Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵚⴰⴷⴼⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵀⵓⵙⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵣⵀⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws.
Tamazight: ⵀⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵚⴰⴷⴰⴼⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵙⵃⵏ.
English: By the late ancient period, however, the "traditionalist" Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵕⵉⵢⵜ ‘’ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ’’ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.
English: However, in Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), İbn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes).
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⵎ: ⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉ, ⵍⴼⴰⵕⵉ, ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵊⴰ, ⴱⵏⵓ ⵕⵓⵛⴷ.
English: For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought.
Tamazight: ⵙⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴷⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵊ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⵎ acioiy ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Aristotleanism flourished as the Islamic Golden Age saw rise to a continuation of the peripatetic philosophers who implemented the ideas of Aristotle in the context of the Islamic world.
Tamazight: ⵜⴱⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵜ ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵢⵉⵙⵍⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵟⵕⴱⵍⵓⵙⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵉⵙⵍⵎ.
English: Other notable political philosophers of the time include Nizam al-Mulk, a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire who composed the Siyasatnama, or the "Book of Government" in English.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵣⴰⵎ ⵍⵎⵓⵍⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵊⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⵢⵢⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵏⵖ ‘’ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ” ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⵜ.
English: Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⵅⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⵙ.
English: Others, like Nicole Oresme in his Livre de Politiques, categorically denied this right to overthrow an unjust ruler.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵏⴰⴽⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵓⵔⵉⵙⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓ.
English: That work, as well as The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of classical antiquity, did much to influence modern political thought in the West.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵟ ⵉⵖⴱⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ.
English: At any rate, Machiavelli presents a pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end—i.e., the acquisition and maintenance of absolute power.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵉⴽⵢⴰⴼⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴹⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴳⵉ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵜⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴰⵏⵏ: ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ: ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ; ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵓⵏⴽ.
English: The term "government" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound.
Tamazight: “ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ “ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ” ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵥⴰⵕⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ”.
English: It can also be understood as the free market idea applied to international trade.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.
English: The most outspoken critic of the church in France was François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵍⵜⵉⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵡ.
English: My one regret in dying is that I cannot aid you in this noble enterprise, the finest and most respectable which the human mind can point out."
Tamazight: “ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵎⵉⵔⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵡⵏ ⴰⵡⵙⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ.”
English: Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system.
Tamazight: ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵍⵓⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴼⴼⵓⴽⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴼⵉⵍⵎⵔⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Unlike Aquinas's preponderant view on the salvation of the soul from original sin, Locke believes man's mind comes into this world as tabula rasa.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵍⵓⴽ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵟⴰⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵔⴰⵙⴰ.
English: Though one could be worried about restrictions on liberty by benevolent monarchs or aristocrats, the traditional worry is that when rulers are politically unaccountable to the governed they will rule in their own interests, rather than the interests of the governed.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⵡⵣ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓⵔⵕⴰⵟⵢⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵇ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
English: Justice involves duties that are perfect duties—that is, duties that are correlated with rights.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ.
English: He uses, On Liberty to discuss gender equality in society.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
English: The Liberty of the Ancients was participatory republican liberty, which gave the citizens the right to directly influence politics through debates and votes in the public assembly.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ.
English: Ancient Liberty was also limited to relatively small and homogenous societies, in which the people could be conveniently gathered together in one place to transact public affairs.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵣⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵖⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ.
English: Instead, the voters would elect representatives, who would deliberate in Parliament on behalf of the people and would save citizens from the necessity of daily political involvement.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵇⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵊⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵜ.
English: In Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality.
Tamazight: Iⵉⵙⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵀⵓⴱⵣ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⴰⴹⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ.
English: In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to everything in the world.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⵉ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
English: Published in 1762, it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵙⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ 1762, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ.
English: Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they."
Tamazight: “ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵖⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵅⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.
English: In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴰ (19), ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⴽⵙⵉⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵛⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵉⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵔⵖⴰⵎⵜ.
English: Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵓⵢⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ.
English: In the Anglo-American world, anti-imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵊⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20.
English: This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968, led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the New Left.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⴱⵓⵍ ⵙⴰⵜⵕⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵓⵙⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵜⵙⵉ ⵟⵓⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴼⵉⴷⵍ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵓⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵢⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ.
English: Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ.
English: The rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist, postcolonial, and multicultural thought becoming significant.
Tamazight: ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⵍⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⵍⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ.
English: Rawls used a thought experiment, the original position, in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵔⴰⵡⵍⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴷⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe, several new lines of philosophy directed at the critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵊⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢ, ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙ 1950 ⴷ 1980.
English: Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers—still largely influenced by Marxism—put new emphases on structuralism and on a "return to Hegel".
Tamazight: ‘‘ⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ- ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵢⵜ-ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵀⵉⴳⵍ’’.
English: Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ) ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⵣⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵍⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⵓⵕ.
English: Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵉⵔⵉⵟⵟ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
English: A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ (20) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ.
English: To a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵅⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵅ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵅ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵉ.
English: Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴽⵓ ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ.
English: Notable for the theories that humans are social animals, and that the polis (Ancient Greek city state) existed to bring about the good life appropriate to such animals.
Tamazight: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ (ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ.
English: Burke was one of the biggest supporters of the American Revolution.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⵓⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ.
English: Chomsky is a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy, neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and mainstream news media.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵛⵓⵎⵙⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵢⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍⵉⵢ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵉⵚⵟⵉⵏⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ.
English: William E. Connolly: Helped introduce postmodern philosophy into political theory, and promoted new theories of Pluralism and agonistic democracy.
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵍⵉ : ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
English: Thomas Hill Green: Modern liberal thinker and early supporter of positive freedom.
Tamazight: ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵀⵉⵍ ⴳⵔⵉⵏ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢ ⴰⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ.
English: His early work was heavily influenced by the Frankfurt School.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴼⵓⵕⵜ.
English: He advocated free-market capitalism in which the main role of the state is to maintain the rule of law and let spontaneous order develop.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵀⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⵜⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ.
English: David Hume: Hume criticized the social contract theory of John Locke and others as resting on a myth of some actual agreement.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⵢⵓⵎ : ⵉⵣⵖⵏⴻⵏⵏ ⵀⵉⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵍⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵙⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵏ.
English: Most famous for the United States Declaration of Independence.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴹⵔⴻⵔ ⵓⵣⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.
English: Argued that an international organization was needed to preserve world peace.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵏⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.
English: He departed from Hobbes in that, based on the assumption of a society in which moral values are independent of governmental authority and widely shared, he argued for a government with power limited to the protection of personal property.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵀⵓⴱⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵍⵢ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵜ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵏⵄⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵃⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ.
English: One of the founders of Western Marxism.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ.
English: Gave an account of statecraft in a realistic point of view instead of relying on idealism.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵛⵛⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ.
English: As a political theorist, he believed in separation of powers and proposed a comprehensive set of checks and balances that are necessary to protect the rights of an individual from the tyranny of the majority.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵏⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ.
English: Introduced the concept of "repressive desublimation", in which social control can operate not only by direct control, but also by manipulation of desire.
Tamazight: ‘‘ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ (ⴰⵔⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵉⵔⵉⵟⵟ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ’’.
English: Created the concept of ideology in the sense of (true or false) beliefs that shape and control social actions.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵍⵜ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵚⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Mencius: One of the most important thinkers in the Confucian school, he is the first theorist to make a coherent argument for an obligation of rulers to the ruled.
Tamazight: ⵎⵉⵏⵙⵢⵓⵏ : ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵡⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴽⵓⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ.
English: Montesquieu: Analyzed protection of the people by a "balance of powers" in the divisions of a state.
Tamazight: ‘‘ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵢⵓ : ⵚⵍⴹⵖ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵙ (ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ) ⴳ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ.’’
English: His interpreters have debated the content of his political philosophy.
Tamazight: ⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Plato: Wrote a lengthy dialog The Republic in which he laid out his political philosophy: citizens should be divided into three categories.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ : ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ : ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ : ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Ayn Rand: Founder of Objectivism and prime mover of the Objectivist and Libertarian movements in mid-twentieth-century America.
Tamazight: ⵉⵢⵏ ⵔⴰⵏⴷ : ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ.
English: The government was to be separated from economics the same way and for the same reasons it was separated from religion.
Tamazight: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ.
English: Adam Smith: Often said to have founded modern economics; explained emergence of economic benefits from the self-interested behavior ("the invisible hand") of artisans and traders.
Tamazight: ‘‘ⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵙⵎⵉⵜ : ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ; ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵙⵏ (ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ’’.
English: Socrates: Widely considered the founder of Western political philosophy, via his spoken influence on Athenian contemporaries; since Socrates never wrote anything, much of what we know about him and his teachings comes through his most famous student, Plato.
Tamazight: ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ; ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴷⵊⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵔⵓ (ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ) ⴰⵡⴷ ⵃⴰⵃ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ; ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ.
English: Max Stirner: Important thinker within anarchism and the main representative of the anarchist current known as individualist anarchism.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⴽⵙ ⵙⵜⵉⵔⵏⵔ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Other forms of social philosophy include political philosophy and jurisprudence, which are largely concerned with the societies of state and government and their functioning.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: Pre-Socratic philosophy, also known as early Greek philosophy, is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ, ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ.
English: Their work and writing has been almost entirely lost.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴹⴹⵕⵏⵜ.
English: Pre-Socratic philosophy began in the 6th century BCE with the three Milesians: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes.
Tamazight: ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 6 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵙⵢⴰⵏ: ⵟⴰⵍⵉⵚ, ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵙⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙ.
English: Xenophanes is known for his critique of the anthropomorphism of gods.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵙⵉⵏⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ.
English: The Eleatic school (Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, and Melissus) followed in the 5th century BCE.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽ (ⴱⴰⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⴷⵙ , ⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵙⵓⵙ) ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ.
English: Anaxagoras and Empedocles offered a pluralistic account of how the universe was created.
Tamazight: ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵙⴰⴳⵓⵕⴰⵚⵕⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴱⵉⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉⵚ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ.
English: It was first used by the German philosopher J.A. Eberhard as "vorsokratische Philosophie''' in the late 18th century.
Tamazight: “ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵊ. ⴰ. ⵉⴱⵀⵀⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⵎ ”” ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⵚⵓⴽⵔⴰⵜⵉⵛ”” ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 18."
English: The term comes with drawbacks, as several of the pre-Socratics were highly interested in ethics and how to live the best life.
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵔ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵖⴰ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ.
English: According to James Warren, the distinction between the pre-Socratic philosophers and philosophers of the classical era is demarcated not so much by Socrates, but by geography and what texts survived.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ.
English: Scholar André Laks distinguishes two traditions of separating pre-Socratics from Socratics, dating back to the classical era and running through current times.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉ ⵍⴰⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⵉⵔⵉⵢ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵢ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ.
English: Many of the works are titled Peri Physeos, or On Nature, a title probably attributed later by other authors.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵃⵉⵔⵉ ⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵙ, ⵓⵕ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.
English: Adding more difficulty to their interpretation is the obscure language they used.
Tamazight: ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ.
English: Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor, wrote an encyclopedic book Opinion of the Physicists that was the standard work about the pre-Socratics in ancient times.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵙⵟ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ.
English: Scholars now use this book to reference the fragments using a coding scheme called Diels–Kranz numbering.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⵟⵟⴰⵡⵊⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵇⴹ ⴷⵉⵍⵣ-ⴽⵔⴰⵏⵣ.
English: After that is a code regarding whether the fragment is a testimonia, coded as "A", or "B" if is a direct quote from the philosopher.
Tamazight: "ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵟⵟⴰⵡⵊⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ‘’ⴰ’’ ⵏⵖ ‘’ⴱ’’ ⵎⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ."
English: The pre-Socratic era lasted about two centuries, during which the expanding Persian Achaemenid Empire was stretching to the west, while the Greeks were advancing in trade and sea routes, reaching Cyprus and Syria.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰ.
English: The Greeks revolted in 499 BCE, but ultimately were defeated in 494 BCE.
Tamazight: ⵊⵄⵔⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ 499 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵎⵖⵜ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ 494 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
English: Several factors contributed to the birth of pre-Socratic philosophy in Ancient Greece.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⵣⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.
English: Another factor was the ease and frequency of intra-Greek travel, which led to the blending and comparison of ideas.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵡⵀⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: The democratic political system of independent poleis also contributed to the rise of philosophy.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ.
English: The philosophers' ideas, were, to a certain extent, answers to questions that were subtly present in the work of Homer and Hesiod.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵎⵔ ⴷ ⵀⵉⵙⵓⴷ.
English: They are considered predecessors of the pre-Socratics since they seek to address the origin of the world and to organize traditional folklore and legends systematically.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ.
English: The first pre-Socratic philosophers also traveled extensively to other lands, meaning that pre-Socratic thought had roots abroad as well as domestically.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴱⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ.
English: The pre-Socratic philosophers shared the intuition that there was a single explanation that could explain both the plurality and the singularity of the whole – and that explanation would not be direct actions of the gods.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ- ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ.
English: Many sought the material principle (arche) of things, and the method of their origin and disappearance.
Tamazight: ⵡⵜⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵃ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: In their effort to make sense of the cosmos they coined new terms and concepts such as rhythm, symmetry, analogy, deductionism, reductionism, mathematicazion of nature and others.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵃⵢⵢⵍⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.
English: It could mean the beginning or origin with the undertone that there is an effect on the things to follow.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴼⴰⵔⵏ.
English: This may have been because of a lack of instruments, or because of a tendency to view the world as a unity, undeconstructable, so it would be impossible for an external eye to observe tiny fractions of nature under experimental control.
Tamazight: ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵇⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⵕ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ.
English: Systematic because they tried to universalize their findings.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵡⵛⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.
English: The pre-Socratics were not atheists; however, they minimized the extent of the gods' involvement in natural phenomena such as thunder or totally eliminated the gods from the natural world.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⴰⴼⵔⵏ, ⵅⵙ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴳ ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⵉⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: The first phase of pre-Socratic philosophy, mainly the Milesians, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus, consisted of rejecting traditional cosmogony and attempting to explain nature based on empirical observations and interpretations.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵎⵉⵍⵉⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ.
English: The Eleatics were also monists (believing that only one thing exists and everything else is just a transformation of it).
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽⵢⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵃⵃⴷⵏ (ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵅⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵅⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷⴰⵢ).
English: He is considered the first western philosopher since he was the first to use reason, to use proof, and to generalize.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ.
English: Thales may have been of Phoenician ancestry.
Tamazight: ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉ.
English: Thales, though, advanced geometry with his abstract deductive reasoning reaching universal generalizations.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Thales visited Sardis, as many Greeks then, where astronomical records were kept and used astronomical observations for practical matters (oil harvesting).
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⴷⵉⵙ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵢⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍ).
English: He attributed the origin of the world to an element instead of a divine being.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵓⵥⵓⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏ.
English: He was a member of the elite of Miletus, wealthy and a statesman.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ.
English: In response to Thales, he postulated as the first principle an undefined, unlimited substance without qualities (apeiron), out of which the primary opposites, hot and cold, moist and dry, became differentiated.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⵙ, ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵔⴼⵏ, ⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ.
English: He is also known for speculating on the origin of mankind.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ.
English: He also wrote a book on nature in prose.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ.
English: He was a well-traveled poet whose primary interests were theology and epistemology.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵀⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ.
English: He famously said that if oxen, horses, or lions could draw, they would draw their gods as oxen, horses, or lions.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Xenophanes also offered naturalistic explanations for phenomena such as the sun, the rainbow and St. Elmo's fire.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ.
English: While Xenophanes was a pessimist about the capability of humans to reach knowledge, he also believed in gradual progress through critical thinking.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵜ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Heraclitus posited that all things in nature are in a state of perpetual flux.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵎⴰ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⴷⴰ.
English: Fire becomes water and earth and vice versa.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: There, Heraclitus claims we can not step into the same river twice, a position summarized with the slogan ta panta rhei (everything flows).
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ : (ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏⵜ).
English: Another key concept of Heraclitus is that opposites somehow mirror each other, a doctrine called unity of opposites.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ.
English: Heraclitus' doctrine on the unity of opposites suggests that unity of the world and its various parts is kept through the tension produced by the opposites.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ.
English: A fundamental idea in Heraclitus is logos, an ancient Greek word with a variety of meanings; Heraclitus might have used a different meaning of the word with each usage in his book.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ; (ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ) ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Some decades later he had to flee Croton and relocate to Metapontum.
Tamazight: ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵃⵓⵏⵜⵓⵎ.
English: They advanced his ideas, reaching the claim that everything consists of numbers, the universe is made by numbers and everything is a reflection of analogies and geometrical relations.
Tamazight: ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴳⴰⵏⵉ.
English: Their way of life was ascetic, restraining themselves from various pleasures and food.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴼⵊⵊⵉⵊⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ.
English: Other pre-Socratic philosophers mocked Pythagoras for his belief in reincarnation.
Tamazight: ⵟⵏⵣⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ.
English: Pythagoreanism influenced later Christian currents as Neoplatonism, and its pedagogical methods were adapted by Plato.
Tamazight: ⵜⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⵉⵎⴽ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: According to Aristotle and Diogenes Laertius, Xenophanes was Parmenides' teacher, and it is debated whether Xenophanes should also be considered an Eleatic.
Tamazight: ⵙⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵙⵟⵓ ⴷ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏⵙ ⵍⴰⵢⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵃⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽⵉ.
English: He was the first to deduce that the earth is spherical.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵇⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ.
English: Parmenides wrote a hard to interpret poem, named On Nature or On What-is, that substantially influenced later Greek philosophy.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.
English: The poem consists of three parts, the proem (i.e., preface), the Way of Truth and the Way of Opinion.
Tamazight: ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ.
English: The Way of Truth was then, and is still today, considered of much more importance.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ.
English: Hence, all the things that we think to be true, even ourselves, are false representations.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵅⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵄⵏⵡⴰ.
English: The goddess teaches Kouros to use his reasoning to understand whether various claims are true or false, discarding senses as fallacious.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵣⴳⵍⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵣⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Zeno and Melissus continued Parmenides' thought on cosmology.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵉⵏ.
English: He tried to explain why we think various non-existent objects exist.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Anaxagoras was born in Ionia, but was the first major philosopher to emigrate to Athens.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ.
English: Anaxagoras was also a major influence on Socrates.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ.
English: Interpretations differ as to what he meant.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: All objects were mixtures of various elements, such as air, water, and others.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.
English: Nous was also considered a building block of the cosmos, but it exists only in living objects.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ‘’ⵏⵓⵙ’’ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⵏ.
English: Anaxagoras advanced Milesian thought on epistemology, striving to establish an explanation that could be valid for all natural phenomena.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵏⵅⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.
English: According to Diogenes Laertius, Empedocles wrote two books in the form of poems: Peri Physeos (On nature) and the Katharmoi (Purifications).
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏⵙ ⵍⴰⵢⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵓⴽⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ: ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴼⵢⵓⵙ (ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⴰⵜⴰⵕⵎⵓⵕⵉ (ⵉⵎⵕⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ).
English: He also continues Anaxagoras' thought on the four "roots" (i.e., classical elements), that by intermixing, they create all things around us.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ‘’ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ’’ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ (ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ’’.
English: These two forces are opposite and by acting upon the material of the four roots unite in harmony or tear apart the four roots, with the resulting mixture being all things that exist.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴽⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴱⴱⵉ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: They are most famous for their atomic cosmology even though their thought included many other fields of philosophy, such as ethics, mathematics, aesthetics, politics, and even embryology.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⵓⵣ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵃⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Democritus and Leucippus were skeptics regarding the reliability of our senses, but they were confident that motion exists.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵜⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵙⵉⴱ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴼⵓⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ.
English: Atoms move within the void, interact with each other, and form the plurality of the world we live in, in a purely mechanical manner.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵉⴼⵏⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴳ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴷⴷⵔ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ.
English: Democritus concluded that since everything is atoms and void, several of our senses are not real but conventional.
Tamazight: ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⵏⵓⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵇⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ.
English: They attacked traditional thinking, from gods to morality, paving the way for further advances of philosophy and other disciplines such as drama, social sciences, mathematics, and history.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵟⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴹⴹⵕⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.
English: The sophists taught rhetoric and how to address issues from multiple viewpoints.
Tamazight: ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: Gorgias wrote a book named On Nature, in which he attacked the Eleatics' concepts of What-is and What-is-not.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴳⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ‘’ ⵅⴼⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ’’ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Antiphon placed natural law against the law of the city.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ.
English: He attempted to explain both the variety and unity of the cosmos.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Diogenes of Apollonia returned to Milesian monism, but with a rather more elegant thought.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
English: While Pythagoras and Empedocles linked their self-proclaimed wisdom to their divinely inspired status, they tried to teach or urge mortals to seek the truth about the natural realm—Pythagoras by means of mathematics and geometry and Empedocles by exposure to experiences.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵢ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⴷⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛ, ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
English: They attacked the traditional representations of gods that Homer and Hesiod had established and put Greek popular religion under scrutiny, initiating the schism between natural philosophy and theology.
Tamazight: ⴳⴳⵣⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴹⵓⴹⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵀⵉⵙⵢⵓⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀⵓⵜ.
English: The theological thought starts with the Milesian philosophers.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵀⵓⵜⵉⵢ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ.
English: Xenophanes set three preconditions for God: he had to be all good, immortal and not resembling humans in appearance, which had a major impact on western religious thought.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴳⵣⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ.
English: Anaxagoras asserted that cosmic intelligence (nous) gives life to things.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: It was Hippocrates (often hailed as the father of medicine) who separated – but not completely – the two domains.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ( ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵙⵍⵖⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔ) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ.
English: Ever-transforming nature is summarized by Heraclitus' axiom panta rhei (everything is in a state of flux).
Tamazight: ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵉⵀⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ‘’ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵟⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵖⵢⵉ’’ - ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ).
English: The pre-Socratics sought to understand the various aspects of nature by means of rationalism, observations, and offering explanations that could be deemed as scientific, giving birth to what became Western rationalism.
Tamazight: ⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ.
English: Anaximander offered the principle of sufficient reason, a revolutionary argument that would also yield the principle that nothing comes out of nothing.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵛⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵃⴰⵃ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ.
English: Xenophanes also advanced a critique of anthropomorphic religion by highlighting in a rational way the inconsistency of depictions of the gods in Greek popular religion.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴱⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵏⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵥⴰⵕⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ.
English: Other pre-Socratics also sought to answer the question of arche, offering various answers, but the first step towards scientific thought was already taken.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵕⵕⴰⴱⵓ, ⵡⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: The philosophic thought produced by the pre-Socratics heavily influenced later philosophers, historians and playwrights.
Tamazight: ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵍⵙⴻⵙⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: The naturalists impressed young Socrates and he was interested in the quest for the substance of the cosmos, but his interest waned as he became steadily more focused on epistemology, virtue, and ethics rather than the natural world.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵙⴹⵀⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵢⴰⵙⵢ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵀⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Cicero analyzed his views on the pre-Socratics in his Tusculanae Disputationes, as he distinguished the theoretical nature of pre-Socratic thought from previous "sages" who were interested in more practical issues.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵙⵉⵙⵉⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ‘’ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ’’, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵅⴼ ‘’ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵏ’’ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ’’.
English: Aristotle discussed the pre-Socratics in the first book of Metaphysics, as an introduction to his own philosophy and the quest for arche.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵡⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ.
English: Francis Bacon, a 16th-century philosopher known for advancing the scientific method, was probably the first philosopher of the modern era to use pre-Socratic axioms extensively in his texts.
Tamazight: ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⴽⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ (16) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴷⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Friedrich Nietzsche admired the pre-Socratics deeply, calling them "tyrants of the spirit" to mark their antithesis and his preference against Socrates and his successors.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵏⵉⵜⵛ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ‘’ⵉⵥⴰⵛⵛⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ’’ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: According to his narrative, limned in many of his books, the pre-Socratic era was the glorious era of Greece, while the so-called Golden Age that followed was an age of decay, according to Nietzsche.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵉⵜⵛ.
English: Even though this period – known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period – in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ-ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵅⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ.
English: Taoism (also called Daoism), a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos; health and longevity; and wu wei (action through inaction).
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ (ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ: ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵏⵓⵣ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴽⵉⵍ ⵓⵡⴳⵎ ⴰⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ; ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ;ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ).
English: Agrarianism, or the School of Agrarianism, which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ.
English: Scholars from this school were good orators, debaters and tacticians.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ.
English: The School of "Minor-talks", which was not a unique school of thought, but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ‘ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ’’, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵅⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ’’.
English: Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴳ ⵣⵓⵏⵛⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵣⵓⵏⵖⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ.