TaoMedAI/RareMedData huggingface dataset:
Distal deletion 6p (ORPHA:96125)
Distal monosomy 6p is responsible for a distinct chromosome deletion syndrome with a recognizable clinical picture including intellectual deficit, ocular abnormalities, hearing loss, and facial dysmorphism.
Epidemiology
Pure deletions have been described in less than 10 patients.
Clinical description
Ocular abnormalities mainly affect the anterior chamber of the eye. Dysmorphic features include hypertelorism, broad forehead, down-slanting palpebral fissures, low-set ears, midface hypoplasia, and micrognathia. Intellectual deficit is variable in severity.
Etiology
Breakpoints are within 6p24-pter subtelomeric bands and microdeletions are detected by specific subtelomeric probes or comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH).

                            Last update: 
                            December 2010


                            - Expert reviewer(s): 
                            Dr Nicole MORICHON-DELVALLEZ
Distal deletion 7p (ORPHA:96126)
Distal monosomy 7p is a partial autosomal monosomy characterized by developmental delay and intellectual disability, digital anomalies, congenital heart and urogenital anomalies, and specific craniofacial features, commonly including craniosynostosis.
Distal deletion 9p (ORPHA:1642)
Distal monosomy 9p is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 9, with a highly variable phenotype typically characterized by intellectual disability, craniofacial dysmorphism (trigonocephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges), abnormal digits (long middle phalanges with short distal phalanges), as well as frequent association with genitourinary abnormalities (cryptorchidism, hypospadias, ambiguous genitalia, 46,XY testicular dysgenesis). Congenital hypothyroidism and cardiovascular defects have been reported in some cases. Patients present an increased risk for gonadoblastoma.
Distal duplication 10q (ORPHA:96102)
Distal trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q) is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth retardation, a pattern of specific facial features, hypotonia, and developmental and psychomotor delay.
Epidemiology
To date, approximately 40 cases of trisomy 10q have been reported.
Clinical description
Most cases are diagnosed in infancy or in childhood. The range and severity of symptoms and physical findings may vary from case to case, depending upon the exact length and location of the duplicated portion of chromosome 10q. Characteristic craniofacial findings include a flat round face with full cheeks and a large prominent forehead, highly arched eyebrows, short and narrow palpebral fissures (blepharophimosis), widely spaced eyes with telecanthus, a short nose, a bow-shaped mouth with a prominent upper lip, and a small mandible. A few major malformations have also been reported, including renal and cardiac anomalies. Minor defects of the hands and/or feet, bone anomalies and cryptorchidism are frequent signs.
Etiology
The duplicated region almost always includes 10qter, with the most frequent proximal breakpoint at 10q24 (with variation from q22 to q25). Interstitial duplications of 10q have also been reported. Most cases of distal trisomy 10q result from of a parental balanced translocation or pericentric inversion, and may be accompanied by another chromosomal imbalance. Intrachromosomal duplications or de novo translocations are also observed.
Diagnostic methods
Diagnosis is suspected on the basis of the clinical features and is confirmed by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific 10q probes.
Antenatal diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis is possible using cytogenetic tools.
Genetic counseling
The risk of recurrence for siblings depends on the parental karyotypes.
Management and treatment
Management is multidisciplinary and symptomatic only. Early educational (speech, occupational and physical therapy) and rehabilitation programs should be offered to all patients.
Prognosis
Prognosis is variable. A number of reported patients died in infancy from respiratory problems.

                            Last update: 
                            February 2009


                            - Expert reviewer(s): 
                            Dr Catherine TURLEAU
Distal duplication 11q (ORPHA:96103)
Distal trisomy 11q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 11, with high phenotypic variability principally characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (brachycephaly/plagiocephaly, low-set, posteriorly rotated ears, short philtrum, micrognathia) and intellectual disability. Short stature and seizures, as well as cardiac (e.g. atrial septal defect), skeletal (incl. brachy/syndactyly) and genital (e.g. micropenis, cryptorchidism) abnormalities may also be associated. Neurodevelopmental anomalies (pain insensitivity, sensorineural hearing loss, expressive language deficiency) and neuropsychiatric disorders (autistic features, auditory hallucination, self-talking) have also been reported.
Distal duplication 13q (ORPHA:96105)
Distal trisomy 13q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 13, with variable phenotype principally characterized by intellectual disability, psychomotor delay, craniofacial dysmorphism (incl. microcephaly, bushy eyebrows, long curled eyelashes, hypotelorism, low-set ears, prominent nasal bridge, long philtrum, high palate, thin upper lip), short neck, polydactyly, and hemangiomas. Cardiac, urogenital and neural tube defects, as well as umbilical and inguinal hernias, seizures and hypotonia, have also been reported.
Distal duplication 14q (ORPHA:1705)
Distal trisomy 14q is a rare, partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 14 characterized by variable clinical features, most commonly including growth retardation and low birth weight, hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, short stature, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism (frontal bossing, hypertelorism, bulbous nose, micrognathia, sparse hair and eyebrows), congenital heart defects, spasticity and hyperreflexia.
Distal duplication 16q (ORPHA:96106)
Distal trisomy 16q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 16, with variable phenotype principally characterized by developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, hypotonia, facial dysmorphism (incl. high, prominent forehead, epicanthic folds, dysplastic ears, broad/depressed nasal bridge, malar hypoplasia, narrow and arched palate, thin upper lip vermilion, micrognathia) and hand/feet anomalies (e.g. arachnodactyly, talipes equinovarus). Cardiac defects, genitourinary malformations and vertebral anomalies are also associated. Thrombocytopenia and recurrent infections have also been reported.
Distal duplication 17q (ORPHA:3379)
Distal trisomy 17q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome with variable phenotype principally characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism (incl. microcephaly, low posterior hairline, frontal bossing, bitemporal narrowing, low-set and malformed ears, flat nasal bridge, long philtrum, wide mouth with downturned corners, thin upper lip) and a short, webbed neck, as well as skeletal anomalies (e.g. brachyrhizomelia, poly-/syndactyly) and joint hyperlaxity. Cardiac, cerebral, and urogenital anomalies are also frequently associated.
Distal duplication 18q (ORPHA:1716)
A rare, partial autosomal trisomy characterized by a variable phenotype that includes hypotonia, motor delay, mild to severe intellectual disability, seizures, variable cerebral anomalies, finger/toe syndactyly, fifth finger clinodactyly, strabismus, short neck and dysmorphic facial features.
Distal duplication 19q (ORPHA:1717)
Distal trisomy 19q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome characterized by low birth weight, developmental delay, intellectual disability, short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism (incl. microcephaly, midface hypoplasia, hypertelorism, flat nasal bridge, ear anomalies, short philtrum, downturned corners of the mouth, micrognathia) and a short neck with redundant skin folds. Additional features may include hypotonia, skeletal anomalies (e.g. clino/camptodactyly), seizures and congenital cardiac, urogenital and gastrointestinal malformations.
Distal duplication 1p36 (ORPHA:96069)
Distal trisomy 1p36 is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 1, characterized by borderline to mild intellectual disability, mild developmental delay, metopic craniosynostosis and mild craniofacial dysmorphism (incl. slopping forehead, bitemporal narrowing, blepharophimosis). Other associated abnormalities may include growth retardation, microcephaly, large hands, syndactyly, supernumerary ribs, rectal stenosis and/or anterior displacement of anus. Congenital heart malformations (e.g. atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus) have also been reported.
Distal duplication 20q (ORPHA:96107)
Distal trisomy 20q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 20, with high phenotypic variability mostly characterized by neurodevelopmental delay, cardiac malformations (e.g. ventricular septal defect, coarctation of aorta) and facial dysmorphism (incl. large/high forehead, microphthalmia, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, large, long, low-set ears, anteverted nares, protruding upper lip, cleft lip/palate, micro/retrognathia, dimpled chin). Skeletal (brachydactyly, scoliosis, pectus excavatum) and cerebral anomalies have also been reported.
Distal duplication 22q (ORPHA:96109)
Distal trisomy 22q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 22, with variable phenotype principally characterized by varying degrees of intellectual disabilty and developmental delay, pre- and postnatal growth deficiency, hypotonia, and craniofacial dysmorphism (incl. microcephaly, hypertelorism, narrow and upslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, low-set dysplastic ears, broad and depressed nasal bridge, cleft lip an/or palate, long philtrum, retro/micrognathia). Congenital heart defects, as well as cerebral, skeletal, renal and genital anomalies, have also been reported.
Distal duplication 2p (ORPHA:96070)
Distal trisomy 2p is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 2, with a highly variable phenotype principally characterized by pre- and post-natal growth failure, global developmental delay, facial dysmorphism (incl. high forehead/frontal bossing, abnormal ear shape and/or position, hypertelorism/telecanthus, broad/depressed nasal bridge) and ocular anomalies (e.g. exophthalmos, retinal hypopigmentation, optic nerve and foveal hypoplasia). Other reported anomalies include generalized hypotonia, pectus excavatum, long fingers and toes, syndactyly, congenital heart (e.g. ventricular and atrial septal defects) and neural tube defects, seizures, pulmonary hypoplasia, diaphragmatic hernia and urogenital anomalies.
Distal duplication 2q (ORPHA:96094)
Distal trisomy 2q is a rare chromosomal anomaly, resulting from the partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 2, characterized by moderate psychomotor delay, mild intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism (high hairline, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, large, low-set and/or posteriorly rotated ears, depressed/broad nasal bridge, prominent nasal tip, thin upper lip vermillion), clino-/camptodactyly and normal or increased body measurements. On occasion genital anomalies (hypospadias, cryptorchidism, shawl scrotum) and short stature may be observed.
Distal duplication 3p (ORPHA:96071)
Distal trisomy 3p is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 3, with highly variable phenotype principally characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (incl. brachy-/microcephaly, square facies, frontal bossing, bitemporal indentation, hypertelorism/telecanthus, low-set and/or dysmorphic ears, short nose with broad, flat nasal bridge, prominent cheeks and philtrum, downturned corners of mouth, micrognathia/retrognathia, short neck) associated with psychomotor delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, cardiac (e.g. patent ductus arteriosus) and urogenital (e.g. renal hypoplasia, hypogenitalism) abnormalities, as well as seizures and presence of whorls on fingers.
Distal duplication 4q (ORPHA:96096)
Distal trisomy 4q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 4, with highly variable phenotype typically characterized by psychomotor delay, intellectual disability, craniofacial dysmorphism (microcephaly, low-set, prominent ears, downslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, broad, prominent nasal bridge, high arched and cleft palate, micro-/retrognathia), seizures, as well as tooth and digital anomalies (clinodactyly, polydactyly). Cardiac malformations, renal anomalies, cryptorchidism, hypotonia and hearing impairment have also been reported.
Distal duplication 5q (ORPHA:96097)
Distal trisomy 5q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from a partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 5, characterized by short stature, moderate intellectual disability, and craniofacial dysmorphism (microcephaly, flat facies, large, low-set dysplastic ears, down-slanted, almond-shaped palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, small nose, long philtrum, small mouth with thin upper lip, and micrognathia). Patients also frequently present speech and cognitive delay, cardiac (ventriculomegaly, ventricular septum defect) and skeletal abnormalities (craniosynostosis, radial agenesis, ulnar hypoplasia, brachydactyly) and genital malformations (hypospadias, cryptorchidism).
Distal duplication 6p (ORPHA:1745)
Distal trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 6 is characterized by pre- and postnatal growth retardation, a pattern of specific facial features (mostly of the eyes), microcephaly, and developmental delay.
Epidemiology
To date, approximately 40 cases of trisomy 6p have been reported.
Clinical description
Characteristic craniofacial findings include a prominent forehead, small and short palpebral fissures (blepharophimosis), upper lid ptosis, close-set eyes with a prominent nasal bridge, a short bulbous nose, a small mouth with thin lips, a small and pointed chin, and low-set ears with poorly developed lobes. A few major malformations have been reported, including congenital heart defects (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and patent arterial duct; see these terms) and renal abnormalities including hydronephrosis and hypoplastic kidney. Cataracts, microcornea and strabismus may be observed.
Etiology
The duplicated region almost always includes 6pter, with proximal breakpoints ranging from 6p21 to 6p25. Interstitial duplications of 6p have also been reported with different phenotypes depending on their size and location. Most cases of distal trisomy 6p result from missegregation of a familial balanced translocation, or pericentric inversion, and are accompanied by another chromosomal imbalance. Intrachromosomal duplications or de novo translocations are also observed.
Diagnostic methods
Diagnosis is based on clinical features and confirmed by karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific 6p probes. The risk of recurrence for siblings depends on the parental karyotypes.
Antenatal diagnosis
Cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis is possible.
Management and treatment
Management is multi-disciplinary and symptomatic only. Early educational and rehabilitation programs should be offered to all patients.
Prognosis
The prognosis is variable. A number of patients have died in infancy from respiratory or severe feeding problems.

                            Last update: 
                            February 2009
Distal duplication 6q (ORPHA:96098)
Distal trisomy 6q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome resulting from the partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 6, with highly variable phenotype, typically characterized by growth and developmental delay, intellectual disability, craniofacial dysmorphism (microcephaly, flat facial profile, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, downward-slanting palpebral fissures, flat nasal bridge, anteverted nares, bow shaped mouth, micrognathia), short webbed neck and joint contractures. Cardiac, urogenital, ophthalmologic and hand and foot anomalies, as well as umbilical hernia, spasticity, and seizures, are other features that have been reported.
Distal duplication 7p (ORPHA:96074)
Distal trisomy 7p is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 7, with highly variable phenotype typically characterized by severe to profound psychomotor delay, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features (incl. dolichocephaly, microbrachycephaly, high and/or broad forehead, large anterior fontanel, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, low-set, dysplastic ears, low, broad and prominent nasal bridge, abnormal palate, micro-/retrognathia), and hypotonia. Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skeletal and urogenital anomalies have commonly been reported.
Distal duplication 8q (ORPHA:96100)
Distal trisomy 8q is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome resulting from the partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 8, with a highly variable phenotype, typically characterized by growth and developmental delay, intellectual disability, short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism (microcephaly, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, abnormal palpebral fissures, low-set, large ears, anteverted tip of nose, micro/retrognathia), congenital heart defects and skeletal and limb anomalies. Other reported features include ophthalmologic abnormalities (e.g. megalocornea), cryptorchidism, hypertrichosis, and neurologic manifestations (e.g. hypotonia, hearing loss, and seizures).
Distal duplication 9q (ORPHA:96101)
Distal trisomy 9q is a rare chromosomal anomaly, resulting from the partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 9, with a variable phenotype mostly characterized by psychomotor and speech delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, long narrow habitus, craniofacial dysmorphism (incl. micro/dolichocephaly, facial asymmetry, narrow palpebral fissures, deep-set eyes, strabismus, microphthalmia, abnormally shaped ears, microstomia, micro/retrognathia) and hand and feet anomalies (incl. arachnodactyly, camptodactyly, abnormal implantation of digits). Congenital flexion contractures and limited joint movements have also been observed.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 1 (ORPHA:139518)
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 1 is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by slowly-progressive lower limb muscular weakness and atrophy, without sensory impairment. Additional clinical features may include pes cavus, hammertoe and increased muscle tone.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 2 (ORPHA:139525)
A rare autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy characterized by onset of slowly progressive distal limb weakness and atrophy between the second and fifth decades of life. Sensory involvement is typically less pronounced or absent. The severity of the condition is variable, and both lower and upper extremities may be involved.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 5 (ORPHA:139536)
A rare autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy disease characterized by muscle weakness and wasting predominantly affecting the hands, in particular the thenar and first dorsal interosseus muscles, and/or marked foot deformity and gait disturbance. Sensation is normal, although reduced response to vibration has been described. The disease is slowly progressive with an age of onset within the first few decades of life.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 7 (ORPHA:139589)
A rare, slowly progressive genetic peripheral neuropathy characterized by distal atrophy and weakness affecting the upper limbs (with a predilection for the thenar eminence) and subsequently the lower limbs, associated with uni- or bilateral vocal cord paresis leading to hoarse voice and breathing difficulties, and facial weakness.
Distal hereditary motor neuropathy, Jerash type (ORPHA:139552)
A rare, genetic, neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive, symmetrical, moderate to severe, distal muscle weakness and atrophy, without sensory involvement, first affecting the lower limbs (towards the end of the first decade) and then involving (within two years) the upper extremities. Patients typically develop foot drop, pes varus, hammer toes and claw hands. Pyramidal tract signs (such as brisk knee reflexes and positive Babinski sign) with absent ankle reflexes are initially associated but regress as disease stabilizes (~10 years after onset).
Distal limb deficiencies-micrognathia syndrome (ORPHA:1307)
The distal limb deficiencies-micrognathia syndrome is characterized by the combination of symmetric severe distal limb reduction deficiencies affecting all four limbs (oligodactyly), microretrognathia, and microstomia with or without cleft palate.
Epidemiology
It has been reported in four patients; two of them were siblings and had moderate intellectual deficiency.
Clinical description
Two non-related subjects also had severe myopia, bilateral conductive hearing loss and a renal change, referred to as oligomeganephronia, or renal hypoplasia.
Etiology
Using high resolution oligoarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), a 10q24 duplication or triplication was recently detected in all these patients, similar to the duplication detected in an isolated form of split hand foot malformation (SHFM; see this term).

                            Last update: 
                            June 2010
Distal monosomy 7q36 (ORPHA:1636)
Distal monosomy 7q36 is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from a partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7, with a highly variable phenotype typically characterized by holoprosencephaly, growth restriction, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism (facial clefts, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, low-set ears, flat and broad nasal bridge, large mouth), abnormal fingers and palm or sole creases, ocular abnormalities, and other congenital malformations (incl. genital anomalies and caudal deficiency sequence). Cardiopathies have been occasionally reported.
Distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset (ORPHA:178400)
A rare, genetic neuromuscular disease characterized by a progressive muscle weakness starting in the anterior tibial muscles, later involving lower and upper limb muscles, associated with an increased serum creatine kinase levels and absence of dysferlin on muscle biopsy. Patients become wheelchair dependent.