Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: Because the O–H bonds are polar, the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the two hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge.
Tamazight: ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ O–Hⵉⵇⵓⵟⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵏⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵏⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵙⵉ.
English: Water is also adhesive as it is able to adhere to the surface of any polar or charged non-water molecules.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵍⵍⵖⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴷⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: The lower density of ice compared to liquid water is due to the lower number of water molecules that form the crystal lattice structure of ice, which leaves a large amount of space between water molecules.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵏⵏⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⵍⴰⵡⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Thus, a large amount of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to convert liquid water into gas (or water vapor).
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⴷⵕⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⵣ (ⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ).
English: With the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⴷⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⴽⵕⴱⵓⵏ.
English: For example, a single carbon atom can form four single covalent bonds such as in methane, two double covalent bonds such as in carbon dioxide, or a triple covalent bond such as in carbon monoxide (CO).
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵎⵣⵎⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵎⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ (CO).
English: A hydrocarbon backbone can be substituted by other elements such as oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which can change the chemical behavior of that compound.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴷⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴱⵓⵣⵄⵔⵓⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵍⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ(O), ⵍⵀⵉⴷⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ (H), ⵍⴼⵓⵚⴼⵓⵕ (P), ⴷ ⵍⴽⴱⵔⵉⵢⵜ (S), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵎⵢⴰⵢⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ.
English: When two monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose are linked together, they can form a disaccharide such as sucrose.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⴷⴰⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵙⴰⴽⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵍⴳⵍⵉⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵔⴽⵟⵓⵣ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴽⵕⵓⵙ.
English: These lipids are organic compounds that are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵔⵥⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵢⵉⵏⵏ.
English: The glycerol and phosphate group together constitute the polar and hydrophilic (or head) region of the molecule whereas the fatty acids make up the nonpolar and hydrophobic (or tail) region.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵚⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴳⵍⵉⵙⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵓⵚⴼⴰⴼⴰⵟ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ) ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⵕⵉⵥⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴹⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴰⵛⵡⴰⵍ).
English: Proteins are the most diverse of the macromolecules, which include enzymes, transport proteins, large signaling molecules, antibodies, and structural proteins.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵏⵣⵉⵎⴰⵜ, ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵢ, ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: The polarity and charge of the side chains affect the solubility of amino acids.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵚ ⵜⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ.
English: The primary structure consists of a unique sequence of amino acids that are covalently linked together by peptide bonds.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⴷⵉ.
English: The folding of alpha helices and beta sheets gives a protein its three-dimensional or tertiary structure.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ.
English: The purines include guanine (G) and adenine (A) whereas the pyrimidines consist of cytosine (T), uracil (U), and thymine (T).
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏⵏ (ⴳ) ⴷ ⴰⴷⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰ) ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵏ (ⵜ), ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵙⵉⵍ (ⵓ), ⴷ ⵓⵜⴰⵢⵎⵉⵏ (ⵜ).
English: A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴱⵉⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵍⴰⵢⵔ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⴽⵓⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵓⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵍⵉⴱⵓⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵃⵔⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Cell membranes are involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, storing electrical energy, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures such as a cell wall, glycocalyx, and cytoskeleton.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵖⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⴳⵍⵉⴽⵓⴽⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵍⵉⵜⵓⵏ.
English: The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos.
Tamazight: "''ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⴽ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵜ ''ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ''ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵎⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Plant cells have additional organelles that distinguish them from animal cells such as a cell wall that provides support for the plant cell, chloroplasts that harvest sunlight energy to produce sugar, and vacuoles that provide storage and structural support as well as being involved in reproduction and breakdown of plant seeds.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵯⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.
English: According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is conserved, i.e., cannot be created or destroyed.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵖⵍⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⵉⵎ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵅⵍⴰ.
English: As a result, an organism requires continuous input of energy to maintain a low state of entropy.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⵢⵓⵙⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵢⴰ.
English: Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⴰⵔ.
English: The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵢⵓⵛⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Acetyl-Coa enters the citric acid cycle, which takes places inside the mitochondrial matrix.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵉⵍ-ⴽⵓⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵔⵉⴽ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⴰⵍ.
English: Oxidative phosphorylation comprises the electron transport chain, which is a series of four protein complexes that transfer electrons from one complex to another, thereby releasing energy from NADH and FADH2 that is coupled to the pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (chemiosmosis), which generates a proton motive force.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵀ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⵀ2 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵎⴱⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ (ⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵓⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ) ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ (ⴽⵉⵎⵢⵓⵙⵎⵓⵣⵉⵙ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⴽⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ.
English: If oxygen were not present, pyruvate would not be metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵔⵓⴼⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴷⵀ ⵙ ⵏⴰⴷ+ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵊⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵣⵉⵙ.
English: In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴱⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⴽⵜⵉⴽ.
English: During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵍⵓⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⴰⴷ+ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵔⵓⴼⵉⵜ ⵀⵃⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⴽⵜⴰⵜ.
English: During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵍ ⵏⴰⴷ+ ⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⴰⴽⵜⴰⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵜⴱ.
English: In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙ.
English: This is analogous to the proton-motive force generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane in aerobic respiration.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵉⴷⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ.
English: In autocrine signaling, the ligand affects the same cell that releases it.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵓⴽⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵥⵎ.
English: In eukaryotes (i.e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells), there are two distinct types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⵜⵓⵙ ( ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ), ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵢⵓⵣⵜ.
English: After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle.
Tamazight: ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ.
English: Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
English: Unlike the processes of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes, binary fission takes in prokaryotes takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⵓⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵣⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜ, ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴽⴰⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ.
English: Mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ.
English: The first is that genetic characteristics, which are now called alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms (e.g., purple vs. white or tall vs. dwarf), each inherited from one of two parents.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜⵜⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵉⵏ, (ⵙ ⵓⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵊⵏⵊⴰⵕⵉ ⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵯⵣⵣⴰⵍ), ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Mendel noted that during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene, which is stated by his law of segregation.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉⵍ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⴱⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵅⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵊⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ.
English: The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵡⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵜⵉⴷⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵙⴽⵯⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵜⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵯⴰⵔ-ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵄⵔⵓⵔ.
English: The bases are divided into two groups: pyrimidines and purines.
Tamazight: ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ : ⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏⵏ.
English: DNA is replicated once the two strands separate.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⴳⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵉⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵥⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵉⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏⵏ.
English: In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.
Tamazight: ⵖⵔ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⴽⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⵓ ⴰⴷⵉⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵎ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ.
English: The genetic information stored in DNA represents the genotype, whereas the phenotype results from the synthesis of proteins that control an organism's structure and development, or that act as enzymes catalyzing specific metabolic pathways.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷⵉⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ.
English: Under the genetic code, these mRNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation, which occurs in ribosomes.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵉⴱⵓⵥⵓⵎⵏ.
English: Sequencing and analysis of genomes can be done using high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.
Tamazight: ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⵉⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ.
English: The genomes of prokaryotes are small, compact, and diverse.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⴽⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵣⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: There are four key processes that underlie development: Determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, and growth.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ : ⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ.
English: Stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⴷⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, also occurs during morphogenesis, such as the death of cells between digits in human embryonic development, which frees up individual fingers and toes.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⵓⴱⵓⴱⵟⵓⵥ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵡⵙⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.
English: These toolkit genes are highly conserved among phyla, meaning that they are ancient and very similar in widely separated groups of animals.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.
English: Hox genes determine where repeating parts, such as the many vertebrae of snakes, will grow in a developing embryo or larva.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵓⴽⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵟⵟⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⴽⴰ.
English: A toolkit gene can be expressed in a different pattern, as when the beak of Darwin's large ground-finch was enlarged by the BMP gene, or when snakes lost their legs as Distal-less (Dlx) genes became under-expressed or not expressed at all in the places where other reptiles continued to form their limbs.
Tamazight: ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⵏⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵅⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ BMP, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍ-ⵍⵉⵙ (Dlx) ⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵓⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⵔⵓⵔⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: This perspective holds that evolution occurs when there are changes in the allele frequencies within a population of interbreeding organisms.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ.
English: When selective forces are absent or relatively weak, allele frequencies are equally likely to drift upward or downward at each successive generation because the alleles are subject to sampling error.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵃⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵃⴰⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵉⵏ.
English: Reproductive isolation also tends to increase with genetic divergence.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵃⴰⵕⴰⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ.
English: When a lineage divides into two, it is represented as a node (or split) on the phylogenetic tree.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⵔⵔⵉⴼⵜ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ.
English: Within a tree, any group of species designated by a name is a taxon (e.g., humans, primates, mammals, or vertebrates) and a taxon that consists of all its evolutionary descendants is a clade, otherwise known as a monophyletic taxon.
Tamazight: ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⵓⵜ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴽⵍⴰⵢⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏ.
English: A species or group that is closely related to the ingroup but is phylogenetically outside of it is called the outgroup, which serves a reference point in the tree.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⵓⵜ.
English: Based on the principle of Parsimony (or Occam's razor), the tree that is favored is the one with the fewest evolutionary changes needed to be assumed over all traits in all groups.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳ ⵏⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵢ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵎⵙ), ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ.
English: Based on this system, each species is given two names, one for its genus and another for its species.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳ ⵏⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Biologists regard the ubiquity of the genetic code as evidence of universal common descent for all bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵥⵥⵄ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴳⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵍⵜⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍ ⵉⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜⵏ, ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Later, around 1.7 billion years ago, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialised functions.
Tamazight: ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1.7 ⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ.
English: Land plants were so successful that they are thought to have contributed to the Late Devonian extinction event.
Tamazight: ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ.
English: During the recovery from this catastrophe, archosaurs became the most abundant land vertebrates; one archosaur group, the dinosaurs, dominated the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵄⴷⵔⵉⵇ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚⵓⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵄⴱⵓⴱⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ; ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚⵓⵕⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵢⵏⴰⵚⵓⵕⵏ, ⵜⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵊⵓⵕⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵕⵉⵟⴰⵚⵉ.
English: Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust.
Tamazight: ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴱ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⴼⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: Archaea constitute the other domain of prokaryotic cells and were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom), a term that has fallen out of use.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⵢ ⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ( ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ.
English: Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat and square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵍⵓⴽⴰⴷⵔⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⴱⵢⵉ.
English: Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ : ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴷⴷⴰⵃ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ.
English: The first observed archaea were extremophiles, living in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes with no other organisms.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵥⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵓⵕⴼⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ.
English: Archaea are a major part of Earth's life.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: Five of these clades are also collectively known as protists, which are mostly microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵎ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.
English: Most protists are unicellular, which are also known as microbial eukaryotes.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ.
English: Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic and can be found in the ocean where they play a role as primary producers of organic matter.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵊⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵏⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼⵜ.
English: Ciliates are alveolates that possess numerous hair-like structure called cilia.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎ ⵉⵃⴱⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⴳⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵃⴱⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ.
English: The excavates are groups of protists that began to diversify approximately 1.5 billion years ago shortly after the origin of the eukaryotes.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵣ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1.5 ⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Stramenopiles, most of which can be characterized by the presence of tubular hairs on the longer of their two flagella, include diatoms and brown algae.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵜⵕⴰⵎⵉⵏⵓⴱⵉⵍⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⵄⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵏ, ⵉⴷⵢⴰⵜⵓⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏⵏ.
English: The rhizarians comprise three main groups: cercozoans, foraminiferans, and radiolarians.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵕⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕⵢⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ : ⴰⵙⵉⵕⴽⵓⵣⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⵓⵕⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵕⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⴰⵕⵢⴰⵏ.
English: Algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to the early unicellular ancestor of Plantae.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵓⴽⵓⴼⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⵕⵓⵙⴽⵓⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.
English: Land plants (embryophytes) first appeared in terrestrial environments approximately 450 to 500 million years ago.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵍⴰ (ⵉⵃⵛⵍⴰⴼⵏ) ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 450 ⴰⵔ 500 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
English: In contrast, the other three clades are nonvascular plants as they do not have tracheids.
Tamazight: ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵃⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ.
English: They tend to be found in areas where water is readily available.
Tamazight: ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵀⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Most nonvascular plants are terrestrial, with a few living in freshwater environments and none living in the oceans.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍ.
English: Gymnosperms includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵉⵃⴷⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵉⴽⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵊⵉⵏⴽⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ.
English: They do so through a process called absorptive heterotrophy whereby they would first secrete digestive enzymes that break down large food molecules before absorbing them through their cell membranes.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵔⵥⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵛⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵉⵅⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Fungi, along with two other lineages, choanoflagellates and animals, can be grouped as opisthokonts.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ, ⵟⵟⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴽⵡⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵊⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵙⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⵜⵙ.
English: Multicellular fungi, on the other hand, have a body called mycelium, which is composed of a mass of individual tubular filaments called hyphae that allows for nutrient absorption to occur.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵄⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵄⴱⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ.
English: With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴼⴰⵏ, ⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ, ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵡ, ⵜⴳⵎⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⴰ, ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ.
English: Animals can be distinguished into two groups based on their developmental characteristics.
Tamazight: ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵙⵏⵏⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: In protostomes, the blastopore gives rise to the mouth, which is then followed by the formation of the anus.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎⵏ, ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜⵓⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵖⴷⴰⵏ.
English: The bodies of most animals are symmetrical, with symmetry being either radial or bilateral.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⴽⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Finally, animals can be distinguished based on the type and location of their appendages such as antennae for sensing the environment or claws for capturing prey.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵍ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵅⴱⴰⵛⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵔ.
English: The majority (~97%) of animal species are invertebrates, which are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (~97%) ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ.
English: Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata.
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ.
English: More than 6,000 virus species have been described in detail.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 6,000 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ.
English: When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or virions, consisting of the genetic material (DNA or RNA), a protein coat called capsid, and in some cases an outside envelope of lipids.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴹⵏⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵢⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⵉ (DNA ⵏⵖⴷ RNA), ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⵙⵉⴷ, ⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴹⵕⵥ.
English: The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.
Tamazight: ⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ : ⵉⵖⵢ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵓⵍⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵙⵎⵉⴷⵏ -- ⵉⵇⵛⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ -- ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ.
English: Viruses can spread in many ways.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ.
English: Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route, passed by hand-to-mouth contact or in food or water.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵓⵕⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵜⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵣⵡⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴷⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: The shoot system is composed of stem, leaves, and flowers.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵟ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ.
English: The direction of water movement across a semipermeable membrane is determined by the water potential across that membrane.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵛⵡⵉⵢ.
English: Most plant seeds are usually dormant, a condition in which the seed's normal activity is suspended.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴹⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Imbibition is the first step in germination, whereby water is absorbed by the seed.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵖⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: These monomers are obtained from the hydrolysis of starch, proteins, and lipids that are stored in either the cotyledons or endosperm.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵓⵜⵉⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴹⵓⵙⴱⵉⵔⵎ.
English: Their flowers are organs that facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs.
Tamazight: ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵀⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢ.
English: Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⵯⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵢ ⵓⵅⵓⵍⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵡⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ.
English: These changes may be affected by genetic, chemical, and physical factors.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴹⴰⵚⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵉⵎⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵉⵏ.
English: The photoreceptor proteins relay information such as whether it is day or night, duration of the day, intensity of light available, and the source of light.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⴹ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ.
English: Many flowering plants bloom at the appropriate time because of light-sensitive compounds that respond to the length of the night, a phenomenon known as photoperiodism.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵕⵥⵥⵎⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Animals can be classified as either regulators or conformers.
Tamazight: ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ.
English: In contrast, animals such as fishes and frogs are conformers as they adapt their internal environment (e.g., body temperature) to match their external environments.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ( ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ) ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Mice, for example, are able to consume three times more food than rabbits in proportion to their weights as the basal metabolic rate per unit weight in mice is greater than in rabbits.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵔⴹⴰⵢⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵛⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴹⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵓⵍ.
English: However, the relationship is non-linear in animals that swim or fly.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵉⵍ, ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ.
English: At low flight speeds, a bird must maintain a high metabolic rates to remain airborne.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵓⴳⴹⵉⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ.
English: Finally, freshwater animals have body fluids that are hyperosmotic to fresh water.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵉⵃⵔⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ.
English: If an animal were to consume food that contains an excess amount of chemical energy, it will store most of that energy in the form of lipids for future use and some of that energy as glycogen for more immediate use (e.g., meeting the brain's energy needs).
Tamazight: ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵎⵉⵢⵜ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵥ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵖⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵍⵉⴽⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⵢⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷⵉⵡⴰⵊⴱ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ).
English: In addition to their digestive tracts, vertebrate animals have accessory glands such as a liver and pancreas as part of their digestive systems.
Tamazight: ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵎ, ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵕⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵍⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵎ.
English: Upon leaving the stomach, food enters into the midgut, which is the first part of the intestine (or small intestine in mammals) and is the principal site of digestion and absorption.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴷⵉⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵚⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵚⵕⵎⴰⵏ, (ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳⵉⵏ) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵎ.
English: Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs; in mammals and reptiles these are called alveoli, and in birds they are known as atria.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ; ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⵔⵓⵔⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵛⵏⴱⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⵏ.
English: These enter the lungs where they branch into progressively narrower secondary and tertiary bronchi that branch into numerous smaller tubes, the bronchioles.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵃⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵟⵟⵓⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵄⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵃⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: There are two types of circulatory systems: open and closed.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵇⵇⵓⵏⵜ.
English: Circulation in animals occur between two types of tissues: systemic tissues and breathing (or pulmonary) organs.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵔⵓ ⵓⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ).
English: In birds and mammals, the systemic and pulmonary systems are connected in series.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵍ.
English: Skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require synaptic input from motor neurons.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: The contraction produced can be described as a twitch, summation, or tetanus, depending on the frequency of action potentials.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰⴳⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⵔⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵙⵏⵏⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵚⴹⴼⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ.
English: The mechanisms of contraction are similar in all three muscle tissues.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵓⵥⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ.
English: Other animals such as mollusks, and nematodes, possess obliquely striated muscles, which contain bands of thick and thin filaments that are arranged helically rather than transversely, like in vertebrate skeletal or cardiac muscles.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ.
English: They can transmit or receive information at sites of contacts called synapses.
Tamazight: ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ.
English: Cells such as neurons or muscle cells may be excited or inhibited upon receiving a signal from another neuron.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⵕⵕⴰⵛⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: In vertebrates, the nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves that connect the CNS to every other part of the body.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ (CNS), ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵅⴷⴷⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⴳⴰⵍ (PNS), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ.
English: The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ, ⴰⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵚⵕⵎⴰⵏ.
English: The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓ ⵓⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴱⴰⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓ ⵓⵏⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⵕⴰⵙⵉⵎⴱⴰⵜⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵙⴳⵓⵏⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.
English: Nerves that exit directly from the brain are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵍⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵅⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏⵏ.
English: In humans specifically, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.
Tamazight: ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴼⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⴷⵏ, ⵉⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏⵡⵉⴷⵏ, ⵉⵍⵓⴽⵓⵜⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵙⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵏⵏ.
English: They produce haploid gametes by meiosis.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⵓⵎⵓⵣⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵢⵓⵥ.
English: In most cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ.
English: Gastrulation occurs, whereby morphogenetic movements convert the cell mass into a three germ layers that comprise the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵙⵜⵕⵓⵍⴰⵙⵢⵓⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵕⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⴷⵉⵕⵎⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⵙⵓⴷⵉⵔⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉⵔⵎ.
English: Cellular differentiation is influenced by extracellular signals such as growth factors that are exchanged to adjacent cells, which is called juxtracrine signaling, or to neighboring cells over short distances, which is called paracrine signaling.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴰⵚ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵟⵕⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⴽⵙⵜⵔⴰⴽⵔⵉⵏⵜ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴽⵔⵉⵏ.
English: The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ.
English: Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against virus infections.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵉⵍ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ.
English: Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt to recognize pathogens more efficiently.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵉⵡⴰⵛ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
English: Fixed action patterns, for instance, are genetically determined and stereotyped behaviors that occur without learning.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ.
English: The community of living (biotic) organisms in conjunction with the nonliving (abiotic) components (e.g., water, light, radiation, temperature, humidity, atmosphere, acidity, and soil) of their environment is called an ecosystem.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⴼⵓⵜⵏ) ⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵔⵏ (ⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ) (ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ, ⵉⵣⵏⵣⵕ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ, ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵖⵉ, ⴰⵟⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵕ, ⴰⵙⵎⴻⵎ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ) ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏ.
English: By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ.
English: The Earth's physical environment is shaped by solar energy and topography.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍ.
English: Weather is the day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵓ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵕ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴽⴽⴰ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
English: As a result, wet environments allow for lush vegetation to grow.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⴳⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵎⵉⵏ.
English: Population growth during short-term intervals can be determined using the population growth rate equation, which takes into consideration birth, death, and immigration rates.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ.
English: A biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ.
English: A long-term interaction is called a symbiosis.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ.
English: There are different trophic levels within any food web, with the lowest level being the primary producers (or autotrophs) such as plants and algae that convert energy and inorganic material into organic compounds, which can then be used by the rest of the community.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴷⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ (ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ) ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ.
English: And those that eat secondary consumers are tertiary consumers and so on.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: In some cycles there are reservoirs where a substance remains or is sequestered for a long period of time.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ.
English: The largest driver of warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, of which more than 90% are carbon dioxide and methane.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵖⵓⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 90%.
English: Biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems, which provide a variety of services upon which people depend.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ.
English: Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴼⵕ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜⵉⵔⵏ, ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴼ.
English: These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⵓⵀⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.
English: In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵜⵓⵎⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴻⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
English: Modern botany traces its roots back to Ancient Greece specifically to Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BCE), a student of Aristotle who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the scientific community as the "Father of Botany".
Tamazight: ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵙⵜⵓⵙ (371-287 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵕⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ".
English: De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵜⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1,500 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
English: In the mid-16th century, botanical gardens were founded in a number of Italian universities.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject.
Tamazight: ⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢ.
English: Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ, ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴼ.
English: Bock created his own system of plant classification.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵓⴽ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.
English: The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴼⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵥⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵢⵉⴽⵣ) ⵏⵖ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⴱⵜⵉⴽⵢⵉⵏ.
English: This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the genus and the second identified the species within the genus.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ.
English: Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⴰⵢⵓⵙ.
English: The work of Katherine Esau (1898–1997) on plant anatomy is still a major foundation of modern botany.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⵓ (1898–1997) ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.
English: The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⵏⴷⵍⵕ ⴽⴰⵡⵍⵥ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵍⵉⵎⵏⵜⵙ.
English: The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals.
Tamazight: ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜⵜ V. ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ 1948 ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.
English: 20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of organic chemical analysis, such as spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵛⵉⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⵙⴽⵓⴱⵉ, ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵎⴰⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵉⵙ.
English: These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in bioreactors to synthesise pesticides, antibiotics or other pharmaceuticals, as well as the practical application of genetically modified crops designed for traits such as improved yield.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵥⵥⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵥⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵔⵢⴰⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵙⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⵏ, ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants.
Tamazight: ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.
English: As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵕⵥⵥⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵕ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵙⴰⵏ.