CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
PROF. NJUGUNA NDUNG’U
GOVERNOR
“BANK REGULATION REFORMS IN AFRICA: ENHANCING BANK
COMPETITION AND INTERMEDIATION EFFICIENCY”
“12TH SEMINAR BY AFRICAN ECONOMIC RESEARCH
CONSORTIUM”
Sarova Whitesands Hotel, Mombasa
March 22, 2010
Prof. William Lyakurwa, Executive Director, African Economic
Research Consortium;

Senior Policymakers here present;
Distinguished Guests;
Ladies and Gentlemen;
I am delighted to be with all of you here in Mombasa and to speak on Bank
Regulatory Reforms in Africa: Enhancing Bank Competition and
Intermediation. But before I make my remarks, let me take this opportunity to
thank the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) for their invitation to
give the keynote address at this seminar. This is indeed a timely topic as we
continue to assess the effects of the global financial crisis and find long term
solutions to mitigate and prevent recurrence. I am informed that approximately 70
senior policymakers from over 20 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are in
attendance. This signals the importance of this seminar and the policy spin-offs it
will generate.
At the outset, Ladies and Gentlemen, I would like to recognize the important
role that AERC has played in strengthening local capacity for managing economies
within Sub Saharan Africa. The Consortium has contributed to advanced policy
research and graduate training in economics. Most institutions of policy in SubSaharan Africa today are led by AERC alumni. I am happy to be part of this group
myself.
Ladies and Gentlemen; this seminar is taking place at a time when countries in
Africa are taking stock of the second and third round effects of the global financial
crisis. You will agree with me that the crisis which initially hit African countries
with stronger financial linkages to international capital markets; significant trade
relations with the Western world and rich natural resource countries set the stage
for challenging times in policy making and implementation.
Africa’s prospects in the post-crisis period are contingent on the behaviour of
policymakers. Indeed, there is need for better regulation that can readily identify
emerging vulnerabilities; properly price risks; and strengthen incentives for
prudent behaviour. It is tempting after the crisis to call for more regulation – but
we should emphasize better regulation. Second, we should emphasize building
strong institutions. Globally, the remedial actions taken by governments to deal

with the crisis have borne fruit and the green shoots of recovery are beginning to
sprout.
For us here in Kenya, we remain committed to fostering a stable market-based
financial system as mandated by law. An efficient financial system collects and
collates deposits from micro-savers and channels them to investors. This is the
intermediation process. This process allows economic agents to evaluate the risks
and prices in the market and align their investment portfolio and investment
gestation.
The Kenyan case is both interesting as well as a policy strategy. It reflects a case of
segmented markets. But the cost of credit and interest rates spread remains high.
The spread is a major challenge in the banking sector because it acts as an
impediment to expansion of credit and development of financial intermediation
and signals inefficiency in the sector.
The challenge for a policymaker is to develop a financial sector that answers to the
challenges of the economy. In order to address market inefficiencies, the Central
Bank and other stakeholders have undertaken significant reforms for the banking
sector. These reforms include the operationalisation of the credit reference bureaus,
payment systems improvements, opening of new currency centres, automation of
trading system for treasury bonds, and the activation of horizontal repos. I will
spend the next few minutes to highlight these initiatives.
Operationalisation of Credit Referencing Mechanism: The Banking (Credit
Reference Bureau) Regulations were operationalised on 2nd February 2009. This
will facilitate the sharing of credit information by institutions licensed under the
Banking Act. This link will allow the industry to build information capital that is
critical in the credit market. It will also enhance access to credit by SMEs and
individuals that have been constrained by lack of physical collateral. Further, the
Banking Sector will be able to address the problem of non-performing loans at the
origination point as credit history of applicants will be taken into account during
the credit appraisal process.
Licensing of Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions: The Microfinance
Act was operationalised effective May 2008. Currently, one institution has been
licensed and eight applications for license are being processed. With the unique

business models of microfinance institutions mainly targeted at the lower end of
the market, bringing them under the purview of the Central Bank will not only give
them a legal basis in dealing with depositors but will also boost access to formal
financial services by the populace. Deposit Taking Microfinance Institutions are
free to be community-based or nationwide.
The National Payments System sits at the centre of the financial system. It is
imperative that payments systems are secure and efficient. The Central Bank
continues with its initiatives to modernize the national payments system.
Accordingly, from 1 October 2009, value capping was effected with all payments
above Kshs.1 million being made through the Real Time Gross Settlement System
(RTGS). This initiative enhanced the security and efficiency of high value payments.
The celebrated MPESA falls under this category of reforms. As we have seen this
market unfolding, MPESA account holders have soared to 9 million, total
transactions surpassed Ksh.48 billion a month (or averaging Ksh.1.6 billion a day)
and agents increased to 17,000 in the last 3 years.
Ladies and Gentlemen; on the monetary policy front, the CBK has observed that
despite signalling efforts by the Monetary Policy Committee to bring down the rates
of interest by lowering the Central Bank Rate (CBR), banks have not responded
accordingly. Further, the failure of the banking system to extend the maturity of
their loan products is a consequence of the characteristic nature of their deposits
which are largely short term, but also their assessment and pricing of risk. To
support economic development, there is need for the development of banking
products that support long term lending. These development banking products will
play a significant role in influencing a downward trend in commercial banks
lending rates. The Central Bank will therefore explore how development banking
products can be introduced into the market to enhance the monetary policy
transmission mechanism and lengthen the maturity profile of commercial bank
term loans.
Developments in the Bond Market: The Central Bank has successfully raised
funds for infrastructure development for the Government through infrastructure
bonds. These infrastructure bonds have not only facilitated financing of the
Government’s infrastructure program but also set the pace for the issuance of

similar bonds by corporate entities such as KENGEN and Safaricom. This, coupled
with automated trading in the Nairobi Stock Exchange will be important for a
vibrant bond market. In addition, to deepen and widen the bond market, the
Central Bank implemented the following measures:
(cid:1) Issuance of Benchmark Bonds: The Bank together with Market Leaders
Forum adopted 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 year maturities as benchmark bonds. This
move has not only firmed up the yield curve, but has improved pricing,
reflected through improved secondary market trading.
(cid:1) Reopening of benchmark bonds: This has increased trading activities in
the secondary market.
(cid:1) The shape and position of the Yield: The vibrant bond market has led
to a downward shift in the Yield Curve with an upward gentle slope reflecting
stability. This has created reliable pricing benchmark for corporates, many
of who raised required capital via issuance of corporate bonds in 2009/10. It
is also a useful tool in pricing credit facilities as it signals the direction of
interest rates.
You will recall that the Central Bank of Kenya, the Nairobi Stock Exchange and the
Capital Markets Authority collaborated in the automation of trading of Treasury
Bonds through the NSE. The main objective of this initiative was to make bonds
trading secure, efficient and to create a vibrant market. The expected improvement
in market activity will also improve market liquidity and encourage more investors
to participate in the bond market.
Operationalisation of the Horizontal Repos: We have introduced the
Interbank Master Repurchase Agreement otherwise known as the Horizontal repo
which is aimed at deepening the capital and money markets and enhancing the
intermediation process. I am happy to note that the horizontal repo as a tool of
redistributing liquidity in the market has also provided a useful barometer on the
status of liquidity in the banking sector. The horizontal repo is an additional facility
for commercial banks to use alongside the vertical repo which is an instrument
between commercial banks and CBK.
Other initiatives; The changing market dynamics in the Kenyan Banking Sector
has necessitated the Central Bank to reinvent itself and become proactive in
detecting opportunities and threats to financial sector stability. With a view to not

only enhance intermediation and competitiveness of the banking sector but also to
increase efficiency and access, the Central Bank has been in the forefront in
encouraging various financial services providers e.g.
• mobile phone money transfer providers such as M-PESA and ZAP
• SACCOs and Agency Banking models
• Shariah Compliant Banking Products - we have seen the introduction
of two Shariah compliant banks and growing interest in a number of
institutions seeking to offer Shariah compliant products.
Ladies and Gentlemen; we have now started to realize the dividends of the
reforms we have undertaken in the financial sector. Kenya now has a healthy,
sound and strong banking system. The size of the banking system has been
enhanced both in terms of deposits mobilised, credit growth and competition.
Specifically:
(cid:1) Deposit accounts have increased from 2.6 million (end 2005) to 8.4 million
(end 2009) and deposits have doubled from Ksh.545 billion (US$7.2 billion)
to Ksh.1,065 billion (US$14 billion) in the same period.
(cid:1) Lowering barriers to entry – via removal of minimum balances has
supported financial reach.
(cid:1) Banks have taken their services to the customers due to increasing
competition and improvements in the delivery channels. Banks are opening
and re-opening branches in areas with none or few branches.
Efficiency is achieved when there are strong institutions with requisite capacity to
satisfy market needs while complying with statutory and prudential requirements.
Ladies and Gentlemen: One of the main challenges of monetary policy has been
the presence of currency outside banks. In March 2008, it was Ksh.9 billion above
the Central Bank target. However, in March 2010 it was Ksh.4.9 billion below CBK
target as a result of banks increased coverage of rural and low income areas.
Ladies and Gentlemen; Financial sector reforms are far from being
accomplished. Given the changing dynamics of the economy and its growing
complexities, the financial industry has to remain responsive and supportive of the
broader economic ambitions and agenda. All the major players and stakeholders in

the banking system will have to strive for continuity, broadening and deepening of
reforms; build and sustain the already implemented reforms and fill the remaining
gaps. The growing competition along with increasingly diversified services both
across the regions and sectors, as well as improved access to customer-base on the
back of progressive reliance on technology, are the harbingers of the changing and
efficient intermediation role of banks in the days ahead.
The Central Bank is committed to reforms in the banking industry towards
enhanced competitiveness. In line with this, the Central Bank has earmarked
amendments to the Banking Act and Microfinance Act going forward. The
amendments to the Banking Act and Microfinance Act are expected to further
enhance efficiency and competitiveness of our financial sector. CBK in
collaboration with the Government and the market players will enhance its efforts
in addressing other structural rigidities that contribute to market inefficiencies to
take stock of developments as well as other emerging constraints.
Before I conclude, Ladies and Gentlemen, let me once again take this
opportunity to reiterate the critical role of the financial sector in Africa’s economic
development. This potential can only be realized when African policymakers
implement reforms to remove binding constraints in the sector. I am sure that in
this gathering we have the capacity to identify those constraints to unleash Africa’s
potential.
Finally, I do hope that you will find time in your busy schedules to enjoy our world
renown beaches. I wish you fruitful deliberations.
Thank You!