### measures will also be taken to further improve the environmental performance of goods and services on the eu market over their whole life cycle through measures to increase the supply of environmentally sustainable products and stimulate a significant shift in consumer demand for these products . this will be achieved using a balanced mix of incentives for consumers and businesses , including smes , market - based instruments and regulations to reduce the environmental impacts of their operations and products . existing product legislation such as the ecodesign and energy label directives and the ecolabel regulation will be reviewed with a view to improving the environmental performance and resource efficiency of products throughout their lifecycle , thus ensuring a more coherent framework for sustainable production and consumption in the eu . ### some existing policy instruments relating to production and consumption are limited in scope . there is a need for a framework that gives appropriate signals to producers and consumers to promote resource efficiency and the circular economy . measures will be taken to further improve the environmental performance of goods and services on the eu market over their whole life cycle through measures to increase the supply of environmentally sustainable products and stimulate a significant shift in consumer demand for these products . this will be achieved using a balanced mix of incentives for consumers and businesses , including smes , market - based instruments and regulations to reduce the environmental impacts of their operations and products . consumers should receive accurate and reliable information about the products they purchase , including in relation to environmental claims . resource efficient business models such as product service systems , including leasing of products should also be supported . existing product legislation such as the ecodesign and energy label directives and the ecolabel regulation will be reviewed with a view to improving the environmental performance and resource efficiency of products throughout their lifecycle , and addressing existing provisions through a more coherent legislative framework for sustainable production and consumption in the eu . this legislative framework supported by lifecycle indicators would address the fragmentation and scope limitations of the existing sustainable consumption and production acquis , and identify and fill gaps in policy , incentives and legislation to ensure minimum requirements for environmental performance of products .


### measures will also be taken to further improve the environmental performance of goods and services on the eu market over their whole life cycle through measures to increase the supply of environmentally sustainable products and stimulate a significant shift in consumer demand for these products . this will be achieved using a balanced mix of incentives for consumers and businesses , including smes , market - based instruments and regulations to reduce the environmental impacts of their operations and products . existing product legislation such as the ecodesign and energy label directives and the ecolabel regulation will be reviewed with a view to improving the environmental performance and resource efficiency of products throughout their lifecycle , thus ensuring a more coherent framework for sustainable production and consumption in the eu . ### measures will also be taken and targets shall be set to further improve the environmental performance of goods and services on the eu market over their whole life cycle through measures to increase the supply of environmentally sustainable products and stimulate a significant shift in consumer demand for these products . this will be achieved using a balanced mix of incentives for consumers and businesses , including smes , market - based instruments and regulations to reduce the environmental impacts of their operations and products . existing product legislation such as the ecodesign and energy label directives and the ecolabel regulation will be reviewed with a view to improving the environmental performance and resource efficiency of products throughout their lifecycle , thus ensuring a more coherent framework for sustainable production and consumption in the eu and the move towards a restorative , circular economy . producer liability will be strengthened by extending warranty periods for specific product groups . in order to provide comparative and reliable information to consumers and end users , a standardized methodology should be required for the labelling of products .


### since 80% of all product - related environmental impacts are locked in during their design phase , the eu policy framework should ensure that priority products placed on the eu market are ‘ eco - designed’ with a view to optimising resource and material efficiency , by addressing inter alia recyclability , recycled content and durability . these requirements will have to be implementable and enforceable . efforts will be stepped up at eu and national level to remove barriers to eco - innovation and to unlock the full potential of europe ' s eco - industries , generating benefits for green jobs and growth . ### since 80% of all product - related environmental impacts are locked in during their design phase , the eu policy framework should ensure that priority products placed on the eu market are ‘ eco - designed’ with a view to optimising resource and material efficiency , by addressing inter alia durability , repairability , reusability , recyclability , use of recycled content and disassembly . in the long - term , products and their parts shall be sustainably sourced , designed to be reusable or fully recyclable . these requirements will have to be implementable and enforceable . efforts will be stepped up at eu and national level to remove barriers to eco - innovation , to increase consumer information as well as awareness and to unlock the full potential of europe ' s eco - industries , generating benefits for green jobs and growth .


### to set a framework for action to improve resource efficiency aspects beyond ghg emissions and energy , targets for reducing the overall environmental impact of consumption will be set , in particular in the food , housing and mobility sectors . taken together , these are responsible for almost 80% of the environmental impacts of consumption . the rio + 20 outcome recognised the need to significantly reduce post - harvest and other food losses and waste throughout the food supply chain . ### to set a framework for action to improve resource efficiency aspects beyond ghg emissions and energy , targets for reducing the overall environmental impact of consumption will be set , in particular in the food sector , through a reduction in waste , and the housing and mobility sectors . taken together , these are responsible for almost 80% of the environmental impacts of consumption . the rio + 20 outcome recognised the need to significantly reduce post - harvest and other food losses and waste throughout the food supply chain . this may be achieved by improving the value attached to food and by means of regional marketing and improving logistics , transport , stocking and packaging . all parties throughout the food chain , particularly traders and consumers , have a role to play . this also includes targeted consumer education and information .


### to set a framework for action to improve resource efficiency aspects beyond ghg emissions and energy , targets for reducing the overall environmental impact of consumption will be set , in particular in the food , housing and mobility sectors . taken together , these are responsible for almost 80 % of the environmental impacts of consumption . the rio + 20 outcome recognised the need to significantly reduce post - harvest and other food losses and waste throughout the food supply chain . ### to set a framework for action to improve resource efficiency aspects beyond ghg emissions and energy , the measurement and targets for land footprint , water footprint , material footprint as well as carbon footprint need to be adopted by 2015 . at least one of these indicators should be part of the european semester by 2015 . in addition , targets for reducing the overall environmental impact of consumption will be set , in particular in the food , housing and mobility sectors . taken together , these are responsible for almost 80 % of the environmental impacts of consumption . the rio + 20 outcome recognised the need to significantly reduce post - harvest and other food losses and waste throughout the food supply chain .


### in addition to mandatory green public procurement requirements for certain product categories , most member states have adopted voluntary action plans and many have set targets for specific product groups . there is , however , considerable scope for administrations at all levels to further reduce their environmental impact through their purchasing decisions . member states and regions should take further steps to reach the target of applying green procurement criteria to at least 50% of public tenders . the commission will assess the possibility of introducing further sector - specific legislation to set mandatory green public procurement rules for additional product categories . ### in addition to mandatory green public procurement requirements for certain product categories , most member states have adopted voluntary action plans and many have set targets for specific product groups . there is , however , considerable scope for administrations at all levels to further reduce their environmental impact through their purchasing decisions . member states and regions should take further steps to reach the target of applying green procurement criteria to at least 50% of public tenders . the commission will assess the possibility of introducing further sector - specific legislation to set mandatory green public procurement rules for additional product categories , including for food .


### there is also considerable potential for improving waste management in the eu to make better use of resources , open up new markets , create new jobs and reduce dependence on imports of raw materials , while having lower impacts on the environment . each year in the eu , 2 . 7 billion tonnes of waste are produced , of which 98 million tonnes is hazardous . on average , only 40 % of solid waste is re - used or recycled . the rest goes to landfill or incineration . in some member states , more than 70 % of waste is recycled , showing how waste could be used as one of the eu’s key resources . at the same time , many member states landfill over 75 % of their municipal waste . ### there is also considerable potential for improving waste management in the eu to make better use of resources , open up new markets , create new jobs and reduce dependence on imports of raw materials , while having lower impacts on the environment . each year in the eu , 2 . 7 billion tonnes of waste are produced , of which 98 million tonnes is hazardous . on average , only 40 % of solid waste is re - used or recycled . there are no reliable figures for liquid waste , but the percentage recycled is clearly very small . the rest goes to landfill or incineration . in some member states , more than 70 % of waste is recycled , showing how waste could be used as one of the eu’s key resources . at the same time , many member states landfill over 75 % of their municipal waste .


### there is also considerable potential for improving waste management in the eu to make better use of resources , open up new markets , create new jobs and reduce dependence on imports of raw materials , while having lower impacts on the environment . each year in the eu , 2 . 7 billion tonnes of waste are produced , of which 98 million tonnes is hazardous . on average , only 40 % of solid waste is re - used or recycled . the rest goes to landfill or incineration . in some member states , more than 70 % of waste is recycled , showing how waste could be used as one of the eu’s key resources . at the same time , many member states landfill over 75 % of their municipal waste . ### there is also considerable potential for improving waste management in the eu to make better use of resources , open up new markets , create new jobs and reduce dependence on imports of raw materials , while having lower impacts on the environment . each year in the eu , 2 . 7 billion tonnes of waste are produced , of which 98 million tonnes is hazardous . on average , only 40 % of solid waste is re - used or recycled . the rest goes to landfill or incineration . according to the waste hierarchy , incineration and landfilling should represent the last resort in waste management . priority must in all cases be given to the prevention , re - use and recycling of waste . in some member states , more than 70 % of waste is recycled , showing how waste could be used as one of the eu’s key resources . at the same time , many member states landfill over 75 % of their municipal waste .


### turning waste into a resource , as called for in the resource efficiency roadmap , requires the full implementation of eu waste legislation across the eu , based on strict application of the waste hierarchy and covering different types of waste . additional efforts are needed to : reduce per capita waste generation in absolute terms , limit energy recovery to non - recyclable materials , phase out landfilling , ensure high quality recycling , and develop markets for secondary raw materials . hazardous waste will need to be managed so as to minimise significant adverse effects on human health and the environment , as agreed at the rio + 20 summit . to achieve this , market - based instruments that privilege prevention , recycling and re - use should be applied much more systematically across the eu . barriers facing recycling activities in the eu internal market should be removed and existing prevention , re - use , recycling , recovery and landfill diversion targets reviewed so as to move towards a ‘ circular’ economy , with a cascading use of resources and residual waste close to zero . ### turning waste into a resource , by achieving near zero residual waste by 2020 , as called for in the resource efficiency roadmap , requires the full implementation and strengthening of eu waste legislation across the eu , based on strict application of the waste hierarchy and covering different types of waste . additional efforts , including prevention , are needed to achieve a significant reduction of waste per capita per annum in absolute terms , limit energy recovery to non - recyclable and non - compostable materials , phase out landfilling , except for certain hazardous waste where landfilling would represent the safest disposal method , promote reuse , ensure high quality recycling and non - toxic material cycles , and develop markets for secondary raw materials . hazardous waste will need to be managed so as to minimise significant adverse effects on human health and the environment , as agreed at the rio + 20 summit . to achieve this , market - based instruments that privilege prevention , recycling and re - use should be applied much more systematically across the eu . thereby not spending any more public money on landfill infrastructure in the next multi - annual financial framework . barriers facing recycling activities in the eu internal market should be removed and existing prevention , re - use , recycling , recovery and landfill diversion targets reviewed so as to move towards a ‘ circular’ economy , with a cascading use of resources and residual waste close to zero .


### turning waste into a resource , as called for in the resource efficiency roadmap , requires the full implementation of eu waste legislation across the eu , based on strict application of the waste hierarchy and covering different types of waste . additional efforts are needed to : reduce per capita waste generation in absolute terms , limit energy recovery to non - recyclable materials , phase out landfilling , ensure high quality recycling , and develop markets for secondary raw materials . hazardous waste will need to be managed so as to minimise significant adverse effects on human health and the environment , as agreed at the rio + 20 summit . to achieve this , market - based instruments that privilege prevention , recycling and re - use should be applied much more systematically across the eu . barriers facing recycling activities in the eu internal market should be removed and existing prevention , re - use , recycling , recovery and landfill diversion targets reviewed so as to move towards a ‘ circular’ economy , with a cascading use of resources and residual waste close to zero . ### turning waste into a resource , as called for in the resource efficiency roadmap , requires the full implementation of eu waste legislation across the eu , based on strict application of the waste hierarchy and covering different types of waste . with regard to liquid waste , the collection of used fats at source , before they are discharged into wastewater networks , must be made a priority . additional efforts are needed to : reduce per capita waste generation in absolute terms , limit energy recovery to non - recyclable materials , phase out landfilling , ensure high quality recycling , and develop markets for secondary raw materials . hazardous waste will need to be managed so as to minimise significant adverse effects on human health and the environment , as agreed at the rio + 20 summit . to achieve this , market - based instruments that privilege prevention , recycling and re - use should be applied much more systematically across the eu . barriers facing recycling activities in the eu internal market should be removed and existing prevention , re - use , recycling , recovery and landfill diversion targets reviewed so as to move towards a ‘ circular’ economy , with a cascading use of resources and residual waste close to zero .


### resource efficiency in the water sector will also be tackled as a priority to help deliver good water status . even though droughts and water scarcity are affecting more and more parts of europe , an estimated 20 - 40% of europe’s available water is still being wasted , for instance , through leakages in the distribution system . according to available modelling , there is still considerable scope for improving water efficiency in the eu . moreover , rising demand and the impacts of climate change are expected to increase the pressure on europe’s water resources significantly . against this background , the union and member states should take action to ensure water abstraction respects available renewable water resource limits by 2020 , including by improving water efficiency through the use of market mechanisms such as water pricing that reflects the true value of water . progress will be facilitated by accelerated demonstration and rolling out of innovative technologies , systems and business models building on the strategic implementation plan of the european innovation partnership on water . ### resource efficiency in the water sector will also be tackled as a priority to help deliver good water status . even though droughts and water scarcity are affecting more and more parts of europe , an estimated 20 - 40% of europe’s available water is still being wasted , for instance , through leakages in the distribution system . according to available modelling , there is still considerable scope for improving water efficiency in the eu . moreover , rising demand and the impacts of climate change are expected to increase the pressure on europe’s water resources significantly . against this background , the union and member states should take action to ensure water abstraction respects available renewable water resource limits by 2020 , including by improving water efficiency through the use of market mechanisms such as water pricing that reflects the true value of water . progress will be facilitated by accelerated demonstration and rolling out of innovative technologies , systems and business models building on the strategic implementation plan of the european innovation partnership on water and the european innovation partnership on agricultural productivity and sustainability provided for under the proposals for reform of the second pillar of the cap .


### resource efficiency in the water sector will also be tackled as a priority to help deliver good water status . even though droughts and water scarcity are affecting more and more parts of europe , an estimated 20 - 40 % of europe’s available water is still being wasted , for instance , through leakages in the distribution system . according to available modelling , there is still considerable scope for improving water efficiency in the eu . moreover , rising demand and the impacts of climate change are expected to increase the pressure on europe’s water resources significantly . against this background , the union and member states should take action to ensure water abstraction respects available renewable water resource limits by 2020 , including by improving water efficiency through the use of market mechanisms such as water pricing that reflects the true value of water . progress will be facilitated by accelerated demonstration and rolling out of innovative technologies , systems and business models building on the strategic implementation plan of the european innovation partnership on water . ### resource efficiency in the water sector will also be tackled as a priority to help deliver good water status . even though droughts and water scarcity are affecting more and more parts of europe , an estimated 20 - 40 % of europe’s available water is still being wasted , for instance , through leakages in the distribution system . according to available modelling , there is still considerable scope for improving water efficiency in the eu . moreover , rising demand and the impacts of climate change are expected to increase the pressure on europe’s water resources significantly . against this background , the union and member states should take action to ensure water abstraction respects available renewable water resource limits by 2020 , including by improving water efficiency through the use of market mechanisms such as water pricing that reflects the true value of water . progress will be facilitated by accelerated demonstration and rolling out of innovative technologies , systems and business models building on the strategic implementation plan of the european innovation partnership on water . separating used fats at source , before they are discharged into wastewater networks , and subsequently collecting and recycling them , must become a water treatment policy priority .


### a long - term and predictable policy framework in all these areas will help to stimulate the level of investments and action needed to fully develop markets for greener technologies and promote sustainable business solutions . resource efficiency indicators and targets are needed to provide the necessary guidance for public and private decision - makers in transforming the economy . they will become an integral part of this programme once agreed at union level . ### a long - term and predictable policy framework in all these areas will help to stimulate the level of investments and action needed to fully develop markets for greener technologies and promote sustainable business solutions . resource efficiency indicators and targets for the water footprint , land footprint , material footprint and carbon footprint are needed by 2015 to provide the necessary guidance for public and private decision - makers in transforming the economy . they will become an integral part of this programme once agreed at union level .


### the eu has met its 2020 climate and energy targets and is working towards reducing ghg emissions by 80 - 95% by 2050 compared to 1990 , as part of a global effort to limit the average temperature increase below 2&#176 ; c . ### the eu has met its 2020 climate and energy targets and is working towards reducing ghg emissions by 80 - 95% by 2050 compared to 1990 , as part of a global effort to limit the average temperature increase below 2&#176 ; c . the climate and energy targets for 2030 and further milestones for energy efficiency and renewable energy have been agreed .


### the overall environmental impact of eu industry in all major industrial sectors is significantly reduced , and resource efficiency increased . ### the overall environmental impact of eu industry in all major industrial sectors is significantly reduced , resource efficiency has increased due to market and policy incentives that reward best practices by business . resource efficiency throughout the production chain and lifecycle of a product can be measured and benchmarked .


### the overall environmental impact of production and consumption is reduced , in particular in the food , housing and mobility sectors . ### structural changes in production , technology and innovation , as well as consumption patterns and lifestyles have reduced the overall environmental impact of production and consumption is reduced , in particular in the food , housing and mobility sectors .


### waste is safely managed as a resource , waste generated per capita is in absolute decline , energy recovery is limited to non - recyclable materials and landfilling of recyclable and compostable materials is effectively eradicated . ### waste is prevented and safely managed as a resource , waste generated per capita is in absolute decline , energy recovery is limited to non - compostable and non - recyclable materials and landfilling of recyclable and compostable materials is effectively eradicated .


### generalising the application of ‘ best available techniques’ and enhancing efforts to promote the uptake of emerging innovative technologies , processes and services . ### generalising the application of ‘ best available techniques’ in the context of the industrial emissions directive and enhancing efforts to promote the uptake of emerging innovative technologies , processes and services .


### fully implementing eu waste legislation . this will include applying the waste hierarchy and the effective use of market - based instruments and measures to ensure that landfilling is effectively phased out , energy recovery is limited to non - recyclable materials , recycled waste is used as a major , reliable source of raw material for the eu , hazardous waste is safely managed and its generation is reduced , illegal waste shipments are eradicated and internal market barriers for environmentally - sound recycling activities in the eu are removed . ### fully implementing and strengthening eu waste legislation as well as achieving near zero waste . this will include strictly applying the waste hierarchy and the effective use of market - based instruments and measures to ensure that landfilling is effectively phased out , energy recovery is limited to non - recyclable materials , non - toxic material cycles are stimulates so that recycled waste is used as a major , reliable source of raw material for the eu , there is a high - quality source segregation system in place , hazardous waste is safely managed and its generation is reduced , illegal waste shipments are eradicated and internal market barriers for environmentally - sound recycling activities in the eu are removed . this will require a systemic review of eu waste policies in line with the move towards a circular economy as well as setting ambitious recycling and prevention targets .


### eu environment legislation has delivered significant benefits for the health and well - being of the public . however , water , air pollution and chemicals remain among the general public ' s top environmental concerns in the eu . the world health organisation estimates that environmental stressors are responsible for between 15 and 20 % of all deaths in 53 european countries . according to the oecd , urban air pollution is set to become the primary environmental cause of mortality worldwide by 2050 . ### eu environment legislation has delivered significant benefits for the health and well - being of the public . however , water , air pollution , chemicals and noise pollution remain among the general public ' s top environmental concerns in the eu . the world health organisation estimates that environmental stressors are responsible for between 15 and 20 % of all deaths in 53 european countries . according to the oecd , urban air pollution is set to become the primary environmental cause of mortality worldwide by 2050 .


### horizontal chemicals legislation provides baseline protection for human health and the environment and promotes the uptake of evolving non - animal testing methods . however , there is still uncertainty about the impacts on human health and the environment from the combined effects of different chemicals , nanomaterials , chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system and chemicals in products . in recent years , more information has come to light on the need for action to deal with these challenges , especially if the eu is to attain the goal agreed at the world summit on sustainable development in 2002 , and reaffirmed at the rio + 20 summit , to have ensured ‘ the minimisation of significant adverse effects’ of chemicals on human health and the environment by 2020 and to respond to new and emerging issues and challenges in an effective , efficient , coherent and coordinated manner . the eu will further develop and implement approaches to address combination effects of chemicals and safety concerns related to endocrine disruptors and set out a comprehensive approach for minimising adverse effects of hazardous substances , including chemicals in products , supported by a comprehensive chemical exposure and toxicity knowledge base . the safety and sustainable management of nanomaterials will be ensured as part of a comprehensive approach involving risk assessment and management , information and monitoring . together these approaches will increase the chemical knowledge base and provide a predictable framework driving the development of more sustainable solutions . ### horizontal chemicals legislation provides baseline protection for human health and the environment and promotes the uptake of evolving non - animal testing methods . however , there is still uncertainty about the full impacts on human health and the environment from the combined effects of different chemicals , nanomaterials , chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system and chemicals in products . in recent years , more information has come to light on the need for action to deal with these challenges , especially if the eu is to attain the goal agreed at the world summit on sustainable development in 2002 , and reaffirmed at the rio + 20 summit , to have ensured the minimisation of exposure to chemicals on human health and the environment by 2020 and to respond to new and emerging issues and challenges in an effective , efficient , coherent and coordinated manner . the eu will further develop and implement approaches including provisions for industry to address combination effects of chemicals and safety concerns related to endocrine disruptors and set out a comprehensive approach for minimising adverse effects of hazardous substances across all relevant eu legislation , including chemicals in products , supported by a comprehensive chemical exposure and toxicity knowledge base taking into account the precautionary principle to protect in particular vulnerable groups from exposure . the safety and sustainable management of nanomaterials will be ensured as part of a comprehensive approach involving risk assessment and management , information and monitoring . together these approaches will increase the chemical knowledge base and provide a predictable framework driving the development of more sustainable solutions .


### horizontal chemicals legislation provides baseline protection for human health and the environment and promotes the uptake of evolving non - animal testing methods . however , there is still uncertainty about the impacts on human health and the environment from the combined effects of different chemicals , nanomaterials , chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system and chemicals in products . in recent years , more information has come to light on the need for action to deal with these challenges , especially if the eu is to attain the goal agreed at the world summit on sustainable development in 2002 , and reaffirmed at the rio + 20 summit , to have ensured ‘ the minimisation of significant adverse effects’ of chemicals on human health and the environment by 2020 and to respond to new and emerging issues and challenges in an effective , efficient , coherent and coordinated manner . the eu will further develop and implement approaches to address combination effects of chemicals and safety concerns related to endocrine disruptors and set out a comprehensive approach for minimising adverse effects of hazardous substances , including chemicals in products , supported by a comprehensive chemical exposure and toxicity knowledge base . the safety and sustainable management of nanomaterials will be ensured as part of a comprehensive approach involving risk assessment and management , information and monitoring . together these approaches will increase the chemical knowledge base and provide a predictable framework driving the development of more sustainable solutions . ### horizontal chemicals legislation provides baseline protection for human health and the environment and promotes the uptake of evolving non - animal testing methods . however , there is still significant concern about the impacts on human health and the environment from the combined effects of different chemicals , nanomaterials , chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system and chemicals in products . in recent years , more information has come to light on the need for action to deal with these challenges , especially if the eu is to attain the goal agreed at the world summit on sustainable development in 2002 , and reaffirmed at the rio + 20 summit , to have ensured ‘ the minimisation of significant adverse effects’ of chemicals on human health and the environment by 2020 and to respond to new and emerging issues and challenges in an effective , efficient , coherent and coordinated manner . the eu will further develop and implement approaches to address combination effects of chemicals and safety concerns related to endocrine disruptors and set out a comprehensive approach for minimising adverse effects of and exposure to hazardous substances across all relevant eu legislation , including chemicals in products , supported by a comprehensive chemical exposure and toxicity knowledge base , including knowledge with regards to vulnerable groups . the safety and sustainable management of nanomaterials and other advanced materials will be ensured as part of a comprehensive proactive approach that specifically addresses nanomaterials in all relevant legislation involving a case - by - case approach to risk assessment and management , comprehensive information about actual uses and monitoring . together these approaches will increase the chemical knowledge base and provide a predictable framework driving the development of more sustainable solutions .


### noise pollution in the eu has significantly decreased . ### noise pollution in the eu has significantly decreased to who recommended levels .


### the combination effects of chemicals and safety concerns related to endocrine disruptors are effectively addressed , and risks for the environment and health associated with the use of hazardous substances , including chemicals in products , is assessed and minimised . ### the combination effects of chemicals and safety concerns related to endocrine disruptors are effectively addressed across relevant eu legislation , and risks for the environment and health associated with the use of hazardous substances , including chemicals in products , are assessed and minimised . .


### decisive progress is made in adapting to climate change impacts . ### decisive progress is made in preventing and adapting to climate change impacts .


### implementing updated eu policy on air quality , aligned with the latest scientific knowledge , and measures to combat air pollution at source . ### implementing updated eu policy on air quality , aligned with the latest scientific knowledge , developing an eu strategy for indoor air quality and measures to combat air pollution at source .


### the benefits of ensuring that eu environment legislation is actually implemented are threefold : providing a level playing field for economic actors operating in the single market , stimulating innovation , and promoting first - mover advantages for european companies in many sectors . the costs associated with failure to implement legislation , by contrast , are high , broadly estimated at around €50 billion a year , including costs related to infringement cases60 . in 2009 alone there were 451 infringement cases related to eu environment legislation . the commission also receives numerous complaints directly from eu citizens , many of which could be better addressed at member state or local level . ### the benefits of ensuring that eu environment legislation is actually implemented are threefold : providing a level playing field for economic actors operating in the single market , stimulating innovation , and promoting first - mover advantages for european companies in many sectors . the costs associated with failure to implement legislation , by contrast , are high , broadly estimated at around €50 billion a year , including costs related to infringement cases60 . in 2009 alone there were 451 infringement cases related to eu environment legislation . the commission also receives numerous complaints directly from eu citizens , many of which , although they could be addressed at member state or local level still necessitate the mediation of the commission and , where appropriate , the european court of justice .


### improving the implementation of the eu environment acquis at member state level will therefore be given top priority in the coming years . there are significant differences in implementation between and within member states . there is a need to equip those involved in implementing environmental legislation at national , regional and local levels with the knowledge and capacity to improve the delivery of benefits from this legislation . ### improving the implementation of the eu environment acquis at member state level will therefore be given top priority in the coming years . there are significant differences in implementation between and within member states . there is a need to equip those involved in implementing environmental legislation at eu , national , regional and local levels with the knowledge , tools and capacity to improve the delivery of benefits from this legislation .


### fourth , eu citizens will gain better access to justice in environmental matters and effective legal protection , in line with international treaties and developments brought about by the entry into force of the lisbon treaty and recent case law of the european court of justice . non - judicial conflict resolution will also be promoted as an alternative to litigation . ### fourth , eu citizens will gain access to justice in environmental matters and effective legal protection , in line with the aarhus convention and other international treaties and developments brought about by the entry into force of the lisbon treaty and recent case law of the european court of justice . non - judicial conflict resolution will also be promoted as an alternative to litigation .


### eu citizens have access to clear information showing how eu environment law is being implemented . ### full implementation of the aarhus convention ensuring eu citizens access to clear information showing how eu environment law is being implemented , participation in certain environmentally relevant decisions and access to justice .


### eu citizens have access to clear information showing how eu environment law is being implemented . ### eu citizens have access to clear information showing how eu environment law is being implemented . for purposes of transparency , this should include online access to a summary of the various complaints that have been lodged with the european commission and information on the processing status of cases in each member state


### citizens ' trust and confidence in eu environment law is enhanced . ### citizens ' trust and confidence in eu environment law and its enforcement is enhanced .


### ensuring that national provisions on access to justice reflect the case law of the court of justice of the european union , and promoting non - judicial conflict resolution as a means of finding amicable solutions for conflicts in the environmental field . ### ensuring that national provisions on access to justice reflect the case law of the court of justice of the european union , and promoting non - judicial conflict resolution as a means of finding effective solutions for conflicts in the environmental field .


### further implementation of the shared environmental information system principle of ‘ produce once , use often’ and the common approaches and standards on acquisition and collation of spatial information under the inspire and gmes65 systems will help avoid duplication of effort and eliminate unnecessary administrative burdens on public authorities , as will efforts to streamline reporting obligations under different pieces of legislation . member states should make information gathered to assess environmental impacts of plans , programmes and projects more accessible to the public . ### further implementation of the shared environmental information system principle of ‘ produce once , use often’ and the common approaches and standards on acquisition and collation of spatial information under the inspire and copernicus systems , as well as other environmental information systems for europe , will help avoid duplication of effort and eliminate unnecessary administrative burdens on public authorities , as will efforts to streamline reporting obligations under different pieces of legislation . member states should make information gathered to assess environmental impacts of plans , programmes and projects more accessible to the public .


### there are still significant gaps in knowledge , some of them relevant to this programme ' s priority objectives . investing in further research to fill these gaps is therefore essential to ensure that public authorities and businesses have a sound basis for taking decisions which fully reflect true social , economic and environmental benefits and costs . four gaps stand out : ### there are still significant gaps in knowledge , some of them relevant to this programme ' s priority objectives . investing in further research to fill these gaps is therefore essential to ensure that public authorities and businesses have a sound knowledge of latest science which fully reflect true social , economic and environmental benefits and costs . four gaps stand out :


### – the transition to an inclusive green economy requires proper consideration of the interplay between socio - economic and environmental factors . improving our understanding of sustainable consumption and production patterns , how costs of action or inaction can be considered more accurately , how changes in individual and societal behaviour contribute to environmental outcomes and how europe ' s environment is affected by global megatrends can help better target policy initiatives towards improving resource efficiency and relieving pressures on the environment . ### – the transition to an inclusive green economy requires proper consideration of the interplay between socio - economic and environmental factors . improving our understanding of sustainable consumption and production patterns , how costs and benefits of action or inaction can be considered more accurately , how changes in individual and societal behaviour contribute to environmental outcomes and how europe ' s environment is affected by global megatrends can help better target policy initiatives towards improving resource efficiency and relieving pressures on the environment .


### new and emerging issues arising from rapid technological developments that outpace policy , such as nanomaterials , unconventional energy sources , carbon capture and storage and electromagnetic waves , pose risk management challenges and can give rise to conflicting interests , needs and expectations . this in turn can lead to increasing public concern and potential hostility towards new technologies . there is therefore a need to ensure a broader , explicit societal debate about the environmental risks and possible trade - offs that we are willing to accept in the light of sometimes incomplete or uncertain information about emerging risks and how they should be handled . a systematic approach to environmental risk management will improve the eu ' s capacity to identify and act upon technological developments in a timely manner , while providing reassurance to the public . ### new and emerging issues arising from rapid technological developments that outpace policy , such as nanomaterials and similar advanced materials , unconventional energy sources , carbon capture and storage and electromagnetic waves , pose risk management challenges and can give rise to conflicting interests , needs and expectations . this in turn can lead to increasing public concern and potential hostility towards new technologies . there is therefore a need to ensure a broader , explicit societal debate about the environmental risks and possible trade - offs that we are willing to accept in the light of sometimes incomplete or uncertain information about emerging risks and how they should be handled . a systematic approach to environmental risk management will improve the eu ' s capacity to identify and act upon technological developments in a timely manner , while providing reassurance to the public .


### in order to improve the evidence base for environment policy , the programme shall ensure that by 2020 : ### in order to improve the knowledge and evidence base for environment policy , the programme shall ensure that by 2020 :


### policy - makers and businesses have a better basis for developing and implementing environment and climate policies , including measuring costs and benefits . ### policy - makers and businesses have a better basis for developing and implementing environment and climate policies , including measuring costs and benefits of action or inaction .


### coordinating and focusing research efforts at eu and member state levels on addressing key environmental knowledge gaps , including the risks of environmental tipping - points . ### coordinating and focusing research efforts at eu and member state levels on addressing key environmental knowledge gaps , including the risks of environmental tipping - points as highlighted in the planetary boundaries concept .


### coordinating and focusing research efforts at eu and member state levels on addressing key environmental knowledge gaps , including the risks of environmental tipping - points . ### avoiding budget cuts to research , while coordinating and focusing research efforts at eu and member state levels on addressing key environmental knowledge gaps , including the risks of environmental tipping - points .


### adopting a systematic approach to risk management . ### adopting a systematic and integrated approach to risk management , based on the precautionary principle and preventive action , the polluter - pays principle , the principle of rectification of pollution at source as well as the principle of proportionality .


### the increased capital provided to the european investment bank as part of the 2012 compact for growth and jobs provides an additional source of investment . ### the increased capital provided to the european investment bank as part of the 2012 compact for growth and jobs provides an additional source of investment , which shall be spent in line with the eu environment and climate objectives .


### most cities face a common core set of environmental problems , including poor air quality , high levels of noise , ghg emissions , water scarcity , floods and storms , contaminated sites , brownfields and waste . at the same time , eu cities are standard - setters in urban sustainability and often pioneer innovative solutions to environmental challenges . an ever - growing number of european cities are putting environmental sustainability at the core of their urban development strategies . ### most cities face a common core set of environmental problems , including poor air quality , excessive levels of noise that pose a risk to public health , ghg emissions , water scarcity , floods and storms , contaminated sites , brownfields and waste . at the same time , eu cities are standard - setters in urban sustainability and often pioneer innovative solutions to environmental challenges . an ever - growing number of european cities are putting environmental sustainability at the core of their urban development strategies .


### environmental sustainability is key to reducing poverty and ensuring quality of life and economic growth . at rio + 20 , world leaders renewed their commitment to sustainable development and recognised the inclusive green economy as an important tool for achieving sustainable development , and the crucial role of a healthy environment in ensuring food security and reducing poverty . in the light of a growing population in an increasingly urbanised world , these challenges will include the need for action on water , oceans , sustainable land and ecosystems , resource efficiency , sustainable energy and climate change , including through the phase out of fossil fuel subsidies . they will need to be addressed through tailor - made approaches at local , national or union level , as well as committed engagement in international efforts to develop the solutions needed to ensure sustainable development globally . ### ensuring sustainability is one of the most pressing challenges facing the world today and is key to ending poverty and ensuring prosperity and wellbeing for all . at rio + 20 , world leaders renewed their commitment to sustainable development and to ensuring the promotion of an economically , socially and environmentally sustainable future for the planet , for present and future generations . they also recognised that the inclusive green economy is an important tool for achieving sustainable development , and the crucial role of a healthy environment in ensuring food security and reducing poverty . in the light of a growing population in an increasingly urbanised world , these challenges will include the need for international action in a number of areas such as water , oceans , sustainable land and ecosystems , resource efficiency , sustainable energy and climate change , including through the phase out of environmentally harmful subsidies , including fossil fuel subsidies . in addition to translating these commitments into action at the local , national and eu level , the eu will engage proactively in international efforts to develop the solutions needed to ensure sustainable development globally .


### the rio + 20 outcomes will need to be reflected in the internal and external policy priorities of the union and its member states . the union should also support the creation of a high level political forum to gradually replace the commission for sustainable development and monitor the implementation of rio + 20 outcomes . ### the rio + 20 outcomes needs to be reflected in the internal and external policy priorities of the union and its member states . the union should also support the workings of the high level political forum that will replace the commission for sustainable development and monitor the implementation of rio + 20 outcomes .


### many of the priority objectives set out in this programme can only be fully achieved as part of a global approach and in cooperation with partner countries . that is why the union and its member states should engage in relevant international , regional and bilateral processes in a strong , focused , united and coherent manner . they should continue to promote an effective , rules - based framework for global environment policy , complemented by a more effective , strategic approach in which bilateral and regional political dialogues and cooperation are tailored towards the union ' s strategic partners , candidate and neighbourhood countries , and developing countries , respectively , supported by adequate finance . ### many of the priority objectives set out in this programme can only be fully achieved as part of a global approach and in cooperation with partner countries . that is why the union and its member states should engage in relevant international , regional and bilateral processes , such as bilateral trade agreements in a strong , focused , united and coherent manner . they should continue to promote an effective , rules - based framework for global environment policy , complemented by a more effective , strategic approach in which bilateral and regional political dialogues and cooperation are tailored towards the union ' s strategic partners , candidate and neighbourhood countries , and developing countries , respectively , supported by adequate finance .


### the time span covered by this programme corresponds to key phases in international climate , biodiversity and chemical policy . to remain within the 2 °c ceiling , global ghg emissions need to be cut by at least 50 % of their 1990 levels by 2050 . however , only half the emission reductions required by 2020 have been pledged by parties under the unfccc . without more resolute global action , climate change is unlikely to be curtailed . even in a best - case scenario , countries will increasingly face inevitable impacts of climate change because of historical ghg emissions and will need to develop climate adaptation strategies . under the durban platform for enhanced action , a comprehensive and robust agreement applicable to all is to be agreed by 2015 and implemented as of 2020 . the eu will remain engaged proactively in this process , including in discussions on how to close the gap between current emission reduction pledges by developed and developing countries , and on action needed to stay on an emission pathway compatible with the 2oc objective . the follow - up to rio + 20 should also help reduce ghg emissions , thus supporting the fight against climate change . . in parallel , the eu should pursue and further intensify climate change partnerships with strategic partners and should take further action to mainstream environment and climate considerations in its development policy . ### the time span covered by this programme corresponds to key phases in international climate , biodiversity and chemical policy . to remain within the 2 °c ceiling , global ghg emissions need to be cut by at least 50 % of their 1990 levels by 2050 . however , only half the emission reductions required by 2020 have been pledged by parties under the unfccc8 . without more resolute global action , climate change is unlikely to be curtailed . even in a best - case scenario , countries will increasingly face inevitable impacts of climate change because of historical ghg emissions and will need to develop climate adaptation strategies . under the durban platform for enhanced action , a comprehensive and robust agreement applicable to all is to be agreed by 2015 and implemented as of 2020 . the eu will remain engaged proactively in this process , including in discussions on how to close the gap between current emission reduction pledges by developed and developing countries , and on action needed to stay on an emission pathway compatible with the 2oc objective while keeping in mind the scientific evidence for the need of a 1 , 5°c objective to reduce severe impacts on the most vulnerable countries . the follow - up to rio + 20 should also help reduce ghg emissions , thus supporting the fight against climate change . . in parallel , the eu should pursue and further intensify climate change partnerships with strategic partners by delivering on the pledges made in terms of capacity - building , climate financing and technological support and should take further action to mainstream environment and climate considerations in its development policy . the eu should also define its sources and fair share to contribute to the green climate fund in the context of the unfccc commitment .


### the time span covered by this programme corresponds to key phases in international climate , biodiversity and chemical policy . to remain within the 2 °c ceiling , global ghg emissions need to be cut by at least 50 % of their 1990 levels by 2050 . however , only half the emission reductions required by 2020 have been pledged by parties under the unfccc . without more resolute global action , climate change is unlikely to be curtailed . even in a best - case scenario , countries will increasingly face inevitable impacts of climate change because of historical ghg emissions and will need to develop climate adaptation strategies . under the durban platform for enhanced action , a comprehensive and robust agreement applicable to all is to be agreed by 2015 and implemented as of 2020 . the eu will remain engaged proactively in this process , including in discussions on how to close the gap between current emission reduction pledges by developed and developing countries , and on action needed to stay on an emission pathway compatible with the 2oc objective . the follow - up to rio + 20 should also help reduce ghg emissions , thus supporting the fight against climate change . in parallel , the eu should pursue and further intensify climate change partnerships with strategic partners and should take further action to mainstream environment and climate considerations in its development policy . ### the time span covered by this programme corresponds to key phases in international climate , biodiversity and chemical policy . to remain within the 2 °c ceiling , global ghg emissions need to be cut by at least 50 % of their 1990 levels by 2050 . however , only half the emission reductions required by 2020 have been pledged by parties under the unfccc . without more resolute global action , climate change is unlikely to be curtailed . even in a best - case scenario , countries will increasingly face inevitable impacts of climate change because of historical ghg emissions and will need to develop climate adaptation strategies . under the durban platform for enhanced action , a comprehensive and robust agreement applicable to all is to be agreed by 2015 and implemented as of 2020 . the eu will remain engaged proactively in this process , including in discussions on how to close the gap between current emission reduction pledges by developed and developing countries , and on action needed to stay on an emission pathway compatible with the 2oc objective . the follow - up to rio + 20 should also help reduce ghg emissions , thus supporting the fight against climate change . in parallel , the eu should pursue and further intensify climate change partnerships with strategic partners and should take further action to mainstream environment and climate considerations in its development policy . the eu must take the lead in international negotiations to encourage links between the eu emissions trading system and other such schemes with a view to establishing , in the near future , a global carbon market between oecd member states and the major emerging economies .


### the eu should also leverage its position as one of the largest markets in the world to promote policies and approaches that decrease pressure on the global natural resource base . this can be done by changing patterns of consumption and production , as well as ensuring that trade and internal market policies support the achievement of environmental and climate goals and provide incentives to other countries to upgrade and enforce their environmental regulatory frameworks and standards . the eu will continue to promote sustainable development through the negotiation and implementation of dedicated provisions in its international trade agreements and should consider other policy options to reduce the impacts of eu consumption on the environment in non - eu countries . an example of such a policy option are the bilateral forest law enforcement , governance and trade partnerships , which establish a framework to ensure only legally - harvested timber enters the eu market from partner countries . ### the eu should also leverage its position as one of the largest markets in the world to promote policies and approaches that decrease pressure on the global natural resource base . this cannot be achieved alone , but initiated by changing patterns of consumption and production , as well as by ensuring that trade and internal market policies support the achievement of environmental and climate goals and provide incentives to other countries to upgrade and enforce their environmental regulatory frameworks and standards . the eu will continue to promote sustainable development through the negotiation and implementation of dedicated provisions in its international trade agreements and should consider other policy options to reduce the impacts of eu consumption on the environment in non - eu countries . the bilateral forest law enforcement , governance and trade partnerships are further developed and extended to other products .


### the eu should also leverage its position as one of the largest markets in the world to promote policies and approaches that decrease pressure on the global natural resource base . this can be done by changing patterns of consumption and production , as well as ensuring that trade and internal market policies support the achievement of environmental and climate goals and provide incentives to other countries to upgrade and enforce their environmental regulatory frameworks and standards . the eu will continue to promote sustainable development through the negotiation and implementation of dedicated provisions in its international trade agreements and should consider other policy options to reduce the impacts of eu consumption on the environment in non - eu countries . an example of such a policy option are the bilateral forest law enforcement , governance and trade partnerships , which establish a framework to ensure only legally - harvested timber enters the eu market from partner countries . ### the eu should also leverage its position as one of the largest markets in the world to promote policies and approaches that decrease pressure on the global natural resource base . this can be done by changing patterns of consumption and production , as well as ensuring that trade and internal market policies support the achievement of environmental and climate goals and provide incentives to other countries to upgrade and enforce their environmental regulatory frameworks and standards . the eu will continue to promote sustainable development through the negotiation and implementation of dedicated provisions in its international and bilateral trade agreements and should consider other policy options to reduce the impacts of eu consumption on the environment in non - eu countries . trade liberalisation should not have negative impacts on the environment of third countries , nor hinder existing environmental standards or policies established for the protection of habitats and wildlife . an example of such a policy option are the bilateral forest law enforcement , governance and trade partnerships , which establish a framework to ensure only legally - harvested timber enters the eu market from partner countries .


### the outcomes of rio + 20 are fully integrated into the eu ' s external policies and the eu is contributing effectively to global efforts to implement agreed commitments , including those under the rio conventions . ### the outcomes of rio + 20 are fully integrated into the eu ' s internal and external policies and the eu is contributing effectively to global efforts to implement agreed commitments , including those under the rio conventions .


### working towards the adoption of sustainable development goals that : a ) address priority areas of an inclusive green economy and wider sustainable development objectives , such as energy , water , food security , oceans and sustainable consumption and production , as well as cross - cutting issues such as equity , social inclusion , decent work , rule of law and good governance ; b ) are universally applicable , covering all three areas of sustainable development ; c ) are assessed and accompanied by targets and indicators , and d ) are coherent and integrated with the post - 2015 development framework , and supportive of climate actions . ### working towards the adoption of sustainable development goals that : a ) address priority areas of an inclusive green economy and wider sustainable development objectives , such as energy , water , food security , oceans and sustainable consumption and production , including animal welfare , as well as cross - cutting issues such as equity , social inclusion , decent work , rule of law and good governance ; b ) are universally applicable , covering all three areas of sustainable development ; c ) are assessed and accompanied by targets and indicators , and d ) are coherent and integrated with the post - 2015 development framework , and supportive of climate actions .


### working towards a more effective un structure for sustainable development through strengthening unep in line with the outcome of rio + 20 , while continuing to strive for an upgrade of unep ' s status to that of un agency , and supporting ongoing efforts to enhance synergies between multilateral environmental agreements ; ### working towards a more effective un structure for sustainable development , in particular its environmental dimension through : further strengthening the united nations environment programme in line with the outcome of rio + 20 , building on the decision by the unep governing council to establish a un environment assembly , while continuing to strive for an upgrade of unep ' s status to that of a specialised agency ; supporting efforts to enhance synergies between multilateral environmental agreements , in particular in the chemicals and waste and the biodiversity clusters ; and c ) contributing to ensuring a strong and authoritative voice for the environment in the work of the high level political forum on sustainable development .


### engaging with partner countries in a more strategic way . this should involve focusing cooperation : 1 ) with strategic partners on the promotion of best practice in domestic environment policy and legislation and convergence in multilateral environmental negotiations ; 2 ) with countries covered by the european neighbourhood policy on gradual approximation with key eu environment and climate policy and legislation and on strengthening cooperation to address regional environmental and climate challenges ; 3 ) with developing countries to support their efforts to protect the environment , fight climate change and reduce natural disasters , and implement international environmental commitments as a contribution to poverty reduction and sustainable development . ### engaging with partner countries in a more strategic way which includes a timely communication of the eu ' s position and goals ahead of international conferences . this should involve focusing cooperation : 1 ) with strategic partners on the promotion of best practice in domestic environment policy and legislation and convergence in multilateral environmental negotiations ; 2 ) with countries covered by the european neighbourhood policy on gradual approximation with key eu environment and climate policy and legislation and on strengthening cooperation to address regional environmental and climate challenges ; 3 ) with developing countries to support their efforts to protect the environment , fight climate change and reduce natural disasters , and implement international environmental commitments as a contribution to poverty reduction and sustainable development .


### engaging in multilateral environmental processes , including the unfccc , cbd and the chemicals - related conventions , as well as other relevant fora , such as the international civil aviation organization and the international maritime organization , in a more consistent , proactive and effective way with a view to ensuring that commitments for 2020 are met at eu and global level , and to agree on international action to be taken beyond 2020 . ### engaging in multilateral environmental processes , including the unfccc , cbd and the chemicals - related conventions , as well as other relevant fora , such as the international civil aviation organization and the international maritime organization , in a more consistent , proactive and effective way with a view to ensuring that commitments for 2020 are met at eu and global level , and to agree on international action to be taken beyond 2020 , and boosting efforts to implement all key multilateral environmental agreements well before 2020 .


### assessing the environmental impact , in a global context , of eu consumption of food and non - food commodities and possible related responses . ### assessing the environmental impact , in a global context , of eu consumption of food and non - food commodities and possible related responses and taking the necessary policy measures to address the findings of such assessments .


### the commission will ensure that implementation of the programme is monitored in the context of the europe 2020 strategy ' s regular monitoring process . an evaluation of the programme will be carried out before 2020 , in particular on the basis of the eea ' s state of the environment report . ### the commission will ensure that implementation of the programme is monitored in the context of the europe 2020 strategy ' s regular monitoring process . an evaluation of the programme will be carried out before 2020 , in particular on the basis of the eea ' s state of the environment report . the commission will on a biannual basis report to the parliament on the progress of the environment action programme .


### by decision 2012 / 419 / eu , the european council decided to amend the status of mayotte with regard to the european union with effect from 1 january 2014 . therefore , from that date mayotte will cease to be an overseas territory and become an outermost region within the meaning of articles 349 and 355 of the treaty . union law will apply to mayotte as from that date . it is appropriate to provide for certain specific measures justified by the particular structural social and economic situation of mayotte in a number of areas . ### by decision 2012 / 419 / eu , the european council decided to amend the status of mayotte with regard to the european union with effect from 1 january 2014 . therefore , from that date mayotte will cease to be an overseas territory and become an outermost region within the meaning of articles 349 and 355 of the treaty on the functioning of the eu . following this change in legal status of mayotte , union law will apply to mayotte as from 1 january 2014 . it is appropriate to provide for certain specific measures justified by the particular structural social , environmental and economic situation of mayotte in a number of areas .


### by decision 2012 / 419 / eu3 , the european council decided to amend the status of mayotte with regard to the european union with effect from 1 january 2014 . therefore , from that date mayotte will cease to be an overseas territory and become an outermost region within the meaning of articles 349 and 355 of the treaty . union law will apply to mayotte as from that date . it is appropriate to provide for certain specific measures justified by the particular situation of mayotte in a number of areas . __________________ 3 oj l 204 , 31 . 7 . 2012 , p . 131 . ### by decision 2012 / 419 / eu3 , the european council decided to amend the status of mayotte with regard to the european union with effect from 1 january 2014 . therefore , from that date mayotte will cease to be an overseas country or territory within the meaning of article 198 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union and become an outermost region within the meaning of articles 349 and 355 of that treaty . union law will apply to mayotte as from that date . it is appropriate to provide for certain specific measures , justified by the particular situation of mayotte and its new status as an outermost region , in a number of areas . __________________ 3 oj l 204 , 31 . 7 . 2012 , p . 131 .


### in the field of agriculture , as regards council directive 1999 / 74 / ec of 19 july 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens5 it is noted that , in mayotte , laying hens are reared in unenriched cages . in view of the considerable investment and preparatory work required for replacing unenriched cages by enriched cages or alternative systems , it is necessary , in respect of laying hens in lay on 1 january 2014 , to postpone the prohibition of using unenriched cages for a period of up to 12 months from that date . replacement of the cages during the laying cycle of the hens should thereby be avoided . in order to prevent distortions of competition , eggs derived from establishments using unenriched cages should be marketed only on the local market of mayotte . in order to facilitate the necessary controls , eggs produced in unenriched cages should bear a special mark . __________________ 5 oj l 203 , 3 . 8 . 1999 , p . 53 . ### in the field of agriculture , as regards council directive 1999 / 74 / ec of 19 july 1999 laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens5 it is noted that , in mayotte , laying hens are reared in unenriched cages . in view of the economic and social constraints obtaining in mayotte and the considerable investment and preparatory work required for replacing unenriched cages by enriched cages or alternative systems , it is necessary , in respect of laying hens in lay on 1 january 2014 , to postpone the prohibition of using unenriched cages for a period of up to four years from that date . replacement of the cages during the laying cycle of the hens should thereby be avoided . in order to prevent distortions of competition , eggs derived from establishments using unenriched cages should be marketed only on the local market of mayotte . in order to facilitate the necessary controls , eggs produced in unenriched cages should bear a special mark . __________________ 5 oj l 203 , 3 . 8 . 1999 , p . 53 .


### in respect of directive 2006 / 7 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 15 february 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing directive 76 / 160 / eec , the current state of surface waters in mayotte calls for considerable improvement in order to comply with the requirements of that directive . the quality of bathing waters depends directly upon urban waste water treatment , and the provisions of directive 2006 / 7 / ec may only be complied with progressively once agglomerations that affect the quality of urban waste waters comply with the requirements of directive 91 / 271 / eec . therefore , specific time limits need to be adopted in order allow france to reach the union standards as regards bathing water quality in mayotte . ### in respect of directive 2006 / 7 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 15 february 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing directive 76 / 160 / eec , the current state of surface waters in mayotte calls for considerable improvement in order to comply with the requirements of that directive . the quality of bathing waters depends directly upon urban waste water treatment , and the provisions of directive 2006 / 7 / ec may only be complied with progressively once agglomerations that affect the quality of urban waste waters comply with the requirements of directive 91 / 271 / eec . therefore , specific time limits need to be adopted in order to allow france to reach the union standards as regards bathing water quality in mayotte as a new outermost region and due to its special social , environmental and economic situation .


### in the area of social policy , account should be taken of the difficulties to comply with directive 2006 / 25 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 5 april 2006 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents in mayotte as from 1 january 2014 . there are no technical facilities available in mayotte for the implementation of measures necessary to comply with that directive in the field of artificial optical radiation . therefore , it is possible to grant a derogation to france from certain provisions of that directive until 31 december 2017 , provided that those structures are not available in mayotte and without prejudice to the general principles of protection and prevention in the area of health and safety of workers . ### in the area of social policy , account should be taken of the difficulties to comply with directive 2006 / 25 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 5 april 2006 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents in mayotte as from 1 january 2014 . there are no technical facilities available in mayotte due to its prevailing special social and economic situation for the implementation of measures necessary to comply with that directive in the field of artificial optical radiation . therefore , it is appropriate to grant a derogation to france from certain provisions of that directive until 31 december 2017 , provided that those structures are not available in mayotte and without prejudice to the general principles of protection and prevention in the area of health and safety of workers .


### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for all agglomerations . ### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for municipalities of more than 2 000 p . e . .


### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for all agglomerations . ### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for municipalities of more than 2 . 000 p . e . .


### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for all agglomerations . ### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for agglomerations of more than 2000 p . e . .


### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for all agglomerations . ### – by 31 december 2027 at the latest for agglomerations of more than 2 000 p . e . .


### by way of derogation from paragraph 1 , in respect of mayotte france shall ensure that urban waste water entering collecting systems are , before discharge , subject to secondary treatment or an equivalent treatment : - by 31 december 2020 at the latest for agglomerations of more than 15 000 p . e . which , along with those agglomerations referred to in article 5 , will cover at least 70% of the load generated in mayotte ; - by 31 december 2027 at the latest for all agglomerations . ' ### by way of derogation from paragraph 1 , in respect of mayotte france shall ensure that urban waste water entering collecting systems are , before discharge , subject to secondary treatment or an equivalent treatment : - by 31 december 2020 at the latest for agglomerations of more than 15 000 p . e . which , along with those agglomerations referred to in article 5 , will cover at least 70% of the load generated in mayotte ; - by 31 december 2027 at the latest for all agglomerations of more than 2 000 p . e . . '


### ' by way of derogation from paragraph 2 , in mayotte , laying hens in lay on 1 january 2014 and reared at that date in cages as referred to in this chapter may continue to be reared in such cages until 31 december 2014 . ' ### ' by way of derogation from paragraph 2 , in mayotte as an outermost region in the meaning of article 349 tfeu , laying hens may continue to be reared in cages as referred to in this chapter until 31 december 2017 . '


### this directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the official journal of the european union . ### this directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the official journal of the european union . it shall apply from 1 january 2014 .


### financial instruments are increasingly important due to their leverage effect on csf funds , their capacity to combine different forms of public and private resources to support public policy objectives , and because revolving forms of finance make such support more sustainable over the longer term . ### financial instruments are increasingly important due to their leverage effect on csf funds , their capacity to combine different forms of public and private resources to support public policy objectives , foster public - private partnerships , open up alternative sources of finance and guarantee an important revolving financial means for strategic investment , supporting long - term , sustainable investment and raising union growth potential .


### financial instruments supported by the csf funds should be used to address specific market needs in a cost effective way , in accordance with the objectives of the programmes , and should not crowd out private financing . the decision to finance support measures through financial instruments should be determined therefore on the basis of an ex ante analysis . ### financial instruments supported by csf funds should be used to identify and address market failures or sub - optimal investment situations , and thereby tackle specific market needs in a cost effective way , in accordance with the objectives of the programmes , and such instruments should not crowd out private financing . the decision to finance support measures through financial instruments should be determined therefore on the basis of an ex ante assessment , which should directly address local and regional investment needs and potential , identify possible private sector participation , assess the added value resulting from the financial instrument in question and thereby guarantee the creation of flexible and efficient responses to development challenges facing european regions .


### it is necessary to lay down specific rules regarding the amounts to be accepted as eligible expenditure at closure , to ensure that the amounts , including the management costs and fees , paid from the csf funds to financial instruments are effectively used for investments and payments to final recipients . it is also necessary to lay down specific rules regarding the reuse of resources attributable to the support from the csf funds , including the use of legacy resources after the closure of the programmes . ### it is necessary to lay down specific rules regarding the amounts to be accepted as eligible expenditure at closure , to ensure that the amounts , including the management costs and fees , paid from the csf funds to financial instruments are effectively used for investments and payments to final recipients . it is also necessary to lay down specific rules regarding the reuse of resources attributable to the support from the csf funds , including the use of legacy resources after the closure of the programmes . detailed reporting provisions should be specified for managing authorities , member states as well as the commission , which should annually synthesise reporting information regarding the use and effectiveness of financial instruments across different csf funds , thematic objectives and member states .


### in order for the commission to monitor progress towards achieving union objectives , member states should submit progress reports on the implementation of their partnership contracts . on the basis of such reports , the commission should prepare a strategy report on progress in 2017 and 2019 . ### in order for the commission to monitor progress towards achieving union objectives , member states should submit progress reports on the implementation of their partnership contracts . on the basis of such reports , the commission should prepare a strategy report on progress in 2017 and 2019 . in an annex to the annual implementation report , member states should include a specific report covering operations comprising financial instruments .


### the european parliament has called for a radical simplification of union research and innovation funding in its resolution of 11 november 2010 , has highlighted the importance of the innovation union to transform europe for post - crisis world , in its resolution of 12 may 2011 , has drawn attention to important lessons to be learned following the interim evaluation of the seventh framework programme in its resolution of 8 june 2011 and has supported the concept of a common strategic framework for research and innovation funding in its resolution of 27 september 2011 . ### the european parliament has called for a radical simplification of union research and innovation funding in its resolution of 11 november 2010 , has highlighted the importance of the innovation union to transform europe for post - crisis world , in its resolution of 12 may 2011 , has drawn attention to important lessons to be learned following the interim evaluation of the seventh framework programme in its resolution of 8 june 2011 and has supported the concept of a common strategic framework for research and innovation funding , while calling for a doubling of the budget compared to the seventh framework programme in its resolution of 27 september 2011 .


### horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation in the european union , focuses on three priorities , namely generating excellent science in order to strengthen the union ' s world - class excellence in science , fostering industrial leadership to support business , including small and medium - sized enterprises and innovation and tackling societal challenges , in order to respond directly to the challenges identified in the europe 2020 strategy by supporting activities covering the entire spectrum from research to market . horizon 2020 should support all stages in the innovation chain , especially activities closer to the market including innovative financial instruments , as well as non - technological and social innovation , and aims to satisfy the research needs of a broad spectrum of union policies by placing emphasis on the widest possible use and dissemination of knowledge generated by the supported activities up to its commercial exploitation . the priorities of horizon 2020 should also be supported through a programme under the euratom treaty on nuclear research and training . ### horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation in the european union , focuses on three priorities , namely generating excellent science in order to strengthen the union ' s world - class excellence in science , fostering industrial leadership to support business , including small and medium - sized enterprises and innovation and tackling societal challenges , in order to respond directly to the challenges identified in the europe 2020 strategy by supporting activities covering the entire spectrum from basic and applied research to market and society . horizon 2020 should support all stages in the research and innovation chain , especially activities closer to society and the market including innovative financial instruments , as well as non - technological and social innovation , and aims to satisfy the research needs of a broad spectrum of union policies by placing emphasis on the widest possible use and dissemination of knowledge generated by the supported activities up to its social and / or commercial exploitation . the priorities of horizon 2020 should also be supported through a programme under the euratom treaty on nuclear research and training .


### the implementation of horizon 2020 may give rise to supplementary programmes involving the participation of certain member states only , the participation of the union in programmes undertaken by several member states , or the setting up of joint undertakings or other arrangements within the meaning of articles 184 , 185 and 187 tfeu . ### the implementation of horizon 2020 may give rise - under specific conditions - to supplementary programmes involving the participation of certain member states only , the participation of the union in programmes undertaken by several member states , or the setting up of joint undertakings or other arrangements within the meaning of articles 184 , 185 and 187 tfeu . these supplementary programmes or arrangements should have a clear union added value , be based on genuine partnerships , complement other activities under horizon 2020 , and be as inclusive as possible in terms of participation by member states or union industry .


### this regulation establishes horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation and determines the framework governing union support to research and innovation activities and fostering better exploitation of the industrial potential of policies of innovation , research and technological development . ### this regulation establishes horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation and determines the framework governing union support to research and innovation activities with the objective of strengthening the european scientific and technological base , ensuring the development of its intellectual capital and fostering benefits for society , including better exploitation of the industrial potential of policies of innovation , research and technological development .


### this regulation establishes horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation and determines the framework governing union support to research and innovation activities and fostering better exploitation of the industrial potential of policies of innovation , research and technological development . ### this regulation establishes horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation and determines the framework governing union support to research and innovation activities and fostering better exploitation of the social and industrial potential of policies of innovation , research and technological development .


### horizon 2020 shall play a central role in the delivery of the europe 2020 strategy for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth by providing a common strategic framework for the union ' s research and innovation funding , thus acting as a vehicle for leveraging private investment , creating new job opportunities and ensuring europe ' s long - term sustainable growth and competitiveness . ### horizon 2020 shall play a central role in the delivery of the europe 2020 strategy for smart , sustainable and inclusive growth by providing a common strategic framework for the union ' s research and innovation funding , thus acting as a vehicle for leveraging public and private investment , creating new job opportunities , promoting economic , social and territorial cohesion and ensuring europe ' s long - term sustainable growth and competitiveness .


### horizon 2020 shall contribute to building an economy based on knowledge and innovation across the whole union by leveraging sufficient additional research , development and innovation funding . thereby , it shall support the implementation of the europe 2020 strategy and other union policies , as well as the achievement and functioning of the european research area . the relevant performance indicators are set out in the introduction of annex i . ### horizon 2020 shall contribute to building a society based on knowledge and innovation across the whole union by leveraging sufficient additional research , development and innovation funding . thereby , it shall support the implementation of the europe 2020 strategy and other union policies , as well as the achievement and functioning of the european research area through specific and exemplary actions fostering structural changes in european research and innovation systems . the relevant performance indicators are set out in the introduction of annex i .


### excellent science ; ### excellent science including basic and applied research in the humanities ;


### societal challenges . ### societal challenges including basic and applied research in social sciences .


### horizon 2020 shall be implemented in a manner ensuring that the priorities and actions supported are relevant to changing needs and take account of the evolving nature of science , technology , innovation , markets and society , where innovation includes business , organisational and social aspects . ### horizon 2020 shall be implemented in a manner ensuring that the priorities and actions supported are relevant to changing needs and take account of the evolving nature of science , technology , innovation , markets and society , where science includes any field of academic research and innovation includes business , organisational and social aspects .


### horizon 2020 shall ensure the effective promotion of gender equality and the gender dimension in research and innovation content . ### horizon 2020 shall ensure the effective promotion of gender balance in all programmes , in evaluation committees , in expert and advisory groups and in any decision making body existing or created for its implementation . to this end , targets will be developed , and appropriate actions designed to reach those targets will be implemented .


### the european research council shall provide attractive and flexible funding to enable talented and creative individual researchers and their teams to pursue the most promising avenues at the frontier of science , on the basis of union - wide competition . ### the european research council shall provide attractive and flexible funding to enable talented and creative individual researchers and their teams working in any field of knowledge to pursue the most promising avenues at the frontier of science , on the basis of union - wide competition .


### future and emerging technologies shall support collaborative research in order to extend europe ' s capacity for advanced and paradigm - changing innovation . it shall foster scientific collaboration across disciplines on radically new , high - risk ideas and accelerate development of the most promising emerging areas of science and technology as well as the union wide structuring of the corresponding scientific communities . ### future and emerging technologies shall support collaborative or cross - disciplinary research in order to extend europe ' s capacity for advanced and paradigm - changing innovation . it shall foster scientific collaboration across disciplines on radically new , high - risk ideas and accelerate development of the most promising emerging areas of science and technology as well as the union wide structuring of the corresponding scientific communities .


### research infrastructure shall develop european research infrastructure for 2020 and beyond , foster their innovation potential and human capital , and complement this with the related union policy and international cooperation . ### research infrastructure shall develop european research infrastructure for 2020 and beyond , foster their innovation potential and human capital , and complement this with the related union policy and international cooperation in order to retain and attract talented people to live and work in the union .


### inclusive , innovative and secure societies . ### inclusive , educated , innovative and secure societies .


### social sciences and humanities shall be an integral part of the activities to address all the challenges . in addition , the underpinning development of these disciplines shall be supported under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . support will also focus on providing a strong evidence base for policy making at international , union , national and regional levels . given the global nature of many of the challenges , strategic cooperation with third countries shall be an integral part of each challenge . in addition , cross - cutting support for international cooperation shall be provided under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . ### social sciences and humanities shall be an integral part of the activities to address all the challenges . in addition , the underpinning development of these disciplines shall be supported under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , educated , innovative and secure societies’ . support will also focus on providing a strong evidence base for policy making at international , union , national and regional levels . given the global nature of many of the challenges , strategic cooperation with third countries shall be an integral part of each challenge . in addition , cross - cutting support for international cooperation shall be provided under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , educated , innovative and secure societies’ .


### the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ also includes an activity to close the research and innovation divide with specific measures to unlock excellence in less developed regions of the union . ### the specific objective ' inclusive , innovative and secure societies ' also includes an activity to close the research and innovation divide with specific measures to unlock excellence in less developed regions of the union . it also includes activities , strategies , methodologies and tools needed to enable a dynamic and sustainable cultural heritage for europe .


### the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ also includes an activity to close the research and innovation divide with specific measures to unlock excellence in less developed regions of the union . ### the specific objective ‘ inclusive , educated , innovative and secure societies’ also includes an activity to close the research and innovation divide with specific measures to unlock excellence in less developed regions of the union .