### in the communication ' a budget for europe 2020 ' 13 , the commission proposed to address with a single common strategic framework for research and innovation the areas covered in the period 2007 - 2013 under the seventh framework programme for research and the innovation part of the competitiveness and innovation framework programme , as well as the european institute of innovation and technology in order to serve the europe 2020 strategy target of raising spending on research and development to 3 % of gdp by 2020 . in that communication , the commission also committed to mainstream climate change into union spending programmes and to direct at least 20 % of the union budget to climate - related objectives . climate action and resource efficiency are mutually reinforcing objectives for achieving sustainable development . the specific objectives relating to both should be complemented through the other specific objectives of horizon 2020 . as a result it is expected that at least 60% of the overall horizon 2020 budget should be related to sustainable development . it is also expected that climate - related expenditure should exceed 35% of the budget , including mutually compatible measures improving resource efficiency . the commission should provide information on the scale and results of support to climate change objectives . climate - related expenditure under horizon 2020 should be tracked in accordance with the methodology stated in that communication . ### in the communication ' a budget for europe 2020 ' , the commission proposed to address with a single common strategic framework for research and innovation the areas covered in the period 2007 - 2013 under the seventh framework programme for research and the innovation part of the competitiveness and innovation framework programme , as well as the european institute of innovation and technology in order to serve the europe 2020 strategy target of raising spending on research and development to 3 % of gdp by 2020 . in that communication , the commission also committed to mainstream climate change issues into union spending programmes and to direct at least 20 % of the union budget to objectives linked to the climate - energy package . actions in this area and resource efficiency are mutually reinforcing objectives for achieving sustainable development , i . e . , development that takes into consideration social cohesion , ecology and economic competitiveness . the specific objectives relating to both should be complemented through the other specific objectives of horizon 2020 . as a result it is expected that at least 60% of the overall horizon 2020 budget should be related to sustainable development . it is also expected that expenditure related to the effects of climate change should exceed 35% of the budget , including mutually compatible measures improving resource efficiency . the commission should provide information on the scale and results of support to climate change objectives . climate - related expenditure under horizon 2020 should be tracked in accordance with the methodology stated in that communication .


### horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation in the european union , focuses on three priorities , namely generating excellent science in order to strengthen the union ' s world - class excellence in science , fostering industrial leadership to support business , including small and medium - sized enterprises and innovation and tackling societal challenges , in order to respond directly to the challenges identified in the europe 2020 strategy by supporting activities covering the entire spectrum from research to market . horizon 2020 should support all stages in the innovation chain , especially activities closer to the market including innovative financial instruments , as well as non - technological and social innovation , and aims to satisfy the research needs of a broad spectrum of union policies by placing emphasis on the widest possible use and dissemination of knowledge generated by the supported activities up to its commercial exploitation . the priorities of horizon 2020 should also be supported through a programme under the euratom treaty on nuclear research and training . ### horizon 2020 - the framework programme for research and innovation in the european union , focuses on three priorities , namely generating excellent science in order to strengthen the union ' s world - class excellence in science , fostering industrial leadership to support business , including small and medium - sized enterprises and innovation and tackling societal challenges , in order to respond directly to the challenges identified in the europe 2020 strategy by supporting activities covering the entire spectrum from research to market . horizon 2020 should support all stages in the innovation chain , especially activities closer to the market including innovative financial instruments , as well as non - technological and social innovation , and aims to satisfy the research needs of a broad spectrum of union policies by placing emphasis on the widest possible use and dissemination of knowledge generated by the supported activities up to its commercial exploitation . this includes research supporting the security and defence interests of the union and its member states . the priorities of horizon 2020 should also be supported through a programme under the euratom treaty on nuclear research and training .


### simplification is a central aim of horizon 2020 which should be fully reflected in its design , rules , financial management and implementation . horizon 2020 should aim to attract the strong participation of universities , research centres , industry and specifically smes and be open to new participants , as it brings together the full range of research and innovation support in one common strategic framework , including a streamlined set of forms of support and uses rules for participation with principles applicable to all actions under the programme . simpler funding rules should reduce the administrative costs for participation and will contribute to a reduction of financial errors . ### simplification is a central aim of horizon 2020 which should be fully reflected in its design , rules , financial management and implementation . horizon 2020 should aim to attract the strong participation of universities , research centres , industry and specifically smes and be open to the full potential and scientific excellence of new talented participants , both men and women , from across europe , with a view to increasing the proportion of women taking part in eu - funded research and innovation programmes as it brings together the full range of research and innovation support in one common strategic framework , including a streamlined set of forms of support and uses rules for participation with principles applicable to all actions under the programme . simpler funding rules should reduce the administrative costs for participation and will contribute to a reduction of financial errors .


### with the aim of deepening the relationship between science and society and reinforcing public confidence in science , horizon 2020 should favour an informed engagement of citizens and civil society on research and innovation matters by promoting science education , by making scientific knowledge more accessible , by developing responsible research and innovation agendas that meet citizens ' and civil society ' s concerns and expectations and by facilitating their participation in horizon 2020 activities . ### with the aim of deepening the relationship between science and society and reinforcing public confidence in science , horizon 2020 should favour an informed engagement of citizens and civil society on research and innovation matters by promoting science education , by making scientific knowledge more accessible by creating a repository of all research results , by developing responsible research and innovation agendas that meet citizens ' and civil society ' s concerns and expectations and by facilitating their participation in horizon 2020 activities . the engagement of citizens and civil society should be coupled by public outreach activities to generate and sustain public support to the programme .


### horizon 2020 should contribute to the attractiveness of the research profession in the union . adequate attention should be paid to the european charter for researchers and code of conduct for the recruitment of researchers , together with other relevant reference frameworks defined in the context of the european research area , while respecting their voluntary nature . ### horizon 2020 should contribute to the attractiveness of the research profession in the union . adequate attention should be paid to the european charter for researchers and code of conduct for the recruitment of male and female researchers , together with other relevant reference frameworks defined in the context of the european research area , while respecting their voluntary nature .


### research and innovation activities supported by horizon 2020 should respect fundamental ethical principles . the opinions of the european group on ethics in science and new technologies should be taken into account . research activities should also take into account article 13 tfeu and reduce the use of animals in research and testing , with a view ultimately to replacing animal use . all activities should be carried out ensuring a high level of human health protection in accordance with article 168 tfeu . ### research and innovation activities supported by horizon 2020 should respect ethical principles . the opinions of the european group on ethics in science and new technologies should be taken into account . the union should also respect the cultural diversity and ethical choices of the member states , which must be taken into account for funding purposes . research activities should be carried out in accordance with article 13 tfeu and respect the obligation to replace or reduce the use of animals for scientific purposes or improve the conditions under which this takes place . all activities should be carried out ensuring a high level of human health protection in accordance with article 168 tfeu


### to achieve maximum impact , horizon 2020 should develop close synergies with other union programmes in areas such as education , space , environment , competitiveness and smes , the internal security , culture and media and with the cohesion policy funds and rural development policy , which can specifically help to strengthen national and regional research and innovation capabilities in the context of smart specialisation strategies . ### to achieve maximum impact horizon 2020 should develop close synergies with other union programmes in areas such as education , space , satellite global navigation and global monitoring , environment , competitiveness and smes , the internal security , culture and media and with the cohesion policy funds and rural development policy , which can specifically help to strengthen national and regional research and innovation capabilities in the context of smart specialisation strategies .


### with the aim to achieve the greatest possible impact of union funding , horizon 2020 is to develop closer synergies , which may also take the form of public - public partnerships , with national and regional programmes that support research and innovation . ### with the aim to achieve the greatest possible impact of union funding , horizon 2020 is to develop closer synergies , which may also take the form of public - public partnerships , with national and regional programmes that support research and innovation . this should comprise synergies between civilian and defence technologies , in particular by facilitating ‘ dual use’ research and innovation and bridging technologies .


### in order to maintain a level playing field for all undertakings active in the internal market , funding provided by horizon 2020 should be designed in accordance with state aid rules so as to ensure the effectiveness of public spending and prevent market distortions such as crowding - out of private funding , creating ineffective market structures or preserving inefficient firms . ### in order to maintain a level playing field for all undertakings active in the internal market , funding provided by horizon 2020 should be designed in accordance with state aid rules so as to ensure the effectiveness of public spending and prevent market distortions such as crowding - out of private funding or creating ineffective market structures .


### in order to maintain a level playing field for all undertakings active in the internal market , funding provided by horizon 2020 should be designed in accordance with state aid rules so as to ensure the effectiveness of public spending and prevent market distortions such as crowding - out of private funding , creating ineffective market structures or preserving inefficient firms . ### in order to maintain a level playing field for all undertakings active in the internal market , funding provided by horizon 2020 should be designed in accordance with state aid rules , including the community framework for state aid for research and development and innovation1 and taking into account its current review , so as to ensure the effectiveness of public spending and prevent market distortions such as crowding - out of private funding , creating ineffective market structures or preserving inefficient firms . __________________ 1 oj c 323 , 30 . 12 . 2006 p . 1


### ' public - public partnership ' means a partnership where public sector bodies or bodies with a public service mission at regional , national or international level commit with the union to jointly support the development and implementation of a research and innovation programme or activities . ### ' public - public partnership ' means a partnership where public sector bodies or bodies with a public service mission at local , regional , national or international level commit with the union to jointly support the development and implementation of a research and innovation programme or activities .


### the joint research centre shall contribute to the general objective and priorities set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 by providing scientific and technical support to union policies . the broad lines of the activities are set out in part iv of annex i . ### the joint research centre shall contribute to the general objective and priorities set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 by providing scientific and technical support to union policies . the broad lines of the activities are set out in part iv of annex i . in addition , the joint research centre will provide support to national and regional authorities in the development of their smart specialisation strategies .


### the financial envelope of horizon 2020 may cover expenses pertaining to preparatory , monitoring , control , audit and evaluation activities which are required for the management of horizon 2020 and the achievement of its objectives , in particular studies and meetings of experts , as far as they are related to the objectives of horizon 2020 , expenses linked to information technology networks focusing on information processing and exchange , together with all other technical and administrative assistance expenses incurred by the commission for the management of horizon 2020 . ### the financial envelope of horizon 2020 may cover expenses pertaining to preparatory , monitoring , control , audit and evaluation activities which are required for the management of horizon 2020 and the achievement of its objectives , in particular studies and work carried out by experts , as far as such work is related to giving opinions on research projects arising from the objectives of horizon 2020 , expenses linked to information technology networks focusing on information processing and exchange , together with all other technical and administrative assistance expenses incurred by the commission for the management of horizon 2020 .


### the financial envelope for the implementation of horizon 2020 shall be eur 87740 million , of which a maximum of eur 86198 million shall be allocated to activities under title xix of the treaty on the functioning of the european union . ### the financial envelope for the implementation of horizon 2020 shall be eur xxx million , of which a maximum of 98 , 2% shall be allocated to activities under title xix of the treaty on the functioning of the european union .


### the indicative breakdown for the specific objectives within the priorities and the maximum overall amount of the contribution to the non - nuclear direct actions of the joint research centre are set out in annex ii . ### the breakdown for the specific objectives within the priorities and the maximum overall amount of the contribution to the non - nuclear direct actions of the joint research centre are set out in annex ii .


### the financial envelope of horizon 2020 may cover expenses pertaining to preparatory , monitoring , control , audit and evaluation activities which are required for the management of horizon 2020 and the achievement of its objectives , in particular studies and meetings of experts , as far as they are related to the objectives of horizon 2020 , expenses linked to information technology networks focusing on information processing and exchange , together with all other technical and administrative assistance expenses incurred by the commission for the management of horizon 2020 . ### the financial envelope of horizon 2020 may cover expenses pertaining to preparatory , monitoring , control , audit and evaluation activities which are required for the management of horizon 2020 and the achievement of its objectives , in particular studies and meetings of experts , as far as they are related to the objectives of horizon 2020 , expenses linked to information technology networks focusing on information processing and exchange , together with all other technical assistance expenses incurred by the commission for the management of horizon 2020 .


### in order to respond to unforeseen situations or new developments and needs , and to take into account the provisions of paragraph 3 of this article , the commission may , following the interim evaluation of horizon 2020 as referred to in article 26 of this regulation , within the annual budgetary procedure review the amounts set out for the priorities in paragraph 2 and the indicative breakdown by specific objectives within these priorities set out in annex ii and transfer appropriations between the priorities and specific objectives up to 10 % of the total initial allocation of each priority and up to 10 % of the initial indicative breakdown of each specific objective . this does not concern the amount set out for the direct actions of the joint research centre in paragraph 2 or the contribution to the european institute of innovation and technology set out in paragraph 3 . ### in order to respond to unforeseen situations or new developments and needs , the commission may , following the mid - term review set out in article 26 of this regulation , within the annual budgetary procedure propose a review of the amounts set out for the priorities in paragraph 2 and the contribution to the eit set out in paragraph 3 and the indicative breakdown by specific objectives within these priorities set out in annex ii and transfer appropriations between the priorities and specific objectives up to 10 % of the total initial allocation of each priority and the eit and up to 10 % of the initial indicative breakdown of each specific objective . this does not concern the amount set out for the direct actions of the joint research centre in paragraph 2 . in reviewing the amounts , the commission shall in particular take into account : the contribution of the different parts of the programme to the horizon 2020 objectives ; the development of the key indicators for assessing results and impacts of the different parts of the programmes as specified in annex ii of the specific programme ; the foreseen future financial needs of the different parts and instruments of the programme .


### for the implementation of horizon 2020 , account shall be taken of advice and inputs provided by : advisory groups of independent , high level experts set up by the commission ; dialogue structures created under international science and technology agreements ; forward looking activities ; targeted public consultations ; and transparent and interactive processes that ensure responsible research and innovation is supported . ### for the implementation of horizon 2020 , account shall be taken of advice and inputs provided by : advisory groups of independent , high level experts set up at the request of member states by the commission ; dialogue structures created under international science and technology agreements ; forward looking activities ; targeted public consultations ; and transparent and interactive processes that ensure responsible research and innovation is supported .


### linkages and interfaces shall be implemented across and within the priorities of horizon 2020 . particular attention shall be paid in this respect to the development and application of key enabling and industrial technologies , to bridging from discovery to market application , to cross - disciplinary research and innovation , to social and economic sciences and humanities , to fostering the functioning and achievement of the era , to cooperation with third countries , to responsible research and innovation including gender , and to enhancing the attractiveness of the research profession and to facilitating cross - border and cross - sector mobility of researchers . ### linkages and interfaces shall be implemented across and within the priorities of horizon 2020 . particular attention shall be paid in this respect to the development and application of key enabling and industrial technologies , to bridging from discovery to market application , to cross - disciplinary research and innovation , broad collaboration between research , public authorities , civil society and business to social and economic sciences and humanities , to fostering the functioning and achievement of the era , to cooperation with third countries , to responsible research and innovation including gender , and to achieving gender balance , enhancing the attractiveness of the research profession , especially amongst young women and facilitating cross - border and cross - sector mobility of researchers , with particular attention to female researchers . each work programme shall contain a dedicated section describing the action planned to address gender imbalances and to integrate a gender dimension . this shall be reflected also at a project level within the provisions of grant agreements .


### horizon 2020 shall be implemented in a manner ensuring that the priorities and actions supported are relevant to changing needs and take account of the evolving nature of science , technology , innovation , markets and society , where innovation includes business , organisational and social aspects . ### horizon 2020 shall be implemented in a manner ensuring that the priorities and actions supported remain relevant to changing needs and take account of the evolving nature of science , technology , innovation , economies and society in a globalised world , where innovation includes business , organisational and social aspects .


### particular attention shall be paid to ensuring the adequate participation of , and innovation impact on , small and medium - sized enterprises in horizon 2020 . quantitative and qualitative assessments of sme participation shall be undertaken as part of the evaluation and monitoring arrangements . ### particular attention shall be paid to ensuring the adequate participation of , and research and innovation impact on , small and medium - sized enterprises in horizon 2020 . quantitative and qualitative assessments of sme participation shall be undertaken as part of the evaluation and monitoring arrangements .


### horizon 2020 may be implemented through public - private partnerships where all the partners concerned commit to support the development and implementation of research and innovation activities of strategic importance to the union ' s competitiveness and industrial leadership or to address specific societal challenges . ### horizon 2020 may be implemented through public - private partnerships where all the partners concerned commit to support the development and implementation of research and innovation activities of strategic importance to the union ' s competitiveness and industrial leadership or to tackle effectively global societal challenges , with particular attention to existing gender inequalities .


### the long - term commitment from all partners based on a shared vision and clearly defined objectives ; ### the long - term commitment , including a balanced contribution , from all partners based on a shared vision and clearly defined objectives ;


### horizon 2020 shall contribute to the strengthening of public - public partnerships where actions at regional , national or international level are jointly implemented within the union . ### horizon 2020 shall contribute to the strengthening of public - public partnerships , including civil society , where actions at regional , national or international level are jointly implemented within the union .


### the added value of action at union level ; ### the added value of action at member state level ;


### supporting the union ' s external and development policy objectives , complementing external and development programmes . ### supporting the union ' s external and development policy objectives , complementing external and development programmes . any form of cooperation with third countries shall take into account the security and defence interests of the union and its member states .


### reciprocal access to third country programmes should be encouraged . in order to maximise impact , coordination and synergies with initiatives of member states and associated countries shall be promoted . ### reciprocal access to third country programmes should be encouraged and periodically monitored . in order to maximise impact , coordination and synergies with initiatives of member states and associated countries shall be promoted .


### in addition , horizontal and cross - cutting activities to promote the strategic development of international cooperation shall be implemented under horizon 2020 under the specific objective ' inclusive , innovative and secure societies ' set out in point 6 . 3 . 2 of part iii of annex i . ### in addition , horizontal and cross - cutting activities to promote the strategic development of cooperation and activities to promote synergies with research programmes of other agencies , such as the european defence agency and the european space agency , shall be implemented under the objectives ´europe in a changing world - inclusive and innovative societies´ and ´secure societies - protecting the freedom and security of europe and its citizens´ set out respectively in points 6 . 3 . 2 and 6 . 3 . 3 - of part iii of annex i .


### initiatives aimed at widening awareness and facilitating access to funding under horizon 2020 , in particular for those regions or types of participant that are underrepresented ; ### initiatives aimed at widening awareness and facilitating access to funding under horizon 2020 , in particular for those regions or types of participant that are underrepresented ; the importance of an increased participation of women in science should be promoted and the objective of gender balance in science and research should be viewed as an assertion of the principle of social equity and an essential means for the full utilisation of the existing scientific potential in society ;


### actions which bring together results from a range of projects , including those that may be funded from other sources , to provide user - friendly databases and reports that summarise key findings ; ### the analytical actions of experts which bring together and evaluate results from a range of different projects , including those that may be funded from other sources , to provide user - friendly results databases and to draw up reports that summarise key findings ;


### the control system shall ensure an appropriate balance between trust and control , taking into account administrative and other costs of controls at all levels , so that the objectives of horizon 2020 can be achieved and the most excellent researchers and the most innovative enterprises can be attracted to it . ### the control system shall ensure an appropriate balance between trust and control , taking into account administrative and other costs of controls at all levels , so that the objectives of horizon 2020 can be achieved and the most excellent researchers , irrespective of gender , and the most innovative enterprises can be attracted to it .


### the control system shall ensure an appropriate balance between trust and control , taking into account administrative and other costs of controls at all levels , so that the objectives of horizon 2020 can be achieved and the most excellent researchers and the most innovative enterprises can be attracted to it . ### the control system shall ensure an appropriate balance between trust and control , taking into account administrative and other costs of controls at all levels , including at the level of beneficiaries , so that the objectives of horizon 2020 can be achieved and the most excellent researchers and the most innovative enterprises can be attracted to it .


### the commission shall report and disseminate the results of that monitoring . ### the commission shall report and disseminate the results of that monitoring . in particular , they shall be transmitted to the european parliament , the council , the european economic and social committee and the committee of the regions .


### not later than end 2017 , and taking into account the ex - post evaluation of the seventh framework programme to be completed by the end of 2015 and the review of the european institute of innovation and technology , the commission shall carry out , with the assistance of independent experts , an interim evaluation of horizon 2020 , its specific programme , including the european research council , and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology , on the achievements of the objectives of horizon 2020 and continued relevance of all the measures , the efficiency and use of resources , the scope for further simplification , and union added value . that evaluation shall also take into consideration aspects relating to access to funding opportunities for participants in all regions , for smes and for promoting gender balance . that evaluation shall additionally take into account the contribution of the measures to the union priorities of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth and results on the long - term impact of the predecessor measures . ### not later than end 2017 , and taking into account the ex - post evaluation of the seventh framework programme to be completed by the end of 2015 and the review of the european institute of innovation and technology , the commission shall carry out , with the assistance of independent experts , including at scientific seminars and conferences , an interim evaluation of the achievement of the research objectives laid down in horizon 2020 , its specific programme , including the european research council , and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology , on the achievements of the objectives of horizon 2020 and continued relevance of all the measures , the efficiency and use of resources , the scope for further simplification , and union added value . that evaluation shall also take into consideration aspects relating to further access to funding opportunities for participants in all regions , for smes and for promoting gender balance . that evaluation shall additionally take into account the current contribution of the measures to the union priorities of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth and results on the long - term impact of the predecessor measures . the evaluation may lead to the rejection of part of the programme or to it being updated to take account of new data obtained during the implementation of the programme .


### not later than end 2017 , and taking into account the ex - post evaluation of the seventh framework programme to be completed by the end of 2015 and the review of the european institute of innovation and technology , the commission shall carry out , with the assistance of independent experts , an interim evaluation of horizon 2020 , its specific programme , including the european research council , and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology , on the achievements of the objectives of horizon 2020 and continued relevance of all the measures , the efficiency and use of resources , the scope for further simplification , and union added value . that evaluation shall also take into consideration aspects relating to access to funding opportunities for participants in all regions , for smes and for promoting gender balance . that evaluation shall additionally take into account the contribution of the measures to the union priorities of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth and results on the long - term impact of the predecessor measures . ### not later than end 2017 , and taking into account the ex - post evaluation of the seventh framework programme to be completed by the end of 2015 , the commission shall carry out , with the assistance of independent experts , a mid - term review of horizon 2020 , its specific programme , including the european research council , and the activities of the european institute of innovation and technology . the review shall assess the progress of the different parts of horizon 2020 against all of the following : the achievements of the objectives of horizon 2020 and continued relevance of all the measures ; the efficiency and use of resources , with particular attention paid to cross - cutting actions and other elements stipulated in article 13 ; and the union added value . the interim review shall also take into consideration the scope for further simplification and aspects relating to access to funding opportunities for participants in all regions , for smes and for promoting gender balance . it shall additionally take into account the contribution of the measures to the union priorities of smart , sustainable and inclusive growth and results on the long - term impact of the predecessor measures .


### – collaboration inside the knowledge triangle leading to the development of innovative products and processes . ### collaboration inside the knowledge triangle leading to the development of innovative products , services and processes .


### the joint research centre shall contribute to the general objective and priorities of horizon 2020 with the specific objective of providing customer - driven scientific and technical support to union policies . ### the joint research centre shall contribute to the general objective and priorities of horizon 2020 with the specific objective of providing customer - driven scientific and technical support to union policies . the union added value of the joint research centre shall be assessed against the following indicators : - number of occurrences of tangible specific impacts on union policies resulting from technical and scientific policy support provided by the joint research centre - number of peer reviewed publications .


### future and emerging technologies shall support collaborative research in order to extend europe ' s capacity for advanced and paradigm - changing innovation . it shall foster scientific collaboration across disciplines on radically new , high - risk ideas and accelerate development of the most promising emerging areas of science and technology as well as the union wide structuring of the corresponding scientific communities . ### future and emerging technologies shall support collaborative research and user - driven , gender - sensitive technology and innovation in order to extend europe ' s capacity for advanced and paradigm - changing innovation . it shall foster scientific collaboration across disciplines on radically new , high - risk ideas and accelerate development of the most promising emerging areas of science and technology as well as the union wide structuring of the corresponding scientific communities .


### the activities are inherently forward - looking , building skills in the long term , focusing on the next generation of science , technology , researchers and innovations and providing support for emerging talent from across the whole of the union and associated countries , as well as worldwide . in view of their science - driven nature and largely ‘ bottom - up’ , investigator - driven funding arrangements , the european scientific community will play a strong role in determining the avenues of research followed under the programme . ### the activities are inherently forward - looking , building skills in the long term , focusing on the next generation of science , technology , researchers and innovations and providing support for emerging talent from across the whole of the union and associated countries , as well as worldwide , with view to increase the participation of female research talents and use the full potential and scientific excellence of women scientists for the benefit of european economy and society . in view of their science - driven nature and largely ' bottom - up ' , investigator - driven funding arrangements , the european scientific community will play a strong role in determining the avenues of research followed under the programme .


### research infrastructure shall develop european research infrastructure for 2020 and beyond , foster their innovation potential and human capital , and complement this with the related union policy and international cooperation . ### research infrastructure shall , drawing on close ties with the eu’s financial instruments for cohesion , develop european research infrastructure for 2020 and beyond , foster their innovation potential and human capital , and complement this with the related union policy and international cooperation .


### research infrastructure shall develop european research infrastructure for 2020 and beyond , foster their innovation potential and human capital , and complement this with the related union policy and international cooperation . ### research infrastructures shall develop and support excellent existing and new european research infrastructures and assist them to operate for the era by fostering their innovation potential , attracting world level researchers , training human capital , and complementing this with the international cooperation union policy


### each of these has been proven to have high union added value . together , they form a powerful and balanced set of activities which , in concert with activities at national and regional levels , span the breadth of europe’s needs regarding advanced science and technology . bringing them together in a single programme will enable them to operate with greater coherence , in a rationalised , simplified and more focused way , while maintaining the continuity which is vital to sustain their effectiveness . ### each of these has been proven to have high union added value . together , they form a powerful and balanced set of activities which , in concert with activities at national , regional and local levels , span the breadth of europe’s needs regarding advanced science and technology . bringing them together in a single programme will enable them to operate with greater coherence , in a rationalised , simplified and more focused way , while maintaining the continuity which is vital to sustain their effectiveness .


### future and emerging technologies shall support collaborative research in order to extend europe ' s capacity for advanced and paradigm - changing innovation . it shall foster scientific collaboration across disciplines on radically new , high - risk ideas and accelerate development of the most promising emerging areas of science and technology as well as the union wide structuring of the corresponding scientific communities . ### future and emerging sciences and technologies shall support collaborative research in order to extend europe ' s capacity for advanced and paradigm - changing innovation . it shall foster scientific collaboration across disciplines on radically new , high - risk ideas and accelerate development of the most promising emerging areas of science and technology as well as the union wide structuring of the corresponding scientific communities .


### future and emerging technologies ### future and emerging sciences and technologies


### marie curie actions ### marie sklodowska - curie actions


### if europe is to match its competitors in research and innovation , it must entice more young women and men to embark on research careers and provide highly attractive opportunities and environments for research and innovation . the most talented individuals , from europe and elsewhere , should see europe as a pre - eminent place to work . gender equality , high - quality and reliable employment and working conditions plus recognition are crucial aspects that must be secured in a consistent way across the whole of europe . ### if europe is to match its competitors in research and innovation , it must entice more young women and men to embark on research careers and provide highly attractive opportunities and environments for research and innovation . the most talented individuals , from europe and elsewhere , should see europe as a pre - eminent place to work . gender equality , high - quality and reliable employment and working conditions plus recognition are crucial aspects that must be secured in a consistent way across the whole of europe . mobility programs shall include specific measures targeted to remove barriers to women ' s mobility and ensure effective equal opportunities for men and women .


### inclusive , innovative and secure societies ### europe in a changing world - inclusive and innovative societies


### inclusive , innovative and secure societies ### equal , inclusive , innovative and secure societies


### inclusive , innovative and secure societies ### understanding european societies , culture and societal change


### inclusive , innovative and secure societies ### understanding european societies and societal change


### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes involving universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors . ### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes involving universities , mentoring schemes to transfer knowledge and experience from older to younger scientists , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors .


### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes involving universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors . ### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training , also in the field of the third mission of university , to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes involving universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors .


### 3 . broad lines of the activities ### 3 . broad lines of the activities the activities will be organised in such a way as to allow for an integrated and mode - specific approach as appropriate . multiannual visibility and continuity are essential in order to ensure true european added - value and to take into account the numerous specificities of each transport mode . such research follow as much as possible the strategic research and innovation agendas of european technology platforms .


### leadership in enabling and industrial technologies shall provide dedicated support for research , development and demonstration on ict , nanotechnology , advanced materials , biotechnology , advanced manufacturing and processing and space . emphasis will be placed on interactions and convergence across and between the different technologies . ### leadership in enabling and industrial technologies shall provide dedicated support for research , standardisation , certification , development and demonstration on ict , nanotechnology , advanced materials , eco - innovation , biotechnology , advanced manufacturing and processing and space . emphasis will be placed on interactions and convergence across and between the different technologies .


### this part aims to speed up development of the technologies and innovations that will underpin tomorrow ' s businesses and help innovative european smes to grow into world - leading companies . it consists of three specific objectives : ### this part aims to speed up development of the technologies and innovations that will underpin tomorrow ' s businesses and help innovative european smes to grow into world - leading companies as well as harvest the potential of establishing fertile ground for novel smes . special attention shall be paid to promoting knowledge and technology transfer from public research centres to companies as well as from companies among themselves . it consists of three specific objectives :


### secure , clean and efficient energy ; ### energy efficiency , secure , clean and efficient energy ;


### social sciences and humanities shall be an integral part of the activities to address all the challenges . in addition , the underpinning development of these disciplines shall be supported under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . support will also focus on providing a strong evidence base for policy making at international , union , national and regional levels . given the global nature of many of the challenges , strategic cooperation with third countries shall be an integral part of each challenge . in addition , cross - cutting support for international cooperation shall be provided under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . ### social sciences and humanities shall be an integral part of the activities to address all the challenges . in addition , the underpinning development of these disciplines shall be supported under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ . support will also focus on providing a strong evidence base for policy making at international , union , national , regional and local levels . given the global nature of many of the challenges , strategic cooperation with third countries shall be an integral part of each challenge . in addition , cross - cutting support for international cooperation shall be provided under the specific objective ‘ inclusive , innovative and secure societies’ .


### sustainable agriculture and forestry ### sustainable agriculture


### health , demographic change and well - being ; ### health and well - being ;


### all the activities shall take a challenge - based approach , focusing on policy priorities without predetermining the precise choice of technologies or solutions that should be developed . the emphasis shall be on bringing together a critical mass of resources and knowledge across different fields , technologies and scientific disciplines in order to address the challenges . the activities shall cover the full cycle from research to market , with a new focus on innovation - related activities , such as piloting , demonstration , test - beds , support for public procurement , design , end - user driven innovation , social innovation and market take - up of innovations . ### all the activities shall take a challenge - based approach , focusing on policy priorities without predetermining the precise choice of technologies or solutions that should be developed . the emphasis shall be on bringing together a critical mass of resources and knowledge across different fields , technologies and scientific disciplines in order to address the challenges . the activities shall cover the full cycle from fundamental research to market , including innovation - related activities , such as piloting , demonstration , test - beds , support for public procurement , design , end - user driven innovation , social innovation and market take - up of innovations .


### food security , sustainable agriculture , marine and maritime research and the bio - economy ### food security , sustainable agriculture , forestry , marine and maritime research and the bio - economy


### food security , sustainable agriculture , marine and maritime research and the bio - economy ### food security , sustainable agriculture , healthy and sustainable marine and maritime research and the bio - economy


### the union has defined an ambitious policy agenda to 2020 which addresses a set of complex and interlinked challenges , such as sustainable management of resources and competitiveness . in order to successfully tackle these challenges , robust scientific evidence is needed which cuts across different scientific disciplines and allows the sound assessment of policy options . the jrc , further strengthening its role as the science service for union policy making will provide the required scientific and technical support throughout all stages of the policy - making cycle , from conception to implementation and assessment . to this aim it will focus its research clearly on union policy priorities while enhancing cross - cutting competences . the jrc ' s independence of special interests , whether private or national , combined with its scientific - technical reference role enable it to facilitate the necessary consensus building between stakeholders and policy makers . member states and union citizens ' benefit from the research of the jrc , most visibly in areas such as health and consumer protection , environment , safety and security , and management of crises and disasters . ### the union has defined an ambitious policy agenda to 2020 which addresses a set of complex and interlinked challenges , such as sustainable management of resources and competitiveness . in order to successfully tackle these challenges , robust scientific evidence is needed which cuts across different scientific disciplines and allows the sound assessment of policy options . the jrc , further strengthening its role as the science service for union policy making will provide the required scientific and technical support throughout all stages of the policy - making cycle , from conception to implementation and assessment . to this aim it will focus its research clearly on union policy priorities while enhancing cross - cutting competences . the jrc ' s independence of special interests , whether private or national , combined with its scientific - technical reference role enable it to facilitate the necessary consensus building between stakeholders and policy makers . member states and regions will benefit from the support of the jrc to their smart specialisation strategies and from its research , most visibly in areas such as health and consumer protection , environment , safety and security , and management of crises and disasters . union citizens ' will also be beneficiaries of that research .


### in order to build inclusive , innovative and secure societies , europe requires a response which implies to develop new knowledge , technologies and capabilities as well as the identification of policy options . such endeavour will help europe tackle its challenges not only internally but also as a global player on the international scene . this , in turn , will also help member states benefit from experiences elsewhere and allow them to better define their own specific actions corresponding to their respective contexts . ### in order to build inclusive and innovative societies , europe requires a response which implies to develop new knowledge , technologies and capabilities as well as the identification of policy options . such endeavour will help europe tackle its challenges not only internally but also as a global player on the international scene . this , in turn , will also help member states benefit from experiences elsewhere and allow them to better define their own specific actions corresponding to their respective contexts .


### the aim is to enhance solidarity as well as social , economic and political inclusion and positive inter - cultural dynamics in europe and with international partners , through cutting - edge science and interdisciplinarity , technological advances and organisational innovations . humanities research can play an important role here . research shall support policymakers in designing policies that combat poverty and prevent the development of various forms of divisions , discriminations and inequalities in european societies , such as gender inequalities or digital or innovation divides , and with other world regions . it shall in particular feed into the implementation and the adaptation of the europe 2020 strategy and the broad external action of the union . specific measures shall be taken to unlock excellence in less developed regions , thereby widening participation in horizon 2020 . ### the aim is to enhance solidarity as well as social cohesion , economic and political inclusion and positive inter - cultural dynamics in europe and with international partners , through cutting - edge science and interdisciplinarity , technological advances and organisational innovations . humanities research can play an important role here . research shall support policymakers in designing policies that combat poverty and prevent the development of various forms of divisions , discriminations and inequalities in european societies , such as gender inequalities or digital or innovation divides , and with other world regions . it shall in particular feed into the implementation and the adaptation of the europe 2020 strategy and the broad external action of the union . specific measures shall be taken to unlock excellence in less developed regions , thereby widening participation in horizon 2020 .


### first , significant inequalities persist in the union both across countries and within them . in 2010 the human development index , an aggregate measure of progress in health , education and income , scores the union ' s member states between 0 , 743 and 0 , 895 , thus reflecting considerable divergences between countries . significant gender inequalities also persist : for instance , the gender pay gap in the union remains at 17 . 8 % in favour of men . one in every six union citizens today is at risk of poverty . over the past two decades the poverty of young adults and families with children has risen . the youth unemployment rate is above 20 % . 150 million europeans have never used the internet and may never get sufficient digital literacy . political apathy and polarisation in elections has also risen , reflecting citizen ' s faltering trust in current political systems . these figures suggest that some social groups and communities are persistently left out of social and economic development and / or democratic politics . ### significant inequalities persist in the union both across countries and within them . in 2010 the human development index , an aggregate measure of progress in health , education and income , scores the union ' s member states between 0 , 743 and 0 , 895 , thus reflecting considerable divergences between countries . significant gender inequalities also persist : for instance , the gender pay gap in the union remains at 17 . 8 % in favour of men . one in every six union citizens today is at risk of poverty . over the past two decades the poverty of young adults and families with children has risen . the youth unemployment rate is above 20 % . 150 million europeans have never used the internet and may never get sufficient digital literacy . political apathy and polarisation in elections has also risen , reflecting citizen ' s faltering trust in current political systems . these figures suggest that some social groups and communities are persistently left out of social and economic development and / or democratic politics .


### the in - built complexity of these challenges and the evolutions of demands thus make it essential to develop innovative research and new smart technologies , processes and methods , social innovation mechanisms , coordinated actions and policies that will anticipate or influence major evolutions for europe . it calls for understanding the underlying trends and impacts at play in these challenges and rediscovering or reinventing successful forms of solidarity , coordination and creativity that make europe a distinctive model of inclusive , innovative and secure societies compared to other world regions . it requires a more strategic approach to cooperation with third countries . finally , as security policies should interact with different social policies , enhancing the societal dimension of security research will be an important aspect of this challenge . ### the in - built complexity of these challenges and the evolutions of demands thus make it essential to develop innovative research and new smart technologies , processes and methods , social innovation mechanisms , coordinated actions and policies that will anticipate or influence major evolutions for europe . it calls for understanding the underlying trends and impacts at play in these challenges and rediscovering or reinventing successful forms of solidarity , coordination and creativity that make europe a distinctive model of inclusive and innovative societies compared to other world regions . even more than in other research fields related to major societal challenges , both objective - driven research as well as bottom - up research are needed to address effectively those challenges . finally , a more strategic approach to cooperation with third countries is required .


### these challenges ignore national borders and thus call for more complex comparative analyses of mobility and forms of institutional cooperation , intercultural interactions and international cooperation . if they are not better understood and anticipated , forces of globalisation also push european countries to compete with each other rather than cooperate , thus accentuating differences in europe rather than commonalities and a right balance between cooperation and competition . addressing such critical socio - economic challenges only at national level carries the danger of inefficient use of resources , externalisation of problems to other european and non - european countries and the accentuation of social , economic and political tensions that may directly affect the aims of the european treaty regarding its values , in particular title i of the treaty on european union . ### these challenges ignore national borders and thus call for more complex comparative analyses across all european societies . their links with national and european public policies in the context of globalisation , not only allow for setting up mutually recognised research agendas but also to provide a shared and denser european knowledge based upon which national and european evidence - based policies can be better understood and evaluated .


### build resilient and inclusive societies in europe ; ### practices and policies to build resilient and inclusive societies in europe , by strengthening the knowledge base in the areas such as inequalities , demographic and family change , mobility , education and social policies as well as citizenship ;


### strengthen europe ' s role as a global actor ; ### measures to strengthen europe ' s role as a global actor ;


### during the 20th century , the world increased both its fossil fuel use and the extraction of material resources by of the order of a factor of ten . this era of seemingly plentiful and cheap resources is coming to an end . raw materials , water , air , biodiversity and terrestrial , aquatic and marine ecosystems are all under pressure . many of the world’s major ecosystems are being degraded , with up to 60 % of the services that they provide being used unsustainably . in the union , some 16 tonnes of materials are used per person each year , of which 6 tonnes are wasted , with half going to landfill . the global demand for resources continues to increase with the growing population and rising aspirations , in particular of middle income earners in emerging economies . there needs to be an absolute decoupling of economic growth from resource use . ### during the 20th century , the world increased both its fossil fuel use and the extraction of material resources by of the order of a factor of ten . this era of seemingly plentiful and cheap resources is coming to an end . raw materials , water , air , biodiversity and human , terrestrial , aquatic and marine ecosystems are all under pressure . many of the world’s major ecosystems are being degraded , with up to 60 % of the services that they provide being used unsustainably . in the union , some 16 tonnes of materials are used per person each year , of which 6 tonnes are wasted , with half going to landfill . the global demand for resources continues to increase with the growing population and rising aspirations , in particular of middle income earners in emerging economies . there needs to be an absolute decoupling of economic growth from resource use .


### the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials , including their exploration , extraction , processing , re - use , recycling and substitution , is essential for the functioning of modern societies and their economies . european sectors , such as construction , chemicals , automotive , aerospace , machinery and equipment , which provide a total added value of some eur 1 . 3 trillion and employment for approximately 30 million people , heavily depend on access to raw materials . however , the supply of raw materials to the union is coming under increasing pressure . furthermore , the union is highly dependent on imports of strategically important raw materials , which are being affected at an alarming rate by market distortions . moreover , the union still has valuable mineral deposits , whose exploration and extraction is limited by a lack of adequate technologies and hampered by increased global competition . given the importance of raw materials for european competitiveness , the economy and for their application in innovative products , the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials is a vital priority for the union . ### the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials , including their exploration , extraction , processing , re - use , recycling and substitution , is essential for the functioning of modern societies and their economies . european sectors , such as construction , chemicals , automotive , aerospace , machinery and equipment , which provide a total added value of some eur 1 . 3 trillion and employment for approximately 30 million people , heavily depend on access to raw materials . however , the supply of raw materials to the union is coming under increasing pressure . furthermore , the union is highly dependent on imports of strategically important raw materials , which are being affected at an alarming rate by market distortions . moreover , the union still has valuable mineral deposits , whose exploration and extraction is limited by a lack of adequate technologies and hampered by increased global competition . the european union is home to many of the world’s best examples of cultural heritage , which were originally built using local raw materials . knowledge of the sustainability of the raw materials concerned is limited by the lack of research into the properties of the materials and their resilience in the face of climate change . given the importance of raw materials for european competitiveness , the economy and for their application in innovative products , the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials is a vital priority for the union .


### meeting union and international targets for greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations and coping with climate change impacts requires the development and deployment of cost - effective technologies , and mitigation and adaptation measures . union and global policy frameworks must ensure that ecosystems and biodiversity are protected , valued and appropriately restored in order to preserve their ability to provide resources and services in the future . research and innovation can help secure reliable and sustainable access to raw materials and ensure a significant reduction in resource use and wastage . ### meeting union and international targets for greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations and coping with climate change impacts requires the development and deployment of cost - effective technologies , and mitigation and adaptation measures . union and global policy frameworks must ensure that ecosystems and biodiversity are protected , valued and appropriately restored in order to preserve their ability to provide resources and services in the future . the methods employed to adapt and conserve the cultural heritage can be put to good use in mitigating climate change by making more careful use of energy , using sustainable raw materials and green technologies and adopting passive planning approaches . these methods offer new opportunities for mitigation and adaptation measures in all sectors , from construction to transport . research and innovation can help secure reliable and sustainable access to raw materials and ensure a significant reduction in resource use and wastage .


### the aim is to foster all forms of eco - innovation that enable the transition to a green economy . activities shall focus on : strengthening eco - innovative technologies , processes , services and products and boosting their market uptake and replication , with special attention for smes ; supporting innovative policies and societal changes ; measuring and assessing progress towards a green economy ; and fostering resource efficiency through digital systems . ### the aim is to foster all forms of eco - innovation that enable the transition to a green economy . activities shall focus on : strengthening eco - innovative technologies , processes , services and products and boosting their market uptake and replication , with special attention for smes ; supporting innovative policies and societal changes ; supporting the research of safe substitutes for substances indicated as dangerous under the european union regulation on chemicals and their safe use ; measuring and assessing progress towards a green economy ; and fostering resource efficiency through digital systems .


### the growing impacts from climate change and environmental problems , such as ocean acidification , ice melting in the arctic , land degradation and use , water shortages , chemical pollution and biodiversity loss , indicate that the planet is approaching its sustainability boundaries . for example , without improvements in efficiency , water demand is projected to overshoot supply by 40 % in 20 years time . forests are disappearing at an alarmingly high rate of 5 million hectares per year . interactions between resources can cause systemic risks – with the depletion of one resource generating an irreversible tipping point for other resources and ecosystems . based on current trends , the equivalent of more than two planet earths will be needed by 2050 to support the growing global population . ### the growing impacts from climate change and environmental problems , such as ocean acidification , changes in ocean circulation , increase of seawaters temperature , ice melting in the arctic , land degradation and use , water shortages , chemical pollution and biodiversity loss , indicate that the planet is approaching its sustainability boundaries . for example , without improvements in efficiency , water demand is projected to overshoot supply by 40 % in 20 years time . forests are disappearing at an alarmingly high rate of 5 million hectares per year . interactions between resources can cause systemic risks – with the depletion of one resource generating an irreversible tipping point for other resources and ecosystems . based on current trends , the equivalent of more than two planet earths will be needed by 2050 to support the growing global population .


### the aim is to provide knowledge for the management of natural resources that achieves a sustainable balance between limited resources and the needs of society and the economy . activities shall focus on : furthering our understanding of the functioning of ecosystems , their interactions with social systems and their role in sustaining the economy and human well - being ; and providing knowledge and tools for effective decision making and public engagement . ### the aim is to provide knowledge and tools for the management and protection of natural resources that achieves a sustainable balance between limited resources and the needs of society and the economy . activities shall focus on : furthering our understanding of the functioning of ecosystems , their interactions with social systems and their role in sustaining the economy and human well - being ; and providing knowledge and tools for effective decision making and public engagement .


### the specific objective is to secure sufficient supplies of safe and high quality food and other bio - based products , by developing productive and resource - efficient primary production systems , fostering related ecosystem services , along side competitive and low carbon supply chains . this will accelerate the transition to a sustainable european bio - economy . ### the specific objective is to secure sustainably produced of safe and high quality food and other bio - based products , by developing productive , sustainable and resource - efficient primary production systems , fostering related ecosystem services and the recovery of biological diversity , along side competitive and low carbon supply chains . this will accelerate the transition to a sustainable european bio - economy .


### in essence , a transition is needed towards an optimal and renewable use of biological resources and towards sustainable primary production and processing systems that can produce more food and other bio - based products with minimised inputs , environmental impact and greenhouse gas emissions , enhanced ecosystem services , zero - waste and adequate societal value . a critical effort of interconnected research and innovation is a key element for this to happen , in europe and beyond . ### in essence , a transition is needed towards an optimal and renewable use of biological resources and towards sustainable primary production and processing systems that can produce more food , fibre and other bio - based products with minimised inputs , environmental impact and greenhouse gas emissions , enhanced ecosystem services , zero - waste and adequate societal value . a critical effort of interconnected research and innovation is a key element for this to happen , in europe and beyond .


### a fully functional european bio - economy – encompassing the sustainable production of renewable resources from land and aquatic environments and their conversion into food , bio - based products and bioenergy as well as the related public goods - will generate high european added value . managed in a sustainable manner , it can reduce the environmental footprint of primary production and the supply chain as a whole . it can increase their competitiveness and provide jobs and business opportunities for rural and coastal development . the food security , sustainable agriculture , and overall bio - economy – related challenges are of a european and global nature . actions at union level are essential to bring together clusters to achieve the necessary breadth and critical mass to complement efforts made by a single or groups of member states . a multi - actor approach will ensure the necessary cross - fertilising interactions between researcher , businesses , farmers / producers , advisors and end - users . the union level is also necessary to ensure coherence in addressing this challenge across sectors and with strong links to relevant union policies . coordination of research and innovation at union level will stimulate and help to accelerate the required changes across the union . ### a fully functional european bio - economy – encompassing the sustainable production of renewable resources from land and aquatic environments and their conversion into food , fibre , bio - based products and bioenergy as well as the essential ecosystem services that are currently not accounted for - will generate high european added value . managed in a sustainable manner , it can reduce the environmental footprint of primary production and the supply chain as a whole . it can increase their competitiveness and provide jobs and business opportunities for rural and coastal development . the food security , sustainable agriculture , forestry and overall bio - economy – related challenges are of a european and global nature . actions at union level are essential to bring together clusters to achieve the necessary breadth and critical mass to complement efforts made by a single or groups of member states . a multi - actor approach will ensure the necessary cross - fertilising interactions between researcher , businesses , farmers / producers , advisors and end - users . the union level is also necessary to ensure coherence in addressing this challenge across sectors and with strong links to relevant union policies . coordination of research and innovation at union level will stimulate and help to accelerate the required changes across the union .


### the focus of activities shall be to reduce congestion , improve accessibility and match user needs by promoting integrated door - to - door transport and logistics ; to enhance inter - modality and the deployment of smart planning and management solutions ; and to drastically reduce the occurrence of accidents and the impact of security threats . ### the focus of activities shall be to reduce congestion , improve accessibility and match user needs by promoting integrated door - to - door transport and logistics ; to enhance inter - modality and the deployment of smart planning and management solutions ; and to drastically reduce the occurrence of accidents and the impact of security threats . research should take the socio - economic and gender differences in transport patterns into account . a gender dimension should be integrated in the activities described above and should be preceded by a gender analysis .


### the specific objective is to achieve a european transport system that is resource - efficient , environmentally - friendly , safe and seamless for the benefit of citizens , the economy and society . ### the specific objective is to achieve a european transport system that is resource - efficient , environmentally - friendly , safe and seamless for the benefit of european citizens , the eu economy , society as a whole and of competitiveness .


### sustainable mobility can only be achieved through a radical change in the transport system , inspired by breakthroughs in transport research , far - reaching innovation , and a coherent , europe - wide implementation of greener , safer and smarter transport solutions . ### sustainable mobility can only be achieved through a radical change in the transport system , inspired by breakthroughs in transport research , far - reaching innovation , and a coherent , europe - wide implementation of greener , safer , more reliable and smarter transport solutions .


### research and innovation must bring about focussed and timely advances that will help achieve key union policy objectives , while boosting economic competitiveness , supporting the transition to a climate - resilient and low - carbon economy , and maintaining global market leadership . ### research and innovation must bring about focussed and timely advances for each transport mode that will help achieve key union policy objectives , while boosting economic competitiveness , supporting the transition to a climate - resilient and low - carbon economy , and maintaining global market leadership . in order to achieve these goals a strong research base is required , which will create jobs , skills and positive spill - overs . this will contribute to strengthening the supply chain in the context of ever - growing world competition , including from new emerging competitors displaying major ambitions and investing massive resources to this end .


### although the necessary investments in research , innovation and deployment will be significant , failing to improve the sustainability of transport will result in unacceptably high societal , ecological , and economic costs in the long term . ### although the necessary investments in research , innovation and deployment will be significant , failing to improve the sustainability of transport will result in unacceptably high societal , ecological , and economic costs in the long term . similarly , failing to maintain european technological leadership in transport will hamper the achievement of the above objective and have severe and damaging consequences for european jobs and long term economic growth .


### the transport sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gases and generates up to a quarter of all emissions . transport is 96 % dependent on fossil fuels . meanwhile , congestion is an increasing problem ; systems are not yet sufficiently smart ; alternatives for shifting between different modes of transport are not always attractive ; road fatalities remain dramatically high at 34 000 per year in the union ; citizens and businesses expect a transport system that is safe and secure . the urban context poses specific challenges to the sustainability of transport . ### the transport sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gases and generates up to a quarter of all emissions . transport is 96 % dependent on fossil fuels . meanwhile , congestion is an increasing problem ; systems are not yet sufficiently smart ; alternatives for shifting between different modes of transport are not always attractive ; road fatalities remain dramatically high at 34 000 per year in the union ; while the significant growth in air traffic poses a number of specific challenges . citizens and businesses expect a transport system that is safe and secure . the urban context poses specific challenges to the sustainability of transport . it is essential to reduce its ' environmental impact through targeted technological improvement , bearing in mind that each mode of transport faces varying challenges and it is characterised by different technology integration cycles .


### research and innovation activities shall include a wide range of initiatives that cover the full innovation chain . several activities are specifically intended to help bring results to the market : a programmatic approach to research and innovation , demonstration projects , market take - up actions and support for standardisation , regulation and innovative procurement strategies all serve this goal . in addition , using stakeholders ' engagement and expertise will help bridge the gap between research results and their deployment in the transport sector . ### research and innovation activities shall include a wide range of initiatives that cover the full innovation chain . several activities are specifically intended to help bring results to the market : a programmatic approach to research and innovation , demonstration projects , market take - up actions and support for standardisation , regulation and innovative procurement strategies all serve this goal . in addition , using stakeholders ' engagement and expertise will help bridge the gap between research results and their deployment in the transport sector . particular challenges and specificities in each of the transport modes , such as different technology integration cycles , must be adequately addressed . at the same time , modal cross - fertilisation of concepts and technologies should be encouraged . the right balance between multi - annual visibility and continuity of research and innovation activities , when justified , and flexibility and responsiveness when confronting emerging needs and opportunities , should be struck .


### the aim is to minimise transport ' s impact on climate and the environment by improving its efficiency in the use of natural resources , and by reducing its dependence on fossil fuels . ### the aim is to minimise transport ' s impact on climate and the environment by improving its efficiency in the use of natural resources , and by reducing its dependence on fossil fuels . to increase the cost efficiency attention is to be paid to maintenance , repair , retrofitting and recycling for all transport modes .


### the focus of activities shall be to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and improve vehicle efficiency , to accelerate the development and deployment of a new generation of electric and other low or zero emission vehicles , including through breakthroughs in engines , batteries and infrastructure ; to explore and exploit the potential of alternative fuels and innovative and more efficient propulsion systems , including fuel infrastructure ; to optimise the use of infrastructures , by means of intelligent transport systems and smart equipment ; and to increase the use of demand management and public and non - motorised transport , particularly in urban areas . ### the focus of activities shall be to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions , minimize noise levels and improve vehicle efficiency , to accelerate the development and deployment of a new generation of electric and other low or zero emission vehicles , including through breakthroughs in engines , batteries and infrastructure ; to explore and exploit the potential of alternative fuels and innovative and more efficient propulsion systems , including fuel infrastructure . concerning aviation , advanced aircraft configurations , high speed rotorcrafts and technologies for step - changes in energy efficiency should serve as a focus for development . in this sense , synergies should be ensured between the ' smart , green and integrated transport ' objective , and the ' secure , clean and efficient energy ' objective ; the latter of which should be used for research funding into alternative aviation fuels . the use of infrastructures should be optimised by means of intelligent transport systems and smart equipment . similarly , aircraft onboard energy management should be optimised using more electrical aeronautical systems and equipment . the use of demand management and public and non - motorised transport , should be increased , particularly in urban areas .


### the focus of activities shall be to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and improve vehicle efficiency , to accelerate the development and deployment of a new generation of electric and other low or zero emission vehicles , including through breakthroughs in engines , batteries and infrastructure ; to explore and exploit the potential of alternative fuels and innovative and more efficient propulsion systems , including fuel infrastructure ; to optimise the use of infrastructures , by means of intelligent transport systems and smart equipment ; and to increase the use of demand management and public and non - motorised transport , particularly in urban areas . ### the focus of activities shall be to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and improve vehicle efficiency , to accelerate the development and deployment of a new generation of electric and other low or zero emission vehicles , including through breakthroughs in engines , batteries and infrastructure ; to explore and exploit the potential of alternative fuels and innovative and more efficient propulsion systems , including fuel infrastructure ; to optimise the use of infrastructures , by means of intelligent transport systems and smart equipment ; to increase the use of demand management and public and non - motorised transport , particularly in urban areas ; and to foster connectivity between infrastructures and vehicles with a view to reducing co2 emissions .


### better mobility , less congestion , more safety and security ### better mobility and accessibility , less congestion , more safety and security


### the focus of activities shall be to reduce congestion , improve accessibility and match user needs by promoting integrated door - to - door transport and logistics ; to enhance inter - modality and the deployment of smart planning and management solutions ; and to drastically reduce the occurrence of accidents and the impact of security threats . ### the focus of activities shall be to reduce congestion , improve accessibility and match user needs by promoting integrated door - to - door transport and logistics ; to enhance inter - modality and the deployment of smart planning and management solutions ; and to drastically reduce the occurrence of accidents and the impact of security threats , in particular through connectivity and the global management of connected vehicles .


### the focus of activities shall be to develop the next generation of innovative transport means and to prepare the ground for the following one , by working on novel concepts and designs , smart control systems and interoperable standards , efficient production processes , shorter development times and reduced lifecycle costs . ### the focus of activities shall be to develop the next generation of innovative transport means and to prepare the ground for the following one , by working on novel configurations and technologies , concepts and designs , smart control systems and interoperable standards , efficient production processes , use of advanced materials and biological bi - products which are more sustainable , innovative certification procedures , shorter development times and reduced lifecycle costs .


### the specific objective is to achieve a european transport system that is resource - efficient , environmentally - friendly , safe and seamless for the benefit of citizens , the economy and society . ### the specific objective is to achieve a european transport system that is resource - efficient , environmentally - friendly , safe , and seamless for the benefit of citizens , the economy and society . that transport system shall encompass the ' healthy ageing ' philosophy , thus benefiting all , regardless of age , sex and disability but taking into consideration the universal design dimensions .


### erc funding shall be awarded in accordance with the following well - established principles . scientific excellence shall be the sole criterion on which erc grants are awarded . the erc shall operate on a ‘ bottom - up’ basis without predetermined priorities . the erc grants shall be open to individual teams of researchers of any age and from any country in the world , working in europe . and the erc shall aim to foster healthy competition across europe . ### erc funding shall be awarded in accordance with the following well - established principles . scientific excellence shall be the sole criterion on which erc grants are awarded . the erc shall operate on a ‘ bottom - up’ basis without predetermined priorities . the erc grants shall be open to individual teams of researchers of any age , gender and from any country in the world , working in europe . and the erc shall aim to foster healthy competition across europe .


### the erc shall give particular priority to assisting excellent starting researchers to make the transition to independence by providing adequate support at the critical stage when they are setting up or consolidating their own research team or programme . ### the erc shall give particular priority to assisting excellent starting researchers to make the transition to independence by providing adequate support at the critical stage when they are setting up or consolidating their own research team or programme . return and reintegration of researchers after the end of an erc funding period may also be supported , particularly in combination with the ' era chair ' scheme .


### while some ideas can be developed on a small scale , others may be so challenging that they require a large federated effort over a substantial period of time . major economies worldwide have recognised this , and there is growing global competition to identify and pursue emerging technological opportunities at the frontier of science which can generate a considerable impact on innovation and benefits for society . to be effective , these types of activity need to be built up quickly to a large scale , by federating across programmes at european , national and regional levels around common goals to build critical mass , foster synergies and obtain optimum leveraging effects . ### while some ideas can be developed on a small scale , others may be so challenging that they require a large federated effort over a substantial period of time . to be effective , these types of activity need to be built up quickly to a large scale , by federating across programmes at european , national and regional levels around common goals to build critical mass , foster synergies and obtain optimum leveraging effects .


### research infrastructures are key determinants of europe’s competitiveness across the full breadth of scientific domains and essential to science - based innovation . in many fields research is impossible without access to supercomputers , radiation sources for new materials , clean rooms for nanotechnologies , databases for genomics and social sciences , observatories for earth sciences , broadband networks for transferring data , etc . research infrastructures are necessary to carry out the research needed to address grand societal challenges — energy , climate change , bio - economy and lifelong health and wellbeing for all . they propel collaboration across borders and disciplines and create a seamless and open european space for online research . they promote mobility of people and ideas , bring together the best scientists from across europe and the world and enhance scientific education . they drive excellence within the european research and innovation communities and can be outstanding showcases of science for society at large . ### research infrastructures are key determinants of europe’s competitiveness across the full breadth of scientific domains and essential to science - based innovation . in many fields research is impossible without access to supercomputers , radiation sources for new materials , clean rooms for nanotechnologies , databases for genomics and social sciences , observatories for earth sciences , broadband and high - speed broadband networks for transferring data , etc . research infrastructures are necessary to carry out the research needed to address grand societal challenges — energy , climate change , bio - economy and lifelong health and wellbeing for all . they propel collaboration across borders and disciplines and create a seamless and open european space for online research . they promote mobility of people and ideas , bring together the best scientists from across europe and the world and enhance scientific education . they drive excellence within the european research and innovation communities and can be outstanding showcases of science for society at large .


### europe must establish an adequate , stable base for building , maintaining and operating research infrastructures if its research is to remain world - class . this requires substantial and effective cooperation between union , national and regional funders for which strong links with the cohesion policy will be pursued to ensure synergies and a coherent approach . ### europe must establish an adequate , stable base for building , maintaining and operating excellent research infrastructures , and to select and prioritize them on the basis of eu - quality and relevance criteria if its research is to remain world - class . this requires to set - up an european high level evaluation based on independent ' peer - review ' , as well as substantial and effective cooperation between union , national and regional funders for which strong links with the cohesion policy will be pursued to ensure synergies and a coherent approach .


### this specific objective addresses a core commitment of the innovation union flagship initiative , which highlights the crucial role played by world - class research infrastructures in making ground - breaking research and innovation possible . the initiative stresses the need to pool resources across europe , and in some cases globally , in order to build and operate research infrastructures . equally , the digital agenda for europe flagship initiative emphasises the need to reinforce europe ' s e - infrastructures and the importance of developing innovation clusters to build europe ' s innovative advantage . ### this specific objective addresses a core commitment of the innovation union flagship initiative , which highlights the crucial role played by world - class research infrastructures in making ground - breaking research and innovation possible . the initiative stresses the need to pool resources across europe , and in some cases globally , in order to build and operate these research infrastructures . equally , the digital agenda for europe flagship initiative emphasises the need to reinforce europe ' s e - infrastructures and the importance of developing innovation clusters to build europe ' s innovative advantage .


### state - of - the - art research infrastructures are becoming increasingly complex and costly , often requiring integration of different equipment , services and data sources and extensive transnational collaboration . no single country has enough resources to support all the research infrastructures it needs . the european approach to research infrastructures has made remarkable progress in recent years with implementing the esfri roadmap for infrastructures , integrating and opening national research facilities and developing e - infrastructures underpinning a digital european research area . the networks of research infrastructures across europe strengthen its human capital base by providing world - class training for a new generation of researchers and engineers and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration . ### state - of - the - art and eu - relevant research infrastructures are becoming increasingly complex and costly , often requiring integration of different equipment , services and data sources and extensive transnational collaboration . no single country has enough resources to support all the research infrastructures it needs and to open them to international use . the european approach to research infrastructures has made remarkable progress in recent years with the development of best practices , eu - quality and relevance criteria by esfri and the member states for existing research infrastructures and with the implementation of the esfri and national roadmaps for new and / or upgraded infrastructures , prioritizing , improving , integrating and opening national research facilities and developing e - infrastructures underpinning a digital european research area . the networks of research infrastructures across europe have been a preliminary step to initiate integration and to strengthen its human capital base by providing training for a new generation of researchers and engineers and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration . this has been the precondition for the next step to be achieved in horizon 2020 .


### further development and wider use of research infrastructures at union level will make a significant contribution to development of the european research area . while the role of member states remains central in developing and financing research infrastructures , the union plays an important part in supporting infrastructure at union level , fostering the emergence of new facilities , opening up broad access to national and european infrastructures , and making sure that regional , national , european and international policies are consistent and effective . it is not only necessary to avoid duplication of effort and to coordinate and rationalise use of the facilities , but also to pool resources so that the union can also acquire and operate research infrastructures at world level . ### further development and wider use of research infrastructures at union level will make a significant contribution to development of the european research area . the union plays an important part in supporting infrastructure at union level , fostering the emergence of new facilities , opening up broad access to national and european infrastructures , and making sure that regional , national , european and international policies are consistent and effective . it is not only necessary to avoid duplication of effort and to coordinate and rationalise use of the facilities , but also to pool resources so that the union can also acquire and operate research infrastructures at world level .