Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using snowball or chain sampling.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴽⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴼⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ.
English: 2010) examine the ontological and epistemological presuppositions underlying ethnography.
Tamazight: 2010) ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴱⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ.
English: Critical theory researchers address "issues of power within the researcher-researched relationships and the links between knowledge and power."
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ""ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ-ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ."""
English: An image can be contained within the physical world through a particular individual's perspective, primarily based on that individual's past experiences.
Tamazight: ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴹ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ.
English: The idea of an image relies on the imagination and has been seen to be utilized by children in a very spontaneous and natural manner.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Cultural and social anthropologists today place a high value on doing ethnographic research.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼ.
English: Ethnographies are also sometimes called "case studies."
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵙ """ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ""".
English: The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Benedict's experiences with the Southwest Zuni pueblo is to be considered the basis of her formative fieldwork.
Tamazight: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵚⴰⵡⵜⵡⵉⵙⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⴱⵡⵉⴱⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ.
English: A typical ethnography attempts to be holistic and typically follows an outline to include a brief history of the culture in question, an analysis of the physical geography or terrain inhabited by the people under study, including climate, and often including what biological anthropologists call habitat.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ-ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴹⴼⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ.
English: Kinship and social structure (including age grading, peer groups, gender, voluntary associations, clans, moieties, and so forth, if they exist) are typically included.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⴼ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵜⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵅⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⴳⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ) ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.
English: Rites, rituals, and other evidence of religion have long been an interest and are sometimes central to ethnographies, especially when conducted in public where visiting anthropologists can see them.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵏ, ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴳⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵣⵎⵔ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵥⵕⵉⵏ.
English: For example, if within a group of people, winking was a communicative gesture, he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things).
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵅⴰⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵣⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵓⵏⵅⴰⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽ (ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ).
English: Geertz, while still following something of a traditional ethnographic outline, moved outside that outline to talk about "webs" instead of "outlines" of culture.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⴳⵉⵔⵜⵣ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵃ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ """ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ""" ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ """ ⵜⴷⵙⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵥⵉⵥⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕⵏ""".
English: Writing Culture helped bring changes to both anthropology and ethnography often described in terms of being 'postmodern,' 'reflexive,' 'literary,' 'deconstructive,' or 'poststructural' in nature, in that the text helped to highlight the various epistemic and political predicaments that many practitioners saw as plaguing ethnographic representations and practices.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵓⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 'ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ', 'ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ', 'ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ', 'ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ' ⵏⵖ ⴷ 'ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ' ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ, ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: In regards to this last point, Writing Culture became a focal point for looking at how ethnographers could describe different cultures and societies without denying the subjectivity of those individuals and groups being studied while simultaneously doing so without laying claim to absolute knowledge and objective authority.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵀⵓⵏ ( ⵏⴽⵕⵏ) ⵜⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵃⵏⵊⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ.
English: As the purpose of ethnography is to describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group, Harris, (1968), also Agar (1980) note that ethnography is both a process and an outcome of the research.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵀⴰⵔⵔⵉⵙ(1968), ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵔ (1980) ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ.
English: Sociologist Sam Ladner argues in her book, that understanding consumers and their desires requires a shift in "standpoint," one that only ethnography provides.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⴰⵎ ⵍⴰⴷⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ "ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ" ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ
English: By assessing user experience in a "natural" setting, ethnology yields insights into the practical applications of a product or service.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ "ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ", ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ.
English: The Ethnographic Praxis in Industry (EPIC) conference is evidence of this.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽⵙⵉⵙ (EPIC) ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ.
English: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein's (1997) monograph, The New Language of Qualitative Method, discusses forms of ethnography in terms of their "methods talk."
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵊⴰⵢⴱⵔ ⴳⵓⴱⵔⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵊⴰⵢⵎⵙ ⵀⵓⵍⵙⵟⴰⵢⵏⵣ (1997), ⴳ ⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ " ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ".
English: Essentially, Fine maintains that researchers are typically not as ethical as they claim or assume to be — and that "each job includes ways of doing things that would be inappropriate for others to know".
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ— ⴷ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ "ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ".
English: He maintains that "illusions" are essential to maintain an occupational reputation and avoid potentially more caustic consequences.
Tamazight: "ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ""ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔⵏ"" ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ".
English: The code of ethics notes that anthropologists are part of a wider scholarly and political network, as well as human and natural environment, which needs to be reported on respectfully.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ.
English: Researchers take near-fictions and turn them into claims of fact.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵃⴹⴰⵕⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ.
English: In reality, an ethnographer will always miss some aspect because of lacking omniscience.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⵯⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Indigenous peoples, also referred to as first people, aboriginal people, native people, or autochthonous people, are culturally distinct ethnic groups who are native to a place which has been colonised and settled by another ethnic group.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ, ⵉⵥⵖⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵙⵢⵏ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Peoples are usually described as "indigenous" when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ "ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ" ⵉⴳ ⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ.
English: Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being, languages, ways of knowing, and access to the resources on which their cultures depend.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵉⴳⴰⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵕⵃ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Estimates of the total global population of Indigenous peoples usually range from 250 million to 600 million.
Tamazight: ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳⵔ 250 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ 600 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ.
English: As a reference to a group of people, the term Indigenous first came into use by Europeans who used it to differentiate the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from enslaved Africans.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵣⵣⴰⵕⵏ ⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⴰ.
English: In the 1970s, the term was used as a way of linking the experiences, issues, and struggles of groups of colonized people across international borders.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1970, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵯⵔⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ.
English: This situation can persist even in the case where the Indigenous population outnumbers that of the other inhabitants of the region or state; the defining notion here is one of separation from decision and regulatory processes that have some, at least titular, influence over aspects of their community and land rights.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵢ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴽ ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ; ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ, ⵎⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: A 2009 United Nations report published by the Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues stated: For centuries, since the time of their colonization, conquest or occupation, Indigenous peoples have documented histories of resistance, interface or cooperation with states, thus demonstrating their conviction and determination to survive with their distinct sovereign identities.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵙⵉⴽⵔⵉⵜⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ: ⵜⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵢ, ⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ, ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵄⵡⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵢⵏ.
English: These people were seen by ancient writers either as the ancestors of the Greeks, or as an earlier group of people who inhabited Greece before the Greeks.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ ( ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵏ..
English: The Crusades (1096-1271) were based on this ambition of a holy war against who the church saw as infidels.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ (1096-1271) ⵉⵏⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴷⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵍⵉⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ.
English: However, the council upheld that conquests could 'legally' occur if non-Christians refused to comply with Christianization and European natural law.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵉⵍ, ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ.
English: In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Indigenous peoples of what are now referred to as the Canary Islands, known as Guanches (who had lived on the islands since the BCE era) became the subject of colonizers' attention.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 14 ⴷ 15, ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵡⴰⵏⵛⵏ ( ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ BCE) ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ.
English: In 1402, the Spanish began efforts to invade and colonize the islands.
Tamazight: ⴳ 1402, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ.
English: The invaders brought destruction and diseases to the Guanche people, whose identity and culture disappeared as a result.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴷⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵡⴰⵏⵛ, ⵙ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⵓⵛⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: As stated by Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg, the doctrine developed over time "to justify the domination of non-Christian, non-European peoples and the confiscations of their lands and rights."
Tamazight: "ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵔⵕ ⵊ. ⵎⵉⵍⵔ, ⵊⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵔⵓⵔⵓ, ⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏⴷⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵍⵉⵏⴷⴱⵓⵔⴳ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ "" ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴽⴽⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵙⵏ.’’
English: Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella hired Christopher Columbus, who was dispatched in 1492, to colonize and bring new lands under the Spanish crown.
Tamazight: ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓⴼ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵚ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⴳ 1492, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⴷⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵡⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ.
English: Alexander granted Spain any lands that it discovered as long as they had not been "previously possessed by any Christian owner."
Tamazight: "ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉ ⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵡⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ""ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⵎⵢ.""
English: Many conquistadors apparently feared that, if given the option, Indigenous peoples would actually accept Christianity, which would legally not permit invasion of their lands and the theft of their belongings.
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴳⵯⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴽ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ, ⵇⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⵊ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵏ.
English: Being Catholic countries in 1493, England as well as France worked to 're-interpret' the Doctrine of Discovery to serve their own colonial interests.
Tamazight: ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ 1493, ⵓⵔⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⵎⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Land claims were made through symbolic "rituals of discovery" that were performed to illustrate the colonizing nation's legal claim to the land.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ "ⵜⵉⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ" ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.
English: In 1774, Captain James Cook attempted to invalidate Spanish land claims to Tahiti by removing their marks of possession and then proceeding to set up English marks of possession.
Tamazight: ⴳ 1774, ⵍⴽⴰⴱⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵢⵎⵙ ⴽⵓⴽ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵚⴰⴷⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵥⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽⴽⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: This concept formalized the idea that lands which were not being used in a manner that European legal systems approved of were open for European colonization.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ.
English: As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to Indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵡⵍⵏ ‘’ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ’’ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ ⵓⵍⵍⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Precise estimates for the total population of the world's Indigenous peoples are very difficult to compile, given the difficulties in identification and the variances and inadequacies of available census data.
Tamazight: ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⴱⴰⵢⴹⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: This includes at least 5,000 distinct peoples in over 72 countries.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 5000 ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 72 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ.
English: Some have also been assimilated by other populations or have undergone many other changes.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜⵜⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
English: The highly diverse and numerous ethnic groups that comprise most modern, independent African states contain within them various peoples whose situation, cultures and pastoralist or hunter-gatherer lifestyles are generally marginalized and set apart from the dominant political and economic structures of the nation.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵉⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
English: The impacts of historical and ongoing European colonization of the Americas on Indigenous communities have been in general quite severe, with many authorities estimating ranges of significant population decline primarily due to disease, land theft and violence.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ ⴰⵢⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴽ ⴱⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⵉⴽⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵕⵉⴹⵜ.
English: In the southern states of Oaxaca (65.73%) and Yucatán (65.40%), the majority of the population is Indigenous, as reported in 2015.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙⵜ (65.73%) ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴽⴰⵜⴰⵏ (65.40%), ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015.
English: The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have fallen into disuse in Canada.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ‘’ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ’’ ⴷ ‘’ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵎⵓⵜⵏ’’ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ’’.
English: Most notable was the change of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) to Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) in 2015, which then split into Indigenous Services Canada and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Development Canada in 2017.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ (AANDC) ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ (INAC) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017.
English: First Nations peoples signed 11 numbered treaties across much of what is now known as Canada between 1871 and 1921, except in parts of British Columbia.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳⵎⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ 11 ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⵉⵟⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1871 ⴷ 1921, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ.
English: The autonomous territory of Greenland within the Kingdom of Denmark is also home to a recognised Indigenous and majority population of Inuit (about 85%) who settled the area in the 13th century, displacing the Indigenous Dorset people and Greenlandic Norse.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵕⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵣⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ (ⴷⴰⵔ 85%) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 13, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵊⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵖⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷⵢⵢⵉⵏ.
English: In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries, one finds the use of terms such as índios, pueblos indígenas, amerindios, povos nativos, povos indígenas, and, in Peru, Comunidades Nativas (Native Communities), particularly among Amazonian societies like the Urarina and Matsés.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵉⵢⵜ, ⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ: ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵓⵚ, ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵓⵚ, ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴹⵢⵓⵚ, ⴱⵕⵓⴼⵓ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⴼⵉⵚ, ⴱⵓⴼⵓⵚ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵊⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵍⴱⵉⵕⵓ, ⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⴹⴰⴹⵓⵚ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⴼⴰⵚ (ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ), ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⴰⵜⵉⵙⵙ.
English: Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵥⵉⵍ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ.
English: There are currently more Armenians living outside their ancestral homeland because of the Armenian genocide of 1915.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵕⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵕⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1915.
English: The argument entered the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in the 1990s, with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⴼⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵚⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1990, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵚⵟⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵔⵓⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ.
English: In Russia, definition of "indigenous peoples" is contested largely referring to a number of population (less than 50 000 people), and neglecting self-identification, origin from indigenous populations who inhabited the country or region upon invasion, colonization or establishment of state frontiers, distinctive social, economic and cultural institutions.
Tamazight: ‘’ⴳ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ‘’ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ’’ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ (ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 50000), ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴽⵉⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ’’.
English: The Tibetans are indigenous to Tibet.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵓⴱⵓⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⴱⵜ.
English: In Hong Kong, the indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories are defined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration as people descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898, before Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵀⵓⵏⴳ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵚⵉⵏⵉⵢ - ⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1898, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴳ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ.
English: The Cham are the indigenous people of the former state of Champa which was conquered by Vietnam in the Cham–Vietnamese wars during Nam tiến.
Tamazight: ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵛⴰⵎⴱⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵖ ⵍⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵢⵎ.
English: The Khmer Krom are the indigenous people of the Mekong Delta and Saigon which were acquired by Vietnam from Cambodian King Chey Chettha II in exchange for a Vietnamese princess.
Tamazight: ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⵓⵎ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵍⵎⵉⴽⵓⵏⴳ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵢⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵓⵎⵥ ⵍⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢ ⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⵛⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ.
English: This problem is shared by many other countries in the ASEAN region.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ.
English: The indigenous peoples of Mindanao are the Lumad peoples and the Moro (Tausug, Maguindanao Maranao and others) who also live in the Sulu archipelago.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰⵡ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵓ (ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵖⵉⵏⴷⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴰⵔⵅⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ.
English: These groups are often together spoken of as Indigenous Australians.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ.
English: During the 20th century, several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states formed under local control.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵓⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵍⴰⵛ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵉⵔⵉⵟⵟ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ.
English: The remains of at least 25 miniature humans, who lived between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago, were recently found on the islands of Palau in Micronesia.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵕⵓⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵜⵓⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ 1000 ⴷ 3000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
English: According to the 2013 census, New Zealand Māori make up 14.9% of the population of New Zealand, with less than half (46.5%) of all Māori residents identifying solely as Māori.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵟⵏ ⵏ 2013, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉ ⵉⵏⵢⵓⵣⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷⵉⵏⵢ 14.9% ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ (46.5) ⵙⴳ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵢⵏ.
English: Many Māori national leaders signed a treaty with the British, the Treaty of Waitangi (1840), seen in some circles as forming the modern geo-political entity that is New Zealand.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳⵎⴹⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉ (1840), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴹⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵊⵓⵖⵕⴰⴼⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ.
English: These issues include cultural and linguistic preservation, land rights, ownership and exploitation of natural resources, political determination and autonomy, environmental degradation and incursion, poverty, health, and discrimination.
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴷⵀⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵣⵓ, ⴷ ⵥⵥⵍⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ.
English: The situation can be further confused when there is a complicated or contested history of migration and population of a given region, which can give rise to disputes about primacy and ownership of the land and resources.
Tamazight: ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Despite the diversity of indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ..
English: Notable exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two northern indigenous peoples of Russia), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state, and the Canadian Inuit, who form a majority of the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999).
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵡⵓⴽⴽⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵅⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵎⵉ (ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵎⵣⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵢ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1999).
English: This rejection ended up recognizing that there was a pre-existing system of law practised by the Meriam people.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵢⴰⵎ.
English: Retrieved on 11 October 2011.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴳ 11 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2011.
English: Hindus and Chams have both experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴷⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ.
English: In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⵙⴽⵍⴻⵍⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵛⴰⵡ ⵊⵢⴰⵏⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵛⴰⵎ, ⴰⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ, ⵖⵚⴱⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎ.
English: In 2012, Indonesia stated that ‘The Government of Indonesia supports the promotion and protection of indigenous people worldwide ... Indonesia, however, does not recognize the application of the indigenous peoples concept ... in the country’.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵜⵢ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ‘’ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ... ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵇⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ’’.
English: The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵍⵟⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵍⵟⴰ ⵎⵉⴽⵓⵏⵊ (ⵙⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵓⴷⵢⴰ) ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⵢⵢⵉⵏ.
English: The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.
Tamazight: ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ.
English: And no elimination of one culture by another.”
Tamazight: ‘’ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ’’.
English: Indigenous peoples have been denoted primitives, savages or uncivilized.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵥ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵖⵓⵔⵎⵉ.
English: Some philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), considered indigenous people to be merely "savages".
Tamazight: ‘’ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⵀⵓⴱⵣ (1679-1588), ⵙⴰⵜⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⵓⵏ ⵅⵙ ‘’ⵉⵅⵎⵎⴰⴳ’’.
English: Retrieved from Internet Archive 13 December 2013.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ 13 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2013.
English: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted by the General Assembly in 2007, established indigenous peoples' right to self-determination, implying several rights regarding natural resource management.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵕⵚⴰ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵎ ⵍⵎⵓⵜⵜⴰⵃⵉⴷⴰ) ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2007, ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⵓⵍ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵊⴰⵊ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Oil drilling could destroy thousands of years of culture for the Gwich'in.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴼⵟ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵕⵥ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵡⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ.
English: Development projects such as dam construction, pipelines and resource extraction have displaced large numbers of indigenous peoples, often without providing compensation.
Tamazight: ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵍⵄ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⴰⵡⴷ ⵃⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.
English: These women also become economically dependent on men when they lose their livelihoods.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⵓⵖⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: For example the Munduruku people in the Amazon rainforest are opposing the building of Tapajós dam with the help of Greenpeace.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⵓⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵅⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵙ.
English: Two main scenarios are proposed, an early expansion to Central Africa, and a single origin of the dispersal radiating from there, or an early separation into an eastward and a southward wave of dispersal, with one wave moving across the Congo basin towards East Africa, and another moving south along the African coast and the Congo River system towards Angola.
Tamazight: ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵍⵍⵄ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵥⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵥⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⴳⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵥⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵇⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵇⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵥⵢ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵢⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰ.
English: Cattle terminology in use amongst the relatively few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests that the acquisition of cattle may have been from Central Sudanic, Kuliak and Cushitic-speaking neighbors.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵛⵡⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⵟⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵅⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵓⵍⵢⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜ.
English: Not far from the Mutirikiwi river, the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex, a civilisation ancestral to the Kalanga people.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵜⵉⴽⵉⵡⵉ, ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵏⵖⴰ.
English: The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴷⵊⵉⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⵟⵓ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ.
English: After World War II, the National Party governments adopted that usage officially, while the growing African nationalist movement and its liberal allies turned to the term "African" instead, so that "Bantu" became identified with the policies of apartheid.
Tamazight: ‘’ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⵟⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ, ⴽ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵛⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ‘’ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ’’ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ‘’ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵓ’’ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕ’’.
English: Again association with apartheid discredited the term, and the South African government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands".
Tamazight: ‘’ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ‘’ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ’’ ⵉⵟⵏⵥⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵅⵅⵏⴷⵍⵍⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.
English: In Swati the stem is -ntfu and the noun is buntfu.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵙⵡⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵛⵜⵜⵓⵃ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵜⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⴼⵓ.
English: Not all Basques are Basque-speakers.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴽⵉⵢⵜ.
English: modern Basque esan) and the suffix -(k)ara ("way (of doing something)").
Tamazight: ‘’ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ’’ ⴷ ‘’ⵙⵓⴼⵉⴽⵙ -(ⴽ) ⴰⵔⴰ (‘’ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ’’).
English: He records the name of the Basque language as enusquera.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⴰ.
English: Although they are genetically distinctive in some ways due to isolation, the Basques are still very typically European in terms of their Y-DNA and mtDNA sequences, and in terms of some other genetic loci.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵜⵍ ⵓⵃⵉⵎⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵡⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⵖⵉⵢ ⵏ (Y-DNA ⴷ mtDNA), ⴷ ⵡⴰⵥⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: However, studies of the Y-DNA haplogroups found that on their direct male lineages, the vast majority of modern Basques have a common ancestry with other Western Europeans, namely a marked predominance of Indo-European Haplogroup R1b-DF27 (70%).
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵃⵉⵎⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵡⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⵖⵉⵢ (Y-DNA haplogroups) ⵓⴼⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵕⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ (R1b-DF27) ⵏ ⵍⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓ ⴰⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵜ (70%).
English: In spite of its high frequency in Basques, Y-STR internal diversity of R1b-DF27 is lower there, and results in more recent age estimates", implying it was brought to the region from elsewhere.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⵚⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ (R1b-DF27) ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔ’’, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ’’.
English: The collection of mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups sampled there differed significantly compared to their modern frequencies.
Tamazight: ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ (mtDNA and Y-DNA) ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵍⵓⴳⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ.
English: Rather, some 4500 years ago almost all Y-DNA heritage from Iberian admixture of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers was replaced by the R1b lineage of Indo-European herders from the steppe, and the Basque genetic distinctiveness is a result of centuries of low population size, genetic drift, and endogamy.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ 4500 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵉⵎⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵡⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⵖⵉⵢ (Y-DNA) ⵙⴳ ⵍⵇⵙⵟⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⵔⵜ (R1b) ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵛⵓⴹ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵃ.
English: Mattias Jakobsson from Uppsala University in Sweden analysed genetic material from eight Stone Age human skeletons found in El Portalón Cavern in Atapuerca, northern Spain.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⴽⵓⴱⵙⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵓⴱⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵅⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵜⴰⴱⵡⵉⵔⴽⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
English: The findings were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.
English: This admixed group was also found to be ancestral to other modern-day Iberian peoples, but while the Basques remained relatively isolated for millennia after this time, later migrations into Iberia led to distinct and additional admixture in all other Iberian groups.
Tamazight: ⵉⴹⵀⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵕⵚⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴷⵖ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵎⵓ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ.
English: There is enough evidence to support the hypothesis that at that time and later they spoke old varieties of the Basque language (see: Aquitanian language).
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ (ⵥⵕ: ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ).
English: The Kingdom of Pamplona, a central Basque realm, later known as Navarre, underwent a process of feudalization and was subject to the influence of its much larger Aragonese, Castilian and French neighbours.
Tamazight: ⵜⵎⵣⵣⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵎⴱⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵙⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵔ, ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⵜⴰⵄⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵓⴱⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔⴰⵖⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ.
English: Weakened by the Navarrese civil war, the bulk of the realm eventually fell before the onslaught of the Spanish armies (1512–1524).
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙⵉ, ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ (1512-1524).
English: Nevertheless, the Basques enjoyed a great deal of self-government until the French Revolution (1790) and the Carlist Wars (1839, 1876), when the Basques supported heir apparent Carlos V and his descendants.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢⵜ (1790) ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵔⵢⴰ (1839, 1876), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴰⵕⵍⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: The autonomous community (a concept established in the Spanish Constitution of 1978) known as Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa or EAE in Basque and as Comunidad Autónoma Vasca or CAV in Spanish (in English: Basque Autonomous Community or BAC), is made up of the three Spanish provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙ (ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵚⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⴽⵉⴷⵉⵊⵡⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⴽⵉⴷⵉⵊⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵜⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵖ (CAV) ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⵜ; ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⴰⵏ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ.
English: It is sometimes referred to simply as "the Basque Country" (or Euskadi) by writers and public agencies only considering those three western provinces, but also on occasions merely as a convenient abbreviation when this does not lead to confusion in the context.
Tamazight: ‘’ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⵔⵅⵉⵡⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ‘’ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵕⵙⴽ’’ (ⵉⵡⵉⵙⴽⴰⴷⵉ) ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ’’.
English: In particular in common usage the French term Pays Basque ("Basque Country"), in the absence of further qualification, refers either to the whole Basque Country ("Euskal Herria" in Basque), or not infrequently to the northern (or "French") Basque Country specifically.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴽⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ (ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ), ⴳ ⵓⵍⴰⵃ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⴰⵕ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ (ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵀⵉⵔⵢⴰ) ⴳ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ (ⵏⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ) ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ’’.
English: Note that in historical contexts Navarre may refer to a wider area, and that the present-day northern Basque province of Lower Navarre may also be referred to as (part of) Nafarroa, while the term "High Navarre" (Nafarroa Garaia in Basque, Alta Navarra in Spanish) is also encountered as a way of referring to the territory of the present-day autonomous community.
Tamazight: ‘’ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ (ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴳ) ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ‘’ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ’’ (ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ ⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ, ⴰⵍⵜⴰ ⵏⴰⴼⵕⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵜ) ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ’’.
English: Knowledge of Spanish is compulsory under the Spanish constitution (article no.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢ (ⵍⴰⵃ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ).
English: Knowledge of Basque, after declining for many years during Franco's dictatorship owing to official persecution, is again on the rise due to favorable official language policies and popular support.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⵕ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵉⴱ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ.
English: Only Spanish is an official language of Navarre, and the Basque language is only co-official in the province's northern region, where most Basque-speaking Navarrese are concentrated.
Tamazight: ⵅⵙ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⴼⴰⵔⵙ.
English: Much of this population lives in or near the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz (BAB) urban belt on the coast (in Basque these are Baiona, Angelu and Miarritze).
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴱⵢⴰⵔⵉⵜⵣ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⴰⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ (ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵢⴰⵔⵉⵜⵣ).
English: Millions of Basque descendants (see Basque American and Basque Canadian) live in North America (the United States; Canada, mainly in the provinces of Newfoundland and Quebec), Latin America (in all 23 countries), South Africa, and Australia.
Tamazight: ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ (ⵥⵕ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ) ⴳ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵜ (ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⴼⴰⵡⵏⴷⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴱⵉⴽ), ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ (ⴳ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ 23 ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰ), ⴷ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ.
English: Estimates range between 2.5 - 5 million Basque descendants live in Chile; the Basque have been a major if not the strongest influence in the country's cultural and economic development.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ 2.5 ⴰⵔ 5 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ.
English: It consisted mostly of the area which is today the states of Chihuahua and Durango.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵡⴰⵡⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵔⴰⵏⴳⵓ.
English: In Guatemala, most Basques have been concentrated in Sacatepequez Department, Antigua Guatemala, Jalapa for six generations now, while some have migrated to Guatemala City.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⴳ ⵖⵡⵉⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱⴽⵣ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴳⵡⴰ ⵖⵡⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵊⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵖⵡⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰ.
English: Bambuco, a Colombian folk music, has Basque roots.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓⴽⵓ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ.
English: Elko, Nevada, sponsors an annual Basque festival that celebrates the dance, cuisine and cultures of the Basque peoples of Spanish, French and Mexican nationalities who have arrived in Nevada since the late 19th century.
Tamazight: ⵉⵢⵍⴽⵓ, ⴷ ⵏⵉⴼⴰⴷⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵃⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰⵡⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ فⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵏⵉⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19.
English: Some of North America's largest ranches, which were founded under these colonial land grants, can be found in this region.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵍⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ.
English: There is a history of Basque culture in Chino, California.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ.
English: They are mostly descendants of settlers from Spain and Mexico.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵏⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ.
English: This sense of Basque identity tied to the local language does not only exist in isolation.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵙⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⴽⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: As with many European states, a regional identity, be it linguistically derived or otherwise, is not mutually exclusive with the broader national one.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.
English: I have friends who are involved in the political side of things but that is not for me.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉ.
English: There are extremely few Basque monolingual speakers: essentially all Basque speakers are bilingual on both sides of the border.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵙⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ: ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵉⵏⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴱⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ.
English: The Basque language is thought to be a genetic language isolate in contrast with other European languages, almost all of which belong to the broad Indo-European language family.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.
English: Home in this context is synonymous with family roots.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ.
English: As in other cultures, the fate of other family members depended on the assets of a family: wealthy Basque families tended to provide for all children in some way, while less-affluent families may have had only one asset to provide to one child.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ: ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵚⴽ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ.
English: Mostly after the advent of industrialisation, this system resulted in the emigration of many rural Basques to Spain, France or the Americas.
Tamazight: ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵚⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⵙ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.
English: Some scholars and commentators have attempted to reconcile these points by assuming that patrilineal kinship represents an innovation.
Tamazight: ⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵊⵎⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.
English: They emerged from the Franco regime with a revitalized language and culture.
Tamazight: ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ.
English: The region has been a source of missionaries like Francis Xavier and Michel Garicoïts.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴳⵣⴰⴼⵉⵀ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⵖⴰⵔⵉⴽⵓⵜⵉⵙ.