Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: The first mammalian cloning (resulting in Dolly the sheep) had a success rate of 29 embryos per 277 fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, one of which lived.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴹⴻⴹⵉⵏ (ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵉ), ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰⵏ 29 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ 277 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⵓⴳⵓⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵏ.
English: Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⴻⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵓ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.
English: However, other researchers, including Ian Wilmut who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection was unrelated to problems with the cloning process.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵀⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ, ⵎⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵃⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ.
English: Soviet scientists Chaylakhyan, Veprencev, Sviridova, and Nikitin had the mouse "Masha" cloned.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵛⴰⵢⵍⴰⵅⵢⴰⵏ, ⴼⵉⴱⵔⵉⵏⴽⵉⴼ, ⵙⴼⵉⵔⵉⴷⵓⴼⴰ, ⴷ ⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴷⴰ “ⵎⴰⵛⴰ” ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ.
English: More akin to artificial formation of twins.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴱ ⵡⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ.
English: Dog: Snuppy, a male Afghan hound was the first cloned dog (2005).
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴷⵉ: ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵉ, ⴰⵇⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ (2005).
English: Water buffalo: Samrupa was the first cloned water buffalo.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ: ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ.
English: Camel: (2009) Injaz, is the first cloned camel.
Tamazight: ⴰⵍⵖⵎ: (2009) ⵉⵏⵊⴰⵣ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ.
English: Goat: (2001) Scientists of Northwest A&F University successfully cloned the first goat which use the adult female cell.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵖⴰⴹⵜ: (2001) ⵎⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ Northwest A&F, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵜ.
English: Conducted in China in 2017, and reported in January 2018.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017, ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2018.
English: Black-footed ferret: (2020) In 2020, a team of scientists cloned a female named Willa, who died in the mid-1980s and left no living descendants.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵉⵔⴷⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ: (2020) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020, ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ 1980, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵊⵉ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
English: It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵄⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ.
English: As of right now, scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark a wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ.
English: While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ; ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ( ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵟⵟⴰⵜⵏ), ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.
English: This is also referred to as "Conservation cloning".
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵣⴰⵕⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵄⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ “ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉ”.
English: These successes provided hope that similar techniques (using surrogate mothers of another species) might be used to clone extinct species.
Tamazight: ⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ), ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵛⴽⴰⵏ.
English: In 2002, geneticists at the Australian Museum announced that they had replicated DNA of the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), at the time extinct for about 65 years, using polymerase chain reaction.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ DNA ⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ (ⴰⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵉ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵇⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 65 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵍⴱⵉⵍⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴳⴼⴼⵓⵔ.
English: In 2003, for the first time, an extinct animal, the Pyrenean ibex mentioned above was cloned, at the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, using the preserved frozen cell nucleus of the skin samples from 2001 and domestic goat egg-cells.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003, ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ, ⵖⴼ ⵍⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵔⴰⴳⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001 ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: """Когда вернутся мамонты"" (""When the Mammoths Return""), 5 February 2015 (retrieved 6 September 2015) Another problem is the survival of the reconstructed mammoth: ruminants rely on a symbiosis with specific microbiota in their stomachs for digestion."
Tamazight: """Когда вернутся мамонты"" ( ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵍⵎⴰⵎⵓⵜ), 5 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2015 ( ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ 6 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2015), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⴱⵢⵓⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵥⴰⵥ.”
English: Because of this, some posited she may have aged more quickly than other naturally born animals, as she died relatively early for a sheep at the age of six.
Tamazight: ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵍⵇⵄ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ.
English: However, early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural conception or assisted reproduction (IVF).
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵀⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ, ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵃⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ (IVF).
English: The concept of cloning, particularly human cloning, has featured a wide variety of science fiction works.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ, ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Many works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous, or take place through slow growth of human embryos in artificial wombs.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵟⵟⴰⵜⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ DNA, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵉⵢⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Science fiction films such as The Matrix and Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones have featured scenes of human foetuses being cultured on an industrial scale in mechanical tanks.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵔⵉⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ: ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ - ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴱⴱⴰⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ.
English: A Number was adapted by Caryl Churchill for television, in a co-production between the BBC and HBO Films.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴰⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ BBC ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ HBO.
English: She grew up always doubtful about the love from her mother, who looked nothing like her and who died nine years before.
Tamazight: ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
English: In the 1976 Ira Levin novel The Boys from Brazil and its 1978 film adaptation, Josef Mengele uses cloning to create copies of Adolf Hitler.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976 ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 1978, ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⵎⵉⵏⵊⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⵀⵉⵜⵍⵉⵕ.
English: In Doctor Who, an alien race of armour-clad, warlike beings called Sontarans was introduced in the 1973 serial "The Time Warrior".
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵓⴷⵓⴽⵟⵓⵕ ⵀⵓ", ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵕⴰⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973 "ⴰⵎⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ"."
English: The concept of cloned soldiers being bred for combat was revisited in "The Doctor's Daughter" (2008), when the Doctor's DNA is used to create a female warrior called Jenny.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴰⵢⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵄⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⴽⵟⵓⵕ" (2008), ⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ".
English: The 2005 Kazuo Ishiguro novel Never Let Me Go and the 2010 film adaption are set in an alternate history in which cloned humans are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to naturally born humans, despite the fact that they are fully sentient and self-aware.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵣⵓⵡⵓ ⵉⵛⵓⴳⵓⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005 ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵓⵃⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2010 ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵛⵛⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: In the futuristic novel Cloud Atlas and subsequent film, one of the story lines focuses on a genetically-engineered fabricant clone named Sonmi~451, one of millions raised in an artificial "wombtank", destined to serve from birth.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵖⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵏⵎⵉ~451, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ "wombtank", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: In the film Us, at some point prior to the 1980s, the US Government creates clones of every citizen of the United States with the intention of using them to control their original counterparts, akin to voodoo dolls.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵣ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1980 ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⴷⵙⵉⵃ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵉⵢ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵓⴷⵓ ⴷⵓⵍⵙ.
English: In the present day, the clones launch a surprise attack and manage to complete a mass-genocide of their unaware counterparts.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵙⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴽⵏ.
English: Genes have been transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ (ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ), ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker.
Tamazight: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵓⵓⵙⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⴷⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵔⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ.
English: Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵀⴰⵕⴱⵕⵜ ⴱⵓⵢⵕ ⴷ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ.
English: The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵓⴼⵉⵛ (2003) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⵓⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015.
English: Fungi have been engineered with much the same goals.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ.
English: There are proposals to remove the virulent genes from viruses to create vaccines.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵄⴰⵡⵔⴹⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
English: The majority are engineered for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ.
English: Animals are generally much harder to transform and the vast majority are still at the research stage.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴱⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ.
English: Livestock is modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance, and survival.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ, ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ.
English: Although human gene therapy is still relatively new, it has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, and Leber's congenital amaurosis.
Tamazight: ⵡⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷⵓⵔⵖ ⴷⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵛⵛⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴽⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵓⵙⵉⵙ.
English: Other concerns are the objectivity and rigor of regulatory authorities, contamination of non-genetically modified food, control of the food supply, patenting of life and the use of intellectual property rights.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵜⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵇⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ.
English: Countries have adopted regulatory measures to deal with these concerns.
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.
English: A broad definition of genetic engineering also includes selective breeding and other means of artificial selection.",
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⵔⵉ.,"
English: For example, the grain crop triticale was fully developed in a laboratory in 1930 using various techniques to alter its genome.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵉⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1930 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Modern biotechnology is further defined as "In vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles, or fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family."
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴷⵢⵓⴽⵙⵉⵔⵉⴱⵓⵏⵓⵢⵉⴽ (ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⵓⵣⵉ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ.""
English: The definitions focus on the process more than the product, which means there could be GMOS and non-GMOs with very similar genotypes and phenotypes.
Tamazight: ⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ GMOS ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ-GMOS ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.
English: It also poses problems as new processes are developed.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.
English: Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴽⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ.
English: The gene is then combined with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and a selectable marker.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵙⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ.
English: DNA is generally inserted into animal cells using microinjection, where it can be injected through the cell's nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus, or through the use of viral vectors.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵉⵎⴽⵕⵓⴳⵣⴰⵢ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵣⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵜⵜⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ.
English: In plants this is accomplished through tissue culture.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Traditionally the new genetic material was inserted randomly within the host genome.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵔⴰⵏⴰⵢ.
English: There are four families of engineered nucleases: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR).
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ: ⵜⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵥⵥⵏⴽ, ⵜⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵥⵣⵏⴽ, ⵜⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵍ (TALENs), ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ Cas9-guideRNA (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵙⴳ CRISPR).
English: In 1972 Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecule when he combined DNA from a monkey virus with that of the lambda virus.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵙⵏ 1972 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⵉⴱⵓⵣⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⴱⴰⴷⴰ.
English: The bacteria that had successfully incorporated the plasmid was then able to survive in the presence of kanamycin.
Tamazight: ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵛⵉⵏ.
English: In 1974 Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world's first transgenic animal.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1974 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵕⵓⴷⵍⵓⴼ ⴷⵊⵉⵏⵉⵛ ⴰⵖⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵊⵉ ⵙ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
English: Mice with genes removed (termed a knockout mouse) were created in 1989.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵔⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙⵏ (ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ).
English: In 1983 the first genetically engineered plant was developed by Michael W. Bevan, Richard B. Flavell and Mary-Dell Chilton.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1983 ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⵡ. ⴱⵉⴼⵏ, ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⴱ.ⴼⴰⵍⴱⵍ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ-ⴷⵉⵍⵍ ⵛⵉⵍⵟⵓⵏ.
English: In 2000, Vitamin A-enriched golden rice was the first plant developed with increased nutrient value.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵓⵣ ⴰⵡⵔⵖ ⴰⵙⴱⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵏⵓⵜⵛⵉ.
English: The insulin produced by bacteria, branded humulin, was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1982, ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵕⵥⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵀⵓⵎⵓⵍⵉⵏ.
English: In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the Flavr Savr tomato, the first genetically modified food.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1994 ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴽⴰⵍⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵎⵟⴰⵎ ⴼⵍⴰⴼⵕ ⵙⴰⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵓⵜⵛⵓ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ.
English: In 2010, scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced that they had created the first synthetic bacterial genome.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010, ⵙⵙⵓⴹⵔⴻⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵀ ⴳⵔⵉⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.
English: It was released to the US market in 2003.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵖⵔ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ "ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003.
English: Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be added to a plasmid and inserted into bacteria for storage and modification.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⴰⵢⴷⵏⵜ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ
English: A large number of custom plasmids make manipulating DNA extracted from bacteria relatively easy.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⵀⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⴷⴷ.
English: Scientists can easily manipulate and combine genes within the bacteria to create novel or disrupted proteins and observe the effect this has on various molecular systems.
Tamazight: ⵥⴷⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵄⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴹⵓⵚ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵢⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Bacteria have been used in the production of food for a long time, and specific strains have been developed and selected for that work on an industrial scale.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⵔⵉ.
English: Most food-producing bacteria are lactic acid bacteria, and this is where the majority of research into genetically engineering food-producing bacteria has gone.
Tamazight: ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⴽⵜⵉⴽⵉ, ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴳ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⵊⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ.
English: The majority are produced in the US and even though regulations are in place to allow production in Europe, as of 2015 no food products derived from bacteria are currently available there.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ "ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ" ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴹⴼⵕⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵓⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015 ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ.
English: The bacteria are then harvested and the desired protein purified from them.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵇⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Many of these proteins are impossible or difficult to obtain via natural methods and they are less likely to be contaminated with pathogens, making them safer.
Tamazight: ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏⵜⵏⵖ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴹⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵡⵓⵍⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
English: Outside of medicine they have been used to produce biofuels.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴱⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵓⵏⴷⵉⵔ.
English: Ideas include altering gut bacteria so they destroy harmful bacteria, or using bacteria to replace or increase deficient enzymes or proteins.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵚⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵅⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵣⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵍⴱⵕⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵙ.
English: Enabling the bacteria to form a colony could provide a more long-term solution, but could also raise safety concerns as interactions between bacteria and the human body are less well understood than with traditional drugs.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵚⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵜⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ.
English: For over a century bacteria have been used in agriculture.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ.
English: With advances in genetic engineering, these bacteria have been manipulated for increased efficiency and expanded host range.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡ.
English: Pseudomonas strains of bacteria cause frost damage by nucleating water into ice crystals around themselves.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴷⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵖⵛⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Other uses for genetically modified bacteria include bioremediation, where the bacteria are used to convert pollutants into a less toxic form.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴽⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵍⵓⴼⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ.
English: In the 1980s artist Jon Davis and geneticist Dana Boyd converted the Germanic symbol for femininity (ᛉ) into binary code and then into a DNA sequence, which was then expressed in Escherichia coli.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1980 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⴼⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵏⴰ ⴱⵓⵢⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵜ (ᛉ) ⵖⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵎⴷ ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴷⴼⴼⵔ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵉⵛⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵉ".
English: Researchers can use this to control for various factors; including the target location, insert size, and duration of gene expression.
Tamazight: ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ; ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉ.
English: Although primarily still at trial stages, there has been some successes using gene therapy to replace defective genes.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ, ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ.
English: As of 2018, there are a substantial number of clinical trials underway, including treatments for hemophilia, glioblastoma, chronic granulomatous disease, cystic fibrosis and various cancers.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2018, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵉⵎⵓⴼⵓⵍⵉⵢⴰ, ⴳⵍⵉⵢⵓⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜⵓⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴹⵕⴹⵓⵕ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴼⵉⴱⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ.
English: Herpes simplex viruses make promising vectors, having a carrying capacity of over 30kb and providing long term expression, although they are less efficient at gene delivery than other vectors.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵀⴰⵔⴱⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵀⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⵥⵉⴹⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ 30 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: Other viruses that have been used as vectors include alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, Newcastle disease virus, poxviruses, and picornaviruses.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵍⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵉⵏ : ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ, ⵍⴼⵍⴰⴼⵉⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴰⴱⴷⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ, ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⴽⴰⵙⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵉⴽⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ.
English: This does not affect the viruses infectivity, invokes a natural immune response and there is no chance that they will regain their virulence function, which can occur with some other vaccines.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵓⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴼⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ, ⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: The most effective vaccine against Tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, only provides partial protection.
Tamazight: ⴰⴳⵣⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⴽⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⵜ-ⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ (BCG), ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Other vector-based vaccines have already been approved and many more are being developed.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵏⵜ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: In 2004, researchers reported that a genetically modified virus that exploits the selfish behaviour of cancer cells might offer an alternative way of killing tumours.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004, ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⵅⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: The virus was injected into orange trees to combat citrus greening disease that had reduced orange production by 70% since 2005.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵣⴰⵢ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴼⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 70% ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005.
English: Genetically modified viruses that make the target animals infertile through immunocontraception have been created in the laboratory as well as others that target the developmental stage of the animal.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵚⵍⵃⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴼⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ.
English: Genetic modification of the myxoma virus has been proposed to conserve European wild rabbits in the Iberian peninsula and to help regulate them in Australia.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵓⵎⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ.
English: It is possible to engineer bacteriophages to express modified proteins on their surface and join them up in specific patterns (a technique called phage display).
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴽⵜⵓⵔⵢⵓⴼⴰⵊ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ (ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵊ).
English: For industrial applications, yeasts combine the bacterial advantages of being a single-celled organism that is easy to manipulate and grow with the advanced protein modifications found in eukaryotes.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵇⴷⴷⵛ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵉⵙ.
English: One has increased malolactic fermentation efficiency, while the other prevents the production of dangerous ethyl carbamate compounds during fermentation.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⴷⵍ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵢ.
English: Unlike bacteria and viruses they have the advantage of infecting the insects by contact alone, although they are out competed in efficiency by chemical pesticides.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⵚⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷⴰⵢ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵙⵔⵉ ⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ.
English: An attractive target for biological control are mosquitos, vectors for a range of deadly diseases, including malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴱⵉⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴹⵏⴳ.
English: Another strategy is to add proteins to the fungi that block transmission of malaria or remove the Plasmodium altogether.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵙⵎⵓⴷⵢⵓⵎ.
English: Many plants are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and under the right conditions can develop into a new plant.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵜⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴳⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ.
English: Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵖⴰ.
English: Another major model organism relevant to genetic engineering is Arabidopsis thaliana.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⵉⴷⵓⴱⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ.
English: In research, plants are engineered to help discover the functions of certain genes.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ.
English: Unlike mutagenisis, genetic engineering allows targeted removal without disrupting other genes in the organism.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵣⵉⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ.
English: Other strategies include attaching the gene to a strong promoter and see what happens when it is overexpressed, forcing a gene to be expressed in a different location or at different developmental stages.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵍⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ.
English: The first genetically modified ornamentals commercialized altered color.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Other genetically modified ornamentals include Chrysanthemum and Petunia.
Tamazight: ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵓⵏⵢⴰ.
English: The papaya ringspot virus devastated papaya trees in Hawaii in the twentieth century until transgenic papaya plants were given pathogen-derived resistance.
Tamazight: ⵉⵅⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵎⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵀⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⵏⴽⴰ.
English: The second generation of crops aimed to improve the quality, often by altering the nutrient profile.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴰⵢⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ.
English: GM crops contribute by improving harvests through reducing insect pressure, increasing nutrient value and tolerating different abiotic stresses.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵏⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵓⵙⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ.
English: The majority of GM crops have been modified to be resistant to selected herbicides, usually a glyphosate or glufosinate based one.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵙⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴳⵍⵓⴼⵓⵣⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴳⵍⵓⴼⵓⵣⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: A few use the genes that encode for vegetative insecticidal proteins.
Tamazight: ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.
English: Less than one percent of GM crops contained other traits, which include providing virus resistance, delaying senescence and altering the plants composition.
Tamazight: ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵙ ⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵯ ⴰⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴰⵄⵟⵟⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.
English: Plants and plant cells have been genetically engineered for production of biopharmaceuticals in bioreactors, a process known as pharming.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔⵜ.
English: Many drugs also contain natural plant ingredients and the pathways that lead to their production have been genetically altered or transferred to other plant species to produce greater volume.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
English: They also pose less risk of being contaminated.
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵖⵏ.
English: Vaccines are expensive to produce, transport, and administer, so having a system that could produce them locally would allow greater access to poorer and developing areas.
Tamazight: ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵉⵥⵍⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ.
English: Being stored in plants reduces the long-term cost as they can be disseminated without the need for cold storage, don't need to be purified, and have long term stability.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵇⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ, ⵓⵔ ⵓⵙⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⴳⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳⵜ.
English: As of 2018 only three genetically modified animals have been approved, all in the USA.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ 2018 ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Canada: Brainwaving The first transgenic mammals were produced by injecting viral DNA into embryos and then implanting the embryos in females.
Tamazight: ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ: ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⴻⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵅⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ.
English: The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system as a cheap and fast way of directly modifying germ cells, effectively halving the amount of time needed to develop genetically modified mammals.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ CRISPR-Cas9 ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⵅⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⵏⴰⵥⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⴻⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵀ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Genetically modified mice have been the most common mammals used in biomedical research, as they are cheap and easy to manipulate.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ CRISPR-Cas ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⵅⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴼⵏⴰⵥⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⴻⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵀ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: In 2009, scientists announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) for the first time.
Tamazight: ⴳ 2009, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⴰⵜ (ⵎⴰⵔⵎⵓⵣⵉ).
English: Stable expression has been accomplished in sheep, pigs, rats and other animals.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.
English: Human alpha-1-antitrypsin is another protein that has been produced from goats and is used in treating humans with this deficiency.
Tamazight: ⴰⵍⴼⴰ -1-ⵎⴳⴰⵍⵜⵔⵉⴱⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵟⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰ.
English: Pig lungs from genetically modified pigs are being considered for transplantation into humans.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵓⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Animals have been engineered to grow faster, be healthier and resist diseases.
Tamazight: ⵏⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ.
English: A GM pig called Enviropig was created with the capability of digesting plant phosphorus more efficiently than conventional pigs.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⵉⵔⵓⴱⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ.
English: This could potentially benefit mothers who cannot produce breast milk but want their children to have breast milk rather than formula.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ.
English: There have been suggestions that genetic engineering could be used to bring animals back from extinction.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ.
English: It has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, and Leber's congenital amaurosis.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵓⵔⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵏ.
English: Germline gene therapy results in any change being inheritable, which has raised concerns within the scientific community.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵓⵊⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Aquaculture is a growing industry, currently providing over half the consumed fish worldwide.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴽⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵛⵛⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
English: Several groups have been developing zebrafish to detect pollution by attaching fluorescent proteins to genes activated by the presence of pollutants.
Tamazight: ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎ-ⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵛⴰⵟⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: It was originally developed by one of the groups to detect pollution, but is now part of the ornamental fish trade, becoming the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet when in 2003 it was introduced for sale in the USA.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 2003.
English: Zebrafish are model organisms for developmental processes, regeneration, genetics, behaviour, disease mechanisms and toxicity testing.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ, ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴷⵊ.
English: GM fish have been developed with promoters driving an over-production of growth hormone for use in the aquaculture industry to increase the speed of development and potentially reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵓⵔⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴼⵏⵥⵏ ⴰⵥⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ.
English: It obtained regulatory approval in 2015, the first non-plant GMO food to be commercialized.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ 2015, ⴰⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ GMO ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵖⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ.
English: Drosophila have been used to study genetics and inheritance, embryonic development, learning, behavior, and aging.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵓⴼⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵚⵏⵉⵄ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵔⵜ.
English: Malaria-resistant mosquitoes have been developed in the laboratory by inserting a gene that reduces the development of the malaria parasite and then use homing endonucleases to rapidly spread that gene throughout the male population (known as a gene drive).
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵏⵏⵥⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵅⵅⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵥⴰⵥ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ).
English: Another approach is to use a sterile insect technique, whereby males genetically engineered to be sterile out compete viable males, to reduce population numbers.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⴽⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵅⵅⵓ ⴰⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵥ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.
English: The approach is similar to the sterile technique tested on mosquitoes, where males are transformed with a gene that prevents any females born from reaching maturity.
Tamazight: ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⵉⴱⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴷⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ.
English: In this case a strain of pink bollworm that were sterilized with radiation were genetically engineered to express a red fluorescent protein making it easier for researchers to monitor them.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵖⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵛⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵙⴷⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: There is also potential to use the silk producing machinery to make other valuable proteins.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵍⵚⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏ.
English: A GM chicken that produces the drug Kanuma, an enzyme that treats a rare condition, in its egg passed US regulatory approval in 2015.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵥⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵥⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵓⵊⵊⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 2015.
English: There are proposals to use genetic engineering to control cane toads in Australia.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ.
English: It is also relatively easy to produce stable transgenic nematodes and this along with RNAi are the major tools used in studying their genes.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴳⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⴽ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵔ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Transgenic nematodes have been used to study viruses, toxicology, diseases, and to detect environmental pollutants.
Tamazight: ⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴳⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵀⵉⴷⵊ, ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ.
English: Flatworms have the ability to regenerate themselves from a single cell.
Tamazight: ⵉⵡⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ.
English: The bristle worm, a marine annelid, has been modified.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵡⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍⵚⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵃⵜⵉⵢⵜ.
English: The development of a regulatory framework concerning genetic engineering began in 1975, at Asilomar, California.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵓⵎⴰⵔ, ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵉⵔⵏⵢⴰ.
English: It is an international treaty that governs the transfer, handling, and use of genetically modified organisms.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ, ⴰⵇⴷⴷⵛ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Many experiments also need permission from a national regulatory group or legislation.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ.
English: There is a near-universal system for assessing the relative risks associated with GMOs and other agents to laboratory staff and the community.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵙ GMOs ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ.
English: Different countries use different nomenclature to describe the levels and can have different requirements for what can be done at each level.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ.
English: For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⵖⵓⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ.
English: Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research using GMOs.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ GMO.
English: While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing.
Tamazight: ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ GMO ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ GMO ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ.
English: The US policy does not focus on the process as much as other countries, looks at verifiable scientific risks and uses the concept of substantial equivalence.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⴻⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ.
English: One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled.
Tamazight: ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⵉ.
English: The dispute involves consumers, producers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations, and scientists.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ
English: Most concerns are around the health and environmental effects of GMOs.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ GMO ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ.
English: Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵥⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Gene flow between GM crops and compatible plants, along with increased use of broad-spectrum herbicides, can increase the risk of herbicide resistant weed populations.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ.
English: In order to address some of these concerns some GMOs have been developed with traits to help control their spread.
Tamazight: ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ GMO ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Other environmental and agronomic concerns include a decrease in biodiversity, an increase in secondary pests (non-targeted pests) and evolution of resistant insect pests.
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵏⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵟⵟⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ (ⵟⵟⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏ) ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵟⵟⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ.
English: The impact of Bt crops on beneficial non-target organisms became a public issue after a 1999 paper suggested they could be toxic to monarch butterflies.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ Bt ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ 1999 ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⵀⵉⴷⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ.
English: With the ability to genetically engineer humans now possible there are ethical concerns over how far this technology should go, or if it should be used at all.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: October 2006 the rigor of the regulatory process, consolidation of control of the food supply in companies that make and sell GMOs, exaggeration of the benefits of genetic modification, or concerns over the use of herbicides with glyphosate.
Tamazight: ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2006 ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵀⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰⵏⵜ GMO, ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴳⵍⵉⴼⵓⵣⴰⵜ.
English: GMOs arrived on the scene as the public confidence in food safety, attributed to recent food scares such as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other scandals involving government regulation of products in Europe, was low.
Tamazight: ⴳⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ GMO ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵉⴼⴰⵍⵓⴱⴰⵜⵉ ⵙⴱⵓⵏⵊⵉⴼⵓⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ.