### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world; ### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles enshrined in the european charter of fundamental rights and of those of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world;


### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world; ### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , stability , security and progress in europe and in the world;


### 2. stresses that the use , creation and management of artificial intelligence must respect the fundamental rights , values and freedoms expressed in the eu treaties and in the idea underpinning the creation of the european union; welcomes the publication of the commission's white paper on artificial intelligence and encourages deeper research into the use of artificial intelligence by state authorities; stresses that the european union must contribute to the creation of an international legal framework for the use of ai , especially in the context of building the strategic advantage that ai can offer; ### 2. stresses that the use , creation and management of artificial intelligence must respect the fundamental rights , values and freedoms expressed in the eu treaties , the charter of fundamental rights and in the principles underpinning the creation of the european union; takes note of the publication of the commission's white paper on artificial intelligence and encourages deeper research into the use of artificial intelligence; stresses that the european union must be in the forefront of the creation of an international legal and ethical framework for the use of ai rooted in the principles of human rights , especially in the context of military use; calls for confidence-building and risk-reduction measures with global actors regarding the development and use of military ai;


### 2. stresses that the use , creation and management of artificial intelligence must respect the fundamental rights , values and freedoms expressed in the eu treaties and in the idea underpinning the creation of the european union; welcomes the publication of the commission's white paper on artificial intelligence and encourages deeper research into the use of artificial intelligence by state authorities; stresses that the european union must contribute to the creation of an international legal framework for the use of ai , especially in the context of building the strategic advantage that ai can offer; ### 2. emphasises that the rapid development of ai requires a strong futureproof legislative framework to protect personal data and privacy; stresses therefore in this regard that all ai applications need to fully respect union data protection law , namely regulation (eu) 2016/679 of the european parliament and of the council (gdpr)1a and directive (ec) 2002/58 of the european parliament and of the council (eprivacy)1b currently under revision , freedom of expression and non-discrimination; 1a regulation (eu) 2016/679 of the european parliament and of the council of 27 april 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data , and repealing directive 95/46/ec (general data protection regulation) (oj l 119 , 4.5.2016 , p. 1); 1b directive 2002/58/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 12 july 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (directive on privacy and electronic communications) (oj l 201 , 31.7.2002 , p. 37).


### 2. considers that all military uses of ai must be subject to human control , so that , in particular , a human has the opportunity to correct or halt them at any time , and to disable them in the event of unforeseen behaviour; ### 2. considers that ai used in a military and a civil context have to be subject to human control , so that , in particular , a human has at all times the means to correct or halt them at all times , and to disable them at all times when ai used in a military and a civil context have effects on the welfare and general interest of citizens.


### 2. calls on the un and the wider international community to undertake all necessary efforts to ensure that the application of artificial intelligence (ai) in military affairs and the use of ai-enabled systems by the military stay within the strict limits set by international law and international humanitarian law (ihl); ### 2. calls on the un and the wider international community to undertake all necessary regulatory efforts to ensure that the application of artificial intelligence (ai) in military affairs and in the law enforcement civil capacities , such as police and border control forces , and the use of ai-enabled systems by the military stay within the strict limits set by international law , including international humanitarian law (ihl) and human rights law;


### 2. calls on the un and the wider international community to undertake all necessary efforts to ensure that the application of artificial intelligence (ai) in military affairs and the use of ai-enabled systems by the military stay within the strict limits set by international law and international humanitarian law (ihl); ### 2. calls on the un and the wider international community to undertake all necessary efforts to ensure that the development and application of artificial intelligence (ai) in military affairs and the use of ai-enabled systems by the military stay within the strict limits set by international law and international humanitarian law (ihl);


### 3. believes that ai has changed and has helped the development of the transport sector through increasing automation and greater integration and connectivity of transport networks; underlines that automation and the integration of ai vary between transport modes; ### 3. believes that ai has changed and has helped the development of the transport sector through increasing automation and greater integration and connectivity of transport networks; stresses the need to boost artificial intelligence and digitalisation in the transport and logistics sector in order to address the obstacles to the creation of a true ‘single european transport area’ , as well as to enhance efficiency in the organisation and management of goods and passenger traffic flows , and to make better use of infrastructure and resources along the trans-european transport network (ten-t) , in particular in cross-border sections; underlines that automation and the integration of ai vary between transport modes; believes that such integration should go hand in hand with a significant boosting of multimodality and the interoperability of all modes of transport in order to ensure and maintain fluidity in the eu supply chain;


### 3. believes that ai has changed and has helped the development of the transport sector through increasing automation and greater integration and connectivity of transport networks; underlines that automation and the integration of ai vary between transport modes; ### 3. believes that ai has changed and has helped the development of the transport sector through increasing automation and greater integration and connectivity of transport networks; underlines that , while automation and the integration of ai vary between transport modes , they have a specific impact on the efficiency and safety of transport;


### 3. notes that artificial intelligence has great potential in the fight against crime , online terrorist content and cybercrime; considers that , in each of these cases , there must be certainty that its use does not lead to the unjustified deletion or blocking of content and thus to the censorship of or discrimination against views expressed online; ### 3. notes that the use of artificial intelligence in fighting crime and cyber crime brings a wide range of possibilities and opportunities , in order to let the principle what is illegal offline is illegal online prevail , while at the same time posing risks to the protection of civil liberties , as the freedom of expression and the non-discrimination principle; underlines therefore the need for transparency and explainability of ai algorithms and human oversight and verification and for due process , including the right of appeal , especially for decisions taken within the framework of prerogatives of public power;


### 3. notes that artificial intelligence has great potential in the fight against crime , online terrorist content and cybercrime; considers that , in each of these cases , there must be certainty that its use does not lead to the unjustified deletion or blocking of content and thus to the censorship of or discrimination against views expressed online; ### 3. stresses that the design and operation of artificial intelligence should respect human dignity , rights , freedoms and cultural diversity , stresses that ai systems should be designed and operated in a non-biased and non-discriminatory manner;


### 3. considers that their decision-making process must be traceable , so that the human decision-maker can be identified and held responsible where necessary; ### 3. considers that their decision-making process must be auditable , explainable , traceable , so that the human decision-maker can be identified and held accountable;


### 3. considers in particular that ai-enabled systems must abide by the principles of the martens clause , and must never breach or be permitted to breach the dictates of the public conscience and humanity; considers that this is the ultimate test for the admissibility of an ai-enabled system in warfare; calls on the ai research community to integrate this principle in all ai-enabled systems intended to be used in warfare; considers that no authority can issue a derogation from those principles or certify an ai-enabled system; ### 3. considers in particular that the development and use of ai-enabled systems in armed conflicts must abide by the martens clause , and must never breach or be permitted to breach the dictates of the public conscience and humanity; considers that their ability to be used in compliance with international humanitarian law is the minimum standard for the admissibility of an ai-enabled system in warfare; calls on the ai research community to integrate this principle in all ai-enabled systems intended to be used in warfare; considers that no authority can issue a derogation from those principles or certify an ai-enabled system breaching them;


### 4. recalls the benefits of the european rail traffic management system (ertms) , a seamless automatic train protection system replacing incompatible national ones , as regards reliability , capacity , costs , safety , speed and maintenance; supports its full deployment and its continuous establishment as a global automatic train protection (atp) system; ### 4. recalls the benefits of the european rail traffic management system (ertms) , a seamless automatic train protection system replacing incompatible national ones , the full deployment of which is key for the creation of a single european rail area , as regards reliability , capacity , costs , safety , speed and maintenance; supports its full deployment and its continuous establishment as a global automatic train protection (atp) system;


### 4. stresses that all operations undertaken by artificial intelligence must always remain under human supervision; stresses that artificial intelligence in the justice system should be used to improve the analysis and collection of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making; ### 4. stresses that all operations undertaken by artificial intelligence must always remain under human supervision throughout their entire life-cycle , and legal responsibility for any decision must be born by easily identifiable humans , in particular with regards to lethal automatic weapons; recalls in this respect its position on a ban on the development , production and use of fully autonomous weapons systems to avoid any destabilising ai arms race; regrets that no explicit conventions exist on a global scale on the use of such weapons; stresses that artificial intelligence in civil justice could be used to improve the analysis of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making;


### 4. stresses that all operations undertaken by artificial intelligence must always remain under human supervision; stresses that artificial intelligence in the justice system should be used to improve the analysis and collection of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making; ### 4. stresses that all operations undertaken by artificial intelligence must always remain under human supervision and intervention; stresses that artificial intelligence in the justice system should be used to improve the analysis and collection of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making;


### 4. reiterates that they must always be consistent with international humanitarian law , in particular the geneva conventions of 12 august 1949 , notably as regards the protection of injured , sick and shipwrecked persons , the treatment of prisoners of war and the protection of civilians; ### 4. reiterates that ai used in a military context must always be consistent with international humanitarian and human rights laws , in particular the geneva conventions of 12 august 1949 , notably as regards the protection of injured , sick and shipwrecked persons , the treatment of prisoners of war and the protection of civilians;


### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations under the applicable international law and remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that ai machines can under no circumstances be held accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield; ### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations under the applicable international law and remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that ai machines can under no circumstances be held accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield; recalls that ai-enabled systems must rely on human oversight and should not get out of control of humanity; stresses that ai-machines can under no circumstances replace human decision;


### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations under the applicable international law and remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that ai machines can under no circumstances be held accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield; ### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations and liability under the applicable international law and remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that humans remain accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield;


### 5. supports the development and international standardisation of the automation of train operations; encourages the development of automated slot allocation in various transport modes and the use of ai in logistics and other areas of transport; ### 5. supports the development and international standardisation of the automation of train operations; encourages the development of automated slot allocation in various transport modes and the use of ai in logistics and other areas of transport; underlines the importance of boosting interoperability and multimodality at european and international level in order to optimally combine the various modes of transport and to ensure the proper functioning and security of the entire transport and logistics value chain;


### 5. supports the development and international standardisation of the automation of train operations; encourages the development of automated slot allocation in various transport modes and the use of ai in logistics and other areas of transport; ### 5. supports the development and international standardisation of the automation of train operations; encourages the development of automated slot allocation in various transport modes and the use of ai in logistics and other areas of transport , always in respect of the precautionary principle enshrined in art. 191 of the tfeu;


### 5. supports the development and international standardisation of the automation of train operations; encourages the development of automated slot allocation in various transport modes and the use of ai in logistics and other areas of transport; ### 5. supports the development and international standardisation of the automation of train operations; encourages the development of automated slot allocation in various transport modes and the use of ai in logistics and other areas of transport to enhance transport safety and efficiency;


### 5. highlights the need to take duly into account , during the design , development , testing and deployment phases of an ai-enabled system , potential risks as regards civilian casualties and injury , accidental loss of life , and damage to civilian infrastructure , but also risks related to unintended engagement , manipulation , proliferation , cyber-attack or interference and acquisition by terrorist groups; ### 5. highlights the need to take duly into account , during the design , development , testing and deployment phases of an ai-enabled system , potential risks as regards to incidental civilian casualties and injury , loss of life , and damage to civilian infrastructure , but also risks related to unintended engagement , manipulation , proliferation , cyber-attack or interference and acquisition by organised crime and terrorist groups;


### 6. welcomes the work of the single european sky atm research project (sesar) in the area of unmanned aircraft systems and air traffic management systems , both civil and military; stresses that global interoperability and harmonisation constitute a sine qua non for a safe , functional and secure global air traffic management system; encourages the commission and the member states to promote sesar internationally and to contribute to the work of international organisations such as icao or iata in this regard; ### 6. welcomes the work of the single european sky atm research project (sesar) in the area of unmanned aircraft systems and air traffic management systems , both civil and military; recalls that it is essential to bolster sesar to help overcome the fragmentation of the single european sky; stresses that global interoperability and harmonisation , as well as the exchange of best practices and of lessons learned at european and international level , constitute a sine qua non for a safe , functional and secure global air traffic management system; encourages the commission and the member states to promote sesar internationally and to contribute to the work of international organisations such as icao or iata in this regard;


### 6. insists that they must always be consistent with the principle of proportionality , which makes the legality of a military action conditional on a balance between the objective pursued and the means used , and that the assessment of proportionality must be made , or expressly approved , by a human being; ### 6. insists that they must always be consistent with the principle of distinction , proportionality , precaution , accountability , attributability , traceability , reliability , trustworthiness , transparency and explicability , which makes the legality of a military action conditional on a balance between the objective pursued and the means used , and that the assessment of proportionality must be made by a human;


### 6. stresses the need for robust testing and evaluation systems based on norms to ensure that during the entire lifecycle of ai-enabled systems in the military domain , in particular during the phases of human-machine interaction , machine learning and adjusting and adapting to new circumstances , the systems do not go beyond the intended limits and will at all times comply with the applicable international law; ### 6. stresses the need for robust testing , evaluation , certification and monitoring systems based on democratic norms to ensure that during the entire lifecycle of ai-enabled systems in the military domain , in particular during the phases of human-machine interaction , machine learning and adjusting and adapting to new circumstances , the systems and their effect do not go beyond the intended limits and that users will at all times be able to comply with the applicable international law;


### 7. calls on the commission and the member states to participate in the international regulatory activities and discussions on autonomous vehicles , especially in the area of safety , while ensuring cooperation among regulators and vehicle manufacturers relevant to the deployment of automated vehicles in road traffic in the eu; calls for standardised geographic input data and stresses the need for accuracy of such data; ### 7. calls on the commission and the member states to participate in the international regulatory activities and discussions on autonomous vehicles , especially in the area of safety , while ensuring cooperation among regulators , suppliers and vehicle manufacturers relevant to the deployment of automated vehicles in road traffic in the eu; calls for standardised geographic input data and stresses the need for accuracy of such data;


### 7. stresses that the previous paragraphs concern all military uses of ai , whatever they may be , including those involving the processing of information for military purposes , military logistics , ‘collaborative combat’ and real-time support for decision-making , as well as defensive systems and all weapons that use ai , including lethal autonomous weapon systems (laws); ### 7. stresses that the previous paragraphs concern all military uses of ai , whatever they may be , including those involving the processing of information for military purposes , military logistics , ‘collaborative combat’ and real-time support for decision-making , as well as defensive systems and all weapons that use ai;


### 7. highlights that any ai-enabled system used in the military domain must , as a minimum set of requirements , be able to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants on the battlefield , not have indiscriminate effects , not cause unnecessary suffering to persons , not be biased or be trained on biased data , and be in compliance with the ihl principles of military necessity , proportionality in the use of force and precaution prior to engagement; ### 7. highlights that any ai-enabled system used in the military domain must , as a minimum set of requirements , be able to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants on the battlefield , between military and civilian targets , recognize when a combatant surrenders or is hors de combat; not have indiscriminate effects , individuate the use of force and not target a certain category of people , not be of a nature to cause unnecessary suffering to persons , nor cruel or degrading treatments , not be biased or be trained on biased data , and be used in compliance with the ihl principles of distinction , proportionality and precaution prior to engagement and in attack;


### 7. highlights that any ai-enabled system used in the military domain must , as a minimum set of requirements , be able to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants on the battlefield , not have indiscriminate effects , not cause unnecessary suffering to persons , not be biased or be trained on biased data , and be in compliance with the ihl principles of military necessity , proportionality in the use of force and precaution prior to engagement; ### 7. highlights that any ai-enabled system used in the military domain must , as a minimum set of requirements , be able to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants on the battlefield , not have indiscriminate effects , not cause unnecessary suffering to persons , not be biased or be trained on biased data , and be in compliance with the ihl principles of military necessity , proportionality in the use of force and precaution prior to engagement; underlines the importance of the quality of algorithms , original data and ex-ante review of decision-making processes;


### 8. recalls the current comprehensive discussions in the international maritime organization on integrating new and emerging technologies , such as autonomous ships , in the regulatory framework; ### 8. recalls the current comprehensive discussions in the international maritime organization on integrating new and emerging technologies , such as autonomous ships , in the regulatory framework; underlines the importance of upskilling/reskilling programs for the workforce in the maritime sector as digital expertise and capabilities will be essential in driving the sector forward , ensuring europe maintains its global leadership status and protects employment;


### 8. recalls that laws are weapons capable of identifying a target and deciding to attack it without human intervention , and that the level of threat they pose requires that their use be subject to specific prohibitions and legal safeguards; ### 8. recalls that the term "lethal autonomous weapons systems" (laws) refers to weapons systems without meaningful human control over the critical functions of selection and attacking individual targets , and that the level of threat they pose requires that their use have to be subject to specific prohibitions and legal safeguards;


### 8. stresses that in the use of ai-enabled systems in security and defence , full situational understanding of the operator , ability to detect possible changes in circumstances and ability to discontinue an attack are needed to ensure that ihl principles , in particular distinction , proportionality and precaution in attack , are fully applied across the entire chain of command and control; stresses that ai-enabled systems must allow the military leadership to assume its full responsibility at all times; ### 8. stresses that in the use of ai-enabled systems in security and defence , full situational understanding of the operator , predictability and reliability of the ai-enabled system ability to detect possible changes in circumstances and operational environment and ability to intervene in or discontinue an attack are needed to ensure that ihl principles , in particular distinction , proportionality and precaution in attack , are fully applied across the entire chain of command and control; stresses that ai-enabled systems must allow the military leadership to assume its full control and responsibility and be accountable at all times;


### 9. stresses how intelligent transport systems mitigate traffic congestion and contribute to improving efficiency and mobility solutions; draws attention to the increased exposure of traditional transport networks to cyber threats; ### 9. stresses how intelligent transport systems mitigate traffic congestion and contribute to improving efficiency and mobility solutions; draws attention to the increased exposure of traditional transport networks to cyber threats and underlines the importance of ensuring control by local traffic management authorities over traffic data and its systems to reduce cyber threats to the minimum; calls on member states to monitor the correct implementation of the 2016 nis directive1a and cooperate among each other in an effort to develop a resilient eu cyber defence network for transport;


### 9. stresses how intelligent transport systems mitigate traffic congestion and contribute to improving efficiency and mobility solutions; draws attention to the increased exposure of traditional transport networks to cyber threats; ### 9. stresses how intelligent transport systems mitigate traffic congestion and contribute to improving efficiency and mobility solutions; draws attention to the increased exposure of traditional transport networks to cyber threats; points to the need for more effective transport ai data protection and calls on the commission to continue working with member states on data security and protection;


### 9. stresses how intelligent transport systems mitigate traffic congestion and contribute to improving efficiency and mobility solutions; draws attention to the increased exposure of traditional transport networks to cyber threats; ### 9. stresses how intelligent transport systems mitigate traffic congestion , improve the management of traffic flows and contribute to improving efficiency , safety and mobility solutions; draws attention to the increased exposure of traditional transport networks to cyber threats; calls for increased efforts and resources to address these new challenges at eu level;


### 9. considers that laws are lawful only if subject to control sufficiently strict to enable a human to take over command at any time , and that systems without any human control (‘human out of the loop’) must be banned; ### 9. considers that laws can be authorized only if subject to control a strict human control to enable a human to have the control all times , and that systems without any human control (‘human out of the loop’) have to be banned;


### 9. calls on states to carry out an assessment of how autonomous military devices have contributed to their national security and what their national security can gain from ai-enabled weapon systems , in particular as regards the potential of such technologies to reduce human error , thus enhancing the implementation of ihl principles; ### 9. calls on states to carry out an assessment on whether autonomous military device shave contributed to their national security and what their national security could gain from ai-enabled weapon systems , in particular as regards the potential of such technologies to support and enhance human decision-making in compliance with ihl;


### 10. stresses that laws should be used only in clearly defined cases and in accordance with authorisation procedures laid down in detail in advance in documents to which the state concerned — whether or not it forms part of the north atlantic treaty organisation — guarantees access for the public , or at least for its national parliament; ### deleted


### 10. calls on the hr/vp , in the framework of the ongoing discussions on the international regulation of lethal autonomous weapon systems by states parties to the convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons (ccw) , to help streamline the global debate on core issues and definitions where consensus has not been reached , in particular as regards concepts and characteristics of ai-enabled lethal autonomous weapons and their functions in the identification , selection and engagement of a target , application of the concept of human responsibility in the use of ai-enabled systems in defence , and the degree of human/machine interaction , including the concept of human control and judgment , during the different stages of the lifecycle of an ai-enabled weapon. ### 10. recalls the european parliament position on autonomous weapons systems enabling strikes to be carried out without meaningful human intervention; calls on the hr/vp , the member states and the european council to adopt a common position on autonomous weapons system , that ensures meaningful human control over the critical functions of weapons systems , including during deployment; calls on the hr/vp , in the framework of the ongoing discussions on the international regulation of lethal autonomous weapon systems by states parties to the convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons (ccw) , to help advance the effort to develop a new global normative framework and a legally binding instrument , focused on definitions , concepts and characteristics of lethal autonomous weapons systems , specifically their critical functions in the identification , selection and engagement of a target , application of the concept of human responsibility in the use of ai-enabled systems in defence , to consider the necessary degree of human/machine interaction , including the concept of human control and judgment , to ensure compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law as well as with ethical concerns , during the different stages of the lifecycle of an ai-enabled weapon.


### 11. underlines that the european defence fund and permanent structured cooperation should stimulate cooperation between member states and european defence industries to develop new european defence capabilities in the field of ai and ensure security of supply , taking ethical considerations into account; recalls , moreover , that the next connecting europe facility , which also encourages smart infrastructure , will provide for a fund for the development of civilian/military dual-use transport infrastructure with a view to improving military mobility within the union. ### 11. underlines that the european defence fund and permanent structured cooperation should stimulate cooperation between member states and european defence industries to develop new european defence capabilities in the field of ai and ensure security of supply , taking ethical considerations into account; recalls , moreover , that the next connecting europe facility , which also encourages smart infrastructure , will provide for a fund for the adaptation and development of transport infrastructure for civilian/military dual-use with a view to increasing synergies between defence needs and the trans-european transport network (ten-t) and improving military mobility within the union 1a.


### 11. considers that laws must comply with the provisions of the convention of 10 october 1980 on certain conventional weapons , including the prohibition of weapons deemed ‘excessively injurious’; ### deleted


### a. whereas ai , robotics and related technologies are liable to have a direct impact on all aspects of people's lives in society; ### a. whereas ai , robotics and related technologies with the potential to directly impact all aspects of in societies , including basic social and economic principles and values , are being developed very quickly;


### b. whereas the union and its member states have a particular responsibility to make sure that these technologies contribute to the well-being and general interest of their citizens; ### b. whereas the union and its member states have a particular responsibility to make sure that ai , robotics and related technologies , contribute to the well-being and general interest of their citizens;


### c. whereas this particular responsibility implies a need to examine questions of interpretation and application of international law in so far as the eu is affected in the areas of civil and military uses of such technologies and questions of state authority vis-à-vis such technologies outside the scope of criminal justice; ### c. whereas this particular responsibility implies a need to examine questions of interpretation and application of international law inso far as the eu is affected in the areas of civil and military uses of ai , robotics and related technologies and questions of state authority vis-à-vis suchtechnologies outside the scope of criminal justice;


### 14. recalls that the purpose of the european defence fund (edf) is to finance military research projects conducive to innovation , especially those implementing ai , even when they concern laws; ### deleted


### 15. suggests that the edf remind the companies whose projects it finances and the states concerned that its funding does not absolve them of the responsibility to pay scrupulous attention to ensuring that any future military uses of the ai involved in these projects comply with the principles set out in paragraphs 2 to 13 of this report; ### deleted


### state authority: examples from the areas of health and justice ### state authority and responsibility in all its applications


### 16. stresses that member states must ensure that the possession of highly sophisticated ai technologies by powerful private groups does result in the authority of the state being challenged , let alone usurped , by a private authority; ### deleted


### 16. stresses that member states must ensure that the possession of highly sophisticated ai technologies by powerful private groups does result in the authority of the state being challenged , let alone usurped , by a private authority; ### 16. stresses that member states must ensure that the possession of highly sophisticated ai technologies by powerful private groups does not result in the authority of the state being challenged , let alone usurped , by a private authority;


### 17. considers it essential , where an ai system is used to interact with people in public services , especially in the fields of justice and health care , that users are informed that they may ask to deal with a professional and that the request will be granted without delay; ### 17. considers it essential , where an ai system is used to interact with people in public services , that users should have the right and be informed that they may ask to deal with a professional and that the request will be granted without undue delay;


### 18. takes the view that persons who have been the subject of a decision taken by a public authority based solely or largely on the output from an ai system should be informed thereof and should receive the information referred to in the preceding paragraph without delay; ### 18. takes the view that persons who have been the subject of a decision taken by a public authority based on , or influenced by the output from an ai system should be informed thereof and should receive the information referred to in the preceding paragraph without delay;


### 19. notes that artificial intelligence is playing an increasingly fundamental role in public health care , in particular through algorithms to assist diagnosis , robot-assisted surgery , smart prostheses , personalised treatments based on the three-dimensional modelling of an individual patient’s body , social robots to help elderly people , digital therapies designed to improve the independence of some mentally ill people , predictive medicine and epidemic response software; ### 19. notes that artificial intelligence is playing an increasingly fundamental role in areas such as public health , culture , transport , agriculture , etc... in particular through algorithms , computer software and the data used or produced by them , that may be applied while using ia;


### 20. insists , nevertheless , that all uses of ai in the area of public health must guarantee the protection of patients’ personal data and prevent the uncontrolled dissemination of those data; ### deleted


### 21. urges that all uses of ai in the area of public health uphold the principle of the equal treatment of patients as regards the accessibility of and access to treatment , preserve the patient-doctor relationship and be consistent with the hippocratic oath at all times; ### deleted


### 22. notes that ai is increasingly being used in the field of justice , to enable judges to take decisions which are more rational and more in keeping with the law in force and to do so more quickly; ### deleted


### 23. calls , therefore , for the public to be informed of all such uses of ai in the field of justice and for those uses not to lead to discrimination resulting from programming and to uphold the right of every individual to have access to a judge , as well as the right of every judge to depart from the solution suggested by ai where he or she considers it necessary in light of the particulars of a case; ### 23. calls , therefore requests that the public must be informed of any use of ai in public civil uses and that such uses do not give rise to discrimination resulting from the programming and that the right of any person to have access to a public official be respected , as well as the right of any public official to deviate from the solution suggested by the ai when he or she deems it necessary in the light of the details of the matter in question;


### 26. stresses that the circulation of autonomous vehicles in the european area , which is liable to give rise to a particularly high number of disputes under international private law , must be the subject of specific european rules stipulating the legal regime applicable in the event of transboundary damage; ### 26. stresses that the circulation of autonomous vehicles (technology considered high risk) in europe , which is liable to give rise to a particularly high number of disputes under international private law , must be the subject of specific european rules stipulating the legal regime applicable in the event of transboundary damage;


### 27. recalls that ai is a scientific advance which must not undermine the law , but must on the contrary always be governed by it — in the european union by the law emanating from its institutions and its member states — and that under no circumstances must the power of algorithms lead to democracy and the rule of law being flouted , a principle which has guided the drafting of this report; ### 27. recalls that ai is a scientific advance which must not undermine the law , but must on the contrary always be governed by it — in the european union by the law emanating from its institutions and its member states — and that under no circumstances must ai , robotics and related technologies contravene democracy , the rule of law and the charter of fundamental rights of the european union;


### 1. calls on the commission to base its data strategy on the principles of conferring well-being and benefit on citizens and the absolute respect of their fundamental rights , in particular the protection of their privacy and personal data; ### 1. calls on the commission to base its data strategy on the principles of conferring well-being and benefit on citizens , to place the interests and rights of individuals at the very centre of the policy environment , in particular the respect of human dignity and integrity , and the protection of their privacy and personal data; therefore , urges the commission to be extremely vigilant in its design of data governance and access structures for europe;


### 1. calls on the commission to base its data strategy on the principles of conferring well-being and benefit on citizens and the absolute respect of their fundamental rights , in particular the protection of their privacy and personal data; ### 1. calls on the commission to base its data strategy on the principles of conferring well-being and benefit on citizens and the absolute respect of their fundamental rights , in particular the protection of their privacy and personal data , which must be done in a lawful manner and in keeping with the gdpr;


### 2. emphasises that data transfers to other jurisdictions must always abide by the provisions of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) , the law enforcement directive (led) and other relevant union legislation; ### 2. emphasises , especially in the context of data flows , that data transfers to other jurisdictions must always abide by the provisions of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) , the law enforcement directive (led) and other relevant union legislation; reiterates that international transfers of personal data must first comply with all the principles of the gdpr or of the led prior to any transfer;


### 2. emphasises that data transfers to other jurisdictions must always abide by the provisions of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) , the law enforcement directive (led) and other relevant union legislation; ### 2. emphasises that data transfers to other jurisdictions must always abide by the provisions of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) , the law enforcement directive (led) and other relevant union legislation and can only be done if there is an essentially equivalent level of data protection;


### 2. emphasises that data transfers to other jurisdictions must always abide by the provisions of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) , the law enforcement directive (led) and other relevant union legislation; ### 2. emphasises that data transfers to other jurisdictions must always abide by the provisions of the general data protection regulation (gdpr) , the law enforcement directive (led) and other relevant union legislation , and be used solely for the purpose for which the data has been collected;


### 2. notes that the eu approach to digitisation should be human-centred , value-oriented and based on the concept of the social market economy; underlines that choosing a third path to digitisation should not mean that the eu becomes protectionist; stresses , therefore , that every non-eu player should still be welcome to operate in the single european data space as long as they meet the eu’s ethical , technological , privacy and security standards; ### 2. notes that the eu approach to digitalisation should be human-centred , value-oriented and based on the concept of the social market economy; underlines that choosing its own approach to digitalisation should not mean that the eu becomes protectionist; stresses , therefore , that every non-eu player should still be welcome to operate in the single european data space as long as they meet the eu’s technological , privacy , security and particularly ethical standards , such as those on transparency , accountability , traceability , non-discrimination , sustainability , social responsibility and good governance;


### 3. stresses that the eu should prioritise digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting teachers and the heads of education institutions in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , without creating additional administrative or financial burdens; considers that education should be focused on practical skills for the future and be based on a long-term and comprehensive analysis of labour market needs; welcomes the commission’s proposal to develop a common european skills database; ### 3. stresses that the eu should include among its priorities digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting teachers and the educational community as a whole in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , avoiding additional administrative or financial burdens; considers that education policy should help citizens to be prepared for an increasingly data-based economy , and to develop their ability to take part in the digital transformation and further shape democratic societies; welcomes the commission’s proposal to develop a common european skills database;


### 3. recalls that the processing of personal data , including its transfer , must always comply with union data protection acquis; emphasises , in this respect , the need to draw clear boundaries between the treatment of personal and of non-personal data in the data spaces outlined by the commission , especially in the case of smart connected products; recalls , in this context , that data sets in which different types of data are inextricably linked , are always treated as personal data; ### 3. recalls that the processing of personal data , including its transfer , must always comply with union data protection acquis and any future sectoral or fit-for-purpose legislation needs to respect it; emphasises , in this respect , the need to draw clear boundaries between the treatment of personal and of non-personal data in the data spaces outlined by the commission , especially in the case of smart connected products and wearables; recalls , in this context , that data sets in which different types of data are inextricably linked are always treated as personal data; also when personal data represent only a small part of the dataset;


### 3. recalls that the processing of personal data , including its transfer , must always comply with union data protection acquis; emphasises , in this respect , the need to draw clear boundaries between the treatment of personal and of non-personal data in the data spaces outlined by the commission , especially in the case of smart connected products; recalls , in this context , that data sets in which different types of data are inextricably linked , are always treated as personal data; ### 3. recalls that the processing and storage of personal data , including its transfer , must always comply with union data protection acquis; emphasises , in this respect , the need to draw clear boundaries between the treatment of personal and of non-personal data in the data spaces outlined by the commission , especially in the case of smart connected products; recalls , in this context , that data sets in which different types of data are inextricably linked , are always treated as personal data;


### 3. believes that the new strategy should be implemented by means of a principle-based and innovation-friendly eu legal framework , which should be proportionate and avoid unnecessary administrative burdens for small to medium-sized enterprises (smes) and start-ups , and should be combined with concrete measures , guidance , private-public codes of conduct and programmes , strong investments , and , if necessary , new sector-specific laws; ### 3. believes that the new strategy should be implemented by means of a principle-based and innovation-friendly eu legal framework , which should be proportionate and , while safeguarding the best interests of eu citizens , avoid unnecessary administrative burdens for small to medium-sized enterprises (smes) and start-ups , and should be combined with concrete measures , guidance , private-public codes of conduct and programmes , strong investments , and , if necessary , new sector-specific laws;


### 4. highlights the urgent need to close the eu’s digital skills gap and considers that enhanced graduate tracking and labour market data sharing will be invaluable tools to achieve this end; stresses the importance of fully abiding by eu rules on personal data protection when using these tools; ### 4. highlights the urgent need to close the eu’s digital skills gap and considers that skills , competences , qualifications and occupations data sharing will be invaluable tools to achieve this end; stresses the importance of fully abiding by eu rules on personal data protection when using these tools;


### 4. stresses that data spaces for public administrations , specifically data use for improving law enforcement in the eu , must fully respect eu law , including the principle of proportionality and data protection and privacy rules; ### 4. stresses that common european dataspaces for public administrations , specifically concerning data use for improving law enforcement access to data in the eu , must fully respect eu law , including the principles of necessity and proportionality , and the protection of privacy and personal data , presumption of innocence and procedural rules;


### 5. underlines the right to data portability and the data access rights provided for by the gdpr; warns of the dangers of a lock in-effect , particularly in sensitive sectors , when these rights are not properly enforced; expects the upcoming data act to support the enjoyment of these rights; ### 5. underlines the right to data portability and the data access , rectification and erasure rights provided for by the gdpr; warns of the dangers of a lock in-effect , particularly in sensitive sectors , when these rights are not properly enforced; expects the upcoming data act to support the enjoyment of these rights;


### 5. stresses the key importance of fostering access to data for eu businesses , especially for smes and start-ups; considers that voluntary data sharing between businesses based on fair and transparent contractual arrangements , triggered by incentives in the form of subsidies and tax breaks , would help to achieve this goal; ### 5. stresses the key importance of fostering access to data for eu businesses and their competitiveness at the global level , especially for smes and start-ups; considers that voluntary data sharing between businesses would help to achieve this goal; notes , in this regard , that a solid legislative framework is important to ensure trust and encourage businesses to make data available to others , particularly across borders;


### 6. emphasises that the implementation of the european data strategy should take account of the specific needs of vulnerable groups; recalls that almost 100 million persons with disabilities in the eu are facing particular challenges in accessing digital tools and quality education; calls on the member states to make every effort to ensure that persons with disabilities have full access to digital tools and infrastructure in order to harness the full potential of digitalisation and prevent a widening of gaps between different parts of society in terms of access to digital education; ### 6. emphasises that the implementation of the european data strategy should take account of the specific needs of vulnerable groups; recalls that almost 100 million persons with disabilities in the eu are facing particular challenges in accessing digital tools and quality education; calls on the member states to make every effort to ensure that persons with disabilities and persons from disadvantaged backgrounds have full access to digital tools and infrastructure in order to harness the full potential of digitalisation and prevent a widening of gaps between different parts of society in terms of access to digital education;


### 6. calls for strong practical measures , such as an obligatory cyber certification framework , to ensure the security of personal data and to prevent data leaks; ### 6. calls for strong practical measures , such as an obligatory cyber certification framework , to ensure the security , confidentiality and hosting of personal data and to prevent data leaks;


### 6. states that fair , simple , intelligible , secure , interoperable and affordable voluntary data sharing agreements between companies from the same supply chain and different sectors , that either monetise the participation of data providers or enable ‘give and take’ schemes , will further accelerate the development of the eu data economy; ### 6. states that mutually beneficial , fair , simple , intelligible , secure , interoperable and affordable voluntary data sharing agreements between companies from the same supply chain and different sectors will further accelerate the development of the eu data economy;


### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative industry at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways , by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation or enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the europeana digital service infrastructure. ### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative sectors and industries at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways , by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation or enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the europeana digital service infrastructure and should be accessible to all parts of society.


### 7. welcomes the council conclusions of october 2020 on the development of a union-wide framework for secure public electronic identification (e-id); strongly believes that a framework of this type would allow for the safer cross-border provision of services that require personal identification. ### 7. welcomes the council conclusions of october 2020 on the development of a union-wide framework for secure public electronic identification (e-id); strongly believes that a framework of trusted electronic identification is elementary to ensure secure access to digital services and to carry out electronic transactions in a safer way; whereas currently only 15 member states have notified an electronic identity scheme for cross-border recognition in the framework of the regulation(eu) no 910/2014;.


### 7. welcomes the council conclusions of october 2020 on the development of a union-wide framework for secure public electronic identification (e-id); strongly believes that a framework of this type would allow for the safer cross-border provision of services that require personal identification. ### 7. welcomes the council conclusions of october 2020 on the development of a union-wide framework for secure public electronic identification (e-id); strongly believes that a framework of this type would allow for the safer cross-border provision of services that require personal identification and the reduction of excessive data collection by enterprises;


### 7. calls on the commission to assess the possibility of defining fair contractual conditions with the aim of addressing imbalances in market power; underlines that a single european data space will require companies to be allowed to closely cooperate with each other , and therefore considers that safe harbours and block exemptions on cooperation for data sharing and pooling , as well as more guidance for businesses on competition law matters from the commission , are needed; ### 7. calls on the commission to assess the possibility of defining fair contractual conditions with the aim of addressing imbalances in market power and between the concerned parties; underlines that a single european data space will require companies to be allowed to closely cooperate with each other;


### 8. recommends further strengthening interoperability and establishing consensus-based , industry-led common standards in order to guarantee that the movement of data between different machines and entities can take place in an innovative manner; ### 8. recommends further strengthening interoperability and establishing consensus-based , industry-led common cross-sector standards in order to guarantee that the movement of data between different machines and entities can take place in an innovative manner without leaving any gaps in that regard to be filled by the economic entities with significant market power that operate across sectors; highlights the importance of open , non-proprietary standards to ensure a high degree of interoperability;


### 9. declares that a distinction between the legal regimes concerning personal and non-personal data is essential , as not sharing any commercial datasets is often the only option for businesses due to the complexity of the existing rules and the great legal uncertainty as to whether personal data is sufficiently depersonalised; notes that this distinction may be difficult to draw in practice given the existence of mixed data , for which specific rules and approaches should be introduced; believes that models that focus on anonymisation , which requires a clear legal base and a list of criteria , and other technical ways of ensuring privacy must be encouraged , such as the shift from the sharing of data to the sharing of computation , application programming interfaces (apis) , synthetic data and data sandboxes; ### 9. declares that a distinction between the legal regimes concerning personal and non-personal data is essential , as not sharing any commercial datasets is often the only option for businesses due to the complexity of the existing rules and the great legal uncertainty as to whether personal data is sufficiently depersonalised; notes that this distinction may be difficult to draw in practice given the existence of mixed data , for which existing union legislation mandates that , where non-personal data and personal data are inextricably linked , data protection rights and obligations apply in full to the whole mixed dataset , regardless of the comparative amount of personal data in relation to non-personal data; believes that models that focus on anonymisation , which requires a clear legal base and a list of criteria , and other technical ways of ensuring privacy must be encouraged , such as the shift from the sharing of data to the sharing of computation , application programming interfaces (apis) , synthetic data and data sandboxes;


### liability for data ### deleted


### 11. believes that the existing liability principles and technology-neutral liability rules are already fit for the digital economy and most emerging technologies; states that there are nevertheless some cases , such as those concerning operators of ai systems , where new liability rules are necessary to provide the affected persons with adequate compensation; ### deleted


### 13. is of the belief that the data-driven digital economy does not require major changes to the existing ipr framework and thus notes that the commission should carefully assess what legal adjustments are really necessary; welcomes , in this regard , the commission’s intention to revise the database directive and clarify the application of the trade secrets directive; ### 13. calls for an impact assessment to be conducted by the commission on whether the data-driven digital economy requires any major changes or adjustments to the existing ipr legal framework; welcomes , in this regard , the commission’s intention to revise the database directive and clarify the application of the trade secrets directive;


### 14. calls on the commission to assess to what extent the application of foreign jurisdictions’ legislation , such as the us cloud act , might lead to legal uncertainty and disadvantages for union residents and businesses and whether any action is needed in this regard. ### 14. calls on the commission to take measures to ensure that the application of foreign jurisdictions’ legislation , such as the us cloud act , does not undermine the fundamental rights of union citizens or lead to legal uncertainty and disadvantages for union businesses; points out recent jurisprudence by the court of justice of the european union in this regard.


### 1. underlines the importance of an eu regulatory framework being applicable where consumers within the union are users of or subject to an algorithmic system , irrespective of the place of establishment of the entities that develop , sell or employ the system; ### 1. underlines the importance of an eu regulatory framework being applicable where consumers within the union are users of or subject to an algorithmic system , irrespective of the place of establishment of the entities that develop , sell or employ the system; furthermore , believes that the rules set out should apply across the value chain , namely development , deployment and use of the relevant technologies and their components and for all developers , and should guarantee the highest level of consumer protection; proposes that these rules take into account the lessons drawn from the adaptation to regulation (eu) 2016/6791a (gdpr) , considered a global benchmark; considers the designation of a liable entity in the union (such as authorised representative) important for its enforcement;


### 1. highlights the potential of ai for all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport; ### 1. highlights the potential of ai for safety and efficiency on all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport;


### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; ### 1. recalls that the development , the deployment and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; stresses that the union should lead the way towards an ethical ai anchored in european values and ensuring the protection of the fundamental rights within a more democratic , fair and sustainable europe;


### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; ### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education , media and youth raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues;


### 1. declares that the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including but not exclusively by human beings , should always respect human agency and oversight , as well as allow the retrieval of human control at any time; ### 1. declares that the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including but not exclusively by human beings , should always respect human agency and democratic oversight , as well as allow the retrieval of human control at any time;


### 2. notes that the framework should apply to algorithmic systems , including the fields of artificial intelligence , machine learning , deep learning , automated decision making processes and robotics; ### 2. notes that the framework should apply to algorithmic systems , including the fields of artificial intelligence (ai) , internet of things (iot) , machine learning , deep learning , automated decision making processes and robotics; further notes that referral systems should be developed to help explain those systems to consumers whenever they present complexity or constitute decisions that impact their lives significantly;


### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies; ### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the development , the deployment and the use of ai in education , media and the cultural and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies and must aim to promote the ultimate common public good and wellness of the society;


### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies; ### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas , including a clear liability regime for products resulting from ai use; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies;


### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies; ### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media , youth and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies in order for the benefits of ai to be accessible to everyone;


### a. whereas the union is founded on the ethical values stated in article 2 of the treaty on european union; ### a. whereas the union is founded on the values stated in article 2 of the treaty on european union;


### b. whereas the artificial intelligence (ai) global leadership race , which will determine the source of ethical values and standards shaping the sector worldwide , is picking up the pace; ### b. whereas the artificial intelligence (ai) global leadership race , which will determine the ethical values and standards shaping the sector worldwide , is picking up pace and the union should set an example for the rest of the world;


### d. whereas the eu aimed to reduce annual road fatalities in the eu by 50% by 2020 compared to 2010 , but , in view of stagnating progress , renewed its efforts in its road safety policy framework 2021 - 2030 - next steps towards "vision zero"; whereas in this regard , automation and new technologies have a great potential to increase road safety by avoiding human error; ### d. whereas the eu aimed to reduce annual road fatalities in the eu by 50% by 2020 compared to 2010 , but , in view of stagnating progress , renewed its efforts in its road safety policy framework 2021 - 2030 - next steps towards "vision zero"; whereas in this regard , automation and new technologies have an essential role and a great potential to increase road safety by avoiding human error;


### 3. notices that ai personalised learning systems are increasingly being deployed in schools and universities , which is changing the role of teachers in the learning process to one more of facilitation; stresses that this shift should be reflected in curricula; ### 3. notices that ai personalised learning systems are increasingly being deployed in schools and universities , which is changing the role of teachers in the learning process by individualising monitoring and teaching; stresses that this shift should be reflected in school curricula , as well as in teacher training; recalls that ai should always be a support and not a replacement for the education provided by teachers;


### 3. notices that ai personalised learning systems are increasingly being deployed in schools and universities , which is changing the role of teachers in the learning process to one more of facilitation; stresses that this shift should be reflected in curricula; ### 3. notices that ai personalised learning systems are increasingly being deployed in schools and universities , the role of teachers in the learning process is transitioning to facilitators and tutors; stresses that when students' curricula reflects this shift it should be anchored by human centric values which allow for human control and teachers' supervision;


### 3. notices that ai personalised learning systems are increasingly being deployed in schools and universities , which is changing the role of teachers in the learning process to one more of facilitation; stresses that this shift should be reflected in curricula; ### 3. notices that specialised robotics and ai personalised learning systems are increasingly being deployed in schools and universities , which is changing the educational process; stresses that this shift should be reflected in curricula; stresses the need for a set of guidelines for the ethical aspects in education;


### 4. recommends the development of an eu-wide trustworthy ai label for the automotive industry , which should provide for common and harmonised standards on safety , technical robustness , privacy and transparency and for testing of ai-enabled vehicles and related products and services; ### 4. recommends the development of an eu-wide trustworthy ai label for the automotive industry , which should provide for common and harmonised standards on safety , technical robustness , privacy , data protection and transparency and for testing of ai-enabled vehicles and related products and services;


### 4. acknowledges the great potential of ai in the areas of information and media; underlines that , if not regulated , it might have also ethically adverse effects by spreading fake news , creating information bubbles and exploiting biases incorporated into ai algorithms; ### 4. acknowledges the great potential of ai in the areas of information and media; underlines that , if not regulated , it might have also ethically adverse effects by spreading fake news , creating information bubbles and exploiting biases incorporated into ai algorithms; calls for the ethical use of ai technologies in the field of media; warns about the risks of technology-driven censorship and the need for the ethical framework to protect the freedom of speech;


### 4. acknowledges the great potential of ai in the areas of information and media; underlines that , if not regulated , it might have also ethically adverse effects by spreading fake news , creating information bubbles and exploiting biases incorporated into ai algorithms; ### 4. acknowledges the great potential of ai in the areas of information and media; underlines that , if not regulated , ai technologies might have ethically adverse effects by exploiting bias in data and algorithms that may lead to disseminating disinformation , creating information bubbles and spreading fake news;


### 5. calls on the commission to explore the possibility of entrusting a relevant existing eu agency with enforcement and sanction mechanisms , so that actions can be taken if an ai system used in transport violates fundamental rights or the european ethical and security framework; ### 5. calls on the commission to explore the possibility of entrusting a relevant existing eu agency with monitoring enforcement mechanisms and imposing sanctions , so that actions can be taken if an ai system used in transport violates fundamental rights or the european ethical and security framework;


### 5. emphasises that education should empower citizens to develop new forms of critical thinking , including ‘algorithm awareness’ and the ability to reflect on the impact of ai on information , knowledge , and decision-making; ### 5. emphasises that education should empower citizens to develop new forms of critical thinking , including ‘algorithm awareness’ and the ability to reflect on the impact of ai on information , knowledge , and decision-making; recommends that the commission promote ai- , robotics- and technology-related formats of education and continuous education;


### 5. emphasises that education should empower citizens to develop new forms of critical thinking , including ‘algorithm awareness’ and the ability to reflect on the impact of ai on information , knowledge , and decision-making; ### 5. emphasises that education should empower citizens to develop new forms of critical thinking; calls for the establishment of digital literacy tools at all levels of education which include ‘algorithm and data awareness’ and the ability to reflect on the impact of ai on information , knowledge , and decision-making;


### 5. emphasises that education should empower citizens to develop new forms of critical thinking , including ‘algorithm awareness’ and the ability to reflect on the impact of ai on information , knowledge , and decision-making; ### 5. emphasises that education should empower citizens to develop new forms of critical thinking , including ‘algorithm awareness’ , an understanding of the functioning of ai and its inherent biases , and the ability to reflect on the impact of ai on information , knowledge , and decision-making;


### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they do not privilege specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works; ### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; believes that every user should be properly informed when an algorithm is used to recommend content and optimise his or her choices; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they do not privilege specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works; considers that any user should also be able to disable content recommendation by ai;


### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they do not privilege specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works; ### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they reflect the cultural diversity of our societies and avoid privileging specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works; proposes also that this transparency of algorithms could eventually lead to the promotion of more european works;


### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they do not privilege specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works; ### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they do not privilege specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works; calls for full transparency on the algorithms used regarding creative sectors; recalls the importance of copyright protection and data protection in ethics;


### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they do not privilege specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works; ### 6. emphasises the importance for transparency and accountability of algorithms used by media streaming companies , in order to ensure access to culturally and linguistically diverse content; stresses that such algorithms should be designed in such a way that they reflect the cultural diversity of our societies and avoid privileging specific works by limiting their ‘personalised’ suggestions to the most popular works;


### 7. notes that the use of ai technologies is increasingly raising questions of fair competition in sport; stresses that this area needs a regulatory framework. ### 7. notes that the use of ai technologies is increasingly raising questions of fair competition in sport; stresses that this area needs a regulatory framework; calls for full transparency on the algorithms and technologies used in sports in order to ensure fair grounds for competition;


### 7. notes that the use of ai technologies is increasingly raising questions of fair competition in sport; stresses that this area needs a regulatory framework. ### 7. notes that the use of ai technologies is spreading rapidly into sports competitions; therefore , it is increasingly raising questions of fair competition in sport; stresses that this area needs a regulatory framework which applies ethical and human centric criteria in their development and use;


### 7. emphasises that socially responsible artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies should safeguard and promote fundamental values of our society such as democracy , diverse and independent media and objective and freely available information , health and economic prosperity , equality of opportunity , workers’ and social rights , quality education , cultural and linguistic diversity , gender balance , digital literacy , innovation and creativity; ### 7. emphasises that socially responsible artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies should safeguard and promote fundamental rights and values of our society such as democracy , diverse and independent media and objective and freely available information , health and economic prosperity , equality of opportunity , workers’ and social rights , quality education , cultural and linguistic diversity , gender balance , accessibility , digital literacy , innovation and creativity;


### (37) sharing and use of data by multiple participants is sensitive and therefore the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies should be governed by relevant standards and protocols reflecting the requirements of quality , integrity , security , privacy and control. the data governance strategy should focus on the processing , sharing of and access to such data , including its proper management and traceability , and guarantee the adequate protection of data belonging to vulnerable groups , including people with disabilities , patients , children , minorities and migrants. ### (37) sharing and use of data by multiple participants is sensitive and therefore the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies should be governed by relevant standards and protocols reflecting the requirements of quality , integrity , security , privacy and control. the data governance strategy should focus on the processing , sharing of and access to such data , including its proper management and traceability , and guarantee the adequate protection of data belonging to vulnerable groups , including people with disabilities , patients , children , minorities and migrants. in addition , developers , deployers and users could , where relevant , rely on key performance indicators in the assessment of the datasets they use in view of enhancing the trustworthiness of the technologies they develop , deploy and use.


### (38) the effective application of the ethical principles laid down in this regulation will largely depend on member states’ appointment of an independent public authority to act as a supervisory authority. in particular , each national supervisory authority should be responsible for assessing and monitoring the compliance of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies considered a high-risk in light of the obligations set out in this regulation. ### (38) the effective application of the ethical principles laid down in this regulation will largely depend on member states’ appointment of an independent public authority to act as a supervisory authority. in particular , each national supervisory authority should be responsible for identifying artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies considered a high-risk and for assessing and monitoring the compliance of these technologies in light of the obligations set out in this regulation.


### (39) each national supervisory authority shall also carry the responsibility of regulating the governance of these technologies. they therefore have an important role to play in promoting the trust and safety of union citizens , as well as in enabling a democratic , pluralistic and equitable society. ### (39) each national supervisory authority shall also carry the responsibility of the governance of these technologies in accordance with a common framework prepared by the european commission or another relevant institution , body , office or agency of the union designated for this task. they therefore have an important role to play in promoting the trust and safety of union citizens , as well as in enabling a democratic , pluralistic and equitable society.


### (45) since the objective of this regulation , namely to establish a legal framework of ethical principles for the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies in the union , cannot be sufficiently achieved by the member states , but can rather , by reason of its scale and effects , be better achieved at union level , the union may adopt measures , in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in article 5 of the treaty on european union. in accordance with the principle of proportionality , as set out in that article , this regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that objective. ### (45) since the objective of this regulation , namely to establish a common legal framework of ethical principles for the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies in the union , cannot be sufficiently achieved by the member states , but can rather , by reason of its scale and effects , be better achieved at union level , the union may adopt measures , in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in article 5 of the treaty on european union. in accordance with the principle of proportionality , as set out in that article , this regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that objective.


### (46) action at union level as set out in this regulation would be best achieved through the establishment of a european agency for artificial intelligence. such a body would be essential in coordinating the mandates and actions of the national supervisory authorities in each member state , outlining objective criteria for the risk assessment of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , developing and issuing a certification of compliance with the ethical principles laid down in this regulation , supporting regular exchanges with concerned stakeholders and civil society , promoting the union’s approach through international cooperation and ensuring a consistent reply worldwide to the opportunities and risks inherent in these technologies. ### (46) action at union level as set out in this regulation would be best achieved through the establishment of a european agency for artificial intelligence. such a body would be essential in coordinating the mandates and actions of the national supervisory authorities in each member state , outlining objective criteria for the risk assessment of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , drafting a common framework for the governance of the development , deployment and use of these technologies , developing and issuing a certification of compliance with the ethical principles laid down in this regulation , supporting regular exchanges with concerned stakeholders and civil society , promoting the union’s approach through international cooperation and ensuring a consistent reply worldwide to the opportunities and risks inherent in these technologies.


### the purpose of this regulation is to establish a regulatory framework of ethical principles for the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies in the union. ### the purpose of this regulation is to establish a european common legal regulatory framework of ethical principles for the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies in the union.


### 3. without prejudice to paragraph 1 , the risk assessment of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including software , algorithms and data used or produced by such technologies , shall be carried out on the basis of objective criteria harmonised at union level and in accordance with applicable sectorial legislation. ### 3. without prejudice to paragraph 1 , the risk assessment of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including software , algorithms and data used or produced by such technologies , shall be carried out on the basis of a risk-based approach and objective criteria harmonised at union level and in accordance with applicable sectorial legislation.


### developed , deployed and used in a resilient manner so that they ensure an adequate level of security , and one that prevents any technical vulnerabilities from being exploited for unfair or unlawful purposes; ### developed , deployed and used in a resilient manner so that they ensure an adequate level of security by adhering to minimum cybersecurity baselines proportionate to identified risk , and one that prevents any technical vulnerabilities from being exploited for unfair or unlawful purposes;


### developed , deployed and used in a manner that contributes to the narrowing of the digital divide among regions , age groups and social classes , the promotion of digital literacy and skills , innovation and creativity , while respecting intellectual property rights; ### developed , deployed and used in a manner that contributes to the narrowing of the digital divide among regions , age groups and social classes , the promotion of digital literacy and skills , innovation and creativity , while respecting intellectual property rights and exploring the potential of these technologies , namely through their explainability , in detecting infringements of such rights;


### 1. artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies developed , deployed or used in the union shall comply with relevant governance standards established by the national supervisory authorities referred to in article 14 in accordance with union law , principles and values. ### 1. artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies developed , deployed or used in the union shall comply with relevant governance standards drafted by the european commission or another relevant institution , body , office or agency of the union designated for this task and implemented by the national supervisory authorities referred to in article 14 in accordance with union law , principles and values.


### 1. each member state shall designate an independent public authority to be responsible for monitoring the application of this regulation (‘supervisory authority’). in accordance with article 7(1) and (2) , each national supervisory authority shall be responsible for assessing whether artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including software , algorithms and data used or produced by such technologies , developed , deployed and used in the union are high-risk technologies and , if so , for assessing and monitoring their compliance with the ethical principles set out in this regulation. ### 1. each member state shall designate an independent public authority to be responsible for monitoring the application of this regulation (‘supervisory authority’). in accordance with article 7(1) and (2) , each national supervisory authority shall be responsible for assessing whether artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including software , algorithms and data used or produced by such technologies , developed , deployed and used in the union are high-risk technologies in view of the ethical principles set out in this regulation and , if so , for assessing and monitoring their compliance with these principles.


### 11. proposes that the potential of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies in this regard should be maximized and explored through responsible research and innovation that requires the mobilisation of resources by the union and its member states; ### 11. proposes that for the purpose of developing responsible cutting-edge artificial intelligence solutions , the potential of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies should be explored , stimulated and maximized through responsible research and innovation that requires the mobilisation of resources by the union and its member states;


### 15. emphasises that when remote recognition technologies are used by public authorities during times of national emergency , such as during a national health crisis , their use should always be proportionate , limited in time and respectful of human dignity and fundamental rights; ### 15. emphasises that when remote recognition technologies are used by public authorities during times of national emergency , such as during a national health crisis , their use should always be proportionate , limited in time and scope , and respectful of human dignity and fundamental rights;


### 17. observes that data are used in large volumes in the development of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies and that the processing , sharing of and access to such data must be governed in accordance with the requirements of quality , integrity , security , privacy and control; ### 17. observes that data are used in large volumes in the development of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies and that the processing , sharing of , access to and use of such data must be governed in accordance with the requirements of quality , integrity , transparency , security , privacy and control;


### 19. notes the added value of having national supervisory authorities in each member state responsible for ensuring , assessing and monitoring compliance with ethical principles for the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies; ### 19. notes the added value of having national supervisory authorities in each member state responsible for ensuring , assessing and monitoring compliance with ethical principles for the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies; as well as for harmonising and balancing potential tensions between rights and ethics principles through methods of accountable deliberation;


### 21. calls for such authorities to be tasked with promoting regular exchanges with civil society and innovation within the union by providing assistance to concerned stakeholders , in particular small and medium-sized enterprises or start-ups; ### 21. calls for such authorities to be tasked with promoting regular exchanges with civil society and innovation within the union by providing assistance to concerned stakeholders , and less digitally-mature companies , in particular small and medium-sized enterprises or start-ups; notably towards awareness-raising and support for development , deployment , training and talent acquisition to ensure efficient technology transfer and access to technologies , projects , results and networks;


### 23. calls on the commission to follow-up on that request , especially in view of the added-value of having a body at union level coordinating the mandates and actions of each national supervisory authority as referred to in the previous sub-section; ### 23. calls on the commission to follow-up on that request , especially in view of the added-value of having a body at union level coordinating the mandates and actions of each national supervisory authority as referred to in the previous sub-section and drafting a common framework for the governance of the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies;


### 24. believes that such a body , as well as the certification referred to in the following paragraph , would not only benefit the development of union industry and innovation in that context but also increase the awareness of our citizens regarding the opportunities and risks inherent to these technologies; ### 24. believes that such a body , as well as the european certification referred to in the following paragraph , would not only benefit the development of union industry and innovation in that context but also increase the awareness of our citizens regarding the opportunities and risks inherent to these technologies;