Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: These observations prompted the development of the transverse Mercator projections in which a meridian is treated 'like an equator' of the projection so that we obtain an accurate map within a narrow distance of that meridian.
Tamazight: ⵜⵃⵓⵣ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ‘ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ’ ⵉ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ.
English: The four cardinal directions, or cardinal points, are the four main compass directions: north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials N, E, S, and W respectively.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵚⵓⵍⵜ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ: ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ N, E, S, ⴷ W ⵙ ⵓⵙⴹⴼⵕ.
English: When travelling East or West, it is only on the Equator that one can keep East or West and be going straight (without the need to steer).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵢⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ (ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ) ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ.
English: The north pole of the magnetic needle points towards the geographic north pole of the earth and vice versa.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵙⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷ.
English: In the middle of the day, it is to the south for viewers in the Northern Hemisphere, who live north of the Tropic of Cancer, and the north for those in the Southern Hemisphere, who live south of the Tropic of Capricorn.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⵓ ⵓⵢⵍⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴹ.
English: In these locations, one needs first to determine whether the sun is moving from east to west through north or south by watching its movements—left to right means it is going through south while the right to left means it is going through north; or one can watch the sun's shadows.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵛⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ —ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵣⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ; ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ.
English: Because of the Earth's axial tilt, no matter what the location of the viewer, there are only two days each year when the sun rises precisely due east.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵜⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵙⵔ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ.
English: For this method to work in the southern hemisphere, the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north.
Tamazight: ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵍ 12 ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ 12 ⵖⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.
English: This axis intersects the Celestial Sphere at the North and South Celestial poles, which appear to the observer to lie directly above due North and South respectively on the horizon.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴹⵓⴼⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴹⴼⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ.
English: The resulting photograph reveals a multitude of concentric arcs (portions of perfect circles) from which the exact center can be readily derived, and which corresponds to the Celestial pole, which lies directly above the position of the true pole (North or South) on the horizon.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰⵍ ⵙⵎⴷⵏⵉⵏ) ⵎⵉ ⵏⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ (ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ) ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ.
English: The exact position of the pole changes over thousands of years because of the precession of the equinoxes.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵜⵏ.
English: The asterism "Big Dipper" may be used to find Polaris.
Tamazight: “ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵔⵉⵜ ““ⴱⵉⴳ ⴷⵔⵉⴱⵔ”” ⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ.”
English: Since it finds true, rather than magnetic, north, it is immune to interference by local or shipboard magnetic fields.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵙ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜⵏ.
English: Most maps in medieval Europe, for example, placed east (E) at the top.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵔ (E) ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ.
English: Topographic maps include elevation, typically via contour lines.
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⴰⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵓⴱⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ.
English: The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to the North celestial pole.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.
English: Going around the disk clockwise from the North point, one encounters in order the West point, the South point, and then the East point.
Tamazight: ⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ.
English: In pre-modern Europe more generally, between eight and 32 points of the compass – cardinal and intercardinal directions – were given names.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵓⵚⵓⵍⵜ – ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ–.
English: Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from pre-modern China, as well as traditional Turkic, Tibetan and Ainu cultures.
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ) ⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵓⵕⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵓ.
English: Some may also include "above" and "below" as directions, and therefore focus on a cosmology of seven directions.
Tamazight: “ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵅⴼ “ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ” ⴷ “ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ” ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵅⴼⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ.”
English: North is associated with the Himalayas and heaven while the south is associated with the underworld or land of the fathers (Pitr loka).
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⴷⵢ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴱⴰ (ⴱⵉⵜⵔ ⵍⵓⴽⴰ).
English: North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions.
Tamazight: ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵚⵓⵍⵜ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Septentrionalis is from septentriones, "the seven plow oxen", a name of Ursa Major.
Tamazight: “ⵙⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏⵜⵔⵢⵓⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏⵜⵔⵢⵓⵏ, ““ⴰⵡⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵙⴰ”, ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵙⴰ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵕ.”
English: For example, in Lezgian, kefer can mean both "disbelief" and "north", since to the north of the Muslim Lezgian homeland there are areas formerly inhabited by non-Muslim Caucasian and Turkic peoples.
Tamazight: “ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵉⵣⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴽⵉⴼⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ““ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏ” ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ”, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵍⵉⵣⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵇⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ.”
English: On any rotating astronomical object, north often denotes the side appearing to rotate counter-clockwise when viewed from afar along the axis of rotation.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵕⵓⵏⵓⵎ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴻⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵖⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⵢ.
English: But simple generalizations on the subject should be treated as unsound, and as likely to reflect popular misconceptions about terrestrial magnetism.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ, ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: This convention has developed from the use of a compass, which places north at the top.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵚⵓⵍⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ.
English: 95% of the Global North has enough food and shelter, and a functioning education system.
Tamazight: 95% ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Use of the term "South" may also be country-relative, particularly in cases of noticeable economic or cultural divide.
Tamazight: “ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ‘“ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ”” ⵉⵣⴷⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.”
English: Rarely does the meaning broaden to Bolivia, and in the most restricted sense it only covers Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵢ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵕⵎⴹⵏ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ.
English: West is the direction opposite that of the Earth's rotation on its axis, and is therefore the general direction towards which the Sun appears to constantly progress and eventually set.
Tamazight: ⴰⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: In Ancient Egypt, the West was considered to be the portal to the netherworld, and is the cardinal direction regarded in connection with death, though not always with a negative connotation.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵎⵉⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵢ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵍⵉⵏ.
English: In Judaism, west is seen to be toward the Shekinah (presence) of God, as in Jewish history the Tabernacle and subsequent Jerusalem Temple faced east, with God's Presence in the Holy of Holies up the steps to the west.
Tamazight: ⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴽⵉⵏⴰⵀ (ⵜⵉⵀⴰⵡⵜ)ⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵕ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ.
English: The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east–west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ) ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ.
English: Circles of latitude are unlike circles of longitude, which are all great circles with the centre of Earth in the middle, as the circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the Equator increases.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ, ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵥⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ.
English: A circle of latitude is perpendicular to all meridians.
Tamazight: ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜⵏ.
English: The Equator is the longest circle of latitude and is the only circle of latitude which also is a great circle.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰⵉⴽⵡⴰⵜⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ.
English: On a map, the circles of latitude may or may not be parallel, and their spacing may vary, depending on which projection is used to map the surface of the Earth onto a plane.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ, ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵖ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵄⵔⴰⵇ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ.
English: For instance, on a Mercator projection the circles of latitude are more widely spaced near the poles to preserve local scales and shapes, while on a Gall–Peters projection the circles of latitude are spaced more closely near the poles so that comparisons of area will be accurate.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵄⵔⴰⵇⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍ–ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵣ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⵢⵣⵏ.
English: There are many smaller terms, resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ.
English: 54°40'N The border between 19th century Russian territories to the north and conflicting American and British land claims in western North America.
Tamazight: 54°40'N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.
English: 43°30'N In the US, the border between Minnesota and Iowa.
Tamazight: 43°30'N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵢⵓⵡⴰ.
English: 42°N Originally the northward limit of New Spain.
Tamazight: 42°N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ.
English: 41°N In the US, part of the border between Wyoming and Utah, the border between Wyoming and Colorado, and part of the border between Nebraska and Colorado.
Tamazight: 41°N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜⴰⵀ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵕⴰⴷⵓ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵏⴱⵕⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵕⴰⴷⵓ.
English: 38°N The boundary between the Soviet and American occupation zones in Korea, and later between North Korea and South Korea, from 1945 until the Korean War (1950–1953).
Tamazight: 38°N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉ(1950–1953).
English: Geographically it is a Westward extension of the border between Virginia and North Carolina and part of the border between Kentucky and Tennessee.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵓⵍⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⵜⴰⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵙⵉ.
English: Also, part of the border between North Carolina and Georgia.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⴰⵕⵓⵍⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵕⵊⵢⴰ.
English: 32°N In the US, part of the border between New Mexico and Texas.
Tamazight: 32°N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵏⵢⵓⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⴰⵙ.
English: 25°N Part of the border between Mauritania and Mali.
Tamazight: 25°N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ.
English: 17°N The division between Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) during the Vietnam War.
Tamazight: 17°N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ (ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ) ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵜ (ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ) ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ.
English: 8°N Part of the border between Somalia and Ethiopia.
Tamazight: 8°N ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵚⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ.
English: 7°S A short section of the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.
Tamazight: 7°S ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰ.
English: The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling and cultural participation.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ.
English: They can employ skill and imagination to produce objects, performances, convey insights and experiences, and construct new environments and spaces.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴷ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.
English: They can also develop or contribute to some particular aspect of a more complex art form, as in cinematography.
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ.
English: The first meaning of the word art is « way of doing ».
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ “ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ”.
English: In its most basic abstract definition, art is a documented expression of a sentient being through or on an accessible medium so that anyone can view, hear or experience it.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵀⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵏⵖ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ.
English: Such public rating is dependent on various subjective factors.
Tamazight: ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵅⴼⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ.
English: In Ancient Greece, all art and craft was referred to by the same word, techne.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵜⵉⴽⵏ.
English: Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g. Zeus' thunderbolt).
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ ⵉⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵣⵉⵢⵓⵙ).
English: A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon).
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵏⵏⵉⵖ).
English: In modern academia, the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the humanities.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: The word architecture comes from the Greek arkhitekton, "master builder, director of works," from αρχι- (arkhi) "chief" + τεκτων (tekton) "builder, carpenter".
Tamazight: “ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ “ⴰⵔⵛⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ” ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔⵅⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏ, ““ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵜⵏ, ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ,”” ⵙⴳ αρχι-(ⴰⵔⵅⵉ) ““ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ”” + τεκτων (ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏ) ““ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵔⴰⵎ””.”
English: In modern usage, architecture is the art and discipline of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of, a complex object or system.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.
English: Planned architecture manipulates space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing aesthetics.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴹⵓⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⴷⴰⵣⵏ.
English: While some ceramic products are considered fine art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial, or applied art objects.
Tamazight: ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴽⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵙⵙⴰ.
English: In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ.
English: It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴽⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵣⵓⵔ.
English: The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵇⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴱⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵅⵔⴱⵛ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵟ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵔ.
English: Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or political in nature (as in Artivism).
Tamazight: ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ (ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⴰⴼⵓⵜⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ (ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⴳ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⵎⵎ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ (ⴳ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⴼⵉⵙⵎ).
English: The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)."
Tamazight: “ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ““ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ”” ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵉⵜⵜⵉⵕⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ““ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ (ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ).”””
English: Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time.
Tamazight: ⴽⵓ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ.
English: Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (e.g. bee dance, mating dance), motion in inanimate objects (e.g. the leaves danced in the wind), and certain musical forms or genres.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵉⵎⵉ (ⵥⵕ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ) ⴳⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵍ), ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵔⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⴽⴰⴹ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ), ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ.
English: The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
English: The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung").
Tamazight: “ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵓⵎⵏⵢⴰ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⴼⴰⴳⵏⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵔ ⵔⵉⵏⴳ ⴷⵉ ⵏⵉⴱⵍⵓⵏⴳⵏ (““ⵍⴼⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵍⵓⵏⴳ””).”
English: Other works in the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways, such as performance art.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⴷ 21 ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ.
English: John Cage is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵢⴰ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⵉⵙⵢⵉⴼ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ.
English: The applied arts includes fields such as industrial design, illustration, and commercial art.
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.
English: Within social sciences, cultural economists show how video games playing is conducive to the involvement in more traditional art forms and cultural practices, which suggests the complementarity between video games and the arts.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵉⵎⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢ ⵛⵔ ⵉⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "creator") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ (ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⴽ ἀρχιτέκτων ⴰⵔⵅⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏ ““ⴰⵔⵅⵉⵜⵉⵛⵜ””, ⵙⴳ ἀρχι- ““ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ”” ⴷ τέκτων ““ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ””) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ.”
English: The practice, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used as a way of expressing culture for civilizations on all seven continents.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵙⴰ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ.
English: In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function". "
Tamazight: “ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵉⵍⴰⵖⵉ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ “ⴷⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ””.”””
English: Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication.
Tamazight: ⵜⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵡⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ.
English: During the European Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⴼ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ.
English: Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴼⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: A unifying or coherent form or structure.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏ.
English: The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognisable truths.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵍⵢ, ⴷⴰⵢ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: In the 16th century, Italian Mannerist architect, painter and theorist Sebastiano Serlio wrote Tutte L’Opere D’Architettura et Prospetiva (Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴽⵍⵓ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⵉⴱⴰⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⵙⵉⵔⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙTutte L’Opere D’Architettura et Prospetiva (ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ).
English: Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
Tamazight: “ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵟⵉⵜ “ⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ““ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ.”””
English: Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are Rationalism, Empiricism, Structuralism, Poststructuralism, Deconstruction and Phenomenology.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ, ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵜ, ⴰⴼⵔⵜⴻⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.
English: The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ.
English: Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.
English: Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵙⴰⴽⵣ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ.
English: The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵎⴰⵊⵉⵙⵜⵔ ⵍⴰⵜⵓⵎⵓⵔⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ – ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵍⵉⵙⴽⵉ, ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵓ, ⴱⴰⵍⵍⴰⴷⵢⵓ – ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
English: Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵖⵓⴷⵓ.
English: Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine-made objects.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴷⵓⵜⵛⵔ ⵡⵉⵔⴽⴱⵓⵏⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1907 ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: When modern architecture was first practised, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings.
Tamazight: ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵍ.
English: The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functional details.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵙ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵔ ⵔⵓⵀ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴱ ⵊⵓⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵡⵉⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ.
English: The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws.
Tamazight: ⴷⵡⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵢⴷⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with a profound effect on the architectural profession.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ.
English: This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ.
English: The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ LEED (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ) ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ.
English: It can also be the initial design and plan for use, then later redesigned to accommodate a changed purpose, or a significantly revised design for adaptive reuse of the building shell.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ.
English: Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Conversely, sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may also be non-monolithic, ephemeral and intensely private, personal and non-public.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉⵜ, ⵜⵓⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ.
English: With the rise of Christianity and Islam, religious buildings increasingly became centres of worship, prayer and meditation.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ.
English: India was crisscrossed by trading routes of merchants from as far away as Siraf and China as well as weathering invasions by foreigners, resulting in multiple influences of foreign elements on native styles.
Tamazight: ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵔⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵢⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: An existing example is at Nalanda (Bihar).
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⴱⵉⵀⴰⵕ).
English: In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into chaitya-grihas (stupa halls).
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵛⴰⵢⵟⵢⴰ ⴳⵔⵉⵀⴰⵙ (ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵓⴱⴰ).
English: Buddhist temples were developed rather later and outside South Asia, where Buddhism gradually declined from the early centuries CE onwards, though an early example is that of the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⴹⴰ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⵉⵜⵏⴳ ⵢⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴱⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⴹⴰ ⵎⴰⵀⴰⴱⵓⴷⵉ ⴳ ⴱⵓⴷ ⴳⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵀⴰⵕ.
English: In Hindu belief, the temple represents the macrocosm of the universe as well as the microcosm of inner space.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ.
English: It evolved over a period of more than 2000 years.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 2000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
English: In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less strictly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected.
Tamazight: ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵟⵓⴱ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵇⵡⵡⵔ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.
English: The earliest styles in Islamic architecture produced 'Arab-plan' or hypostyle mosques during the Umayyad Dynasty.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ‘ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ’ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵉⵜ.
English: In iwan mosques, one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ.
English: The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⵊⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose – calling the faithful to prayer.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵕⵟⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ – ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ.
English: Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙ.
English: Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qibla wall, which is the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ.
English: In the qibla wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression indicating the'qibla wall.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵉⵃⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ.
English: The mihrab serves as the location where the imam leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵉⵃⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵙⵜ.
English: It consists of a nave, transepts, and the altar stands at the east end (see cathedral diagram).
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ (ⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵕⴰ).
English: Most architectural historians regard Michelangelo's design of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome as a precursor to the Baroque style; this can be recognized by broader interior spaces (replacing long narrow naves), more playful attention to light and shadow, extensive ornamentation, large frescoes, focus on interior art, and frequently, a dramatic central exterior projection.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ; ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ (ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ), ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵕⴰⵎⵉ.
English: While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century.
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.
English: It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward.
Tamazight: “ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ““ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ”” ⵜⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵖⵉⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ.”
English: The Temple at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect Gyo Obata after the concept of the chambered nautilus.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳⵢⵓ ⵓⴱⴰⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵣⵓⵔⵉ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵓⵜⵉⵍⵓⵙ.
English: The Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń on the other hand is a much more traditional edifice.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵔⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵉⴽⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.
English: Most architecture can be classified within a chronology of styles which changes over time reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵎⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.
English: At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.
English: For instance, Renaissance ideas emerged in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, German, English, and Spanish Renaissances showing recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1425 ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ 200 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙⵙⴽⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⵉⵡⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵜⵢ.
English: After an architectural style has gone out of fashion, revivals and re-interpretations may occur.
Tamazight: ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ.
English: The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the Mission Revival, and that soon evolved into the Spanish Colonial Revival.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵣⵉⴽ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉ.
English: An example of Mannerist architecture is the Villa Farnese at Caprarola in the rugged country side outside of Rome.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⵏⵉⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⴰⴱⵔⴰⵔⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ.
English: Through Antwerp, Renaissance and Mannerist styles were widely introduced in England, Germany, and northern and eastern Europe in general.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵡⵉⵔⴱ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵏⵉⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.
English: The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginative rhythms.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⴰⵎⵏ.
English: Architectural theory is the act of thinking, discussing, and writing about architecture.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ.
English: Architectural theory is often didactic, and theorists tend to stay close to or work from within schools.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵣⴷⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: This does not mean, however, that such works did not exist, given that many works never survived antiquity.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵊⵉⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ.
English: Probably written between 27 and 23 BC, it is the only major contemporary source on classical architecture to have survived.
Tamazight: ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 27 ⴷ 23 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⵏⵊⵎⵏ.
English: It also proposes the three fundamental laws that architecture must obey, in order to be so considered: firmitas, utilitas, venustas, translated in the 17th century by Sir Henry Wotton into the English slogan firmness, commodity and delight (meaning structural adequacy, functional adequacy, and beauty).
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳ, ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ: ⴼⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⴰⵙ, ⵖⵉⵏⵓⵙⵜⴰⵙ, ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⴰⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵍ ⵜⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17 ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ (ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵥⵍⵢ).
English: Since the architectural theories were on structures, fewer of them were transcribed.
Tamazight: ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ.
English: These theories anticipated the development of Functionalism in modern architecture.
Tamazight: ⴷⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.
English: This in turn formed the basis for Art Nouveau in the UK, exemplified by the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh, and influenced the Vienna Secession.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⴽⵉⵏⵜⵓⵛ, ⵉⵟⵟⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ.
English: The generation born during the middle-third of the 19th century was largely enthralled with the opportunities presented by Semper's combination of a breathtaking historical scope and a methodological granularity.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.
English: The Modern Movement rejected these thoughts and Le Corbusier energetically dismissed the work.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⴳⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⵢ ⵍⵓ ⴽⵓⵔⴱⵓⵣⵢⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ.
English: Another influential planning theorist of this time was Ebenezer Howard, who founded the garden city movement.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴱⵉⵏⵉⵣⵔ ⵀⵓⵡⴰⵔⴷ, ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ.
English: An early use of the term modern architecture in print occurred in the title of a book by Otto Wagner, who gave examples of his own work representative of the Vienna Secession with art nouveau illustrations, and didactic teachings to his students.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴰⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵓ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⵔ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Frank Lloyd Wright, while modern in rejecting historic revivalism, was idiosyncratic in his theory, which he conveyed in copious writing.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵡⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Wright was more poetic and firmly maintained the 19th-century view of the creative artist as unique genius.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴽⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ.
English: This has also been the case with educators in academia like Dalibor Vesely or Alberto-Perez Gomez, and in more recent years this philosophical orientation has been reinforced through the research of a new generation of theorists (E.G. Jeffrey Kipnis or Sanford Kwinter).
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⵉⴱⵓⵔ ⴼⵉⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜⵓ-ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ, ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵊⵉⴼⴼⵔⵉⵢ ⴽⵉⴱⵏⵉⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰⵏⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴽⵡⵉⵜⵔ).
English: Others, like Beatriz Colomina and Mary McLeod, expand historical understandings of architecture to include lesser or minor discourses that have influenced the development of architectural ideas over time.
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⵓⵏⴼⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.
English: In their theories, architecture is compared to a language which can be invented and re-invented every time it is used.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ.
English: Since 2000, architectural theory has also had to face the rapid rise of urbanism and globalization.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000, ⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴷⴷⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.
English: In the past decade, there has been the emergence of the so-called "Digital" Architecture.
Tamazight: “ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ““ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ”” ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳ.”
English: Architects also design organic-looking buildings in the attempt to develop a new formal language.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵖⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ.
English: Since these new architectural tendencies emerged, many theorists and architects have been working on these issues, developing theories and ideas such as Patrick Schumacher's Parametricism.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵎⵉⵜⵔⵉⵙⵙⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵜⵔⵉⴽ ⵛⵓⵎⴰⵅⵔ.
English: Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ ⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵔⴰⵟⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ.
English: Magnificent golden mosaics with their graphic simplicity brought light and warmth into the heart of churches.
Tamazight: ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵓⵙⵢⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ.
English: Some of the columns were also made of marble.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ.
English: Precious wood furniture, like beds, chairs, stools, tables, bookshelves and silver or golden cups with beautiful reliefs, decorated Byzantine interiors.
Tamazight: ⴰⵕⵕⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴷⵉⴽⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵟⵉ.
English: For Classical temples, only the exterior was important, because only the priests entered the interior, where the statue of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated was kept.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⵀⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ, ⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ.
English: Those in the Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice (1071) specially attracted John Ruskin's fancy.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⴽ, ⵜⵍⴷⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵏⴷⵓⵇⵜ (1071) ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⴽⵉⵏ.
English: On eastern columns the eagle, the lion and the lamb are occasionally carved, but treated conventionally.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⵉⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⴳⵓⴹ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ.
English: Composite columns line the principal space of the nave.
Tamazight: ⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⴰⵍ.
English: The columns are filled with foliage in all sorts of variations.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ.
English: Other structures include the ruins of the Great Palace of Constantinople, the innovative walls of Constantinople (with 192 towers) and Basilica Cistern (with hundreds of recycled classical columns).
Tamazight: ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ (ⴰⴽⴷ 192 ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ) ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴹⴼⵉ (ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ).
English: The Paleologan period is well represented in a dozen former churches in Istanbul, notably St Saviour at Chora and St Mary Pammakaristos.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ, ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⴼⵢⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵎⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵙ.
English: The Church of the Holy Apostles (Thessaloniki) is cited as an archetypal structure of the late period with its exterior walls intricately decorated with complex brickwork patterns or with glazed ceramics.
Tamazight: ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⴱⵓⵙⵜⵍ (ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵍⵓⵏⵉⴽⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴻⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⴱ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ ⴱⵓ ⵊⵊⴰⵊ.
English: At Saint Sergius, Constantinople, and San Vitale, Ravenna, churches of the central type, the space under the dome was enlarged by having apsidal additions made to the octagon.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵔⵊⵢⵓⵙ, ⵜⴰⵇⵓⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⵉⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉ, ⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵎ.
English: This unbroken area, about 260 ft (80 m) long, the larger part of which is over 100 ft (30 m) wide, is entirely covered by a system of domical surfaces.
Tamazight: ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵕⵕⵥⵉⵏ, ⵎⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ 260 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍ (80 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ), ⴷ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ 100 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍ (30 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ), ⵉⵎⴷⵍⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.