DOC Update website to `pydata-sphinx-theme`

This issue is a continuation of [#26809](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/26809) and aims to migrate the scikit-learn website towards [`pydata-sphinx-theme`](https://pydata-sphinx-theme.readthedocs.io/en/stable/). As this is an ambitious goal, this issue is to track the steps of the migration. cc @lucyleeow who guided me to open this issue.

#### Quick links

- [The `new_web_theme` branch](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/tree/new_web_theme)
- [Tracker for upstream issues](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/28084#issuecomment-1893103722)
- Live preview: https://scikit-learn.org/_pst_preview

#### TODO before merging into `main`

- `doc-min-dependencies` is bypassed in CI for now and we need to reactivate it before merging into `main`. Also, we need to make sure all dependencies are documented, in particular `sphinx-design` which was not added in the very first setup PR. See also [#28379](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28379).
- Remove the `new_web_theme` part in `.circleci/config.yml`.
- In `conf.py`, change the version switcher link to `https://scikit-learn.org/dev/_static/versions.json`.
- Remove `themes/` and update `exclude_patterns` in `conf.py`: these are only useful for the old theme.
- Pin higher versions of `sphinx`, `pydata-sphinx-theme`, and `sphinx-gallery`. See also [tracker for upstream issues](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/28084#issuecomment-1893103722).

#### Tracking work towards the `new_web_theme` branch

- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28132 
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28331
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28336
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28347
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28353
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28379
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28401
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28409
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28408
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28415
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28428
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28448
- [ ] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28478
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28511
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28512
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28623
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28630
- [ ] Fix admonitions (**Todo:** make e.g. `.. note:: something` into `.. admonition:: something` with `:class: note`)

#### Tracking work related by towards the `main` branch

- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28387
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28376
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28315
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28272
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28271
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28255
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28134
- [x] https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/pull/28107

COMMENT:
I think it is fine if `new_web_theme` branch lags behind `main` and is updated only from time to time, for example say every week or even less frequently.

I guess the first thing is to get feed-back on how it looks and for this this does not matter if you don't have the doc updates from the last two weeks.

The mechanism to update `new_web_theme` preview is to do a PR (once it's merged you have to wait a while, ~1 hour, before the doc is built on the branch and the content pushed to .github.io). If you merge `main` into your PR branch and you have lock-files conflicts, you need to fix the conflicts before you open a PR.

Labels: Documentation