SimpleImputer converts `int32[pyarrow]` extension array to `float64`, subsequently crashing with numpy `int32` values

### Describe the bug

When using the `SimpleImputer` with a pyarrow-backed pandas DataFrame, any float/integer data is converted to `None`/`float64` instead.
This causes the imputer to be fitted to `float64`, crashing on a dtype assertion when passing it a numpy-backed `int32` DataFrame after fitting.

The flow is the following:
1. The imputer calls `_validate_input`:
  https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/675736ae9e3f360975e1f5b477a8eba68a376ba9/sklearn/impute/_base.py#L319
2. This calls `validate_data`:
  https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/675736ae9e3f360975e1f5b477a8eba68a376ba9/sklearn/impute/_base.py#L344-L353
3. This calls `check_array`:
  https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/675736ae9e3f360975e1f5b477a8eba68a376ba9/sklearn/utils/validation.py#L2951-L2952
4. Our input is a pandas dataframe:
  https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/675736ae9e3f360975e1f5b477a8eba68a376ba9/sklearn/utils/validation.py#L909
5. This now checks if the dtypes need to be converted:
  https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/675736ae9e3f360975e1f5b477a8eba68a376ba9/sklearn/utils/validation.py#L925-L927
6. Our input is backed by an extension array _and_ `int32[pyarrow]` is an integer datatype, so we return `True` here:
  https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/675736ae9e3f360975e1f5b477a8eba68a376ba9/sklearn/utils/validation.py#L714-L724
7. Finally we pass the "needs conversion" check and convert the dataframe to `dtype` (which is `None` here, which apparently means `float64`):
  https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/blob/675736ae9e3f360975e1f5b477a8eba68a376ba9/sklearn/utils/validation.py#L966-L971

### Steps/Code to Reproduce

```py
import polars as pl
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
import numpy as np

print(
    SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy='constant', fill_value=0)
      .fit(pl.DataFrame({"a": [10]}, schema={"a": pl.Int32}).to_pandas(use_pyarrow_extension_array=False))
      ._fit_dtype
)
# prints dtype('int32'), as expected

print(
    SimpleImputer(missing_values=np.nan, strategy='constant', fill_value=0)
      .fit(pl.DataFrame({"a": [10]}, schema={"a": pl.Int32}).to_pandas(use_pyarrow_extension_array=True))
      ._fit_dtype
)
# prints dtype('float64') (!!)
```


### Expected Results

Both imputers should be fitted with `int32` values.

### Actual Results

The imputer using the pyarrow extension array is fitted with `float64`.

This causes crashes when using the Imputer with normal `int32` columns backed by numpy, as they won't be converted and therefore the dtypes differ.

### Versions

```shell
System:
    python: 3.12.9 (main, Mar 11 2025, 17:26:57) [Clang 20.1.0 ]
executable: /tmp/scikit/.venv/bin/python3
   machine: Linux-6.14.4-arch1-2-x86_64-with-glibc2.41

Python dependencies:
      sklearn: 1.6.1
          pip: None
   setuptools: None
        numpy: 2.2.5
        scipy: 1.15.3
       Cython: None
       pandas: 2.2.3
   matplotlib: None
       joblib: 1.5.0
threadpoolctl: 3.6.0

Built with OpenMP: True

threadpoolctl info:
       user_api: blas
   internal_api: openblas
    num_threads: 16
         prefix: libscipy_openblas
       filepath: /tmp/scikit/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/numpy.libs/libscipy_openblas64_-6bb31eeb.so
        version: 0.3.28
threading_layer: pthreads
   architecture: Haswell

       user_api: blas
   internal_api: openblas
    num_threads: 16
         prefix: libscipy_openblas
       filepath: /tmp/scikit/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/scipy.libs/libscipy_openblas-68440149.so
        version: 0.3.28
threading_layer: pthreads
   architecture: Haswell

       user_api: openmp
   internal_api: openmp
    num_threads: 16
         prefix: libgomp
       filepath: /tmp/scikit/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/scikit_learn.libs/libgomp-a34b3233.so.1.0.0
        version: None
```

COMMENT:
> @I-Al-Istannen Could you provide a minimal reproducible example that triggers the error?

@lorentzenchr There already is one at the bottom of my initial post. I can't link it sadly, but you can search this page for `Steps/Code to Reproduce` or scroll down a bit from the top. Is there any reason that doesn't work for you? If you want to be even less involved with dependencies, you can construct the pandas pyarrow-backed array in a different way.

The function trace is a bit long, so here is an overview:
<div align="center">

<img height="500" alt="Image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5bf13666-9e8e-4efb-af5f-f4e522528371" />

</div>

Labels: Bug, module:impute