### new technologies and solutions must compete on cost and reliability against highly optimised energy systems with well - established incumbents and technologies . research and innovation are critical to make these new , cleaner , low - carbon , more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market . ### new technologies and solutions must compete in energy systems designed for historic incumbents and technologies which have absorbed the vast majority of the world and europe ' s research funding and subsidies to this date . research and innovation are critical to make these new , cleaner , low - carbon , more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed , funding for research and development of fossil fuel technologies is therefore not eligible under this societal challenge . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market .


### all the activities shall take a challenge - based approach , focusing on policy priorities without predetermining the precise choice of technologies or solutions that should be developed . the emphasis shall be on bringing together a critical mass of resources and knowledge across different fields , technologies and scientific disciplines in order to address the challenges . the activities shall cover the full cycle from research to market , with a new focus on innovation - related activities , such as piloting , demonstration , test - beds , support for public procurement , design , end - user driven innovation , social innovation and market take - up of innovations . ### all the activities shall take a challenge - based approach , focusing on policy priorities without predetermining the precise choice of technologies or solutions that should be developed . the emphasis shall be on bringing together a critical mass of resources and knowledge across different fields , technologies and scientific disciplines in order to address the challenges . the activities shall cover the full cycle from fundamental research to market , including innovation - related activities , such as piloting , demonstration , test - beds , support for public procurement , design , end - user driven innovation , social innovation and market take - up of innovations .


### all the research and innovation activities carried out under horizon 2020 shall comply with ethical principles and relevant national , union and international legislation , including the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and the european convention on human rights and its supplementary protocols . ### all the research and innovation activities carried out under horizon 2020 shall comply with ethical principles and relevant national , union and international legislation , including the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and the european convention on human rights and its supplementary protocols . the opinions of the european group on ethics in science and new technologies shall be taken into account .


### successful efforts to prevent , manage , treat and cure disease , disability and reduced functionality are underpinned by the fundamental understanding of their determinants and causes , processes and impacts , as well as factors underlying good health and wellbeing . effective sharing of data and the linkage of these data with large scale cohort studies is also essential , as is the translation of research findings into the clinic , in particular through the conduct of clinical trials . ### successful efforts to prevent , manage , treat and cure disease , disability and reduced functionality are underpinned by the fundamental understanding of their determinants and causes , processes and impacts , as well as factors underlying good health and wellbeing . effective sharing of data , standardised data processing and the linkage of these data with large scale cohort studies is also essential , as is the translation of research findings into the clinic , in particular through the conduct of clinical trials .


### europe is confronted with major socio - economic challenges which significantly affect its future - such as growing economic and cultural interdependencies , ageing , social exclusion and poverty , inequalities and migration flows , closing the digital divide , fostering a culture of innovation and creativity in society and enterprises , as well ensuring security and freedom , trust in democratic institutions and between citizens within and across borders . these challenges are enormous and they call for a common european approach . ### europe is confronted with major socio - economic challenges which significantly affect its future , such as growing economic and cultural interdependencies , ageing and demographic change , social exclusion and poverty , inequalities and migration flows , closing the digital divide , fostering a culture of innovation and creativity in society and enterprises , as well as ensuring trust in democratic institutions and between citizens within and across borders . moreover the role of public social policies in europe is increasingly perceived as a critical element for the sustainability of the european social model itself . these challenges are enormous and they call for an increasingly complex mix of diverse as well as common european approaches , based upon shared scientific knowledge that only the social sciences and humanities can provide .


### the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials , including their exploration , extraction , processing , re - use , recycling and substitution , is essential for the functioning of modern societies and their economies . european sectors , such as construction , chemicals , automotive , aerospace , machinery and equipment , which provide a total added value of some eur 1 . 3 trillion and employment for approximately 30 million people , heavily depend on access to raw materials . however , the supply of raw materials to the union is coming under increasing pressure . furthermore , the union is highly dependent on imports of strategically important raw materials , which are being affected at an alarming rate by market distortions . moreover , the union still has valuable mineral deposits , whose exploration and extraction is limited by a lack of adequate technologies and hampered by increased global competition . given the importance of raw materials for european competitiveness , the economy and for their application in innovative products , the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials is a vital priority for the union . ### the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials , including their exploration , extraction , processing , re - use , recycling and substitution , is essential for the functioning of modern societies and their economies . european sectors , such as construction , chemicals , automotive , aerospace , machinery and equipment , which provide a total added value of some eur 1 . 3 trillion and employment for approximately 30 million people , heavily depend on access to raw materials . however , the supply of raw materials to the union is coming under increasing pressure . the union has valuable mineral deposits , whose exploration and extraction is limited by a lack of adequate technologies and transport infrastructure . given the importance of raw materials for european competitiveness , the economy and for their application in innovative products , the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials is a vital priority for the union . access to european raw materials sources , often located in geographically remote areas , continues to be a challenge for industries dependent on a secure supply of such raw materials . furthermore , the union is highly dependent on imports of strategically important raw materials , which are being affected at an alarming rate by market distortions .


### development of platform technologies to enhance leadership and competitive advantage in a wide number of economic sectors . ### development of platform technologies to enhance leadership and competitive advantage in a wide number of sectors having economic impact . this approach can further advance the potential of novel smes and reduce time - to - market significantly .


### union funding under this challenge will thus support the development , implementation and adaptation of key union policies , notably europe 2020 priorities for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth , the common foreign and security policy and the union ' s internal security strategy , including policies on disaster prevention and response . coordination with the joint research centre direct actions will be pursued . ### union funding under this challenge will thus support the development , implementation and adaptation of key union policies , notably europe 2020 priorities for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth . it will interface with joint programming initiatives and coordination with the joint research centre direct actions will be pursued .


### financial contributions from the union to joint undertakings established on the basis of article 187 tfeu under the seventh framework programme , subject to the amendment of their basic acts ; to new public - private partnerships set up on the basis of article 187 tfeu ; and to other funding bodies referred to in article [ 55 or ] of regulation no xx / 2012 [ new financial regulation ] . this form of partnerships shall only be implemented where the scope of the objectives pursued and the scale of the resources required justify it ; ### financial contributions from the union to joint undertakings established on the basis of article 187 tfeu under the seventh framework programme , subject to the amendment of their basic acts taking full consideration of the results of the cost benefit analysis to be conducted under the foreseen impact assessment of this instrument , as well as to the fulfilment of the criteria set out in paragraph 3 ; to new public - private partnerships set up on the basis of article 187 tfeu ; and to other funding bodies referred to in article [ 55 or ] of regulation no xx / 2012 [ new financial regulation ] . this form of partnerships shall only be implemented where the scope of the objectives pursued and the scale of the resources required justify it , and where other forms of partnerships will not fulfil the objectives or will not generate the necessary leverage ;


### particular attention shall be paid to ensuring the adequate participation of , and innovation impact on , small and medium - sized enterprises in horizon 2020 . quantitative and qualitative assessments of sme participation shall be undertaken as part of the evaluation and monitoring arrangements . ### particular attention shall be paid to ensuring the increased participation of , and innovation impact on , the private sector and in particular small and medium - sized enterprises in horizon 2020 . quantitative and qualitative assessments of private sector participation shall be undertaken as part of the evaluation and monitoring arrangements .


### the union is committed to achieving the europe 2020 strategy , which has set the objectives of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth , highlighting the role of research and innovation as key drivers of social and economic prosperity and of environmental sustainability and setting itself the goal to increase spending on research and development to reach 3 % of gross domestic product by 2020 while developing an innovation intensity indicator . in this context , the innovation union flagship initiative sets out a strategic and integrated approach to research and innovation , setting the framework and objectives to which future union research and innovation funding should contribute . research and innovation are also key factors for other europe 2020 flagship initiatives , notably on resource efficient europe , an industrial policy for the globalisation era , and a digital agenda for europe . moreover , for achieving the europe 2020 objectives relating to research and innovation , cohesion policy has a key role to play through building capacity and providing a stairway to excellence . ### the union is committed to achieving the europe 2020 strategy , which has set the objectives of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth , highlighting the role of research and innovation as key drivers of social and economic prosperity and of environmental sustainability and setting itself the goal to increase spending on research and development to reach 3 % of gross domestic product by 2020 while developing an innovation intensity indicator . in this context , the innovation union flagship initiative sets out a strategic and integrated approach to research and innovation , setting the framework and objectives to which future union research and innovation funding should contribute . research and innovation are also key factors for other europe 2020 flagship initiatives , notably on resource efficient europe , an industrial policy for the globalisation era , and a digital agenda for europe . moreover , for achieving the europe 2020 objectives relating to research and innovation , cohesion policy has a key role to play through building capacity and providing a stairway to excellence , to both men and women scientists , to carry out cutting edge research and innovation of the highest quality . horizon 2020 should promote regional training courses to facilitate women ' s access to highly specialised posts in the research and innovation sector .


### marie curie actions shall provide excellent and innovative research training as well as attractive career and knowledge - exchange opportunities through cross - border and cross - sector mobility of researchers to best prepare them to face current and future societal challenges . ### marie curie actions shall provide excellent and innovative research training as well as attractive career and knowledge - exchange opportunities through cross - border and cross - sector mobility of researchers to best prepare them to face current and future societal challenges . mobility programs will ensure effective equal opportunities between men and women and include specific measures to remove obstacles to the mobility of female researchers .


### the aim is to foster the development of innovative societies and policies in europe through the engagement of citizens , enterprises and users in research and innovation and the promotion of coordinated research and innovation policies in the context of globalisation . particular support will be provided for the development of the era and the development of framework conditions for innovation . ### the aim is to foster the development of innovative societies and policies in europe through the engagement of citizens , enterprises and users in research and innovation and the promotion of coordinated research and innovation policies in the context of globalisation . support will be provided for research related to the development of the era and the development of framework conditions for innovation , including a better understanding of societal constrains and opportunities and their role in the innovation process .


### explore new forms of innovation , including social innovation and creativity ; ### explore and understand new forms of innovation , including social innovation and creativity ;


### clear financial commitments of the participating countries , including prior commitments to pool national and / or regional investments for transnational research and innovation ; ### clear financial commitments of the participating countries and a positive track record of results , as well as prior commitments to pool national and / or regional investments for transnational research and innovation ;


### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . ### specific activities shall include : «« understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis in different socio - economic contexts ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving the surveillance of infectious diseases in the union as well as in neighbouring and developing countries and preparedness for combating epidemics and emerging diseases ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches .


### the activities developed under horizon 2020 should aim at promoting equality between men and women in research and innovation , by addressing in particular the underlying causes of gender imbalance , by exploiting the full potential of both female and male researchers , and by integrating the gender dimension into the content of projects in order to improve the quality of research and stimulate innovation . activities should also aim at the implementation of the principles relating to the equality between women and men as laid down in articles 2 and 3 of the treaty on european union and article 8 tfeu . ### the activities developed under horizon 2020 should promote equality between men and women in research and innovation , by addressing in particular the underlying causes of gender imbalance , by exploiting the full potential of both female and male researchers . furthermore horizon 2020 should ensure that the gender dimension is integrated in the content of research and innovation activities at all stages of the process in order to improve the quality of research and stimulate innovation . activities should also aim at the implementation of the principles relating to the equality between women and men as laid down in articles 2 and 3 of the treaty on european union and article 8 tfeu .


### nanotechnologies are a spectrum of evolving technologies with proven potential , having revolutionary impact in for example materials , ict , life sciences and healthcare and consumer goods once the research is translated into breakthrough products and production processes . ### nanotechnologies are a spectrum of evolving technologies with proven potential , having revolutionary impact in for example materials , ict , life sciences and healthcare and consumer goods once the research is translated into competitive products and production processes .


### industrial leadership ; ### industrial and services leadership ;


### *including eur 8975 million for information and communication technologies of which eur 1795 million for photonics and micro - and nanoelectronics , eur 4293 million for nanotechnologies , advanced materials and advanced manufacturing and processing , eur 575 million for biotechnology and eur 1737 million for space . as a result , eur 6663 million will be available to support key enabling technologies . ### *including 57 , 6% for information and communication technologies of which 20%for photonics and micro - and nanoelectronics , 27 , 6% for nanotechnologies , advanced materials and advanced manufacturing and processing , 3 , 7% for biotechnology and 11 , 1% for space . as a result , 42 , 8% million will be available to support key enabling technologies .


### promote smart , sustainable and inclusive growth ; ### mechanisms to promote smart , sustainable and inclusive growth taking into account the economic and social european diversity and its dynamics of change ;


### research infrastructure shall develop european research infrastructure for 2020 and beyond , foster their innovation potential and human capital , and complement this with the related union policy and international cooperation . ### research infrastructures shall develop and support excellent existing and new european research infrastructures and assist them to operate for the era by fostering their innovation potential , attracting world level researchers , training human capital , and complementing this with the international cooperation union policy


### targeted actions with the objective of promoting cooperation with specific third countries or groups of third countries shall be implemented on the basis of common interest and mutual benefit , taking into account their scientific and technological capabilities and market opportunities , and the expected impact . ### targeted actions with the objective of promoting cooperation with specific third countries or groups of third countries , in particular with the strategic partners of the union , shall be implemented on the basis of common interest and mutual benefit , taking into account their scientific and technological capabilities and market opportunities , and the expected impact .


### the commission shall annually monitor the implementation of horizon 2020 , its specific programme and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology . this shall include information on cross - cutting topics such as sustainability and climate change , including information on the amount of climate related expenditure . ### the commission shall annually monitor the implementation of horizon 2020 , its specific programme and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology . this shall include information and indicators on cross - cutting topics such as gender , sustainability and climate change , including information on the amount of climate related expenditure .


### activities assisting the implementation and complementing the sme specific measures across horizon 2020 shall be supported , notably to enhance the innovation capacity of smes . ### activities assisting the implementation and complementing the sme specific measures across horizon 2020 shall be supported , notably to enhance the innovation capacity of smes , including by providing funding for european applied research institutes to work on projects agreed with individual smes and bear the costs and risks of the applied research , on the basis of a binding commitment to make industrial use of the results obtained .


### horizon 2020 shall play a central role in the delivery of the europe 2020 strategy for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth by providing a common strategic framework for the union ' s research and innovation funding , thus acting as a vehicle for leveraging private investment , creating new job opportunities and ensuring europe ' s long - term sustainable growth and competitiveness . ### horizon 2020 shall play a central role in the delivery of the europe 2020 strategy for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth by providing a common strategic framework for the union ' s research and innovation funding , thus acting as a vehicle for leveraging public and private investment , creating new job opportunities , promoting economic , social and territorial cohesion and ensuring europe ' s long - term sustainable growth and competitiveness .


### the eit kics are highly integrated ventures , bringing together partners from industry , higher education , research and technology institutes , renowned for their excellence . kics allow world - class partners to unite in new , cross - border configurations , optimise existing resources and open up access to new business opportunities via new value chains , addressing higher - risk , larger - scale challenges . ### the eit kics are highly integrated ventures , bringing together partners from industry , higher education , research and technology institutes , renowned for their excellence . kics allow world - class partners to unite in new , cross - border configurations , optimise existing resources and open up access to new business opportunities via new value chains , addressing higher - risk , larger - scale challenges . it is essential that kics provide the opportunity for smes to fully participate in all their activities : widening participation to new entrants bringing new ideas and in particular increasing participation of smes should be part of the kics strategy for growth .


### europe is confronted with major socio - economic challenges which significantly affect its future - such as growing economic and cultural interdependencies , ageing , social exclusion and poverty , inequalities and migration flows , closing the digital divide , fostering a culture of innovation and creativity in society and enterprises , as well ensuring security and freedom , trust in democratic institutions and between citizens within and across borders . these challenges are enormous and they call for a common european approach . ### europe is confronted with major socio - economic challenges which significantly affect its future , such as growing economic and cultural interdependencies , ageing and demographic change , social exclusion and poverty , inequalities and migration flows , closing the digital divide , fostering a culture of innovation and creativity in society and enterprises , as well as ensuring trust in democratic institutions and between citizens within and across borders . moreover the role of public social policies in europe is increasingly perceived as a critical element for the sustainability of the european social model itself . these challenges are enormous and they call for an increasingly complex mix of diverse as well as common european approaches , based upon shared scientific knowledge that only the social sciences and humanities can provide .


### smes constitute a significant source of innovation and growth in europe . therefore a strong participation of smes , as defined in commission recommendation 2003 / 361 / ec of 6 may 2003 , is needed in horizon 2020 . this should support the aims of the small business act . ### smes constitute an essential source of innovation , growth and jobs in europe . therefore a strong participation of smes , as defined in commission recommendation 2003 / 361 / ec of 6 may 2003 , is needed in horizon 2020 . this should support the aims of the small business act .


### in the union , cvd annually accounts for more than 2 million deaths and costs the economy more than eur 192 billion while cancer accounts for a quarter of all deaths and is the number one cause of death in people aged 45 - 64 . over 27 million people in the union suffer from diabetes and the total cost of brain disorders has been estimated at eur 800 billion . environmental , life - style and socio - economic factors are relevant in several of these conditions with up to one third of the global disease burden estimated to be related to these . ### in the union , cvd annually accounts for more than 2 million deaths and costs the economy more than eur 192 billion while cancer accounts for a quarter of all deaths and is the number one cause of death in people aged 45 - 64 . over 120 million citizens suffer from rheumatic and musculoskeletal conditions in the union and 27 million people in the union suffer from diabetes while the total cost of brain disorders has been estimated at eur 800 billion and the total cost of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases at eur 240 billion . environmental , life - style and socio - economic factors are relevant in several of these conditions with up to one third of the global disease burden estimated to be related to these .


### a considerably increased exploitation of data from european satellites can be achieved if a concerted effort is made to coordinate and organise the processing , validation and standardisation of space data . innovations in data handling and dissemination can also ensure a higher return on investment of space infrastructure , and contribute to tackling societal challenges , in particular if coordinated in a global effort such as through global earth observation system of systems , the european satellite navigation programme galileo or ipcc for climate change issues . ### a considerably increased exploitation of data from european satellites can be achieved if a concerted effort is made to coordinate and organise the processing , validation and standardisation of space data . innovations in data handling and dissemination can also ensure a higher return on investment of space infrastructure , and contribute to tackling societal challenges , in particular if coordinated in a global effort such as through the global earth observation system of systems and europe ' s contribution to gmes , the european satellite navigation programme galileo or ipcc for climate change issues .


### union funding under this challenge will thus support the development , implementation and adaptation of key union policies , notably europe 2020 priorities for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth , the common foreign and security policy and the union ' s internal security strategy , including policies on disaster prevention and response . coordination with the joint research centre direct actions will be pursued . ### union funding under this challenge will thus support the development , implementation and adaptation of key union policies , notably europe 2020 priorities for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth . it will interface with joint programming initiatives and coordination with the joint research centre direct actions will be pursued .


### the union intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % below 1990 levels by 2020 , with a further reduction to 80 - 95 % by 2050 . in addition , renewables should cover 20 % of final energy consumption in 2020 coupled with a 20 % energy efficiency target . achieving these objectives will require an overhaul of the energy system combining low carbon profile , energy security and affordability , while at the same time reinforcing europe ' s economic competitiveness . europe is currently far from this overall goal . 80 % of the european energy system still relies on fossil fuels , and the sector produces 80 % of all the union ' s greenhouse gas emissions . every year 2 . 5 % of the union ' s gross domestic product is spent on energy imports and this is likely to increase . this trend would lead to total dependence on oil and gas imports by 2050 . faced with volatile energy prices on the world market , coupled with concerns over security of supply , european industries and consumers are spending an increasing share of their income on energy . ### the union intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % below 1990 levels by 2020 , with a further reduction to 80 - 95 % by 2050 . in addition , renewables should cover 20 % of final energy consumption in 2020 coupled with a 20 % energy efficiency target . by 2050 greenhouse gas emission reductions of 80 - 95% should be achieved . all decarbonisation scenarios in the energy roadmap 2050 show that renewable energy technologies will by the middle of this century account for the biggest share of energy supply technologies . this must be accompanied by an ambitious energy efficiency policy as the most cost - effective way of reaching our long - term decarbonisation goals . it is therefore appropriate for three quarters of the budget under this challenge to go towards research and innovation in renewable energy and energy efficiency . achieving these objectives will require an overhaul of the energy system combining the development of alternatives to fossil fuels , energy security and affordability , while at the same time reinforcing europe ' s economic competitiveness . europe is currently far from this overall goal . 80 % of the european energy system still relies on fossil fuels , and the sector produces 80 % of all the union ' s greenhouse gas emissions . every year 2 . 5 % of the union ' s gross domestic product is spent on energy imports and this is likely to increase . this trend would lead to total dependence on oil and gas imports by 2050 . faced with volatile energy prices on the world market , coupled with concerns over security of supply , european industries and consumers are spending an increasing share of their income on energy .


### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . ### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding the basis of disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing new and better preventive vaccines and drugs ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; developing adapted treatments and treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions including psychosocial aspects ; improving regulatory procedures and support of access related activities ; better collection and use of health data ; standardised data analysis techniques ; healthy and active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing health disparities and inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . all of these activities shall properly account for gender and sex analysis . the activities shall take full advantage of the opportunities presented for a true interdisciplinary approach , combining knowledge from all six challenges and the other pillars to ensure sustainable solutions within the domain . active involvement of health care providers must be encouraged in order to secure rapid take - up and implementation of results .


### reducing energy consumption and co2 emissions by the development and deployment of sustainable construction technologies . ### reducing energy consumption and co2 emissions by the research , development and deployment of sustainable construction technologies addressing the whole value chain and fostering cross - sectorial and multidisciplinary innovations while enabling new business models and value propositions to citizens .


### research and innovation activities supported by horizon 2020 should respect fundamental ethical principles . the opinions of the european group on ethics in science and new technologies should be taken into account . research activities should also take into account article 13 tfeu and reduce the use of animals in research and testing , with a view ultimately to replacing animal use . all activities should be carried out ensuring a high level of human health protection in accordance with article 168 tfeu . ### research and innovation activities supported by horizon 2020 should respect ethical principles . the opinions of the european group on ethics in science and new technologies should be taken into account . the union should also respect the cultural diversity and ethical choices of the member states , which must be taken into account for funding purposes . research activities should be carried out in accordance with article 13 tfeu and respect the obligation to replace or reduce the use of animals for scientific purposes or improve the conditions under which this takes place . all activities should be carried out ensuring a high level of human health protection in accordance with article 168 tfeu


### the union has the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological bases by achieving a european research area in which researchers , scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely , and encouraging the union to become more competitive , including in its industry . to pursue those objectives the union should carry out activities to implement research , technological development and demonstration , promote international cooperation , disseminate and optimise results and stimulate training and mobility . ### the union has the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological bases by achieving a european research area in which both female and male researchers , scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely , on the basis of equal treatment under the law and as a professional , and encouraging the union to become more competitive , including in its industry . to pursue those objectives the union should carry out activities to implement research , technological development and demonstration , promote international cooperation , disseminate and optimise results and stimulate the training and mobility essential to the development of the profession of european researcher and take measures to promote gender equality and the gender dimension in research and innovation .


### new technologies and solutions must compete on cost and reliability against highly optimised energy systems with well - established incumbents and technologies . research and innovation are critical to make these new , cleaner , low - carbon , more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market . ### new technologies and solutions must compete in energy systems designed for historic incumbents and technologies which have absorbed the vast majority of the world and europe ' s research and subsidies until today . research and innovation are critical to make new , cleaner , renewable and more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market .


### the aim is to supply sufficient food , feed , biomass and other raw - materials , while safeguarding natural resources and enhancing ecosystems services , including coping with and mitigating climate change . the activities shall focus on more sustainable and productive agriculture and forestry systems which are both resource - efficient and resilient , while at the same time developing of services , concepts and policies for thriving rural livelihoods . ### the activities shall focus on more sustainable and productive agriculture which are both resource - efficient and resilient whilst being able to also meet the new demands from a developing bioeconomy


### the activities developed under horizon 2020 should aim at promoting equality between men and women in research and innovation , by addressing in particular the underlying causes of gender imbalance , by exploiting the full potential of both female and male researchers , and by integrating the gender dimension into the content of projects in order to improve the quality of research and stimulate innovation . activities should also aim at the implementation of the principles relating to the equality between women and men as laid down in articles 2 and 3 of the treaty on european union and article 8 tfeu . ### the activities developed under horizon 2020 should promote equality between men and women in research and innovation , by addressing in particular the underlying causes of gender imbalance , by exploiting the full potential of both female and male researchers . furthermore horizon 2020 should ensure that the gender dimension is integrated in the content of research and innovation activities at all stages of the process in order to improve the quality of research and stimulate innovation . activities should also aim at the implementation of the principles relating to the equality between women and men as laid down in articles 2 and 3 of the treaty on european union and article 8 tfeu .


### the specific objective of advanced materials research and innovation is to develop materials with new functionalities and improved in - service performance , for more competitive products that minimise the impact on the environment and the consumption of resources . ### the specific objective of advanced materials research and innovation is to develop materials with new functionalities , or for a given function , and improved in - service performance , for more competitive products that are more accessible to consumers and minimise the impact on the environment and the consumption of resources .


### europe is facing a number of structural weaknesses when it comes to innovation capacity and the ability to deliver new services , products and processes . among the main issues at hand are europe ' s relatively poor record in talent attraction and retention ; the underutilisation of existing research strengths in terms of creating economic or social value ; low levels of entrepreneurial activity ; a scale of resources in poles of excellence which is insufficient to compete globally ; and an excessive number of barriers to collaboration within the knowledge triangle of higher education , research and business on a european level . ### europe is facing a number of structural weaknesses when it comes to innovation capacity and the ability to deliver new services , products and processes . among the main issues at hand are europe ' s relatively poor record in talent attraction and retention ; the underutilisation of existing research strengths in terms of creating economic or social value ; the lack of research results brought to the market ; low levels of entrepreneurial activity and mindset ; low leverage of private investment in r&d , a scale of resources , including human resources , in poles of excellence which is insufficient to compete globally ; and an excessive number of barriers to collaboration within the knowledge triangle of higher education , research and business on a european level .


### horizon 2020 should promote cooperation with third countries based on common interest and mutual benefit . international cooperation in science , technology and innovation should be targeted to contribute to achieving the europe 2020 objectives to strengthen competitiveness , contribute to tackling societal challenges and support union external and development policies , including by developing synergies with external programmes and contributing to the union ' s international commitments such as the achievement of millennium development goals . ### horizon 2020 should promote cooperation with third countries based on common interest , mutual benefit and reciprocity , where appropriate . international cooperation in science , technology and innovation should be targeted to contribute to achieving the europe 2020 objectives to strengthen competitiveness , contribute to tackling societal challenges and support union external and development policies , including by developing synergies with external programmes and contributing to the union ' s international commitments such as the achievement of millennium development goals . special attention will be paid to the council conclusion on the role of the eu in global health1 . __________________ 1 conclusions of the foreign affairs council of 10 may 2010 .


### the aims shall be to ensure the implementation and operation of the esfri and other world - class research infrastructures , including the development of regional partner facilities ; integration of and access to national research infrastructures ; and the development , deployment and operation of e - infrastructures . ### the aims shall be to ensure the implementation and operation of the esfri and other world - class research infrastructures , including the development of regional partner facilities of european interest , as well as the transnational access to world - class european research infrastructures ; integration of and transnational access to national research infrastructures ; and the development , deployment and operation of e - infrastructures to ensure a world - leading capability in networking , computing and scientific data .


### the cost of union health and social care systems is rising with care and prevention measures in all ages increasingly expensive , the number of europeans aged over 65 expected to nearly double from 85 million in 2008 to 151 million by 2060 , and those over 80 to rise from 22 to 61 million in the same period . reducing or containing these costs such that they do not become unsustainable depends in part on ensuring the lifelong health and wellbeing of all and therefore on the effective prevention , treatment and management of disease and disability . ### the cost of union health and social care systems is rising with care and prevention measures in all ages increasingly expensive , the number of europeans aged over 65 expected to nearly double from 85 million in 2008 to 151 million by 2060 , and those over 80 to rise from 22 to 61 million in the same period . reducing or containing these costs such that they do not become unsustainable depends in part on ensuring the lifelong health and wellbeing of all and therefore on the effective prevention , treatment and management of disease and disability . incremental development , based solely on present knowledge , will not meet these needs ; radical novel ideas and knowledge must be sought and implemented . close collaboration between academia , industry , healthcare providers and regulatory agencies will be needed to meet the challenges .


### evaluations shall be carried out in a sufficiently timely manner to feed into the decision - making process . ### reviews and evaluations shall be carried out in a sufficiently timely manner to feed into the decision - making process .


### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes involving universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors . ### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes allowing researchers to develop their research curriculum and involving universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will develop and improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors .


### *including eur 8975 million for information and communication technologies of which eur 1795 million for photonics and micro - and nanoelectronics , eur 4293 million for nanotechnologies , advanced materials and advanced manufacturing and processing , eur 575 million for biotechnology and eur 1737 million for space . as a result , eur 6663 million will be available to support key enabling technologies . ### *including 57 , 6% for information and communication technologies of which 20%for photonics and micro - and nanoelectronics , 27 , 6% for nanotechnologies , advanced materials and advanced manufacturing and processing , 3 , 7% for biotechnology and 11 , 1% for space . as a result , 42 , 8% million will be available to support key enabling technologies .


### europe is confronted with major socio - economic challenges which significantly affect its future - such as growing economic and cultural interdependencies , ageing , social exclusion and poverty , inequalities and migration flows , closing the digital divide , fostering a culture of innovation and creativity in society and enterprises , as well ensuring security and freedom , trust in democratic institutions and between citizens within and across borders . these challenges are enormous and they call for a common european approach . ### europe is confronted with major socio - economic challenges which significantly affect its future , such as growing economic and cultural interdependencies , ageing and demographic change , social exclusion and poverty , inequalities and migration flows , closing the digital divide , fostering a culture of innovation and creativity in society and enterprises , as well as ensuring trust in democratic institutions and between citizens within and across borders . moreover the role of public social policies in europe is increasingly perceived as a critical element for the sustainability of the european social model itself . these challenges are enormous and they call for an increasingly complex mix of diverse as well as common european approaches , based upon shared scientific knowledge that only the social sciences and humanities can provide .


### the european institute of innovation and technology shall be financed through a maximum contribution from horizon 2020 of eur 3194 million as set out in annex ii . a first allocation of eur 1542 million shall be provided to the european institute of innovation and technology for activities under title xvii of the treaty on the functioning of the european union . a second allocation of up to eur 1652 million shall be provided , subject to the review set out in article 26 . this additional amount shall be provided on a pro - rata basis , as indicated in annex ii , from the amount for the specific objective ‘ leadership in enabling and industrial technologies’ within the priority on industrial leadership set out in paragraph 2 and from the amount for the priority on societal challenges set out in 2 . ### the european institute of innovation and technology shall be financed through a maximum contribution from horizon 2020 of 3 , 1% of the total budget as set out in annex ii .


### erc funding shall be awarded in accordance with the following well - established principles . scientific excellence shall be the sole criterion on which erc grants are awarded . the erc shall operate on a ‘ bottom - up’ basis without predetermined priorities . the erc grants shall be open to individual teams of researchers of any age and from any country in the world , working in europe . and the erc shall aim to foster healthy competition across europe . ### erc funding shall be awarded in accordance with the following well - established principles . scientific excellence shall be the sole criterion on which erc grants are awarded . the erc shall operate on a ‘ bottom - up’ basis without predetermined priorities . the erc grants shall be open to individual teams of researchers of any age and from any country in the world , working in europe . the erc shall aim to foster healthy competition across europe and will ensure unconscious gender bias is properly tackled in evaluation procedures .


### the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ also includes an activity to close the research and innovation divide with specific measures to unlock excellence in less developed regions of the union . ### the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ also includes an activity to close the research and innovation divide with specific measures to promote , enable , develop and unlock excellence in less developed regions of the union .


### not later than end 2017 , and taking into account the ex - post evaluation of the seventh framework programme to be completed by the end of 2015 and the review of the european institute of innovation and technology , the commission shall carry out , with the assistance of independent experts , an interim evaluation of horizon 2020 , its specific programme , including the european research council , and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology , on the achievements of the objectives of horizon 2020 and continued relevance of all the measures , the efficiency and use of resources , the scope for further simplification , and union added value . that evaluation shall also take into consideration aspects relating to access to funding opportunities for participants in all regions , for smes and for promoting gender balance . that evaluation shall additionally take into account the contribution of the measures to the union priorities of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth and results on the long - term impact of the predecessor measures . ### not later than end 2017 , and taking into account the ex - post evaluation of the seventh framework programme to be completed by the end of 2015 and the review of the european institute of innovation and technology , the commission shall carry out , with the assistance of independent experts , an interim evaluation of horizon 2020 , its specific programme , including the european research council , and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology , on the achievements of the objectives of horizon 2020 and continued relevance of all the measures , the efficiency and use of resources , the scope for further simplification , and union added value . that evaluation shall also take into consideration aspects relating to access to funding opportunities for participants in all regions and member states , for smes and for promoting gender balance . that evaluation shall additionally take into account the contribution of the measures to the union priorities of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth and results on the long - term impact of the predecessor measures .


### the union has the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological bases by achieving a european research area in which researchers , scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely , and encouraging the union to become more competitive , including in its industry . to pursue those objectives the union should carry out activities to implement research , technological development and demonstration , promote international cooperation , disseminate and optimise results and stimulate training and mobility . ### the union has the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological bases by achieving a european research area in which both female and male researchers , scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely , on the basis of equal treatment under the law and as a professional , and encouraging the union to become more competitive , including in its industry . to pursue those objectives the union should carry out activities to implement research , technological development and demonstration , promote international cooperation , disseminate and optimise results and stimulate the training and mobility essential to the development of the profession of european researcher and take measures to promote gender equality and the gender dimension in research and innovation .


### the activities developed under horizon 2020 should aim at promoting equality between men and women in research and innovation , by addressing in particular the underlying causes of gender imbalance , by exploiting the full potential of both female and male researchers , and by integrating the gender dimension into the content of projects in order to improve the quality of research and stimulate innovation . activities should also aim at the implementation of the principles relating to the equality between women and men as laid down in articles 2 and 3 of the treaty on european union and article 8 tfeu . ### the activities developed under horizon 2020 should aim at promoting equality between men and women in research and innovation , identifying and eliminating the principal causes of gender imbalance , by making use of the full potential of both female and male researchers in terms of their outstanding professional qualities and abilities and by integrating the gender dimension into the content of projects in order to improve the quality of research and stimulate innovation . activities should also aim at the implementation of the principles relating to the equality between women and men as laid down in articles 2 and 3 of the treaty on european union and article 8 tfeu .


### strengthen europe ' s role as a global actor ; ### strengthen europe ' s role as a global actor . the geopolitical , environmental and cultural importance of the arctic areas will most likely continue to grow in the coming years , underlining the need to strengthen the humanistic arctic research in order to improve the understanding of the rapid development and change these societies , cultures and geographical areas are undergoing ;


### the european research council shall provide attractive and flexible funding to enable talented and creative individual researchers and their teams to pursue the most promising avenues at the frontier of science , on the basis of union - wide competition . ### the european research council shall provide attractive and flexible funding to enable talented and creative individual researchers and their teams , irrespective of their sex , to pursue the most promising avenues at the frontier of science , on the basis of union - wide competition .


### this regulation establishes horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation and determines the framework governing union support to research and innovation activities and fostering better exploitation of the industrial potential of policies of innovation , research and technological development . ### this regulation establishes horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation and determines the framework governing union support to research and innovation activities with the objective of strengthening the european scientific and technological base , ensuring the development of its intellectual capital and fostering benefits for society , including better exploitation of the industrial potential of policies of innovation , research and technological development .


### europe must establish an adequate , stable base for building , maintaining and operating research infrastructures if its research is to remain world - class . this requires substantial and effective cooperation between union , national and regional funders for which strong links with the cohesion policy will be pursued to ensure synergies and a coherent approach . ### europe must establish an adequate , stable base for building , maintaining and operating excellent research infrastructures , and to select and prioritize them on the basis of eu - quality and relevance criteria if its research is to remain world - class . this requires to set - up an european high level evaluation based on independent ' peer - review ' , as well as substantial and effective cooperation between union , national and regional funders for which strong links with the cohesion policy will be pursued to ensure synergies and a coherent approach .


### horizon 2020 may be implemented through public - private partnerships where all the partners concerned commit to support the development and implementation of research and innovation activities of strategic importance to the union ' s competitiveness and industrial leadership or to address specific societal challenges . ### horizon 2020 may be implemented through public - private partnerships where all the partners concerned commit to support the development and implementation of research and innovation activities of strategic importance to the union ' s competitiveness and industrial leadership or to address specific societal challenges . this should be achieved by supporting networks , cooperation and exchanges of experience between regions , towns and other stakeholders , including cultural , scientific and research institutions .


### horizon 2020 shall be implemented in a way which is complementary to other union funding programmes , including the structural funds . ### horizon 2020 shall be implemented in a way which is complementary to other union funding programmes .


### effective health promotion , supported by a robust evidence base , prevents disease , improves wellbeing and is cost effective . health promotion and disease prevention also depend on an understanding of the determinants of health , on effective preventive tools , such as vaccines , on effective health and disease surveillance and preparedness , and on effective screening programmes . ### effective health promotion , supported by a robust evidence base , prevents disease , improves wellbeing and is cost effective . health promotion and disease prevention also depend on an understanding of the determinants of health including socio - economic status and gender , on effective preventive tools , such as vaccines , on effective health and disease surveillance and preparedness , and on effective screening programmes .


### horizon 2020 shall ensure the effective promotion of gender equality and the gender dimension in research and innovation content . ### horizon 2020 shall ensure the effective promotion of gender balance in all programmes , in evaluation committees , in expert and advisory groups and in any decision making body existing or created for its implementation . to this end , targets will be developed , and appropriate actions designed to reach those targets will be implemented .


### key activities shall be to encourage experienced researchers to broaden or deepen their skills by means of mobility by opening attractive career opportunities in universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups all over europe and beyond . opportunities to restart a research career after a break shall also be supported . ### key activities shall be to encourage experienced researchers to broaden or deepen their skills by means of mobility by opening attractive career opportunities in universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups all over europe and beyond , while taking account of the role of young people in the science sector , offering researchers the opportunity to be trained and to acquire new knowledge in a third - country high - level research organisation , and subsequently return . key regard shall be taken of the role of women in science , and potential barriers to their entry into the field . opportunities to restart a research career after a break and flexible working arrangements shall also be supported .


### research , technology development and innovation underpin capacities in space which are vital to european society . while the united states of america spends around 25 % of their space budget on r&d , the union spends less than 10 % . moreover , space research in the union is fragmented in the national programmes of a few member states . to maintain the technological and competitive edge union level action is needed to coordinate space research , to promote the participation of researchers from all member states , and to lower the barriers for collaborative space research projects across national borders . this needs to be done in coordination with the european space agency , which has successfully managed industrial satellite development and deep space missions on an intergovernmental basis with a subset of the member states since 1975 . in addition , the information provided by european satellites will offer an increasing potential for further development of innovative satellite - based downstream services . this is a typical activity sector for smes and should be supported by research and innovation measures in order to reap the full benefits of this opportunity , and especially of the considerable investments made on the two union flagships galileo and gmes . ### research , technology development and innovation underpin capacities in space which are vital to european society . while the united states of america spends around 25 % of their space budget on r&d , the union spends less than 10 % . moreover , space research in the union is addressed in the programmes of the member states and of esa . to maintain the technological and competitive edge union level action is needed to coordinate space research , to promote the participation of researchers from all member states , and to lower the barriers for collaborative space research projects across national borders . this needs to be done in coordination with the european space agency , which has successfully managed industrial satellite development and deep space missions on an intergovernmental basis with a subset of the member states since 1975 . in addition , the information provided by european satellites will offer an increasing potential for further development of innovative satellite - based downstream services . this is a typical activity sector for smes and should be supported by research and innovation measures in order to reap the full benefits of this opportunity , and especially of the considerable investments made on the two union flagships galileo and gmes .


### europe is facing a number of structural weaknesses when it comes to innovation capacity and the ability to deliver new services , products and processes . among the main issues at hand are europe ' s relatively poor record in talent attraction and retention ; the underutilisation of existing research strengths in terms of creating economic or social value ; low levels of entrepreneurial activity ; a scale of resources in poles of excellence which is insufficient to compete globally ; and an excessive number of barriers to collaboration within the knowledge triangle of higher education , research and business on a european level . ### europe is facing a number of structural weaknesses when it comes to innovation capacity and the ability to deliver new services , products and processes . among the main issues at hand are europe ' s relatively poor record in talent attraction and retention ; the underutilisation of existing research strengths in terms of creating economic or social value ; the lack of research results brought to the market ; low levels of entrepreneurial activity and mindset ; low leverage of private investment in r&d , a scale of resources , including human resources , in poles of excellence which is insufficient to compete globally ; and an excessive number of barriers to collaboration within the knowledge triangle of higher education , research and business on a european level .


### social sciences and humanities shall be an integral part of the activities to address all the challenges . in addition , the underpinning development of these disciplines shall be supported under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . support will also focus on providing a strong evidence base for policy making at international , union , national and regional levels . given the global nature of many of the challenges , strategic cooperation with third countries shall be an integral part of each challenge . in addition , cross - cutting support for international cooperation shall be provided under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . ### social sciences and humanities shall be an integral part of the activities to address all the challenges . human and social sciences are to be represented in programme committees and experts ' groups in charge of project and programme evaluation in all topics . in addition , the underpinning development of these disciplines shall be supported under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . support will also focus on providing a strong evidence base for policy making at international , union , national and regional levels . given the global nature of many of the challenges , strategic cooperation with third countries shall be an integral part of each challenge . in addition , cross - cutting support for international cooperation shall be provided under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ .


### to achieve maximum impact , horizon 2020 should develop close synergies with other union programmes in areas such as education , space , environment , competitiveness and smes , the internal security , culture and media and with the cohesion policy funds and rural development policy , which can specifically help to strengthen national and regional research and innovation capabilities in the context of smart specialisation strategies . ### to achieve maximum impact horizon 2020 should develop close synergies with other union programmes in areas such as education , space , satellite global navigation and global monitoring , environment , competitiveness and smes , the internal security , culture and media and with the cohesion policy funds and rural development policy , which can specifically help to strengthen national and regional research and innovation capabilities in the context of smart specialisation strategies .


### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . ### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; understanding inequalities caused by the type , adequacy and quality of the care and treatment system available to persons with disabilities and the consequences thereof ; studying policies and practices promoting the inclusion of the users concerned in defining care systems , active ageing , independent and assisted living for the elderly and diabled , particularly those requiring more intensive support ; ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making such as studies on european health systems and assessments of their effectiveness in meeting the needs of persons with disabilities , particularly as regards getting and keeping a job , dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches .


### simplification is a central aim of horizon 2020 which should be fully reflected in its design , rules , financial management and implementation . horizon 2020 should aim to attract the strong participation of universities , research centres , industry and specifically smes and be open to new participants , as it brings together the full range of research and innovation support in one common strategic framework , including a streamlined set of forms of support and uses rules for participation with principles applicable to all actions under the programme . simpler funding rules should reduce the administrative costs for participation and will contribute to a reduction of financial errors . ### simplification is a central aim of horizon 2020 which should be fully reflected in its design , rules , financial management and implementation . horizon 2020 should aim to attract the strong participation of universities , research centres , industry and specifically smes – too few of which are involved in research programmes , despite the measures already in place – and should be open to new participants , notably from civil society . horizon 2020 brings together the full range of research and innovation support in one common strategic framework , including a streamlined set of forms of support and uses rules for participation with principles applicable to all actions under the programme . simpler funding rules should reduce the administrative costs for participation and will contribute to a reduction of financial errors .


### space is a rapidly growing sector which delivers information vital to many areas of modern society , meeting its fundamental demands , addresses universal scientific questions , and serves to secure the union ' s position as a major player on the international stage . space research underpins all activities undertaken in space , but is currently fragmented in national programmes run by a subset of union member states . union level coordination and investment in space research are required to maintain the competitive edge , to safeguard union space infrastructure such as galileo and to sustain a future role for the union in space . in addition , innovative downstream services and applications using space derived information represent an important source of growth and job creation . ### space is a rapidly growing sector which delivers information vital to many areas of modern society , meeting its fundamental demands , addresses universal scientific questions , and serves to secure the union ' s position as a major player on the international stage . space research underpins all activities undertaken in space . union level coordination and investment in space research are required to maintain the competitive edge , to safeguard union space infrastructure such as galileo and to sustain a future role for the union in space . this shall be achieved in close cooperation with the european space agency . in addition , innovative downstream services and applications using space derived information represent an important source of growth and job creation and their development represents an important opportunity for the union .


### the union has the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological bases by achieving a european research area in which researchers , scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely , and encouraging the union to become more competitive , including in its industry . to pursue those objectives the union should carry out activities to implement research , technological development and demonstration , promote international cooperation , disseminate and optimise results and stimulate training and mobility . ### the union has the objective of strengthening its scientific and technological bases by achieving a european research area in which both female and male researchers , scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely , on the basis of equal treatment under the law and as a professional , and encouraging the union to become more competitive , including in its industry . to pursue those objectives the union should carry out activities to implement research , technological development and demonstration , promote international cooperation , disseminate and optimise results and stimulate the training and mobility essential to the development of the profession of european researcher and take measures to promote gender equality and the gender dimension in research and innovation .


### content technologies and information management : ict for digital content and creativity ; ### content technologies and information management : ict for digital content , cultural industries including cultural heritage and tourism , and creativity ;


### the specific objective is to integrate the knowledge triangle of research , innovation and education and thus to reinforce the union ' s innovation capacity and address societal challenges . ### the specific objective is to integrate the knowledge triangle of research , innovation and education and thus to reinforce and accelerate the union ' s innovation capacity and address societal challenges .


### the aim is to reinforce the competitiveness and performance of european transport manufacturing industries and related services . ### the aim is to reinforce the competitiveness and performance of european transport manufacturing industries and related services in view of the promising , but highly competitive , future global market . due attention is to be paid to logistic processes , maintenance , repair , retrofitting and recycling . in order to limit de - industrialisation and unemployment on its territory , europe needs to invest in the transport sectors , including sme´s , where it still remains today a world leader . technological leadership is becoming the major competitive differentiator in this global context , most notably in terms of energy and economic efficiencies as well as environmental performance .


### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . ### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding the basis of disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing new and better preventive vaccines and drugs ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; developing adapted treatments and treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions including psychosocial aspects ; improving regulatory procedures and support of access related activities ; better collection and use of health data ; standardised data analysis techniques ; healthy and active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing health disparities and inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . all of these activities shall properly account for gender and sex analysis . the activities shall take full advantage of the opportunities presented for a true interdisciplinary approach , combining knowledge from all six challenges and the other pillars to ensure sustainable solutions within the domain . active involvement of health care providers must be encouraged in order to secure rapid take - up and implementation of results .


### horizon 2020 will take an integrated approach to the participation of smes , which could lead to around 15 % of the total combined budgets for all specific objectives on societal challenges and the specific objective ‘ leadership in enabling and industrial technologies’ being devoted to smes . ### horizon 2020 will take an integrated approach to the participation of smes , and establish a clear mechanism to identify and address the knowledge and technology transfer needs of smes . support shall lead to at least 20% of the total combined budgets for all specific objectives on societal challenges and the specific objective ' leadership in enabling and industrial technologies ' being devoted to smes , community , industry and the general public ;


### in deciding on the design of new terminals , and as part of major refurbishments , terminal managing bodies should , where possible , take into account the needs of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility . in any case , terminal managing bodies should designate points where such persons can notify their arrival and need for assistance . ### in deciding on the design of new terminals , and as part of major refurbishments , terminal managing bodies should , without exception and as an essential condition , take into account the needs of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility . in any case , terminal managing bodies should designate points where such persons can notify their arrival and need for assistance .


### immediate practical needs of passengers in the event of an accident arising out of the use of the bus or coach , the carrier shall provide reasonable assistance with regard to the passengers ' immediate practical needs following the accident . any assistance shall not constitute recognition of liability . ### immediate practical and economic needs of passengers in the event of an accident arising out of the use of the bus or coach , the carrier shall provide assistance with regard to the passengers ' immediate practical needs following the accident . such assistance shall include , where necessary , first aid , accommodation , food , clothes , transport and funeral expenses and any other financial assistance important for each day life needs . in the event of death or personal injury , the carrier shall in addition make advance payments to cover immediate economic needs on a basis proportional to the damage suffered , provided that there is prima facie evidence of causality attributable to the carrier . any payments made or assistance provided shall not constitute recognition of liability .


### council position passengers should , in addition to compensation in accordance with applicable national law in the event of death or personal injury or loss of or damage to luggage due to accidents arising out of the use of the bus or coach , be entitled to assistance with regard to their immediate practical needs following an accident . such assistance could include first aid , accommodation , food , clothes and transport . ### passengers should , in addition to compensation in accordance with applicable national law in the event of death or personal injury or loss of or damage to luggage due to accidents arising out of the use of the bus or coach , be entitled to assistance with regard to their immediate practical and economic needs following an accident . such assistance should include , where necessary , first aid , accommodation , food , clothes , transport and funeral expenses . in the event of the death or personal injury , the carrier shall in addition make advance payments to cover immediate economic needs on a basis proportional to the damage suffered , provided that there is prima facie evidence of causality attributable to the carrier .


### passengers should , in addition to compensation in accordance with applicable national law in the event of death or personal injury or loss of or damage to luggage due to accidents arising out of the use of the bus or coach , be entitled to assistance with regard to their immediate practical needs following an accident . such assistance could include first aid , accommodation , food , clothes and transport . ### passengers should , in addition to compensation in accordance with applicable national law in the event of death or personal injury or loss of or damage to luggage due to accidents arising out of the use of the bus or coach , be entitled to assistance with regard to their immediate practical and financial needs following an accident . such assistance should include , where necessary , first aid , accommodation , food , clothes , transport and funeral expenses .


### it is also necessary to allow the european parliament to be represented on the agency’s administrative board as an observer , in view of the fact that regulation no 683 / 2008 highlighted the usefulness of close cooperation between the european parliament , the council and the commission . in order to ensure good governance of the programmes , the executive director’s term of office should therefore be reduced from five to four years . ### it is also necessary to allow the european parliament to be represented on the agency’s administrative board as an observer , in view of the fact that regulation no 683 / 2008 highlighted the usefulness of close cooperation between the european parliament , the council and the commission .


### if the baggage is damaged , delayed , lost or destroyed , the passenger must in all cases write and complain to the air carrier as soon as possible . a time limit to complain of 7 days applies in case the baggage was damaged and 21 days in case it was delayed , in both cases from the date on which the baggage was placed at the passenger ' s disposal . in order to easily meet these deadlines , the air carrier must offer passengers the possibility to fill in a complaint form at the airport . such complaint form , which may also take the form of a property irregularity report , must be accepted by the air carrier at the airport as a complaint . ### if the baggage is damaged , delayed , lost or destroyed , the passenger must in all cases write and complain to the air carrier as soon as possible . a time limit to complain of 28 days applies in case the baggage was damaged and delayed , from the date on which the baggage was placed at the passenger ' s disposal . in order to easily meet these deadlines , the air carrier must offer passengers the possibility to fill in a complaint form at the airport . such complaint form , which may also take the form of a property irregularity report , must be accepted by the air carrier at the airport as a complaint .


### nine hours or more after the scheduled time of arrival for journeys to / from third countries between 3500 and 6000 kilometres ; ### five hours or more after the scheduled time of arrival for journeys to / from third countries of more than 3 500 kilometres ;


### subject to safety constraints , where a tarmac delay exceeds one hour , the operating air carrier shall provide free of charge access to toilet facilities and drinking water , shall ensure adequate heating or cooling of the passenger cabin , and shall ensure that adequate medical attention is available if needed . where a tarmac delay reaches a maximum of five hours , the aircraft shall return to the gate or another suitable disembarkation point where passengers shall be allowed to disembark and to benefit from the same assistance as specified in paragraph 1 , unless there are safety - related or security - related reasons why the aircraft cannot leave its position on the tarmac . ' ### subject to safety constraints , where a tarmac delay exceeds one hour , the operating air carrier shall provide free of charge access to toilet facilities and drinking water , shall ensure adequate heating or cooling of the passenger cabin , and shall ensure that adequate medical attention is available if needed . where a tarmac delay reaches a maximum of four hours , the aircraft shall return to the gate or another suitable disembarkation point where passengers shall be allowed to disembark and to benefit from the same assistance as specified in paragraph 1 , unless there are safety - related , security - related or legislative reasons why the aircraft cannot leave its position on the tarmac .


### whilst air carriers have full commercial freedom to establish the conditions under which they permit baggage to be carried , they shall clearly indicate , at booking and at the check - in desks , the maximum baggage allowance passengers are permitted to carry within the cabin and hold of the aircraft on each of the flights included within a passenger ' s reservation , including any restrictions on the number of items that would be applied within a given maximum baggage allowance . where additional charges are applied for the carriage of baggage air carriers shall clearly indicate details of those charges at booking and on request at the airport . ### air carriers shall clearly indicate , at booking and at the check - in desks , the maximum baggage allowance passengers are permitted to carry within the cabin and hold of the aircraft on each of the flights included within a passenger ' s reservation , including any restrictions on the number of items that would be applied within a given maximum baggage allowance . where additional charges are applied for the carriage of baggage air carriers shall clearly indicate details of those charges at booking and at the airport .


### subject to safety constraints , where a tarmac delay exceeds one hour , the operating air carrier shall provide free of charge access to toilet facilities and drinking water , shall ensure adequate heating or cooling of the passenger cabin , and shall ensure that adequate medical attention is available if needed . where a tarmac delay reaches a maximum of five hours , the aircraft shall return to the gate or another suitable disembarkation point where passengers shall be allowed to disembark and to benefit from the same assistance as specified in paragraph 1 , unless there are safety - related or security - related reasons why the aircraft cannot leave its position on the tarmac . ### subject to safety constraints , where a tarmac delay exceeds one hour , the operating air carrier shall provide free of charge access to toilet facilities and drinking water , shall ensure adequate heating or cooling of the passenger cabin , and shall ensure that adequate medical attention is available if needed . where a tarmac delay reaches a maximum of two hours , the aircraft shall return to the gate or another suitable disembarkation point where passengers shall be allowed to disembark and to benefit from the same assistance as specified in paragraph 1 , unless there are safety - related or security - related reasons why the aircraft cannot leave its position on the tarmac .


### five hours or more after the scheduled time of arrival for all intra - community journeys and for journeys to / from third countries of 3500 kilometres or less ; ### three hours or more after the scheduled time of arrival for all journeys within the union , including overseas departments of the member states , and for journeys to / from third countries of 3500 kilometres or less ;


### passengers should be adequately informed about the relevant procedures for submitting claims and complaints to air carriers and should receive a reply within a reasonable time period . passengers should also have the option to complain about air carriers via out - of - court measures . however , since the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal is a fundamental right recognised in article 47 of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union , those measures should neither prevent nor hinder passengers ' access to courts . ### passengers should be adequately informed about the relevant procedures for submitting claims and complaints to air carriers and should receive a reply within a reasonable time period . passengers should also have the option to complain about air carriers via out - of - court measures . for this purpose , they must be given the addresses and contact details of all bodies responsible for completion of the relevant formalities in each country . however , since the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal is a fundamental right recognised in article 47 of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union , those measures should neither prevent nor hinder passengers ' access to courts .


### “extraordinary circumstances” means circumstances which , by their nature or origin , are not inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier concerned and are beyond its actual control . for the purposes of this regulation , extraordinary circumstances shall include the circumstances set out in the annex ; ### “extraordinary circumstances” means circumstances which , by their nature or origin , are not inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier concerned and are beyond its actual control . for the purposes of this regulation , extraordinary circumstances are set out in the annex ;


### the air carrier may reach a voluntary agreement with the passenger that replaces the compensation provisions set out in paragraph 1 , provided that this agreement is confirmed by a document signed by the passenger which reminds the passenger of his rights to compensation under this regulation . “ ### the air carrier may reach a voluntary agreement with the passenger that replaces the compensation provisions set out in paragraph 1 with travel vouchers and / or other services , provided that this agreement is confirmed by a document signed by the passenger which reminds the passenger of his rights to compensation under this regulation . the burden of proof in relation with the above mentioned agreement , lies with the operating air carrier . “


### if the operating air carrier can prove that the cancellation , delay or change of schedule is caused by extraordinary circumstances and that the cancellation , delay or change of schedule could not have been avoided even if all reasonable measures had been taken , it may limit the total cost of accommodation provided according to paragraph 1 to eur 100 per night and per passenger and to a maximum of 3 nights . if the operating air carrier chooses to apply this limitation , it shall nevertheless provide the passengers with information about available accommodation after the three nights , in addition to the continued obligations for information specified in article 14 . ### if the operating air carrier can prove that the cancellation , delay or change of schedule is caused by extraordinary circumstances and that the cancellation , delay or change of schedule could not have been avoided even if all reasonable measures had been taken correctly , it may limit the total cost of accommodation provided according to paragraph 1 to eur 200 per night and per passenger .


### if a passenger wants to make a complaint to the air carrier with regard to his rights under this regulation , he shall submit it within 3 months from the date on which the flight was performed or was scheduled to be performed . within 7 days of receiving the complaint , the carrier shall confirm the receipt of the complaint to the passenger . within two months of receiving the complaint , the carrier shall provide a full answer to the passenger . ### if a passenger wants to make a complaint to the air carrier with regard to his rights under this regulation , he shall submit it within 6 months from the date on which the flight was performed or was scheduled to be performed . within 7 days of receiving the complaint , the carrier shall confirm the receipt of the complaint to the passenger . within two months of receiving the complaint , the carrier shall provide a full answer to the passenger .


### «extraordinary circumstances» means circumstances which , by their nature or origin , are not inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier concerned and are beyond its actual control . for the purposes of this regulation , extraordinary circumstances shall include the circumstances set out in the annex ; ### «extraordinary circumstances» means circumstances which , by their nature or origin , are not inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier concerned and are beyond its actual control . for the purposes of this regulation , extraordinary circumstances shall include the circumstances set out in the annex , the list of which is not exhaustive ;