Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight huggingface dataset:
English: They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵢⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ (ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ), ⴰⵙⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ.
English: IC" stands for "Identification Code;" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications.
Tamazight: ‘IC’ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ “ⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ’;ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵏⵉⴽⵙ’’
English: In many countries, such as France, the state is legally banned from maintaining data based on race, which often makes the police issue wanted notices to the public that include labels like "dark skin complexion", etc.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⴷⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵙⵔⵏ ⴰⵍⵖⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ: ‘’ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵏⵓⵏⵙⵏ ‘’ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴷ’’
English: Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ.
English: Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison."
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵙⵖⵣⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴹⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ‘’’’ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ , ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ , ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ’’’’
English: Many research findings appear to agree that the impact of victim race in the IPV arrest decision might possibly include a racial bias in favor of white victims.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ‘’IPV’’ ⵜⵖⴰⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴱⴷⴷ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ.
English: Some studies have reported that races can be identified with a high degree of accuracy using certain methods, such as that developed by Giles and Elliot.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵊⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵢⵓⵜ.
English: The study concluded that "The apportionment of genetic diversity in skin color is atypical, and cannot be used for purposes of classification."
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ “ ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵏ , ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ”.
English: Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ.
English: In addressing this question, ethnologists in the 19th century divided into two schools of thought.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ.
English: Some of those who advocated "independent invention", like Lewis Henry Morgan, additionally supposed that similarities meant that different groups had passed through the same stages of cultural evolution (See also classical social evolutionism).
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ “”””ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵡⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ “””, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵀⵓⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ( ⴰⴳⴳ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ).
English: Morgan, like other 19th century social evolutionists, believed there was a more or less orderly progression from the primitive to the civilized.
Tamazight: ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ.
English: Although 19th-century ethnologists saw "diffusion" and "independent invention" as mutually exclusive and competing theories, most ethnographers quickly reached a consensus that both processes occur, and that both can plausibly account for cross-cultural similarities.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 “ⴰⵙⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ” ⴷ “ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵡⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ” ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵔⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵔⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes."
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⴽⴰ ⴱⵓⵡⵣ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ 1887: “””” ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴽⵓⵛ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ...ⴰⵎⵇⵇⴰⵏ , ⴷ ... ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵅⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ’’’’.
English: Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵟⵓⴷⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Cultural relativism was in part a response to Western ethnocentrism.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵜⵏⵓⵚⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
English: This understanding of culture confronts anthropologists with two problems: first, how to escape the unconscious bonds of one's own culture, which inevitably bias our perceptions of and reactions to the world, and second, how to make sense of an unfamiliar culture.
Tamazight: ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ/ ⵉⵏⵜⵕⵓⴱⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ: ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵏⵔⴳⴳⵯⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵕⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵖⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵣⵎⴰⴽ/ ⵏⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔ.
English: One such method is that of ethnography: basically, they advocated living with people of another culture for an extended period of time, so that they could learn the local language and be enculturated, at least partially, into that culture.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵃⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ.
English: His approach was empirical, skeptical of overgeneralizations, and eschewed attempts to establish universal laws.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵊⴰⵏⵜ/ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵡⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵢ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ.
English: He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations, like those made in the natural sciences, were not possible.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵜⵢ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴱⴰⵥ.
English: His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir, and Ruth Benedict, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴽⵔⵓⴱⵔ, ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵔ ⵍⵓⵡⵉ, ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵔⵓⵜ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ.
English: The publication of Alfred Kroeber's textbook Anthropology (1923) marked a turning point in American anthropology.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴽⵕⵓⴱⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ (1923) ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists including Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵙⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜⴽⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵉⴳⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⴷ ⵔⴰⴽⵍ ⵊⵓⵏⴳ, ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵇⵇⴰⵣⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ.
English: Economic anthropology as influenced by Karl Polanyi and practiced by Marshall Sahlins and George Dalton challenged standard neoclassical economics to take account of cultural and social factors, and employed Marxian analysis into anthropological study.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴹⵓⵚ ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵛⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏⵣ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴷⴰⵍⵟⵓⵏ , ⵜⵓⴳⵢ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵕⴽⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ.
English: In keeping with the times, much of anthropology became politicized through the Algerian War of Independence and opposition to the Vietnam War; Marxism became an increasingly popular theoretical approach in the discipline.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ, ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴽⵯⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵟⵏⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ.
English: In the 1980s books like Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality, while the immense popularity of theorists such as Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault moved issues of power and hegemony into the spotlight.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1980 ⵣⵓⵏⴷ “ⴰⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ” ⴷ “ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴽⴰⵡⵏⵜⵔ’’ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵕⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳⵔⴰⵎⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴼⵓⴽⵓ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵙⴽⵉⵍ.
English: These interpretations must then be reflected back to its originators, and its adequacy as a translation fine-tuned in a repeated way, a process called the hermeneutic circle.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵙⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ “ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜ”
English: David Schnieder's cultural analysis of American kinship has proven equally influential.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵛⵏⴰⵢⴷⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ.
English: The method originated in the field research of social anthropologists, especially Bronislaw Malinowski in Britain, the students of Franz Boas in the United States, and in the later urban research of the Chicago School of Sociology.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴱⵕⵓⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵡ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵣ ⴱⵡⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ , ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ.
English: Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⴽ, ⵙⴰ: ⴰⵍⵟⴰ ⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⵕⵉⵙⵙ.
English: To establish connections that will eventually lead to a better understanding of the cultural context of a situation, an anthropologist must be open to becoming part of the group, and willing to develop meaningful relationships with its members.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵙ, ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴽⵯⵛⵎ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵅⵉⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ.
English: Before participant observation can begin, an anthropologist must choose both a location and a focus of study.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵎⵓ, ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ.
English: This allows the anthropologist to become better established in the community.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ.
English: The majority of participant observation is based on conversation.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵎⵓ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ.
English: In some cases, ethnographers also turn to structured observation, in which an anthropologist's observations are directed by a specific set of questions he or she is trying to answer.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ.
English: This helps to standardize the method of study when ethnographic data is being compared across several groups or is needed to fulfill a specific purpose, such as research for a governmental policy decision.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵏⴱⴷⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵏⴰⵡⴹ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ , ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
English: Who the ethnographer is has a lot to do with what he or she will eventually write about a culture, because each researcher is influenced by his or her own perspective.
Tamazight: ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⵉⵚ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ.
English: However, these approaches have not generally been successful, and modern ethnographers often choose to include their personal experiences and possible biases in their writing instead.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵔⵔⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵯⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: An ethnography is a piece of writing about a people, at a particular place and time.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵓⴷⵏ.
English: A typical ethnography will also include information about physical geography, climate and habitat.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ.
English: Boas' students such as Alfred L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead drew on his conception of culture and cultural relativism to develop cultural anthropology in the United States.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵣ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵍ.ⴽⵕⵓⴱⵓ, ⵔⵓⵜ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵎⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ( relativisme) ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ).
English: Today socio-cultural anthropologists attend to all these elements.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.
English: American "cultural anthropologists" focused on the ways people expressed their view of themselves and their world, especially in symbolic forms, such as art and myths.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴷⵉⴽⴽⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ.
English: Monogamy, for example, is frequently touted as a universal human trait, yet comparative study shows that it is not.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵀⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵍ.
English: Through this methodology, greater insight can be gained when examining the impact of world-systems on local and global communities.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴷⴷⵖ, ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: For example, a multi-sited ethnography may follow a "thing," such as a particular commodity, as it is transported through the networks of global capitalism.
Tamazight: “ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵜ ""ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ""ⴰⵎⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴰⵣⵉⵣ/ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ , ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵜⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ”.
English: An example of multi-sited ethnography is Nancy Scheper-Hughes' work on the international black market for the trade of human organs.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⵛⵉⴱⵔ ⵀⵢⵓⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴱⵔⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Research in kinship studies often crosses over into different anthropological subfields including medical, feminist, and public anthropology.
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵙⵙⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵣⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵡⴳⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
English: That is the matrix into which human children are born in the great majority of cases, and their first words are often kinship terms.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ.
English: There are stark differences between communities in terms of marital practice and value, leaving much room for anthropological fieldwork.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ.
English: The marital practice found in most cultures, however, is monogamy, where one woman is married to one man.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ.
English: There are similar foundational differences where the act of procreation is concerned.
Tamazight: ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵡ.
English: The shift can be traced back to the 1960s, with the reassessment of kinship's basic principles offered by Edmund Leach, Rodney Neeham, David Schneider, and others.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1960, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵎ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⵉⵛ, ⵕⵓⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵉⵀⴰⵎ, ⴷⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵛⵏⴰⵢⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ.
English: This shift was progressed further by the emergence of second-wave feminism in the early 1970s, which introduced ideas of marital oppression, sexual autonomy, and domestic subordination.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵍⵡⵡⵉ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1970, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵍⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ( ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ).
English: At this time, there was the arrival of "Third World feminism", a movement that argued kinship studies could not examine the gender relations of developing countries in isolation, and must pay respect to racial and economic nuance as well.
Tamazight: “ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴷⴷ ‘’’’ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ’’’’, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ, ⵣⵔⴽⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ’’
English: In Jamaica, marriage as an institution is often substituted for a series of partners, as poor women cannot rely on regular financial contributions in a climate of economic instability.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⴷⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵄⵡⵡⵍⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ/ ⵉⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ.
English: With this technology, questions of kinship have emerged over the difference between biological and genetic relatedness, as gestational surrogates can provide a biological environment for the embryo while the genetic ties remain with a third party.
Tamazight: ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⵉⵙⴰ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵙⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵓⵊⴰⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴹⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴹⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ.
English: There have also been issues of reproductive tourism and bodily commodification, as individuals seek economic security through hormonal stimulation and egg harvesting, which are potentially harmful procedures.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵔⵣⵣⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵣⴰⴷⵉⵏ.
English: One critique is that, as its inception, the framework of kinship studies was far too structured and formulaic, relying on dense language and stringent rules.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ (ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵢⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ), ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⵉⵔⵏ.
English: Much of this development can be attributed to the rise in anthropologists working outside of academia and the increasing importance of globalization in both institutions and the field of anthropology.
Tamazight: ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⴹⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ.
English: The two types of institutions defined in the field of anthropology are total institutions and social institutions.
Tamazight: ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Anthropology of institutions may analyze labor unions, businesses ranging from small enterprises to corporations, government, medical organizations, education, prisons, and financial institutions.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ( ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ), ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵉⴱⵏⵉⵇⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: Institutional anthropologists may study the relationship between organizations or between an organization and other parts of society.
Tamazight: ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ.
English: More specifically, anthropologists may analyze specific events within an institution, perform semiotic investigations, or analyze the mechanisms by which knowledge and culture are organized and dispersed.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵓⴷ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎⵢⵓⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ.
English: This new era would involve many new technological developments, such as mechanical recording.
Tamazight: ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽ.
English: Current Anthropology 43(Supplement):S5-17.Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2006.
Tamazight: ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ 43 ( ⵙⵓⴱⴱⵍⵉⵎⵏⵜ): ⵙ5-17. ⵛⵛⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ, ⴱⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⴱ.2006.
English: Woolard, in her overview of "code switching", or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even a single utterance, finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice—Why do they do that?—reflects a dominant linguistic ideology.
Tamazight: “ⵡⵓⵍⴰⵕⴷ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ‘’’’ⴽⵓⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⵜⵛ”””” ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵜ — ⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ? ⵜⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ.”
English: Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of language contact, language endangerment, and 'English as a global language'.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ “ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ”.
English: The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis the island of Sumba, Indonesia.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵊⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⵡⵉⴱⵔⵣ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵎⴱⴰ, ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ.
English: He feels, in fact, that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ.
English: Therefore, after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken.
Tamazight: ⴰⵍⵜⵓ, ⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.
English: To follow best practices of documentation, these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind.
Tamazight: ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ, ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ, ⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⵓ.ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼ.
English: Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ.
English: The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵟⵓⴽⵜⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⴽⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏⴰⴱⵜ.
English: Encouraging those who already know the language to use it, increasing the domains of usage, and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵙⴳⵉⴷⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⵊ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ.
English: Social anthropology is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ/ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
English: British and American anthropologists including Gillian Tett and Karen Ho who studied Wall Street provided an alternative explanation for the financial crisis of 2007–2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵊⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵀⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵢ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⵢ) ⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2007-2010. ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.
English: This development was bolstered by Franz Boas's introduction of cultural relativism arguing that cultures are based on different ideas about the world and can therefore only be properly understood in terms of their own standards and values.
Tamazight: ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵯⵛⵎ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵣ ⴱⵓⵣ ⴰⵔⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵎ ( relativisme) ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵏⵜ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: In 1906, Congolese pygmy Ota Benga was put by American anthropologist Madison Grant in a cage in the Bronx Zoo, labelled "the missing link" between an orangutan and the "white race" — Grant, a renowned eugenicist, was also the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916).
Tamazight: “ ⴳ 1906, ⴰⴳⵯⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵉⵢ ⵓⵜⴰ ⴱⵉⵏⴳⴰ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⴱⵓⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⵕⵓⵏⴽⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ‘’’’ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴳⵯⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ “””” ⴳⵔ ⵓⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⴳⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ “”ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ”” — ⴳⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ “ The Passing of the Great Race, ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ1916”.
English: Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the 19th century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form - by 1935, for example, it was possible for T.K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵉⵃ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵃ, ⵜⵙⵜⵢ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵓ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔ -ⵙⴳ 1935, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵜ.ⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ “ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ”.
English: Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary "living fossils" that could be studied in order to understand the European past.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ “ⵉⵖⵉⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ” ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵖⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵖⵔⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ”.
English: However, as Stocking notes, Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping the distribution of particular elements of culture, rather than with the larger function, and he generally seemed to assume a Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional, multilineal cultural change proposed by later anthropologists.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵍⵓⴽⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵡⵢ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⵓⵕ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴱⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴽⵟⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵜⴰⵣⵢⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵔⵎⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵕⵏ.
English: His comparative studies, most influentially in the numerous editions of The Golden Bough, analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism globally.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ “ ⴳⵓⵍⴷⵏ ⴱⵓⵡ” ⴼⵙⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ (symbolisme) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
English: The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.
Tamazight: ⵉⴼⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ( ⵜⵓⴼⵓⵖⵜ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⴰⵏ.
English: Other intellectual founders include W. H. R. Rivers and A. C. Haddon, whose orientation reflected the contemporary Parapsychologies of Wilhelm Wundt and Adolf Bastian, and Sir E. B. Tylor, who defined anthropology as a positivist science following Auguste Comte.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵚⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡ.ⵀ.ⵔ ⵔⵉⴱⵔⵣ ⴷ ⴰ.ⵙ.ⵀⴰⴷⵓⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⴰⵔⴰⴱⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⵡⵓⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⴱⴰⵙⵜⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵔ ⵓ.ⴱ. ⵜⴰⵢⵍⵓⵕ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵟⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴽⵓⵎⵜ.
English: A. R. Radcliffe-Brown also published a seminal work in 1922.
Tamazight: ⴰ.ⵔ. ⵕⴰⴷⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴱⵕⵓⵡⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵚⴽⴰⵢ ⴳ 1922.
English: This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for "Social Anthropology" by teaching at universities across the British Empire and Commonwealth.
Tamazight: “ⵙ ⵓⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵕⴰⴷⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴱⵕⵓⵡⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ""ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ"" ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏ”.
English: He believed that indigenous terms used in ethnographic data should be translated into Anglo-American legal terms for the benefit of the reader.
Tamazight: ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵓⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ.
English: Departments of Social Anthropology at different Universities have tended to focus on disparate aspects of the field.
Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ.
English: A people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ.
English: Four states — Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky — refer to themselves as the Commonwealth in case captions and legal process.
Tamazight: ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ — ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵜⵛⵓⵙⵉⵜⵙ, ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵏⵢⴰ, ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵓⴽⵢ — ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵎⵏⵡⵉⵍⵟ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ.
English: In some parts of the world, ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ), ⵜⵙⵍⵍⴱ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
English: The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world), such as the notion of the "Other".
Tamazight: “ⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 15 ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ( ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ), ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ""ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ""."
English: The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth.
Tamazight: "ⴰⵙⵙⴼⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵍⵉⴱⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵡⵙ, ⵢⵓⵡⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⵢⵉⵣⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏⵎⴳⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ""ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ"" ⴷ ""ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ"", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ" ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏⵜ."
English: However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser, and Deleuze.
Tamazight: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵔⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵙ, ⵏⵉⵜⵛⵉ, ⴼⵓⴽⵓ, ⴷⵉⵔⵉⴷⴰ, ⵓⵍⵜⵉⵙⵔ, ⴷ ⴷⵉⵍⵉⵣ.
English: An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area.
Tamazight: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵙⵙⵜⵢⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ, ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
English: Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language, or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, or physical appearance.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵏⴱⴹ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ, ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⴳⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵉ, ⵙⵙⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ.
English: By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⴽⴽⵙⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ.
English: Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵡⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜ.
English: In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan (in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the Christian oikumene), as the Septuagint used ta ethne ("the nations") to translate the Hebrew goyim "the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews".
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ: ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ( "ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ" ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵡⵢⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴽⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵎⵢ), ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵙⵉⴱⵜⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵏ ("ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ") ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉ ⵀⵉⴱⵔⵓ ⴳⵓⵢⵉⵎ "ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ".
English: In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ "ⵉⵥⵍⵢ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ", ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.
English: ethnic, a. and n.") Depending on context, the term nationality may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with citizenship (in a sovereign state).
Tamazight: "ⴰⵥⵓⵕ, ⴰ. ⴷ ⵏ."") ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵏⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ (ⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵢ).
English: Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used.
Tamazight: ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⴰⵏ.
English: According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⴽⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵖⵎⵔⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴷⴷⵖ.
English: The instrumentalist approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴹⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ.
English: Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ.
English: This is in the context of debates over multiculturalism in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the Caribbean and South Asia.
Tamazight: ⴰⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴼⵕⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ.
English: Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status.
Tamazight: ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ.
English: Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity.
Tamazight: ⴱⴰⵕⵜ, ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱⵔ.
English: He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. "
Tamazight: ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ,ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ"
English: He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ (ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ)"ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵢⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
English: Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities.
Tamazight: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏ.
English: Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ.
English: """Essentialist primordialism"" further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it."
Tamazight: """ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ"" ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵜⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍ.
English: """Kinship primordialism"" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity."
Tamazight: """ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ"" ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵜⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. "
English: """Geertz's primordialism"", notably espoused by anthropologist Clifford Geertz, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human ""givens"" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences."
Tamazight: """ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵔⵜⵣ"", ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵍⵉⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴳⵓⵔⵜⵣ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕⵜ ⵉ ""ⵜⵎⵓⵛⴰ"" ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ."
English: Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.
Tamazight: ⵙⵎⵉⵜ(1999) ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⵉⵔⵉⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ: "ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⵓⵍⵙⵏ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⵓ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
English: This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⴰ, ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴱⵉⵔⵏ.
English: """Instrumentalist perennialism"", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of social stratification, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals."
Tamazight: """ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ"", ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ , ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴳⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴹⵏ.."
English: According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵏⵡⵉⵍ, ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⴰⵏ.
English: Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification.
Tamazight: ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵍ, ⵎⴰⵅⵛⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ.
English: The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal, such as power or influence, or a material interest, such as wealth or territory.
Tamazight: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵖⴰⴱⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵡ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
English: It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.
Tamazight: ⵜⵓⴽⵣ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵙⵓⴼⵔⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.
English: They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.
Tamazight: ⵛⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⵓ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time, although historians and cultural anthropologists have documented that many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.
Tamazight: ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵢ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵡⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ.
English: It is based on the notion of "culture".
Tamazight: ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ".
English: This view arose as a way to justify enslavement of African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ.
English: Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵏ.
English: Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to their failure to assimilate into American culture.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ.
English: They argue in Racial Formation in the United States that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⴽⵓ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ.
English: Assimilationshedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culturedid not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵟⵓⴽⵟⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵢ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵉⵔ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
English: They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries.
Tamazight: ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ-ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.
English: Nation-states, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another.
Tamazight: ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ-ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ.
English: Multi-ethnic states can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of ethnic minorities into a former nation-state.
Tamazight: ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵜⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⵉⵡⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ-ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ.
English: States such as the United Kingdom, France and Switzerland comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration, resulting in what has been termed "multicultural" societies, especially in large cities.
Tamazight: ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵥⴰⵕⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ "ⵉⴳⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ", ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ.
English: Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public, political sphere, they are upheld within the private, family sphere to a great extent.
Tamazight: ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵉⴽⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Before Weber (1864–1920), race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing.
Tamazight: ⴷⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⴱⵔ (1864-1920), ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ.
English: According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of all individuals.
Tamazight: ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ, ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴻⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.
English: The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism, when the concept of race was tied to nationalism, first by German theorists including Johann Gottfried von Herder.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵜⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵍⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⴳⵓⵜⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴼⵓⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⴷⵔ.
English: Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans.
Tamazight: ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵛⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⵯⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⵔⴽⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ.
English: The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent.
Tamazight: ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵎⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ.
English: A number of European countries, including France and Switzerland, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.
Tamazight: ⵉⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.
English: During European colonization, Europeans arrived in North America.
Tamazight: ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ, ⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ.
English: Digital ethnography allows for a lot more opportunities to look at different cultures and societies.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵖⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ.
English: Relational Ethnography articulates studying fields rather than places or processes rather than processed people.
Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵜⵏⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ.
English: The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of personal bias in the data.
Tamazight: ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Interviews are often taped and later transcribed, allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking, but with all information available later for full analysis.
Tamazight: ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵜⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵊⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ.
English: Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased.
Tamazight: ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ.