Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: Behavior is therefore seen as an effort to preserve one's genes in the population.
Tamazight: ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ.
English: Altmann developed his own brand of sociobiology to study the social behavior of rhesus macaques, using statistics, and was hired as a "sociobiologist" at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in 1965.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵢⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵓ ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴽⴰⴽ ⵔⵉⵙⵓⵙ; ⵙ ⵓⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ''ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ''''' ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1965.
English: Once a specialist term, "sociobiology" became widely known in 1975 when Wilson published his book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, which sparked an intense controversy.
Tamazight: ''ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ''''ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⴱⵢⵓⵍⵉⵊⵉⵜ'''' ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ 1975 ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵡⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ: ⴰⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ.
English: However, the influence of evolution on behavior has been of interest to biologists and philosophers since soon after the discovery of evolution itself.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵉⴹⵉⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵉⵙⵣⴳⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵖⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Edward H. Hagen writes in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology that sociobiology is, despite the public controversy regarding the applications to humans, "one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century." "
Tamazight: ''ⵢⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⵀⵉⴳⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴱⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ;'''' ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ.'''' ''''''
English: Therefore, these traits were probably "adaptive" in the environment in which the species evolved.
Tamazight: ''ⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ, ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ''''ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ'''' ⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.''
English: Thus, they are often interested in instinctive, or intuitive behavior, and in explaining the similarities, rather than the differences, between cultures.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⴳⵣⴰⵎⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⵏ.
English: This parental protection would increase in frequency in the population.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ.
English: E.O. Wilson argued that evolution may also act upon groups.
Tamazight: ⵉ.ⵓ. ⵡⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ.
English: If altruism is genetically determined, then altruistic individuals must reproduce their own altruistic genetic traits for altruism to survive, but when altruists lavish their resources on non-altruists at the expense of their own kind, the altruists tend to die out and the others tend to increase.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉ, ⵉⵡⴰ ⵉⴰⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼ, ⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵚⵉⵟⵟⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉ.
English: Within sociobiology, a social behavior is first explained as a sociobiological hypothesis by finding an evolutionarily stable strategy that matches the observed behavior.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵙⵔ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ.
English: Altruism between social insects and littermates has been explained in such a way.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵙⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰ.
English: In general, females with more bearing opportunities may value offspring less, and may also arrange bearing opportunities to maximize the food and protection from mates.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏⵜ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Studies of human behavior genetics have generally found behavioral traits such as creativity, extroversion, aggressiveness, and IQ have high heritability.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ, ⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ, ⵜⵉⵛⵛⵓⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ.
English: Thus, when FEV is genetically deleted from the mouse genome, male mice will instantly attack other males, whereas their wild-type counterparts take significantly longer to initiate violent behaviour.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵉ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⴼⴼⵉ ⵉ ⴱⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢ, ⵉⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳⵎⵏ ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹ.
English: During a 1976 meeting of the Sociobiology Study Group, as reported by Ullica Segerstråle, Chomsky argued for the importance of a sociobiologically informed notion of human nature.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ 1976, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵙⵉⴳⵉⵔⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵄⵕ ⵜⵛⵓⵎⵙⴽⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Wilson has claimed that he had never meant to imply what ought to be, only what is the case.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵡⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ.
English: Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services).
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⵃ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⵃ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵎⵙⵖⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ (ⴰⵎⵎ ⵙⵍⵉⵄⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ).
English: If the business acquires debts, the creditors can go after the owner's personal possessions.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽ ⵜⴱⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ.
English: The term is also often used colloquially (but not by lawyers or by public officials) to refer to a company.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ (ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⵣⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ.
English: A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵅⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority.
Tamazight: ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴹⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⵙⵜ.
English: Limited liability companies (LLC), limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏ (LLC), ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵔⵔⴳⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵏ.
English: The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴹⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⵔⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⴼ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.
English: This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ.
English: Note that "Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held."
Tamazight: ''ⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ''''ⵉⵍ ⵜⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴱⵉ ⵉⵍ ⵙⵉ (ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ.
English: In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴹⵎⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴹⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ.
English: Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴱⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵥⵏ ⵖⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ.
English: Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ.
English: They include tangible goods such as cars, buses, medical devices, glass, or aircraft.
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ, ⵏ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵟⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⴹⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ.
English: They make their profits by selling goods and services that are sports related.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵣⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ.
English: The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1494 ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⵏⵉⵢ ⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ.
English: Finance can also be defined as the science of money management.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵥⵕⴼⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ.
English: Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵢ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ.
English: Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability).
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜ (ⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ).
English: Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person".
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⵓⴷⵎ" ⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢ.
English: The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ.
English: In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⴰ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵍⵓⵖⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ.
English: """Going public"" through a process known as an initial public offering (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public."
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ" ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵣⵎⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.
English: The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵎⵎⵓⵕⴰⴱⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⴰⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1772 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴰⵕⵏ.
English: Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.
English: Most countries with capital markets have at least one.
Tamazight: ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵀⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵄⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ.
English: Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ.
English: The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵚⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵚⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking.
Tamazight: ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵖⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.
English: Economics is the social science that studies how people interact with value; in particular, the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⵛ ⵜⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ; ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⵍⴰⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth: how wealth is created (production), distributed, and consumed; and how wealth can grow.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰ: ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵔⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵖⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⵉ.
English: If the war is not winnable or if the expected costs outweigh the benefits, the deciding actors (assuming they are rational) may never go to war (a decision) but rather explore other alternatives.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ (ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ) ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ (ⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Economic precepts occur throughout the writings of the Boeotian poet Hesiod and several economic historians have described Hesiod himself as the "first economist".
Tamazight: "ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴱⵓⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⵀⵉⵙⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵀⵉⵙⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ"ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ"."
English: Two groups, who later were called "mercantilists" and "physiocrats", more directly influenced the subsequent development of the subject.
Tamazight: "ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⴰⵏ ""ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ"" ⴷ ""ⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⴽⵔⴰⵜ"", ⵜⴹⵓⵚ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⴰⵏ.
English: It held that a nation's wealth depended on its accumulation of gold and silver.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ.
English: Physiocrats, a group of 18th-century French thinkers and writers, developed the idea of the economy as a circular flow of income and output.
Tamazight: ⴼⵉⵙⵢⵓⴽⵔⴰⵜⵙ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18, ⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ.
English: Physiocrats advocated replacing administratively costly tax collections with a single tax on income of land owners.
Tamazight: ⴼⵉⵙⵢⵓⴽⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵍⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ.
English: Smith discusses potential benefits of specialization by division of labour, including increased labour productivity and gains from trade, whether between town and country or across countries.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵣⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵄⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ.
English: The force of a rapidly growing population against a limited amount of land meant diminishing returns to labour.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰ ⴰⴳⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ.
English: While Adam Smith emphasized the production of income, David Ricardo (1817) focused on the distribution of income among landowners, workers, and capitalists.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵙⵎⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼ, ⴷⴰⵖⵉⴷ ⵕⵉⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓ (1817) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵀⵔⵉⵜⵏ.
English: Ricardo was the first to state and prove the principle of comparative advantage, according to which each country should specialize in producing and exporting goods in that it has a lower relative cost of production, rather relying only on its own production.
Tamazight: ⵕⵉⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⴷⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵖⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Mill pointed to a distinct difference between the market's two roles: allocation of resources and distribution of income.
Tamazight: ⵎⵉⵍⵍ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ: ⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ.
English: Smith wrote that the "real price of every thing ... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it".
Tamazight: "ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⵎⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ" "ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ... ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵅⵏⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ".
English: Say's definition has prevailed up to our time, saved by substituting the word "wealth" for "goods and services" meaning that wealth may include non-material objects as well.
Tamazight: "ⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ" ⵙ "ⴰⵍⵣⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ "" ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⵎⵏ".
English: For Robbins, the insufficiency was solved, and his definition allows us to proclaim, with an easy conscience, education economics, safety and security economics, health economics, war economics, and of course, production, distribution and consumption economics as valid subjects of the economic science."
Tamazight: "ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵏⵣ ⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵀⵏ, ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ , ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ".
English: Although far from unanimous, most mainstream economists would accept some version of Robbins' definition, even though many have raised serious objections to the scope and method of economics, emanating from that definition.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵔⵣ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵣ ⵉⵢⵢⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ.
English: The term "economics" was popularized by such neoclassical economists as Alfred Marshall as a concise synonym for "economic science" and a substitute for the earlier "political economy".
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ"ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ" ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ "ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏⵜ" ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.
English: It dispensed with the labour theory of value inherited from classical economics in favour of a marginal utility theory of value on the demand side and a more general theory of costs on the supply side.
Tamazight: ⵜⵣⴳⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⵕⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⴰⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ.
English: An immediate example of this is the consumer theory of individual demand, which isolates how prices (as costs) and income affect quantity demanded.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⴷⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴹⵓⵚⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ (ⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵚ ⵉⵥⴰⵥⴰⵜⵏ) ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ.
English: Modern mainstream economics builds on neoclassical economics but with many refinements that either supplement or generalize earlier analysis, such as econometrics, game theory, analysis of market failure and imperfect competition, and the neoclassical model of economic growth for analysing long-run variables affecting national income.
Tamazight: ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵓⵚⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ.
English: There exists an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵎⵉⵍⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ (ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵍⵉⵢ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: The book focused on determinants of national income in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⴷⴷ.
English: Keynesian economics has two successors.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵢⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎⵏ.
English: It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson.
Tamazight: ⵜⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵏⵚⵓⵏ.
English: Ben Bernanke, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, is among the economists today generally accepting Friedman's analysis of the causes of the Great Depression.
Tamazight: ⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵏⴰⴽ, ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴱⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.
English: When creating theories, the objective is to find ones which are at least as simple in information requirements, more precise in predictions, and more fruitful in generating additional research than prior theories.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵅⵕⵕⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵕⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Early macroeconomic models focused on modelling the relationships between aggregate variables, but as the relationships appeared to change over time macroeconomists, including new Keynesians, reformulated their models in microfoundations.
Tamazight: ⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵙⵄⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ , ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⵏⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ, ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ.
English: Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only qualitative, not quantitative.
Tamazight: ⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ
English: However, the field of experimental economics is growing, and increasing use is being made of natural experiments.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵀⴰⵏ ⵉⵢⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: By such means, a hypothesis may gain acceptance, although in a probabilistic, rather than certain, sense.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵇⴱⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷ.
English: Criticisms based on professional standards and non-replicability of results serve as further checks against bias, errors, and over-generalization, although much economic research has been accused of being non-replicable, and prestigious journals have been accused of not facilitating replication through the provision of the code and data.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵟⵓⵕⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴰⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵔⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉⵔⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵀⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵊⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ.
English: In applied economics, input–output models employing linear programming methods are quite common.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙⵜ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ.
English: This has reduced the long-noted distinction of economics from natural sciences because it allows direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵓⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵟⵃⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Similar empirical testing occurs in neuroeconomics.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⵏⵜ.
English: In perfectly competitive markets, no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵉⵎⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵔⵏ.
English: Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵓⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: General-equilibrium theory studies various markets and their behaviour.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions.
Tamazight: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ.
English: Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer, for use in some other way.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵜⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵀⴰⵏ ⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ, ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services, capital (durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and land (including natural resources).
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⴳⴰⵔ (ⵉⵍⴰⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵙⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ), ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ).
English: Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs, or in other words, the amount of "waste" is reduced.
Tamazight: "ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⵔⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ "ⵉⴼⵕⴰⴹⵏ"."
English: In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say "guns" and "butter").
Tamazight: "ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵣⵏ (ⴰⵎ "ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵡⴱⴰⵡ"ⴷ ""ⵜⵎⵓⴷⵉⵜ"")."
English: Scarcity is represented in the figure by people being willing but unable in the aggregate to consume beyond the PPF (such as at X) and by the negative slope of the curve.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵊⵕⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵉⴳ PPF (ⴰⵎⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵙ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵃⵓⴷⵔ.
English: The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade-off between the two goods.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵣⴰⵣⵏ.
English: Along the PPF, scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ PPF, ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ.
English: A point inside the curve (as at A), is feasible but represents production inefficiency (wasteful use of inputs), in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴰⴳⵏⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵃⵓⴷⵔ ( ⴰⵎⵎ ⴳ ⴰ) ⵜⴱ=ⵖⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ (ⴰⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ), ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵙⵍⵉⵄⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴳⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵃⵓⴷⵔ.
English: It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵉⵊⵕⵕⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⴽⵏⵉⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ.
English: Among each of these production systems, there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing, or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses.
Tamazight: ⴳⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ.
English: Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ, ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ (ⵏⵉⵙⴱⵉⵢⴰⵏ) ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵅⵙⵏ.
English: In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ.
English: Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ, ⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ, ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵜⵙⵉⵜⵉⵔⴰ.
English: The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵚⵉⴹⵕⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵎⴳⵍⴰ.
English: In addition, purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵖⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵖⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ).
English: Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰ.
English: Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity, if other factors are unchanged.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵡⵡⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ.
English: Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technical improvement.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ, ⴰⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵉⵏⵉⵢ.
English: Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵃⵓⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰ ⵙⵏⵏⵊ.
English: At a price above equilibrium, there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵏ.
English: The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations, partnerships and trusts.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ.
English: In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand, there are many producers, none of which significantly influence price.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ.
English: Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition, various forms of oligopoly, and monopoly.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴰⵥⵕⴽⵡⴰⵛ, ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴳⵓⴱⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵓⴱⵓⵍ.
English: Given its different forms, there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents' responses to it.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉ.
English: In behavioural economics, it has been used to model the strategies agents choose when interacting with others whose interests are at least partially adverse to their own.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵇⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies, ethics, political science, and evolutionary biology.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴽⵍⵉⵢⵉⵔⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ.
English: It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments, the financial structure of companies, the efficiency and fragility of financial markets, financial crises, and related government policy or regulation.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵕⴰⴼ, ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵥⴰⵕⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a "lemon" depress its price below what a quality second-hand car would be.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ''''ⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ'''' ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵔⴳ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market ("incomplete markets").
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵙⵙⵓⴳⴳⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵀⵕⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ (''''ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏ'''').''
English: Information asymmetries and incomplete markets may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market, legal, and regulatory remedies, as discussed above.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⴱⴰⴱⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴳⴰⵙ.
English: Public goods are goods which are under-supplied in a typical market.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵎⵉ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ.
English: For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.).
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵡⵓⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴰⴹⵓⵚ ⵉⴱⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⴹⵓⵚ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ (ⴰⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.).
English: In many areas, some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities, rather than prices, adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⴱⴱⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵟⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ , ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ.
English: Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵕⵚⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, and price inflation and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components.
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ, ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⵅⵅⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ.
English: Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⵢⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴼⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵢ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵢⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: New classical macroeconomics, as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle, posits market clearing with imperfect information.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵢⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏ.
English: The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ.
English: Classical models of unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ.
English: Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵡⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏⵜ.
English: Money has general acceptability, relative consistency in value, divisibility, durability, portability, elasticity in supply, and longevity with mass public confidence.
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ, ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵎⴰⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⵣⵜ.
English: In the words of Francis Amasa Walker, a well-known 19th-century economist, "Money is what money does" ("Money is that money does" in the original).
Tamazight: ''ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵡⵓⵍⴽⵔ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⵎⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ''''ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ'''' (""Money is that money does"" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ)''.
English: Its economic function can be contrasted with barter (non-monetary exchange).
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ( ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵡⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ).
English: When aggregate demand falls below the potential output of the economy, there is an output gap where some productive capacity is left unemployed.
Tamazight: ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ.
English: For example, unemployed home builders can be hired to expand highways.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵏⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⵉⴱⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵅⵉⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ.
English: The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ.
English: Some economists think that crowding out is always an issue while others do not think it is a major issue when output is depressed.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵍⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ.
English: The latter, an aspect of public choice theory, models public-sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics, involving interactions of self-interested voters, politicians, and bureaucrats.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⴽⵔⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵣⵎⵏ.
English: It also concerns the size and distribution of gains from trade.
Tamazight: ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.
English: It is often stated that Carlyle gave economics the nickname "the dismal science" as a response to the late 18th century writings of The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, who grimly predicted that starvation would result, as projected population growth exceeded the rate of increase in the food supply.
Tamazight: ''ⴰⵔ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⴰⵢⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ''ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵉⵍⴼⵏ'''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18 ⵏ ⵍⵇⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵍⵜⵓⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ.
English: The close relation of economic theory and practice with politics is a focus of contention that may shade or distort the most unpretentious original tenets of economics, and is often confused with specific social agendas and value systems.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Some academic economic journals have increased their efforts to gauge the consensus of economists regarding certain policy issues in hopes of effecting a more informed political environment.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵟⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰⵣ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
English: Issues like central bank independence, central bank policies and rhetoric in central bank governors discourse or the premises of macroeconomic policies (monetary and fiscal policy) of the state, are focus of contention and criticism.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵍⴰⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵉⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵏⵏ.
English: The field of information economics includes both mathematical-economical research and also behavioural economics, akin to studies in behavioural psychology, and confounding factors to the neoclassical assumptions are the subject of substantial study in many areas of economics.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵉⵄ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ.
English: Joskow had a strong feeling that the important work in oligopoly was done through informal observations while formal models were "trotted out ex post".
Tamazight: '' ⵉⵍⴰ ⵊⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵄⵜⵉⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵖⴰⵏⵏ ""trotted out ex post""."
English: Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
English: His works such as History of Animals were especially important because they revealed his naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⴻⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
English: Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in Greek philosopher traditions, while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian thought, especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵎ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
English: Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵏ ⵙⵡⴰⵎⵎⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⵍⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵜⵓⵎⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴽⵓⴱⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ.
English: Then, in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⴳ 1838, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵛⵍⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ (1) ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ (2) ⵉⵙ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ (3) ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ.
English: Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever since), and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵍⵉⵏⴰⵢⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵚⵏⵏⴼ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ 1735 (ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ), ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1750 ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰ.
English: Lamarck believed that these acquired traits could then be passed on to the animal's offspring, who would further develop and perfect them.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⵏⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ.
English: The basis for modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel, who presented his paper, "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), in 1865, which outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics.
Tamazight: ''ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ''''Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden"" (ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵀⵊⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ''’’), ⴳ 1865, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.’’
English: A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⵉⴽⵡⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ 1953, ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⵉⴽⵓⵍⵉⵔⵜ.
English: Finally, the Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general human genome.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵔ ⴳ 1990 ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.
English: Life on Earth began from water and remained there for about three billions years prior to migrating onto land.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⴳ ⵖⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⵔⵎⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵜⵔⵓⵏⵏ.
English: The atom of each specific element contains a unique number of protons, which is known as its atomic number, and the sum of its protons and neutrons is an atom's mass number.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵏⵓⵣ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵏⵓⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵓⵜⵔⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵏⵓⵣ.
English: Carbon, for example, can exist as a stable isotope (carbon-12 or carbon-13) or as a radioactive isotope (carbon-14), the latter of which can be used in radiometric dating (specifically radiocarbon dating) to determine the age of organic materials.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⵓⵜⵓⴱ ⵉⵡⵔⵏ (ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ 12 ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ 13) ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⵓⵜⵓⴱ ⵔⴰⴷⵢⵓⴰⴽⵜⵉⴼ (ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ 14), ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⴷⵜ ⵔⴰⴷⵢⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵉⴽ (ⵙ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⴷⵜ ⵔⴰⴷⵢⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ.
English: Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⵉⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵙⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵏⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵍⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ.
English: Unlike ionic bonds, a covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⴽⴰⴼⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵏⵓⵣⵏ.
English: A ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⴽⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵕⵡⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⴽⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵃⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.