Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: David Kellogg Lewis proposed a worthy reply to the first question by expounding the view that a convention is a rationally self-perpetuating regularity in behavior.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⴼⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵖⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: Noam Chomsky proposed that the study of language could be done in terms of the I-Language, or internal language of persons.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵄⵓⵎ ⵜⵛⵓⵎⵙⴽⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵢ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ.
English: One fruitful source of research involves investigation into the social conditions that give rise to, or are associated with, meanings and languages.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵥⵉⵕⵙ.
English: The presumptions that prop up each theoretical view are of interest to the philosopher of language.
Tamazight: ⵓⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ.
English: Rhetoric is the study of the particular words that people use to achieve the proper emotional and rational effect in the listener, be it to persuade, provoke, endear, or teach.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵢⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ.
English: It also has applications to the study and interpretation of law, and helps give insight to the logical concept of the domain of discourse.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ.
English: The idea of language is often related to that of logic in its Greek sense as "logos", meaning discourse or dialectic.
Tamazight: “ⵜⵣⴷⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ““ⵍⵓⴳⵓⵙ””, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷⵉⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜⵉⴽ.”
English: Heidegger combines phenomenology with the hermeneutics of Wilhelm Dilthey.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵀⴰⵢⴷⵉⴳⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⴷⵉⵍⵜⵉ.
English: For example, Sein (being), the word itself, is saturated with multiple meanings.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ , ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ Sein (being), ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Heidegger claims writing is only a supplement to speech, because even readers construct or contribute their own "talk" while reading.
Tamazight: “ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵀⴰⵢⴷⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ““ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ”” ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ.”
English: In Truth and Method, Gadamer describes language as "the medium in which substantive understanding and agreement take place between two people.
Tamazight: “ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⴷⴰⵎⵔ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ““ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ.”
English: Paul Ricœur, on the other hand, proposed a hermeneutics which, reconnecting with the original Greek sense of the term, emphasized the discovery of hidden meanings in the equivocal terms (or "symbols") of ordinary language.
Tamazight: “ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⴽⵓⵔ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵏⵥⵖⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ (ⵏⵖ ““ⵉⵣⵎⵓⵍⵏ””) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ.”
English: It allows them to take advantage of and effectively manipulate the external world in order to create meaning for themselves and transmit this meaning to others.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: Some important figures in the history of semiotics, are Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes, and Roman Jakobson.
Tamazight: ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵣ ⴱⵉⵔⵙ, ⴷ ⵕⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵓⴱⵙⵓⵏ.
English: 19th century romanticism emphasised human agency and free will in meaning construction.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵙⴰⴽⵣ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ.
English: Humanistic views are challenged by biological theories of language which consider languages as natural phenomena.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ.
English: In Neo-Darwinism, Richard Dawkins and other proponents of cultural replicator theories consider languages as populations of mind viruses.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⵓⴽⵉⵏⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ.
English: Some have said that the expression stands for some real, abstract universal out in the world called "rocks".
Tamazight: “ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ““ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ””.”
English: The issue here can be explicated if we examine the proposition "Socrates is a Man".
Tamazight: “ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴳ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵎⴽ ⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ““ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ””.”
English: These two things connect in some way or overlap.
Tamazight: ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏ.
English: Another perspective is to consider "man" to be a property of the entity, "Socrates".
Tamazight: “ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ““ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ”” ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ, ““ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ””.”
English: Some of the most prominent members of this tradition of formal semantics include Tarski, Carnap, Richard Montague and Donald Davidson.
Tamazight: ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴽⵉ, ⴽⴰⵔⵏⴰⴱ, ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⴷⵉⴼⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ.
English: They did not believe that the social and practical dimensions of linguistic meaning could be captured by any attempts at formalization using the tools of logic.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ.
English: Many of its ideas have been absorbed by theorists such as Kent Bach, Robert Brandom, Paul Horwich and Stephen Neale.
Tamazight: ⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵅ, ⴷ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵀⵓⵔⵡⵉⵜⵛ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ.
English: In Word and Object, Quine asks readers to imagine a situation in which they are confronted with a previously undocumented, group of indigenous people where they must attempt to make sense of the utterances and gestures that its members make.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ (Word and Object), ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴽⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵏⵥⵖⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: All that can be done is to examine the utterance as a part of the overall linguistic behaviour of the individual, and then use these observations to interpret the meaning of all other utterances.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: For Quine, as for Wittgenstein and Austin, meaning is not something that is associated with a single word or sentence, but is rather something that, if it can be attributed at all, can only be attributed to a whole language.
Tamazight: ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵡⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵉⵜⴳⵉⵏⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⴽ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜⵜ.
English: The specific instances of vagueness that most interest philosophers of language are those where the existence of "borderline cases" makes it seemingly impossible to say whether a predicate is true or false.
Tamazight: “ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⴽⵣ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ““ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ”” ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴽⴰⵙ.”
English: The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.
English: Today, some philosophers of mathematics aim to give accounts of this form of inquiry and its products as they stand, while others emphasize a role for themselves that goes beyond simple interpretation to critical analysis.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵎⴰ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵖⴰⵏ.
English: Greek philosophy on mathematics was strongly influenced by their study of geometry.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴳⵎ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ.
English: Therefore, 3, for example, represented a certain multitude of units, and was thus not "truly" a number.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵎⵉ, 3, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵍ.
English: These earlier Greek ideas of numbers were later upended by the discovery of the irrationality of the square root of two.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴽⵯⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ.
English: According to legend, fellow Pythagoreans were so traumatized by this discovery that they murdered Hippasus to stop him from spreading his heretical idea.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢ, ⴷⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵀⵓⴱⴰⵙⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵔⵟⵉⵇⵜ.
English: It is a profound puzzle that on the one hand mathematical truths seem to have a compelling inevitability, but on the other hand the source of their "truthfulness" remains elusive.
Tamazight: “ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵏⵉ ⵉⵄⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ “ⵜⵉⴷⵜ” ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ.”
English: Three schools, formalism, intuitionism, and logicism, emerged at this time, partly in response to the increasingly widespread worry that mathematics as it stood, and analysis in particular, did not live up to the standards of certainty and rigor that had been taken for granted.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷ.
English: As the century unfolded, the initial focus of concern expanded to an open exploration of the fundamental axioms of mathematics, the axiomatic approach having been taken for granted since the time of Euclid around 300 BCE as the natural basis for mathematics.
Tamazight: ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ,ⵜⵉⵔⵡ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵍⵉⴷⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 300 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
English: In mathematics, as in physics, new and unexpected ideas had arisen and significant changes were coming.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵜ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ.
English: I do not think that the difficulties that philosophy finds with classical mathematics today are genuine difficulties; and I think that the philosophical interpretations of mathematics that we are being offered on every hand are wrong, and that "philosophical interpretation" is just what mathematics doesn't need.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵍⵖ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ , ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ; ⵉⵖⵉⵍⵖ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏⵙⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵣⴳⵍ, ⴷ ““ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉ”” ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ.
English: Many working mathematicians have been mathematical realists; they see themselves as discoverers of naturally occurring objects.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ; ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵕⵓⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Certain principles (e.g., for any two objects, there is a collection of objects consisting of precisely those two objects) could be directly seen to be true, but the continuum hypothesis conjecture might prove undecidable just on the basis of such principles.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵏⵢ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⴰ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵢ) ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ.
English: Both Plato's cave and Platonism have meaningful, not just superficial connections, because Plato's ideas were preceded and probably influenced by the hugely popular Pythagoreans of ancient Greece, who believed that the world was, quite literally, generated by numbers.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵎ, ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ.
English: This view bears resemblances to many things Husserl said about mathematics, and supports Kant's idea that mathematics is synthetic a priori.)
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵀⵓⵙⵔⵍ ⵛⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ.)
English: Full-blooded Platonism is a modern variation of Platonism, which is in reaction to the fact that different sets of mathematical entities can be proven to exist depending on the axioms and inference rules employed (for instance, the law of the excluded middle, and the axiom of choice).
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵥⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ).
English: Set-theoretic realism (also set-theoretic Platonism) a position defended by Penelope Maddy, is the view that set theory is about a single universe of sets.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵡⵔⵏ (ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏⵉⵜ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵍⵓⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
English: They attributed the paradox to "vicious circularity" and built up what they called ramified type theory to deal with it.
Tamazight: “ⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ““ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ”” ⵙⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵙ.”
English: Even Russell said that this axiom did not really belong to logic.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⴷ ⵔⴰⵙⵍ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ.
English: Frege required Basic Law V to be able to give an explicit definition of the numbers, but all the properties of numbers can be derived from Hume's principle.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⵊⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⵉⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵓⵖⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵓⵎ.
English: But it does allow the working mathematician to continue in his or her work and leave such problems to the philosopher or scientist.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵊ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ.
English: Hilbert aimed to show the consistency of mathematical systems from the assumption that the "finitary arithmetic" (a subsystem of the usual arithmetic of the positive integers, chosen to be philosophically uncontroversial) was consistent.
Tamazight: "ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷ ⵀⵉⵍⴱⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ " ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ"(ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ , ⴷ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵜ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ.
English: Thus, in order to show that any axiomatic system of mathematics is in fact consistent, one needs to first assume the consistency of a system of mathematics that is in a sense stronger than the system to be proven consistent.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵉⵀⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⵏⴰⴷⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ.
English: Other formalists, such as Rudolf Carnap, Alfred Tarski, and Haskell Curry, considered mathematics to be the investigation of formal axiom systems.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵜⵉⴳⵖ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴽⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵓⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⴽⴰⵕⵏⴰⴱ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵙⴽⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵔⵉ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⴽⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴳⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⵀⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ.
English: The more games we study, the better.
Tamazight: ⴽⵓⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰ, ⵢⵓⴼ ⵉⵎⴽⵉ.
English: The main critique of formalism is that the actual mathematical ideas that occupy mathematicians are far removed from the string manipulation games mentioned above.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ.
English: Brouwer, the founder of the movement, held that mathematical objects arise from the a priori forms of the volitions that inform the perception of empirical objects.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⵕⵓⵡⵕ, ⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ, ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵉⵏ.
English: The axiom of choice is also rejected in most intuitionistic set theories, though in some versions it is accepted.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⴳⵢ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵉⵀⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⴼⵖⵉⵏ.
English: In this view, mathematics is an exercise of the human intuition, not a game played with meaningless symbols.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⴷ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ.
English: Likewise all the other whole numbers are defined by their places in a structure, the number line.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵀⴰⵢⴽⴰⵍⵉ, ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏ.
English: However, its central claim only relates to what kind of entity a mathematical object is, not to what kind of existence mathematical objects or structures have (not, in other words, to their ontology).
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵢⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⵜ ( ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ).
English: Structures are held to have a real but abstract and immaterial existence.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵍⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ.
English: Structures are held to exist inasmuch as some concrete system exemplifies them.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⵕⵚⵉⵢⵏ.
English: Like nominalism, the post rem approach denies the existence of abstract mathematical objects with properties other than their place in a relational structure.
Tamazight: ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵜ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ.
English: It is held that mathematics is not universal and does not exist in any real sense, other than in human brains.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
English: However, the human mind has no special claim on reality or approaches to it built out of math.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵜ.
English: The most accessible, famous, and infamous treatment of this perspective is Where Mathematics Comes From, by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵍⴰⴽⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵕⴰⴼⵉⵍ ⵉⵏⵓⵏⵉⵣ.
English: Franklin, James (2014), "An Aristotelian Realist Philosophy of Mathematics", Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke; Franklin, James (2021), "Mathematics as a science of non-abstract reality: Aristotelian realist philosophies of mathematics," Foundations of Science 25.
Tamazight: ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵉⵍ, ⵊⵉⵎⵉⵙ (2014), “" ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵜ"”, ⴱⴰⵍⵊⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⴰⴽⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ, ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵏⵊⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ, ⵊⵉⵎⵉⵙ (2021), ““ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⴳ : ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵚⵟⵓⵟⵉⵏ,”“ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ 25.”
English: The Euclidean arithmetic developed by John Penn Mayberry in his book The Foundations of Mathematics in the Theory of Sets also falls into the Aristotelian realist tradition.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓⵟ.
English: Edmund Husserl, in the first volume of his Logical Investigations, called "The Prolegomena of Pure Logic", criticized psychologism thoroughly and sought to distance himself from it.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵔⵏ "ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵀⵓⵔⵙⵍ", ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵖⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ " ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ" ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ".
English: That is, since physics needs to talk about electrons to say why light bulbs behave as they do, then electrons must exist.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ, ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵜⵏ.
English: It argues for the existence of mathematical entities as the best explanation for experience, thus stripping mathematics of being distinct from the other sciences.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
English: This grew from the increasingly popular assertion in the late 20th century that no one foundation of mathematics could be ever proven to exist.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⵎⴰ ⵓⴱⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜ.
English: A mathematical argument can transmit falsity from the conclusion to the premises just as well as it can transmit truth from the premises to the conclusion.
Tamazight: ⵜⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵏⵥⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ.
English: He gave a detailed argument for this in New Directions.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⵣⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.
English: If mathematics is just as empirical as the other sciences, then this suggests that its results are just as fallible as theirs, and just as contingent.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ.
English: For a philosophy of mathematics that attempts to overcome some of the shortcomings of Quine and Gödel's approaches by taking aspects of each see Penelope Maddy's Realism in Mathematics.
Tamazight: ⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴳⵓⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ, ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵍⵓⴱ ⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.
English: He started with the "betweenness" of Hilbert's axioms to characterize space without coordinatizing it, and then added extra relations between points to do the work formerly done by vector fields.
Tamazight: “ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ““ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵔⵜ”” ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴱⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.”
English: By this account, there are no metaphysical or epistemological problems special to mathematics.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.
English: However, while on an empiricist view the evaluation is some sort of comparison with "reality", social constructivists emphasize that the direction of mathematical research is dictated by the fashions of the social group performing it or by the needs of the society financing it.
Tamazight: “ⵡⵖⴰⵔ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ““ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ””, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ.”
English: But social constructivists argue that mathematics is in fact grounded by much uncertainty: as mathematical practice evolves, the status of previous mathematics is cast into doubt, and is corrected to the degree it is required or desired by the current mathematical community.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⴽ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷ: ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ.
English: The social nature of mathematics is highlighted in its subcultures.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ.
English: Social constructivists see the process of "doing mathematics" as actually creating the meaning, while social realists see a deficiency either of human capacity to abstractify, or of human's cognitive bias, or of mathematicians' collective intelligence as preventing the comprehension of a real universe of mathematical objects.
Tamazight: “ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ “”ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ”” ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵏⴳⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ, ⵏⵖ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵙⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⴷⵍ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.”
English: More recently Paul Ernest has explicitly formulated a social constructivist philosophy of mathematics.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵉⵔⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵙⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.
English: For example, the tools of linguistics are not generally applied to the symbol systems of mathematics, that is, mathematics is studied in a markedly different way from other languages.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: However, the methods developed by Frege and Tarski for the study of mathematical language have been extended greatly by Tarski's student Richard Montague and other linguists working in formal semantics to show that the distinction between mathematical language and natural language may not be as great as it seems.
Tamazight: ⵎⵖⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰ ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ ⵄⵏⵉⵖ.
English: The assertion that "all" entities postulated in scientific theories, including numbers, should be accepted as real is justified by confirmation holism.
Tamazight: “ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ ““ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ” ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵉⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ.”
English: Field developed his views into fictionalism.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴼⵢⵉⵍⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: The argument hinges on the idea that a satisfactory naturalistic account of thought processes in terms of brain processes can be given for mathematical reasoning along with everything else.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: Another line of defense is to maintain that abstract objects are relevant to mathematical reasoning in a way that is non-causal, and not analogous to perception.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴽⵣ.
English: By way of example, they provide two proofs of the irrationality of .
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ.
English: Paul Erdős was well known for his notion of a hypothetical "Book" containing the most elegant or beautiful mathematical proofs.
Tamazight: “ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ““ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ”” ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏ.”
English: By the same token, however, philosophers of mathematics have sought to characterize what makes one proof more desirable than another when both are logically sound.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴷ, ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.
English: Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the ontology and nature of the mind and its relationship with the body.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ.
English: Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind–body problem, although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵓⵡⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ.
English: Hart, W.D. (1996) "Dualism", in Samuel Guttenplan (org) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Blackwell, Oxford, 265-7.
Tamazight: “ⵀⴰⵔⵜ, ⵡ.ⴷ. (1996) ““ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ””, ⴳ ⵙⴰⵎⵡⵉⵍ ⴳⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⵍⴰⵏ (org) ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ, ⴱⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍ, ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ, 265-7."
English: Pinel, J. Psychobiology, (1990) Prentice Hall, Inc. LeDoux, J. (2002) The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are, New York:Viking Penguin.
Tamazight: ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵍ, ⵊ. ⵜⴰⴱⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, (1990) ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ ⵀⵓⵍ, ⵉⵏⴽ. ⵍⵓⴷⵓ, ⵊ. (2002) ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰⵜ: ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴽ ⵜⵜⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⴽⴽⵯⵏⵉ, ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵔⴽ: ⴼⴰⵢⴽⵉⵏⴳ ⴱⵉⵏⴳⵡⵉⵏ.
English: Psychological Predicates", in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill, eds.,
Tamazight: “ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ”, ⴳ ⵡ. ⵀ. ⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ. ⴷ. ⵎⵔⵔⵉⵍ, ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ,”
English: Secondly, intentional states of consciousness do not make sense on non-reductive physicalism.
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴽⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵣⴳⵣⵍ.
English: Someone's desire for a slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵟⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⵣⴰ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ.
English: Robinson, H. (1983): "Aristotelian dualism", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1, 123–44.
Tamazight: “ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵏⵙⵓⵏ, ⵀ. (1983): ““ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓ””, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ 1, 123–44."
English: They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain, or vice versa, finding the idea that there is just one ontological entity at play to be too mechanistic or unintelligible.
Tamazight: ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⵍⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ, ⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵙ.
English: So, for example, one can reasonably ask what a burnt finger feels like, or what a blue sky looks like, or what nice music sounds like to a person.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⴽⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵓⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ, ⵏⵖⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⴰ.
English: There are qualia involved in these mental events that seem particularly difficult to reduce to anything physical.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵚⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ.
English: Dualism must therefore explain how consciousness affects physical reality.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⴽⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ.
English: Knowledge, however, is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⵖⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⴽⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵥⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ.
English: The basic idea is that one can imagine one's body, and therefore conceive the existence of one's body, without any conscious states being associated with this body.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⴽⵢ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⵣ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵢⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ.
English: Others such as Dennett have argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent, or unlikely, concept.
Tamazight: ⵏⵥⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵥⵓⵎⴱⵉ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ.
English: It is the view that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, causally interact with physical states.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵎⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ.
English: Descartes' argument depends on the premise that what Seth believes to be "clear and distinct" ideas in his mind are necessarily true.
Tamazight: “ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ““ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣⵏ ⵖⵓⴷⵓⵏⵜ”” ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ.”
English: Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (Bradford) For example, Joseph Agassi suggests that several scientific discoveries made since the early 20th century have undermined the idea of privileged access to one's own ideas.
Tamazight: ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵜⵛⵓⵙⵜⵙ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵜⵛⵓⵙⵜⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ (ⴱⵔⴰⴷⴼⵓⵔ) ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴳⵙⵉ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
English: This view was most prominently defended by Gottfried Leibniz.
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵊⵓⵜⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵢⴱⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: These emergent properties have an independent ontological status and cannot be reduced to, or explained in terms of, the physical substrate from which they emerge.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⴳⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ.
English: Epiphenomenalism is a doctrine first formulated by Thomas Henry Huxley.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴱⵉⴼⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵀⵓⴽⵙⵍⵉ.
English: This view has been defended by Frank Jackson.
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ ⵊⴰⴽⵙⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ.
English: Panpsychism is the view that all matter has a mental aspect, or, alternatively, all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ, ⵏⵖ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵡⵏ.
English: An example of these disparate degrees of freedom is given by Allan Wallace who notes that it is "experientially apparent that one may be physically uncomfortable—for instance, while engaging in a strenuous physical workout—while mentally cheerful; conversely, one may be mentally distraught while experiencing physical comfort".
Tamazight: “ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ““ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ - ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ - ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ; ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵕⵎⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ””.”
English: Mental states can cause changes in physical states and vice versa.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷ.
English: Experiential dualism is accepted as the conceptual framework of Madhyamaka Buddhism.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ, ⵜⵣⵔⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵢ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⴷⵀⵢⴰⵎⴰⴽⴰ.
English: In denying the independent self-existence of all the phenomena that make up the world of our experience, the Madhyamaka view departs from both the substance dualism of Descartes and the substance monism—namely, physicalism—that is characteristic of modern science.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴼⵔⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵢⴰⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓ -ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ- ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.
English: Indeed, physicalism, or the idea that matter is the only fundamental substance of reality, is explicitly rejected by Buddhism.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵢ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ.
English: While the former commonly have mass, location, velocity, shape, size, and numerous other physical attributes, these are not generally characteristic of mental phenomena.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵜⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ.
English: The fundamentally disparate nature of reality has been central to forms of eastern philosophies for over two millennia.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ.
English: Physicalistic monism asserts that the only existing substance is physical, in some sense of that term to be clarified by our best science.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴽⵉⵣ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Although pure idealism, such as that of George Berkeley, is uncommon in contemporary Western philosophy, a more sophisticated variant called panpsychism, according to which mental experience and properties may be at the foundation of physical experience and properties, has been espoused by some philosophers such as Alfred North Whitehead and David Ray Griffin.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴱⵉⵔⴽⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴱⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ (panpsychism), ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵜ, ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⵔⵜ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵉⵀⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴰⵢⴼⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ.
English: A third possibility is to accept the existence of a basic substance that is neither physical nor mental.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ.
English: Introspective reports on one's own interior mental life are not subject to careful examination for accuracy and cannot be used to form predictive generalizations.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Parallel to these developments in psychology, a philosophical behaviorism (sometimes called logical behaviorism) was developed.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ).
English: These philosophers reasoned that, if mental states are something material, but not behavioral, then mental states are probably identical to internal states of the brain.
Tamazight: ⵙⵢⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ.
English: According to token identity theories, the fact that a certain brain state is connected with only one mental state of a person does not have to mean that there is an absolute correlation between types of mental state and types of brain state.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵉ.
English: Finally, Wittgenstein's idea of meaning as use led to a version of functionalism as a theory of meaning, further developed by Wilfrid Sellars and Gilbert Harman.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵊⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ, ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵔⵣ ⴷ ⵊⵉⵍⴱⵔⵜ ⵀⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Hence, the question arises whether there can still be a non-reductive physicalism.
Tamazight: ⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍⵏ.
English: Davidson uses the thesis of supervenience: mental states supervene on physical states, but are not reducible to them. "
Tamazight: “ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵢⴼⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.”””
English: The brain goes on from one moment of time to another; the brain thus has identity through time.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ; ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.
English: An analogy of the self or the “I” would be the flame of a candle.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴽⵜ ⵏⵖ “ⵏⴽⴽ” ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⵍⴰⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵔⴱⵓⵜ.
English: The flame displays a type of continuity in that the candle does not go out while it is burning, but there is not really any identity of the flame from one moment to another over time.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵍⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵔⴱⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵍⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.
English: Similarly, it is an illusion that one is the same individual who walked into class this morning.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ.
English: This is analogous to physical properties of the brain giving rise to a mental state.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ.
English: The Churchlands often invoke the fate of other, erroneous popular theories and ontologies that have arisen in the course of history.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜⵉⵊ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⴳⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.
English: Some philosophers argue that this is because there is an underlying conceptual confusion.
Tamazight: ⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵅⵡⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Rather it should simply be accepted that human experience can be described in different ways—for instance, in a mental and in a biological vocabulary.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ - ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: The brain is simply the wrong context for the use of mental vocabulary—the search for mental states of the brain is therefore a category error or a sort of fallacy of reasoning.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵉⵏ - ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ.
English: And it is characteristic of a mental state that it has some experiential quality, e.g. of pain, that it hurts.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵇ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵖⵉⵇ.
English: The existence of cerebral events, in and of themselves, cannot explain why they are accompanied by these corresponding qualitative experiences.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ.
English: This follows from an assumption about the possibility of reductive explanations.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍ.
English: The 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger criticized the ontological assumptions underpinning such a reductive model, and claimed that it was impossible to make sense of experience in these terms.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵏ ⵀⴰⵢⴷⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ.
English: This problem of explaining introspective first-person aspects of mental states and consciousness in general in terms of third-person quantitative neuroscience is called the explanatory gap.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴽⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴷⴰⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵅⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔⵜ.
English: There are two separate categories involved and one cannot be reduced to the other.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ.
English: For Nagel, science is not yet able to explain subjective experience because it has not yet arrived at the level or kind of knowledge that is required.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡ ⵏⴰⵊⵉⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵜⵜⵔⵏ.
English: This property of mental states entails that they have contents and semantic referents and can therefore be assigned truth values.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ.
English: But mental ideas or judgments are true or false, so how then can mental states (ideas or judgments) be natural processes?
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵣⴳⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴽ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ (ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ) ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵎⵜⵉⵏ?
English: If the fact is true, then the idea is true; otherwise, it is false.
Tamazight: ⵎⵛ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⵜ; ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴰⵍ.
English: Since mental processes are intimately related to bodily processes, the descriptions that the natural sciences furnish of human beings play an important role in the philosophy of mind.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵍⵉ.
English: Within the field of neurobiology, there are many subdisciplines that are concerned with the relations between mental and physical states and processes: Sensory neurophysiology investigates the relation between the processes of perception and stimulation.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴰⵍ.
English: Lastly, evolutionary biology studies the origins and development of the human nervous system and, in as much as this is the basis of the mind, also describes the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of mental phenomena beginning from their most primitive stages.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ.
English: A simple example is multiplication.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴽⴼⵓⴷ.
English: This question has been propelled into the forefront of much philosophical debate because of investigations in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ.
English: The objective of strong AI, on the contrary, is a computer with consciousness similar to that of human beings.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓⴼ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
English: The Turing test has received many criticisms, among which the most famous is probably the Chinese room thought experiment formulated by Searle.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏⴳ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵚⴽⴰ ⵙⵉⵔⵙⵍ.
English: Psychology investigates the laws that bind these mental states to each other or with inputs and outputs to the human organism.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
English: A law of the psychology of forms says that objects that move in the same direction are perceived as related to each other.
Tamazight: ⴰⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ.
English: It includes research on intelligence and behavior, especially focusing on how information is represented, processed, and transformed (in faculties such as perception, language, memory, reasoning, and emotion) within nervous systems (human or other animal) and machines (e.g. computers).
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ (ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵥⵥⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵜⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵛⴰⴷ.) ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ (ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ (ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ) ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ).
English: Nonetheless, Hegel's work differs radically from the style of Anglo-American philosophy of mind.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ.
English: Phenomenology, founded by Edmund Husserl, focuses on the contents of the human mind (see noema) and how processes shape our experiences.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵀⵓⵙⵉⵔⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ (ⵥⵕ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ) ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ.
English: This is the case for materialistic determinists.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵏ.
English: Some take this reasoning a step further: people cannot determine by themselves what they want and what they do.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ: ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ.
English: Those who adopt this position suggest that the question "Are we free?"
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ‘’ⵉⵙ ⵏⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ’’.
English: It is not appropriate to identify freedom with indetermination.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ.
English: The most important compatibilist in the history of the philosophy was David Hume.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⵢⵓⵎ.
English: These philosophers affirm the course of the world is either a) not completely determined by natural law where natural law is intercepted by physically independent agency, b) determined by indeterministic natural law only, or c) determined by indeterministic natural law in line with the subjective effort of physically non-reducible agency.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ (ⴱ) ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ, ⵏⵖ (ⵊ) ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵍⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵎⴰⵎ.
English: They argue as follows: if our will is not determined by anything, then we desire what we desire by pure chance.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ : ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵏⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳ.
English: The idea of a self as an immutable essential nucleus derives from the idea of an immaterial soul.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ.
English: Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King.
Tamazight: ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵜⵔⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵀⵉⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ.
English: The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵔⵜⵙⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴽ.