Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: Contour lines are also used to display non-geographic information in economics.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ.
English: Such isolines are useful for representing more than two dimensions (or quantities) on two-dimensional graphs.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ (ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ) ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ.
English: In interpreting radar images, an isodop is a line of equal Doppler velocity, and an isoecho is a line of equal radar reflectivity.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴷⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵓⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵓⴱⵍⵔ, ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵕⵕⴰⴷⴰⵕ.
English: Line color is the choice of any number of pigments that suit the display.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴳⵍ.
English: Line type refers to whether the basic contour line is solid, dashed, dotted or broken in some other pattern to create the desired effect.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ.
English: Numerical marking is the manner of denoting the arithmetical values of contour lines.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ.
English: If the contour lines are not numerically labeled and adjacent lines have the same style (with the same weight, color and type), then the direction of the gradient cannot be determined from the contour lines alone.
Tamazight: ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵡ (ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ), ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ.
English: A properly labeled contour map helps the reader to quickly interpret the shape of the terrain.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵓⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ.
English: Then the coordinates of other places are measured from the nearest control point through surveying.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵣⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⴹ.
English: This phenomenon is called datum shift.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍⵜ.
English: More ambitious undertakings such as the Struve Geodetic Arc across Eastern Europe (1816-1855) and the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India (1802-1871) took much longer, but resulted in more accurate estimations of the shape of the Earth ellipsoid.
Tamazight: ⵛⵛⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵢ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⴼ ⵊⵢⵓⴷⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ (1816-1855) ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⴷ (1802-1871) ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ.
English: An approximate definition of sea level is the datum WGS 84, an ellipsoid, whereas a more accurate definition is Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), using at least 2,159 spherical harmonics.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ WGS 84, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ 2008 (EGM2008), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 2,159 ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ.
English: When used without qualification, the term latitude refers to geodetic latitude.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴷⵉⵙⵉ.
English: The datum shift between two particular datums can vary from one place to another within one country or region, and can be anything from zero to hundreds of meters (or several kilometers for some remote islands).
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙ ⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵎⵏ).
English: For example, in Sydney there is a 200 metres (700 feet) difference between GPS coordinates configured in GDA (based on global standard WGS 84) and AGD (used for most local maps), which is an unacceptably large error for some applications, such as surveying or site location for scuba diving.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⴷⵏⵉ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ 200 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ (700 ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ) ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ GPS ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ GDA (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ WGS 84) ⴷ AGD (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⴱⵣ.
English: Since reference datums can have different radii and different center points, a specific point on Earth can have substantially different coordinates depending on the datum used to make the measurement.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜⵉⵙⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ.
English: The most common reference Datums in use in North America are NAD27, NAD83, and WGS 84.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ NAD27, NAD83, ⴷ WGS 84.
English: This datum, designated as NAD 83 ...is based on the adjustment of 250,000 points including 600 satellite Doppler stations which constrain the system to a geocentric origin."
Tamazight: “ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ NAD 83 ...ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ 250,000 ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 600 ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⴱⴱⵍⵔ ⵏⵏⵣ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴼⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.”””
English: It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and is defined by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) (formerly the Defense Mapping Agency, then the National Imagery and Mapping Agency).
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ (DoD) ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (NGA) (ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ).
English: It was used as the reference frame for broadcast GPS Ephemerides (orbits) beginning January 23, 1987.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ GPS ⵉⴼⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴷ (ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵢⵏ) ⵙⴳ 23 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1987.
English: It became the reference frame for broadcast orbits on June 28, 1994.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴳ 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1994.
English: WGS 84 (G873) was adopted as the reference frame for broadcast orbits on January 29, 1997.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵣⵏ WGS 84 (G873) ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴳ 29 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1997.
English: WGS 84 is the default standard datum for coordinates stored in recreational and commercial GPS units.
Tamazight: WGS 84 ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⴼⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ GPS ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴹⵚⴰ.
English: For example, the longitudinal difference between a point on the equator in Uganda, on the African Plate, and a point on the equator in Ecuador, on the South American Plate, increases by about 0.0014 arcseconds per year.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ, ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 0.0014 ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
English: Most mapping, such as within a single country, does not span plates.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ.
English: Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ.
English: Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacobus Angelus around 1407.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵙⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⵓⴷⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1300 ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1407.
English: They then choose the most appropriate mapping of the spherical coordinate system onto that ellipsoid, called a terrestrial reference system or geodetic datum.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵓⵜ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴷⵉⵙⵉ.
English: φ, or phi) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth.
Tamazight: φ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴼⵉ) ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ) ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles), which converge at the North and South Poles.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵢⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ (ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴱⵔⵥⵢⴰⵕⵉⵏ), ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵊⵎⴰⵄⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.
English: The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line, which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands.
Tamazight: ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏⴳ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⵜⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ 180° ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⴷ 180° ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ,ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵛⵢⴰⵏ.
English: Coordinates on a map are usually in terms northing N and easting E offsets relative to a specified origin.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ N ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ E ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ.
English: In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵊⵖⵕⴰⴼⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ.
English: Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵊⵢⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.
English: Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface.
Tamazight: ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ.
English: Since there are many different reference ellipsoids, the precise latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique: this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that "without the full specification of the coordinate reference system, coordinates (that is latitude and longitude) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst".
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ: ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵣⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ISO ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ““ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ) ⵍⵍⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ””.”
English: The plane through the centre of the Earth and perpendicular to the rotation axis intersects the surface at a great circle called the Equator.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⴰ.
English: The time variation is discussed more fully in the article on axial tilt.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⵙⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: The situation is reversed at the June solstice, when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴳⵯⴷⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵕⴰⵟⴰⵏ.
English: Since latitude is defined with respect to an ellipsoid, the position of a given point is different on each ellipsoid: one cannot exactly specify the latitude and longitude of a geographical feature without specifying the ellipsoid used.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ: ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Geographic latitude must be used with care.
Tamazight: ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ.
English: The evaluation of the meridian distance integral is central to many studies in geodesy and map projection.
Tamazight: ⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴷⵓⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵊⵢⵓⴷⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ.
English: There are two methods of proceeding.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ.
English: When converting from isometric or conformal to geodetic, two iterations of Newton-Raphson gives double precision accuracy.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵢⵣⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵢⵓⴷⵉⵙⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⵔⴰⴼⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ.
English: The differences shown on the plot are in arc minutes.
Tamazight: ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ.
English: The transformation between geodetic and Cartesian coordinates may be found in Geographic coordinate conversion.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: In general the true vertical at a point on the surface does not exactly coincide with either the normal to the reference ellipsoid or the normal to the geoid.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴷ.
English: Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the Earth's surface, or the surface of a celestial body.
Tamazight: ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ.
English: The prime meridian, which passes near the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, is defined as 0° longitude by convention.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⵜⵛ, ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜⵉⵕⵕⴰ, ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 0°.
English: Local time (for example from the position of the sun) varies with longitude, a difference of 15° longitude corresponding to a one-hour difference in local time.
Tamazight: ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ) ⵙ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ, ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴱⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵙ 15° ⵅⴼ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ.
English: The principle is straightforward, but in practice finding a reliable method of determining longitude took centuries and required the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⵙⵔⵉⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ, ⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ.
English: His prime meridian passed through Alexandria.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵢⴰ.
English: He used a prime meridian through the Canary Islands, so that all longitude values would be positive.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Hindu and Muslim astronomers continued to develop these ideas, adding many new locations and often improving on Ptolemy's data.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵉⵔⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⵣⴰⵢⴷⵏⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵊⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵙⵅⵉⵜⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉ.
English: In the later Middle Ages, interest in geography revived in the west, as travel increased, and Arab scholarship began to be known through contact with Spain and North Africa.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵓⵏⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⴳⵯ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⵉⴷⵖ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ, ⵣⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⵜⵄⵢⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵙⵃⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.
English: Christopher Columbus made two attempts to use lunar eclipses to discover his longitude, the first in Saona Island, on 14 September 1494 (second voyage), and the second in Jamaica on 29 February 1504 (fourth voyage).
Tamazight: ⵓⵔⵎ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⵓⵔ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴰ ⴳ 14 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1494 (ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⵯ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳⵯ 29 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1504 (ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ).
English: Initially an observation device, developments over the next half century transformed it into an accurate measurement tool.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵓⴷ.
English: On land, the period from the development of telescopes and pendulum clocks until the mid 18th-Century saw a steady increase in the number of places whose longitude had been determined with reasonable accuracy, often with errors of less than a degree, and nearly always within 2-3°.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ, ⴰⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵢⵓⴳⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵢⵜⵓⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏⴳⵀⴷ ⵜⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵯⵔ 2-3°.
English: Making accurate observations in an ocean swell is much harder than on land, and pendulum clocks do not work well in these conditions.
Tamazight: ⵜⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⵔⴰ ⵏⵉⵏⵥⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⴳⵯⴰⵔ ⵏⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵢⵓⴳⵍⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍⴷⵖ.
English: It offered two levels of rewards, for solutions within 1° and 0.5°.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ, ⵏⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 1° ⴷ 0.5°.
English: This work was supported and rewarded with thousands of pounds from the Board of Longitude, but he fought to receive money up to the top reward of £20,000, finally receiving an additional payment in 1773 after the intervention of parliament.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵜⵅ ⵏⵍⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵡⵏⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ £20,000, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵡⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⴳⵯ 1773 ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵄⵢⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵯⵊⵎ ⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Lunar distances came into general use after 1790.
Tamazight: ⵄⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵡⴰⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ 1790.
English: It was quickly realised that the telegraph could be used to transmit a time signal for longitude determination.
Tamazight: ⴼⵉⵙⴰⵄ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵓⵢⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵍⵓⵇⵜ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵓⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ.
English: The Survey established chains of mapped locations through Central and South America, and the West Indies, and as far as Japan and China in the years 1874–90.
Tamazight: ⵙⵏⵄⵜⵏⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷⵍ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⴷⴰⵡⴷ ⴳⵯ ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵅⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1874-90.
English: This changed when wireless telegraphy became available in the early 20th-Century.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴷⵍ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵅⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⴰⴳⴷ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵍⴽⵯ ⴳⵯ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.
English: Radio navigation systems came into general use after World War II.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵔⴰⴷⵢⵓ ⵏⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵎ,ⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ.
English: With the exception of magnetic declination, all proved practicable methods.
Tamazight: ⵎⵅ ⵏⴽⴽⵙ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓ, ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵃⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ.
English: Longitude at a point may be determined by calculating the time difference between that at its location and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵓⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵯⵔ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ.
English: The word near is used because the point might not be at the centre of the time zone; also the time zones are defined politically, so their centres and boundaries often do not lie on meridians at multiples of 15°.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵔ ⴰⵅⴽⵯⵓ ⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵣⵎⵣ; ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵙⵔⵜⵉ, ⴰⵢⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵄⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴷ 15°.
English: The international standard convention (ISO 6709)—that East is positive—is consistent with a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, with the North Pole up.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ (ISO 6709)—ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵡ—ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.
English: They have since shifted to the standard approach.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴱⴷⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ.
English: The geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent.
Tamazight: ⵊⵉⵢⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵓⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ ⵏⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ, ⵉⴽⵯⵅⵎ ⴷⵉⴳⵯⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵣⴳⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ, ⵎⵅ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.
English: It can be known only through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ.
English: Although the physical Earth has excursions of +8,848 m (Mount Everest) and −10,984 (Marianas Trench), the geoid's deviation from an ellipsoid ranges from +85 m (Iceland) to −106 m (southern India), less than 200 m total.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⵏ +8,848 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ (ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵉⵙⵜ) ⴷ -10,984 (ⴰⵛⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵢⴰⵏⴰⵙ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵊⵢⵓⵢⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵢⴷⵏ ⵙⴳ +85 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ (ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ) ⴰⵔ -106 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ (ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 200 ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⵓⴷ.
English: If the continental land masses were crisscrossed by a series of tunnels or canals, the sea level in those canals would also very nearly coincide with the geoid.
Tamazight: ⵎⵅ ⵏⵖⵣⴰ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴱⵣⴰⴼ ⵏⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰ ⴰⴼⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏⵙⵏ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵯ ⴰⵎ ⵊⵉⵓⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵯ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.
English: That means that when traveling by ship, one does not notice the undulations of the geoid; the local vertical (plumb line) is always perpendicular to the geoid and the local horizon tangential to it.
Tamazight: ⵓⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ, ⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵉⵅⴰⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵓⴷ; ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵊⵉⵓⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵙⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵯⴰ.
English: That is because GPS satellites, orbiting about the center of gravity of the Earth, can measure heights only relative to a geocentric reference ellipsoid.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ GPS, ⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⴷⵓⵔ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⴳⵯⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵛⴰⵍ.
English: Modern GPS receivers have a grid implemented in their software by which they obtain, from the current position, the height of the geoid (e.g. the EGM-96 geoid) over the World Geodetic System (WGS) ellipsoid.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵣⵏ ⴳⵯ GPS ⵓⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ, ⵙⴳⵯ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⴳⵯ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵊⴳⵯⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵢⵓⴷ (ⵣⵄⵏⴷ EGM-96 ⵊⵉⵢⵓⴷ) ⴳⵯ ⵓⵏⴳⵯⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵉⴷ ⵊⵉⵢⵓⴷ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ (WGS).
English: If that sphere were then covered in water, the water would not be the same height everywhere.
Tamazight: ⵎⵛ ⵜⴷⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⴽⵯⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵄⵔ ⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵢⵄⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵊⴳⵯⵍⵜ.
English: This is why many handheld GPS receivers have built-in undulation lookup tables to determine the height above sea level.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ GPS ⵎⵉ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ.
English: The first products based on GOCE satellite data became available online in June 2010, through the European Space Agency (ESA)’s Earth observation user services tools.
Tamazight: ⴷⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ GOCE ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2010, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵣⴰ (ESA).
English: The geoid is a particular equipotential surface, and is somewhat involved to compute.
Tamazight: ⵊⵢⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ.
English: A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⵯⴰ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵛⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔ.
English: A model globe of the celestial sphere is called a celestial globe.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵛⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔ.
English: It might show nations and major cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ.
English: Typically, it will also divide the celestial sphere into constellations.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵯⵏⴰ ⴳⵯⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵔ.
English: The first known mention of a globe is from Strabo, describing the Globe of Crates from about 150 BC.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⴰ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓ, ⵏⴰⴳⵯ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵜⵉⵙ ⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 150 BC.
English: Many globes are made with a circumference of one metre, so they are models of the Earth at a scale of 1:40 million.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴽⵯⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⴱⴰⵛⵀ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵯⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵍ ⵍⵄⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ 1:40 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ.
English: Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians, so that one can tell the approximate coordinates of a specific location.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴽⵯⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵊⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵛⴰⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏ, ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰ ⵏⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.
English: Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic world.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⴽⵯⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵇⴷⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎ ⵙⴽⵯⵔⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ.
English: Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator, and merchant.
Tamazight: ⴱⵉⵀⴰⵢⵎ ⵉⴳⵯⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵯⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⵔⴷⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵣⴰ.
English: Before constructing the globe, Behaim had traveled extensively.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵉⵀⴰⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵛⵉⴳⵯⴰⵏ.
English: Another early globe, the Hunt–Lenox Globe, ca.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⵀⴰⵏⵜ-ⵍⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙ ⴳⵍⵓⴱ, ⴽⴰ.
English: It may be the oldest globe to show the New World.
Tamazight: ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⵯⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴽ ⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵄⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⵉⴷ.
English: A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507.
Tamazight: ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴼⴰⴽⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⴷⵙⵉⵎⵓⵍⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1507.
English: Globus IMP, electro-mechanical devices including five-inch globes have been used in Soviet and Russian spacecraft from 1961 to 2002 as navigation instruments.
Tamazight: ⴳⵍⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴱ IMP, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⵀⵕⵓⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ 1961 ⴰⵔ 2002 ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵢⵍⴻⵍ.
English: This method of globe making was illustrated in 1802 in an engraving in The English Encyclopedia by George Kearsley .
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1802 ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙⴽⵍⵓⴱⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴽⵉⵔⵙⵍⵉ.
English: This is placed in a machine which molds the disk into a hemispherical shape.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ.
English: These globes were “enormous” and very costly.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ “ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵜ” ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵅⴱⵓ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
English: A great circle, also known as an orthodrome, of a sphere is the intersection of the sphere and a plane that passes through the center point of the sphere.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵔⵓⵎ, ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⴱⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ.
English: This special case of a circle of a sphere is in opposition to a small circle, that is, the intersection of the sphere and a plane that does not pass through the center.
Tamazight: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.
English: The exception is a pair of antipodal points, for which there are infinitely many great circles.
Tamazight: ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ.
English: The length of the minor arc of a great circle is taken as the distance between two points on a surface of a sphere in Riemannian geometry where such great circles are called Riemannian circles.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ.
English: Another great circle is the one that divides the land and water hemispheres.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵏⵏ.
English: In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globe's surface into a plane in order to make a map.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵜⵡⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ.
English: Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ; ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: Projections are a subject of several pure mathematical fields, including differential geometry, projective geometry, and manifolds.
Tamazight: ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵉⵍⵏ.
English: Rather, any mathematical function that transforms coordinates from the curved surface distinctly and smoothly to the plane is a projection.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵓⵔⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ.
English: The Earth and other large celestial bodies are generally better modeled as oblate spheroids, whereas small objects such as asteroids often have irregular shapes.
Tamazight: ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⵏ.
English: Because the curved Earth's surface is not isometric to a plane, preservation of shapes inevitably leads to a variable scale and, consequently, non-proportional presentation of areas.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ.
English: The purpose of the map determines which projection should form the base for the map.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ.
English: Data sets are geographic information; their collection depends on the chosen datum (model) of the Earth.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ; ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ (ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ) ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.
English: Like Tissot's indicatrix, the Goldberg-Gott indicatrix is based on infinitesimals, and depicts flexion and skewness (bending and lopsidedness) distortions.
Tamazight: ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵛⴰⵜⵔⵉⴽⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵍ ⴳⵓⵍⴷⴱⵉⵔⴳ-ⴳⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵢ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⴰⴳⵓⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ (ⴰⴳⵓⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙ) ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖⵏ.
English: Sometimes spherical triangles are used.
Tamazight: ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ.
English: Another way to visualize local distortion is through grayscale or color gradations whose shade represents the magnitude of the angular deformation or areal inflation.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵖⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ.
English: Because the Earth's actual shape is irregular, information is lost in this step.
Tamazight: ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⵉⵎ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ.
English: To compare, one cannot flatten an orange peel without tearing and warping it.)
Tamazight: ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵛⵔⵔⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵖ ⵜⵜ.)
English: Tangent means the surface touches but does not slice through the globe; secant means the surface does slice through the globe.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⴹⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ; ⵉⴳ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: If these lines are a parallel of latitude, as in conical projections, it is called a standard parallel.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴽⵓⵕⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ.
English: This applies for any cylindrical or pseudocylindrical projection in normal aspect.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ.
English: Scale is constant along all straight lines radiating from a particular geographic location.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵓⵖⴷⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ.
English: Whether spherical or ellipsoidal, the principles discussed hold without loss of generality.
Tamazight: ⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵎⵣⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵜ.
English: The ellipsoidal model is commonly used to construct topographic maps and for other large- and medium-scale maps that need to accurately depict the land surface.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵓⴱⴱⵓⴳⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ.
English: Compared to the best fitting ellipsoid, a geoidal model would change the characterization of important properties such as distance, conformality and equivalence.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴷⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ.
English: For irregular planetary bodies such as asteroids, however, sometimes models analogous to the geoid are used to project maps from.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵊⵢⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ.
English: The projections are described in terms of placing a gigantic surface in contact with the Earth, followed by an implied scaling operation.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Where the light source emanates along the line described in this last constraint is what yields the differences between the various "natural" cylindrical projections.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ““ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ”” ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ.
English: This cylinder is wrapped around the Earth, projected onto, and then unrolled.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴹⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵎⵙ ⴷⵉⵖ.
English: North-south distances neither stretched nor compressed (1): equirectangular projection or "plate carrée".
Tamazight: “ⴰⵙⵜⵓⵎⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵎⵉⵏ (1): ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ““ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ”.”
English: Since this projection scales north-south distances by the reciprocal of east-west stretching, it preserves area at the expense of shapes.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵎⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: Other meridians are longer than the central meridian and bow outward, away from the central meridian.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.
English: Therefore, meridians are equally spaced along a given parallel.
Tamazight: ⵅⴼ ⵎⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵄⵕⴰⵇⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵣⴰⵏ.
English: The resulting conic map has low distortion in scale, shape, and area near those standard parallels.
Tamazight: ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⴽⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵣⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Can be constructed from a point of perspective an infinite distance from the tangent point; r(d) = c sin .
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ; r(d) = c sin .
English: Near-sided perspective projection, which simulates the view from space at a finite distance and therefore shows less than a full hemisphere, such as used in The Blue Marble 2012).
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⵡ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵡⴰⵍⵜ 2012).
English: The special point or points may get stretched into a line or curve segment when projected.
Tamazight: ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ.
English: Azimuthal equidistant: Distances from the center and edge are preserved.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵣⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵍ: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ.
English: Thus, many projections exist to serve the many uses of maps and their vast range of scales.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ.
English: Reference maps of the world often appear on compromise projections.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰ.
English: The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵕ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵎⴰⵏⴽⵉ ⵊⵉⵕⴰⵕⴷⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1569.
English: As a side effect, the Mercator projection inflates the size of objects away from the equator.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵥ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵕ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰ.
English: However, given the geometry of a sundial, these maps may well have been based on the similar central cylindrical projection, a limiting case of the gnomonic projection, which is the basis for a sundial.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ, ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⴰⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ.
English: However, this was a simple, and common, case of misidentification.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ.
English: Mercator titled the map : "A new and augmented description of Earth corrected for the use of sailors".
Tamazight: ⵎⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵕ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ : ““ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ””.”
English: Various hypotheses have been tendered over the years, but in any case Mercator's friendship with Pedro Nunes and his access to the loxodromic tables Nunes created likely aided his efforts.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴷⵕⵓ ⵏⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵙⵓⴷⵔⵓⵎⵉⴽ ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵓⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: However, the mathematics involved were developed but never published by mathematician Thomas Harriot starting around 1589.
Tamazight: ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⵕⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1589.
English: Two main problems prevented its immediate application: the impossibility of determining the longitude at sea with adequate accuracy and the fact that magnetic directions, instead of geographical directions, were used in navigation.
Tamazight: ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵔⴰⴼ: ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴻⵍ.
English: However, it did not begin to dominate world maps until the 19th century, when the problem of position determination had been largely solved.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴹ.
English: Due to these pressures, publishers gradually reduced their use of the projection over the course of the 20th century.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵢⵢⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.
English: In accomplishing this, the unavoidable east–west stretching of the map, which increases as distance away from the equator increases, is accompanied in the Mercator projection by a corresponding north–south stretching, so that at every point location the east–west scale is the same as the north–south scale, making it a conformal map projection.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵣⴰⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵣⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓⵢ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵏⴰⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ.
English: At latitudes greater than 70° north or south the Mercator projection is practically unusable, because the linear scale becomes infinitely large at the poles.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⵙ 70° ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓⵜⵏ.
English: Ellesmere Island on the north of Canada's Arctic archipelago looks about the same size as Australia, although Australia is over 39 times as large.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵅⵉⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⵔ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ 39 ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ.
English: Greenland's real area is comparable to the Democratic Republic of the Congo's alone.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: Alaska appears to be the same size as Australia, although Australia is actually 4½ times as large.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙ 4½ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.
English: Sweden appears much larger than Madagascar.
Tamazight: ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵎⴰⴷⵖⴰⵛⵇⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.
English: A World Map on a Regular Icosahedron by Gnomonic Projection."
Tamazight: “ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴳⵏⵓⵎⵉⴽ.”””
English: As a result of these criticisms, modern atlases no longer use the Mercator projection for world maps or for areas distant from the equator, preferring other cylindrical projections, or forms of equal-area projection.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵢⵉⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴹⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ.
English: Arno Peters stirred controversy beginning in 1972 when he proposed what is now usually called the Gall–Peters projection to remedy the problems of the Mercator, claiming it to be his own original work without referencing prior work by cartographers such as Gall's work from 1855.
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴷⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵕⵏⵓ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⴳⴰⵍ-ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ, ⵉⵙⵢⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1855.
English: The range for a amongst the possible choices is about 35 km, but for small scale (large region) applications this variation may be ignored, and mean values of 6,371 km and 40,030 km may be taken for the radius and circumference respectively.
Tamazight: ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 35 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵏ (ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ) ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⴰⵏⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰⵏ 6,371 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ 40,030 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴹⴼⵕ.
English: A cylindrical map projection is specified by formulae linking the geographic coordinates of latitude φ and longitude λ to Cartesian coordinates on the map with origin on the equator and x-axis along the equator.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⴰⵏⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ φ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ  λ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ.
English: Since the cylinder is tangential to the globe at the equator, the scale factor between globe and cylinder is unity on the equator but nowhere else.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵟⵟⵓⵙ ⵉⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ, ⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⴻⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.
English: The difference (λ − λ0) is in radians.
Tamazight: ⴱⵟⵟⵓ (λ − λ0) ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ.
English: Even more extreme truncations have been used: a Finnish school atlas was truncated at approximately 76°N and 56°S, an aspect ratio of 1.97.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ: ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴱⴱⵢ ⵓⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ 76° ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ 56° ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ 1.97.
English: Narrower strips are better: sec 8° = 1.01, so a strip of width 16° (centred on the equator) is accurate to within 1% or 1 part in 100.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ: sec 8° = 1.01, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ 16° (ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⵙ 1% ⵏⵖ ⴷ 1 ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴳ 100.
English: The value of e2 is about 0.006 for all reference ellipsoids.)
Tamazight: ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ e2 ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 0.006 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ.)
English: For the above model 1 cm corresponds to 1,500 km at a latitude of 60°.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, 1 ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵍ 1,500 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ 60°.
English: This chord subtends an angle at the centre equal to 2arcsin(cos φ sin ) and the great circle distance between A and B is 2a arcsin(cos φ sin ).)
Tamazight: ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 2arcsin(cos φ sin ) ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳⵔ A ⴷ B ⵜⴳⴰ 2a arcsin(cos φ sin ).)
English: For other bodies a fixed surface feature is usually referenced, which for Mars is the meridian passing through the crater Airy-0.
Tamazight: ⵉ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵔⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵉⵅ ⴰⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔ Airy-0.
English: By convention for the Earth, Moon, and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +180° For other bodies a range of 0° to 360° is used.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ −180° ⴰⵔ +180° ⵉ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ 0° ⴰⵔ 360°.
English: The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: The first way is the ratio of the size of the generating globe to the size of the Earth.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
English: Many maps state the nominal scale and may even display a bar scale (sometimes merely called a 'scale') to represent it.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵔ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ (ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ “ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ”) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: In this case 'scale' means the scale factor (= point scale = particular scale).
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ‘ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ’ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ (=ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ=ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ).
English: The map projection becomes critical in understanding how scale varies throughout the map.
Tamazight: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ.
English: This is a survey of virtually all known projections from antiquity to 1993.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993.
English: Small scale refers to world maps or maps of large regions such as continents or large nations.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ.
English: Large-scale maps show smaller areas in more detail, such as county maps or town plans might.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵛⴰⵎⵎⵓ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ.
English: However, as explained above, cartographers use the term "large scale" to refer to less extensive maps – those that show a smaller area.
Tamazight: “ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵏ ““ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ”” ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ – ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ.”
English: This is commonly illustrated by the impossibility of smoothing an orange peel onto a flat surface without tearing and deforming it.
Tamazight: ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴱⵄ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Conversely isotropic scale factors across the map imply a conformal projection.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: The qualification 'small' means that at some given accuracy of measurement no change can be detected in the scale factor over the element.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵖⵔⵜ ‘ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ’ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ.
English: We say that these coordinates define the projection map which must be distinguished logically from the actual printed (or viewed) maps.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⵔⵏ).
English: Since the point scale varies with position and direction the projection of the circle on the projection will be distorted.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵙ ⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵔⵖ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ.
English: Superimposing these distortion ellipses on the map projection conveys the way in which the point scale is changing over the map.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴱⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ.
English: The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is .
Tamazight: ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ.
English: The scale is true (k=1) on the equator so that multiplying its length on a printed map by the inverse of the RF (or principal scale) gives the actual circumference of the Earth.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵜⵜⴰ (ⴽ=1) ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵕⴰⴷⵢⵓ RF (ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ) ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ.
English: The top plot shows the isotropic Mercator scale function: the scale on the parallel is the same as the scale on the meridian.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙⵏ: ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ.
English: Therefore, the tangent Mercator projection is highly accurate within a strip of width 3.24 degrees centred on the equator.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵙ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ 3.24 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ.