Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: At the Holy Apostles (6th century) five domes were applied to a cruciform plan; the central dome was the highest.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⴱⵓⵙⵜⵍ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 6) ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵛⴰ; ⵜⴳ ⵜⵇⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ.
English: Sometimes the central space was square, sometimes octagonal, or at least there were eight piers supporting the dome instead of four, and the nave and transepts were narrower in proportion.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵓⵥⵜ, ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⴰⵎⵜ , ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⵙⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵉⵎⵥⵉⵢ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ.
English: Still in front put a square court.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵜⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ.
English: Directly under the center of the dome is the ambo, from which the Scriptures were proclaimed, and beneath the ambo at floor level was the place for the choir of singers.
Tamazight: ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ, ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ.
English: Rows of rising seats around the curve of the apse with the patriarch's throne at the middle eastern point formed the synthronon.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⴱⴰⵟⵕⵉⵕⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵔⵓⵏⵓⵏ.
English: The domes and vaults to the exterior were covered with lead or with tiling of the Roman variety.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴷⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ.
English: There are considerable Byzantine influences which can be detected in the distinctive early Islamic monuments in Syria (709–715).
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴹⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵔⵢⴰ (709–715).
English: Bricks 70 cm x 35 cm x 5 cm were used, and these bricks were glued together using mortar approximately 5 cm thick.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⴱ ⵏ 70 ⵙⵎ x 35 ⵙⵎ x 5 ⵙⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵖ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⴱ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 5 ⵙⵎ.
English: Perhaps the most definite feature of the Hagia Irene is the strict contrast between the interior and exterior design.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⵊⵢⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏ.
English: This style influenced the construction of several other buildings, such as St. Peter's Basilica.
Tamazight: ⵜⵟⵟⵓⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵣ.
English: The construction of the final version of the Hagia Sophia, which still stands today, was overseen by Emperor Justinian.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ.
English: Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.
Tamazight: ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴱⴱⴻⴱⵜ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 17 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ.
English: The style at the time was sometimes known as opus Francigenum (lit.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵏⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ (lit.
English: The primary engineering innovation and one of the other characteristic design components is the flying buttress.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ.
English: However, there is no evidence to indicate that there was a connection between Armenian architecture and the development of the Gothic style in Western Europe.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ.
English: Thus the Gothic style, being in opposition to classical architecture, from that point of view was associated with the destruction of advancement and sophistication.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵣⴷⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ.
English: The term ‘Saracen’ was still in use in the 18th century and it typically referred to all Muslim conquerors, including the Moors and Arabs.
Tamazight: ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ‘ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ’ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ 18 ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ.
English: His aversion of the style was so strong that he refused to put a Gothic roof on the new St. Paul's, despite being pressured to do so.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⴳⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵔⴽ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳ.
English: Several authors have taken a stance against this allegation, claiming that the Gothic style had most likely filtered into Europe in other ways, for example through Spain or Sicily.
Tamazight: ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ.
English: It was also influenced by theological doctrines which called for more light and by technical improvements in vaults and buttresses that allowed much greater height and larger windows.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴹⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵖⵉⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ.
English: Rib-vaults were employed in some parts of the cathedral at Durham (1093–) and in Lessay Abbey in Normandy (1098).
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵔⵀⴰⵎ (1093–) ⴷ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⴰⴱⴱⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉ (1098).
English: The Duchy of Normandy, part of the Angevin Empire until the 13th century, developed its own version of Gothic.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴷⵓⵇⵢⴰ ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⴰⵏⵊⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 13, ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ.
English: One example of early Norman Gothic is Bayeux Cathedral (1060–70) where the Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵢⵓ (1060–70)ⵛⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ.
English: Coutances Cathedral was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1220.
English: Suger reconstructed portions of the old Romanesque church with the rib vault in order to remove walls and to make more space for windows.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵃⵎⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ.
English: In addition, he installed a circular rose window over the portal on the facade.
Tamazight: ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⴼ.
English: Durham Cathedral was the first cathedral to employ a rib vault, built between 1093 and 1104.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⵓⵔⵀⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵃⵎⴰⵕⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1093 ⴷ 1104.
English: One of the builders who is believed to have worked on Sens Cathedral, William of Sens, later travelled to England and became the architect who, between 1175 and 1180, reconstructed the choir of Canterbury Cathedral in the new Gothic style.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵓⴼ ⵙⴰⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⵙ, ⵖⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵢⵓⵍⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵔⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1175 ⴷ 1180.
English: French Gothic churches were heavily influenced both by the ambulatory and side-chapels around the choir at Saint-Denis, and by the paired towers and triple doors on the western façade.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵓⴳⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ.
English: The builders of Notre-Dame went further by introducing the flying buttress, heavy columns of support outside the walls connected by arches to the upper walls.
Tamazight: ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ.
English: His work was continued by William the Englishman who replaced his French namesake in 1178.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1178.
English: Tiercerons – decorative vaulting ribs – seem first to be have been used in vaulting at Lincoln Cathedral, installed c.1200.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵢⵕⵙⵓⵕⵓⵏⵙ – ⵉⵖⵙⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵎⵎⴰⵕⵉⵏ– ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵃⵎⵎⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ c.1200.
English: The first building in the High Gothic was Chartres Cathedral, an important pilgrimage church south of Paris.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵀⴰⵢ ⴳⵓⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵛⴰⵕⵜⵕ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵣⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ.
English: The walls were filled with stained glass, mainly depicting the story of the Virgin Mary but also, in a small corner of each window, illustrating the crafts of the guilds who donated those windows.
Tamazight: ⵜⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⵔⵢⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⵍⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵕⵥⵎ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ.
English: In central Europe, the High Gothic style appeared in the Holy Roman Empire, first at Toul (1220–), whose Romanesque cathedral was rebuilt in the style of Reims Cathedral; then Trier's Liebfrauenkirche parish church (1228–), and then throughout the Reich, beginning with the Elisabethkirche at Marburg (1235–) and the cathedral at Metz (c.1235–).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍ (1220–), ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⴽⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵔⵉⵎⵙ; ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵔ ⵍⵉⴱⴼⵔⵓⵢⵏⴽⵉⵔⵛ (1228–), ⴷ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵅ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜⴽⵉⵔⵛ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵔⴱⵓⵔⴳ (1235–) ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵜⵣ (c.1235–).
English: Lancet windows were supplanted by multiple lights separated by geometrical bar-tracery.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ.
English: Other characteristics of the High Gothic were the development of rose windows of greater size, using bar-tracery, higher and longer flying buttresses, which could reach up to the highest windows, and walls of sculpture illustrating biblical stories filling the facade and the fronts of the transept.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵊⵊⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵢⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ.
English: The high and thin walls of French Rayonnant Gothic allowed by the flying buttresses enabled increasingly ambitious expanses of glass and decorated tracery, reinforced with ironwork.
Tamazight: ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵢⵓⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴳⵓⵜⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵢⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ.
English: Masons elaborated a series of tracery patterns for windows – from the basic geometrical to the reticulated and the curvilinear – which had superseded the lancet window.
Tamazight: ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ – ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵓⵙⵙ – ⵉⴹⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ.
English: Churches with features of this style include Westminster Abbey (1245–), the cathedrals at Lichfield (after 1257–) and Exeter (1275–), Bath Abbey (1298–), and the retro choir at Wells Cathedral (c.1320–).
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⴰⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ (1245–), ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⴼⵉⵢⵉⵍⴷ (ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ 1257-), ⴷ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵔ (1275-), ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵜ (1298-), ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ (c.1320-).
English: Use of ogees was especially common.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵉⵣ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: Examples of French flamboyant building include the west façade of Rouen Cathedral, and especially the façades of Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (1370s) and choir Mont-Saint-Michel's abbey church (1448).
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵕⵡⴰⵏ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴷⵓ ⴼⵉⵏⵙⵉⵏⵏ (1370s) ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵏ-ⵙⴰⵏⵜ-ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ (1448).
English: It first appeared in the cloisters and chapter-house (c. 1332) of Old St Paul's Cathedral in London by William de Ramsey.
Tamazight: ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ (c. 1332) ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴱⵓⵍⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴷⵓ ⵔⴰⵎⵣⵉ.
English: Perpendicular is sometimes called Third Pointed and was employed over three centuries; the fan-vaulted staircase at Christ Church, Oxford built around 1640.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ; ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 1640.
English: The Kings of France had first-hand knowledge of the new Italian style, because of the military campaign of Charles VIII to Naples and Milan (1494), and especially the campaigns of Louis XII and Francis I (1500–1505) to restore French control over Milan and Genoa.
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵓ (1494), ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (1500-1505) ⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵉⵏⵡⴰ.
English: The Château de Blois (1515–24) introduced the Renaissance loggia and open stairway.
Tamazight: ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵡⴰ (1515–24) ⵍⵓⵊⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⵍⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ.
English: Under Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, England was largely isolated from architectural developments on the continent.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ.
English: Shute published the first book in English on classical architecture in 1570.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1570.
English: The pointed arch did not originate in Gothic architecture; they had been employed for centuries in the Near East in pre-Islamic as well as Islamic architecture for arches, arcades, and ribbed vaults.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⴽ ⴰⵎⴷⴻⴱⴱⴻⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ; ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⴽⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵎ ⵉⵖⵙⴷⵉⵙⵏ.
English: They were also sometimes used for more practical purposes, such as to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults, as in the nave and aisles of Durham Cathedral, built in 1093.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵙⵙⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴷⵓⵕⵀⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1093.
English: Unlike the semi-circular barrel vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, where the weight pressed directly downward, and required thick walls and small windows, the Gothic rib vault was made of diagonal crossing arched ribs.
Tamazight: ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵎⵎⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⵏⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉ ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⵏⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵃⵎⵎⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵙⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵏⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵏ.
English: The outward thrust against the walls was countered by the weight of buttresses and later flying buttresses.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵢⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ.
English: They were very difficult to build, and could only cross a limited space.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ.
English: The alternating rows of alternating columns and piers receiving the weight of the vaults was replaced by simple pillars, each receiving the same weight.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵢ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉ.
English: The first of these new vaults had an additional rib, called a tierceron, which ran down the median of the vault.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵔⵓⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵎⵎⴰⵕ.
English: These vaults often copied the forms form of the elaborate tracery of the Late Gothic styles.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ.
English: A second type was called a reticulated vault, which had a network of additional decorative ribs, in triangles and other geometric forms, placed between or over the traverse ribs.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵎⵎⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵔⵏ.
English: An example is the cloister of Gloucester Cathedral (c. 1370).
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵓⵙⵉⵙⵜⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ (c. 1370).
English: They were used later at Sens, at Notre-Dame de Paris and at Canterbury in England.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵏⵓⵕⵜ-ⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ.
English: In the High Gothic period, a new form was introduced, composed of a central core surrounded several attached slender columns, or colonettes, going up to the vaults.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ.
English: In England, the clustered columns were often ornamented with stone rings, as well as columns with carved leaves.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵙⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵣⴰⵢ.
English: In place of the Corinthian capital, some columns used a stiff-leaf design.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ.
English: In later structures, the buttresses often had several arches, each reaching in to a different level of the structure.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵜ.
English: The arches had an additional practical purpose; they contained lead channels which carried rainwater off the roof; it was expelled from the mouths of stone gargoyles placed in rows on the buttresses.
Tamazight: ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ; ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ;ⵜⵥⵥⵍ ⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ.
English: They also had a practical purpose; they often served as bell towers supporting belfries, whose bells told the time by announcing religious services, warned of fire or enemy attack, and celebrated special occasions like military victories and coronations.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉ; ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵙⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ.
English: Since cathedral construction usually took many years, and was extremely expensive, by the time the tower were to be built public enthusiasm waned, and tastes changed.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵛⵛ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ, ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵣⴰ ⵡⴰⵚⵚⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ.
English: Chartres would have been even more exuberant if the second plan had been followed; it called for seven towers around the transept and sanctuary.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵛⴰⵔⵜⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵎⵔ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ; ⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⴼⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ.
English: The early and High Gothic Laon Cathedral has a square lantern tower over the crossing of the transept; two towers on the western front; and two towers on the ends of the transepts.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔ; ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ. ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢ.
English: In Normandy, cathedrals and major churches often had multiple towers, built over the centuries; the Abbaye aux Hommes (begun 1066), Caen has nine towers and spires, placed on the facade, the transepts, and the centre.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ; ⴳ ⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⵓⵣ ⵓⵎ (Abbaye aux Hommes) (ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴳ 1066), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵢⵏ (Caen) ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.
English: A variation of the spire was the flèche, a slender, spear-like spire, which was usually placed on the transept where it crossed the nave.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵔⵎⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵙⵔⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⴼⵔ ⵜⴱⴱⵢ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ.
English: Amiens Cathedral has a flèche.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵡⵙⵔⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏ.
English: It was removed in 1786 during a program to modernise the cathedral, but was put back in a new form designed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵢⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1786 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵖⵢⵓⵍⵉ-ⵍⵓ-ⴷⵓⴽ.
English: In English Gothic, the major tower was often placed at the crossing of the transept and nave, and was much higher than the other.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: A crossing tower was constructed at Canterbury Cathedral in 1493–1501 by John Wastell, who had previously worked on King's College at Cambridge.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵔⴱⵔⵉ ⴳ 1493–1501 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵊ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ.
English: An unusual double arch had to be constructed in the centre of the crossing to give the tower the extra support it needed.
Tamazight: ⵜⵛⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵣⴰⵏ.
English: Construction began again in 1724 to the design of Nicholas Hawksmoor, after first Christopher Wren had proposed a design in 1710, but stopped again in 1727.
Tamazight: ⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1724 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⵡⴽⵙⵎⵓⵔ, ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1710, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1727.
English: Cologne Cathedral had been started in the 13th century, following the plan of Amiens Cathedral, but only the apse and the base of one tower were finished in the Gothic period.
Tamazight: ⵜⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 13, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ.
English: The tower of Ulm Minster has a similar history, begun in 1377, stopped in 1543, and not completed until the 19th century.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎ ⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ, ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1377, ⵉⵡⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1543, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19.
English: Burgos Cathedral was more inspired by Northern Europe.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵙⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ.
English: Plate tracery was the first type of tracery to be developed, emerging in the later phase of Early Gothic or First Pointed.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.
English: Tracery is practical as well as decorative, because the increasingly large windows of Gothic buildings needed maximum support against the wind.
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⵛⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ.
English: Plate tracery reached the height of its sophistication with the 12th century windows of Chartres Cathedral and in the "Dean's Eye" rose window at Lincoln Cathedral.
Tamazight: “ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵕⵥⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ ““ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵢ (Dean's Eye)”” ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏ.”
English: Stone bar-tracery, an important decorative element of Gothic styles, first was used at Reims Cathedral shortly after 1211, in the chevet built by Jean D'Orbais.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰ ⵔⵉⵎⵙ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1211 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵊⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⴱⵉⵙ.
English: Bar-tracery became common after c.1240, with increasing complexity and decreasing weight.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1240, ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵙⵉ.
English: Rayonnant also deployed mouldings of two different types in tracery, where earlier styles had used moulding of a single size, with different sizes of mullions.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵕⴰⵢⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ, ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ, ⵙ ⵉⴽⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ.
English: The mullions of Geometrical style typically had capitals with curved bars emerging from them.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ.
English: The mullions were in consequence branched into Y-shaped designs further ornamented with cusps.
Tamazight: ⵉ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ Y ⵜⵜⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ.
English: Second Pointed (14th century) saw Intersecting tracery elaborated with ogees, creating a complex reticular (net-like) design known as Reticulated tracery.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⴱⴱⴻⴱ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 14) ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵉⵙ (ogees), ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ (ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ) ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ.
English: These shapes are known as daggers, fish-bladders, or mouchettes.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⵊⵊⵓ.
English: Perpendicular strove for verticality and dispensed with the Curvilinear style's sinuous lines in favour of unbroken straight mullions from top to bottom, transected by horizontal transoms and bars.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴽⵓⵔⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ.
English: The transoms were often topped by miniature crenellations.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ.
English: It frequently covered the facades, and the interior walls of the nave and choir were covered with blind arcades.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: 2 Vaults Barrel or groin Ribbed Ribbed vaults appeared in the Romanesque era and were elaborated in the Gothic era.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ 2 ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉ.
English: They have a long nave making the body of the church, where the parishioners worshipped; a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it to the east, the choir, also known as a chancel or presbytery, that was usually reserved for the clergy.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ; ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ, ⴼⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ, ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⴰ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ.
English: A passage called the ambulatory circled the choir.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ.
English: The early cathedrals, like Notre-Dame, had six-part rib vaults, with alternating columns and piers, while later cathedrals had the simpler and stronger four-part vaults, with identical columns.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ, ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ.
English: Transepts were usually short in early French Gothic architecture, but became longer and were given large rose windows in the Rayonnant period.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⴳⵣⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ.
English: In England, transepts were more important, and the floor plans were usually much more complex than in French cathedrals, with the addition of attached Lady Chapels, an octagonal Chapter House, and other structures (See plans of Salisbury Cathedral and York Minster below).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ, ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉ ⵜⵔⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴷⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵣ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ (ⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵉⵣⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ).
English: An elevation typically had four levels.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ.
English: Above that was a narrower gallery, called the triforium, which also helped provide additional thickness and support.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⴼⵓⵔⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: This system was used at Noyon Cathedral, Sens Cathedral, and other early structures.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵓⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ.
English: The tribune disappeared, which meant that the arcades could be higher.
Tamazight: ⵜⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵊⵊⴳⵓⵍⵏ.
English: A similar arrangement was adapted in England, at Salisbury Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, and Ely Cathedral.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵍⵉⵣⴱⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵉ.
English: This was made possible by the development of the flying buttress, which transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof to the supports outside the walls.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵢⵓⵢⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵓⵣ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ.
English: Beauvais Cathedral reached the limit of what was possible with Gothic technology.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴱⵓⴼⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ.
English: Gothic facades were adapted from the model of the Romanesque facades.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: The sculpture of the central tympanum was devoted to the Last Judgement, that to the left to the Virgin Mary, and that to the right to the Saints honoured at that particular cathedral.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵜⵢ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ.
English: They followed the doctrine expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas that beauty was a "harmony of contrasts."
Tamazight: “ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵖⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵥⵍⵢ ““ⴰⵙⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵏ.”””
English: In England the rose window was often replaced by several lancet windows.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ.
English: The portals were crowned with high arched gables, composed of concentric arches filled with sculpture.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵯⵍⴰ.
English: The towers were adorned with their own arches, often crowned with pinnacles.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵔⵔⴰⵢ.
English: While French cathedrals emphasised the height of the facade, English cathedrals, particularly in earlier Gothic, often emphasised the width.
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ, ⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ.
English: He broke away from the French emphasis on height, and eliminated the column statutes and statuary in the arched entries, and covered the facade with colourful mosaics of biblical scenes (The current mosaics are of a later date).
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵓⵙⴰⵢⴼⵙⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵕⴰⵜ (ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵙⴰⵢⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ).
English: The sculptor Andrea Pisano made the celebrated bronze doors for Florence Baptistry (1330–1336).
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵓⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵉ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵓⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉ (1330–1336).
English: There is usually a single or double ambulatory, or aisle, around the choir and east end, so parishioners and pilgrims could walk freely easily around east end.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ.
English: Abbot Suger first used the novel combination rib vaults and buttresses to replace the thick walls and replace them with stained glass, opening up that portion of the church to what he considered "divine light".
Tamazight: “ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵏⴼⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ““ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ””.”
English: There are three such chapels at Chartres Cathedral, seven at Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens Cathedral, Prague Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral, and nine at Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua in Italy.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⵜⵔ, ⵙⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵓⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉ ⴱⴰⴷⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ.
English: An edict of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 had declared: "The composition of religious images is not to be left to the inspiration of artists; it is derived from the principles put in place by the Catholic Church and religious tradition.
Tamazight: “ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴼⵖ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵉⵇⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 787 ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ: ““ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴷⵍ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ; ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ.”
English: Gradually, as the style evolved, the sculpture became more and more prominent, taking over the columns of the portal, and gradually climbing above the portals, until statues in niches covered the entire facade, as in Wells Cathedral, to the transepts, and, as at Amiens Cathedral, even on the interior of the facade.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵜ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜⵜ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ, ⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ, ⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ.
English: This set a pattern of complex iconography which was followed at other churches.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: The tympanum over the central portal on the west façade of Notre-Dame de Paris vividly illustrates the Last Judgement, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴱⴹⴰⵢ, ⴳ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵓ, ⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⵏⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⴳⵍⴻⵍ.
English: The torments of hell were even more vividly depicted.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⵡⴰⵅⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⴽⵉⵣⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshippers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⵉⴷⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ.
English: They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc during the 19th-century restoration.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵖⵢⵓⵍⵉ-ⵍⵓ-ⴷⵓⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19.
English: Religious teachings in the Middle Ages, particularly the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a 6th-century mystic whose book, De Coelesti Hierarchia, was popular among monks in France, taught that all light was divine.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵙⵓⴷⵓ-ⴷⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⴷⴻ ⴰⵔⵢⵓⴱⴰⵊⵉⵜ, ⴰⵚⵓⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 6 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⴷⵓ ⵛⵡⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⵔⵛⵉ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵔⵓⵀⴱⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ.
English: The windows on the north side, frequently in the shade, had windows depicting the Old Testament.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ, ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.
English: The details were painted onto the glass in vitreous enamel, then baked in a kiln to fuse the enamel on the glass.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ, ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ.
English: Sainte-Chapelle became the model for other chapels across Europe.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ-ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ.
English: Clear glass was dipped into coloured glass, then portions of the coloured glass were ground away to give exactly the right shade.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵔ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⴹ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ.
English: One of the most celebrated Flamboyant buildings was the Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (1370s), with walls of glass from floor to ceiling.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴱⵉⵏⵙ (1370 ⵙ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵍⴰⴱⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵍⵉ.
English: The stained glass windows were extremely complex and expensive to create.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵣⴰⵊ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ.
English: The rose was a symbol of the Virgin Mary, and they were particularly used in churches dedicated to her, including Notre-Dame de Paris.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵓⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ.
English: The Palais de la Cité in Paris, close to Notre-Dame de Paris, begun in 1119, which was the principal residence of the French kings until 1417.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵉⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵜⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1119, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1417.
English: However, it was soon made obsolete by the development of artillery, and in the 15th century it was remodelled into a comfortable residential palace.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰⵏ.
English: The oldest existing example in England is probably the Mob Quad of Merton College at Oxford University, constructed between 1288 and 1378.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵓⴱ ⴽⵡⴰⴷ ⵓⴼ ⵍⵉⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵊ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1288 ⴷ 1378.
English: A similar kind of academic cloister was created at Queen's College, Oxford in the 1140s, likely designed by Reginald Ely.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⴷⵊ, ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵣⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ 1140s, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵊⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵉⵍⵉ.
English: Some colleges, like Balliol College, Oxford, borrowed a military style from Gothic castles, with battlements and crenolated walls.
Tamazight: ⵕⴹⵍⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵎⵎ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⵏⵉⵏ.
English: He wrote in 1447 that he wanted his chapel "to proceed in large form, clean and substantial, setting apart superfluity of too great curious works of entail and busy moulding."
Tamazight: “ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1447 ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵉⵜⵔ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ““ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵢⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ.”””
English: The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside, a crennellated parapet with merlons, and projecting machicolations from which missiles could be dropped on besiegers.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ.
English: Castles were surrounded by a deep moat, spanned by a single drawbridge.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵅⴱⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵯⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣⵏ.
English: One good surviving example is the Château de Dourdan, near Nemours.
Tamazight: ⵖⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵎⵓⵔⵙ.
English: The conversion implied compromises since Latin churches are oriented towards the East and mosques are oriented towards Mecca.
Tamazight: ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴽⴽⴰ.
English: Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque, in Famagusta, Northern Cyprus.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⵖⵓⵙⵜⴰ, ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ
English: The Gothic style began to be described as outdated, ugly and even barbaric.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉ.
English: Ireland was an island of Gothic architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the construction of Derry Cathedral (completed 1633), Sligo Cathedral (c. 1730), and Down Cathedral (1790–1818) are other examples.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵕⵍⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⵔⴷⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵔⵉ (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1633), ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⵔⴷⴰⵍ ⵙⵍⵉⵊⵓ ( ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ 1730) ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵡⵏ (1790-1818).
English: The two western towers of Westminster Abbey were constructed between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, opening a new period of Gothic Revival.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵀⵓⴽⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⴳ ⴷⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1722 ⴷ 1745, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ.
English: This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855–1885, is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic.
Tamazight: ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴳⵔ 1855 ⴰⵔ 1885, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵍⵇⵓⵟⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ.
English: From the second half of the 19th century onwards, it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
English: Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces in the landscape aspect of the design – large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while integrating ecological sustainability.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ - ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⵕⵓⵏⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ “ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ” (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ), ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵏ), ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ Iⵎⵓⵯⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ.
English: They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ I ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵅ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵣ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ.
English: The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵢⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1712.
English: During the latter 19th century, the term landscape architect began to be used by professional landscapes designers, and was firmly established after Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Beatrix Jones (later Farrand) with others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵍⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⵎⵙⵜⵉⴷ ⵊⵓⵏⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵢⴰⵜⵔⵉⴽⵙ ⵊⵓⵏⵣ (ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴷ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ I ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ (ⴰⵙⵍⴰ) ⴳ 1899.
English: Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵀⵍⴰ.
English: Their work is embodied in written statements of policy and strategy, and their remit includes master planning for new developments, landscape evaluations and assessments, and preparing countryside management or policy plans.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰ.
English: In recent years the need and interest of therapeutic gardens have been increasingly rising.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵣⴰⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ.
English: Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵚⵓⵏⵟⵕⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵔⴽ, ⴷ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⴱⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵔⴽ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⴷⵍ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵙⴹⵏ.
English: She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; and the Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⵙⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ, ⵢⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓⵀⴰⴼⵏ, ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵎⵉⵛⵜⵍ ⴰⵔⵏⵓⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵀⴰⵔⴼⴰⵔⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵚⴹⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵜⵛⵓⵙⵜⵙ.
English: Urban Planners are qualified to perform tasks independent of landscape architects, and in general, the curriculum of landscape architecture programs do not prepare students to become urban planners.
Tamazight: ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⵉⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Roberto Burle Marx in Brazil combined the International style and native Brazilian plants and culture for a new aesthetic.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵥⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵥⵉⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵍⵜ.
English: He popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ.
English: Once recognized by AILA, landscape architects use the title 'Registered Landscape Architect' across the six states and territories within Australia.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ " ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵙⵔ" ⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ.
English: Within NZ, Members of NZILA when they achieve their professional standing, can use the title Registered Landscape Architect NZILA.
Tamazight: ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵥⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵣⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵔⵉⵊⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙⴽⴰⴱ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⵜⴽ ⵏⵣⵉⵍⴰ.
English: ILASA's mission is to advance the profession of landscape architecture and uphold high standards of professional service to its members, and to represent the profession of landscape architecture in any matter which may affect the interests of the members of the institute.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ.
English: At present there are fifteen accredited programmes in the UK.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.
English: In 2008, the LI launched a major recruitment drive entitled "I want to be a Landscape Architect" to encourage the study of Landscape Architecture.
Tamazight: "ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008, ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵍⵉ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ " ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵖ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ" "ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ".
English: Several states require passage of a state exam as well.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ.
English: By the 6th century BC, the sand already covered the statues of the main temple up to their knees.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 6 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵢⵉⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵓⵖ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⴷⴷⵏ.
English: One scheme to save the temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples, with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⴽⴽⵉⵜⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵍ.
English: They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⵜⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵅⵉⵅ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵡⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ.
English: Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river, in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⴷ 1968, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴱⴱⵢ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜ (ⴰⵔ 30 ⵟⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 20ⵟⵓⵏ), ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ 65 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ 200 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ, ⵉⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.
English: Many visitors also arrive by plane at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex, or by road from Aswan, the nearest city.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴳⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: The colossal statues along the left-hand wall bear the white crown of Upper Egypt, while those on the opposite side are wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt (pschent).
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕ, ⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵉ ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔⵜ (pschent).
English: The most famous relief shows the king on his chariot shooting arrows against his fleeing enemies, who are being taken prisoner.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵔⴳⴳⵯⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⴼ.
English: There are depictions of Ramesses and Nefertari with the sacred boats of Amun and Ra-Horakhty.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵏⴼⵔⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵃⵓⵔⴰⵅⵜⵉ.
English: These dates are allegedly the king's birthday and coronation day, respectively.
Tamazight: ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.