Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to express).
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ (ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⴰⵎⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ).
English: Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity (both intentional and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⵡⵣ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
English: Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original message.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ.
English: Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵅⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵅⴰⵙⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⵢ.
English: Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, the spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
English: Some of the functions of nonverbal communication in humans are to complement and illustrate, to reinforce and emphasize, to replace and substitute, to control and regulate, and to contradict the denotative message.
Tamazight: ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⵉⵕⵉⵟⵟ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵔⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴼⴼⵔⵏ.
English: To have total communication, all non-verbal channels such as the body, face, voice, appearance, touch, distance, timing, and other environmental forces must be engaged during face-to-face interaction.
Tamazight: ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⴷⵔⵓ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰ.
English: """Non-verbal behaviours may form a universal language system."""
Tamazight: ‘’ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵚⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ’’
English: Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉⵜ
English: Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵀⵕⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵔⴰⵏⵜⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵅⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: The properties of language are governed by rules.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵎ.
English: Contrary to popular belief, signed languages of the world (e.g., American Sign Language) are considered to be verbal communication because their sign vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic structures abide by all the necessary classifications as spoken languages.
Tamazight: ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ.
English: Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ.
English: A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ.
English: A destination, where the message arrives.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ.
English: No allowance for differing purposes.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: No allowance for situational contexts.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵙⵏ.
English: These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication.
Tamazight: ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols).
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵊⵔⵔⵓⵎⵜ (ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴽⵓⵎⵏ).
English: In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund (2008) proposed a transactional model of communication.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⵔⵏⵓⵏⴷ ⴳ (2008)ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ.
English: This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴽⵉⵍ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ, ⴱⵓ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉ ⴰⵍⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ.
English: The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents.
Tamazight: ⵇⴰⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ.
English: Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⴱⴰⵢⴹⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ.
English: Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ.
English: The information environment is the aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵊⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵅⴼ tsila nns.
English: In verbal interpersonal communication there are two types of messages being sent: a content message and a relational message.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ : ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ.
English: This is the study of how individuals explain what causes different events and behaviors.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵓⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Open and honest communication creates an atmosphere that allows family members to express their differences as well as love and admiration for one another.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵊⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ.
English: Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ.
English: This also includes a lack of expressing "knowledge-appropriate" communication, which occurs when a person uses ambiguous or complex legal words, medical jargon, or descriptions of a situation or environment that is not understood by the recipient.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ‘’ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ’’, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵓⵏⴼⵓ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⵔⵎⴰⵙ’’.
English: Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause problems.
Tamazight: ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵛⵉⵙ, ⵇⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵛⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵇⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ.
English: Examples might include an organizational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know whom to communicate with.
Tamazight: ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵉⵡⵣ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ.
English: It is better if such words are avoided by using alternatives whenever possible.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⴼ.
English: However, research in communication has shown that confusion can lend legitimacy to research when persuasion fails.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴼⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⵉⴼ ⵓⵍⵖⴰⴷ.
English: It is when the sender is expressing a thought or a word but the receiver gives it a different meaning.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: This has, in turn, led to a notable change in the way younger generations communicate and perceive their own self-efficacy to communicate and connect with others.
Tamazight: ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰ.
English: Fear of being criticized – This is a major factor that prevents good communication.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵉ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ.
English: This will not only boost your confidence but also improve your language and vocabulary.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴽ.
English: Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵏ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ.
English: The act of disambiguation regards the attempt of reducing noise and wrong interpretations, when the semantic value or meaning of a sign can be subject to noise, or in presence of multiple meanings, which makes the sense-making difficult.
Tamazight: ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵔ ⵉⵣⴳⵍⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⴰ ⵜⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴷⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵢ.
English: For example: words, colours and symbols have different meanings in different cultures.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Understanding cultural aspects of communication refers to having knowledge of different cultures in order to communicate effectively with cross culture people.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴱⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: It also includes sounds from throat and all these are greatly influenced by cultural differences across borders.
Tamazight: ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵓⵚⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ.
English: This concept differs from culture to culture as the permissible space varies in different countries.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ.
English: Some issues explaining this concept are pauses, silences and response lag during an interaction.
Tamazight: ⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ.
English: In different countries, the same gestures and postures are used to convey different messages.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⴰ, ⵉⴳⵓⵔⵙⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵉⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ.
English: The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react.
Tamazight: ⵜⵏⵉⴳⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴳⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⵉⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴷⵔⵏ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖ.
English: Through quorum sensing, bacteria can sense the density of cells, and regulate gene expression accordingly.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴼ, ⵜⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⴰⴽ, ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Information, in a general sense, is processed, organised and structured data.
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ, ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ.
English: Information is associated with data.
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⵍⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ.
English: Information can be transmitted in time, via data storage, and space, via communication and telecommunication.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⵯⴰⵢ, ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation (for example, information may be encoded into a sequence of signs, or transmitted via a signal).
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴹⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴹⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ).
English: Uncertainty is inversely proportional to the probability of occurrence.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵏⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ.
English: Furthermore, Latin itself already contained the word īnfōrmātiō meaning concept or idea, but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the word information in English is not clear.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ īnfōrmātiō ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣ.
English: In modern Greek the word Πληροφορία is still in daily use and has the same meaning as the word information in English.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ Πληροφορία ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⵜ.
English: The field was fundamentally established by the works of Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley in the 1920s, and Claude Shannon in the 1940s.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵢⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵍⴼ ⵀⴰⵔⵜⵍⵉ ⴳ 1920 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵛⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ 1940 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
English: Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Important sub-fields of information theory include source coding, algorithmic complexity theory, algorithmic information theory, and information-theoretic security.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ, ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣⵎⵉ, ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ.
English: In his book Sensory Ecology biophysicist David B. Dusenbery called these causal inputs.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵍⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⵣⵏⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⴷⴰⴼ.
English: In practice, information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or system.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵃⵓⵕⵛⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⴷⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖⴰ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ.
English: The sequence of nucleotides is a pattern that influences the formation and development of an organism without any need for a conscious mind.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍⵉⵢⵓⵜⵉⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵓⵚⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴼⵔⴽ.
English: In other words, it can be said that information in this sense is something potentially perceived as representation, though not created or presented for that purpose.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.
English: Whether the answer provides knowledge depends on the informed person.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵇⵙⴰⵏ.
English: This is the informational equivalent of almost 61 CD-ROM per person in 2007.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 61 ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴳ 2007.
English: Sound records management ensures that the integrity of records is preserved for as long as they are required.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴹⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ.
English: Beynon-Davies explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of signs and signal-sign systems.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴱⵉⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⴱⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ.
English: Pragmatics is concerned with the purpose of communication.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴳⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⴱⵕⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ.
English: In other words, pragmatics link language to action.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ.
English: Semantics is the study of the meaning of signs - the association between signs and behaviour.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵍⴼⵏ - ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Syntax as an area studies the form of communication in terms of the logic and grammar of sign systems.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ.
English: He introduces the concept of lexicographic information costs and refers to the effort a user of a dictionary must make to first find, and then understand data so that they can generate information.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴰⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ.
English: In a communicative situation intentions are expressed through messages that comprise collections of inter-related signs taken from a language mutually understood by the agents involved in the communication.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵍⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ.
English: Information visualization (shortened as InfoVis) depends on the computation and digital representation of data, and assists users in pattern recognition and anomaly detection.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ (ⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⴱⵉⵙ) ⵢⵓⴳⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖⵏ.
English: The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences as well as in philosophy and bioethics.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ.
English: In developing societies it may be mainly based on kinship and shared values while more developed societies accumulate various theories as to what contributes to a sense of solidarity, or rather, social cohesion.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵛⵛⵓⵕⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
English: Durkheim introduced the terms mechanical and organic solidarity as part of his theory of the development of societies in The Division of Labour in Society (1893).
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵉⵎ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ "ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ" (1893).
English: Collins Dictionary of Sociology, p405-6.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏⵣ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 405-6.
English: Definition: it is social cohesion based upon the dependence which individuals have on each other in more advanced societies.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Early ancient philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle discuss solidarity as a virtue ethics framework because in order to live a good life one must perform actions and behave in a way that is in solidarity with the community.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵚⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵖⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
English: The modern practice of bioethics is significantly influenced by Immanuel Kant's concept of the Categorical Imperative.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⴹⵓⵚⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ.
English: Foreign-area studies were virtually nonexistent.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵓⵔⵖ ⴷⴷ.
English: The former became area-studies advocates, the latter proponents of modernization theory.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.
English: From 1953 to 1966 it contributed $270 million to 34 universities for area and language studies.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴳⵔ 1953 ⴰⵔ 1966 ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 270 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ 34 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
English: Other large and important programs followed Ford's.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⴷⵙ.
English: Others insisted, however, that once they were established on university campuses, area studies began to encompass a much broader and deeper intellectual agenda than the one foreseen by government agencies, thus not American centric.
Tamazight: ⵏⴷⴻⴷⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢ.
English: Other interdisciplinary research fields such as women's studies, gender studies, disability studies, LGBT studies and ethnic studies (including African American studies, Asian American studies, Latino studies, Chicano studies and Native American studies) are not part of area studies but are sometimes included in discussion along with it.
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵄⴹⴹⵕ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵍ ⴷⵊⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ (ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ-ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ-ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ) ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴽⵛⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ.
English: Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dēmos) meaning 'the people', and -graphy from γράφω (graphō) meaning 'writing, description or measurement') is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ (ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⴷⵉⵎⵓ- ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ δῆμος (ⴷⵉⵎⵓⵙ) ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ "ⴰⵖⵔⴼ", ⴷ -ⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵏ γράφω (ⴳⵔⴰⴼⵓ) ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ "ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ") ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴰⵜⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Patient demographics form the core of the data for any medical institution,such as patient and emergency contact information and patient medical record data.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵏ.
English: The term Demography refers to the overall study of population.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.
English: In the Middle ages, Christian thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ.
English: One of the earliest demographic studies in the modern period was Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662) by John Graunt, which contains a primitive form of life table.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ (1662) ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
English: His work influenced Thomas Robert Malthus, who, writing at the end of the 18th century, feared that, if unchecked, population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production, leading to ever-increasing famine and poverty (see Malthusian catastrophe).
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵍⵜⵓⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴷ, ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴱⵉⵏ (ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⴰⵍⵜⵓⵙⵜ).
English: A census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ.
English: Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴹⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⴷⴷⵔ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⵥ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ.
English: Other indirect methods in contemporary demography include asking people about siblings, parents, and children.
Tamazight: ⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ, ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ.
English: They include models of mortality (including the life table, Gompertz models, hazards models, Cox proportional hazards models, multiple decrement life tables, Brass relational logits), fertility (Hernes model, Coale-Trussell models, parity progression ratios), marriage (Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), disability (Sullivan's method, multistate life tables), population projections (Lee-Carter model, the Leslie Matrix), and population momentum (Keyfitz).
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ (ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ, ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⴱⵉⵔⵜⵣ, ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ, ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴽⵙ, ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵏⴰⵥ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵉⵜⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵙ), ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵍⵙ (ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵏⵉ, ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵍ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢⵜ), ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ (ⵙⵉⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ, ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵊ), ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⴳⵔⵜ (ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵔ, ⵎⴰⵜⵔⵉⴽⵙ ⵍⵉⵣⵍⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ (ⴽⴰⵢⴼⵉⵜⵣ).
English: The age-specific fertility rates, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15–19, 20-24 etc.)
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵉ 1,000 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ (ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 15 ⴰⵔ 19, 20 ⴰⵔ 24 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵙⵉⵜⵉⵔⴰ.)
English: The expectation of life (or life expectancy), the number of years that an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵜ ( ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ), ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜ.
English: A stationary population, one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴷ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ (ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ).
English: Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵍ.
English: Individuals who change their ethnic self-labels or whose ethnic classification in government statistics changes over time may be thought of as migrating or moving from one population subcategory to another.
Tamazight: ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵏⵉⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵏⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⵇⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ.
English: The figure in this section shows the latest (2004) UN projections of world population out to the year 2150 (red = high, orange = medium, green = low).
Tamazight: ⵓⵏⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ (2004) ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2150 (ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ = ⵢⵓⵍⵉ, ⴰⵍⵛⵛⵉⵏⵉ = ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ = ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ).
English: Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵟⵟⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.
English: Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ "ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ" ⵅⵙ ⵎⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍⵏ.
English: Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial training in social sciences, statistics or health studies.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ.
English: In this respect, one can see information science as a response to technological determinism, the belief that technology "develops by its own laws, that it realizes its own potential, limited only by the material resources available and the creativity of its developers.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰ, ⵏⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴷⵉⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ, ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ "ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵍⵍⵡⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: It is concerned with that body of knowledge relating to the origination, collection, organization, storage, retrieval, interpretation, transmission, transformation, and utilization of information.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: This is especially true when related to the concept developed by A. I. Mikhailov and other Soviet authors in the mid-1960s.
Tamazight: ⵉⵚⵃⴰ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵉⵅⴰⵢⵍⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ 1960 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
English: Definitions reliant on the nature of the tools used for deriving meaningful information from data are emerging in Informatics academic programs.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ.
English: It can be used to reason about the entities within that domain and may be used to describe the domain.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ.
English: Traditionally, their work has been with print materials, but these skills are being increasingly used with electronic, visual, audio, and digital materials.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵟⵟⵓⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th century along with many other social science disciplines.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: In 1731, Benjamin Franklin established the Library Company of Philadelphia, the first library owned by a group of public citizens, which quickly expanded beyond the realm of books and became a center of scientific experiment, and which hosted public exhibitions of scientific experiments.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1731, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵏⵢⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷⵉⵍⴼⵉⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴼⵙⴰⵄ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France.
Tamazight: ⴳ 1801, ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⴽⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⴱⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴹⵓⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ.
English: By 1843 Richard Hoe developed the rotary press, and in 1844 Samuel Morse sent the first public telegraph message.
Tamazight: ⴳ 1843, ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵔⵓⵜⵛⴰⵔ ⵀⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵎⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ 1844, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵡⵉⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
English: In 1860 a congress was held at Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule to discuss the feasibility of establishing a systematic and rational nomenclature for chemistry.
Tamazight: ⴳ 1860, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵙⵖⵓ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴽⵉⵎⵉⴽⵜ.
English: The following year the Royal Society began publication of its Catalogue of Papers in London.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ.
English: Many information science historians cite Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in 1895.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵀⵓⵏⵔⵉ ⵍⴰⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵉⴱⵍⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ (ⵉⵉⴱ) ⴳ 1895.
English: Documentalists emphasized the utilitarian integration of technology and technique toward specific social goals.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⵉⴷⴻⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Otlet and Lafontaine established numerous organizations dedicated to standardization, bibliography, international associations, and consequently, international cooperation.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ, ⵉ ⵜⴱⵉⴱⵍⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ, ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.
English: This collection involved standardized paper sheets and cards filed in custom-designed cabinets according to a hierarchical index (which culled information worldwide from diverse sources) and a commercial information retrieval service (which answered written requests by copying relevant information from index cards).
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵉⵖⴹ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵓⴱⵉ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ) ⴷ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ).
English: Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with other programs.
Tamazight: ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ.
English: The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous special interest groups to respond to the changes.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1980 ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ.
English: Zhang, B., Semenov, A., Vos, M. and Veijlainen, J. (2014).
Tamazight: ⵣⵀⴰⵏⴳ, ⴱ., ⵙⵉⵎⵉⵏⵓⴼ, ⴰ., ⴱⵓⵙ, ⵎ, ⴷ ⴱⵉⵊⵍⴰⵢⵏⴻⵏ, ⵊ. (2014)
English: Sharing through social media has become so influential that publishers must "play nice" if they desire to succeed.
Tamazight: ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳⵏ "ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵜⵜⵉ" ⵎⴽ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ.
English: It is for this reason that these networks have been realized for the potential they provide. "
Tamazight: “ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ.”””
English: What about assigning privileges and restricting access to unauthorized users?
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⵜⵉⵢⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵏⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ.
English: It is an emerging discipline and community of practice focused on bringing together principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⴳⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ.
English: Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called "information overload".
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵏⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ "ⴰⴱⵔⵜⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ".
English: An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵔⵎⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ
English: Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different degrees of relevancy.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵙⵉⵙⵜ.
English: Depending on the application the data objects may be, for example, text documents, images, audio, mind maps or videos.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ, ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ, ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ.
English: Information seeking is related to, but different from, information retrieval (IR).
Tamazight: ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ (ⴷⵉ), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰ.
English: Logic is used to supply formal semantics of how reasoning functions should be applied to the symbols in the KR system.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵔ.
English: It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were divine retributions bearing signs of Heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as the people saw these calamities as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴱⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⴷⴰⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⵀⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ.
English: The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the European concept, it does not confer an unconditional right to rule.
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵏⵎⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹ.
English: The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler, in a system that had few other checks.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⴹⴰⴼ.
English: Notably, the dynasty lasted for a considerable time during which 31 kings ruled over an extended period of 17 generations.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵯ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹ 31 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ.
English: As time went on, however, the rulers' abuse of the other social classes led to social unrest and instability.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ.
English: They created the Mandate of Heaven to explain their right to assume rule and presumed that the only way to hold the mandate was to rule well in the eyes of Heaven.
Tamazight: ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵡⴰ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ.
English: However, in order to appease some of the citizens, they allowed some Shang beneficiaries to continue governing their small kingdoms in compliance with Zhou rules and regulations.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵀⴷⴷⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴷⵀⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵣⵀⵓ.
English: They also excelled in shipbuilding, which, coupled with their discovery of celestial navigation, made them excellent mariners.
Tamazight: ⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⴰⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵃⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵃⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵏ.
English: Most of these works are commentaries on the progress and political movement of the dynasty.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
English: Their works primarily stressed the importance of the ruling class, respect, and their relationship with the lower class.
Tamazight: ⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ, ⴰⵡⵇⵇⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ.
English: Within these districts were administrators who were appointed by the government, in return, they had to maintain their allegiance to the main internal government.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⴰ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵢⵄⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰ!ⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Finally, when the Zhou dynasty's power decreased, it was wiped out by the State of Qin, which believed that the Zhou had become weak and their rule unjust.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵏⵥ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵀⵓ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵀⵓ ⴰⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵖⴷⵉⵎⵜ.
English: During this reformation, administrative changes were made and a system of legalism was developed which stated that the law is supreme over every individual, including the rulers.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵚⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵚⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵢⵓⵜⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ.
English: The establishment of the Han dynasty marked a great period in China’s history marked by significant changes in the political structure of the country.
Tamazight: .ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵕⵛⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ.
English: A major purpose was to establish justification for the transference of the Mandate of Heaven through these five dynasties and thus to the Song dynasty.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴳ.
English: They also held considerably more territory than any of the other Chinese states that had existed conterminously in the south.
Tamazight: ⵎⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ.
English: The brutal behavior of Zhu Wen and the Later Liang was a source of considerable embarrassment, and thus there was pressure to exclude them from the Mandate.
Tamazight: ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵀⵓ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵟⵕ ⵍⵉⵢⴰⵏⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴳⴰⵥ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ.
English: However, Kublai Khan was the only indifferent ruler when he claimed the Mandate of Heaven over the Yuan Dynasty since he had a sizable military and was part of the Khitan people, as with many others from the same background since they did not have the same traditions and culture as their Chinese adversaries.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⴱⵍⴰⵢ ⵅⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵎⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵉⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ.
English: It was solely politics from beginning to end and an attempt from the emperor to maintain a favorable act towards Heaven.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵎⵏⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ.
English: The Right of Rebellion is not coded into any official law.
Tamazight: ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵡⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ.
English: Since the winner is the one who determines who has obtained the Mandate of Heaven and who has lost it, some Chinese scholars consider it to be a sort of Victor's justice, best characterized in the popular Chinese saying "The winner becomes king, the loser becomes outlaw" (Chinese: “成者爲王，敗者爲寇”).
Tamazight: "ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ, ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵜⵃⴰⵙⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵏⵡⵉⵢ "ⴰⵎⵔⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵥⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴼⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ" ( ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ: “成者爲王，敗者爲寇”)."
English: The kingdom of Silla is also said to be adopted the Mandate of Heaven, but the earliest records are from Joseon Dynasty, which made the Mandate of Heaven an enduring state ideology.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵊⵓⵣⵢⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.
English: The later and more centralized Vietnamese dynasties adopted Confucianism as the state ideology, which led to the creation of a Vietnamese tributary system in Southeast Asia that was modeled after the Chinese Sinocentric system in East Asia.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴼⵓⵛⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵜⴰ ⵏⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵎⵉⴹ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓ.
English: In later times, this need was obviated because the Imperial House of Japan claimed to be descended in an unbroken line from the Japanese sun goddess, Amaterasu.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵄⵟⵟⵕⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵣ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵔⴰⵙⵓ.
English: Even after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the emperor was placed back in the center of the political bureaucracy, the throne itself had very little power vis-à-vis the Meiji oligarchy.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵊⵉ ⴳ 1868, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵉⵔⵓⴽⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴳⴰⵔⵛⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵊⵉ.
English: Media studies is a discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history, and effects of various media; in particular, the mass media.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ, ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ.
English: Media studies in Australia was first developed as an area of study in Victorian universities in the early 1960s, and in secondary schools in the mid 1960s.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1960, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1960.
English: In secondary schools, an early film studies course first began being taught as part of the Victorian junior secondary curriculum during the mid 1960s.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴰⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1960.
English: It has since become, and continues to be, a strong component of the VCE.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉ ⵙⵉ ⵉ.
English: Media studies does not appear to be taught in the state of New South Wales at a secondary level.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.
English: Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan are famous Canadian scholars for their contributions to the fields of media ecology and political economy in the 20th century.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵓⵍⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵓⵍⵉⵊⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20.
English: Carleton University and the University of Western Ontario, 1945 and 1946 prospectively, created Journalism specific programs or schools.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵜⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ 1945 ⴷ 1946, ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ.
English: Today, most universities offer undergraduate degrees in Media and Communication Studies, and many Canadian scholars actively contribute to the field, among which: Brian Massumi (philosophy, cultural studies), Kim Sawchuk (cultural studies, feminist, ageing studies), Carrie Rentschler (feminist theory), and François Cooren (organizational communication).
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ: ⴱⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵎⵉ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ), ⴽⵉⵎ ⵙⴰⵡⵛⵓⴽ (ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵔ), ⴽⴰⵔⵉ ⵔⵉⵏⵜⵛⵔ (ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ).
English: A medium is anything that mediates our interaction with the world or other humans.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
English: McLuhan says that the “technique of fragmentation that is the essence of machine technology” shaped the restructuring of human work and association and “the essence of automation technology is the opposite”.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⴻⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵓⵀⴰⵏ "ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ" ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙ "ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵜ".
English: The characteristic of all media means the “content” of any medium is always another medium.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴷ "ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ" ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰⵍⵜ.
English: If the electric light is used for Friday night football or to light up your desk you could argue that the content of the electric light is these activities.
Tamazight: ⵎⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵜⵖⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ ⵀⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ.