve passed on to Chapter XVII in Book II. vl have a fle'a in my car"—lo "takë th.g "\Yiill for,, the - deed"—«fiait-&s a flounder" (though the Urqiihart-VTotteux word ils "squat")—to "bit the nail on tlie'bead"—to have "other fish to îry"—"]ike hearts of oak"—"as me,rr\r as crickets"—to do a thing "to a T"— to "say.e our bacon"-a tliing "as plain as the nOIS8- on a mà/n'-s face"—"a baker's dozen"—ail thofie are Rabelais in the Urquhart-Motteux version of him.
'People say of a précise, monosyilabic person, "I believe l1e would make )bree bites of a cherry," but aiot many of them know tltat they are quoting from one of the most Instructive of the live books of Rabelais, albeit some scholars believe that book, which was published eleven years after tbe Doctor's death, to be apurions. The. cherry metapb.or cornes in the tw'enty-eighth chapter of Book V, at tbe close of'the catechizing of the friar by Pauurge. Tbus: ,
... mis is the Fryar of the World for my MOlley; you've beard how SfWt:', concise and "compendious he je; . ln his Answers? Notl-jijj,, is to he got out of liim but Monosylbibles; by .Jjngo, 1 j)c]ievc be wou'd make 1111'eo bits of a Cherry.'
You see. that in the course of centuries "bits" bas 'got itself into "bites," but the Rabelaisian pith and savor—and pith and savor are RabeJais' supreme cillalities-of the ori.ginal reni ai n.
Now 'the u'ngedy of Rabelais the wise, tbe brave, the witt y, the almost incomparable laconic as \Vell as thg almost incomparahly copious, the Rabelais whom wc quote every day with no ibought of our original, ' nor willi an y thankfulness to him—the tragedv of liim is that he was uot least amusing and vivid and ëearcb.ing when lie \vas most decent', and therefore lie Tnigll( have corne into a beautiful instead of a vile famé. Take, if you win, t1lOse two passages, the first at tlie end of chapter IV and the second at tlie opening of ebapte! V in Book 1, wheroin lie describes the party, picnic, fête champêtre, 01 what you will, which- Ring Gran,bousier gave the day his son \Gargantua was born. Ibis bit of description was written nearly foui centuries ago, but behold how at ttie soft propulsion of Us witchery 0: words the centuries roll away anr men full of gusto and guts (the las one of tbe Doctor's constant preoccupations) are laughing and clamor ing and boozing and dancing anc gorging and toasting and E}¡Óutin¡ to the servants:
After dinner they ail went out 11 a hurle (dialect English for whirl to the grove of the willows, wher' on the greei> grasse, to tbe eound o the rnerry Flûtes, and pleasant Ba^ pipes, they danced sa gallantly, tlia jt was a sweet and heavenly sport tsee them so frolick
Necessity has no law.
Then did they fall upon the clin of ViCtUfllS and some belly furnitur to. be- snAtclied at in the very baIn place, whj(--,Ij purpose was no sÇJorw mentioned, but fort'hwith began flaf gons to go, gammons to trot, goblet to fly, grea.t bowles to tirig, giasse to ring, draw, reach, lill, mixe, giv
it me without water, 50 my friend, go whip me off this glasse neatly, bring me hither some claret, a full weeping glasse till it run over, a cessation and truce with thirst.
The man who could wri1e l'ike that, the man who, learned, observant, joying in life for the saké of 1 ile, and hating on1y that which made i life desolate and mean and bitter, could have been anotlier Chaucer— such a man and such an artist preferred to wallow. After the short chapter V-'tis' less than three pages —of description of the party and of the glories of good drink and good drinkers cornes chapter VI, in which the giant Gargantua is born—born \vith every obstétrical détail and wildly fantastic play upon that kind of détail that a prurient mÍnd could ipiagine, a mind by contrast with which the mind of Sairy Gamp becomes virginal and f the mind of Tobias Sniollett the mind of a prude. - No person with any respect for the sanitation of his own mind, if he read that passage in Rabelais and that passage alone, could do so without' a sick sense of disgust: and a resolution never to open the book 'again.
And yet that passage is far from being the most flagrant in Rabelais.
Wby, then, has the old villain, patron saint, in a manner of speaking, of the ancient order of nasty men, lived and .why is he valued? It^ is because lie' wrote one of the great' freedom-books of the world. He was, and his book is, the spirit of the renaissance in TIluch of what made it glorious and fruit fuI and liberalizing and in ail of wiiat made it a period of license and libertinÍsm in human conduct as well as of liberty in human development. He was the renaissance in ils excess as well as in its beneficence. ' Ils spirit he caught and loved and wi1dly extolled. H-e -dandled'-it as a plainspeaking' wet nurse of the time of our great-g'randfa.thers in English fiction would d£fncllo a nalwd child, I uttering coarse enclearments over it, j making wanton sport with it, shrieking with laughter over its natural disturbances—a creature shameless. fond, vital.
Such is the spirit .of Rabelais' book, and that spirit, in its larger and permanent aspects, is, 1 think, conveyed by a passage which 1 come upon in the last chapter of the second book of his five bocks—the cllapt&r beaded, "The Conclusion of this présent Book, and the Excuse of the Autllor":
"If you say to me, (Master) it would seein that you were not very wise in writing to us thèse tiimn.am stories,5 and pleasant fooleries: 1 :uiswpr you. that you are not nuich wiser to sponrl your time in reading them: neverthelesse, if you read them to make yours'elvos m-crry, as in manner of vastimo 1 \vr01c ibem, you and 1 botJi are farre more worthy of pardon, than a great irabble of squint-minded fellowe.9, dissembling and coimterfelt Saints, demure lookors, liypocrites, pretenderl zenlots, tougli Fry:ll's, buskin-Monks, and pther such 1 sect-s of mon, who disguisè- llicmselves !ike Maskcrs' to deceive the world, for, wlvilest they giv? the common people te. undcrstand, that they are busied about nothing but contemplation and dévotion In ffistings, Hnel macération of tJl0iT spnsuaiity: it is so far otherwise, *that on the contrary (GnrJ knows) what cher'r they make."
This spirit. bolà and biitlie, ca.ptîvat-
ed the first hait of the sixteenîh century, an age which, nonvithstanding the new birth, stili was to be dcminated in i t. s polit i cs and iti officiai etlllcs, by the spirit, at once morose and aggresslYe, ot Charles the- Fiftii. But the men of that age, as 1/Len and not 11le créatures of any system of politics and officiai ,etllics, made surrender of tlie buvards (again the guts) of existence, not to the spirit of Charles but to the spirit of Charles', coevals, François Habelais and Benvenuto Cellini. Life, in tlie scheme of the great French and Italian uiterers of the new spirit, was tG' be Jjyccl, not. apologized for. For âges l1pon âges life had been consecrat'ed to death; for âges upon âges the race had been taught to mate of shamel'ul repute the fonction by which tlie race is perpetuated. Against. al] this kind of caut and prêteuse and this sanctirnonius groaning, certain superlative persons growing up about the tirne Columbus wideued mankind's horizon by liis discoveries, revolted.
TILe bool" cf revolt becanie, as sncll books and such parties almost invariably become, a book of excess— of horrifying excess sometimes. Everything about it was colossal, even its di^graceful faults &f taste. The s mu g had inftamed Rabelais, learned monk and skilled physician, to objurgation, and in the armory of objurgation obscenity is one of the weapons. "Corne," said John Weslev to a shocked clerical colleague when they heard the fishwives railing in Billingsgate market— "corne, let us 1earn how to preach." In that manner Rabelais preached, with every wantonness, every extravagance. orten his satire is the satire- of the j stews and it disgusts our âge. But j it was cnormously effective in his. j He laid about him with a compre- j hensi veness that would liave brought him to the stake had he net thrown .-over Ilirnseif- a thick cloalc of allegory, travesty, extravaganza. He atfàcked heathenish educational meIliods, he attacked shyster lawyers; he attacked dis&olutc .priest.s; lie,, attacked crue^rrlers. But be did it ail in a nÍasqueHÜe ât once so ingenious and so disarming that everybody laugh-ed at everybody ex c.e» t himself—the teàchers at the lawyers, and the lawyers at the priests, and the priests at the officiais and the cardinals at the kings.
Corn is the sinews of war.
The resiilt was a mlllual sense cf the ridlculous and the unrighteous j that helped the race a good bit forj ward .in its groping way. toward something better, something saner.
Others made, a virtue of necessity.
Needs musl when the Devil drives.
Speak the truth and s1ULme tlie, Devil.What çannot be cured must be endured.
Spare your brealh to cool your porridge.
' Kothing is so dear and precious as tirne.
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I Harotcl. /Voie?, youlhful explorer, î has sel oui on an expédition ta Wrangel Island to rescue Aikm Crawford, stranded Iher'e. Wrangcl Island is north of SilJc1"la in the A retie océan,
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NOTES ON NEW BOOLS EDITED BY Dr. W. DAWSON JOHNSTON DIRECTOR OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY IN PARIS
AMERICAN LIBRARY IN PARIS
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ADDITIONS FOR SEPTEMBER 10, 1923
Non-Fiction.
Pearson, Edmund
Lester "Books in Black or Red,"
PIum, Harry Grant and. Benjamin Gilbert Giddings "Modem and Contemporat'y Eu ropeaD Clvllization,"
Tow, J. s "The Keal Chinese in America." m Town©,, Charles
Han son '"rhe RI se and Fall of Prohibition."
Arthur, Sir Ge-orgie. "Sarali Berniiarclt." C 0 d m a Il , John
Stullgis ........... "Unemployment and Dur Revenue Problem,"
Fiction.
Hine. ^[nriol "The Flight." Uarudt, JJavid .... "Lady Iiit-o Fox." Gask, A)'thur "The Secret oUf tlie Sandhills."
Packard, Frank L. "Jiiumie Dale and tlie JL'hantom Ciue."
Luck, Archibald .. " S e v e n t y Times Seven."
Beresford, J. D... «Love's Pilgr'iJn." Pleasç check this list and present it aL the libmry wilh your librar-.,- card.
SEXECA 1\DlA.\ M Y TUS, colleeted by Jern/Liah Curtin, New }"orÍî. H, 1). Dation and Lu..1923. 516 ]Ju!jcs. Titis remarkable collection of Iiidian staries was made by the author while lie was acting as an agent of the Bureau of Ethnolog'y of, the Sinithsonlau Institution. Most of them were secured during résidence on the Seneea réservation in the autumn of 1883, con'eluding with his adoption as a member of the tribe with the name lli.\Fe.Sa$ (Seeker of Kuowehlge).
Among the most interesling oî the mytils recorded by Mr. Curtiu is one .on "The Origin of Stories" which might well have been placed first in the volume. Of si mil a r interest not onîy to the studem of comparative mytllology but also to tlie général reuder, are the stQi.j(,s of the "Gi'eat Spirit," and of "Creation." particularly tllOse entitled "The Great Spirit Overpowers the Cold and Frost of Winter, Stone Coats," and "The 'Création of Men "
The enclless draina of tlie seasons is represented a150 in such tales as "Summer (presumably Irrdian sommer) Kills Autumn and is Herself Killed by Winter" and "A Battle bo twecn Frost and Wliirlwincl," and tho power of the clements of nature, and especially 'thé power of Dagwanoe yent, the Whirlwind, and of Hino, Thundeï1, and Hinohohawak, Thunder'e son in several stories, more or less similar to - eacl'l other, and to thç stories in classical and_ Noree my thology whiell are familier to us.
The" most delightful of a'.l the stories, however, are those which reflect the Indian's close association witli animais, stories. of the boy who learned the songs of birds, of the race bctwepn tlie bear and tlie turtle, and of the coon and the cra.wf.ish: . and how cliipmnnî^' .S'eJ^Aeir/tripes, whv wooiteli<ick3* -ihav-e»» shoi^.taiis,.. and foxes came to hâve black noses and have fur of a tawny yellow.
THE LETTERS OF HORACE HOWARD Boston, Ilongltton Milflin ((nd Co. 1922- 2 vowmes.
The editor of thèse letters, the grandson of the rlllthor, says with
pardonable pride that Dr. Furness' ; fifty years spent upon the Variorum Edition will long stand as the hig'hest attriinment in American letters.
In an introduction tp the letters he 1 traces the great Shakespearian scholar's career from the time when he began his éditorial career by the publication of a minute, four-page weekly, entitled "Tom-Tit," dedicated ,to fun. The letters begun with his life at Harvard in 1852 and include many written during his European travaIs- in 1854-1856. In the latter vear he wrote from Parie, "England as a nation 1 abhor, but inclividually 1 adore, Reverse the sentence and you have my feelings about France "
ln 1861 he enlisted in the work of the Sanitarv Commission, and a letter published here written from -Washington, November 24, 18G2 gives a de?cri]ition of a visit of members of the Commiseion to the Whitp House which is far from flattering to Président Lincoln. In 1883. he was made the chairman of the Seybert Commission, appointed by the University of Pennsylvania to investigate
! the fsub.ject of spiritualism. Of ! greateet interest to the Shakespearian studenl, however, are the letters which relate to his Sllakespearian studies. These began in 1860 with his élection as a member of the 'Shakespeare' apostles, later the Shakespearian Society of Philadelphia. The letters wlÜc11 relate to them [lcldressecl to Professor Francis J. Child, W. J. Rolfe. W. Alilh; Wright, Agnes Repplier, and others, gi\-e an unusuall.y detailed record of the ) a hors of a great scholar. enliv enoel at times liy bits of character'stic humor. For example, in a letter to his sons in 1885 desc-ribing a visit from Ecimund Gosse, Gosse told him that Tennyson had once spoken of his (1l'sire to ma.ke a collection of one tnndred of the best,. brightest, nn<i wittiest sayings, but that so far he had got only three, and two of thein, Gosse added, were improper to tell to ladies.
JI CON 0 Al 1 C IMPERIA LISM A XD IN"I'Ll'.NA TION A T, RELATION S DURING THE LAST FIF1'}' YEARS, by Profcssor A rili/lc Viallure. New York, The' Macmillan Co 1923. 180 pages.
It miglit be ob.jected that he too often 1lits the sanic nail on the head, but man is apparently so. inconsequential that réitération alone is effective, witnrss the CouÓ methorl. He reminds us that "Thére cannot be laws greater ' than the penpic them-
Mlvee," and speaks of "This lilnri,rr- 16St' liberty, a ,cbuntry of law f disorder." fm
GEORGE G. FLEURO
In this admirable bool( Professer Yiallatfi traces the economic iiiterclel)eii(l en ce of the worlel sbown in the changes which hâve taken place j since 1875. and culminât© in the
efforts which... every nation .appears to be making tp render itself ccpnomic ally i.ndepèndeht. ^
This survey of the industrial and financial conditions oî the world is treated on broad lines. The author présents every aspect of his subject with an extraordinary knowledge of the inclustrial, commercial, political and international aspects governing European development during the past hnndred years. After the Napoleonic wars, England's domination of the N\-or'Id began a leadership main- ! tained until the great War. The ind'tetriatization of Central anrt Western Europe and the évolution of existing ambitions for trade supremacy are placed before the reader with startling elearness and imparUaU ty.
The book is at once a presentment of national ambitions, political iriistakes, the el)!) and now of 'powel' among the trading centres, and. as a résultant, of fil great war, the d:-'astrons conséquences of the protracted struggle. TI1e picture the author paints of European conditions two years after the war ).c; ps true four and hait ycan; as it was wr(lê'1J ho fini&hed his book
A. B. D
THE RISE AND FALL OF PROHIBITION, by Charles Hansnn Towne, Netv York. The MaciniUan. Co 1923. 220 pages,
The fruits of "Holy Inquisition" were fear and hatred: those of "Prohibition," the loss of self respect and conternpt of law and law-makers; of thet-ie two inquitous measures the one is as preposterons as the other, for human nature is such that it can novar bo coerced into a helief.
Mr. Towne gives us a powerful arrangement of facts portraying, not alone the failure, but also the evil that prohibition has already wrou.Sht in a great heterogeneous and pasy going land.
r:
THE RE VOLT /tr;t/.YST ClVlh
'nON, by Lothrop Stoddard. \ £■ York. Charles Scribner's §*' tr 1922. 274 1)(lac):. p, This book points out that t'hère' fl a1ways been a struggle betweeri ■■ man of intelligence a1lCl the ïnajt little or no intelligence, bet\J lirain and J)I';1\'\'II, and that in f__ strugg-le. modem civilization is P dangered,
The author believes that here' and not cnvironment capirais destiny of nations and races ■ the capacity to acquire knowler^; limitod by hereditv, and tliaf upper classes are dying out ^ Ihe lower classes are, increasin' mimber rapiflly,
The.'rise of Bolshevism is, frorr. ^ point of view, the first -step in iP1 revolt of tlie Underman world civilization. a~,,~ p*
[illisible]VICTOR HUGO DURAS
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SWITZERLAND
BERNE
E D E N Modera!e8«er^ aEN wmiBÊ 8 yj American
— ST. CALLEN ——\
ILHiLU TERMINUS tst Fi-ne tAc":,
BELLEVUE PALACE Word ln Comfort The Finest^
-■ — INTERLAKEN ROYAL ST. GEORGËJ
— LUCERNE "f* H01EL MONTANA A flrsVcla^. for Americaji» Fine locat^|
LUCANO — <1 PALACE First Clas2 TbrO>l
Own Best
LAUSANNE STATION ^
VICTORIA'» Ea.rm wltb Bath or I)re @ rm.Al<^
MONTREUX ——'
UNITED STATES
THE AMBASSAVR New York's Most ntstlnctlve^
' — " —
Spécial PrLntlt)g olant ot the pj Edition or tbe "Cbtcairo Tr Editoî: Floyd Gibbon^/ BOnCAARO, Imprimeur, 51, ^fi Garant Georges Mayen^j
PARIS
....rnnn j(j R st Pbl llQP(:Hlu. .Roule, BHM6ilû:Ch -Elys.) MPd IliPÀ- Pens. terma
WALBORF 13eaui unen. Marceau.
CONTINENTAL pominatlng Itie Tuileries gardent.
PI AFSmA 12 61 Malesherbes, FLORa DA (MADELEINE) ikiTCftin AllOC 50 Rue de l'OniversltôINTENDANCE Pension from 30 h'anCS. naim Refilled 69 Rè"3,ptioi)e uneact» room.
METROPOLITA.N Camt)on Hi,h 11,Cjass. ipi. EDt. Velidôlne)renovd.
MEURICE HOTEL & RESTAURANT Faclna ru lieriez Gardeus
PLAZA-ATHENEE 25 iûhamps-EIY5ées)A.6, ninUCnAUCCI» R Richepanse (Made'leine) i RICHEPANSE 14 MOD. COMF. Louvre 1»^
TT1F LATEST PARIS HOTEL SAVOY 194 rue de Rivoli (Tuileries). nT JAMES Il D'A LBANY IOPP.
0 300 it 100 Bath5, Pension 40 Fcs & UV,
R open to Don-resldents
ENVIRONS OF PARIS
VERSAILLES
T?.FSERVOlRS Hôtel Rest A^ouTiïï? Palace and Gardens.
TRIANON PALACE . U.^
FRANCE
AIX-LES-BAINS
CRENOBLE — PENSION M A RI G NT, 41 TId, Gambetta. | ist. cl. Lge gard. Excel, cook. Mod terms.
— HAVRE ——————
GRAND HOTEL IIAVRII'SDEST
LUCHON
SACARON Hot. & Cold Runnlng water. Suites & Batha
(.YONS ~
GRAND HOTEL Luxurious
GR m 0 NOOV EL H O T B 1 FirsKUas» American Bar.
MARSEILLES
MMTlimmi C r. Beauveau Sin. Rms, 14 F. bUlBIElLnlAL inc. Tins. 30 F. Suites & Baths,
HOTEL a VILLA BEAU-SITE. In OWU gara- ODU Towii Paru. Eut. modem. Hot. wat. & heat. ail rooms. J Ahrazard. Man. Prop.
LOU VRE& PAIX LeadlngM.t,1
Mfl Ail I CÇ The latest Hotel. nlinlLLILù and tirst class Restaurant,
O m C MkH B ï^l near Stn & Center. SPLEN DI D Tbe best, Botel
— — NIMES 1
GRAND HOTEL LUXEMBOURG, tst Class Rest. Modern Comfori. Ruoalng Watex.
— PAU ■'
CONTINENTAL
I ' ■' —————— TOURS - ■
METROPOLE «SS"
U N 1 V E R S Leadlng tn TouratneBotel
- BIARRITZ
CARLTON HOTEL. Faclng Sea. 300 rooiaa, 200 Datioa H. Maisooneuve, Manager
CONTINENTAL
GRAND HOTEL & BÈLLEYUE PALACE PexLSioD from éo Frs Grand Restaurant.
GrlU-room, Bar Basque.
L GRENOBLE . —.
HOTEL MODERNE. Paris-Nlce Alpine Route Latest corn fort: best position; Restaurant
BELGIUM
ANTWERP
TERMINUS ' PALACE SnivS"
CZECHO-SLOVAKIA
_ CARLSBAO ■ - | OLYMPIC PALACE HOTEL. Up to date Exc Cook Ing. Near Sy rlne. Open ail fear,
PRAGUE IMTn nr 01VC class Modem Comfon. tlUltl Ut JM[ Baths Excel Cooklug. ..
ENGLAND
LONDON
DIIRCNÇ' min.fr VictoriaStn.Taarlff HOTEL RUBENS' greatly reduced Stm BMl. llftTri DliOCCI I Factng garden. Russell Sq HOTEL RUSSELL. Comfortable & Moderato
IMP[RIAL HOTEI "RA/'S AA? 1 0'61
GERMANY
BAOEN-BAOEN — THE BRENN,ER HOTELS i Tbe Stechanle and the Kurbot Black Forest.
HOLLAND
THE HAGUE —
DES DEUX VILLES
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