### (2) article 10(3) of the treaty on european union states that every union citizen has the right to participate in the democratic life of the union. the charter of fundamental rights of the european union (the ‘charter’) provides , inter alia , for the rights to respect for private and family life (article 7) , the protection of personal data (article 8) , freedom of expression and information , which includes respect for the freedom and pluralism of the media (article 11) , and to an effective remedy and to a fair trial (article 47). ### (2) article 10(3) of the treaty on european union states that every union citizen has the right to participate in the democratic life of the union. the charter of fundamental rights of the european union (the ‘charter’) provides , inter alia , for the rights to respect for private and family life (article 7) , the protection of personal data (article 8) , freedom of expression and information , which includes respect for the freedom and pluralism of the media (article 11) , freedom of assembly and of association (article 12) , freedom of the arts and sciences (article 13) , and to an effective remedy and to a fair trial (article 47).


### (4) the purpose of this directive is to provide protection to natural and legal persons who engage in public participation on matters of public interest , in particular journalists and human rights defenders , against court proceedings , which are initiated against them to deter them from public participation (commonly referred to as strategic lawsuits against public participation or ‘slapps’). ### (4) the purpose of this directive is to provide protection to natural and legal persons who engage in public participation on matters of public interest including online , in particular journalists , editors and media organisations as well as human rights defenders , including civil society , non-governmental organisations and trade unions , but also researchers , academics , artists and whistleblowers , against court proceedings , which are initiated against them to deter them from public participation (commonly referred to as strategic lawsuits against public participation or ‘slapps’).


### (4) the purpose of this directive is to provide protection to natural and legal persons who engage in public participation on matters of public interest , in particular journalists and human rights defenders , against court proceedings , which are initiated against them to deter them from public participation (commonly referred to as strategic lawsuits against public participation or ‘slapps’). ### (4) the purpose of this directive is to provide protection to natural and legal persons engaging in public participation on matters of public interest , in particular journalists , media organizations , and human rights defenders , including civil society , non-governmental organisations and trade unions , as well as researchers , academics or artists and whistleblowers , against lawsuits , which are initiated against them , as well as the threats thereof , to deter them from public participation (commonly referred to as strategic lawsuits against public participation or ‘slapps’).


### (5) journalists play an important role in facilitating public debate and in the imparting and reception of information , opinions and ideas. it is essential that they are afforded the necessary space to contribute to an open , free and fair debate and to counter disinformation , information manipulation and interference. journalists should be able to conduct their activities effectively to ensure that citizens have access to a plurality of views in european democracies. ### (5) journalists , news editors and press publishers play an important role in facilitating public debate and in the imparting and reception of information , opinions and ideas. it is essential that they are afforded the necessary space to contribute to an open , free and fair debate and to counter disinformation , information manipulation and interference. journalists should be able to conduct their activities effectively to ensure that citizens have access to a plurality of views in european democracies.


### (7) human rights defenders also play an important role in european democracies , especially in upholding fundamental rights , democratic values , social inclusion , environmental protection and the rule of law. they should be able to participate actively in public life and make their voice heard on policy matters and in decision-making processes without fear of intimidation. human rights defenders refer to individuals or organisations engaged in defending fundamental rights and a variety of other rights , such as environmental and climate rights , women’s rights , lgbtiq rights , the rights of the people with a minority racial or ethnic background , labour rights or religious freedoms. other participants in public debate , such as academics and researchers , also deserve adequate protection. ### (7) human rights defenders also play an important role in european democracies , especially in upholding fundamental rights , democratic values , social inclusion , environmental protection and the rule of law. they should be able to participate actively in public life , promote accountability , and make their voice heard on policy matters and in decision-making processes without fear of intimidation. human rights defenders refer to individuals or organisations engaged in defending fundamental rights and a variety of other rights , such as environmental and climate rights , women’s rights , lgbtiq rights , the rights of the people with a minority racial or ethnic background , labour rights , trade union rights or religious freedoms. other participants in public debate , such as academics and researchers , artists and whistleblowers also deserve adequate protection.


### (7) human rights defenders also play an important role in european democracies , especially in upholding fundamental rights , democratic values , social inclusion , environmental protection and the rule of law. they should be able to participate actively in public life and make their voice heard on policy matters and in decision-making processes without fear of intimidation. human rights defenders refer to individuals or organisations engaged in defending fundamental rights and a variety of other rights , such as environmental and climate rights , women’s rights , lgbtiq rights , the rights of the people with a minority racial or ethnic background , labour rights or religious freedoms. other participants in public debate , such as academics and researchers , also deserve adequate protection. ### (7) human rights defenders also play an important role in european democracies , especially in upholding fundamental rights , democratic values , social inclusion , environmental protection and the rule of law. they should be able to participate actively in public life and make their voice heard on policy matters and in decision-making processes without fear of intimidation. human rights defenders refers to individuals , groups , or organisations engaged in defending fundamental rights and a variety of other rights , such as civil , political , economic , social , cultural , environmental and climate rights , women’s rights , lgbtiq rights , the rights of the people with a minority racial or ethnic background , labour rights , trade union rights , or religious freedoms.


### (9) to foster this environment , it is important to protect journalists and human rights defenders from court proceedings against public participation. such court proceedings are not initiated for the purpose of access to justice , but to silence public debate typically using harassment and intimidation. ### (9) to foster this environment , it is important to protect natural and legal persons who engage in public participation or enable access to reliable information from court proceedings against public participation. such court proceedings are not initiated for the purpose of access to justice , but to silence public debate typically using harassment and intimidation.


### (9) to foster this environment , it is important to protect journalists and human rights defenders from court proceedings against public participation. such court proceedings are not initiated for the purpose of access to justice , but to silence public debate typically using harassment and intimidation. ### (9) to foster this environment , it is important to protect natural and legal persons engaging in public participation from lawsuits against public participation. such court proceedings are not initiated for the purpose of access to justice , but to silence public debate typically using harassment and intimidation.


### (11) court proceedings against public participation may have an adverse impact on the credibility and reputation of journalists and human rights defenders and exhaust their financial and other resources. because of such proceedings , the publication of information on a matter of public interest may be delayed or altogether avoided. the length of procedures and the financial pressure may have a chilling effect on journalists and human rights defenders. the existence of such practices may therefore have a deterrent effect on their work by contributing to self-censorship in anticipation of possible future court proceedings , which leads to the impoverishment of public debate to the detriment of society as a whole. ### (11) court proceedings against public participation may have an adverse impact on the credibility and reputation of journalists and human rights defenders and exhaust their financial and other resources. because of such proceedings , the publication of information on a matter of public interest may be delayed or altogether avoided. the length of procedures and the financial pressure may have a chilling effect on journalists and human rights defenders. the existence of such practices may therefore have a deterrent effect on their work by contributing to self-censorship in anticipation of possible future court proceedings , which leads to the impoverishment of public debate to the detriment of society as a whole. furthermore , such instances may also create precedents that ultimately lead to hampering public participation , spread of disinformation and lack of trust among the union’s citizens. in addition to procedural safeguards , training for journalists and lawyers defending journalists in such cases can be a powerful support instrument and countermeasure against slapps.


### (11) court proceedings against public participation may have an adverse impact on the credibility and reputation of journalists and human rights defenders and exhaust their financial and other resources. because of such proceedings , the publication of information on a matter of public interest may be delayed or altogether avoided. the length of procedures and the financial pressure may have a chilling effect on journalists and human rights defenders. the existence of such practices may therefore have a deterrent effect on their work by contributing to self-censorship in anticipation of possible future court proceedings , which leads to the impoverishment of public debate to the detriment of society as a whole. ### (11) court proceedings against public participation may have an adverse impact on the credibility and reputation of natural and legal persons engaging in public participation and exhaust their financial and other resources. because of such proceedings , the publication of information on a matter of public interest may be delayed or altogether avoided. the length of procedures and the financial pressure may have a chilling effect on natural and legal persons engaging in public participation. the existence of such practices may therefore have a deterrent effect on their work by contributing to self-censorship in anticipation of possible future court proceedings , which leads to the impoverishment of public debate to the detriment of society as a whole.


### (11) court proceedings against public participation may have an adverse impact on the credibility and reputation of journalists and human rights defenders and exhaust their financial and other resources. because of such proceedings , the publication of information on a matter of public interest may be delayed or altogether avoided. the length of procedures and the financial pressure may have a chilling effect on journalists and human rights defenders. the existence of such practices may therefore have a deterrent effect on their work by contributing to self-censorship in anticipation of possible future court proceedings , which leads to the impoverishment of public debate to the detriment of society as a whole. ### (11) lawsuits against public participation have an adverse impact on natural and legal persons engaging in public participation. the negatively affect their credibility and reputation , exhaust their financial and other resources , as well as cause them psychological harm. because of such lawsuits , the publication of information on a matter of public interest may be delayed or altogether avoided. the length of procedures and the financial pressure may have a chilling effect on natural and legal persons engaging in public participation. the existence of such practices may therefore have a deterrent effect on their work by contributing to self-censorship in anticipation of possible future court proceedings , which leads to the impoverishment of public debate to the detriment of society as a whole.


### (13) the safeguards provided in this directive should apply to any natural or legal person on account of their engagement in public participation. they should also protect natural or legal persons who , either on a professional or on a personal basis , support , assist or provide goods or services to another person for purposes directly linked to public participation on a matter of public interest. this involves for example internet providers , publishing houses or print shops , which face or are threatened with court proceedings for providing services to the person targeted with court proceedings. ### (13) the safeguards provided in this directive should apply to any natural or legal person on account of their direct or indirect engagement in public participation. they should also protect natural or legal persons who , either on a professional or on a personal basis , support , assist or provide goods or services to another person for purposes directly linked to public participation on a matter of public interest. this involves for example internet providers , publishing houses or print shops , which face or are threatened with court proceedings for providing services to the person targeted with court proceedings.


### (16) public participation should mean any statement or activity by a natural or legal person expressed or carried out in exercise of the right to freedom of expression and information on a matter of public interest , such as the creation , exhibition , advertisement or other promotion of journalistic , political , scientific , academic , artistic , commentary or satirical communications , publications or works , and any preparatory activities directly linked thereto. it can also include activities related to the exercise of the right to freedom of association and peaceful assembly , such as the organisation of or participation to lobbying activities , demonstrations and protests or activities resulting from the exercise of the right to good administration and the right to an effective remedy , such as the filing of complaints , petitions , administrative and judicial claims and participation in public hearings. public participation should also include preparatory , supporting or assisting activities that have a direct and inherent link to the statement or activity in question and that are targeted to stifle public participation. in addition , it can cover other activities meant to inform or influence public opinion or to further action by the public , including activities by any private or public entity in relation to an issue of public interest , such as the organisation of or participation to research , surveys , campaigns or any other collective actions. ### (16) public participation should mean any statement or activity by a natural or legal person expressed or carried out in exercise of the right to freedom of expression and information on a matter of current or future public interest , such as the creation , exhibition , advertisement or other promotion of journalistic , political , scientific , academic , artistic , commentary or satirical communications , publications or works , and any preparatory activities directly linked thereto. future public interest refers to the fact that a matter may not yet be of public interest , but may become so once the public becomes aware of it for example through a publication or individual complaint. public participation can also include activities related to the exercise of the right to academic freedom , freedom of association and peaceful assembly , such as the organisation of or participation to lobbying activities , demonstrations and protests or activities resulting from the exercise of the right to good administration and the right to an effective remedy , such as the filing of complaints , petitions , administrative and judicial claims and participation in public hearings. public participation should also include preparatory , supporting or assisting activities that have a direct and inherent link to the statement or activity in question. in addition , it can cover other activities meant to inform or influence public opinion or to further action by the public , including activities by any private or public entity in relation to an issue of public interest , such as the organisation of or participation to research , surveys , campaigns or any other collective actions.


### (18) the notion of a matter of public interest should include also quality , safety or other relevant aspects of goods , products or services where such matters are relevant to public health , safety , the environment , climate or enjoyment of fundamental rights. a purely individual dispute between a consumer and a manufacturer or a service provider concerning a good , product or service should be covered only when the matter contains an element of public interest , for instance concerning a product or service which fails to comply with environmental or safety standards. ### (18) the notion of a matter of public interest should include also quality , safety or other relevant aspects of goods , products or services , including the conditions under which these are produced or provided , where such matters are relevant to public health , safety , the environment , climate or enjoyment of fundamental rights. a purely individual dispute between a consumer and a manufacturer or a service provider concerning a good , product or service should be covered only when the matter contains an element of public interest , for instance concerning a product or service which fails to comply with environmental or safety standards , labour rights , consumer rights or human rights , including the principle of non discrimination.


### (18) the notion of a matter of public interest should include also quality , safety or other relevant aspects of goods , products or services where such matters are relevant to public health , safety , the environment , climate or enjoyment of fundamental rights. a purely individual dispute between a consumer and a manufacturer or a service provider concerning a good , product or service should be covered only when the matter contains an element of public interest , for instance concerning a product or service which fails to comply with environmental or safety standards. ### (18) the notion of a matter of public interest should include also quality , safety or other relevant aspects of goods , products or services , including the conditions under which these are produced , where such matters are relevant to public health , safety , the environment , climate or enjoyment of fundamental rights. a purely individual dispute between a consumer and a manufacturer or a service provider concerning a good , product or service should be covered only when the matter contains an element of public interest , for instance concerning a product or service which fails to comply with environmental or safety standards , labour rights , consumer rights or human rights , including the principle of non-discrimination.


### (20) abusive court proceedings typically involve litigation tactics used in bad faith such as delaying proceedings , causing disproportionate costs to the defendant in the proceedings or forum shopping. these tactics are used by the claimant for other purposes than gaining access to justice. such tactics are often , although not always , combined with various forms of intimidation , harassment or threats. ### (20) abusive court proceedings typically involve litigation tactics used in bad faith such as exaggerated or excessive damage claims , requesting disproportionate prior restraint measures , delaying proceedings , causing disproportionate costs to the defendant in the proceedings or forum shopping. these tactics are used by the claimant for other purposes than gaining access to justice. such tactics are often , although not always , combined with various forms of intimidation , harassment or threats.


### (20) abusive court proceedings typically involve litigation tactics used in bad faith such as delaying proceedings , causing disproportionate costs to the defendant in the proceedings or forum shopping. these tactics are used by the claimant for other purposes than gaining access to justice. such tactics are often , although not always , combined with various forms of intimidation , harassment or threats. ### (20) abusive lawsuits are characterized by their main purpose to prevent , restrict or penalize public participation or aim to achieve a chilling effect on public participation in the matter at stake; they thus constitute an abuse of substantive or procedural laws. it is a general principle of law , which rights may not be exercised in an abusive way; established i.e. in article 54 charter and article 17 echr. the abusive nature of a lawsuit is to be deducted from a totality of the circumstance of the lawsuit. abusive lawsuits typically involve litigation tactics such as exaggerated or excessive claims , requesting obviously disproportionate prior restraint measures , delaying proceedings , initiating multiple proceedings on similar matters , causing disproportionate costs to the defendant in the proceedings or forum shopping. the extent to which a lawsuit is manifestly unfounded is another indicator for its abusiveness. the past conduct of the claimant and , in particular , any history of legal intimidation should also be considered when determining whether the lawsuits are abusive in nature. a previous early dismissal of a similar claim as abusive should be a prima facie indictor for abusiveness. these tactics are used by the claimant for other purposes than gaining access to justice. such tactics are often , although not always , combined with various forms of intimidation , harassment or threats.


### (22) a matter should be considered to have cross-border implications unless both parties are domiciled in the same member state as the court seised. even where both parties are domiciled in the same member state as the court seised , a matter should be considered to have cross-border implications in two other types of situations. the first situation is where the specific act of public participation concerning a matter of public interest at stake is relevant to more than one member state. that includes for instance public participation in events organised by union institutions , such as appearances in public hearings , or statements or activities on matters that are of specific relevance to more than one member state , such as cross-border pollution or allegations of money laundering with potential cross-border involvement. the second situation where a matter should be considered to have cross-border implications is when the claimant or associated entities have initiated concurrent or previous court proceedings against the same or associated defendants in another member state. these two types of situations take into consideration the specific context of slapps. ### (22) a matter should be considered to have cross-border implications unless both parties are domiciled in the same member state as the court seised. even where both parties are domiciled in the same member state as the court seised , a matter should be considered to have cross-border implications in two other types of situations. the first situation is where the specific act of public participation concerning a matter of public interest at stake is relevant to more than one member state or accessible , including online , to more than one member state. that includes for instance public participation in events organised by union institutions , such as appearances in public hearings , or statements or activities including social media campaigns and online media coverage on matters that are of specific relevance to more than one member state , such as cross-border pollution or allegations of money laundering with potential cross-border involvement. the second situation where a matter should be considered to have cross-border implications is when the claimant or associated entities have initiated concurrent or previous court proceedings against the same or associated defendants in another member state. these two types of situations take into consideration the specific context of slapps.


### (23) defendants should be able to apply for the following procedural safeguards: a request for a security to cover procedural costs , or procedural costs and damages , a request for an early dismissal of manifestly unfounded court proceedings , a request for remedies against abusive court proceedings (award of costs , compensation of damages and penalties) , or all of them at the same time. ### (23) defendants should be able to apply for the following procedural safeguards: a request for a security to cover procedural costs , or procedural costs and damages , a request for an early dismissal of abusive lawsuits , a request for remedies against abusive lawsuits (award of costs , compensation of damages and penalties) , or all of them at the same time.


### (26) to provide the defendant with an additional safeguard , there should be a possibility to grant him or her a security to cover procedural costs and/or damages , when the court considers that even if the claim is not manifestly unfounded , there are elements indicating an abuse of procedure and the prospects for success in the main proceedings are low. a security does not entail a judgement on the merits but serves as a precautionary measure ensuring the effects of a final decision finding an abuse of procedure. it should be for member states to decide whether a security should be ordered by the court on its own motion or upon request by the defendant. ### (26) to provide the defendant with an additional safeguard , there should be a possibility to grant him or her a security to cover all costs directly incurred , including procedural costs , legal representation costs and/or damages , when the court considers that even if the claim is not manifestly unfounded , there are elements indicating an abuse of procedure and the prospects for success in the main proceedings are low. a security does not entail a judgement on the merits but serves as a precautionary measure ensuring the effects of a final decision finding an abuse of procedure. it should be for member states to decide whether a security should be ordered by the court on its own motion or upon request by the defendant.


### (30) if a defendant has applied for early dismissal , it should be for the claimant in the main proceedings to prove in the accelerated procedure that the claim is not manifestly unfounded. this does not represent a limitation of access to justice , taking into account that the claimant carries the burden of proof in relation to that claim in the main proceedings and only needs to meet the much lower threshold of showing that the claim is not manifestly unfounded in order to avoid an early dismissal. ### (30) if a defendant has applied for early dismissal , it should be for the claimant in the main proceedings to prove in the accelerated procedure that the claim is not abusive. this does not represent a limitation of access to justice , taking into account that the defendant has to prove that the claim concerns public participation and show a prima facie case for abusiveness.


### (33) in the cross-border context , it is also important to recognize the threat of slapps from third countries targeting journalists , human rights defenders and other persons engaged in public participation who are domiciled in the european union. they may involve excessive damages awarded against eu journalists , human rights defenders and others. court proceedings in third-countries are more complex and costly for the targets. to protect democracy and freedom of expression and information in the european union and to avoid that the safeguards provided by this directive are undermined by recourse to court proceedings in other jurisdictions , it is important to provide protection also against manifestly unfounded and abusive court proceedings in third countries. ### (33) in the cross-border context , it is also important to recognize the threat of slapps from third countries targeting journalists , human rights defenders and other persons engaged in public participation who are domiciled in the european union. they may involve excessive damages awarded against persons engaged in public participation. court proceedings in third-countries are more complex and costly for the targets. to protect democracy and freedom of expression and information in the european union and to avoid that the safeguards provided by this directive are undermined by recourse to court proceedings in other jurisdictions , it is important to provide protection also against manifestly unfounded and abusive court proceedings in third countries.


### this directive provides safeguards against manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings in civil matters with cross-border implications brought against natural and legal persons , in particular journalists and human rights defenders , on account of their engagement in public participation. ### this directive provides safeguards against manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings in civil matters with cross-border implications brought against natural and legal persons , in notably journalists and human rights defenders , engaged in public participation including online.


### this directive provides safeguards against manifestly unfounded or abusive court proceedings in civil matters with cross-border implications brought against natural and legal persons , in particular journalists and human rights defenders , on account of their engagement in public participation. ### this directive provides safeguards against abusive lawsuits in civil matters with cross-border implications brought against natural and legal persons , in particular journalists and human rights defenders , on account of their engagement in public participation.


### 1. ‘public participation’ means any statement or activity by a natural or legal person expressed or carried out in the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and information on a matter of public interest , and preparatory , supporting or assisting action directly linked thereto. this includes complaints , petitions , administrative or judicial claims and participation in public hearings; ### 1. ‘public participation’ means any statement or activity including online by a natural or legal person expressed or carried out in the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and information on a matter of public interest , be they preparatory , supporting or assisting action directly linked thereto. this may include complaints , petitions , administrative or judicial claims and participation in public hearings as well as creation , exhibition , advertising or other promotion of journalistic , political , scientific , academic , artistic , commentary or satirical communications , publications or works , online as well as offline.


### 1. ‘public participation’ means any statement or activity by a natural or legal person expressed or carried out in the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and information on a matter of public interest , and preparatory , supporting or assisting action directly linked thereto. this includes complaints , petitions , administrative or judicial claims and participation in public hearings; ### 1. ‘public participation’ means any statement or activity by a natural or legal person expressed or carried out in the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and information , academic freedom , freedom of the press , freedom of association and assembly , the right of collective bargaining and action on a matter of public interest. it includes any preparatory , supporting or assisting action directly linked thereto , in particular the work of media organizations. covered activities include complaints , petitions , administrative or judicial claims and participation in public hearings;


### public health , safety , the environment , climate or enjoyment of fundamental rights; ### public health , safety , the environment , climate , consumer or labour rights or enjoyment of fundamental rights including right of information and expression , media freedom and pluralism;


### public health , safety , the environment , climate or enjoyment of fundamental rights; ### fundamental and human rights , public health , safety , the environment , or the climate;


### allegations of corruption , fraud or criminality; ### allegations of corruption , fraud embezzlement as well as sexual harassment and gender based violence or any other criminal or administrative offence;


### 3. ‘abusive court proceedings against public participation’ mean court proceedings brought in relation to public participation that are fully or partially unfounded and have as their main purpose to prevent , restrict or penalize public participation. indications of such a purpose can be: ### 3. ‘abusive lawsuits against public participation’ mean court proceedings brought in relation to public participation that have as their main purpose to prevent , restrict or penalize public participation. indications of such a purpose can be:


### intimidation , harassment or threats on the part of the claimant or his or her representatives. ### intimidation , harassment or threats on the part of the claimant or his or her representatives;


### the act of public participation concerning a matter of public interest against which court proceedings are initiated is relevant to more than one member state , or ### the act of public participation concerning a matter of public interest against which court proceedings are initiated is relevant to more than one member state , either due to the cross-border nature or dimension of the act itself , or due to the interest which the public in different member states may take in the matter concerned by the act; or


### 1. member states shall ensure that when court proceedings are brought against natural or legal persons on account of their engagement in public participation , those persons can apply for: ### 1. member states shall ensure that when lawsuits are brought against natural or legal persons on account of their engagement in public participation , those persons can apply for:


### early dismissal of manifestly unfounded court proceedings in accordance with chapter iii; ### early dismissal of unfounded or abusive court proceedings in accordance with chapter iii;


### early dismissal of manifestly unfounded court proceedings in accordance with chapter iii; ### early dismissal of such lawsuits in accordance with chapter iii;


### 3. member states may provide that measures on procedural safeguards in accordance with chapters iii and iv can be taken by the court or tribunal seised of the matter ex officio. ### 3. member states shall provide that measures on procedural safeguards in accordance with chapters iii and iv can be taken by the court or tribunal seised of the matter ex officio.


### 3. member states may provide that measures on procedural safeguards in accordance with chapters iii and iv can be taken by the court or tribunal seised of the matter ex officio. ### 3. member states shall provide that measures on procedural safeguards in accordance with chapters iii and iv can be taken by the court or tribunal seised of the matter ex officio. member states shall ensure , that the court or tribunal seized of the matter must take measures under article 8 , 14 and 15 ex officio.


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a court or tribunal seised of court proceedings against public participation may accept that non-governmental organisations safeguarding or promoting the rights of persons engaging in public participation may take part in those proceedings , either in support of the defendant or to provide information. ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a court or tribunal seised of court proceedings against public participation may accept that non-governmental organisations safeguarding or promoting the rights of persons engaging in public participation may take part in those proceedings , either in support of the defendant or to provide information. non-governmental organisations should therefore be encouraged to engage in court proceedings with the aim of providing added value , as the respective court or tribunal may also take into account any submissions made by such organisations.


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a court or tribunal seised of court proceedings against public participation may accept that non-governmental organisations safeguarding or promoting the rights of persons engaging in public participation may take part in those proceedings , either in support of the defendant or to provide information. ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a court or tribunal seised of court proceedings against public participation may accept that entities safeguarding or promoting the rights of persons engaging in public participation , such as non-governmental organisations , professional and representative associations , trade unions and other collective bodies acting in the interest of the defendant , may take part in those proceedings , either in support of the defendant or to provide information.


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a court or tribunal seised of court proceedings against public participation may accept that non-governmental organisations safeguarding or promoting the rights of persons engaging in public participation may take part in those proceedings , either in support of the defendant or to provide information. ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that the person engaged in public participation has the right to have , subject to her or his approval , any natural or legal person with a legitimate interest or expertise in safeguarding or promoting the rights of persons engaging in public participation may take part in any proceedings covered under this directive , either in support of the person engaged in public participation or to provide information.


### iii early dismissal of manifestly unfounded court proceedings ### iii early dismissal of unfounded court proceedings


### iii early dismissal of manifestly unfounded court proceedings ### early dismissal of abusive lawsuits


### 1. member states shall empower courts and tribunals to adopt an early decision to dismiss , in full or in part , court proceedings against public participation as manifestly unfounded. ### 1. member states shall empower courts and tribunals to adopt an early decision to dismiss , in full or in part , court proceedings against public participation as manifestly unfounded when there are indications that the claim was brought for an abusive , malicious or dishonest purpose against public participation.


### 1. member states shall empower courts and tribunals to adopt an early decision to dismiss , in full or in part , court proceedings against public participation as manifestly unfounded. ### 1. member states shall empower courts and tribunals to adopt an early decision to dismiss , in full or in part , court proceedings against public participation as unfounded or abusive.


### 1. member states shall empower courts and tribunals to adopt an early decision to dismiss , in full or in part , court proceedings against public participation as manifestly unfounded. ### 1. member states shall empower courts and tribunals to adopt an early decision to dismiss , in full or in part , lawsuits against public participation as abusive as defined in article 3 para. 3.


### 2. member states may establish time limits for the exercise of the right to file an application for early dismissal. the time limits shall be proportionate and not render such exercise impossible or excessively difficult. ### 2. member states shall establish time limits for the exercise of the right to file an application for early dismissal. the time limits shall be proportionate and not render such exercise impossible or excessively difficult.


### 2. member states may establish time limits for the exercise of the right to file an application for early dismissal. the time limits shall be proportionate and not render such exercise impossible or excessively difficult. ### 2. the defendant can move for early dismissal at any stage of the proceedings.


### member states shall ensure that where a defendant has applied for early dismissal , it shall be for the claimant to prove that the claim is not manifestly unfounded. ### member states shall ensure that where a defendant has applied for early dismissal , it shall be for the claimant to prove that the claim is not unfounded or abusive.


### member states shall ensure that where a defendant has applied for early dismissal , it shall be for the claimant to prove that the claim is not manifestly unfounded. ### member states shall ensure that where a defendant has applied for early dismissal , it shall be for the claimant to prove that the lawsuit is not abusive.


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a claimant who has brought abusive court proceedings against public participation can be ordered to bear all the costs of the proceedings , including the full costs of legal representation incurred by the defendant , unless such costs are excessive. ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a claimant who has brought abusive court proceedings against public participation must be ordered to bear all the costs of the proceedings , including the full costs of legal representation incurred by the defendant.


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a natural or legal person who has suffered harm as a result of an abusive court proceedings against public participation is able to claim and to obtain full compensation for that harm. ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a natural or legal person who has suffered harm as a result of an abusive court proceedings against public participation is able to claim and to obtain full compensation for that harm , irrelevant of whether it may be physical , psychological or reputational.


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a natural or legal person who has suffered harm as a result of an abusive court proceedings against public participation is able to claim and to obtain full compensation for that harm. ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a natural or legal person who has suffered harm as a result of an abusive court proceedings against public participation is able to claim and to obtain full compensation for that harm , including any loss of income , reputation or opportunity.


### member states shall provide the commission with all relevant information regarding the application of this directive by [5 years from the date of transposition]. on the basis of the information provided , the commission shall by [6 years from the date of transposition] at the latest , submit to the european parliament and the council a report on the application of this directive. the report shall provide an assessment of the evolution of abusive court proceedings against public participation and the impact of this directive in the member states. if necessary , the report shall be accompanied by proposals to amend this directive. ### member states shall provide the commission with all relevant information regarding the application of this directive by [3 years from the date of transposition] and thereafter on an annual basis. on the basis of the information provided , the commission shall by [4 years from the date of transposition] at the latest , submit to the european parliament and the council an annual report on the application of this directive. the report shall provide an assessment of the evolution of abusive lawsuits against public participation and the impact of this directive in the member states. if necessary , the report shall be accompanied by proposals to amend this directive. those reports shall be made public.


### (6) investigative journalists in particular play a key role in combating organised crime , corruption and extremism. their work carries particularly high risks and they are experiencing a growing number of attacks and harassment. a robust system of safeguards is needed to enable them to fulfil their crucial role as watchdogs on matters of legitimate public interest. ### (6) investigative journalists and media organisations in particular play a key role in combating organised crime , corruption and extremism. their work carries particularly high risks and they are experiencing a growing number of attacks and harassment. a robust system of safeguards is needed to enable them to fulfil their crucial role as watchdogs on matters of legitimate public interest.


### (12) those targeted by court proceedings against public participation may face multiple cases simultaneously , sometimes initiated in several jurisdictions. proceedings initiated in the jurisdiction of one member state against a person resident in another member state are usually more complex and costly for the defendant. claimants in court proceedings against public participation may also use procedural tools to drive up the length and cost of the litigation , and bring cases in a jurisdiction they perceive to be favourable for their case , rather than to the court best placed to hear the claim. such practices also place unnecessary and harmful burdens on national court systems. ### (12) those targeted by lawsuits against public participation may face multiple cases simultaneously , sometimes initiated in several jurisdictions. proceedings initiated in the jurisdiction of one member state against a person resident in another member state are usually more complex and costly for the defendant. claimants in lawsuits against public participation may also use procedural tools to drive up the length and cost of the litigation , and bring cases in a jurisdiction they perceive to be favourable for their case , rather than to the court best placed to hear the claim. such practices also place unnecessary and harmful burdens on national court systems and lead to a misuse of their resources.


### (14) this directive should apply to any type of legal claim or action of a civil or commercial nature with cross-border implications whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. this includes civil claims brought in criminal proceedings. it also includes interim and precautionary measures , counteractions or other particular type of remedies available under other instruments. ### (14) this directive should apply to any type of legal claim or action of a civil or commercial nature with cross-border implications whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. this includes claims in expedite procedures , such as injunctions. it also includes civil claims brought in criminal proceedings , as they are in essence civil , not criminal claims. it also includes interim and precautionary measures , counteractions or other particular type of remedies available under other instruments.


### matters under public consideration or review by a legislative , executive , or judicial body , or any other public official proceedings; ### matters under public consideration or under consideration by a legislative , executive , or judicial body , or any other official proceedings as well as actions or inactions by government bodies;


### the existence of multiple proceedings initiated by the claimant or associated parties in relation to similar matters; ### the existence of multiple ongoing or previous proceedings initiated by the claimant or associated parties in relation to matters of public participation;


### remedies against abusive court proceedings in accordance with chapter iv. ### remedies against such lawsuits in accordance with chapter iv.


### third party intervention ### support for defendant


### a. whereas , according to the ilo1 , the ongoing covid-19 pandemic is hitting young people and the youth sector disproportionately hard and they are likely to suffer severe and long-lasting effects; ### a. whereas , according to the ilo1 , the ongoing covid-19 pandemic is hitting young people disproportionately hard and they are likely to suffer severe and long-lasting effects in terms of economic opportunities , well-being and health , in education including lost chances for periods of staying abroad during studies , school , training or volunteering seriously hindered due to the pandemic during a crucial stage of their life development;


### b. whereas the negative impact on the functioning of eu youth and education programmes , on the national education systems , on employment , and on civil liberties are among the main challenges young people are facing today; ### b. whereas the negative impact of the covid- pandemic on the functioning of eu youth and education programmes , on the national education systems , on employment , youth work and volunteering , on income , on housing and on civil liberties are among the main challenges young people are facing today;


### e. whereas the impact of the continued pandemic on semi-professional and grassroots sports and recreation is devastating since many sports clubs face an existential threat because they are non-profit by nature and therefore without any financial reserves; ### e. whereas the impact of the continued pandemic on semi-professional and grassroots sports and recreation is devastating since many sports clubs face an existential threat because they are non-profit by nature , mostly work on a voluntary basis and therefore they operate without any financial reserves;


### f. whereas sport is an important economic sector accounting for 2.12% of total gdp and 2.72% of total employment in the eu; ### f. whereas sport is an important economic sector accounting for 2.12% of total gdp and 2.72% of total employment in the eu , representing an estimated 5 ,67 million jobs;


### g. whereas sport fulfils important societal functions , inter alia by promoting social inclusion , integration and cohesion and by improving physical and mental health; ### g. whereas sport fulfils important societal functions , inter alia by promoting social inclusion , integration , cohesion and values such as mutual respect and understanding , solidarity , diversity and equality including gender equality and improving physical and mental health , as well as by contributing to moving youth away from involvement in violence , including gender-based violence , crime and drug use;


### 1. is concerned that the youth labour market is highly sensitive to economic cycles and , an economic crisis , youth employment is hit harder as it is dominated by relatively unstable low-paid part-time jobs; ### 1. is concerned that , due to the high sensitivity of the youth labour to economic cycles and , an economic crisis , youth employment is hit harder as it is vastly dominated by unstable low-paid part-time jobs; underlines the impact the current pandemic has had especially on young neets and the need for tackling the problems faced by young people from vulnerable groups; stresses the need to take into account the considerable gender disparities in relation to the proportion of neets;


### 5. calls for the wide use of alternative learning opportunities , such as online learning and training , a strong focus on technical and vocational education and training , and the use of digital tools and teaching and learning materials , in order to avoid people dropping out of education and to provide for a smooth and effective school-to-work transition; ### 5. highlights the urgent need to promote digital literacy for all to close the eu’s digital gap; calls for the wide use of alternative learning opportunities , such as digital learning and training , a strong focus on technical and vocational education and training , and the use of digital tools , teaching and learning materials and content , in order to avoid people dropping out of education and to provide for a smooth and effective school-to-work transition; stresses never the less even in a covid-19 context the importance of ensuring in-person learning , especially in early childhood , for the development of soft skills and socialization reasons;


### 6. urges member states to increase investment in digital solutions for practical skills development and improve access to those solutions; stresses the need to develop competences among teachers , trainers , headteachers and managers to improve the delivery of online , distance and blended learning with a particular focus on skills development programmes; ### 6. urges the commission and the member states to increase the investment in digital literacy to enhance skills development , competences , qualifications and occupations and generalise the access to digital literacy; underlines that the covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated the digital gap and there is a clear necessity to develop independent , inclusive and free online learning platforms designed specifically for students and learners’ needs; stresses the need to develop competences among teachers , trainers , headteachers , parents and managers to improve the delivery of online , distance and blended learning with a particular focus on programmes that contribute to emboldening socially participative citizens , committed to strengthening of democratic societies , and to the betterment of the individuals themselves;


### 7. is concerned that the covid-19 crisis has increased anxiety and fear among young people , which risks impacting considerably on their lives and school-to-work transition; calls for the wide use of tailored mental health services , psychosocial support and sports activities , acting as stand-alone or modular measures , and for upscaled mental well-being support within training and education institutions; ### 7. is concerned that the covid-19 crisis has increased anxiety and fear among young people , which risks impacting considerably on their lives and school-to-work transition; calls for the wide use of tailored mental health services , psychosocial support and sports activities , acting as stand-alone or modular measures , and for upscaled mental well-being support within training and education institutions; stresses the impact of the pandemic on young people with disabilities and calls on the commission and the member states to pay particular attention to the needs of this group by adapting available support measures and services;


### 8. calls for a rights-based approach in the various policies rooted in the principles of non-discrimination and equality in order to tackle the multiple forms of discrimination suffered by young people during the covid-19 crisis , and to protect vulnerable groups , such as homeless young people and young migrants and refugees; ### 8. calls for a rights-based approach in the various policies rooted in the principles of non-discrimination and equality in order to tackle the multiple forms of discrimination suffered by young people during the covid-19 crisis , and reminds the commission and member states of the need for a special approach to support and protect young people with disabilities and from vulnerable groups , homeless young people , young people at risk of domestic violence and young migrants and refugees;


### 10. underlines that sport and physical exercise are particularly important under the circumstances caused by the pandemic; ### 10. underlines that the practice of sport and physical exercise is particularly important under the circumstances caused by the pandemic; emphasizes that in sport , after a longer period of non-activity , the loss of conditional abilities is clearly visible; asks therefore for cooperation among sport institutions and organisations to support projects and concepts which focus on regaining lost capabilities;


### 17. considers that different sports have been affected to different degrees and that , within certain sports , smaller clubs and grassroots sport have suffered in particular; underlines the importance of solidarity within the european sports community across different sports and within sports. ### 17. considers that different sports have been affected to different degrees and that , within certain sports , smaller clubs , school and university sports and grassroots sport have suffered in particular , due to the economic dependence on small sponsors or on the athletes’ own quotas; emphasizes that amateur sports is the basis for the professional level , as the small sports clubs at the grassroots level make a significant contribution to the development of young athletes and mostly work on a voluntary basis; underlines the importance of solidarity within the european sports community across different sports and within sports , and calls for increased support to minority or grassroots sports because of their economic difficulties in maintaining their activities.


### 1. welcomes the eu’s global response to the covid-19 pandemic , which demonstrates its ambition to lead and show solidarity with all partner countries; points out , however , that current funds are essentially reallocated from other budget lines and that the challenge of aid front-loading has to be tackled; calls , therefore , for substantial new funds to be mobilised to assist developing countries worldwide in fighting the direct and indirect consequences of the covid-19 pandemic; stresses that making safe vaccines available globally in a fast and affordable manner must be one of the first steps; ### 1. welcomes the eu’s global response to the covid-19 pandemic , which demonstrates its ambition to lead and show solidarity with all partner countries , including those affected by conflict and humanitarian crisis; points out , however , that current funds are essentially reallocated from other budget lines and that the challenge of aid front-loading has to be tackled; requests that the distribution criteria for the allocation be updated according to the impact of the pandemic in partner countries; calls , therefore , for substantial new flexible funds to be mobilised to assist developing countries worldwide in fighting the direct and indirect consequences of the covid-19 pandemic; stresses that making safe vaccines available globally in a fast and affordable manner must be one of the first steps; highlights that it is also important that vaccines are prioritized for health and social workers , followed by teachers and other essential workers and people who are at highest risk of covid-19 complications;


### 1. welcomes the eu’s global response to the covid-19 pandemic , which demonstrates its ambition to lead and show solidarity with all partner countries; points out , however , that current funds are essentially reallocated from other budget lines and that the challenge of aid front-loading has to be tackled; calls , therefore , for substantial new funds to be mobilised to assist developing countries worldwide in fighting the direct and indirect consequences of the covid-19 pandemic; stresses that making safe vaccines available globally in a fast and affordable manner must be one of the first steps; ### 1. welcomes the eu’s global response to the covid-19 pandemic , which demonstrates its ambition to lead and show solidarity with all partner countries; points out , however , that current funds are essentially reallocated from other budget lines and that the challenge of aid front-loading has to be tackled; calls , therefore , for substantial new funds to be mobilised to assist developing countries worldwide in fighting the direct and indirect consequences of the covid-19 pandemic; stresses that making safe vaccines , therapeutics and diagnostics available globally in a fast and affordable manner must be one of the first steps;


### 2. insists that the momentum gained from the common team europe approach in terms of joint analysis , joint programming and joint implementation must translate into a new standard for cooperation in the fields of humanitarian aid and development policy , both in law and in practice; ### 2. insists that the momentum gained from the common team europe approach in terms of joint analysis , joint programming and joint implementation must translate into a new standard for cooperation in the fields of humanitarian aid and development policy , both in law and in practice , and calls on the eu and member states to prioritise human development and health in their joint programming;


### 6. underlines that global extreme poverty is expected to rise dramatically in 2020 for the first time in over 20 years , with the covid-19 pandemic compounding the forces of conflict and climate change and having a particularly hard impact on informal and migrant workers (who represent one quarter of the global workforce) , the tourism sector and latin american and caribbean economies; highlights , against the backdrop of this extreme crisis , the importance of universal social protection; asks the commission to work out strategies with partner countries for the economic recovery and job creation and for improving social security systems; ### 6. underlines that global extreme poverty is expected to rise dramatically in 2020 for the first time in over 20 years , especially for children , with the covid-19 pandemic compounding the forces of conflict and climate change and having a particularly hard impact on informal and migrant workers (who represent one quarter of the global workforce) , the tourism sector and latin american and caribbean economies; highlights , against the backdrop of this extreme crisis , the importance of universal social protection; asks the commission to work out strategies with partner countries for the economic recovery and job creation and for improving also social security systems with a child-sensitive approach; requests the strengthening of programmes such as eurosocial+ , which addresses social cohesion from public social , economic , fiscal and justice policies;


### 6. underlines that global extreme poverty is expected to rise dramatically in 2020 for the first time in over 20 years , with the covid-19 pandemic compounding the forces of conflict and climate change and having a particularly hard impact on informal and migrant workers (who represent one quarter of the global workforce) , the tourism sector and latin american and caribbean economies; highlights , against the backdrop of this extreme crisis , the importance of universal social protection; asks the commission to work out strategies with partner countries for the economic recovery and job creation and for improving social security systems; ### 6. underlines that global extreme poverty is expected to rise dramatically in 2020 for the first time in over 20 years , especially for children with the covid-19 pandemic compounding the forces of conflict and climate change and having a particularly hard impact on women and girls with an expected additional 47 million of them living in extreme poverty by 2021 informal and migrant workers (who represent one quarter of the global workforce) , the tourism sector and latin american and caribbean economies; highlights , against the backdrop of this extreme crisis , the importance of universal social protection; asks the commission to work out strategies with partner countries for the economic recovery and job creation and for improving social security systems;


### 6. underlines that global extreme poverty is expected to rise dramatically in 2020 for the first time in over 20 years , with the covid-19 pandemic compounding the forces of conflict and climate change and having a particularly hard impact on informal and migrant workers (who represent one quarter of the global workforce) , the tourism sector and latin american and caribbean economies; highlights , against the backdrop of this extreme crisis , the importance of universal social protection; asks the commission to work out strategies with partner countries for the economic recovery and job creation and for improving social security systems; ### 6. underlines that global extreme poverty is expected to rise dramatically in 2020 for the first time in over 20 years , with the covid-19 pandemic compounding the forces of conflict and climate change and having a particularly hard impact on informal and migrant workers (who represent one quarter of the global workforce) , the tourism sector and latin american and caribbean economies; highlights , against the backdrop of this extreme crisis , the importance of universal social protection; asks the commission to work out strategies with partner countries for the economic recovery and job creation and for improving social security systems , fostering the expansion of social protection coverage to informal workers in rural sectors;


### 8. calls for the revision of proposed or existing strategies with the aim of further strengthening health systems in partner countries , in particular as regards preparedness for pandemics and the organisation and management of health systems , including the provision of universal healthcare , health monitoring and information , training of medical staff , diagnostic capacity and medicine supply; ### 8. calls for the revision of proposed or existing strategies with the aim of further strengthening health systems in partner countries , in particular as regards preparedness for pandemics and the organisation and management of health systems , including the provision of universal healthcare , vaccinations , health monitoring and information , training of medical staff , diagnostic capacity and medicine supply;


### 8. calls for the revision of proposed or existing strategies with the aim of further strengthening health systems in partner countries , in particular as regards preparedness for pandemics and the organisation and management of health systems , including the provision of universal healthcare , health monitoring and information , training of medical staff , diagnostic capacity and medicine supply; ### 8. calls for the revision of proposed or existing strategies with the aim of further strengthening public health systems in partner countries , in particular as regards preparedness for pandemics and the organisation and management of health systems , including the provision of universal healthcare , health monitoring and information , training of medical staff , diagnostic capacity and medicine supply;


### - having regard to the wfp global report on food crises 2020 , ### - having regard to the global report on food crises 2020 ,


### b. whereas there is a disproportionately high risk of contagion for millions of refugees worldwide , who often live in densely populated refugee camps; ### b. whereas there is a disproportionately high risk of contagion for millions of refugees worldwide , who often live in densely populated refugee camps and collective centres , where in particular the population of children is estimated to be around 3.7 million;


### d. whereas school closures due to the pandemic have deprived vulnerable children of school feeding and nutrition services that are essential to their health; ### d. whereas the disruption caused by the covid-19 outbreak in the education and training systems across the world is likely unprecedented in contemporary history , with the closure of schools and training institutions affecting 94 % of the global learner population , according to unesco; whereas school closures due to the pandemic have deprived vulnerable children of school feeding and nutrition services that are essential to their health;


### d. whereas school closures due to the pandemic have deprived vulnerable children of school feeding and nutrition services that are essential to their health; ### d. whereas school closures due to the pandemic have deprived vulnerable children of school feeding and nutrition services that are essential to their health , thereby increasing the number of children living in hunger by 36 million in 2020;


### 3. is deeply concerned about the underfunding of the eu humanitarian aid budget , given the additional humanitarian needs caused by the pandemic; calls for a clear distribution of the solidarity and emergency aid reserve (sear) envelope , which should aim to provide balanced coverage of its obligations as follows: neither internal nor external operations may be allocated more than 60 % of the annual amount of the reserve; on 1 october of each year , at least one quarter of the annual amount for ‘year n' must remain available to cover needs arising until the end of that year; as of 1 october , the remaining funds may be mobilised to cover needs arising until the end of that year; ### 3. is deeply concerned about the underfunding of the eu humanitarian aid budget , given the additional humanitarian needs caused by the pandemic , first of all in the health sector , but also in relation to the protection of the most vulnerable , such as children; therefore calls for a clear distribution of the solidarity and emergency aid reserve (sear) envelope , which should aim to provide balanced coverage of its obligations as follows: neither internal nor external operations may be allocated more than 60 % of the annual amount of the reserve; on 1 october of each year , at least one quarter of the annual amount for ‘year n' must remain available to cover needs arising until the end of that year; as of 1 october , the remaining funds may be mobilised to cover needs arising until the end of that year;


### 4. underlines that pastoral farming is an ecologically sound , local method of food production and is therefore part of a sustainable food system; considers it essential to support pastoralists by ensuring safe access to local markets during the pandemic in order to make sure that they are able to continue to provide protein-rich food to the local population , that their herds have access to water and grazing land and that mobile community one-health teams monitor the situation and carry out interventions in individual cases but also , where necessary , with a view to maintaining public health; calls for cash transfers and food aid for pastoralists , as well as feed aid for herds , as part of livelihood support in humanitarian aid , when this is needed; ### 4. underlines that pastoral farming is an ecologically sound , local method of food production and is therefore part of a sustainable food system; considers it essential to support pastoralists by ensuring safe access to local markets during the pandemic in order to make sure that they are able to continue to provide protein-rich food to the local population , that cross-border mobility of people and livestock is allowed , that their herds have access to water and grazing land and that mobile community one-health teams monitor the situation and carry out interventions in individual cases but also , where necessary , with a view to maintaining public health; calls for cash transfers for pastoralists in order to ensure the coverage of their basic needs , including food and feed , when this is needed;


### 5. emphasises the need to support the actions of the fao and the wfp aimed at mitigating hunger and loss of livelihood and building up resilient food systems , such as those to set up a global data facility for the provision of swift information on humanitarian needs , to provide food production assistance and access to food , to organise cash transfers and in-kind food distribution , to stabilise food systems , and to ensure the functioning of local food markets , value chains and systems while focusing on smallholder farmers by implementing sanitary measures in order to prevent the transmission of covid-19; ### 5. emphasises the need to support the actions of un agencies , notably the fao and the wfp , as well as the red cross and red crescent movement and international ngos aimed at mitigating hunger and loss of livelihood and building up resilient food systems , such as those to set up a global data facility for the provision of swift information on humanitarian needs , to provide food production assistance and access to food , to organise cash transfers and vouchers or in-kind food distribution , developing linkages with shock-responsive social protection systems , to stabilise food systems , and to ensure the functioning of local food markets , value chains and systems while focusing on smallholder farmers and small-scale fishermen by implementing sanitary measures in order to prevent the transmission of covid-19;


### 5. emphasises the need to support the actions of the fao and the wfp aimed at mitigating hunger and loss of livelihood and building up resilient food systems , such as those to set up a global data facility for the provision of swift information on humanitarian needs , to provide food production assistance and access to food , to organise cash transfers and in-kind food distribution , to stabilise food systems , and to ensure the functioning of local food markets , value chains and systems while focusing on smallholder farmers by implementing sanitary measures in order to prevent the transmission of covid-19; ### 5. emphasises the need to support the actions of the fao , the wfp and unicef aimed at mitigating hunger , malnutrition and loss of livelihood and building up resilient food systems , such as those to set up a global data facility for the provision of swift information on humanitarian needs , to provide food production assistance and access to food , to organise cash transfers and in-kind food distribution , to stabilise food systems , and to ensure the functioning of local food markets , value chains and systems while focusing on smallholder farmers by implementing sanitary measures in order to prevent the transmission of covid-19;


### 7. urges the commission to address the specific needs of refugees , upholding the guiding principle of public health networks of leaving no-one behind and refraining from blocking front-line humanitarian workers from having direct contact with the migrants and refugees they serve; stresses the absolute need for equal access to covid-19 treatment and other health services and safety net programmes for all affected people , regardless of nationality , migrant/refugee status , origin , sex , gender identity or any other characteristic; ### 7. urges the commission to address the specific needs of refugees and internally displaced persons (idps) , upholding the guiding principle of public health networks of leaving no-one behind and refraining from blocking front-line humanitarian workers from having direct contact with the migrants and refugees they serve; stresses the absolute need for equal access to covid-19 treatment and other health services and safety net programmes for all affected people , regardless of nationality , migrant/refugee/idp status , origin , sex , gender identity or any other characteristic; stresses the importance of supporting refugees and idps to address the disproportionate socio-economic impact of the pandemic , by strengthening livelihood support and income-generating activities , and their access to safety;


### 7. urges the commission to address the specific needs of refugees , upholding the guiding principle of public health networks of leaving no-one behind and refraining from blocking front-line humanitarian workers from having direct contact with the migrants and refugees they serve; stresses the absolute need for equal access to covid-19 treatment and other health services and safety net programmes for all affected people , regardless of nationality , migrant/refugee status , origin , sex , gender identity or any other characteristic; ### 7. urges the commission to address the specific needs of refugees , upholding the guiding principle of public health networks of leaving no-one behind and refraining from blocking front-line humanitarian workers from having direct contact with the migrants and refugees they serve; stresses the absolute need for equal access to covid-19 treatment and other health services and safety net programmes for all affected people , regardless of nationality , migrant/refugee status , origin , sex , gender identity or any other characteristic; urges the eu and member states to create the conditions for children and young people in refugee camps to have access to education , including remote learning options , in particular basic learning;


### 7. urges the commission to address the specific needs of refugees , upholding the guiding principle of public health networks of leaving no-one behind and refraining from blocking front-line humanitarian workers from having direct contact with the migrants and refugees they serve; stresses the absolute need for equal access to covid-19 treatment and other health services and safety net programmes for all affected people , regardless of nationality , migrant/refugee status , origin , sex , gender identity or any other characteristic; ### 7. urges the commission to address the specific needs of refugees , upholding the guiding principle of public health networks of leaving no-one behind and refraining from blocking front-line humanitarian workers from having direct contact with the migrants and refugees they serve; stresses the absolute need for equal access to covid-19 treatment and other health services and safety net programmes , particularly hiv and tb prevention and treatment services , for all affected people , regardless of nationality , migrant/refugee status , origin , sex , sexual orientation , gender identity , gender expression , sex characteristics or any other characteristic , so as to avert reversal in gains made on existing epidemics;


### human rights and democracy ### human rights , democracy and gender equality


### 12. is concerned that , since the beginning of the covid-19 crisis , many governments have used the emergency to justify placing restrictions on democratic processes and the civil space and to oppress minorities; draws attention to the growing negative impact of covid-19 on all human rights , democracy and the rule of law and calls , therefore , for the strengthening of aid , political dialogue and support for institution-building in all these fields , with particular attention to human rights defenders; ### 12. is concerned that , since the beginning of the covid-19 crisis , many governments have used the emergency to justify placing restrictions on democratic processes and the civil space including limiting humanitarian access , and to oppress minorities; draws attention to the growing negative impact of covid-19 on all human rights , democracy and the rule of law and calls , therefore , for the strengthening of aid , political dialogue and support for civil society and institution-building in all these fields , with particular attention to human rights defenders;


### 12. is concerned that , since the beginning of the covid-19 crisis , many governments have used the emergency to justify placing restrictions on democratic processes and the civil space and to oppress minorities; draws attention to the growing negative impact of covid-19 on all human rights , democracy and the rule of law and calls , therefore , for the strengthening of aid , political dialogue and support for institution-building in all these fields , with particular attention to human rights defenders; ### 12. is concerned that , since the beginning of the covid-19 crisis , many governments have used the emergency to justify placing restrictions on democratic processes and the civil space , including limiting humanitarian access and to oppress minorities; draws attention to the growing negative impact of covid-19 on all human rights , democracy and the rule of law and calls , therefore , for the strengthening of aid , political dialogue and support for institution-building in all these fields , with particular attention to human rights defenders;


### 13. welcomes the temporary suspension of debt service payments for the poorest countries announced by the g20 and joins the call on private creditors to follow suit; underlines that the magnitude of the economic and social crisis in the developing world requires more profound and far-reaching measures and encourages the commission to support international efforts in this regard; considers that interest saved thanks to this suspension should instead be invested in the health sector , which is often severely underfunded in developing countries; ### 13. welcomes the temporary suspension of debt service payments for the poorest countries announced by the g20 and joins the call on private creditors to follow suit; calls on the commission and the member states to promote full implementation of the g-20 debt service suspension initiative (dssi) and the g-20’s new common framework on debt treatments beyond the dssi; underlines that the magnitude of the economic and social crisis in the developing world requires more profound and far-reaching measures and encourages the commission to support international efforts in this regard; considers that interest saved thanks to this suspension should instead be invested in the health sector , which is often severely underfunded in developing countries; in this regard , invites the commission and member states to also support initiatives at international level proposing flexible mechanisms for debt reduction linked to the creation of counterpart funds in local currency to promote investments aimed at achieving the sdgs;


### education ### education and digitalisation


### 15. underlines the fact that the covid-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented numbers of pupils missing out on months of schooling , constituting a major set-back to efforts in the education sector especially with regard to girls’ and women’s education; urges governments to use school closures only as a measure of last resort in the fight against the pandemic; presses for education to be kept as a spending priority in eu development policy and for due consideration to be given to the social function of schools; urges governments , in this context , to prioritise support for the most marginalised children and their families; recommends that eu countries share their approaches to keeping up teaching even in times of crisis and asks the eu and its member states to exploit the potential of remote and digital learning in their international support programmes; ### 15. underlines the fact that the covid-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented numbers of pupils missing out on months of schooling , constituting a major set-back to efforts in the education sector especially with regard to girls’ and women’s education; urges governments to use school closures only as a measure of last resort in the fight against the pandemic; supports the continuity of investment in education in humanitarian settings; presses for education to be kept as a spending priority in eu development policy and for due consideration to be given to the social function of schools; urges governments , in this context , to prioritise support for the most marginalised children and their families; recommends to support the actions of unicef and that eu countries share their approaches to keeping up teaching even in times of crisis and asks the eu and its member states to exploit the potential of remote and digital learning in their international support programmes and therefore supports open , secure and affordable access to the internet (including mobile data) and equal access , use and creation of digital technology , with a view to bridging the digital divides including the digital gender and age gaps , and to include those who are disadvantaged or marginalised by the digital transformation;


### 15. underlines the fact that the covid-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented numbers of pupils missing out on months of schooling , constituting a major set-back to efforts in the education sector especially with regard to girls’ and women’s education; urges governments to use school closures only as a measure of last resort in the fight against the pandemic; presses for education to be kept as a spending priority in eu development policy and for due consideration to be given to the social function of schools; urges governments , in this context , to prioritise support for the most marginalised children and their families; recommends that eu countries share their approaches to keeping up teaching even in times of crisis and asks the eu and its member states to exploit the potential of remote and digital learning in their international support programmes; ### 15. underlines the fact that the covid-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented numbers of pupils missing out on months of schooling , constituting a major set-back to efforts in the education sector especially with regard to girls’ and women’s education; urges governments to use school closures only as a measure of last resort in the fight against the pandemic; presses for education to be kept as a spending priority in eu development policy and for due consideration to be given to the social and cultural function of schools; urges governments , in this context , to prioritise support for the most marginalised children and their families , since economic and social inequalities are deeply linked to early school leaving and poor performance from early childhood , jeopardizing employability prospects through adulthood; recommends that eu countries share their approaches to keeping up teaching even in times of crisis and asks the eu and its member states to exploit the potential of remote and digital learning in their international support programmes so that no child is left without education;


### 16. underlines the importance of assisting and exchanging best practice with partner countries in identifying vulnerabilities , building up prevention and crisis response mechanisms as well as protecting critical infrastructure in order better to deal with future systemic shocks of all kinds; ### 16. underlines the importance of assisting and exchanging best practice with partner countries and local civil society organisations in identifying vulnerabilities , building up prevention and crisis response mechanisms as well as protecting critical infrastructure in order better to deal with future systemic shocks of all kinds including a one health approach at the centre down to the community level in order to prevent or combat zoonoses;


### 17. points out that pandemics are often of zoonotic origin; underlines , therefore , the need to support education programmes regarding the dangers of hunting and trading in wild animals as well as the stricter protection of ecosystems and habitats; ### 17. points out that pandemics are often of zoonotic origin; underlines , therefore , the need to support education programmes regarding the dangers of hunting and trading in wild animals as well as the stricter protection and the restoration of ecosystems and habitats;


### 18. points out that , even in times of crisis , food production and distribution must be an absolute priority; considers that dependence on external sources of food , plants , seeds and fertilisers should be reduced , while local and diversified agricultural production should be increased , and knowledge about new , old and more resilient seeds shared; ### 18. points out that , even in times of crisis , food production and distribution must be an absolute priority; considers that dependence on external sources of food , plants , seeds and fertilisers should be reduced , while local and diversified agricultural production should be increased; welcomes in this regard the eu’s support for agroecology which needs to be further strengthened; calls for support to share knowledge about new , old and more resilient agro-ecological seeds;


### 19. underlines that implementation of the humanitarian-development-peace nexus has to be a priority in the programming of the ndici in fragile countries; calls on the commission’s dg echo and dg devco to implement complementary programmes suited to local contexts and local opportunities , whenever possible , in order to mutually reinforce the different aspects of the nexus; ### 19. underlines that implementation of the humanitarian-development-peace nexus has to be a priority in the programming of the ndici in fragile countries; calls on the commission’s dg echo and dg devco to implement complementary programmes suited to local contexts and local opportunities , whenever possible , in order to mutually reinforce the different aspects of the nexus; calls on commission to create a financing instrument to support complimentary activities in countries with both humanitarian and development programmes in order to ensure also efficiency and effectiveness of the eu actions;


### 19. underlines that implementation of the humanitarian-development-peace nexus has to be a priority in the programming of the ndici in fragile countries; calls on the commission’s dg echo and dg devco to implement complementary programmes suited to local contexts and local opportunities , whenever possible , in order to mutually reinforce the different aspects of the nexus; ### 19. underlines that implementation of the humanitarian-development-peace nexus has to be a priority in the programming of the ndici in fragile countries; calls on the commission’s dg echo , dg devco and dg near to implement complementary programmes suited to local contexts and local opportunities , whenever possible , in order to mutually reinforce the different aspects of the nexus;


### 1. recalls that education is a key tool for achieving the objectives of the european pillar of social rights , which states that ‘everyone has the right to quality and inclusive education , training and life-long learning in order to maintain and acquire skills that enable them to participate fully in society’; ### 1. recalls that education is a key tool for achieving the objectives of the european pillar of social rights , which states that “everyone has the right to quality and inclusive education , training and life-long learning in order to maintain and acquire skills that enable them to participate fully in society and manage successfully transitions in the labour market”;


### 1. recalls that education is a key tool for achieving the objectives of the european pillar of social rights , which states that ‘everyone has the right to quality and inclusive education , training and life-long learning in order to maintain and acquire skills that enable them to participate fully in society’; ### 1. recalls that education is an investment for the union’s future and a key tool for achieving the objectives of the european pillar of social rights , which states that ‘everyone has the right to quality and inclusive education , training and life-long learning in order to maintain and acquire skills that enable them to participate fully in society’;


### 1. calls on the commission to work with the member states to put the european pillar of social rights (epsr) at the heart of economic recovery programmes , in order to promote equal opportunities , women’s participation in the labour market , fair working conditions and sustainable social protection; ### 1. calls on the commission to work with the member states to put the european pillar of social rights (epsr) at the heart of economic recovery programmes; insists that the commission and the council integrate gender mainstreaming and gender budgeting in all aspects of the european pillar of social rights (epsr) in order to promote gender equality , equal opportunities , women’s participation in the labour market , fair working conditions and sustainable social protection for all and women’s involvement at all levels of decision-making processes;


### 1. calls on the commission to work with the member states to put the european pillar of social rights (epsr) at the heart of economic recovery programmes , in order to promote equal opportunities , women’s participation in the labour market , fair working conditions and sustainable social protection; ### 1. takes note of the commission’s commitment to adopt an action plan to implement the european pillar of social rights (epsr) in order to promote equal opportunities , women’s participation in the labour market , fair working conditions and sustainable social protection; underlines the need to make gender mainstreaming an integral part of this plan; calls on the commission to respect the principle of subsidiarity as enshrined in the treaties when proposing this plan;


### 1. calls on the commission to work with the member states to put the european pillar of social rights (epsr) at the heart of economic recovery programmes , in order to promote equal opportunities , women’s participation in the labour market , fair working conditions and sustainable social protection; ### 1. calls on the commission to work with the member states to put the european pillar of social rights (epsr) at the heart of economic recovery programmes , in order to promote equal opportunities , women’s participation in the labour market , fair working conditions , affordable and sustainable social protection , and reduce the gender gap in the renewable energy and the circular economy sector’s employment;


### 2. asserts that an adequate education and training in transitions to environmentally and socially sustainable economies can become a strong driver of job creation , social justice and poverty eradication; ### 2. stresses the importance of pursuing the objectives of the 2030 agenda , and the relationship in particular of this resolution with goals 1 “no poverty” , 4 “quality education” and 13 “climate action” closer together; in this respect asserts that an adequate education and training in transitions to environmentally and socially sustainable economies can become a strong driver of job creation , social justice and poverty eradication;


### 2. asserts that an adequate education and training in transitions to environmentally and socially sustainable economies can become a strong driver of job creation , social justice and poverty eradication; ### 2. asserts that an adequate education and training in transitions to environmentally and socially sustainable economies can become a strong driver of job creation , social justice and poverty eradication; calls for the union to facilitate stronger cooperation , information sharing and exchange of best practices between member states and their education and training systems;


### 2. calls on the commission and the member states to work on improving the situation of women in the covid-19 crisis and to adopt family-friendly policies; calls on the commission and the member states to launch an ambitious social and demographic investment plan to support member states’ efforts to improve available and affordable high-quality childcare , out-of-school care and long-term care infrastructures; ### 2. calls on the commission and the council to closely examine women’s needs to promote gender equality in order to facilitate women’s participation in the labour market during and after the covid-19 crisis , calls for an ambitious social care strategy and demographic plan to improve available and affordable high-quality childcare , out-of-school care and long-term care infrastructures; urges the member states to fully transpose and implement the work-life balance directive;


### 3. emphasises that a transition to a more environmentally sustainable society requires skilled workers and believes that just transition funds should cover a strong investment in education , vocational education and training (vet) and retraining; ### 3. recalls the key role of education , in labour market transitions as well as in the human and personal development of citizens , in particular by raising their environmental awareness to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve , climate neutrality by 2050; emphasises that a transition to a more environmentally sustainable society requires skilled workers and believes that just transition funds should cover a strong investment in education , vocational education and training (vet) and retraining;


### 3. emphasises that a transition to a more environmentally sustainable society requires skilled workers and believes that just transition funds should cover a strong investment in education , vocational education and training (vet) and retraining; ### 3. emphasises that a transition to a more environmentally sustainable society requires skilled workers and believes that just transition new funds should cover a strong investment in education , vocational education and training (vet) and retraining;


### 3. underlines that the commission and the member states must hold as a guiding principle that women and men should receive equal pay for equal work , especially when designing response measures to the covid-19 crisis; ### 3. underlines that the commission and the member states must hold as a guiding principle that women and men should receive equal pay for equal work , especially when designing response measures to the covid-19 crisis; stresses in this regard the need for the commission and member states to introduce measures to combat gender segregation in highly feminised occupational sectors and to tackle the gender pay and pension gaps; welcomes the forthcoming proposal on binding pay transparency measures in this regard;