- Tom Presland to send Leonard Cheshire policy re . sex to Tuppy - Discuss ways of targeting ' tops ' of organisations ( professional bodies , trusts / organisations ) to give permission for sex to be included on the disability agenda . Lorna and Tuppy to draft document for this . - Lorna has not contacted RNIB as yet . She will contact Wayne to find out who has replaced Christine Thomas and find out any progress that has been made in adding sex to the daily living section of the RNIB website . - Katie was unable to approach Peter White at the College of Occupational Therapists Conference in June . She will try and contact him via the BBC . - Victoria has circulated background information to SHADA members regarding policies around mental capacity / consent from her work in NYC . If anyone would like a copy , please contact Katie or Victoria ( tormc3@yahoo.com ) . Victoria will ask for permission for a summary of this policy to be posted on the Outsiders website . - Helena will arrange to meet John Blandford , who presented at this meeting for further discussion - Tuppy sent the number of a stripper – Solitaire - to Helena , following which Kate organised an event for 2 strippers to entertain residents ( who had chosen to attend ) at Chaseley Trust . The event went very well and Helena recommended Solitaire for anyone considering booking a stripper for their disabled clients . Although Chaseley Trust solicitors had suggested a music and dance license may have been required for this event , John Blandford disagreed and said a license was not necessary for such a one-off event . - Tuppy does not have a copy of Davina McColl's sex education in schools program – Lorna will try and get hold of a copy and circulate it . Background : Treloar College ( www.treloar.org.uk ) is a residential specialist college for physically and / or learning disabled young people , aged between 17 and 22 years old . Given this age range , the focus of the college is transition to adulthood . There are 175 students at the college , mostly residential . The College is funded by the Learning and Skills Council . Graham reported that the students enrolling at the College are presenting with increasingly complex needs . For example around 20 % have life-limiting conditions , and there are an increasing number of technologically-dependent students . Around 80 % are wheelchair users . In addition to physical disabilities , the young people at Treloar can also present with additional sensory impairments , epilepsy and overt mental health issues . Graham reported difficulties in accessing CAMHS services for students who had physical disabilities in addition to their mental health needs . There are 370 staff at the College including teams of therapists ( occupational therapists , physiotherapists and speech and language therapists ) as well as a health centre and links with local hospices . Many of the students at Treloar have been in mainstream education previously , and make a positive choice to come to Treloar as the College is able to take care of their disability needs , freeing them to focus on other things . Graham started working at Treloar in 1995 , with a background as a mental health social worker . At that time , there were two issues at the College – sexuality was not discussed , and there was a policy in place prohibiting intimate sexual contact within the grounds as well as a policy that students had to dress formally . As principal of the College at that time , Graham was approached by both students ( regarding lack of privacy ) and staff ( who felt exposed and unsure of their boundaries regarding student needs to express their sexuality ) . However as sexual expression and exploration were recognised as a key part of adolescence , Graham gathered a group of staff , students and parents , giving them the task of coming up with policies and procedures for students to express their sexuality . The policy was to be inclusive , covering gay , lesbian , bisexual and transgender . The policy took a year to develop – it was called the SAFE policy . A barrister was then consulted regarding the issue of informed consent . The guidelines regarding implementation of the policy were very specific . Staff were able to opt out , but had to be neutral in doing so . Posters are placed around the College to promote the SAFE policy and student rights regarding sexual expression , and there is a supportive team in place . The SAFE policy is also in the student handbook and all parents / guardians are made aware of its existence when sending a child to the College . In a nutshell , if students are over 16 and are able to consent , they can engage in whatever they want to , as long as it is legal . Choices and risks are discussed with students , and teaching given on safe sex , but the final choice is left up to individual students . Students are encouraged to organise their own activities to develop their independence , including planning trips out of College . For example , one student organised his own visit to a massage parlour in Oxford . Graham has had no negative attitudes towards the SAFE policy recently , though some staff left when the policy was first introduced 8 years ago . Regarding issues of power between service users and staff , College staff can facilitate , support and enable but staff will not be involved in actually stimulating someone . Staff can position a person and support someone to get pornographic material or sex aids ( if they are over 18 ) , but have to make it clear to the individual that this material is strictly not to be seen by anyone under 18 years old . Staff also have to be very clear about boundaries . As yet , the College have not had any sex workers on site , due to legal concerns and concerns about repercussions . Graham sees having the chance to experiment with sex as part of the transition to adulthood . However the situation for young people with disabilities is different to those without disabilities . The relationship between parent and child is often skewed , with no secrecy allowed for the young person . Paradoxically , many young people may have had to make big decisions about their life such as operations , at a young age though are excluded from some roles such as having a Saturday job . At some point , parents have to address their child's emerging sexuality though many do not know how to approach this , and are grateful to the College for addressing the subject . In order to protect students , there are also guidelines for recognising when someone is being manipulated or harassed by other students . In addition , there are legislative safeguards including Protection of Children and Protection of Vulnerable Adults . In general , the SAFE policy has been a success and is a positive example of what can be done to enable sexual expression for young people with disabilities . - Contrary to Graham's positive comments from parents , others have experienced complaints from family members regarding enabling sex for older adults . Many disabled people had not been offered a chance for sexual expression before and relatives are reluctant to change the status quo . - Tuppy said most people join Outsiders when they are 30 years plus . This is perhaps because teenagers have other mainstream avenues to meet friends / partners . However Simone reported that Stars in the Sky have many young members who have not been successful in mainstream venues . - Consensus of opinion that permission to discuss sex needs to come from the ' top ' for this topic to be successfully embraced and addressed by staff , such as Graham as principal of Treloar College . For example , healthcare professionals need permission to discuss sex-related issues with clients , as this often has not been covered on their training . These professionals need the support of their governing body such as the Health Professions Council , etc. - Criminal law is much less of a threat to health care professionals than their governing body ... - No particular health professional who is responsible for addressing sex – usually relies on one person who is interested in this area to push the agenda , but no lasting effect . - Problem is that many health professionals do n't want to address sex ... Helena got a poor reception when she mentioned sex as part of recreation at the recent European Platform of Rehabilitation Services . - Possibly difficult for a non-disabled person to run training on sex and disability , as all disabled people have individual needs , and different areas of disability need different approaches . You ca n't necessarily clump together people with one disability and list the sexual problems that they all share , because they may not share the same problems . - George has set up an interest group re . sex and learning disabilities over the internet and has got a good response . - Can use sex workers to enable couples to have sex . Disabled people used to having someone else around so not as intrusive as it might seem . - Leonard Cheshire have policies regarding sex but they do n't seem to be used in practice . - We need a set of core values so people can use these to base their work around . ACTION Presentation : Ariana Chevalier – ' Sex Worker of the Year ' Ariana gave a very interesting presentation covering : Health benefits of a sexual outlet Ariana also spoke about her work generally including some of the more specialist areas she have developed , including Sensual Awakening / Tantra sessions , Holistic Sex Coaching ( sexual confidence and skill building ) and Practice Partner ( Relationship Development Skills ) . Please see handouts for further information . Discussion arising from presentation : - How to find a male sex worker : more difficult to find a straight male sex worker as most work with men . Regular search engines are not reliable – best to use TLC website – www.tlc-trust.org.uk The contents of this informative talk are covered in a paper , prepared by John that will accompany these minutes . However , there was one point that came up several times that is worth highlighting : It is NOT and NEVER HAS BEEN an offence ( under English law ) to call a sex worker either for yourself OR ON BEHALF OF SOMEONE ELSE as long as the person consents . Discussion point from presentation : - Even though it is legal to call a sex worker , the popular belief is that it is illegal and this will be difficult to challenge . Need to find a way around this . - Tuppy suggested that we compile a short hand-out which John Blandford endorses , to give out to people who do n't believe the above . Any Other Business - We need to prepare a mission statement for SHADA , to send with a press release to professional bodies , etc. - The highly commended book - ' Sex at the Margins – Migration , Labour Markets and the Rescue Industry ' by Laura Maria Agustin ( Zed Books 1988 ) demonstrates how many migrants are happy working in the sex industry and the real problem are the ' do-gooders ' who try to rescue them . - Ideas for new books : Ø One with different chapters for each talk at SHADA . It could cover visual impairment , sex workers , the law , Treloar College as an example of good practice , and Pru's experience as a sex worker with a learning disabled client . Ø A guide for sex workers who see disabled clients – could cover general information that would be useful , as long as it is clear that disabled people have very individual needs ( like all of us ) . - Training and supervision for sex workers : Ariana suggested the following could be implemented in the sex industry , as part of her vision for the future ~ Ø First aid as part of training for sex workers Ø Code of Conduct for Sex Workers including health and safety , boundaries Ø Network of sex workers to support each other and offer supervision - Idea of topic for Autumn meeting is ' Sex and Spina Bifida ' Venue , Time , Focus and Date of Next Meeting Ø Developing a mission statement for SHADA Ø Discussion of how to persuade people at ' the top ' to take sex seriously and allow us to do as we wish . This is the Home Secretary downwards and includes funders and professional bodies .


This volume is a complete and systematic guide to physical examination of neonates , interpretation of physical findings in neonates , and identification of clinical syndromes as they appear at this stage . The first section reviews the fetal and postnatal development of the various organ systems , describes techniques of physical examination , and thoroughly discusses the significance of physical findings in each body area . Coverage includes detailed information on normal findings and variations of normal , as well as abnormal findings . The second section lists the critical signs , symptoms , and physical findings that are diagnostic or suggestive of specific syndromes . Full-color photographs depict the presentation of specific syndromes in neonates .


The Science Park has announced that it will start construction early next spring on a new facility at its Queen's Island headquarters , Belfast . The four-story , 40,000 sq ft building will join the Innovation Centre , ECIT and a 20,000 sq ft building due to open in summer 2005 . The new facility will be known as White Star House in recognition of the shipping line which commissioned Harland & Wolff to build the Titanic at Queen's Island over 90 years ago . Project architects on the scheme are Ferguson McIlveen . Commenting on the announcement , Norman Apsley , CEO of the Science Park said : ' This is another landmark stage in the Science Park's development . With 75 % of the Innovation Centre already let or committed , White Star House is a logical progression in the workspace package we can offer . ' While the Innovation Centre has units available in multiples of 2,000 sq ft , White Star House will provide larger units - from c . 5,000 sq ft up to a maximum 35,000 sq ft - providing space for ventures which outgrow the Innovation Centre as well as larger businesses . ' As with all the facilities being developed by the Science Park , the emphasis is upon providing flexible and sustainable space that adapts easily to occupants' changing needs . According to John Beattie , the Science Park's Operations Manager and concept designer of the facility , White Star House represents advanced building design thinking . ' This is an intelligent building with several innovative features that will help White Star House meet the requirements of the Carbon Trust's ' Low Carbon Design ' initiative and make it one of the Province's most environmentally friendly facilities . ' We 're planning to make use of ground water with a constant temperature of around 12 ° C to cool the building in summer and pre-heat the air for ventilation during the winter . ' Raised floors will provide a generous service void and a flexible method of providing heating and ventilation throughout the work areas . The intentionally exposed underside of the floor slabs will enable occupants to customise their space with the minimum of disruption . ' John Beattie also believes that White Star House will give occupants and the wider Science Park an exciting built environment : ' Although this is very much a working building , extensive use of glass will make it an interesting experience for both those within and without . Apart from stunning views of the Thompson Graving Dock and Belfast Lough , the building's occupants will also appreciate internal reflections of changing weather conditions outside . ' It 's also anticipated that the external appearance of White Star will change throughout the day as the glass reacts to different light conditions . The external view will be further enhanced by the building's translucent design which will provide emerging views of the interior as night falls . ' Heritage Michael Graham , Director of Real Estate , emphasised that sustainability and heritage considerations also helped shape the plans : ' Although White Star House is n't going to save the planet , it does represent an environmentally friendly approach to building design which will hopefully become the norm rather than the exception . ' Despite this very modern approach , we 're also conscious of the site's historical legacy . To reinforce the Titanic memory , its entrance will be flanked by three exposed bow-shaped support pillars housing the building's elevators - each the same height as the bows of the Titanic and her sister ships , Britannic and Olympic . ' White Star Line will forever be associated with Belfast and the Olympic class ships built here . The building will be a permanent reminder of the technological excellence associated with Queen's Island and I 'm looking forward to it hosting a new generation of innovators when it opens in 2006 . '


The Birmingham Law Society will be holding a series of meetings for members who practise outside of the city centre . The meetings , which will take place in Walsall , Wolverhampton and Worcester , will be an opportunity for Law Society officers to meet practitioners from the region during an informal discussion . The aim of the events is to exchange ideas and initiatives , which will help form the Law Society's business plan for the forthcoming years . The first meeting took place on Tuesday 11 November at the Lindon House Hotel , Upper Rushall , Walsall . The second will be held at the Clarendon Hotel , Chapel Ash , Wolverhampton , on Tuesday 18 November and the third meeting will take place on Tuesday 25 November at the Great Western Hotel , Shrub Hill Road , Worcester . All of the meetings will take place between 6.30 and 8pm . Non-members are also being welcomed along to share in the discussions .


16 October 2005 PEOPLE . CO. UK COMPETITION RULES These rules apply to all competitions run in the online editions of the Daily Mirror , Sunday Mirror , The People and Racing Post newspapers and any other online publications produced by MGN Limited ( " MGN " ) , a subsidiary of Trinity Mirror Plc , from time to time . They are the basis of entry to such competitions , together with any additional rules published in connection with any one competition . In these rules , the term " competition ( s ) " includes games , promotions and the like and " Editor " or " Editors " means the editor ( s ) from time to time of the online editions of the newspapers and other online publications published by MGN . 1 . To enter the competition , simply answer the question or complete the entry form published on the web site . By entering into the competition you agree to the terms and conditions stated herein and acknowledge that failure to comply with the rules may result in disqualification . 2 . Only one entry per person is permitted . Multiple or incomplete entries will be deemed to be invalid . 3 . Unless otherwise stated , entries must arrive no later than the published closing date for the competition . Entries received after this time will be allowed only at the discretion of Editors who may extend the closing date without prior notice . 4 . Proof of emailing will not be accepted as proof of delivery and no responsibility can be accepted for entries lost , delayed , mislaid or for any technical failure or for any event which may cause the competition to be disrupted or corrupted . Advertisement 5 . Employees of Trinity Mirror Plc or its associated companies , their agents or members of their families are not allowed to enter any competition . Subject to that rule the Editors' decision as to eligibility will be final . 6 . In pay-to-enter competitions each entry must be accompanied by the appropriate entry fee . 7 . All entries , photographs , and other material submitted as part of a competition entry shall become the property and the copyright of MGN . Editors reserve the right to publish them in whole or in part or use them in any way they think fit without the permission of the entrant or payment for such use but subject always to the provisions of the Data Protection Act 1988 . 8 . Unless otherwise stated , MGN accepts no responsibility for the return of entries , photographs or other personal effects or for loss or damage to such items . Under no circumstances does MGN accept responsibility for the safe return of any material or its return in an undamaged condition or any liability for loss of or damage to such material . 9 . Except where it is expressly stated that the winner will be the first correct entry drawn from the total entries submitted , or that some other mechanism will be applied , all competition entries will be examined and the prize or prizes will be awarded to the entry / entries the judges consider to be the best . Other prizes will be awarded in accordance with the order of priority stated in the rules of the competition . 10 . The Editors reserve the right to change the rules applicable to any competition or to void any competition at any time and for any reason . In the event that any competition is so voided , all entry fees will be returned . 11 . In the event of an error , howsoever caused , whether a printing error or otherwise and whether obvious or otherwise , which affects the competition in any way , the Editors reserve the right to administer the game as though the error had not occurred . Where the Editors deem it appropriate and / or feasible MGN will notify entrants of the error and correct it either through the relevant online newspapers or through any other suitable medium . 12 . Where necessary in order to determine an outright winner or winners to a competition , Editors reserve the right to request entrants to take part in an eliminating contest ( or ' tie breaker ' ) . Where for any reason there are more winners than prizes on offer the Editors reserve the right to conduct a simple draw to determine the winner or winners of the prizes . 13 . Unless otherwise stated , entry to all competitions is restricted to entrants of 18 years of age or over . 14 . Where competitors are required to enter in one of several age categories , their category shall be that appropriate to their age on the closing date of the competition . An entrant is assumed to be of a certain age up to and including the day prior to his or her next birthday . 15 . No correspondence can be entered into or interviews given on any matters arising from any MGN competition . 16 . Names of winners and results of MGN competitions will be available on receipt of a request enclosing a stamped self-addressed envelope to : MGN Limited , One Canada Square , Canary Wharf , London E14 5AP and may be published in the relevant online editions of the newspapers as circumstances permit . 17 . Unless specifically stated otherwise , there is no cash alternative to the prizes offered . 18 . If the winner of a competition is unable to take up a prize for any reason MGN reserves the right to award it to an alternative winner , in which case the first winner chosen will not be eligible for any share of the prize whatsoever . 19 . All winners are required to co-operate with the online editions of the newspapers ' photographers or reporters to publicise their win as MGN deems appropriate . 20 . Failure to comply with any of these rules may result in the disqualification of the entry . Editors reserve the right to disqualify any entry at their absolute discretion . 21 . Editors' decisions are final in all matters concerning a competition . It is a condition of entry to any competition that the entrant agrees to be bound by these rules whether they be published in the relevant online editions of the newspaper or not , and that the decisions of Editors and judges on any matter whatsoever arising out of or connected with the competition are final .


Los Angeles TMJ pain relief a joint effort The joints at the back of the jaw are used in every oral activity . These joints slide from side to side to facilitate chewing and speaking . They open and close , and move forward and back to facilitate breathing as well . Under certain circumstances , such as tooth grinding or clenching , the temporomandibular joints , and the muscles that surround them , can become dysfunctional . For some , the symptoms of TMJ disorder are mild , and disappear within a few weeks . However , there are people for whom TMJ becomes chronic , often gradually worsening . We encourage our Los Angeles area patients to seek TMJ pain relief with a combination of self-care and professional treatment with a customized oral appliance . Steps that can be taken at home include : Applying both heat and ice , alternating between the two . Moist heat can alleviate pain and increase function of irritated joints and muscles . Periodic application of ice packs promotes decrease inflammation and slightly numbing sore muscles , while heat packs increase circulation and promotes healing . Neither heat nor ice should be applied directly to skin . Instead , wrap in a thin towel and keep it on for no more than 15 minutes at a time . Discomfort from TMJ disorder can be reduced with over the counter anti-inflammatory medication . These should not take the place of other remedies , which are aimed at relieving pressure and undue stress on affected joints . If symptoms do not improve with over the counter medication , it is best to contact our office for professional treatment . Learning to relax specific muscles . Part of the issue with TMJ disorder is tension . You can learn to relax the muscles of the face , neck , and shoulders to decrease symptoms and provide rest for the jaw . Specifically , train yourself to fall into a relaxed state where teeth are apart and lips are loose . Downtown Dental has the expertise and technology to treat TMJ disorder in a non-invasive manner . With a customized oral appliance prescribed for wear at night , we encourage the proper positioning of the jaw and bring end to uncomfortable symptoms .


Article III of the United States Constitution extends federal judicial power to all cases arising under admiralty and maritime jurisdiction . The Death on the High Seas Act ( DOHSA ) in turn provides the exclusive , albeit monetarily limited , maritime remedy for wrongful deaths that take place on the " high seas beyond 3 nautical miles from the shore of the United States . " In Helman v. Alcoa Global Fasteners , Inc. , the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit considered , as a matter of first impression , whether DOHSA applied to , and thus preempted other available claims arising from , a fatal helicopter accident that occurred approximately nine and a half nautical miles off the California coastline . Finding little interpretive significance in the term " high seas , " the Ninth Circuit held that DOHSA becomes unconditionally operative seaward of three nautical miles from U.S. shores . . .


Oscar De La Hoya vs. Manny Pacquiao , also billed as The Dream Match , was a professional boxing welterweight superfight . The bout took place on December 6 , 2008 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena , Las Vegas , Nevada , United States . Pacquiao defeated De La Hoya via technical knockout when De La Hoya decided not to continue with the fight before the start of the ninth round . The card was a co-production of Bob Arum ' s Top Rank Boxing and De La Hoya's Golden Boy Promotions and was aired live on pay-per-view ( PPV ) on HBO PPV . The fight is notable for propelling Manny Pacquiao to full-blown superstar status in much of the western world ( mostly in The United States ) , as Oscar De La Hoya symbolically " passed the torch " , so to speak , to Pacquiao . Despite no title belts being disputed , the bout received a lot of publicity since the two boxers were decorated , with Pacquiao being the current number one pound for pound boxer in the world as judged by The Ring , and a five-time world champion in five different weight divisions ( Pacquiao was the reigning WBC lightweight champion at the time of the bout ) . Meanwhile , De La Hoya was an Olympic gold medalist and past holder of 10 world titles in six weight divisions . Pacquiao had to step up two weight divisions ( from lightweight ) , and De La Hoya had to go down one weight division ( from light middleweight ) , to be eligible for the bout's welterweight division . The ideas of having De La Hoya and Pacquiao fight came from HBO boxing analyst Larry Merchant talking with ESPN boxing analyst Dan Rafael . Larry then presented the idea to Golden Boy Promotions CEO Richard Schaefer and Top Rank CEO Bob Arum . Bob presented the idea to Manny Pacquiao trainer Freddie Roach . It was even mentioned on the PPV broadcast that it was Larry's idea , even mentioning Dan Rafael by name . Freddie Roach since the De La Hoya - Mayweather fight has said in the media and in the De La Hoya / Pacquiao 24 / 7 series , press conferences , promos leading to the Dream Match that Oscar " ca n't pull the trigger anymore . " After De La Hoya's May 5 loss to Floyd Mayweather , Jr. in 2007 ( see De La Hoya-Mayweather boxing match ) , De La Hoya decided to close out his career with three fights in 2008 . The first would be a tune-up bout in May before finishing with two mega bouts in September and December respectively . De La Hoya defeated Stevie Forbes in the May tune-up bout in preparation for Mayweather . Due to Mayweather's unexpected retirement however , Ricky Hatton was the new potential candidate to fight De La Hoya on September 20 . However , Hatton rejected the offer because he felt the scheduled date was too close to his last bout . De La Hoya then decided to pass on a fight in September to set the stage for a showdown against either Manny Pacquiao or Miguel Cotto , should Cotto win his fight against Antonio Margarito in July . After Cotto was defeated by Margarito , it was announced that De La Hoya and Pound For Pound superstar Manny Pacquiao had agreed to fight December 6 , 2008 at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas at the welterweight limit of 147 lbs. On August 28 , 2008 , a teleconference was held by Golden Boy Promotions to officially announce the fight . Presented by Golden Boy Promotions and Top Rank , Inc. , the bout was scheduled as a 12-round , non-title fight contested at the 147-pound welterweight limit . Although Pacquiao went into the fight recognized as the leading pound-for-pound boxer in the world , some boxing pundits speculated that 147 pounds could be too far above his natural weight against the larger De La Hoya . Many boxing analysts believed the fight would favor Oscar . Boxing analysts stated that Oscar's size , reach , experience , and good chin made Manny the underdog in this mega fight . Training for the fight Oscar hired trainers Angelo Dundee , Ignacio " Nacho " Beristain , and young boxing talent Edwin Valero . Oscar told the news that his team is unbeatable , while Freddie Roach said , " No one is going to be able to help Oscar pull the trigger when he faces Manny Pacquiao on Dec. 6 " . Tickets reportedly sold out just hours after they went on sale . The total gate revenues were said to be nearly $ 17 million . That amount apparently gave the bout the second-largest gate revenue in boxing history ( after the De La Hoya-Mayweather Jr. fight on May 5 , 2007 which generated $ 18 . 4 million in gate revenue ) . Manny Pacquiao soundly defeated Oscar De La Hoya , surprising many pre-fight analysts who had predicted a victory by De La Hoya . The fight ended at the beginning of the 9th round after Oscar and his corner threw in the towel . On round 1 , De La Hoya's opening punches miss Pacquiao ; Pacquiao's own straight left followed by a combination connects . The boxers exchange punches , with another Pacquiao straight left to end the round . At the start of the second round , a double jab by De La Hoya persuades Pacquiao to retreat . Only the second of De La Hoya's two combinations hits Pacquiao . A combo from Pacquiao leaves De La Hoya's face reddened . A flurry of punches from Pacquiao ends the round . The third round is more of the same as De La Hoya becomes increasingly unable to answer Pacquiao's combos . Pacquiao unleashes a flurry of punches in round 5 ; De La Hoya saw it coming but was n't able to react fast enough . De La Hoya himself lands a body shot and a couple of hooks , but the two boxers exchange punches at the end of the round . The next round begins as the last ended , with the men exchanging jabs . Pacquiao appears winded as he misses a left hook , but the follow-up lands on target . Pacquiao lands a right , and a four-punch combo to end the round . In Round 7 , Pacquiao lands a jab as De La Hoya misses his ; Pacquiao unleashes another flurry of punches as De La Hoya's legs almost gave out , just as he ceased punching back . His uppercut misses Pacquiao as his opponent releases more jabs to end round 7 . Pacquiao pursues De La Hoya's body but is warned by referee Tony Weeks to " keep them up " ( keep punches above the belt ) . De La Hoya's right connects , but Pacquiao's combo pins De La Hoya in the corner . Another left by Pacquiao dazes the Mexican-American , as the Filipino follows up with another combination which wobbles De La Hoya . Pacquiao throws another combo as De La Hoya goes for the body . The Filipino unleashes a four-punch combo to end the round . The fight is stopped before the start of the ninth round and Pacquiao is awarded the victory . Pacquiao was ahead on all three judges' scorecards before the stoppage , with two judges scoring the fight at 80-71 ( Pacquiao won all rounds ) and one scoring it at 79 – 72 ( Pacquiao won 7 rounds and lost 1 ) . After the bout trainer Freddie Roach stated , " We knew we had him after the first round . He had no legs , he was hesitant and he was shot . " Confirming Roach's pre-fight predictions that he 'd grown too old , De La Hoya crossed the ring to Pacquiao's corner after the bout was stopped and told Roach , " You 're right Freddie . I do n't have it anymore . " When asked by reporters whether he would continue fighting , De La Hoya responded , " My heart still wants to fight , that 's for sure . But when your physical does n't respond , what can you do ? I have to be smart and make sure I think about my future plans . " On December 10 , 2008 , HBO announced that the fight generated 1.25 million PPV buys totalling more than $ 70 million in PPV revenue . This fight was only the fourth non-heavyweight bout to have more than one million buys at that time , along with De La Hoya – Mayweather Jr. ( 2 . 4 million buys ) in May 2007 , De La Hoya – Hopkins ( 1 million buys ) in 2004 , and De La Hoya – Trinidad ( 1 . 4 million buys ) in 1999 . Juan Manuel Lopez KOs Sergio Medina in the first round to retain the junior featherweight title .


Standard and bespoke bench-seating fittings available from Locker Solutions are designed to meet the stringent requirements of many new locker-room environments . The standard range of bench seating is available in limited sizes and colours . Lockers Solutions offers a bespoke range of bench seating which is professionally designed in-house . All bench seating is suitable for use within dry - and wet-area environments , such as leisure centres and swimming pools . Composition and manufacture All bench seating is manufactured from mild-steel tubular frames , with soft or hard wooden slats . All slatting used is sourced from sustainable forests . Laminate bench seating is also available for wet-area environments . Size and weight Stock bench seating is available in 915 , 1,220 and 1 , 525mm lengths , in various standard designs . Bespoke bench seating can be created to individual specifications . Appearance Bespoke products are available to client's individual specifications . A standard range is available for urgent project requirements . Sitework Locker Solutions undertakes site surveys , offers professional advice on design and product selection , and produces and works to layout drawings .


Sir Isaac Newton , ( born December 25 , 1642 , Woolsthorpe , Lincolnshire , England – died March 20 , 1727 , London ) , English physicist and mathematician , who was the culminating figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century . In optics , his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colours into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics . In mechanics , his three laws of motion , the basic principles of modern physics , resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation . In mathematics , he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus . Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , 1687 ) was one of the most important single works in the history of modern science . Sir Isaac Newton's formulation of the law of universal gravitation . Isaac Newton , portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller , 1689 . Formative influences Born in the hamlet of Woolsthorpe , Newton was the only son of a local yeoman , also Isaac Newton , who had died three months before , and of Hannah Ayscough . That same year , at Arcetri near Florence , Galileo Galilei had died ; Newton would eventually pick up his idea of a mathematical science of motion and bring his work to full fruition . A tiny and weak baby , Newton was not expected to survive his first day of life , much less 84 years . Deprived of a father before birth , he soon lost his mother as well , for within two years she married a second time ; her husband , the well-to-do minister Barnabas Smith , left young Isaac with his grandmother and moved to a neighbouring village to raise a son and two daughters . For nine years , until the death of Barnabas Smith in 1653 , Isaac was effectively separated from his mother , and his pronounced psychotic tendencies have been ascribed to this traumatic event . That he hated his stepfather we may be sure . When he examined the state of his soul in 1662 and compiled a catalog of sins in shorthand , he remembered " Threatning my father and mother Smith to burne them and the house over them . " The acute sense of insecurity that rendered him obsessively anxious when his work was published and irrationally violent when he defended it accompanied Newton throughout his life and can plausibly be traced to his early years . After his mother was widowed a second time , she determined that her first-born son should manage her now considerable property . It quickly became apparent , however , that this would be a disaster , both for the estate and for Newton . He could not bring himself to concentrate on rural affairs – set to watch the cattle , he would curl up under a tree with a book . Fortunately , the mistake was recognized , and Newton was sent back to the grammar school in Grantham , where he had already studied , to prepare for the university . As with many of the leading scientists of the age , he left behind in Grantham anecdotes about his mechanical ability and his skill in building models of machines , such as clocks and windmills . At the school he apparently gained a firm command of Latin but probably received no more than a smattering of arithmetic . By June 1661 , he was ready to matriculate at Trinity College , Cambridge , somewhat older than the other undergraduates because of his interrupted education . Influence of the scientific revolution When Newton arrived in Cambridge in 1661 , the movement now known as the scientific revolution was well advanced , and many of the works basic to modern science had appeared . Astronomers from Copernicus to Kepler had elaborated the heliocentric system of the universe . Galileo had proposed the foundations of a new mechanics built on the principle of inertia . Led by Descartes , philosophers had begun to formulate a new conception of nature as an intricate , impersonal , and inert machine . Yet as far as the universities of Europe , including Cambridge , were concerned , all this might well have never happened . They continued to be the strongholds of outmoded Aristotelianism , which rested on a geocentric view of the universe and dealt with nature in qualitative rather than quantitative terms . Like thousands of other undergraduates , Newton began his higher education by immersing himself in Aristotle's work . Even though the new philosophy was not in the curriculum , it was in the air . Some time during his undergraduate career , Newton discovered the works of the French natural philosopher René Descartes and the other mechanical philosophers , who , in contrast to Aristotle , viewed physical reality as composed entirely of particles of matter in motion and who held that all the phenomena of nature result from their mechanical interaction . A new set of notes , which he entitled " Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae " ( " Certain Philosophical Questions " ) , begun sometime in 1664 , usurped the unused pages of a notebook intended for traditional scholastic exercises ; under the title he entered the slogan " Amicus Plato amicus Aristoteles magis amica veritas " ( " Plato is my friend , Aristotle is my friend , but my best friend is truth " ) . Newton's scientific career had begun . The " Quaestiones " reveal that Newton had discovered the new conception of nature that provided the framework of the scientific revolution . He had thoroughly mastered the works of Descartes and had also discovered that the French philosopher Pierre Gassendi had revived atomism , an alternative mechanical system to explain nature . The " Quaestiones " also reveal that Newton already was inclined to find the latter a more attractive philosophy than Cartesian natural philosophy , which rejected the existence of ultimate indivisible particles . The works of the 17th-century chemist Robert Boyle provided the foundation for Newton's considerable work in chemistry . Significantly , he had read Henry More , the Cambridge Platonist , and was thereby introduced to another intellectual world , the magical Hermetic tradition , which sought to explain natural phenomena in terms of alchemical and magical concepts . The two traditions of natural philosophy , the mechanical and the Hermetic , antithetical though they appear , continued to influence his thought and in their tension supplied the fundamental theme of his scientific career . Although he did not record it in the " Quaestiones , " Newton had also begun his mathematical studies . He again started with Descartes , from whose La Géometrie he branched out into the other literature of modern analysis with its application of algebraic techniques to problems of geometry . He then reached back for the support of classical geometry . Within little more than a year , he had mastered the literature ; and , pursuing his own line of analysis , he began to move into new territory . He discovered the binomial theorem , and he developed the calculus , a more powerful form of analysis that employs infinitesimal considerations in finding the slopes of curves and areas under curves . By 1669 Newton was ready to write a tract summarizing his progress , De Analysi per Aequationes Numeri Terminorum Infinitas ( " On Analysis by Infinite Series " ) , which circulated in manuscript through a limited circle and made his name known . During the next two years he revised it as De methodis serierum et fluxionum ( " On the Methods of Series and Fluxions " ) . The word fluxions , Newton's private rubric , indicates that the calculus had been born . Despite the fact that only a handful of savants were even aware of Newton's existence , he had arrived at the point where he had become the leading mathematician in Europe . Work during the plague years When Newton received the bachelor's degree in April 1665 , the most remarkable undergraduate career in the history of university education had passed unrecognized . On his own , without formal guidance , he had sought out the new philosophy and the new mathematics and made them his own , but he had confined the progress of his studies to his notebooks . Then , in 1665 , the plague closed the university , and for most of the following two years he was forced to stay at his home , contemplating at leisure what he had learned . During the plague years Newton laid the foundations of the calculus and extended an earlier insight into an essay , " Of Colours , " which contains most of the ideas elaborated in his Opticks . It was during this time that he examined the elements of circular motion and , applying his analysis to the Moon and the planets , derived the inverse square relation that the radially directed force acting on a planet decreases with the square of its distance from the Sun – which was later crucial to the law of universal gravitation . The world heard nothing of these discoveries . Career The optics Inaugural lectures at Trinity Newton was elected to a fellowship in Trinity College in 1667 , after the university reopened . Two years later , Isaac Barrow , Lucasian professor of mathematics , who had transmitted Newton's De Analysi to John Collins in London , resigned the chair to devote himself to divinity and recommended Newton to succeed him . The professorship exempted Newton from the necessity of tutoring but imposed the duty of delivering an annual course of lectures . He chose the work he had done in optics as the initial topic ; during the following three years ( 1670 – 72 ) , his lectures developed the essay " Of Colours " into a form which was later revised to become Book One of his Opticks . Title page from an edition of Sir Isaac Newton's Opticks . Beginning with Kepler's Paralipomena in 1604 , the study of optics had been a central activity of the scientific revolution . Descartes's statement of the sine law of refraction , relating the angles of incidence and emergence at interfaces of the media through which light passes , had added a new mathematical regularity to the science of light , supporting the conviction that the universe is constructed according to mathematical regularities . Descartes had also made light central to the mechanical philosophy of nature ; the reality of light , he argued , consists of motion transmitted through a material medium . Newton fully accepted the mechanical nature of light , although he chose the atomistic alternative and held that light consists of material corpuscles in motion . The corpuscular conception of light was always a speculative theory on the periphery of his optics , however . The core of Newton's contribution had to do with colours . An ancient theory extending back at least to Aristotle held that a certain class of colour phenomena , such as the rainbow , arises from the modification of light , which appears white in its pristine form . Descartes had generalized this theory for all colours and translated it into mechanical imagery . Through a series of experiments performed in 1665 and 1666 , in which the spectrum of a narrow beam was projected onto the wall of a darkened chamber , Newton denied the concept of modification and replaced it with that of analysis . Basically , he denied that light is simple and homogeneous – stating instead that it is complex and heterogeneous and that the phenomena of colours arise from the analysis of the heterogeneous mixture into its simple components . The ultimate source of Newton's conviction that light is corpuscular was his recognition that individual rays of light have immutable properties ; in his view , such properties imply immutable particles of matter . He held that individual rays ( that is , particles of given size ) excite sensations of individual colours when they strike the retina of the eye . He also concluded that rays refract at distinct angles – hence , the prismatic spectrum , a beam of heterogeneous rays , i.e. , alike incident on one face of a prism , separated or analyzed by the refraction into its component parts – and that phenomena such as the rainbow are produced by refractive analysis . Because he believed that chromatic aberration could never be eliminated from lenses , Newton turned to reflecting telescopes ; he constructed the first ever built . The heterogeneity of light has been the foundation of physical optics since his time . Sir Isaac Newton dispersing sunlight through a prism for a study of optics , engraving after a ... There is no evidence that the theory of colours , fully described by Newton in his inaugural lectures at Cambridge , made any impression , just as there is no evidence that aspects of his mathematics and the content of the Principia , also pronounced from the podium , made any impression . Rather , the theory of colours , like his later work , was transmitted to the world through the Royal Society of London , which had been organized in 1660 . When Newton was appointed Lucasian professor , his name was probably unknown in the Royal Society ; in 1671 , however , they heard of his reflecting telescope and asked to see it . Pleased by their enthusiastic reception of the telescope and by his election to the society , Newton volunteered a paper on light and colours early in 1672 . On the whole , the paper was also well received , although a few questions and some dissent were heard . Controversy Among the most important dissenters to Newton's paper was Robert Hooke , one of the leaders of the Royal Society who considered himself the master in optics and hence he wrote a condescending critique of the unknown parvenu . One can understand how the critique would have annoyed a normal man . The flaming rage it provoked , with the desire publicly to humiliate Hooke , however , bespoke the abnormal . Newton was unable rationally to confront criticism . Less than a year after submitting the paper , he was so unsettled by the give and take of honest discussion that he began to cut his ties , and he withdrew into virtual isolation . In 1675 , during a visit to London , Newton thought he heard Hooke accept his theory of colours . He was emboldened to bring forth a second paper , an examination of the colour phenomena in thin films , which was identical to most of Book Two as it later appeared in the Opticks . The purpose of the paper was to explain the colours of solid bodies by showing how light can be analyzed into its components by reflection as well as refraction . His explanation of the colours of bodies has not survived , but the paper was significant in demonstrating for the first time the existence of periodic optical phenomena . He discovered the concentric coloured rings in the thin film of air between a lens and a flat sheet of glass ; the distance between these concentric rings ( Newton's rings ) depends on the increasing thickness of the film of air . In 1704 Newton combined a revision of his optical lectures with the paper of 1675 and a small amount of additional material in his Opticks . A second piece which Newton had sent with the paper of 1675 provoked new controversy . Entitled " An Hypothesis Explaining the Properties of Light , " it was in fact a general system of nature . Hooke apparently claimed that Newton had stolen its content from him , and Newton boiled over again . The issue was quickly controlled , however , by an exchange of formal , excessively polite letters that fail to conceal the complete lack of warmth between the men . Newton was also engaged in another exchange on his theory of colours with a circle of English Jesuits in Liège , perhaps the most revealing exchange of all . Although their objections were shallow , their contention that his experiments were mistaken lashed him into a fury . The correspondence dragged on until 1678 , when a final shriek of rage from Newton , apparently accompanied by a complete nervous breakdown , was followed by silence . The death of his mother the following year completed his isolation . For six years he withdrew from intellectual commerce except when others initiated a correspondence , which he always broke off as quickly as possible . Influence of the Hermetic tradition During his time of isolation , Newton was greatly influenced by the Hermetic tradition with which he had been familiar since his undergraduate days . Newton , always somewhat interested in alchemy , now immersed himself in it , copying by hand treatise after treatise and collating them to interpret their arcane imagery . Under the influence of the Hermetic tradition , his conception of nature underwent a decisive change . Until that time , Newton had been a mechanical philosopher in the standard 17th-century style , explaining natural phenomena by the motions of particles of matter . Thus , he held that the physical reality of light is a stream of tiny corpuscles diverted from its course by the presence of denser or rarer media . He felt that the apparent attraction of tiny bits of paper to a piece of glass that has been rubbed with cloth results from an ethereal effluvium that streams out of the glass and carries the bits of paper back with it . This mechanical philosophy denied the possibility of action at a distance ; as with static electricity , it explained apparent attractions away by means of invisible ethereal mechanisms . Newton's " Hypothesis of Light " of 1675 , with its universal ether , was a standard mechanical system of nature . Some phenomena , such as the capacity of chemicals to react only with certain others , puzzled him , however , and he spoke of a " secret principle " by which substances are " sociable " or " unsociable " with others . About 1679 , Newton abandoned the ether and its invisible mechanisms and began to ascribe the puzzling phenomena – chemical affinities , the generation of heat in chemical reactions , surface tension in fluids , capillary action , the cohesion of bodies , and the like – to attractions and repulsions between particles of matter . More than 35 years later , in the second English edition of the Opticks , Newton accepted an ether again , although it was an ether that embodied the concept of action at a distance by positing a repulsion between its particles . The attractions and repulsions of Newton's speculations were direct transpositions of the occult sympathies and antipathies of Hermetic philosophy – as mechanical philosophers never ceased to protest . Newton , however , regarded them as a modification of the mechanical philosophy that rendered it subject to exact mathematical treatment . As he conceived of them , attractions were quantitatively defined , and they offered a bridge to unite the two basic themes of 17th-century science – the mechanical tradition , which had dealt primarily with verbal mechanical imagery , and the Pythagorean tradition , which insisted on the mathematical nature of reality . Newton's reconciliation through the concept of force was his ultimate contribution to science . The Principia Planetary motion Newton originally applied the idea of attractions and repulsions solely to the range of terrestrial phenomena mentioned in the preceding paragraph . But late in 1679 , not long after he had embraced the concept , another application was suggested in a letter from Hooke , who was seeking to renew correspondence . Hooke mentioned his analysis of planetary motion – in effect , the continuous diversion of a rectilinear motion by a central attraction . Newton bluntly refused to correspond but , nevertheless , went on to mention an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of Earth : let a body be dropped from a tower ; because the tangential velocity at the top of the tower is greater than that at the foot , the body should fall slightly to the east . He sketched the path of fall as part of a spiral ending at the centre of Earth . This was a mistake , as Hooke pointed out ; according to Hooke's theory of planetary motion , the path should be elliptical , so that if Earth were split and separated to allow the body to fall , it would rise again to its original location . Newton did not like being corrected , least of all by Hooke , but he had to accept the basic point ; he corrected Hooke's figure , however , using the assumption that gravity is constant . Hooke then countered by replying that , although Newton's figure was correct for constant gravity , his own assumption was that gravity decreases as the square of the distance . Several years later , this letter became the basis for Hooke's charge of plagiarism . He was mistaken in the charge . His knowledge of the inverse square relation rested only on intuitive grounds ; he did not derive it properly from the quantitative statement of centripetal force and Kepler's third law , which relates the periods of planets to the radii of their orbits . Moreover , unknown to him , Newton had so derived the relation more than 10 years earlier . Nevertheless , Newton later confessed that the correspondence with Hooke led him to demonstrate that an elliptical orbit entails an inverse square attraction to one focus – one of the two crucial propositions on which the law of universal gravitation would ultimately rest . What is more , Hooke's definition of orbital motion – in which the constant action of an attracting body continuously pulls a planet away from its inertial path – suggested a cosmic application for Newton's concept of force and an explanation of planetary paths employing it . In 1679 and 1680 , Newton dealt only with orbital dynamics ; he had not yet arrived at the concept of universal gravitation . Title page from Isaac Newton's De Philosophiae Naturalis Principia ... Courtesy of the Joseph Regenstein Library , The University of Chicago Universal gravitation Nearly five years later , in August 1684 , Newton was visited by the British astronomer Edmond Halley , who was also troubled by the problem of orbital dynamics . Upon learning that Newton had solved the problem , he extracted Newton's promise to send the demonstration . Three months later he received a short tract entitled De Motu ( " On Motion " ) . Already Newton was at work improving and expanding it . In two and a half years , the tract De Motu grew into Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , which is not only Newton's masterpiece but also the fundamental work for the whole of modern science . Significantly , De Motu did not state the law of universal gravitation . For that matter , even though it was a treatise on planetary dynamics , it did not contain any of the three Newtonian laws of motion . Only when revising De Motu did Newton embrace the principle of inertia ( the first law ) and arrive at the second law of motion . The second law , the force law , proved to be a precise quantitative statement of the action of the forces between bodies that had become the central members of his system of nature . By quantifying the concept of force , the second law completed the exact quantitative mechanics that has been the paradigm of natural science ever since . The quantitative mechanics of the Principia is not to be confused with the mechanical philosophy . The latter was a philosophy of nature that attempted to explain natural phenomena by means of imagined mechanisms among invisible particles of matter . The mechanics of the Principia was an exact quantitative description of the motions of visible bodies . It rested on Newton's three laws of motion : ( 1 ) that a body remains in its state of rest unless it is compelled to change that state by a force impressed on it ; ( 2 ) that the change of motion ( the change of velocity times the mass of the body ) is proportional to the force impressed ; ( 3 ) that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction . The analysis of circular motion in terms of these laws yielded a formula of the quantitative measure , in terms of a body's velocity and mass , of the centripetal force necessary to divert a body from its rectilinear path into a given circle . When Newton substituted this formula into Kepler's third law , he found that the centripetal force holding the planets in their given orbits about the Sun must decrease with the square of the planets' distances from the Sun . Because the satellites of Jupiter also obey Kepler's third law , an inverse square centripetal force must also attract them to the centre of their orbits . Newton was able to show that a similar relation holds between Earth and its Moon . The distance of the Moon is approximately 60 times the radius of Earth . Newton compared the distance by which the Moon , in its orbit of known size , is diverted from a tangential path in one second with the distance that a body at the surface of Earth falls from rest in one second . When the latter distance proved to be 3,600 ( 60 × 60 ) times as great as the former , he concluded that one and the same force , governed by a single quantitative law , is operative in all three cases , and from the correlation of the Moon's orbit with the measured acceleration of gravity on the surface of Earth , he applied the ancient Latin word gravitas ( literally , " heaviness " or " weight " ) to it . The law of universal gravitation , which he also confirmed from such further phenomena as the tides and the orbits of comets , states that every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres . When the Royal Society received the completed manuscript of Book I in 1686 , Hooke raised the cry of plagiarism , a charge that can not be sustained in any meaningful sense . On the other hand , Newton's response to it reveals much about him . Hooke would have been satisfied with a generous acknowledgment ; it would have been a graceful gesture to a sick man already well into his decline , and it would have cost Newton nothing . Newton , instead , went through his manuscript and eliminated nearly every reference to Hooke . Such was his fury that he refused either to publish his Opticks or to accept the presidency of the Royal Society until Hooke was dead . International prominence The Principia immediately raised Newton to international prominence . In their continuing loyalty to the mechanical ideal , Continental scientists rejected the idea of action at a distance for a generation , but even in their rejection they could not withhold their admiration for the technical expertise revealed by the work . Young British scientists spontaneously recognized him as their model . Within a generation the limited number of salaried positions for scientists in England , such as the chairs at Oxford , Cambridge , and Gresham College , were monopolized by the young Newtonians of the next generation . Newton , whose only close contacts with women were his unfulfilled relationship with his mother , who had seemed to abandon him , and his later guardianship of a niece , found satisfaction in the role of patron to the circle of young scientists . His friendship with Fatio de Duillier , a Swiss-born mathematician resident in London who shared Newton's interests , was the most profound experience of his adult life . Warden of the mint Almost immediately following the Principia ' s publication , Newton , a fervent if unorthodox Protestant , helped to lead the resistance of Cambridge to James II ' s attempt to Catholicize it . As a consequence , he was elected to represent the university in the convention that arranged the revolutionary settlement . In this capacity , he made the acquaintance of a broader group , including the philosopher John Locke . Newton tasted the excitement of London life in the aftermath of the Principia . The great bulk of his creative work had been completed . He was never again satisfied with the academic cloister , and his desire to change was whetted by Fatio's suggestion that he find a position in London . Seek a place he did , especially through the agency of his friend , the rising politician Charles Montague , later Lord Halifax . Finally , in 1696 , he was appointed warden of the mint . Although he did not resign his Cambridge appointments until 1701 , he moved to London and henceforth centred his life there . In the meantime , Newton's relations with Fatio had undergone a crisis . Fatio was taken seriously ill ; then family and financial problems threatened to call him home to Switzerland . Newton's distress knew no limits . In 1693 he suggested that Fatio move to Cambridge , where Newton would support him , but nothing came of the proposal . Through early 1693 the intensity of Newton's letters built almost palpably , and then , without surviving explanation , both the close relationship and the correspondence broke off . Four months later , without prior notice , Samuel Pepys and John Locke , both personal friends of Newton , received wild , accusatory letters . Pepys was informed that Newton would see him no more ; Locke was charged with trying to entangle him with women . Both men were alarmed for Newton's sanity ; and , in fact , Newton had suffered at least his second nervous breakdown . The crisis passed , and Newton recovered his stability . Only briefly did he ever return to sustained scientific work , however , and the move to London was the effective conclusion of his creative activity . As warden and then master of the mint , Newton drew a large income , as much as £ 2 , 000 per annum . Added to his personal estate , the income left him a rich man at his death . The position , regarded as a sinecure , was treated otherwise by Newton . During the great recoinage , there was need for him to be actively in command ; even afterward , however , he chose to exercise himself in the office . Above all , he was interested in counterfeiting . He became the terror of London counterfeiters , sending a goodly number to the gallows and finding in them a socially acceptable target on which to vent the rage that continued to well up within him . Interest in religion and theology Newton found time now to explore other interests , such as religion and theology . In the early 1690s he had sent Locke a copy of a manuscript attempting to prove that Trinitarian passages in the Bible were latter-day corruptions of the original text . When Locke made moves to publish it , Newton withdrew in fear that his anti-Trinitarian views would become known . In his later years , he devoted much time to the interpretation of the prophecies of Daniel and St. John , and to a closely related study of ancient chronology . Both works were published after his death . Leader of English science In London , Newton assumed the role of patriarch of English science . In 1703 he was elected President of the Royal Society . Four years earlier , the French Académie des Sciences ( Academy of Sciences ) had named him one of eight foreign associates . In 1705 Queen Anne knighted him , the first occasion on which a scientist was so honoured . Newton ruled the Royal Society magisterially . John Flamsteed , the Astronomer Royal , had occasion to feel that he ruled it tyrannically . In his years at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich , Flamsteed , who was a difficult man in his own right , had collected an unrivalled body of data . Newton had received needed information from him for the Principia , and in the 1690s , as he worked on the lunar theory , he again required Flamsteed's data . Annoyed when he could not get all the information he wanted as quickly as he wanted it , Newton assumed a domineering and condescending attitude toward Flamsteed . As president of the Royal Society , he used his influence with the government to be named as chairman of a body of " visitors " responsible for the Royal Observatory ; then he tried to force the immediate publication of Flamsteed's catalog of stars . The disgraceful episode continued for nearly 10 years . Newton would brook no objections . He broke agreements that he had made with Flamsteed . Flamsteed's observations , the fruit of a lifetime of work , were , in effect , seized despite his protests and prepared for the press by his mortal enemy , Edmond Halley . Flamsteed finally won his point and by court order had the printed catalog returned to him before it was generally distributed . He burned the printed sheets , and his assistants brought out an authorized version after his death . In this respect , and at considerable cost to himself , Flamsteed was one of the few men to best Newton . Newton sought his revenge by systematically eliminating references to Flamsteed's help in later editions of the Principia . Sir Isaac Newton in an engraving by Jacobus Houbraken , after an oil portrait by Sir Godfrey ... In Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , the German philosopher and mathematician , Newton met a contestant more of his own calibre . It is now well established that Newton developed the calculus before Leibniz seriously pursued mathematics . It is almost universally agreed that Leibniz later arrived at the calculus independently . There has never been any question that Newton did not publish his method of fluxions ; thus , it was Leibniz's paper in 1684 that first made the calculus a matter of public knowledge . In the Principia Newton hinted at his method , but he did not really publish it until he appended two papers to the Opticks in 1704 . By then the priority controversy was already smouldering . If , indeed , it mattered , it would be impossible finally to assess responsibility for the ensuing fracas . What began as mild innuendoes rapidly escalated into blunt charges of plagiarism on both sides . Egged on by followers anxious to win a reputation under his auspices , Newton allowed himself to be drawn into the centre of the fray ; and , once his temper was aroused by accusations of dishonesty , his anger was beyond constraint . Leibniz's conduct of the controversy was not pleasant , and yet it paled beside that of Newton . Although he never appeared in public , Newton wrote most of the pieces that appeared in his defense , publishing them under the names of his young men , who never demurred . As president of the Royal Society , he appointed an " impartial " committee to investigate the issue , secretly wrote the report officially published by the society , and reviewed it anonymously in the Philosophical Transactions . Even Leibniz's death could not allay Newton's wrath , and he continued to pursue the enemy beyond the grave . The battle with Leibniz , the irrepressible need to efface the charge of dishonesty , dominated the final 25 years of Newton's life . It obtruded itself continually upon his consciousness . Almost any paper on any subject from those years is apt to be interrupted by a furious paragraph against the German philosopher , as he honed the instruments of his fury ever more keenly . In the end , only Newton's death ended his wrath . Sir Isaac Newton , a portrait by John Vanderbank ; in the collection of the Royal Astronomical ... Final years During his final years Newton brought out further editions of his central works . After the first edition of the Opticks in 1704 , which merely published work done 30 years before , he published a Latin edition in 1706 and a second English edition in 1717 – 18 . In both , the central text was scarcely touched , but he did expand the " Queries " at the end into the final statement of his speculations on the nature of the universe . The second edition of the Principia , edited by Roger Cotes in 1713 , introduced extensive alterations . A third edition , edited by Henry Pemberton in 1726 , added little more . Until nearly the end , Newton presided at the Royal Society ( frequently dozing through the meetings ) and supervised the mint . During his last years , his niece , Catherine Barton Conduitt , and her husband lived with him . Sir Isaac Newton , portrait by John Vanderbank , c . 1725 ; in the collection of the Royal ... Britannica Web sites Isaac Newton was one of the great figures in the history of science . His ideas about motion and gravity are very important to the science of physics . ( 1642-1727 ) . The chief figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century was Sir Isaac Newton . He was a physicist and mathematician who laid the foundations of calculus and extended the understanding of color and light . He also studied the mechanics of planetary orbits , formulated three fundamental laws of motion , and developed the law of gravitation , thus founding what is now known as classical mechanics . His work established the commonly held scientific view of the world until Albert Einstein published his theories of relativity in the early 20th century .


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Luke 1 Introduction 1 Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the things that have been fulfilled [ a ] among us , 2 just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word . 3 Therefore , since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning , it seemed good also to me to write an orderly account for you , most excellent Theophilus , 4 so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught . The Birth of John the Baptist Foretold 5 In the time of Herod king of Judea there was a priest named Zechariah , who belonged to the priestly division of Abijah ; his wife Elizabeth was also a descendant of Aaron . 6 Both of them were upright in the sight of God , observing all the Lord's commandments and regulations blamelessly . 7 But they had no children , because Elizabeth was barren ; and they were both well along in years . 8 Once when Zechariah's division was on duty and he was serving as priest before God , 9 he was chosen by lot , according to the custom of the priesthood , to go into the temple of the Lord and burn incense . 10 And when the time for the burning of incense came , all the assembled worshipers were praying outside . 11 Then an angel of the Lord appeared to him , standing at the right side of the altar of incense . 12 When Zechariah saw him , he was startled and was gripped with fear . 13 But the angel said to him : " Do not be afraid , Zechariah ; your prayer has been heard . Your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son , and you are to give him the name John . 14 He will be a joy and delight to you , and many will rejoice because of his birth , 15 for he will be great in the sight of the Lord . He is never to take wine or other fermented drink , and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit even from birth . [ b ] 16 Many of the people of Israel will he bring back to the Lord their God . 17 And he will go on before the Lord , in the spirit and power of Elijah , to turn the hearts of the fathers to their children and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous – to make ready a people prepared for the Lord . " 18 Zechariah asked the angel , " How can I be sure of this ? I am an old man and my wife is well along in years . " 19 The angel answered , " I am Gabriel . I stand in the presence of God , and I have been sent to speak to you and to tell you this good news . 20 And now you will be silent and not able to speak until the day this happens , because you did not believe my words , which will come true at their proper time . " 21 Meanwhile , the people were waiting for Zechariah and wondering why he stayed so long in the temple . 22 When he came out , he could not speak to them . They realized he had seen a vision in the temple , for he kept making signs to them but remained unable to speak . 23 When his time of service was completed , he returned home . 24 After this his wife Elizabeth became pregnant and for five months remained in seclusion . 25 " The Lord has done this for me , " she said . " In these days he has shown his favor and taken away my disgrace among the people . " The Birth of Jesus Foretold 26 In the sixth month , God sent the angel Gabriel to Nazareth , a town in Galilee , 27 to a virgin pledged to be married to a man named Joseph , a descendant of David . The virgin's name was Mary . 28 The angel went to her and said , " Greetings , you who are highly favored ! The Lord is with you . " 29 Mary was greatly troubled at his words and wondered what kind of greeting this might be . 30 But the angel said to her , " Do not be afraid , Mary , you have found favor with God . 31 You will be with child and give birth to a son , and you are to give him the name Jesus . 32 He will be great and will be called the Son of the Most High . The Lord God will give him the throne of his father David , 33 and he will reign over the house of Jacob forever ; his kingdom will never end . " 34 " How will this be , " Mary asked the angel , " since I am a virgin ? " 35 The angel answered , " The Holy Spirit will come upon you , and the power of the Most High will overshadow you . So the holy one to be born will be called [ c ] the Son of God . 36 Even Elizabeth your relative is going to have a child in her old age , and she who was said to be barren is in her sixth month . 37 For nothing is impossible with God . " 38 " I am the Lord's servant , " Mary answered . " May it be to me as you have said . " Then the angel left her . Mary Visits Elizabeth 39 At that time Mary got ready and hurried to a town in the hill country of Judea , 40 where she entered Zechariah's home and greeted Elizabeth . 41 When Elizabeth heard Mary's greeting , the baby leaped in her womb , and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit . 42 In a loud voice she exclaimed : " Blessed are you among women , and blessed is the child you will bear ! 43 But why am I so favored , that the mother of my Lord should come to me ? 44 As soon as the sound of your greeting reached my ears , the baby in my womb leaped for joy . 45 Blessed is she who has believed that what the Lord has said to her will be accomplished ! " Mary's Song 46 And Mary said : " My soul glorifies the Lord 47 and my spirit rejoices in God my Savior , 48 for he has been mindful of the humble state of his servant . From now on all generations will call me blessed , 49 for the Mighty One has done great things for me – holy is his name . 50 His mercy extends to those who fear him , from generation to generation . 51 He has performed mighty deeds with his arm ; he has scattered those who are proud in their inmost thoughts . 52 He has brought down rulers from their thrones but has lifted up the humble . 53 He has filled the hungry with good things but has sent the rich away empty . 54 He has helped his servant Israel , remembering to be merciful 55 to Abraham and his descendants forever , even as he said to our fathers . " 56 Mary stayed with Elizabeth for about three months and then returned home . The Birth of John the Baptist 57 When it was time for Elizabeth to have her baby , she gave birth to a son . 58 Her neighbors and relatives heard that the Lord had shown her great mercy , and they shared her joy . 59 On the eighth day they came to circumcise the child , and they were going to name him after his father Zechariah , 60 but his mother spoke up and said , " No ! He is to be called John . " 61 They said to her , " There is no one among your relatives who has that name . " 62 Then they made signs to his father , to find out what he would like to name the child . 63 He asked for a writing tablet , and to everyone's astonishment he wrote , " His name is John . " 64 Immediately his mouth was opened and his tongue was loosed , and he began to speak , praising God . 65 The neighbors were all filled with awe , and throughout the hill country of Judea people were talking about all these things . 66 Everyone who heard this wondered about it , asking , " What then is this child going to be ? " For the Lord's hand was with him . Zechariah's Song 67 His father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied : 68 " Praise be to the Lord , the God of Israel , because he has come and has redeemed his people . 69 He has raised up a horn [ d ] of salvation for us in the house of his servant David 70 ( as he said through his holy prophets of long ago ) , 71 salvation from our enemies and from the hand of all who hate us – 72 to show mercy to our fathers and to remember his holy covenant , 73 the oath he swore to our father Abraham : 74 to rescue us from the hand of our enemies , and to enable us to serve him without fear 75 in holiness and righteousness before him all our days . 76 And you , my child , will be called a prophet of the Most High ; for you will go on before the Lord to prepare the way for him , 77 to give his people the knowledge of salvation through the forgiveness of their sins , 78 because of the tender mercy of our God , by which the rising sun will come to us from heaven 79 to shine on those living in darkness and in the shadow of death , to guide our feet into the path of peace . " 80 And the child grew and became strong in spirit ; and he lived in the desert until he appeared publicly to Israel . Luke 2 The Birth of Jesus 1 In those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire Roman world . 2 ( This was the first census that took place while Quirinius was governor of Syria . ) 3 And everyone went to his own town to register . 4 So Joseph also went up from the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea , to Bethlehem the town of David , because he belonged to the house and line of David . 5 He went there to register with Mary , who was pledged to be married to him and was expecting a child . 6 While they were there , the time came for the baby to be born , 7 and she gave birth to her firstborn , a son . She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger , because there was no room for them in the inn . The Shepherds and the Angels 8 And there were shepherds living out in the fields nearby , keeping watch over their flocks at night . 9 An angel of the Lord appeared to them , and the glory of the Lord shone around them , and they were terrified . 10 But the angel said to them , " Do not be afraid . I bring you good news of great joy that will be for all the people . 11 Today in the town of David a Savior has been born to you ; he is Christ [ a ] the Lord . 12 This will be a sign to you : You will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger . " 13 Suddenly a great company of the heavenly host appeared with the angel , praising God and saying , 14 " Glory to God in the highest , and on earth peace to men on whom his favor rests . " 15 When the angels had left them and gone into heaven , the shepherds said to one another , " Let 's go to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened , which the Lord has told us about . " 16 So they hurried off and found Mary and Joseph , and the baby , who was lying in the manger . 17 When they had seen him , they spread the word concerning what had been told them about this child , 18 and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds said to them . 19 But Mary treasured up all these things and pondered them in her heart . 20 The shepherds returned , glorifying and praising God for all the things they had heard and seen , which were just as they had been told . Jesus Presented in the Temple 21 On the eighth day , when it was time to circumcise him , he was named Jesus , the name the angel had given him before he had been conceived . 22 When the time of their purification according to the Law of Moses had been completed , Joseph and Mary took him to Jerusalem to present him to the Lord 23 ( as it is written in the Law of the Lord , " Every firstborn male is to be consecrated to the Lord " [ b ] ) , 24 and to offer a sacrifice in keeping with what is said in the Law of the Lord : " a pair of doves or two young pigeons . " [ c ] 25 Now there was a man in Jerusalem called Simeon , who was righteous and devout . He was waiting for the consolation of Israel , and the Holy Spirit was upon him . 26 It had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not die before he had seen the Lord's Christ . 27 Moved by the Spirit , he went into the temple courts . When the parents brought in the child Jesus to do for him what the custom of the Law required , 28 Simeon took him in his arms and praised God , saying : 29 " Sovereign Lord , as you have promised , you now dismiss [ d ] your servant in peace . 30 For my eyes have seen your salvation , 31 which you have prepared in the sight of all people , 32 a light for revelation to the Gentiles and for glory to your people Israel . " 33 The child's father and mother marveled at what was said about him . 34 Then Simeon blessed them and said to Mary , his mother : " This child is destined to cause the falling and rising of many in Israel , and to be a sign that will be spoken against , 35 so that the thoughts of many hearts will be revealed . And a sword will pierce your own soul too . " 36 There was also a prophetess , Anna , the daughter of Phanuel , of the tribe of Asher . She was very old ; she had lived with her husband seven years after her marriage , 37 and then was a widow until she was eighty-four . [ e ] She never left the temple but worshiped night and day , fasting and praying . 38 Coming up to them at that very moment , she gave thanks to God and spoke about the child to all who were looking forward to the redemption of Jerusalem . 39 When Joseph and Mary had done everything required by the Law of the Lord , they returned to Galilee to their own town of Nazareth . 40 And the child grew and became strong ; he was filled with wisdom , and the grace of God was upon him . The Boy Jesus at the Temple 41 Every year his parents went to Jerusalem for the Feast of the Passover . 42 When he was twelve years old , they went up to the Feast , according to the custom . 43 After the Feast was over , while his parents were returning home , the boy Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem , but they were unaware of it . 44 Thinking he was in their company , they traveled on for a day . Then they began looking for him among their relatives and friends . 45 When they did not find him , they went back to Jerusalem to look for him . 46 After three days they found him in the temple courts , sitting among the teachers , listening to them and asking them questions . 47 Everyone who heard him was amazed at his understanding and his answers . 48 When his parents saw him , they were astonished . His mother said to him , " Son , why have you treated us like this ? Your father and I have been anxiously searching for you . " 49 " Why were you searching for me ? " he asked . " Did n't you know I had to be in my Father's house ? " 50 But they did not understand what he was saying to them . 51 Then he went down to Nazareth with them and was obedient to them . But his mother treasured all these things in her heart . 52 And Jesus grew in wisdom and stature , and in favor with God and men .


What 's in a name ? At MedShape , our name conveys our very essence : science driven medical devices that utilize the unique transformational capabilities of a new generation of biomaterials . These shape-changing devices are the perfect fit for the increasing number of minimally invasive procedures performed worldwide each year . Our vision , expertise and passion will continue the evolution of orthopedic surgery . Are you ready to evolve with us ? Interesting Fact Shape memory polymers are finding their way into everyday life . Potential new applications of SMPs in the automotive industry include self-repairing fenders that use heat from a household hairdryer to remove dents . Interesting Fact Nitinol was discovered by accident in 1961 at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory , hence the name Nitinol ( Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory ) . Nitinol has been used extensively in pipe couplers on F-14 fighter jets since the mid-1960s . SHAPE MEMORY POLYMERS ( SMPs ) Shape memory polymers ( SMPs ) are a relatively new class of " smart " materials . Shape memory polymers can " remember " multiple shapes and transition easily between those shapes when triggered to do so . SMPs can deform up to 400 % and still recover their original shape without a loss of mechanical integrity . Appropriate triggers for shape change include : heat ; light and mechanical force . Though researchers have developed numerous formulations of SMPs , MedShape is the only company to have developed and introduced FDA cleared devices manufactured from shape memory polymers based on PEEK ( polyetheretherketone ) and PMMA ( polymethylmethacrylate ) chemistries . Our proprietary PEEK Altera ® biomedical polymer allows devices to enter the target surgical site in a compact geometry and then be triggered to deploy , with minimal mechanical force , into the optimal geometry for fixation . Devices manufactured from PEEK Altera are biocompatible , biostable , radiolucent and MRI safe . SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS ( SMAs ) Shape memory alloys ( SMAs ) have a history of successful human implantation in biomedical devices such as self-expanding cardiac stents , guide wires and orthopedic staples . Nickel-titanium ( NiTi , Nitinol ) is the most commonly used SMA and is capable of recovering strains up to 10 times more than traditional metals and alloys . SMAs have the ability to change their shape up to 8 % and still fully recover their original geometry . Fixation devices incorporating shape memory alloys can respond to local changes in the site of implantation , such as bone resorption , maintaining apposition of bony fragments and sustaining compression across fractures or fusion zones . We are the first company to clear through the FDA a bone fusion device comprised of both titanium and nickel-titanium , paving the way for a range of devices that are both strong and dynamic .


HELM is an easy to use tool , which may possibly seem quite confusing at first . The purpose of this tutorial is to get you going with your Windows reseller account as quickly as possible . To start with you must log into your reseller account ( see your setup email for username and password ) . Your login will bring you to the Reseller home page in HELM and we advise that you click around to get used to the interface . In order to set up domains in your new reseller package you should first configure your account . You will need to create your hosting plans first . You can then create user accounts and assign a plan to a user . A plan governs the amount of features and resources you will allow a user to utilise . When you create a user , you will assign one of the plans you have created as a package for that user . This package can then be left as it is , or it can be modified to an exact requirement . Once you have created a package for that user , you can then add a domain under that users account . A user can have more than one domain if you allow them . Lets jump right in with a video tutorial , showing you how to create your first hosting plan in your new reseller account . Creating your plans ( 443KB ) It is important to note here that you do not have to set up a hosting plan every time you need to create a website . Now you should have at least one plan created in your reseller package you can go ahead and create a new user . At least one user is required before you are able to add a domain to your account . The user is assigned a username and password which is required for access to the domain control panel . If you are giving your customers access to the control panel then you will need to create a user for each client you have . Otherwise , if you are looking after all the websites in your account yourself then you can create just one user with as many websites as your account allows . This will allow you to manage all your sites from the same login . Creating a new user is real simple , so let 's get started . Click the link below to launch the video tutorial on how to do this . Creating a New User ( 303KB ) Now you are ready to add a domain to your account . You have created a new user and assigned a package to that user account . So now you can simply go ahead and start adding domains for that user . See how this is done with our final video tutorial by clicking the link below . Adding a Domain ( 209KB ) And that 's it ! You have now created your first domain in Helm . It is very rewarding to have full control over your domains at any time day or night . And this is very possible with your Helm account . If you are unsure of any part of this tutorial please let us know . Thanks for reading .