TaoMedAI/RareMedData huggingface dataset:
Severe dermatitis-multiple allergies-metabolic wasting syndrome (ORPHA:369992)
A rare genetic epidermal disorder characterized by congenital erythroderma with severe psoriasiform dermatitis, ichthyosis, severe palmoplantar keratoderma, yellow keratosis on the hands and feet, elevated immunoglobulin E, multiple food allergies, and metabolic wasting. Other variable features may include hypotrichosis, nail dystrophy, recurrent infections, mild global developmental delay, eosinophillia, nystagmus, growth impairment and cardiac defects.
Severe disseminated cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent patients (ORPHA:35062)
A rare viral disease characterized by fulminant cytomegalovirus infection with multiple organ involvement including the brain, lung, liver, and/or heart, among others, and marked constitutional symptoms in immunocompetent patients. The condition is associated with a high case fatality rate.
Severe early-onset axonal neuropathy due to MFN2 deficiency (ORPHA:90118)
Severe early-onset axonal neuropathy due to MFN2 deficiency is a rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by early onset (<10 years) progressive distal muscle weakness and wasting of the lower limbs and later, to a lesser extent the upper limbs resulting in foot and wrist drop, areflexia, skeletal deformities (kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus with flattening, joint contractures), mild sensory impairment with vibration sense reduced to a greater extent than pain, optic atrophy and hearing loss. Wheelchair dependence by adolescence is usual and respiratory impairment with diaphragmatic paralysis may develop.
Severe early-onset obesity-insulin resistance syndrome due to SH2B1 deficiency (ORPHA:329249)
A rare, genetic form of obesity characterized by severe early-onset obesity, hyperphagia, insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia, reduced adult final height, delayed speech and language development and a tendency for social isolation and aggressive behavior.
Severe early-onset pulmonary alveolar proteinosis due to MARS deficiency (ORPHA:440427)
A rare, genetic interstitial lung disease characterized by accumulation of lipoproteins in the pulmonary alveoli leading to restrictive lung disease and respiratory failure. Patients present with dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, failure to thrive, and digital clubbing. Liver disease have been described in some cases including hepatomegaly, steatosis, fibrosis or cirrhosis.
Severe growth deficiency-strabismus-extensive dermal melanocytosis-intellectual disability syndrome (ORPHA:488627)
A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome with intellectual disability characterized by infantile onset of global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, growth deficiency, microcephaly, strabismus, blue-gray sclerae, and extensive Mongolian spots. Some patients also present with epilepsy. Brain imaging may demonstrate variable abnormalities including cerebral atrophy, thin corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, or arachnoid cysts.
Severe hemophilia A (ORPHA:169802)
A severe form of hemophilia A characterized by a large deficiency of factor VIII (biological activity <1 IU/dL) leading to frequent spontaneous hemorrhage and abnormal bleeding as a result of minor injuries, or following trauma, surgery or tooth extraction. It primarily affects males but may also be observed in female carriers of disease-causing mutations.
Severe hemophilia B (ORPHA:169793)
A severe form of hemophilia B characterized by a large deficiency of factor IX (biological activity <1 IU/dL) leading to frequent spontaneous hemorrhage and abnormal bleeding as a result of minor injuries or following trauma, surgery or tooth extraction. It primarily affects males but may also be observed in female carriers of disease-causing mutations.
Severe hypotonia-psychomotor developmental delay-strabismus-cardiac septal defect syndrome (ORPHA:467176)
Severe hypotonia-psychomotor developmental delay-strabismus-cardiac septal defect syndrome is a rare, genetic, non-dystrophic congenital myopathy disorder characterized by a neonatal-onset of severe generalized hypotonia associated with mild psychomotor delay, congenital strabismus with abducens nerve palsy, and atrial and/or ventricular septal defects. Cryptorchidism is commonly reported in male patients and muscle biopsy typically reveals increased variability in muscle fiber size.
Severe immune-mediated enteropathy (ORPHA:94075)
Severe-immune mediated enteropathy describes a variety of intestinal disorders that can range from a serious, early-onset systemic disease (IPEX; see this term) to a mild isolated gastrointestinal disease. In children it manifests with severe diarrhea and dehydration in the presence of characteristic antibodies (anti-enterocyte and anti-goblet cell) and in adults with chronic diarrhea, malabsorption and weight loss.
Severe intellectual disability and progressive spastic paraplegia (ORPHA:280763)
A rare complex hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by an early onset hypotonia that progresses to spasticity, global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability and speech impairment, microcephaly, short stature and dysmorphic features. Patients often become non-ambulatory, and some develop seizures and stereotypic laughter.
Severe intellectual disability-corpus callosum agenesis-facial dysmorphism-cerebellar ataxia syndrome (ORPHA:466688)
A rare genetic neurological disorder characterized by congenital microcephaly, severe intellectual disability, hypertonia at birth lessening with age, ataxia, and specific dysmorphic facial features including hirsutism, low anterior hairline and bitemporal narrowing, arched, thick, and medially sparse eyebrows, long eyelashes, lateral upper eyelids swelling and a skin fold partially covering the inferior eyelids, low-set posteriorly rotated protruding ears, anteverted nares, and a full lower lip. Brain imaging shows partial to almost complete agenesis of the corpus callosum and variable degrees of cerebellar hypoplasia.
Severe intellectual disability-epilepsy-anal anomalies-distal phalangeal hypoplasia (ORPHA:94066)
Severe intellectual disability-epilepsy-anal anomalies-distal phalangeal hypoplasia is characterised by severe intellectual deficit, epilepsy, hypoplasia of the terminal phalanges, and an anteriorly displaced anus. It has been described in two sisters born to consanguineous parents. The syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and appears to be caused by anomalies in to chromosome regions, one localised to chromosome 1 and the other to chromosome 14.
Severe intellectual disability-poor language-strabismus-grimacing face-long fingers syndrome (ORPHA:363686)
A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by global development delay with very limited or absent speech and language, severe intellectual disability, long slender fingers, ocular abnormalities (typically strabismus or hypermetropia), and facial dysmorphism that includes a grimacing facial expression, a tubular-shaped nose with a prominent, broad base and tip, and other variable features, such as broad forehead, hypertelorism, deep-set eyes, narrow palpebral fissures, short philtrum and/or broad mouth.
Severe intellectual disability-progressive postnatal microcephaly-midline stereotypic hand movements syndrome (ORPHA:397933)
A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability characterized by severe intellectual disability, non-inherited, progressive, post-natal microcephaly, hypotonia, hyperkinesia, absence of speech, strabismus, and midline stereotypic hand movements (e.g. hand washing/rubbing). Additional features include developmental delay, seizures and behavioral disturbances, such as self injury and unexplained crying episodes.
Severe intellectual disability-progressive spastic diplegia syndrome (ORPHA:404473)
A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by intellectual disability, significant motor delay, severe speech impairment, early-onset truncal hypotonia with progressive distal hypertonia/spasticity, microcephaly, and behavioral anomalies (autistic features, aggression or auto-aggressive behavior, sleep disturbances). Variable facial dysmorphism includes broad nasal tip with small alae nasi, long and/or flat philtrum, thin upper lip vermillion. Visual impairment (strabismus, hyperopia, myopia) is commonly associated.
Severe intellectual disability-short stature-behavioral abnormalities-facial dysmorphism syndrome (ORPHA:391307)
A rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability syndrome characterized by severe intellectual disability with limited or absent speech and language, short stature, acquired microcephaly, kyphoscoliosis or scoliosis, and behavioral disturbances that include hyperactivity, stereotypy and aggressiveness. Facial dysmorphism, that typically includes sloping forehead, mild synophrys, deep-set eyes, strabismus, anteverted large ears, prominent nose and dental malposition, is also characteristic.
Severe lateral tibial bowing-short stature-mild winged scapula-mild facial dysmorphism syndrome (ORPHA:324307)
Severe lateral tibial bowing with short stature is a rare, genetic, primary bent bone dysplasia characterized by significant, uni-/bilateral, lateral tibial bowing localized to the distal two-thirds of the tibia, with respective cortical thickening and thinning of the inner and outer tibial curve, loss of normal trabecular bone, bilateral abnormalities of the tibial epiphyses and growth plates, as well as foot abnormalities, including abnormally high arches. Affected individuals have short stature with absence of other skeletal abnormalities.
Severe microbrachycephaly-intellectual disability-athetoid cerebral palsy syndrome (ORPHA:1236)
A rare, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism, including microbrachycephaly, sloping forehead, micro/anophthalmia, large ears, prominent nasal root, mild micrognathia, and cleft palate, associated with cerebral palsy with choreoathetoid movements, intellectual disability, dextrocardia and longitudinal folding of plantae pedis. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1992.
Severe motor and intellectual disabilities-sensorineural deafness-dystonia syndrome (ORPHA:369939)
A rare, genetic, neurological disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, infantile onset of sensorineural deafness, severe global developmental delay or absent psychomotor development, paraplegia or quadriplegia with dystonia and pyramidal signs, microcephaly, ocular abnormalities (strabismus, optic atrophy), mildly dysmorphic features (deep-set eyes, prominent nasal bridge, micrognathia), seizures and abnormalities of brain morphology (hypomyelinating white matter changes, cerebral atrophy).
Severe myopia-generalized joint laxity-short stature syndrome (ORPHA:527450)
A rare developmental defect with connective tissue involvement characterized by joint hyperextensibility and multiple dislocations of large joints, severe myopia, and short stature. Other common features include retinal detachment, iris and chorioretinal coloboma, kyphoscoliosis and other spine deformities, pectus carinatum, talipes equinovarus, and progressive hearing loss.
Severe neonatal lactic acidosis due to NFS1-ISD11 complex deficiency (ORPHA:397593)
Severe neonatal lactic acidosis due to NFS1-ISD11 complex deficiency is a rare, hereditary, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorder characterized by severe neonatal lactic acidosis and deficiency of mitochondrial complexes I, II and III. Clinical features are variable and may include hypotonia, respiratory distress with cyanosis, failure to thrive, feeding difficulties, hypoglycemia, dehydration, vomiting, seizures, and a risk of multiple organ failure.
Severe neonatal-onset encephalopathy with microcephaly (ORPHA:209370)
Severe neonatal-onset encephalopathy with microcephaly is a rare monogenic disease with epilepsy characterized by neonatal-onset encephalopathy, microcephaly, severe developmental delay or absent development, breathing abnormalities (including central hypoventilation and/or respiratory insufficiency), intractable seizures, abnormal muscle tone and involuntary movements. Early death is usual.
Severe neurodegenerative syndrome with lipodystrophy (ORPHA:363400)
A rare, genetic, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive psychomotor and cognitive regression (manifesting with gait ataxia, spasticity, loss of language, mild to severe intellectual disability, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs and, frequently, development of tretraplegia or tetraparesis) associated with variable degrees of lipodystrophy, hepatomegaly, hypertriglyceridemia and muscular hypertrophy. Hyperactivity, tremor and development of seizures may also be associated.
Severe neurodevelopmental disorder with feeding difficulties-stereotypic hand movement-bilateral cataract (ORPHA:500545)
A rare pervasive developmental disorder characterized by microcephaly, profound developmental delay, intellectual disability, bilateral cataracts, severe epilepsy including infantile spasms, hypotonia, irritability, feeding difficulties leading to failure to thrive, and stereotypic hand movements. The disease manifests in infancy. Brain imaging reveals delay in myelination and cerebral atrophy.
Severe oculo-renal-cerebellar syndrome (ORPHA:2715)
A rare multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by profound intellectual disability, choreoathetosis, progressive spastic diplegia, progressive tapetoretinal degeneration with loss of retinal vessels, and glomerulopathy resulting in death late in the first or early in the second decade of life. Absence of the cerebellar granular layer has been reported. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1982.
Severe primary trimethylaminuria (ORPHA:468726)
A rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by the presence of large amounts of trimethylamine in urine, sweat, and breath, resulting in a fishy body odor in affected individuals. While there are no additional signs and symptoms, the condition can have profound psychosocial consequences.
Severe X-linked intellectual disability, Gustavson type (ORPHA:3078)
A rare, genetic, X-linked syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, post-natal growth retardation, severe visual impairment or blindness (due to optic atrophy), severe hearing defect, spasticity, epileptic seizures, restricted large-joint movements and early death (in infancy or early childhood). Facial dysmorphic features (large dysplastic ears and short broad nose) are additionally observed. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1993.
Severe X-linked mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (ORPHA:238329)
Severe X-linked mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is an extremely rare mitochondrial respiratory chain disease resulting in a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by psychomotor delay, hypotonia, areflexia, muscle weakness and wasting in the two patients reported to date.
Sex cord-stromal tumor of testis (ORPHA:363489)
A group of rare tumors of testis comprising neoplasms of pure sex cord or pure stromal type, or neoplasms with admixtures of both components in various proportions and degree of differentiation. The tumors usually present as a painless testicular mass, although some may be associated with endocrine manifestations such as precocious puberty, gynecomastia, or erectile dysfunction. Malignant behavior is seen only in a small percentage of these tumors.
Sheehan syndrome (ORPHA:91355)
Sheehan syndrome is a rare, acquired, pituitary hormone deficiency disorder resulting from pituitary necrosis following peri- or postpartum hemorrhage characterized by various symptoms depending on resulting hormone decrease (e.g. failure or difficulty with lactation, oligo- or amenorrhea, hot flashes, decreased libido, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, dizziness, decreased muscle mass, adrenal crisis). Secondary hypothyroidism and secondary adrenal insufficiency may also be presenting signs.
Sheldon-Hall syndrome (ORPHA:1147)
Sheldon-Hall syndrome (SHS) is a rare multiple congenital contracture syndrome characterized by contractures of the distal joints of the limbs, triangular face, downslanting palpebral fissures, small mouth, and high arched palate.
Epidemiology
Epidemiological data for the prevalence of SHS are not available, but less than 100 cases have been reported in the literature.
Clinical description
Other common clinical features of SHS include prominent nasolabial folds, high arched palate, attached earlobes, mild cervical webbing, short stature, severe camptodactyly, ulnar deviation, and vertical talus and/or talipes equinovarus. Typically, the contractures are most severe at birth and non-progressive.
Etiology
Mutations in either MYH3, TNNI2, or TNNT3 have been found in about 50% of cases. These genes encode proteins of the contractile apparatus of fast twitch skeletal muscle fibers.
Diagnostic methods
The diagnosis of SHS is based on clinical criteria.
Differential diagnosis
Mutation analysis is useful to distinguish SHS from arthrogryposis syndromes with similar features (e.g. distal arthrogryposis 1 and Freeman-Sheldon syndrome; see these terms).
Antenatal diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasonography is feasible at 18-24 weeks of gestation. If the family history is positive and the mutation is known in the family, prenatal molecular genetic diagnosis is possible.
Genetic counseling
SHS is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern but about half the cases are sporadic.
Management and treatment
There is no specific therapy for SHS. However, patients benefit from early intervention with occupational and physical therapy, serial casting, and/or surgery.
Prognosis
Life expectancy and cognitive abilities are normal.

                            Last update: 
                            March 2009


                            - Expert reviewer(s): 
                            Pr Michaël BAMSHAD  - Dr Reha TOYDEMIR
Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (ORPHA:90038)
A rare thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal dysfunction that is usually associated with prodromal enteritis caused by Shigella dysentriae type 1 or E. Coli.
Shigellosis (ORPHA:810)
Shigellosis is a bacterial infection leading to dysentery and is caused by Shigella, which are small, ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the enterobacteria family. There are four species: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei, all of which cause bacillary dysentery and are strictly limited to human hosts.
Clinical description
Clinically, after an incubation period of 2-3 days, dysenteric syndrome appears, with 10-30 glairy, bloody watery stools per day, a high temperature (40°C) and abdominal pain. Examination of the intestinal mucosa with endoscopy shows multiple ulcerations.
Etiology
In western Europe, cases of shigellosis are either imported or limited to small familial epidemics and usually food-borne. They are mostly due to S. sonnei. The virulence of shigellas is a result of their ability to invade the intestinal epithelium by passing between contiguous epithelial cells, leading to the destruction of the intestinal mucosa.
Diagnostic methods
Diagnosis is based on evidence of the bacilli in stools.
Management and treatment
Treatment revolves around administration of antibiotics, quinolones and cotrimoxazole, and rehydration to alleviate symptoms. Strict isolation of affected individuals is essential to limit epidemics. The disease is notifiable

                            Last update: 
                            August 2006


                            - Expert reviewer(s): 
                            Dr Elisabeth ASLANGUL
Shone complex (ORPHA:99063)
Shone complex is a rare congenital cardiac malformation characterized by a complex of four obstructive lesions of the left heart: supravalvular mitral membrane, parachute mitral valve, muscular or membranous subvalvular aortic stenosis and coarctation of aorta. Clinical manifestations include heart murmur, shortness of breath and increased load intolerance, left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation of the left atrium. Partial forms, involving only two or three out of the four specific anomalies, are also described and occasionally other cardiovascular anomalies (e.g. bicuspid aortic valve, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect) may be associated.
Short bowel syndrome (ORPHA:104008)
Short bowel syndrome is an intestinal failure due to either a congenital defect, intestinal infarction or extensive surgical resection of the intestinal tract that results in a functional small intestine of less than 200cm in length and is characterized by diarrhea, nutrient malabsoption, bowel dilation and dysmobility.
Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (ORPHA:26792)
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency is a very rare inborn error of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation characterized by variable manifestations ranging from asymptomatic individuals (in most cases) to those with failure to thrive, hypotonia, seizures, developmental delay and progressive myopathy.
Epidemiology
Approximately 50 patients have been identified worldwide to date. The Netherlands has an estimated birth prevalence of at least 1/50,000.
Clinical description
Most infants with SCAD deficiency identified through newborn screening programs have been well at the time of diagnosis and most have remained asymptomatic. In affected individuals manifestations include seizures, developmental delay (delayed sitting/walking and/or speech/social interaction), failure to grow with poor feeding, and usually muscle weakness and hypotonia.
Etiology
Symptomatic SCAD deficiency is due to mutations in the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, C-2 to C-3 short chain ACADS gene (12q24.31) as well as additional as yet unidentified precipitating factors.
Diagnostic methods
SCAD deficiency has been defined as the presence of (1) increased butyrylcarnitine (C4) concentrations in plasma and/or increased ethylmalonic acid (EMA) concentrations in urine under non-stressed conditions (on at least two occasions) and (2) biallelic ACADS mutations or susceptibility variants 511C>T and 625G>A. Newborn screening programs in Austria, Hungary and Iceland now usually identify patients with SCAD deficiency at birth. Asymptomatic relatives may meet the diagnostic criteria for SCAD deficiency.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnoses include multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), ethylmalonic encephalopathy and acute ackee fruit intoxication (see these terms).
Antenatal diagnosis
Antenatal diagnosis is not relevant as asymptomatic and symptomatic family members can have the same SCAD genotype.
Genetic counseling
SCAD deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and genetic counseling is possible.
Management and treatment
Most patients are asymptomatic and no treatment is needed. Some symptomatic patients are given riboflavin and follow a low fat/high carbohydrate diet and avoid fasting. Acute metabolic acidosis can be treated by the administration of high levels of dextrose (with or without insulin) and IV fluids. Seizures can be treated with anticonvulsants but valproate should be avoided. Pregnancies should be monitored for complications such as acute fatty liver of pregnancy and preeclampsia (see these terms). Follow-up at a metabolic clinic should include the regular assessment of growth and development and nutritional status of patients.
Prognosis
The prognosis is good in asymptomatic patients but variable in those who display the disease manifestations.

                            Last update: 
                            February 2014


                            - Expert reviewer(s): 
                            Dr Simon OLPIN