Intermediate maple syrup urine disease (ORPHA:268162)
Intermediate maple syrup urine disease (intermediate MSUD) is a milder form of MSUD (see this term) characterized by persistently raised branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and ketoacids, but fewer or no acute episodes of decompensation.
Epidemiology
The estimated birth prevalence of MSUD is 1/ 150,000. Around 30% of cases are believed to be of the intermediate type.
Clinical description
Symptom onset of intermediate MSUD varies between the early months and the early years of childhood. Infants may have feeding problems, poor growth, maple syrup odor in urine and developmental delay. Older children usually present with learning difficulties. Like classic MSUD (see this term), catabolic stress can result in acute decompensation with anorexia, vomiting, ataxia (in infants/toddlers), cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, hallucinations, hyperactivity, mood swings, acute dystonia, choreoathetosis (in adults), stupor, coma and cerebral edema, if untreated.
Etiology
MSUD is due to mutations in genes encoding 3 of the 4 subunits of the branched chain 2-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) complex. The genes are BCKDHA (19q13.1-q13.2), encoding E1a, BCKDHB (6q14.1), encoding E1b, and DBT (1p31), encoding E2 respectively. Mutations lead to accumulation of BCAAs (especially leucine) and branched-chain alpha-ketoacids. In intermediate MSUD mutations in BCKDHB and DBT predominate. A mutation in the PPM1K gene (4q22.1) was found in one case.
Diagnostic methods
Intermediate MSUD can be diagnosed by tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening. Otherwise, plasma amino acid analysis is diagnostic. Plasma leucine levels are increased while isoleucine and valine levels may be normal or increased. Patients have 3-30% BCKAD activity so their levels of plasma BCAAs are not as high as those seen in classic MSUD (see this term). Molecular genetic testing can identify a disease causing mutation, equally confirming diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnoses of the presenting symptoms include other inborn errors of intermediary metabolism such as NAGS deficiency, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, argininosuccinic aciduria (and other urea cycle defects), neonatal glycine encephalopathy, propionic acidemia, methylmalonic acidemia, and beta-ketothiolase deficiency (see these terms).
Antenatal diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis is possible in families with a known disease-causing mutation.
Genetic counseling
Intermediate MSUD is inherited autosomal recessively and genetic counseling is possible.
Management and treatment
Treatment of intermediate MSUD is similar to classic MSUD. Infants require high calorie BCAA-free formulas, dietary leucine restriction and close outpatient monitoring at a metabolic clinic. Management of acute decompensation requires aggressive enhancement of protein anabolism using glucose plus insulin, intravenous lipids, plasma amino acid monitoring, and isoleucine and valine supplements. Patients must adhere to a strict life-long diet to avoid episodes of acute decompensation. Special monitoring during pregnancy is vital.
Prognosis
With early diagnosis and appropriate therapy the prognosis is good, but because the disorder is mild, diagnostic delay is common and some neurological damage may be sustained.

                            Last update: 
                            April 2014


                            - Expert reviewer(s): 
                            Dr Bridget WILCKEN