Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: This form preserves the phonemic distinction between chʼ and ch, since the base word chʼeʼen (which, however, is not stressed in Maya) begins with a postalveolar ejective affricate consonant.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ chʼ ⴷ ch, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵛⵛⵉⵏ chʼeʼen (ⵏⵏⴰ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ) ⵜⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴼⵉⵔⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ.
English: Of these cenotes, the "Cenote Sagrado" or Sacred Cenote (also variously known as the Sacred Well or Well of Sacrifice), is the most famous.
Tamazight: “ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ, ““ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜ ⵙⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵓ”” ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ), ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.”
English: Instead, the city's political organization could have been structured by a "multepal" system, which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵎⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ “ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴱⵍⵏ”, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵓⵄⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏ.”
English: It was, however, toward the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capital, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⴽⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵙⵉⵡ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⴽⵉ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ.
English: Hunac Ceel supposedly prophesied his own rise to power.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵀⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵙⵉⵍ ⵉⴷⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
English: While there is some archeological evidence that indicates Chichén Itzá was at one time looted and sacked, there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by Mayapan, at least not when Chichén Itzá was an active urban center.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵡⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: After Chichén Itzá elite activities ceased, the city may not have been abandoned.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵓⵄⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵊⵊ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.
English: Montejo returned to Yucatán in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at Campeche on the west coast.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵊⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1531 ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵉⵜⵛⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ.
English: Montejo the Younger eventually arrived at Chichen Itza, which he renamed Ciudad Real.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵊⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵡⴷⴰⴷ ⵔⵉⵢⴰⵍ.
English: Months passed, but no reinforcements arrived.
Tamazight: ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ.
English: By 1535, all Spanish had been driven from the Yucatán Peninsula.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ 1535, ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵏⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵢⵓⴽⴰⵜⴰⵏ.
English: In 1860, Désiré Charnay surveyed Chichén Itzá and took numerous photographs that he published in Cités et ruines américaines (1863).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1860, ⵉⵙⴼⴹ ⴷⵉⵣⵉⵔⵉⵀ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⵙⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ (1863).
English: Augustus Le Plongeon called it "Chaacmol" (later renamed "Chac Mool", which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica).
Tamazight: “ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵍⵓ ⴱⵍⵓⵏⵊⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵡⵏⵏ ⵙ ““ⵛⴰⴽⵎⵓⵍ”” (ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ““ⵛⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵍ””, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ).”
English: In 1894 the United States Consul to Yucatán, Edward Herbert Thompson, purchased the Hacienda Chichén, which included the ruins of Chichen Itza.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1894, ⵉⵙⵖⴰ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵙⵓ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴽⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⵀⴰⵔⴱⵔⵜ ⵟⵓⵎⵙⵓⵏ ⵀⴰⵙⵢⵉⵏⴷⴰ ⵛⵉⵛⴰⵢⵏ, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ.
English: Thompson is most famous for dredging the Cenote Sagrado (Sacred Cenote) from 1904 to 1910, where he recovered artifacts of gold, copper and carved jade, as well as the first-ever examples of what were believed to be pre-Columbian Maya cloth and wooden weapons.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵟⵓⵎⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜ ⵙⴰⴳⵕⴰⴷⵓ (ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ) ⵙⴳ 1904 ⴰⵔ 1910, ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵯⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵅⵔⵔⵓⵇ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ.
English: The Mexican Revolution and the following government instability, as well as World War I, delayed the project by a decade.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
English: At the same time, the Mexican government excavated and restored El Castillo (Temple of Kukulcán) and the Great Ball Court.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵙⵜⵉⵢⵓ (ⴰⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴽⵓⵍⵛⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵔⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Thompson, who was in the United States at the time, never returned to Yucatán.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵟⵓⵎⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵖⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⴰⵜⴰⵏ.
English: In 1944 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that Thompson had broken no laws and returned Chichen Itza to his heirs.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1944, ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⵙⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵖ ⵟⵓⵎⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵛⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: The first was sponsored by the National Geographic, and the second by private interests.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵛⵢⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵊⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴽⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ.
English: The city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the Castillo pyramid, and the Las Monjas, Osario and Main Southwest groups.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵓⵣⵓⵏⵣ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵜⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵊⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Many of these stone buildings were originally painted in red, green, blue and purple colors.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵉ.
English: Just like gothic cathedrals in Europe, colors provided a greater sense of completeness and contributed greatly to the symbolic impact of the buildings.
Tamazight: ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵃⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ.
English: The Puuc-style building feature the usual mosaic-decorated upper façades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the Puuc heartland in their block masonry walls, as opposed to the fine veneers of the Puuc region proper.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴽ (Puuc) ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵓⵙⴰⵢⴼⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵜⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴽ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⴱ, ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴽ.
English: At the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵖⵔⴰ.
English: After several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴳⵍⵏ, ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳ.
English: The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid's stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists.
Tamazight: ⵜⵖⵣⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵅⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵔⵏ, ⴰⵏⴼⵏ ⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰⴼ.
English: In one panel, one of the players has been decapitated; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴱⴱⵢ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⵏ; ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⴼⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵜⵔⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ.
English: At the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵔⵔⴷⵍ.
English: Inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⵔⵔⴷⵍⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ.
English: It is built in a combination Maya and Toltec styles, with a staircase ascending each of its four sides.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⵜⵉⴽ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ.
English: In its interior archeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone, the purpose of which is unknown.
Tamazight: ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵎⴰⴳ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉⵡⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: Its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms, called "atlantes."
Tamazight: “ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵎⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵙⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ““ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵟⵙ.”””
English: This complex is analogous to Temple B at the Toltec capital of Tula, and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ B ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵜⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
English: This temple encases or entombs a former structure called The Temple of the Chac Mool.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵇⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵍ.
English: To the south of the Group of a Thousand Columns is a group of three, smaller, interconnected buildings.
Tamazight: ⵖⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ.
English: A section of the upper façade with a motif of x's and o's is displayed in front of the structure.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴷ x ⴷ ⵉⴷ o ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ.
English: The Temple of Xtoloc is a recently restored temple outside the Osario Platform is.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵢⵓ.
English: Between the Xtoloc temple and the Osario are several aligned structures: The Platform of Venus, which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to Kukulkan (El Castillo), the Platform of the Tombs, and a small, round structure that is unnamed.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵕⵢⵓ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴽⵓⵍⴽⴰⵏ (ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵓ), ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⵯⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ.
English: The Casa Colorada (Spanish for "Red House") is one of the best preserved buildings at Chichen Itza.
Tamazight: “ⴽⴰⵙⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⴰ (ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ”) ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ.”
English: In 2009, INAH restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the Casa Colorada.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⵜⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵀ (INAH) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵙⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵙⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵕⴰⴷⴰ.
English: This building's name has been long used by the local Maya, and some authors mention that it was named after a deer painting over stucco that doesn't exist anymore.
Tamazight: ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⵉⵔⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵖⵉ.
English: The Spanish named this complex Las Monjas ("The Nuns" or "The Nunnery"), but it was a governmental palace.
Tamazight: “ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵊⴰⵙ (““ⵉⵕⴰⵀⵉⴱⵏ”” ⵏⵖ ⴷ ““ⵏⵏⵓⵏⵔⵉ””), ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.”
English: These texts frequently mention a ruler by the name of Kʼakʼupakal.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴽⴰⴽⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: It gets its name from the stone spiral staircase inside.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⴰⵡⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ.
English: The long, western-facing façade has seven doorways.
Tamazight: ⵉ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ.
English: The southern end of the building has one entrance.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ.
English: Inside one of the chambers, near the ceiling, is a painted hand print.
Tamazight: ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ.
English: The location of the cave has been well known in modern times.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ.
English: E. Wyllys Andrews IV also explored the cave in the 1930s.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴻ. ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵢⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵡⵣ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1930s.
English: On 15 September 1959, José Humberto Gómez, a local guide, discovered a false wall in the cave.
Tamazight: ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1959, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⵓⵎⴱⵉⵔⵜⵓ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵀⵡⵓ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ.
English: Even before the book was published, Benjamin Norman and Baron Emanuel von Friedrichsthal traveled to Chichen after meeting Stephens, and both published the results of what they found.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⴱⵉⵏⵢⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵕⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴼⵓⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏⵣ, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ.
English: In 1923, Governor Carrillo Puerto officially opened the highway to Chichen Itza.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1923, ⵢⵓⵏⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵓⵡⵉⵔⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ.
English: In 1930, the Mayaland Hotel opened, just north of the Hacienda Chichén, which had been taken over by the Carnegie Institution.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1930, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵙⵢⵉⵏⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⴽⴰⵏⵊⵉ.
English: In 1972, Mexico enacted the Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicas, Artísticas e Históricas (Federal Law over Monuments and Archeological, Artistic and Historic Sites) that put all the nation's pre-Columbian monuments, including those at Chichen Itza, under federal ownership.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicas, Artísticas e Históricas (ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ, ⴳ ⴰⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
English: Tour guides will also demonstrate a unique the acoustical effect at Chichen Itza: a handclap before the in front of the staircase the El Castillo pyramid will produce by an echo that resembles the chirp of a bird, similar to that of the quetzal as investigated by Declercq.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵜⵛⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⴰ: ⵙ ⵓⴱⵇⵇⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵇⵣⵇ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⵜⵣⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴽⵍⵉⵔⴽ.
English: INAH, which manages the site, has closed a number of monuments to public access.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⴰⵀ (INAH) ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⵜⵇⵇⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵕⴽⵢⵓⵍⵉⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ.
English: Originally a project of real estate developer and former New York State Senator William H. Reynolds, the building was constructed by Walter Chrysler, the head of the Chrysler Corporation.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵀ. ⵔⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵣ, ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵜ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵜⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ.
English: An annex was completed in 1952, and the building was sold by the Chrysler family the next year, with numerous subsequent owners.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⴹⴼⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1952, ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ ⴰⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕ.
English: The era was characterized by profound social and technological changes.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.
English: The following year, Chrysler was named Time magazine's "Person of the Year".
Tamazight: “ⴳⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⵢⵓⵡⵢ ⴽⵕⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ““ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ”” ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎ.”
English: Following the end of World War I, European and American architects came to see simplified design as the epitome of the modern era and Art Deco skyscrapers as symbolizing progress, innovation, and modernity.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⵏⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵢⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.
English: Prior to his involvement in planning the building, Reynolds was best known for developing Coney Island's Dreamland amusement park.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵀⵉ ⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ.
English: In 1927, after several years of delays, Reynolds hired the architect William Van Alen to design a forty-story building there.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1927, ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵔⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵣ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: Van Alen and Severance complemented each other, with Van Alen being an original, imaginative architect and Severance being a shrewd businessperson who handled the firm's finances.
Tamazight: ⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏⵙ ⴳⵔⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵉⴳ ⵙⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏⵙ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵜ.
English: The proposal was changed again two weeks later, with official plans for a 63-story building.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 63 ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: The adjacent 56-story Chanin Building was also under construction.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵛⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 56 ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: These plans were approved in June 1928.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1928.
English: He instead devised an alternate design for the Reynolds Building, which was published in August 1928.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷⵣ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1928.
English: A contract was awarded on October 28, and demolition was completed on November 9.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ 28 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ, ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵔⴷⵍⴰ ⴳ 9 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ.
English: From late 1928 to early 1929, modifications to the design of the dome continued.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1929, ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ.
English: Lower down, the design was affected by Walter Chrysler's intention to make the building the Chrysler Corporation's headquarters, and as such, various architectural details were modeled after Chrysler automobile products, such as the hood ornaments of the Plymouth (see ).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ, ⵉⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵜⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵍⵔ(Chrysler Corporation), ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⴱⵍⵉⵎⵓⵜ (ⵥⵕ).
English: Construction of the building proper began on January 21, 1929.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ 21 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1929.
English: Despite a frantic steelwork construction pace of about four floors per week, no workers died during the construction of the skyscraper's steelwork.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⵏⵉⵡ.
English: 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building started competing for the distinction of "world's tallest building".
Tamazight: “ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ 40 ⵡⵓⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵏ ““ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ””.”
English: On October 23, 1929, one week after surpassing the Woolworth Building's height and one day before the catastrophic Wall Street Crash of 1929 started, the spire was assembled.
Tamazight: ⴳ 23 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 1929, ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⵓⵍⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1929, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ.
English: Even the New York Herald Tribune, which had virtually continuous coverage of the tower's construction, did not report on the spire's installation until days after the spire had been raised.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴼⴽⵉ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: In the lobby of the building, a bronze plaque that read "in recognition of Mr. Chrysler's contribution to civic advancement" was unveiled.
Tamazight: “ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵜⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴱⵕⵓⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ““ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ””.”
English: The Chrysler Building was appraised at $14 million, but was exempt from city taxes per an 1859 law that gave tax exemptions to sites owned by the Cooper Union.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ 14 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ 1859 ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⴱⵔ.
English: Van Alen's satisfaction at these accomplishments was likely muted by Walter Chrysler's later refusal to pay the balance of his architectural fee.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⴳⴳⵢ ⵡⴰⵍⵜⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: However, the lawsuit against Chrysler markedly diminished Van Alen's reputation as an architect, which, along with the effects of the Great Depression and negative criticism, ended up ruining his career.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵢ ⵜⵚⵕⵓⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵔⴷⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⴷⵢ ⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴹⵓⵕⵏ.
English: In 1944, the corporation filed plans to build a 38-story annex to the east of the building, at 666 Third Avenue.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1944, ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 38 ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ, ⴳ 666 ⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.
English: The stone for the original building was no longer manufactured, and had to be specially replicated.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⵖⵕ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: The family sold the building in 1953 to William Zeckendorf for its assessed price of $18 million.
Tamazight: ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953 ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵣⵉⴽⵉⵏⴷⵓⵔⵓⴼ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 18 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.
English: At the time, it was reported to be the largest real estate sale in New York City's history.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵕⴽ.
English: In 1961, the building's stainless steel elements, including the needle, crown, gargoyles, and entrance doors, were polished for the first time.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⴰⴽⴽⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴳⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴳⵓⵢⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ.
English: The company purchased the building for $35 million.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵖⴰ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ 35 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.
English: The spire underwent a restoration that was completed in 1995.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995.
English: The cleaning received the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award for 1997.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵉ ⴳ. ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997.
English: In June 2008, it was reported that the Abu Dhabi Investment Council was in negotiations to buy TMW's 75% economic interest, a 15% interest from Tishman Speyer Properties in the building, and a share of the Trylons retail structure next door for US$800 million.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2008, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⴹⴰⴱⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 75% ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵜ TMW, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ 15% ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⵉⵢⵔ (Tishman Speyer Properties) ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⵖⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵓⵏⵙ ⵙ 800 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉ.
English: This resulted in a 21% decrease in the building's total energy consumption, a 64% decrease in water consumption, and an 81% rate of waste being recycled.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ 21% ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ 64% ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ 81% ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ.
English: The Ethics of Philosophical Practice."
Tamazight: “ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ.”””
English: """Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value)."
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵎⵉⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵡⴰⵜ), ⴰⵙⵏⵥⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ (ⵉⴱⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵓⴳⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ), ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ (ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ).
English: Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
English: In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵥⵍⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
English: In Against the Logicians the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus detailed the variety of ways in which the ancient Greek philosophers had divided philosophy, noting that this three-part division was agreed to by Plato, Aristotle, Xenocrates, and the Stoics.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⴰⴱⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉ ⵙⵉⴽⵙⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⵉⴽⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⴰⵇⵉⵜⵏ.
English: Other ancient philosophical traditions influenced by Socrates included Cynicism, Cyrenaicism, Stoicism, and Academic Skepticism.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ: ⴰⵙⴹⵚⵓ, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⴰⵇⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ.
English: Some key Medieval thinkers include St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Boethius, Anselm and Roger Bacon.
Tamazight: ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵊⵔ ⴱⵉⴽⵓⵏ.
English: Major modern philosophers include Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ, ⴷ ⵍⵉⴱⵏⵣ, ⴷ ⵍⵓⴽ, ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⴽⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵀⵢⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ.
English: Babylonian astronomy also included much philosophical speculations about cosmology which may have influenced the Ancient Greeks.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵜⵕⵓⵏⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ.
English: Later Jewish philosophy came under strong Western intellectual influences and includes the works of Moses Mendelssohn who ushered in the Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment), Jewish existentialism, and Reform Judaism.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴳⵎ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ, ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵎⵏⴷⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ (ⴰⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵜ.
English: Islamic philosophy is the philosophical work originating in the Islamic tradition and is mostly done in Arabic.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.
English: Early Islamic philosophy developed the Greek philosophical traditions in new innovative directions.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.
English: The work of Aristotle was very influential among philosophers such as Al-Kindi (9th century), Avicenna (980 – June 1037) and Averroes (12th century).
Tamazight: ⵓⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏⴷⵉ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 9), ⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ (980- ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1037), ⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵕⵓⵛⴷ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12).
English: Ibn Khaldun was an influential thinker in philosophy of history.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.
English: Indian philosophical traditions share various key concepts and ideas, which are defined in different ways and accepted or rejected by the different traditions.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Indian philosophy is commonly grouped based on their relationship to the Vedas and the ideas contained in them.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴼⵉⴷⴰ (Vedas) ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: The schools which align themselves with the thought of the Upanishads, the so-called "orthodox" or "Hindu" traditions, are often classified into six darśanas or philosophies:Sānkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Mimāmsā and Vedānta.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ““ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ”” ⵏⵖ ““ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ””, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵉⵣⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ: ⵙⴰⵏⵅⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵊⴰ, ⵏⵢⴰⵢⴰ, ⴼⴰⵢⵛⵉⴽⴰ, ⵎⵉⵎⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⵏⵜⴰ.”
English: They also reflect a tolerance for a diversity of philosophical interpretations within Hinduism while sharing the same foundation.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ.
English: There are also other schools of thought which are often seen as "Hindu", though not necessarily orthodox (since they may accept different scriptures as normative, such as the Shaiva Agamas and Tantras), these include different schools of Shavism such as Pashupata, Shaiva Siddhanta, non-dual tantric Shavism (i.e. Trika, Kaula, etc.).
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ “”ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ”” ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵕⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵢⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵔⴰⵙ), ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵙⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷⴱⴰⵛⵓⴱⴰⵜⴰ, ⵛⵉⴼⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴽⵓⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ).”
English: The denial that a human being possesses a "self" or "soul" is probably the most famous Buddhist teaching.
Tamazight: “ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ““ⵉⵅⴼ”” ⵏⵖ ““ⵉⵎⴰⵏ”” ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵏⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏⵉⵏ.”
English: Jain philosophy is one of the only two surviving "unorthodox" traditions (along with Buddhism).
Tamazight: “ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ““ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵕⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙ”” ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ (ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ).”
English: Jain thought holds that all existence is cyclic, eternal and uncreated.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵊⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ.
English: In these regions, Buddhist thought developed into different philosophical traditions which used various languages (like Tibetan, Chinese and Pali).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵍⵉⵜ).
English: The philosophy of the Theravada school is dominant in Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ.
English: After the death of the Buddha, various groups began to systematize his main teachings, eventually developing comprehensive philosophical systems termed Abhidharma.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴷⴰ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵙⵎⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵕⵎⴰ.
English: There were numerous schools, sub-schools, and traditions of Buddhist philosophy in ancient and medieval India.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵀⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.
English: These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political and ethical theories such Tao, Yin and yang, Ren and Li.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴳ, ⴷ ⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉ.
English: Neo-Confucianism came to dominate the education system during the Song dynasty (960–1297), and its ideas served as the philosophical basis of the imperial exams for the scholar official class.
Tamazight: ⵜⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴳ (960–1297), ⴽⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ.
English: During later Chinese dynasties like the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) as well as in the Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) a resurgent Neo-Confucianism led by thinkers such as Wang Yangming (1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought, and was promoted by the imperial state.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⵉⵏⴳ (1368–1644) ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵊⵓⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ (1392–1897), ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴳ ⵢⴰⵏⴳⵎⵉⵏⴳ (1472–1529) ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉ.
English: In the Modern era, Chinese thinkers incorporated ideas from Western philosophy.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵚⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ.
English: For example, New Confucianism, led by figures such as Xiong Shili, has become quite influential.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴽⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵅⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Another trend in modern Japanese philosophy was the "National Studies" (Kokugaku) tradition.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ “ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ” (ⴽⵓⴽⵓⴳⴰⴽⵓ).”
English: During the 17th century, Ethiopian philosophy developed a robust literary tradition as exemplified by Zera Yacob.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 17, ⵜⵙⵙⴳⵎⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳ ⴳ ⵣⵉⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⴱ (Zera Yacob).
English: Another feature of the indigenous American worldviews was their extension of ethics to non-human animals and plants.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵎⵢⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵖⵕⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
English: The theory of Teotl can be seen as a form of Pantheism.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵍ (Teotl) ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ.
English: Nevertheless, U.S. Department of Education reports from the 1990s indicate that few women ended up in philosophy, and that philosophy is one of the least gender-proportionate fields in the humanities, with women making up somewhere between 17% and 30% of philosophy faculty according to some studies.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1990s ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵔ 17% ⴷ 30% ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
English: See also "Characteristics and Attitudes of Instructional Faculty and Staff in the Humanities."
Tamazight: “ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ““ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵀⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ.”””
English: Its primary investigations include how to live a good life and identifying standards of morality.
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵥⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: Epistemologists examine putative sources of knowledge, including perceptual experience, reason, memory, and testimony.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴼⵔⵔⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ.
English: It arose early in Pre-Socratic philosophy and became formalized with Pyrrho, the founder of the earliest Western school of philosophical skepticism.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵜⵜ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ (Pyrrho) ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ, ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼ.
English: Empiricism places emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience as the source of knowledge.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.
English: Rationalism is associated with a priori knowledge, which is independent of experience (such as logic and mathematics).
Tamazight: ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ).
English: Metaphysics includes cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety and ontology, the study of being.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ.
English: Essence is the set of attributes that make an object what it fundamentally is and without which it loses its identity while accident is a property that the object has, without which the object can still retain its identity.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵀⵡⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜ, ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Because sound reasoning is an essential element of all sciences, social sciences and humanities disciplines, logic became a formal science.
Tamazight: ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ.
English: New York: Oxford University Press.
Tamazight: ⵏⵢⵓⵢⵓⵕⴽ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵕⴷ.
English: However, most students of academic philosophy later contribute to law, journalism, religion, sciences, politics, business, or various arts.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language, the relations between language, language users, and the world.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
English: These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle as well as the logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
Tamazight: ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵓⴷⴼⵉⴳ ⴼⵉⵜⴳⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏ.
English: He criticized conventionalism because it led to the bizarre consequence that anything can be conventionally denominated by any name.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵡⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ.
English: To do this, he pointed out that compound words and phrases have a range of correctness.
Tamazight: ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ.
English: However, by the end of the Cratylus, he had admitted that some social conventions were also involved, and that there were faults in the idea that phonemes had individual meanings.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⵜⵉⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⵇⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ.
English: He separated all things into categories of species and genus.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.
English: However, since Aristotle took these similarities to be constituted by a real commonality of form, he is more often considered a proponent of "moderate realism".
Tamazight: “ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ““ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⴷⵉⵎⵜ””.”
English: This lektón was the meaning (or sense) of every term.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎ.
English: There were several noteworthy philosophers of language in the medieval period.
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.
English: The scholastics of the high medieval period, such as Ockham and John Duns Scotus, considered logic to be a scientia sermocinalis (science of language).
Tamazight: ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙⵜⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵀⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⵔⵎⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙ (ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ).
English: The phenomena of vagueness and ambiguity were analyzed intensely, and this led to an increasing interest in problems related to the use of syncategorematic words such as and, or, not, if, and every.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴷ, ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵎⴽ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍ.
English: The suppositio of a term is the interpretation that is given of it in a specific context.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ.
English: Such a classification scheme is the precursor of modern distinctions between use and mention, and between language and metalanguage.
Tamazight: ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⵉⴼ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵅⴼⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.
English: One part of the common sentence is the lexical word, which is composed of nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ, ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ.
English: Philosophical semantics tends to focus on the principle of compositionality to explain the relationship between meaningful parts and whole sentences.
Tamazight: ⴳⴳⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ.
English: It is possible to use the concept of functions to describe more than just how lexical meanings work: they can also be used to describe the meaning of a sentence.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ.
English: A propositional function is an operation of language that takes an entity (in this case, the horse) as an input and outputs a semantic fact (i.e., the proposition that is represented by "The horse is red").
Tamazight: “ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ (ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ) ⴷ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ““ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ””).”
English: Is language acquisition a special faculty in the mind?
Tamazight: ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ?
English: The first is the behaviorist perspective, which dictates that not only is the solid bulk of language learned, but it is learned via conditioning.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ, ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵖⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵄⴰⴼⵔ.
English: Nativist models assert that there are specialized devices in the brain that are dedicated to language acquisition.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.
English: Linguists Sapir and Whorf suggested that language limited the extent to which members of a "linguistic community" can think about certain subjects (a hypothesis paralleled in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four).
Tamazight: “ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⴼ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵎⵉ ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ““ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⴰⵢⵜ”” ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ (ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵓⵕⵡⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ).”
English: The stark opposite to the Sapir–Whorf position is the notion that thought (or, more broadly, mental content) has priority over language.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵔ ⵡⵓⵕⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.
English: Another argument is that it is difficult to explain how signs and symbols on paper can represent anything meaningful unless some sort of meaning is infused into them by the contents of the mind.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵎⴽ ⵣⵎⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵛⵉⵎ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵖ.
English: Another tradition of philosophers has attempted to show that language and thought are coextensive – that there is no way of explaining one without the other.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ - ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ.
English: To an extent, the theoretical underpinnings to cognitive semantics (including the notion of semantic framing) suggest the influence of language upon thought.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏ) ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴹⵓⵚ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ.
English: There are studies that prove that languages shape how people understand causality.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⴱⴻⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ.
English: However, Spanish or Japanese speakers would be more likely to say "the vase broke itself".
Tamazight: “ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ““ⵜⵕⵕⵥⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ””.”
English: Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as did English speakers.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ.
English: In one study German and Spanish speakers were asked to describe objects having opposite gender assignment in those two languages.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ” ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵜⵜⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
English: To describe a "bridge", which is feminine in German and masculine in Spanish, the German speakers said "beautiful", "elegant", "fragile", "peaceful", "pretty" and "slender", and the Spanish speakers said "big", "dangerous", "long", "strong", "sturdy" and "towering".
Tamazight: “ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ “ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ”, ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ “ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ”, “ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳ”, “ⵉⴷⵀⵛ”, “ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ”, “ⵜⵥⵉⵍ” ⴷ “ⵜⵖⵓⴷⴰ”, ⵉⵏⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜⵏ “ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ” ⴷ “ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔ” ⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ” ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ” ⴷ “ⴰⵣⵏⵜⴰⵕ”.”
English: Whether each alien was friendly or hostile was determined by certain subtle features but participants were not told what these were.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵀⵔⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ.
English: For the rest, the aliens remained nameless.
Tamazight: ⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ.
English: It was concluded that naming objects helps us categorize and memorize them.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Within this area, issues include: the nature of synonymy, the origins of meaning itself, our apprehension of meaning, and the nature of composition (the question of how meaningful units of language are composed of smaller meaningful parts, and how the meaning of the whole is derived from the meaning of its parts).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ: ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ, ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ (ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵎⴽ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⵉⵎⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ).
English: The ideational theory of meaning, most commonly associated with the British empiricist John Locke, claims that meanings are mental representations provoked by signs.
Tamazight: ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵙⵡⵏⴳⴰⵎ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵍⵓⴽ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ.
English: (See also Wittgenstein's picture theory of language.)
Tamazight: (ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⴳⵏⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.)
English: Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Tamazight: ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵜⵛⵓⵙⵜⵙ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵕⴼⵓⵕⴷ.
English: The reference theory of meaning, also known collectively as semantic externalism, views meaning to be equivalent to those things in the world that are actually connected to signs.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ, ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵓⵍⵏ.
English: The traditional formulation of such a theory is that the meaning of a sentence is its method of verification or falsification.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵃⵙⴰⵢⵜ.
English: In this version, the comprehension (and hence meaning) of a sentence consists in the hearer's ability to recognize the demonstration (mathematical, empirical or other) of the truth of the sentence.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ (ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ) ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ (ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ) ⵉ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ.
English: A pragmatic theory of meaning is any theory in which the meaning (or understanding) of a sentence is determined by the consequences of its application.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ (ⵏⵖ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ) ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Gottlob Frege was an advocate of a mediated reference theory.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵓⵜⵍⵓⴱ ⴼⵔⵉⵊⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.
English: Such a thought is abstract, universal and objective.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⴰ.
English: Referents are the objects in the world that words pick out.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: He viewed proper names of the sort described above as "abbreviated definite descriptions" (see Theory of descriptions).
Tamazight: “ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ “ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍ”” (ⵥⵕ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ).”
English: Such phrases denote in the sense that there is an object that satisfies the description.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ.
English: On Frege's account, any referring expression has a sense as well as a referent.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⵊⵉ, ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ.
English: Despite the differences between the views of Frege and Russell, they are generally lumped together as descriptivists about proper names.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⴳⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵍ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Consider the name Aristotle and the descriptions "the greatest student of Plato", "the founder of logic" and "the teacher of Alexander".
Tamazight: “ⴰⴽⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ““ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ””, ““ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ”” ⴷ ““ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⴰⵕ””.”
English: He may have existed and not have become known to posterity at all or he may have died in infancy.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: But this is deeply counterintuitive.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Questions inevitably arise on surrounding topics.
Tamazight: ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ.