SCHEDULE (Section 2) Article I 1. This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons, whether physical or legal. It shall also apply to arbitral awards not considered as domestic awards in the State where their recognition and enforcement are sought. 2. The term "arbitral awards" shall include not only awards made by arbitrators appointed for each case but also those made by permanent arbitral bodies to which the parties have submitted. 3. When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, or notifying extension under article X hereof, any State may on the basis of reciprocity declare that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. It may also declare that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the State making such declaration. Article II 1. Each Contracting State shall recognize an agreement in writing under which the parties undertake to submit to arbitration all or any differences which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not, concerning a subject matter capable of settlement by arbitration. 2. The term "agreement in writing" shall include an arbitral clause in a contract or an arbitration agreement, signed by the parties or contained in an exchange of letters or telegrams. 3. The court of a Contracting State, when seized of an action in a matter in respect of which the parties have made an agreement within the meaning of this article, shall, at the request of one of the parties, refer the parties to arbitration, unless it finds that the said agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. Article III Each Contracting State shall recognize arbitral awards as binding and enforce them in accordance with the rules of procedure of the territory where the award is relied upon, under the conditions laid down in the following articles. There shall not be imposed substantially more onerous conditions or higher fees or charges on the recognition or enforcement of arbitral awards to which this Convention applies than are imposed on the recognition or enforcement of domestic arbitral awards. Article IV 1. To obtain the recognition and enforcement mentioned in the preceding article, the party applying for recognition and enforcement shall, at the time of the application, supply: ( a ) The duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof; ( b ) The original agreement referred to in article II or a duly certified copy thereof. 2. If the said award or agreement is not made in an official language of the country in which the award is relied upon, the party applying for the recognition and enforcement of the award shall produce a translation of these documents into such language. The translation shall be certified by an official or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent. Article V 1. Recognition and enforcement of the award may be refused, at the request of the party against whom it is invoked, only if that party furnishes to the competent authority where the recognition and enforcement is sought, proof that: ( a ) The parties to the agreement referred to in article II were, under the law applicable to them, under some incapacity, or the said agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law of the country where the award was made; or ( b ) The party against whom the award is invoked was not given proper notice of the appointment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case; or ( c ) The award deals with a difference not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, that part of the award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitration may be recognized and enforced; or ( d ) The composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with the law of the country where the arbitration took place; or ( e ) The award has not yet become binding on the parties, or has been set aside or suspended by a competent authority of the country in which, or under the law of which, that award was made. 2. Recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may also be refused if the competent authority in the country where recognition and enforcement is sought finds that: ( a ) The subject matter of the difference is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of that country; or ( b ) The recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of that country. Article VI If an application for the setting aside or suspension of the award has been made to a competent authority referred to in article V(1)( e ), the authority before which the award is sought to be relied upon may, if it considers it proper, adjourn the decision on the enforcement of the award and may also, on the application of the party claiming enforcement of the award, order the other party to give suitable security. Article VII 1. The provisions of the present Convention shall not affect the validity of multilateral or bilateral agreements concerning the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards entered into by the Contracting States nor deprive any interested party of any right he may have to avail himself of an arbitral award in the manner and to the extent allowed by the law or the treaties of the country where such award is sought to be relied upon. 2. The Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses of 1923 and the Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1927 shall cease to have effect between Contracting States on their becoming bound and to the extent that they become bound, by this Convention. Article VIII 1. This Convention shall be open until 31 December 1958 for signature on behalf of any Member of the United Nations and also on behalf of any other State which is or hereafter becomes a member of any specialized agency of the United Nations, or which is or hereafter becomes a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, or any other State to which an invitation has been addressed by the General Assembly of the United Nations. 2. This Convention shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Article IX 1. This Convention shall be open for accession to all States referred to in article VIII. 2. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Article X 1. Any State may, at the time of signature, ratification or accession, declare that this Convention shall extend to all or any of the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible. Such a declaration shall take effect when the Convention enters into force for the State concerned. 2. At any time thereafter any such extension shall be made by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and shall take effect as from the ninetieth day after the day of receipt by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of this notification, or as from the date of entry into force of the Convention for the State concerned, whichever is the later. 3. With respect to those territories to which this Convention is not extended at the time of signature, ratification or accession, each State concerned shall consider the possibility of taking the necessary steps in order to extend the application of this Convention to such territories, subject, where necessary for constitutional reasons, to the consent of the Governments of such territories. Article XI In the case of a federal or non-unitary State, the following provisions shall apply: ( a ) With respect to those articles of this Convention that come within the legislative jurisdiction of the federal authority, the obligations of the federal Government shall to this extent be the same as those of Contracting States which are not federal States; ( b ) With respect to those articles of this Convention that come within the legislative jurisdiction of constituent states or provinces which are not, under the constitutional system of the federation, bound to take legislative action, the federal Government shall bring such articles with a favourable recommendation to the notice of the appropriate authorities of constituent states or provinces at the earliest possible moment; ( c ) A federal State Party to this Convention shall, at the request of any other Contracting State transmitted through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, supply a statement of the law and practice of the federation and its constituent units in regard to any particular provision of this Convention, showing the extent to which effect has been given to that provision by legislative or other action. Article XII 1. This Convention shall come into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession. 2. For each State ratifying or acceding to this Convention after the deposit of the third instrument of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification or accession. Article XIII 1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by a written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General. 2. Any State which has made a declaration or notification under article X may, at any time thereafter, by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, declare that this Convention shall cease to extend to the territory concerned one year after the date of the receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General. 3. This Convention shall continue to be applicable to arbitral awards in respect of which recognition or enforcement proceedings have been instituted before the denunciation takes effect. Article XIV A Contracting State shall not be entitled to avail itself of the present Convention against other Contracting States except to the extent that it is itself bound to apply the Convention. Article XV The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify the States contemplated in article VIII of the following: ( a ) Signatures and ratifications in accordance with article VIII; ( b ) Accessions in accordance with article IX; ( c ) Declarations and notifications under articles I, X and XI; ( d ) The date upon which this Convention enters into force in accordance with article XII;


Let's Panic At LET'S PANIC ABOUT BABIES, Eden Kennedy and I share our hard-won wisdom and tell you exactly what to think and feel and do, whether you're about to have a baby or already did and don't know what to do with it. But look how much happier I am! This was undoubtedly due to my brand-new nephew, who I got to see pretty much every day. He is now 28. I am crazy old. And now...ninth grade. Dorp. Okay. First of all, the clothing. Is that a mock turtleneck? How dare I. Secondly, there is a shadow falling across my face that's giving me a unibrow appearance, which I assure you I did not have. That is a mock unibrow. Still, though, it's not good. Eighth grade was less traumatic than seventh, and ninth was easier still. Tenth and eleventh were socially more exciting, and then things took a steep downturn (in every way) in twelfth grade. Hello. I am wearing four shades of eyeshadow. My hair has been lovingly blown dry, strand by strand. Why yes, this is my mother's sweater from Ann Taylor. And my mother's necklace! I want nothing more than to look like a guidance counselor. I look like I have it together, don't I? And yet I was an emotional mess, dabbling with self-harm, panic-attacking like an old pro, screwing up academically, and engaging in disciplinary shenanigans all the damn time. No one believes that I got suspended from school, but oh, it happened. (Okay, it was in-school suspension. BUT STILL.) I was pulled, if not from the brink, than from some less fortunate conclusion to my school years by an assortment of dedicated, amazing teachers: teachers who listened to my dumb problems; who pushed me to work; who suggested I pursue writing and music; who yelled at me when yelling was called for. My parents had to love me, I thought, so I could discount their opinions, but having these unrelated-to-me adults take an interest got my attention. I was pretty lost for a while, there. I don't know where I'd be without them. The teachers listed on DonorsChoose can and do change lives, and they can make even more of a difference with a little help. If you've enjoyed this series at all, please donate. It doesn't have to be a lot! Remember, all your donations will be matched. The matching offer is only good until the 26th, so hurry. Thanks. Reader Comments (21) I just realized that, less my face, your pictures could be mine! Only in my senior picture them made us all go to a studio and put on this faux fur/feather thing that looked like an emu wrapped itself around my shoulders and died. And how sad is it that I pirated my mom's sweater and earrings for my 8th grade pic? I guess I really wanted that guidance counselor look at 13. I've appreciated your posts about your schooling. You were terribly lucky that you had support from adults during high school. I did not, even though I desperately needed it. I nearly flunked out and had no friends. My guidance counselor told me I shouldn't go to college. 21 years later I will, at least it looks like I will, earn my PhD from a top department and a top college in my field. I have already looked up the faculty and staff at my old high school, and that guidance counselor is still there. I intend to email him and let him know where I've ended up. Ironically? My field is education. I don't have a family, but I have dear friends. Soon I'll have some sweet redemption as well. Oh, and my email to my old guidance counselor isn't just about "look what I did in spite of your advice" but it's also intended to let him know that he really can't make such statements to people and that, I suspect, there are far more students who are far more capable than he may think, given the right environment that is. Alice-- your 12th grade photo so painfully reminds me of my own senior year in H.S. Why did I think it was a good idea to wear my mom's old work clothes from The Limited's "Outback Red" line to school? Long, pleated skirts with big baggy cotton sweaters?! Bass oxfords and espadrilles. I mean, now of course this stuff is kind of hip, but then it was social suicide. And I wonder why no boys took interest?! Also remembering my sophomore year summer, when I bought a black Guess 2-piece bathing suit and what seems like all the black eyeliner in the world and attempted to recreate the brigitte bardot look. bless my mom for not grounding me/laughing in my face. Seventh grade is the worst, it's ALWAYS the worst, it still haunts me. If you want the earthshaking Oh God Time Does Not Pass It Is Still Happening shock of this, do as I do and rewatch Wet Hot American Summer, which has an actor whose role is "The Cure girl." It all has special terrifying resonance now that my girl is in 7th grade. The 80s were awful to us all. But hey- your TEETH look amazing. Barely noticed the 9th grade braces, and now this. Kudos to your orthodontist, along with your teachers! Or, oh dear, does tghat bring back traumatic memories? Everyone seems to CRAVE braces now, but I know that the 80s were not that way.... I have loved every single one of these posts. And I think wanting to look like our mothers at that age might be universal - I remember being DELIGHTED over my moms ankle length denim skirts and cardigan sweater sets when I was in middle school in the 90's. And scarves! So jaunty! For what it's worth, I love your twelfth grade photo. One (which is to say, "I") would never know it was a bad year for you. Eighth grade was my most favorite year ever, and it seems to have lasted a mercifully long time. Halfway through, my parents announced that we were moving across the country to Calif-or-nye-aye, and it was a crushing blow to my existence. I almost got to finish out the year--we moved in May, and I had to start a new school at the end of the school year. I suppose, I'm resourceful and adaptable because I made new friends, but oh, how my heart was broken and yearning for my old friends. Happily, high school life picked up and I came to call California "home" but I always had a sinking feeling that I was missing out on all the fun my Virginia friends were having. It is such a shame that your 12th grade picture doesn't reflect your life at that time, because it is absolutely lovely. And your gorgeous post-braces smile gives me great hope. The teeth you commented on in an earlier photo (second grade? third, maybe?) look exactly like my 7-year-old daughter's do right now. I have hope that her teeth and her lovely personality will end up as nicely as yours have! Man. You are really good at blending eye shadow. And, as others have noted, great teeth! I am sad this series has come to its end, yet I am so happy those teachers helped put you on the path to become the writer you are. I've been reading your blog since 2004 and laughing with you in the shallow end the whole time. Thanks for that! Seventh grade always appears worse than sixth. Eight is better, ninth is harder, then it gets progressively better until senior year and half day schedules and boys named JT who don't love you back. And shadow, you say? Looks like you're giving Abe Vigoda a run for his unibrow money. But still darling. If I could go back, it would be to elementary school. I could have done without jr high and high school both. All I can think is: How can I find a school like that, with those kinds of teachers. You were probably quiet and hard working and diligent even if getting in trouble somehow. My daughter is like my sister--teachers just REACT to her sometime. Anyway, I need to know the town and the school and also anything your parents did to get the teachers to help you. JUST KIDDING! I am glad you got everything straightened out so you could write this great blog. Snozma, it was actually not a great school. I had plenty of crappy teachers. But I had a great chorus teacher, English teacher, and guidance counselor, and that's all it took for me. Also I was in no way quietly diligent. I was a huge loudmouth who got in trouble for telling teachers they were stupid. Also I thought the school rules were all stupid so I flouted them all the time. Oh! And I was often drunk. I was a joy and a wonder. During my senior year, I regularly borrowed a corduroy pinafore/jumper from my mom's friend, paired it with a turtleneck, and went to school believing I looked fantastic. My big-as-pie-plates glasses with the royal blue frames only enhanced the look. Once, as I was waiting in line at a movie theatre, a group of freshman called out to me thinking I was one of our high school writing teachers. And was I embarrassed? Not one bit! I was obviously very mature and grown-up! Indeed 12th grade looks very guidance counselor-y. But take that in a good way. Open. Trusting. The friend every one needs. I mean there is a very warm glow to that picture. Every ones school pictures are classics. Thanks for sharing yours. Oh my, I remember my yearbook pictures, too. I don't think I will ever post them. LOL. Anyway, primary or high school, we go through a lot of things. We just try to rectify when we get mature enough to realize that being so reckless will lead us nowhere and that if we just try, we can achieve all of our dreams.


Issue 43 Forensics Fall 2011 Our Aesthetic Categories: An Interview with Sianne Ngai Adam Jasper and Sianne Ngai Aesthetics as a philosophical discipline was an invention of the Enlightenment, and appropriately enough, most of the historical discussion has focused on the beautiful and the sublime. However, as J. L. Austin noted in "A Plea for Excuses," the classic problems are not always the best site for fieldwork in aesthetics: "If only we could forget for a while about the beautiful and get down instead to the dainty and the dumpy." Sianne Ngai, a professor in the English department at Stanford University, has dedicated years of research to such marginal categories within aesthetics. She is the author of a book on minor affects called Ugly Feelings (Harvard University Press, 2005) and several heavily photocopied papers on aesthetics, including "The Cuteness of the Avant-Garde" (2005) and "Merely Interesting" (2008). Her forthcoming book expands her investigation of apparently trivial but culturally ubiquitous aesthetic categories to include the zany. Adam Jasper interviewed Ngai by email. You've written on cuteness, on envy, on boredom, and now on the interesting. If it could be said that there is a unified project behind these topics, what is it? I'm interested in states of weakness: in "minor" or non-cathartic feelings that index situations of suspended agency; in trivial aesthetic categories grounded in ambivalent or even explicitly contradictory feelings. More specifically, I'm interested in the surprising power these weak affects and aesthetic categories seem to have, in why they've become so paradoxically central to late capitalist culture. The book I'm currently completing is on the contemporary significance of three aesthetic categories in particular: the cute, the interesting, and the zany. I focus on aesthetic experiences grounded in equivocal affects. In fact, the aesthetic categories that interest me most are ones grounded on feelings that explicitly clash. To call something cute, in vivid contrast to, say, beautiful, or disgusting, is to leave it ambiguous whether one even regards it positively or negatively. Yet who would deny that cuteness is an aesthetic, if not the dominant aesthetic of consumer society? Can you say more about the qualities of non-cathartic feelings? The explicit rejection of catharsis was central to Brechtian theater, but is that what you are referring to here? By non-cathartic I just mean feelings that do not facilitate action, that do not lead to or culminate in some kind of purgation or release -- irritation, for example, as opposed to anger. These feelings are therefore politically ambiguous, but good for diagnosing states of suspended agency, due in part to their diffusiveness and/or lack of definite objects. To get our hands a little dirtier here, could you provide some examples of typically cute and typically zany things and indicate the characteristics that make them that way? Cuteness is a way of aestheticizing powerlessness. It hinges on a sentimental attitude toward the diminutive and/or weak, which is why cute objects -- formally simple or noncomplex, and deeply associated with the infantile, the feminine, and the unthreatening -- get even cuter when perceived as injured or disabled. So there's a sadistic side to this tender emotion, as people like Daniel Harris have noted. The prototypically cute object is the child's toy or stuffed animal. Cuteness is also a commodity aesthetic, with close ties to the pleasures of domesticity and easy consumption. As Walter Benjamin put it: "If the soul of the commodity which Marx occasionally mentions in jest existed, it would be the most empathetic ever encountered in the realm of souls, for it would have to see in everyone the buyer in whose hand and house it wants to nestle ." Cuteness could also be thought of as a kind of pastoral or romance, in that it indexes the paradoxical complexity of our desire for a simpler relation to our commodities, one that tries in a utopian fashion to recover their qualitative dimension as use. While the cute is thus about commodities and consumption, the zany is about performing. Intensely affective and highly physical, it's an aesthetic of nonstop action that bridges popular and avant-garde practice across a wide range of media: from the Dada cabaret of Hugo Ball to the sitcom of Lucille Ball. You could say that zaniness is essentially the experience of an agent confronted by -- even endangered by -- too many things coming at her quickly and at once. Think here of Frogger , Kaboom! , or Pressure Cooker , early Atari 2600 video games in which avatars have to dodge oncoming cars, catch falling bombs, and meet incoming hamburger orders at increasing speeds. Or virtually any Thomas Pynchon novel, bombarding protagonist and reader with hundreds of informational bits which may or may not add up to a conspiracy. The dynamics of this aesthetic of incessant doing are thus perhaps best studied in the arts of live and recorded performance -- dance, happenings, walkabouts, reenactments, game shows, video games. Yet zaniness is by no means exclusive to the performing arts. So much of "serious" postwar American literature is zany, for instance, that one reviewer's description of Donald Barthelme's Snow White -- "a staccato burst of verbal star shells, pinwheel phrases, [and] cherry bombs of ... puns and wordplays" -- seems applicable to the bulk of the post-1945 canon, from Ashbery to Flarf; Ishmael Reed to Shelley Jackson. I've got a more specific reading of post-Fordist or contemporary zaniness, which is that it is an aesthetic explicitly about the politically ambiguous convergence of cultural and occupational performance, or playing and laboring, under what Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello call the new "connexionist" spirit of capitalism. As perhaps exemplified best by the maniacal frivolity of the characters played by Ball in I Love Lucy , Richard Pryor in The Toy , and Jim Carrey in The Cable Guy , the zany more specifically evokes the performance of affective labor -- the production of affects and relationships -- as it comes to increasingly trouble the very distinction between work and play. This explains why this ludic aesthetic has a noticeably unfun or stressed-out layer to it. Contemporary zaniness is not just an aesthetic about play but about work, and also about precarity, which is why the threat of injury is always hovering about it. An assortment of Atari 2600 games, left to right from top left: Combat (1977), Frostbite (1983), Defender (1982), Kaboom! (1981), Frogger (1982), and Pole Position (1983). What is the underlying connection between affects and aesthetic experience? I think Gerard Genette is right to say that all of our aesthetic predicates are "objectifications" of feeling. To make an aesthetic judgment, with all its necessary claims for universality, is to project one's feelings onto the object in such a totalizing fashion that the "actually subjective" basis of the judgment of aesthetic quality ends up being somewhat incidental to how we experience or understand that quality. Does this mean there is a one-to-one correspondence between the minor affects and marginal aesthetic categories? No. The former are sort of like raw materials for the latter, which are both descriptive and evaluative. In fact, and this is part of what intrigues me about them, aesthetic judgments like the ones in my study revolve around multiple and even conflicting feelings: tenderness and aggression, in the case of the cute; fun and unfun, in the case of the zany; interest and boredom, in the case of the interesting. I should stress that these aesthetic categories are trivial , but not for all that marginal . In fact, my argument is that they are absolutely central not just to postmodern culture, but for a proper understanding of how the very concept of the "aesthetic" has been perhaps irreversibly changed under the hypercommodified, intensively informated and networked, performance-driven conditions of late capitalism. The centrality of judgment to aesthetic experience remains controversial. For Kant, Clement Greenberg, and others, it seems like there can be no such thing as an aesthetic experience without judgment, while Nietzsche and others suggest the contrary. I think the former camp is ultimately right on this, which is why I treat aesthetic categories as both discursive evaluations ("cute" as something we say, a very particular way of communicating a very particular kind of pleasure) and as objective styles (cuteness as a commodity aesthetic, as a sensuous/formal quality of objects), and try to pay close attention to the relation between them. At the same time, I don't agree that aesthetic experience/judgment is necessarily synonymous with conviction. Or reverence, or idealization. Contemporary theorists continue to attribute the specificity of aesthetic experience to the presence of a special, singular emotion like "disinterestedness." Yet most of our aesthetic experiences are based on combinations of ordinary feelings. Aesthetic judgments based on clashing feelings, in particular, mirror the disputes between subjects or groups that underlie them: a state of social conflict that not all aesthetic categories make equally transparent. I'm drawn to these weak or equivocal aesthetic categories because, precisely in not being experiences of conviction, they foreground the question of their justification outright. Indeed, judgments like "interesting" seem to demand justification, much in the same way that all aesthetic judgments (including even "interesting") demand concurrence. The justification of aesthetic judgments, which will always involve an appeal to extra-aesthetic judgments -- political, moral, historical, cognitive, and so on -- is, I think, the really interesting heart of all aesthetic discourse and experience. Aesthetics is a discourse not just of pleasure and evaluation, but of justification. How we talk about pleasure and displeasure turns out to be a very rhetorically tricky and socially complicated thing. How can you subscribe to Kant's theory of aesthetic judgments as making a claim for universality, but at the same time argue that these judgments are not necessarily ones of conviction? Isn't that a contradiction? Not necessarily. Cute, interesting, and zany are based on the complex feelings that arise from our encounters with notably "formless" forms: the squishy blob , the indefinite series , the chaotic flow of activity. Yet all make the claim to universal validity that every aesthetic judgment makes and in the same distinctively performative mode -- if perhaps not with the same degree of affective force as our judgments of, say, the beautiful or disgusting. When I judge something to be cute, or even interesting, I'm judging it to be objectively so. I'm compelled to say that "interesting" is a quality of the object , precisely because putting it this way is the most forceful way, the best way to get others to agree with me. That's the claim for universality, without which a judgment would not be a judgment of taste. Having had to put the judgment in this objective format, however, doesn't necessarily mean that its axiological charge is going to be unequivocally positive or negative. Or that the affective force of the judgment is going to be strong . Cute is a good example. I'm compelled to speak of it as an objective property of an object, which reflects my demand that everyone judge that object the same way. But our experience of something or somebody as cute is itself easily overpowered by a second feeling of manipulation or exploitation. Like the sentimental, which as literary critic Jennifer Fleissner points out, we wouldn't call "sentimental" if it really moved us deeply in the way that it aims to, the cute seems coupled with a certain inability to complete its own project. The same could also be said of the zany, tellingly defined by one online dictionary as a "ludicrous" character (that is, one who is not really convincing) who "attempts feebly" (that is, badly) to "mimic the tricks of the clown." And the same could also be said of the interesting, always just a step away from being merely interesting and thus just a step away from being boring. In comparison to powerful experiences like that of the sublime or disgusting, these aesthetic experiences are profoundly equivocal; indeed, they almost seem to call attention to their relative lack of aesthetic impact or power, to their own aesthetic ineffectuality. But that doesn't finally negate their status as aesthetic categories. And to me it makes them all the more worthy of our intellectual attention. During a conversation about this project, Ken Reinhard jokingly pointed out how these three aesthetic experiences can easily turn pathological, in a way that almost perfectly corresponds to Freud's categories of neurosis: phobia, in the case of cute (because cute objects can quickly become gross or disgusting); hysteria, in the case of zaniness; obsession, in the case of the interesting. I think I'm attracted to them for this reason as well, though I didn't realize this until he pointed it out! Could you explain a little more how the aesthetic categories that interest you acquire the capacity to reveal social conflicts? I'm not being willfully ignorant. My bias can be read back to Frank Sibley, who wrote about the way in which aesthetic justifications ultimately resolve, at least in written description, in non-aesthetic terms. However he also insisted upon the irreplaceable role of direct personal experience of the aesthetic object. No one can convince you of the beauty, elegance, or garishness of an object by describing it. The act of professing aesthetic pleasure or displeasure, in and of itself, is not interesting to me. What is interesting is the complexity of the ways in which people then defend these judgments (which they feel just as strongly compelled to do). As Simon Frith aptly puts it, "Value judgments only make sense as part of an argument and arguments are always social events." So in my comment above, I just was thinking in a general way about what John Guillory calls the "constitutive role of conflict for any discourse of value." That said, the argument of my second book is that the commodity aesthetic of the cute, the performance-oriented aesthetic of the zany, and the informational and discursive aesthetic of the interesting have a unique and even indexical relation to the ways in which the subjects of late capitalism consume, labor, and exchange. Insofar as these socially binding processes are also, inevitably, sites and stakes of social struggle, the aesthetic categories featured in the book reflect these struggles, albeit in a highly indirect and mediated fashion. The zany, for example, is an aesthetic not just about cultural performance but about performance as affective labor, whose gendered status in the post-Fordist culture of what Heather Hicks calls "soft work" becomes increasingly ambiguous. And in a way that repositions gender, in a historically unprecedented way, as a central question for late-capitalist zaniness, as we see in I Love Lucy . The longstanding question of the relation between gender and class gets raised by the question of how post-Fordist zaniness differs from its precedents. It's worth noting here that zaniness is an old but distinctively modern style of performing in which the employer/employee or master/servant agon has always played a central role, since its inception with the character of the Zanni (an itinerant servant) in sixteenth-century commedia dell'arte . It's only in the late twentieth century that the question of gender starts to become increasingly central to this aesthetic about work. Image from "Lucy Tells The Truth," the 9 November 1953 episode of I Love Lucy . The asymmetry of power that cuteness revolves around is another compelling reminder of how aesthetic categories register social conflict. There can be no experience of any person or object as cute that does not somehow call up the subject's sense of power over those who are less powerful. But, as Lori Merish underscores, the fact that the cute object seems capable of making an affective demand on the subject -- a demand for care that the subject is culturally as well as biologically compelled to fulfill -- is already a sign that "cute" does not just denote a static power differential , but rather a dynamic and complex power struggle . Finally, the very idea of "interest" underlying the interesting points to the aesthetic judgment's unique role in facilitating "precise comparisons and contrasts between individuals or groups" and thus in negotiating disputes between them. As Jan Mieszkowsi notes, "interests never exist as unique, autonomous impulses, but only in and as their collisions with other interests." The fact that "before it can be considered as a preference or aim, an interest must be understood as a contradiction with other interests" means "any interest -- or a person, a tribe or a state -- is [already] a counter-interest." As a judgment, "interesting" is often applied to art objects and in your essay "Merely Interesting," you treat it as a category of aesthetic experience when it is used in this way. In what ways does "interesting" conform to, and differ from, the traditional aesthetic categories such as the beautiful and the sublime? When I first started working on the interesting I followed Schlegel in regarding it as the antithesis of the beautiful. But then I started to realize that it illuminated or brought forth aspects of Kant's privileged example of aesthetic judgment in an even more perspicuous way than beauty! This is the case even though the interesting isn't an exclusively aesthetic category. In fact, it's a term critics often deliberately use to toggle between aesthetic and extra-aesthetic judgments. But let me first say something about the Kantian sublime. Could an aesthetic category like interesting, an affectively low-key response to minor differences perceived against a background of sameness, have anything in common with such a powerful response to sheer power? (Not form, as Lyotard underscores, but rather pure quantity or magnitude.) There is one surprising point of similarity: the sublime is still western philosophy's most prestigious example of an aesthetic category that derives its specificity from mixed or conflicting feelings. Yet unlike the mix of interest and boredom in the interesting, or aggression and tenderness in the cute, in the sublime these contradictory feelings are not held in indefinite tension. What makes the sublime "sublime" is precisely the fact of its emphatic resolution ; that the initial feeling of discord culminates in the feeling Kant calls "respect." This final feeling is singular and unequivocal. And it is always intense. The relationship between the interesting and the beautiful is much closer. With its cool affect and relatively weak cathexis with its objects, the interesting arguably resembles the "disinterested pleasure" of beauty more than it differs from it! More significantly, the interesting's lack of descriptive specificity mirrors the conceptlessness of the reflective judgment of beauty as conceived by Kant. I've always found this fact particularly striking. The difference is that the blankness or indeterminacy of the judgment of interesting seems to explicitly invite us to fill in the blank with the concept later. The interesting is an explicitly epistemological aesthetic, in a way that the beautiful is not. Finally, the discursivity of the interesting makes plain the dialogism and matrix of social conflict underlying all judgments of taste. The father of all things zany. The Zanni, as depicted in Claude Gillot, Character from the Commedia dell'Arte , ca. 1700. Can you elaborate on what you mean by the interesting's "discursivity," and how that connects to or helps bring out something about beauty? Think of the ubiquity of the weak judgment in everyday conversation, and how it gets used to implicitly invite others to demand, in turn, that the person who has just proclaimed something interesting take the next step of explaining why . Also, consider this quotation from Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus , dominated by dialogue as the "novel of ideas" always tends to be: "If one was fundamentally interested in a thing, when one talked about it one could hardly help drawing others in, infecting them with it, and so creating an interest up to then not present or dreamed of. And that was worth a great deal more than catering to one already existent." This moment from Mann's novel, famously based on Adorno's theoretical writings on music, is striking for several reasons. First, it underscores the performativity of the interesting. Judging something interesting is often a first step in actually making it so . Which is why there is an explicitly pedagogical dimension to the interesting. (Not accidentally, the speaker of the quotation is a piano teacher). Second, it highlights how our experience of something as interesting compels us to immediately talk about it. As if there could be no aesthetic experience of the interesting without the talk. For Kant, similarly, it does not seem possible to judge something beautiful without speaking, or at the very least, imagining oneself speaking. Some may think I am overreading certain early moments in the third Critique in making this claim (sections 6 and 7), but I do think the compulsion to literally speak, the compulsion to make one's pleasure public , is fundamental to aesthetic judgment (and therefore, one might argue, to aesthetic experience). Though he doesn't put it as crudely as I just did, Stanley Cavell's reading of the Kantian aesthetic judgment as a perlocutionary speech act suggests so as well. I also think Derrida has this in mind when, in the Truth in Painting , he refers to the "discursivity in the structure of the beautiful." Indeed, for Kant, what one judges in the pure judgment of taste is less the object or even the feeling of pleasure that follows its judging, but rather the communicability of that feeling. And, as Hannah Arendt argues, for Kant communicability quite explicitly means "speech." Could you tell us more about what Schlegel had to say about the interesting? Is there an overlap between the interesting and the ironic? In a 1797 essay called "On the Origins of Greek Poetry," Schlegel explicitly sets the interesting, which he associates with the literature of modernity, in direct opposition to the beautiful poetry of the Greeks. While die schne Poesie is objectively rule-bound, universal, and disinterested, die interessante Poesie is subjective and idiosyncratic, open to interminable particularization because no laws govern its determination by any content in particular. So here is the historical link between the maker of interesting art and the figure of the romantic ironist: both are defined by the lack of attachment to any particular worldview, and thus by an ability to "take on any subject-matter or artistic style" (as Hegel put it, negatively -- he was not a fan of irony, nor of the Schlegels). In a way that may come as a surprise to many, the aesthetic of the interesting thus has a fairly lofty pedigree in high theory and literary criticism. There is something intriguing about the gesture associated with the interesting: pointing. Pointing at something interesting is both vague and precise, and implies that there is more to see than can be seen, that we have recognized something portentous but at the same time are not sure what it is . The gesture is a promissory note, an assertion that this thing will reward further inspection. Does the mute and indicative nature of pointing itself reveal the nature of the interesting? Yes! No one brings this out better than John Baldessari, which is why his A Person Was Asked to Point (1969) played such a central role in my thinking about how the interesting functions as a specifically narrative or diachronic aesthetic -- one that unlike the instantaneous thunderbolt of the sublime, tends to unfold in a serial fashion, over time. Linked always to the relatively small surprise of information, or the perception of minor differences from an existing norm, the interesting is generally bound up with a desire to know and document reality. So we can see why Susan Sontag suggests that it is an aesthetic closely bound up with both the nineteenth-century novel and the history of photography. In On Photography , troubled by how the use of "interesting" as a notoriously weak evaluation tends to promote a general "indiscrimination," Sontag trenchantly notes that "the practice of photography is now identified with the idea that everything in the world could be made interesting through the camera." If it is "not altogether wrong to say that there is no such thing as a bad photograph -- only less interesting [ones]," the reason why photography becomes "one of the chief means for producing that quality ascribed to things and situations which erases these distinctions" is because "the photographic purchase on the world, with its limitless production of notes on reality," makes everything comparable to others of its same kind or type. We can thus glimpse the connection between late twentieth-century conceptualism -- famously obsessed with acts of documentation, classification, and the presentation of evidence -- and a range of realist practices from the previous century. Indeed, conceptual art's "crucial innovation," as Liz Kotz suggests, was its unprecedented pairing of photography with the language of ordinary/everyday observation: the "notes on reality," and on social types in particular, central also to novelists ranging from Henry James to Georges Perec. As James famously said, "The only obligation to which in advance we may hold a novel, without incurring the accusation of being arbitrary, is that it be interesting." You describe the interesting as a "specifically modern response to novelty and change." Could you say more about the way in which you think the interesting is a peculiarly historicized affect? The interesting, like the picturesque, was conceived as an aesthetic explicitly about variation, eclecticism, and idiosyncrasy -- as if in unconscious response to the unprecedented proliferation of styles characterizing the late eighteenth-century European marketplace for art. Coinciding with style's elevation from mere taxonomic concept into primary bearer of an artwork's meaning, this miscellaneous pluralism would pose a new set of problems or challenges for the modern artist, for whom the act of choosing a style would come to take on unprecedented weight. Schlegel's interesting is both an effect or byproduct of the rise of stylistic pluralism and an effort to solve the problem, through an explicit embrace of stylistic variation, eclecticism, and hybridity. Is there a similar historical narrative for curiosity? For a historical narrative about curiosity, I'd refer readers to Hans Blumenberg's The Legitimacy of the Modern Age , where he traces its significance as the "libido of theory." Curiosity seems to have been feminized in a way that interest has not -- on this see Laura Mulvey's Fetishism and Curiosity , which, if I recall correctly, reads curiosity as an antidote to fetishism. The interesting seems more explicitly comparative than curiosity. The fact that we find things interesting only when they seem to differ from others of their type , points to the fact that we live in a world understood as fundamentally taxonomized. This doesn't mean that it's a world devoid of wonder or surprise -- only one in which, as Mikhail Epstein notes, the unknown must be immediately related to what is already known. In fact, Epstein provocatively argues that the interesting is a way of explicitly using understanding to check wonder; or mitigating the "alterity of the object" with "reason's capacity to integrate it" -- like a scaled-down version of the two phases of the Kantian sublime. In any case, in its efforts to reconcile the individual with the generic, the interesting might be described as an explicit response to the modern routinization of novelty. It's also a response to what we might call the mediatization or informatization of reality -- to the fact that "the observation of events throughout society now occurs almost at the same time as the events themselves" (as Niklas Luhmann put it). One sees this reflected in conceptual art's fascination with its coextensiveness with publicity, and also in its fascination with systems, networks, and media. If the interesting speaks directly to this aspect of modern culture -- what Mark Seltzer calls the doubling of everything with its description -- it also speaks to what many have noted as the increasing convergence between art and discourse overall. Art's identification with critical or theoretical discourse about art, in particular, seems to have become one of the most important problems informing the making, dissemination, and reception of art in our time -- as important, perhaps, as the loss of the antithesis between the work of art and the commodity. The "merely interesting" conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s seems to have been a concerted effort to grapple with this. Adam Jasper is a lecturer in the Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building at the University of Technology Sydney. He is a contributing editor of Cabinet . Sianne Ngai is professor of English at Stanford University. She is the author of Our Aesthetic Categories (Harvard University Press, forthcoming 2012) and Ugly Feelings (Harvard University Press, 2005). Cabinet is a non-profit organization supported by the Lambent Foundation, the Orphiflamme Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the New York Council on the Arts, the NYC Department of Cultural Affairs, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, and the Katchadourian Family Foundation. Please consider making a tax-deductible donation by visiting here .


Labour MSP Promotes Nature of Scotland Awards. Labour MSP and Convenor of the Cross Party Group on Volunteering and the Voluntary Sector Margaret McDougall is promoting the Nature of Scotland Awards, which is run by RSPB Scotland. The aim of the awards are to celebrate excellence, innovation and outstanding achievement in Scottish nature conservation. The awards which were launched last year received over 90 entries across the 6 categories. This year the categories have been increased to 8. These are; Marine Conservation Award, Innovations Award, Sustainable Development Award, Outstanding Contribution Award, Politician of the Year Award, RSPB Species Champion Award, Community initiative Award and a Youth and Education Award. Margaret McDougall MSP, said: "These awards are a great idea to promote and celebrate excellence, innovation and outstanding achievement in Scottish nature conservation. Not only do they highlight environmental initiatives but promote best practice and give people ideas that they can take forward in their own communities." "This year they are looking for as wide a range of entrants as possible so that they can ensure that as many people, groups and organisations are recognised for the great work that they do." "I'm urging everyone who is currently eligible to enter the awards to do so and make sure that your project does not go unnoticed."


If You Want Blood (You Got It) (Original) lyrics Ac Dc If You Want Blood (You Got It) (Original) lyrics It's criminal, there ought to be a law Criminal, and you know what we're shootin' for Shouting at the other guy When his back is turned Don't know the reason why Ain't it 'bout time you learn If you want blood, you got it If you want blood, you got it Blood on the sheets, blood on the rocks Blood in the gutter, give my last drop You want blood, you got it Wha-ooh It's animal, livin' in the human zoo It's animal, and I know what you gotta do It's the curse of the working man Givin' more and gettin' less Doin' everything he can, cleaning up the mess If you want blood, you got it If you want blood, you got it Blood on the sheets, blood on the rocks Blood in the gutter, give my last drop You want blood, you got it Ooooh (shove it)? You want blood, you want blood After you Blood on the sheets, blood on the rocks, Blood in the gutter, give my last drop You want blood, you got it If you want blood, you got it If you want blood, you got it If you want blood, you got it [ Lyrics from: http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/a/ac_dc\\... ]


So sad to think of Brodeur having to go to another team just for cash. I sure hope they can sign him, and if they can't, I don't want to see him in another uniform. I'd rather him retire! He belongs as a Devil his whole career, not pull a Modano. Mind you, that link I provided was from 2009. Eleven years of paying alimony worth up to $500,000 annually, which equates to a years worth of salary for Brodeur, and of course that is not including the $9m in assets that Brodeur's ex-wife also gained, which he may also be trying to recoup with his NHL earnings. And what a sleazeball he is to sleep with his sister-in-law. You get what you deserve. Mind you, that link I provided was from 2009. Eleven years of paying alimony worth up to $500,000 annually, which equates to a years worth of salary for Brodeur, and of course that is not including the $9m in assets that Brodeur's ex-wife also gained, which he may also be trying to recoup with his NHL earnings. And what a sleazeball he is to sleep with his sister-in-law. You get what you deserve. He banged his wife's sister? At first I felt bad that the court awarded his ex-wife so much, but now I wish she had gotten more. I just don't understand some people. Didn't he marry the sister-in-law after the divorce? I remember reading that somewhere. What a *******! I feel so sorry for his first wife. She got screwed by her husband AND her sister after letting her sister live with them to watch her kids (and probably paid her pretty good).


November 5, 2012 Losing My Mind The day after I was out for my annual Landowner Day I stacked up some optics to give them a good cleaning. Except for an inability to locate my laser rangefinder, the job went smoothly. A thorough search of my man-cave and the truck turned up only a half-eaten granola bar. That made the rangefinder officially missing and necessitated searching my memory banks next. I'd had it out on Landowner Day and recalled the exact location of the last use. I figured there was a good bet it was on the ground right where I'd been sitting. But it was already too dark to drive out for a look, so I relegated that trip to a Sunday afternoon chore; right after my son-in-law's birthday party. He came along and since there's no point in driving out to coyote country without a gun, we took two. Our first stop was to look for the rangefinder. It was there alright, a little wet but fully functional and waiting patiently to go back into a warm pocket. I'd used it, set it on the ground for handy re-use and then eventually walked away from it. Careless...dumb...etc. However, with little effort or time expended in looking for lost gear, we had enough time to go look for a coyote. Since it was evening and the wind was right, the dead cow I'd learned of the other day became a prime candidate. After parking in the feedlot, we maneuvered into position at the end of a bale stack. The cow was in a pit however, and therefore we still couldn't see it directly. Nothing but birds were visible in the area, so I did some coyote pup distress on a open reed call. It took about 15 minutes but eventually one showed himself briefly in the distance. He was headed our way but had good cover that would lead him right to the cow, so we had no more visual confirmation of what he was doing. When another 15 minutes had passed and he still hadn't shown, I suspected he may have been sidetracked by the fresh beef. I sent the son-in-law to creep in closer to get a direct look at the cow, while I covered the back door from the hay stack. A few minutes later he opened up with the AR-180B and put the coyote on the ground. Turns out the coyote had gone to the dead cow but then carried on and was headed our way to check out the pup-distress cries. This was a runt of a coyote and likely unsure about getting into the physical confrontation I was suggesting in my calling. We were lucky to get him and should have been more patient and waited longer. ? While that was a good lesson for the day, I think the most important one was to look around your set-up every time you leave a calling site...just to make sure you aren't leaving anything behind. So far, I've lost a knife, an AR magazine and a tripod while coyote hunting. I'm lucky the rangefinder didn't get added to the list. By now I know better than to leave stuff behind, so this wasn't a case of a losing a piece of gear....it was much more like losing my mind. No comments: Post a Comment About This Blog Welcome to Coyote School. This is a blog about the art, science and philosophy of hunting coyotes. I invite you to join me in a journey that matches wits and skills with the most adaptable predator on the planet. Here you'll find tales of the hunt, practical instruction, product reviews and the occasional deep thought from someone who's been chasing coyotes for thirty-plus years. During that time I've met many hunters who know far more about coyote hunting than I do; but I've never met anyone who has more fun doing it. I intend to share that excitement with you. You see, I enjoy writing almost as much as hunting, thus making this blog a natural outlet. After all, hunters have to hunt, writers need to write and I must do both. Along the way we'll take the odd detour into related topics but we won't stray too far from the trail. So, come on in, school has started.......Al Voth


5 razlogov, zakaj je coworking odlična rešitev <p/> V Sloveniji smo zadnje čase priča porastu tako imenovanih coworking pisarn, ki mladim podjetnikom omogočajo več fleksibilnosti kot delo v klasičnih pisarnah, hkrati pa so tudi cenovno ugodnejše, kar je še posebej pomembno za mlada podjetja. Imajo pa še številne druge prednosti! <p/> 5 razlogov zakaj je coworking odlična rešitev (Vir slike: sxc.hu) <p/> Coworking je odlična rešitev za mlada podjetja,... <p/> ... ker lahko delo in družino enostavneje ločite. <p/> Veliko podjetnikov, ki so danes sicer zelo uspešni, je začelo poslovati v domačih prostorih, najsi bo to v zaprašeni kleti ali v domači dnevni sobi. Dejstvo je, da imajo mladi podjetniki sprva zelo omejena denarna sredstva, zato je najem lastnih pisarniških prostorov zanje ponavadi prevelik strošek. <p/> V poštev zato pride prav najem poslovnih prostorov v tako imenovani coworking pisarni, ki je namenjena predvsem mladim podjetjem z malo člani ekipe. Tovrstne pisarne so cenovno veliko bolj ugodne od klasičnih pisarn, hkrati pa podjetniku omogočijo, da lahko enostavno ločuje domače in poslovne prostore. <p/> ... ker si lahko zgradite pravo pravcato mrežo poznanstev. <p/> Coworking pisarne na enem mestu združujejo več podjetniških ekip iz zelo različnih poslovnih področij. Z najemom poslovnega prostora v tovrstni pisarni boste avtomatično postali eden izmed članov skupnosti in r azvili boste pravo pravcato mrežo poznanstev. Na ta način boste širili besedo o svojem podjetju in pridobili nove dobre prijatelje. <p/> ... ker je poslovanje lahko veliko hitrejše in enostavnejše. <p/> Poslovanje v eni izmed coworking pisarn ni le zanimivo in zabavno, temveč je lahko tudi veliko hitrejše in enostavnejše. Potrebujete programerja, dizajnerja, računovodjo? Brez skrbi, saj ga boste najverjetneje našli kar v sosednji sobi, če pa ga vendarle ne boste uspeli najti, pa za kontaktno številko in priporočila poprosite ostale člane skupne pisarne, saj je kateri izmed njih gotovo že kdaj koristil omenjene usluge. <p/> ... ker je delo v pisarni veliko bolj udobno, kot delo v bližnjem lokalu. <p/> Prenosni računalniki in skorajda že neomejen dostop do interneta mnogim podjetnikom omogočajo, da delo opravljajo iz različnih lokacij. Ena izmed možnosti, ki se je poslužuje marsikdo, ki ima težave s prostorom, je delo v katerem izmed lokalov ob skodelici kave ali čaja. Problem se pojavi, če lastniki lokala takšnega početja ne odobravajo in mora podjetnik mesto zapustiti... in da o učinkovitosti takega dela sploh ne izgubljamo besed. <p/> Morda vam delo od doma sicer odgovarja, toda vaši poslovni partnerji ali potencialne stranke bodo veliko bolj navdušeni nad vami, če jih na sestanku sprejmete v urejeni pisarni, namesto v sobi, ki je hkrati tudi vaša spalnica ali kuhinja. Dokažite strankam in poslovnim partnerjem, da ste resna oseba, ki svoje delo opravlja profesionalno.


Konfeti <p/> Majhni okrasni elementi za vsestransko ustvarjanje in dekoracijo. Konfete posujte po površini za namizno dekoracijo, z njimi napolnite balone, uporabite pri papirnatem in scrapbooking ustvarjanju, za izdelavo okraskov in še veliko več! <p/> Konfeti v obliki rožic imajo v sredini luknjo, zato jih lahko nanizate na nit ali tanko vrvico.


Sodišče podaljšalo sojenje Pistoriusu do 16. maja <p/> Južnoafriško sodišče je podaljšalo sojenje paraolimpijcu in atletu Oscarju Pistoriusu do 16. maja. Sojenje, ki poteka od 3. marca, se bo nadaljevalo do 4. aprila po premoru pa bo potekalo še med 14. aprilom in 16. majem, je sporočilo sodišče v Pretorii. <p/> Uredništvo / STA <p/> 23.03.2014 ob 14:33 <p/> Oscarju Pistoriusu sodijo za umor njegovega dekleta Reeve Steenkamp v njunem domu v Pretorii ravno na valentinovo sredi februarja lani. Pistorius ne zanika, da je dekle ubil, vendar zatrjuje, da je šlo za nesrečo in da jo je zamenjal za vlomilca. <p/> Pistorius je šestkratni zmagovalec paraolimpijskih iger in udeleženec olimpijskih iger v atletiki leta 2012 v Londonu. Pistorius je na sojenje čakal na prostosti, potem ko je poravnal varščino v višini 74.000 evrov.


ČEMAŽEVA JUHA <p/> 1 šopek čemaža <p/> V posodi stopimo 50 g masla in dodamo 2 žlici pšeničnega zdroba. Približno 5 minut pražimo, nato dodamo sesekljan šopek čemaža, na hitro popražimo in zalijemo z vodo ter solimo. Juho zavremo in pustimo, da vre 10 minut. Dodamo 100 ml smetane za kuhanje in zmešamo z mešalnikom. Juho lahko serviramo na krožniku s kakšno žličko kisle smetane. <p/> ČEMAŽEV NAMAZ <p/> 2 kocki topljenega sira


Neutrogena Hydro Boost gel krema za roke je obogatena s hialuronsko kislino ter je namenjena za nego kože rok. Krema ima lahko in nemastno teksturo.


V EPAR (European public assessment report – Evropsko javno poročilo o oceni zdravila) je VAED naveden kot pomembno potencialno tveganje (important potential risk), ki ga je potrebno spremljati in o njem poročati. Ne eno in ne drugo se v Sloveniji ne izvaja, ker zdravniki o njem na izobraževanjih (in tudi kasneje) nismo bili obveščeni. <p/> VAED (Vaccine associated enhancement of disease – s cepivom povezano pospeševanje bolezni) je bil glavna prepreka v razvoju koronavirusnih cepiv proti SARS-u in MERS-u, cepiva proti RSV (respiratorni sincicijski virus) in nekaterih drugih cepiv proti povzročiteljem nalezljivih bolezni. <p/> Gre za imunološki pojav, posredovan s protitelesi ali z imunskimi celicami, ki povzroči, da cepljena oseba po stiku z divjim virusom zboli, velikokrat še huje, kot necepljena oseba. <p/> Zaradi tega fenomena so v preteklosti obolevale in poginjale laboratorijske živali. Cepivo proti RSV je konec sedemdesetih let povzročilo hudo zbolevanje in tudi smrt cepljenih otrok. <p/> Tega imunološkega fenomena proizvajalec Pfizer-BioNTech ni dovolj raziskal, ker: <p/> a) v predkliničnih študijah na živalih ni uporabljal avtentičnega SARS-CoV-2 virusa, temveč nadomestni virus – s pojasnilom, da nima BSL3 (Biosafety Level – laboratorij 3. stopnje biološke varnosti) (EPAR, stran 43). Ocenjevalec EMA-e je v poročilo zapisal, da o uporabi nadomestnega namesto avtentičnega virusa SARS-CoV-2 (v raziskavah cepiva) sploh niso razpravljali (!!!). Prav tako proizvajalec iz tehničnih razlogov (!!!) ni določil razmerja med nevtralizacijskimi in ne-nevtralizacijskimi protitelesi – kar je bilo marca 2020 priporočeno tudi s strani znanstvenikov, ki so se zbrali pod okriljem CEPI, s pojasnilom, da gre za pomemben 'indikator' možnosti nastanka VAED pri cepljenih ljudeh. <p/> b) klinično testiranje faze 2/3 je v glavnem potekalo v času, ko je bila prisotnost virusa SARS-CoV-2 v naravnem okolju majhna ali odsotna (registracijska študija za pridobitev začasnega dovoljenja je vključila podatke od maja do prve polovice oktobra 2020); zato večina cepljenih ljudi ni mogla priti v stik z virusom SARS-CoV-2, kar bi edino lahko omogočilo preverjanje možnosti razvoja VAED pri njih. Na problem testiranja cepiva zaradi odsotnosti virusa v naravnem okolju so poleti 2020 opozarjali tudi znanstveniki <p/> c) iz strokovnega in znanstvenega vidika bi bilo, glede na znano problematiko zgodovine koronavirusnih cepiv, zato edino pravilno v registracijsko študijo (na osnovi katere je cepivo prejelo začasno dovoljenje za promet) zajeti podatke tudi iz obdobja povečane prisotnosti virusa v naravnem okolju, torej pozno jeseni in pozimi 2020/2021, ko so se ponovno začele pojavljati koronavirusne okužbe in so cepljeni imeli možnost priti v stik z avtentičnim (divjim) virusom SARS-CoV-2 in z drugimi koronavirusi. Vendar, kot je zgoraj povedano, registracijska študija teh podatkov ni zajela, temveč se je v obdobju ponovne povečane prisotnosti virusa že začelo masovno cepljenje prebivalstva povsod po svetu. <p/> V EPAR je VAED uvrščen na seznam pomembnih potencialnih tveganj (stran 115). Navedeno je, da se bo tudi po prejemu začasnega dovoljenja za promet še naprej spremljala morebitna pojavnost tega zapleta. <p/> V planu farmakovigilance (stranskih učinkov produkta) je navedeno, da se bo stranskim učinkom cepljenja s Comirnaty Pfizer-BioNTecha sledilo preko posebnega vprašalnika, ki bo vključeval tudi preverjanje neučinkovitosti cepiva ali pojavnost VAED (stran 116). V poglavju o dodatnih aktivnostih glede farmakovigilance (stran 118, tabela, študija C4591001) je navedeno, da bi pojav neravnovesja med cepljeno in kontrolno (necepljeno) skupino glede števila obolelih, zlasti za težjo obliko bolezni kovid 19, lahko sugeriral na VAED. Možnost pojava VAED naj bi se spremljalo 2 leti po prejetem drugem odmerku cepiva, piše v EPAR. <p/> Da gre za pomemben imunološki fenomen, ki lahko slabo vpliva na zdravje cepljenih, je možno razbrati tudi iz strokovne literature. <p/> Marca 2020 se je pod pokroviteljstvom CEPI (Coalition for epidemic preparedeness innovation – koalicija za inovacije na področju pripravljenosti na epidemije), financirane tudi s strani kapitala in filantropije, zbrala skupina strokovnjakov iz področja imunologije cepiv in koronavirusov z namenom, da preuči razmere ter možnosti in ovire pri razvoju varnega cepiva za bolezen kovid 19. Kot problem pri razvoju cepiva proti bolezni kovid 19 so izpostavili možnost pojava VAED, pri katerem cepivo povzroči težjo obliko bolezni, če se cepljena oseba kasneje okuži z divjim virusom. Zapisali so, da je bil VAED najprej opažen v 60-tih letih prejšnjega stoletja v povezavi z inaktiviranim cepivom proti RSV. Udeleženci srečanja so opozorili na primer, ko cepivo proti RSV ni preprečilo okužbe in je 80% cepljenih otrok po stiku z divjim virusom tako hudo zbolelo, da so potrebovali bolnišnično zdravljenje; 2 od 35 otrok sta celo umrla. <p/> Opozorili so, da je bila podobna patologija opisana pri kandidatih za cepiva proti virusu SARS CoV-1 (povzročitelju pandemije SARS 2002/2003) in da obstaja bojazen, da bi se podobna patologija (predvsem v smislu Th2 imunopatologije) lahko pojavila pri ljudeh, cepljenih proti virusu SARS-CoV-2 (povzročitelju bolezni kovid-19). Navedli so tudi možnost pojava ADE (antibody disease enhancement), drugega imunološkega mehanizma, ki je direktno povzročen z ne-nevtralizacijskimi ali sub-nevtralizacijskimi protitelesi, ki omogočajo učinkovitejši vnos virusa v celice. <p/> Zapisali so, da naj bodo njihove ugotovitve usmeritev za proizvajalce cepiv pri razvoju in testiranju cepilnih kandidatov z namero, da se preprečijo nevarnosti za ljudi pri uporabi cepiv proti bolezni kovid-19. Podali so tudi zelo natančna navodila za pravilno izvedbo predkliničnih in kliničnih študij in preverjanja razvoja VAED. <p/> Aprila 2020 so znanstveniki tudi v strokovnih revijah razpravljali in opozarjali o možnem pojavu VAED po uporabi cepiva proti bolezni kovid 19. Razpravljali so o možnosti pospeševanja bolezni tako po mehanizmu humoralne (protitelesa – ADE) kot celične (Th2 imunopatologija) imunosti. Epidemiolog in poznavalec koronavirusne problematike, prof. Baric je takrat menil, da bo večji problem predstavljala Th2 imunopatologija, ki je na živalskih modelih pokazala, da so ogrožene predvsem starejše živali; izrazil je zaskrbljenost, kaj bi to lahko pomenilo, če bi cepivo uporabili pri starejših ljudeh. <p/> Zdaj vemo, da so cepivo proti kovid 19 najprej uporabili ravno na starejši populaciji; iz EPAR proizvajalca pa je razvidno, da je bilo v registracijsko študijo med nekaj več kot 18000 cepljenimi vključeno vsega 5 oseb starih nad 85 let ter vsega 804 osebe v starosti nad 75 let, kar predstavlja 4.4% vseh cepljenih (stran 76, tabela). Tudi nekateri drugi znanstveniki so bili mnenja, da ADE patologija ne bi smela predstavljati večjega problema in da tudi poročanja iz Kitajske v zvezi s ponovno okuženimi ljudmi ne sugerirajo na ADE problematiko. <p/> Prav tako je izvršni direktor centra za razvoj cepiv pri NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease), dr. Graham omenjal predvsem možnost Th2 imunopatologije, pritrjeval mu je tudi dr. Peter Hotez, raziskovalec cepiv, ki je med drugim delal tudi na razvoju cepiva proti virusu SARS-CoV-1. Dr. Graham je glede Th2 imunopatologije izrazil zaskrbljenost, da bi napačen odgovor T celic spodbudil nastanek alergijsko pogojenega vnetja in privedel do nastanka slabo funkcionalnih protiteles s posledičnim formiranjem imunskih kompleksov, kar bi privedlo do aktivacije komplementa in škode, ki lahko zaradi tega nastane. <p/> Dr. Hotez je opozoril na možnost izdelave cepiva na samo del virusnega S-proteina, tj. na del, ki se veže na celični receptor (RBD – receptor binding domain), kar bi morda lahko zmanjšalo neugoden imunski odziv. Iz EPAR Pfizer-BioNTecha je razvidno, da je proizvajalec preverjal tudi cepilnega kandidata na RBD komponento S proteina, ki pa ga je kasneje opustil (stran 58). Dr. Graham, ki je z Moderno sodeloval pri razvoju cepiva, je aprila 2020 povedal: 'Do naslednje zime moramo dobiti nekaj odgovorov, da bi bili vsaj boljše pripravljeni na zimo 2021-2022'. No, 'cepivo', tudi Modernino, se je začelo masovno uporabljati že 1 leto prej, veliko bolj zgodaj, kot je dr. Graham pričakoval, da 'bo dobil nekaj odgovorov'. <p/> Prof. Perlman, imunolog in mikrobiolog, je povedal, da je bila pri WHO ustanovljena posebna komisija z namenom, da prouči problematiko VAED. Aprila 2020 je pričakoval, da bo komisija poročilo lahko podala čez nekaj mesecev. Aprila 2020 so tudi WHO in drugi zdravstveni strokovnjaki poudarili, da bo trajalo vsaj leto in pol, preden bo cepivo temeljito preverjeno tako na živalskih modelih kot na ljudeh, in bo šele potem morda dano v širšo, komercialno uporabo. V realnosti so bile zadeve pospešene; v dobrem letu dni po njegovi izjavi je precepljenih okoli 3 milijarde ljudi, s slabo preverjenim produktom, imenovanim 'cepivo'. <p/> Kljub opozorilu EMA-e, da je VAED uvrščen na seznam pomembnih potencialnih tveganj ter da je potrebno spremljati in sporočati glede obolevanja s simptomi kovida 19 po cepljenju, zdravniki o tem na izobraževanjih o cepivih za kovid 19, ki so potekala od decembra 2020 dalje, nismo bili seznanjeni, nismo o tem prejeli nobenega (naknadnega) obvestila, niti ne obstaja formular za prijavo tega imunološkega fenomena, ki lahko, kot kažejo izkušnje iz preteklosti, škodi ali celo ogrozi zdravje cepljenih. <p/> Zdravniki smo aprila 2020 na e-pošto prejeli članek prof. Tomažiča z naslovom "Covid 19: kaj je dobro, da ve vsak zdravnik." V članku, ki je sedaj objavljen na spletni strani NIJZ, na strani 7 prof. Ihan navaja: "Ni še jasno, kakšno vlogo imajo protitelesa pri zaščiti pred boleznijo. V nekaj študijah so bolniki z večjo produkcijo protiteles imeli slabši izid – to bi lahko kazalo na možnost pospeševanja bolezni s protitelesi (ADE: antibody dependent enhancement). Podoben pojav so opisovali že pri MERS-u, tam so nevtralizacijska protitelesa (usmerjena proti virusnemu receptorju) pospeševala vstop virusa v celice. Dokler ne bomo poznali mehanizmov imunosti proti SARS-CoV-2, bo razvoj cepiva bolj kot ne ugibanje." <p/> Problem VAED je torej poznan tudi cepilnim strokovnjakom v Sloveniji. Vendar nas na izobraževanjih o kovid cepivih na njega niso opozorili, niti nam ni bila predstavljena problematika razvoja preteklih koronavirusnih cepiv. Zakaj temu tako, se sprašujemo že nekaj časa. Zakaj se v Sloveniji ne beleži pojav VAED nam tudi ni jasno. To je vendar predpisano v EPAR, ki ga je izdala EMA. Kljub pozivu ISZ, naslovljenem na JAZMP in NIJZ, se v beleženju tega fenomena ni nič spremenilo. <p/> Način preverjanja VAED je v registracijski študiji proizvajalca izveden zelo nestrokovno. Zakaj? Se je proizvajalec 'bal' zastoja v razvoju cepiva, kot smo mu bili priča pri ostalih dveh koronavirusnih cepivih za SARS in MERS? Zakaj je EMA pristala, da proizvajalec pri testiranju učinkovitosti in varnosti cepiva uporablja nadomestni virus (VSV – virus vezikularnega stomatitisa z 'vgrajeno informacijo' za S – protein; EPAR, stran 43)? Kako je možno, da nekdo lahko proizvaja milijarde cepiv proti pandemskemu virusu, ne da bi ga uporabljal v predkliničnih raziskavah o delovanju in stranskih učinkih 'cepiva' proti virusu, ki to pandemijo povzroča? In to z banalnim izgovorom, da nima BSL3? In kako je možno, da je regulatorju (EMA) to sprejemljivo? In da se, kot navaja poročevalec EMA-e, o uporabi nadomestnega virusa, sploh ni razpravljalo? In kako je možno, da je to sprejemljivo (tudi našim) strokovnjakom za cepljenje, med katerimi so nekateri tudi zdravniki? <p/> Raziskava cepiva z nadomestnim virusom je lahko vsaj tako nevarna in neodgovorna, kot če bi proizvajalec avtomobilov testiral delovanje zavor z aparaturo, ki meri npr. optiko koles. Oboje, zavore in optika, imata sicer skupni imenovalec, kolo avtomobila, ampak zelo dobro vemo, kdo je odgovoren za zaviranje. Tudi oba mikroorganizma SARS-CoV-2 in virus vezikularnega stomatitisa imata skupni imenovalec, tj. oba sta virusa; kdo od njiju je odgovoren za kovid-19, pa tudi zelo dobro vemo. <p/> Iz domače in tuje prakse vemo, da ljudje po cepljenju zbolevajo z znaki kovida. Začelo se je lansko zimo z zbolevanjem cepljenih v DSO-jih po Evropi. Po začetnem zanikanju tega fenomena so se kasneje začele pojavljati razlage, da so starostniki zboleli, ker so se cepili v fazi, ko so že bili okuženi, vendar še brez simptomov (asimptomatski); da cepivo potrebuje čas, da zaščiti cepljenega; da cepivo ni 100% učinkovito. Poslušali smo zatrjevanja, da je cepivo narejeno tako, da ne more povzročiti kovida, saj ne vsebuje virusa. Slednje drži, ni pa bilo povedano, da lahko zbolevanje povzroči imunološki mehanizem, ki se lahko sproži po stiku cepljenega z divjim virusom. VAED bi lahko pri cepljenih starostnikih sprožila tudi kasnejša okužba z navadnim koronavirusom, je razložil priznani imunolog in mikrobiolog prof. Bhakdi. Spomladi, ko so po cepljenju začeli zbolevati mlajši, se je seznamu krivcev za obolevanje po cepljenju pridružila še britanska (alfa) različica virusa. Zdaj vidimo, da je kljub njeni prisotnosti v ponekod tudi do 90% analiziranih vzorcih bolezen kovid -19 v upadanju. <p/> V zadnjem času slišimo, da se iz Indije k nam vse bolj širi varianta delta; ponekod pa že klijejo tudi ideje, da so za porast okužb krivi kar necepljeni. Pa vendar, uradni EPAR navaja, da v kolikor bi se po cepljenju povečalo število obolelih, bi to lahko nakazovalo na razvoj VAED ali pa morda na neučinkovito cepivo. Ali se to sploh raziskuje? <p/> Poslušamo razlage, da bodo jeseni ljudje zbolevali za kovidom in 'vsak, ki bo sprejet v bolnišnico, bo zato, ker se ni cepil'. Kaj pa VAED pri cepljenih, gospe in gospodje profesorji? Ste pozabili nanj? O tem imunološkem fenomenu ste pisali vi, o tem so pisali in nanj opozarjali mnogi, ki delajo na razvoju cepiv, o tem piše EMA v svojem EPAR. <p/> EMA navaja, da je potrebno spremljati in beležiti stranske učinke, tudi VAED. Zakaj se torej VAED ne spremlja in ne beleži v Sloveniji? Zakaj NIJZ nima podatkov koliko oseb, ki so se cepile proti kovid 19, je kasneje zbolelo za kovidom? Zakaj ni možno videti podatka, kolikšen delež med hospitaliziranimi bolniki, zbolelimi za kovid-19, predstavljajo cepljeni? Vse to bi nam dalo pomembno informacijo o morebitnem s cepivom povzročenem pospeševanju bolezni, ki ga je potrebno poročati dalje regulatorju EMA. Saj gre vendar za varnost naših ljudi, naših bolnikov! <p/> Zakaj se o VAED molči? Se bo obolevanje z znaki kovida po cepljenju pripisalo novi varianti delta, za katero se najavlja, da se bo pri nas zelo razširila meseca avgusta? Bo zamolčano povečano zbolevanje cepljenih zaradi VAED morda opravičevalo zapiranje šol oziroma zapiranje ljudi v njihove domove prihodnjo jesen in zimo? <p/> Kaj se bo zgodilo z ljudmi, ki so se cepili spomladi, ki se cepijo sedaj ali se bodo jeseni? Kaj se bo zgodilo po tem, ko bodo prišli jeseni/pozimi v stik z virusom SARS-CoV-2 ali z drugimi koronavirusi? Ob poznanem imunološkem fenomenu je možno pričakovati, da bi lahko cepljeni jeseni/pozimi zboleli za kovidom. Se je to dogajalo že lansko zimo, najprej po cepljenju starostnikov? Bo letošnjo zimo za to kriva varianta delta? Bo kriv epsilon ali kakšna druga različica, ki je na 'listi opazovanja' WHOja? <p/> Profesor Ihan, v Delu ste navedli, da bo v primeru večjega obolevanja med cepljenimi, potreben dodatni, tretji odmerek cepiva. Kaj pa VAED, gospod profesor? Omenjali sta ga (variantno s protitelesi) v članku aprila 2020? In tudi EMA v EPAR pravi, da bi povečano obolevanje cepljenih lahko pomenilo, da gre za VAED, tako značilen za vsa dosedanja neuspešna koronavirusna cepiva. Predlagamo, da smo pozorni in strokovno ter znanstveno ovrednotimo morebitno pojavljanje VAED pri cepljenih. Spoštovani gospe in gospodje profesorji Ihan, Beović, Tomažić, Jerala in Štrukelj: z vašim pristopom in interpretacijami se epidemija ne bo končala; to jesen in zimo bo na primer delta sev, v prihodnje pa morda kateri drugi sev? Koliko časa tako? Dokler ne precepimo 7 milijard ljudi, kot poslušamo plane že od poletja 2020 (2:20 min)? <p/> Gospe in gospodje profesorji: je to znanost? Je to medicina s svojim načelom: predvsem ne škoditi? Govorite nam, da sta zdravje in življenje najpomembnejša. Zagotavljate nam, da so vsi ukrepi izključno v dobro ljudi. Zato zbirajmo podatke glede VAED! Vsi si želimo, da bi ljudem ponudili varno cepivo. <p/> Domnevno so proizvajalci cepiv dobili dovoljenje, da po šestih mesecih necepljenim v registracijski študiji razkrijejo podatke (unblinde) in ponudijo cepljenje (crossover). Obstaja torej velika možnost, da ob predvidenem zaključku raziskave 3 klinične faze v maju 2023 v kontrolni skupini (necepljeni) ne bo ostalo dovolj ljudi, da bi lahko izvedli objektivno primerjavo med cepljeno in necepljeno populacijo glede stranskih učinkov in torej tudi glede VAED. Ali bomo potem leta 2023 dobili razlago, da zaradi pomanjkanja kontrolne skupine rezultati veljajo le za obdobje 6 mesecev po zadnjem odmerku cepiva? Tudi zaradi velike možnosti 'izginevanja' kontrolne skupine, je še toliko bolj pomembno, da se VAED spremlja in beleži sedaj, ko poteka masovno cepljenje prebivalstva. <p/> Kako bomo, v skladu z navodili EMA-e, spremljali cepljene v Sloveniji in poročali glede razvoja VAED po cepljenju, če pa o možnosti VAED niste seznanili ne zdravstvenega osebja in ne ljudi, ki so se cepili? Slednjim niti niste dali v podpis informiranega soglasja z obvestilom, da obstaja možnost, da kljub cepljenju zbolijo in to morda še huje kot necepljeni – ker gre za pojav, ki ga že dolgo časa poznamo in o katerem so na začetku razvoja koronavirusnih cepiv razpravljali strokovnjaki. <p/> Vsi dobro vemo, da je spremljanje tudi najmanjših stranskih učinkov, ki bi lahko bili časovno ali vzročno povezani s cepljenjem, zelo pomembno, tudi VAED. <p/> Toliko bolj, če se spomnimo, da je proizvajalec svoje zaključke o varnosti in učinkovitosti produkta izpeljal na osnovi vsega 170 kovid primerov (0.47%) med poročanimi 36423 udeleženci klinične študije (EPAR, stran 89, tabela). V skupini necepljenih je namreč zbolelo 0.884% (162/18325) oseb, v skupini cepljenih pa 0.044% (8/18198) oseb. Razlika med obolevnostjo necepljenih in cepljenih, izražena z absolutnim rizikom, je bila vsega 0.84%. Za težko obliko kovida je med cepljenimi zbolela 1 oseba, med necepljenimi 3 osebe; daleč premajhna razlika, da bi na osnovi tega lahko delali pomembne zaključke. In nekatere osebe so bile po drugem odmerku cepiva opazovanje vsega 4 tedne (EPAR, stran 90, tabela 13). Tudi zato moramo izboljšati sisteme poročanja, slediti navodilom EMA-e in o VAED obvestiti zdravstvene delavce, negovalce v DSO-jih in cepljene. <p/> Zdravniki smo. Ne zanima nas politika, ne interesi farmacije. Naš zapis in mnenje ni mnenje proti, temveč mnenje in glas za; za varnost naših ljudi in za varna zdravila, ki jih naj prejmejo. Produkt je imenovan cepivo, vendar sodi med gensko terapijo. Pomembna je varnost naših bolnikov in naših prebivalcev; in za to smo v veliki meri odgovorni zdravniki. Previdnost po eni in dvom po drugi strani, predvsem pa medsebojna izmenjava informacij in odkrita komunikacija, so bili v zgodovini znanosti in medicine vedno temelj napredka in izboljšav, v dobro ljudi in bolnikov. In tega si želimo tudi v tej situaciji. <p/> Podobne objave <p/> Medicina je zadnjih 16 mesecev evidentno ugrabljena, podrejena in zlorabljena s strani politike in "mega" kapitala. Pod pretvezo skrbi za javno zdravje se z nesorazmernimi ukrepi uničuje javno zdravstvo, javno šolstvo, malo in srednje gospodarstvo, kulturo, šport ... Odvzemajo se temeljne človekove pravice. Ruši se tudi socialna struktura širše in ožje družbe. ZNB C ter...


Janez Grm <p/> Janez Grm je po duši pisatelj, po telesu ilustrator, živeč v primestju prestolnice. Privolil v objavo zgodbe, da lahko širi vest o svoji prvi objavljeni knjigi, izdani pri JSKD. Knjigi je naslov Sinice Sablje Sladoled in ponuja obilico humorja, žalosti ter žanrskih eksperimentacij. Skoraj je bila tudi nominirana za literarni prvenec. Avtor bralcem tega spletnega portala ob novem letu podarja zgodbo na levi strani. Če si kdo želi knjige po popustni ceni in z avtorjevim lastnoročnim podpisom, pa mu lahko ponudi svoje prijateljstvo na spletnem naslovu. <p/> Avtorjevi novejši prispevki


Martin Milec je po oskrbi fizioterapevta (ob njem Mirzet Sprečo) že nared za tekme <p/> Foto: Miha Vidrih <p/> Uspešna prva predstavitev prenovljenega mariborskega moštva. Ne zaradi zmage ali štirih golov v ptujski mreži, ampak v največji meri ob prizadevnosti in resnem pristopu do igre že na uvodni preizkušnji. <p/> Opazno je, kaj pomeni konkurenca. Fantje se zavedajo, da na posameznih mestih več igralcev sodi med kandidate za začetno enajsterico na in s stoodstotno vnemo se izpolnjujejo vse obveznosti. Na treningih je strokovni štab preizkušal nekatere novosti in eno tudi uresničil med tekmo. Martin Milec je odigral polčas v vlogi desnega bočnega igralca, po dvoboju z Dravo je dejal: »Pošalil sem se, da me je tokrat bolj bolela glava, saj sem moral na novem igralnem položaju več razmišljati (smeh). Za prvi poskus je bilo dobro, da sem igral v spremenjeni vlogi proti nekoliko slabšemu nasprotniku. V napadu mi je še šlo od nog, moram pa poskrbeti, da se uskladim z obrambno vrsto. Morda lahko na tem položaju odigram kakšno tekmo še kdaj tudi v prihodnje. « <p/> Skupaj s soigralci je mladi slovenski reprezentant z nestrpnostjo dočakal začetek tekmovalnega dela priprav. »Po nizu treningov smo vsi že bili v pričakovanju prve tekme. Menim, da smo se dobro odrezali. Seveda še nismo povsem usklajeni, a je do začetka prvenstva dovolj časa za odpravljanje pomanjkljivosti. « Med pozitivna spoznanja s premiere sodi tudi učinkovitost pri prekinitvah. Prav Martin Milec je ob Dejanu Mezgi natančno zadel iz prostega strela. »Že od prej sem jih treniral. Ostajal sem po treningu in z Goranom Cvijanovićem sva tekmovala v prostih strelih. Dobro mi je šlo. Pred udarcem na tekmi sem verjel, da ga bom dobro izvedel. In res je žoga končala v mreži. « <p/> Po Ptujčanih so na vrsti Celjani. V soboto ob 15. uri bo na igrišču z umetno travo v Ljudskem vrtu druga pripravljalna preizkušnja. »Pred nami je težja tekma, kot je bila proti Dravi, vendarle bomo imeli opravka s prvoligaši. Potem sledi odhod na Madeiro, kjer bomo skušali izpiliti taktične zadeve. Po vrnitvi domov pa se v preostalih dneh do začetka prvenstva lotimo še zadnjega dela priprav. Vemo, kaj je naš cilj. In poznamo način, kako ga doseči. Zato se med pripravami dela na vso moč. V prvem tednu smo imeli lepo vreme, zdaj nas ob nižjih temperaturah kdaj tudi zazebe v prste, a se v tekaškem delu dovolj ogrejemo. Tudi žoga je hitrejša v teh razmerah na umetni travi, a se znajdemo. «


Janša proti referendumu <p/> 3 Junij, 2012 - 20:00 <p/> Tekst: Ivan Puc | Foto: Bobo <p/> Za omejitev referendumov je Janez Janša pripravljen sklepati kompromise in postaviti svoja stališča na glavo. <p/> So se stranke iskreno pripravljene »združiti« za radikalno omejitev referenduma? Predsednik vlade in SDS Janez Janša je presenetil – kaže, da to ne bo prvič – kolege in politično javnost. Da bi izpeljal svoj mandat in uveljavil več zahtevnih reform, je pripravljen na vsakršen kompromis, ki bi omejil referendum. Tudi postaviti svoja stališča na glavo. <p/> Za pozornejše opazovalce politike to vendarle ne bi smelo biti preveč osupljivo. Vlada, kot lahko opazujemo prav vsak dan, vztraja pri (socialnem) dialogu vedno, ko ji grozi blokada. Načelna stališča in opredelitve, ki jih za seboj vleče SDS že več let, pa so potisnjene v stran. Pomembni so samo rezultati, tudi pred ustanovami EU. <p/> Lahko si predstavljamo, kako sta Janez Janša in njegov predhodnik Borut Pahor v Bruslju pojasnjevala naše posebnosti državne ureditve in kolikšna je možnost z referendumom podstaviti nogo težko pričakovanim zakonu ali sporazumom. Pokojninskemu ali arbitražnemu, denimo. Najbrž jih taka pojasnila ne zanimajo preveč. Kot rečeno, pomembni so le rezultati. Drugače od Janše je bil Pahor precej manj prilagodljiv. Zgodba o tem, zakaj sindikatom lani vendarle ni popustil še za kak korak in preprečil polom pokojninske reforme, še ni povsem jasna. Odgovornost pa je vendarle nedvoumno njegova.


Meliso dodajajo čajem in pripravkom proti melanholiji, nemiru, migreni in za krepitev duha. Deluje tudi proti virusu herpesa na ustnicah. Priskrbi vesele sanje <p/> Meliso (Melissa oficinalis) v zdravilstvu uporabljajo že več kot dve tisočletji. Z njo so zdravili srčne in želodčne težave ter hvalili njen dobrodejni učinek na prebavni trakt. Na splošno je veljalo, da spodbuja prebavo, krepi srce, živce in duha, prežene strah in tesnobo ter priskrbi vesele sanje. <p/> Odpravlja zmedenost <p/> Tako tradicionalna kot racionalna oz. znanstvena medicina danes svetujeta uporabo melisinih pripravkov pri melanholiji, napetosti, nemiru in zmedenosti. Delovanje melise opisujejo kot sedativno in pomirjevalno. Izkaže se zlasti za pomirjanje pri živčnih obolenjih, pri migreni in živčnih srčnih težavah. <p/> Lajša prebavo <p/> S čajem in drugi pripravki iz melise zdravimo prebavne motnje, denimo lažje želodčne krče, zaprtje in pomanjkanje apetita. Čaj pripravimo v obliki poparka: dve čajni žlički mešanice prelijemo s skodelico vrele vode, pokrijemo in po desetih minutah odcedimo. Pijemo ga večkrat na dan. Najboljši je čaj iz svežih listov, zato izkoristimo poletni čas, ko jih imamo na domačem vrtu na voljo v izobilju. Ta čaj v nasprotju z metinim (Metha pipperita), lahko brez skrbi pijemo brez prestanka dalj časa, saj ne povzroča nobenih nezaželenih učinkov. <p/> Za otroke, starejše in nosečnice <p/> Zelo zdrav in tudi okusen je za otroke in starejše osebe. Pomaga tudi pri bruhanju nosečnic ter ugodno vpliva na bolečo ali šibko menstruacijo. <p/> Proti herpesu <p/> Zunanja uporaba melisinih pripravkov se priporoča pri herpesu na ustnicah. Melisa ima to moč, da uničuje herpes in druge vrste virusov, zavira vnetja in uničuje mikrobe. <p/> Čaj za pozabljive <p/> Če neprestano nekaj pozabljamo, predlagam da si spomin okrepimo s čajno mešanico iz melise in rožmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis): žličko melise in žličko rožmarinovih cvetov poparimo s pol litra vode, pokrijemo in pustimo stati deset minut. Zdravilna kura naj traja tri mesece - in sicer pijemo čaj deset dni v mesecu trikrat na dan po eno skodelico. <p/> Melisina kopel <p/> Za melisino kopel, ki pomirja in preganja melanholijo, si pripravimo poparek iz dveh prgišč melise, ki jo poparimo z litrom vode, pokrijemo in pustimo stati petnajst minut. Poparek precedimo in dodamo vodi za kopel. / vir:njenasi /


Kar zadeva duševne bolečine zaradi zmanjšane življenjske aktivnosti, ni mogoče zanemariti, da je delovna nesposobnost tožeče stranke po ugotovitvah izvedenca le v 20 % posledica telesnih poškodb, ki jih je tožnik utrpel v obravnavanem škodnem dogodku, 80 % pa je treba pripisati že prej obstoječemu bolezenskemu stanju. V tem delu gre za vprašanje deljene vzročne zveze. <p/> Izrek <p/> Revizija se zavrne. <p/> Obrazložitev <p/> Sodišče prve stopnje je razsodilo, da mora tožena stranka tožeči stranki plačati 2.460.020 SIT denarne odškodnine z zakonskimi zamudnimi obrestmi, in sicer od 36.660 SIT od 1.4.1998 do plačila, od 3.360 SIT od 21.7.1998 do plačila in od 2.300.000 SIT od 7.3.2003 do plačila. Toženi stranki je še naložilo, da mora tožeči stranki od 1.4.2003 plačevati rento po 2.000 SIT mesečno do vsakega 15. dne v mesecu za pretekli mesec. Višji tožbeni zahtevek je zavrnilo. Ocenilo je, da je tožena stranka objektivno odgovorna za škodo, ki jo je tožnik utrpel v škodnem dogodku 28.1.1998. Oškodovancu je za pretrpljene telesne bolečine priznalo 900.000 SIT, za strah 200.000 SIT, za duševne bolečine zaradi zmanjšanja življenjske aktivnosti 1.000.000 SIT in za duševne bolečine zaradi skaženosti 200.000 SIT denarne odškodnine. <p/> Pritožbeno sodišče je delno ugodilo pritožbama pravdnih strank in sodbo sodišča prve stopnje spremenilo tako, da je tožeči stranki iz naslova nepremoženjske škode prisodilo 2.500.000 SIT denarne odškodnine z zamudnimi obrestmi, in sicer od 1.1.2002 do 7.3.2003 po obrestni meri zakonskih zamudnih obresti, zmanjšanih za temeljno obrestno mero, od 8.3.2003 pa po zakonski obrestni meri. V ostalem je pritožbi zavrnilo in v nespremenjenem delu potrdilo sodbo sodišča prve stopnje. Strinjalo se je z ugovorom tožeče stranke o prenizki odškodnini za duševne bolečine zaradi skaženosti in ji iz tega naslova prisodilo 400.000 SIT, odškodnino za ostale vtoževane oblike nepremoženjske škode, ki jo je oškodovancu priznalo sodišče prve stopnje, pa je ocenilo kot primerno. <p/> Zoper to sodbo je tožeča stranka vložila revizijo zaradi zmotne uporabe materialnega prava. Predlaga, naj ji Vrhovno sodišče Republike Slovenije ugodi in izpodbijano sodbo v zavrnilnem delu spremeni tako, da tožeči stranki poleg že prisojene denarne odškodnine 2.660.020 SIT prisodi še 2.000.000 SIT z zakonskimi zamudnimi obrestmi od 14.10.1999 do plačila in zakonske zamudne obresti od že prisojene odškodnine od 14.10.1999 do 31.12.2001. Navaja, da sta sicer nižji sodišči pravilno ugotovili dejansko stanje, nato pa oškodovancu prisodili prenizko odškodnino za vse oblike nepremoženjske škode. Pri odmeri denarne odškodnine za duševne bolečine zaradi zmanjšanja življenjske aktivnosti sodišče prve stopnje ne bi smelo nekritično slediti izvedenskemu mnenju dr. W., da je uvrstitev tožnika v III. kategorijo invalidnosti le v 20 % posledica telesnih poškodb, ki jih je utrpel v škodnem dogodku, 80 % pa posledica njegovega bolezenskega stanja. Šele zaradi trajnih posledic telesnih poškodb, ki jih je utrpel 28.1.1998, je bil tožnik uvrščen v III. kategorijo invalidnosti, saj ni bil več sposoben za svoje delo. Ob dogodku je bil star 48 let, zato bo moral duševne bolečine zaradi zmanjšanja življenjske aktivnosti prestajati še zelo dolgo obdobje. Sodišči prve in druge stopnje sta zanemarili dejstvo, da je do škodnega dogodka prišlo v letu 1998, tožena stranka pa doslej tožeči stranki ni plačala še nobene odškodnine. Nepravilna je tudi odločitev o začetku teka obresti od denarne odškodnine za nepremoženjsko škodo. Niti Zakon o obligacijskih razmerjih (Uradni list SFRJ, št. 29/78 - 57/89, ZOR) niti kak drug zakon ne določata, da gredo oškodovancu od odškodnine za nepremoženjsko škodo zamudne obresti šele od 1.1.2002. Spričo stabiliziranih ekonomskih in gospodarskih razmer v državi zapade odškodninska denarna terjatev za nepremoženjsko škodo v plačilo po izteku 14-dnevnega roka, šteto od dneva, ko je tožena stranka prejela odškodninski zahtevek z dokumentacijo. Tožeča stranka je toženi stranki odškodninski zahtevek poslala 29.7.1998, tožena stranka pa ga je prejela 30.7.1998, zato je od 13.8.1998 v plačilni zamudi. V skladu z 277. členom ZOR dolžnik, ki zamudi z izpolnitvijo denarne obveznosti, dolguje poleg glavnice še obresti. Dosedanja sodna praksa je zanemarjala funkcijo obresti, ki je v sankciji za nepravočasno izpolnitev z denarno obveznostjo. Takšna odločitev je v nasprotju s prvim odstavkom 17. , 12. , ter prvim in tretjim odstavkom 919. člena ZOR. <p/> Revizija je bila vročena Vrhovnemu državnemu tožilstvu Republike Slovenije in toženi stranki, ki nanjo ni odgovorila. <p/> Revizija ni utemeljena. <p/> V skladu s tretjim odstavkom 370. člena Zakona o pravdnem postopku (Uradni list RS, št. 36/04 - ur. p. b., ZPP) so revizijsko sodišče in stranki vezani na dejansko podlago, ki izhaja iz razlogov sodb prve in druge stopnje, zato je revizijsko sodišče v skladu s 371. členom ZPP izpodbijano sodbo preizkusilo v mejah razloga, ki ga uveljavlja revident, to je zmotne uporabe materialnega prava. <p/> Temeljni načeli za odmero odškodnine za nepremoženjsko škodo sta načelo individualizacije in načelo objektivne pogojenosti višine denarne odškodnine. Načelo individualizacije zahteva določitev pravične denarne odškodnine glede na intenzivnost (stopnjo) in trajanje telesnih in duševnih bolečin ter strahu glede na vse konkretne okoliščine, ki se odražajo pri posameznem oškodovancu. V skladu z načelom objektivne pogojenosti višine denarne odškodnine pa mora sodišče pri njeni odmeri gledati na pomen prizadete dobrine in namen odškodnine, pa tudi na to, da ne bi šla na roko težnjam, ki niso združljive z njeno naravo in družbenim namenom (prvi in drugi odstavek 200. člena ZOR). Sodišče druge stopnje je z odmero denarne odškodnine za telesne bolečine (900.000 SIT), za strah (200.000 SIT), duševne bolečine zaradi zmanjšanja življenjske aktivnosti (1.000.000 SIT) in za duševne bolečine zaradi skaženosti (400.000 SIT) pravilno izpolnilo pravni standard pravične denarne odškodnine, saj je prisojena odškodnina primerljiva z odškodninami za podobno škodo, hkrati pa upošteva vse individualne značilnosti tožeče stranke, vključno z njeno starostjo v času škodnega dogodka (glej razloge sodbe sodišča prve stopnje na 6. do 8. strani ter razloge sodbe sodišča druge stopnje na 3. strani). Kar zadeva duševne bolečine zaradi zmanjšane življenjske aktivnosti, ni mogoče zanemariti, da je delovna nesposobnost tožeče stranke po ugotovitvah izvedenca le v 20 % posledica telesnih poškodb, ki jih je tožnik utrpel v obravnavanem škodnem dogodku, 80 % pa je treba pripisati že prej obstoječemu bolezenskemu stanju. V tem delu gre za vprašanje deljene vzročne zveze, ki sta ga sodišči nižjih stopenj rešili materialnopravno pravilno in v skladu z ustaljeno sodno prakso. Ker so k tožnikovemu sedanjemu zdravstvenemu stanju oziroma delovni nesposobnosti prispevale tudi zdravstvene težave, ki izvirajo iz obdobja pred škodnim dogodkom, tožena stranka ne more odgovarjati za tisti del škode, ki ga ni mogoče pripisati ravnanju njenega zavarovanca. (1) <p/> Materialnopravno pravilna je tudi odločitev o začetku teka obresti. Z načelnim pravnim mnenjem Vrhovnega sodišča RS z dne 26.6.2002 je bilo sprejeto stališče, ki začetek teka zakonskih zamudnih obresti od denarne terjatve za nepremoženjsko škodo (179. - 183. člen Obligacijskega zakona, Uradni list RS, št. 83/01, OZ oziroma 200. - 203. člen ZOR) veže na uveljavitev OZ (1.1.2002), če je hkrati izpolnjen dodatni pogoj zamude za izpolnitvijo s strani povzročitelja škode. Pravno naziranje tožeče stranke, ki meni, da je v vsakem primeru odločilno, kdaj je zavarovalnica prejela odškodninski zahtevek z medicinsko dokumentacijo tožeče stranke, pri čemer se sklicuje na določila 12. , prvega odstavka 17. , 277. ter prvega in tretjega odstavka 919. člena ZOR, je zmotno, saj bi vodilo v neenakopravno obravnavanje oškodovancev, kar bi bilo v nasprotju z ustavnim načelom enakosti (14. člen Ustave RS) in načelom enakega varstva pravic (22. člen Ustave RS). <p/> Realnost na področju reševanja odškodninskih sporov je takšna, da sodišča praviloma prisojajo odškodnine po nekaj letih od vložene tožbe. Ta realnost pomeni na področju podatkov o sodno priznanih odškodninah, da te izražajo, poleg vseh drugih okoliščin, tudi merilo časovne odmaknjenosti trenutka odločanja od nastanka škode. Drugače povedano: tudi v zneskih priznanih odškodnin, ki jih je sodišče uporabilo za primerjavo, je bil kot pomemben element upoštevan dejavnik čakanja na odškodnino. <p/> Ker niso podani ne razlogi, zaradi katerih je bila revizija vložena, ne razlogi, na katere mora revizijsko sodišče paziti po uradni dolžnosti, je revizijo zavrnilo (378. člen ZPP). <p/> Op. št. (1): Sodna praksa glede vprašanja deljene vzročnosti se je ustalila s pravnim mnenjem, sprejetim na Občni seji Vrhovnega sodišča Republike Slovenije 15.12.1998, Pravna mnenja II / 98, stran 12.