### 9. points out that standard essential patents (seps) play a key role in the development and dissemination of new ai technologies and ensuring interoperability; calls on the commission to encourage the emergence of cross-industry standards and formal standardisation; recalls in this regard the commission’s communication of 29 november 2017 on sep licensing and the key principles it set out for transparency in seps , namely fair , reasonable and non-discriminatory (frand) licensing and enforcement; draws particular attention to seps that can improve security for transport users; ### 9. points out that standard essential patents (seps) play a key role in the development and dissemination of new ai technologies and ensuring interoperability; calls on the commission to encourage the emergence of cross-industry standards and formal standardisation; recalls in this regard the commission’s communication of 29 november 2017 on sep licensing and the key principles it set out for transparency in seps , namely fair , reasonable and non-discriminatory (frand) licensing and enforcement; draws particular attention to seps that can improve road safety and safety of other modes of transport as well as security for transport users;


### 10. welcomes the commission’s willingness to ensure that data will be collected and used and in full compliance with the eu’s strict data protection rules; ### 10. welcomes the commission’s willingness to ensure that data will be collected and used and in full compliance with the eu’s strict data protection rules; however a right balance between data protection and ip rules is needed thus granting necessary flexibility to ai innovators while respecting personal data and privacy;


### 10. takes the view that consideration must be given to protecting technical and artistic creations generated by ai , in order to encourage this form of creation; considers that certain works generated by ai can be regarded as equivalent to intellectual works and could therefore be protected by copyright; recommends that ownership of rights be assigned to the person who prepares and publishes a work lawfully , provided that the technology designer has not expressly reserved the right to use the work in that way; ### 10. takes the view that consideration must be given to protecting technical and artistic creations generated by ai , in order to encourage this form of creation; considers that for ai-generated content derivative of underlying data protected by copyright ,authorisation of the copyright holders is required unless otherwise permitted by regulatory exceptions; considers that certain works generated by ai can be regarded as equivalent to intellectual works and could therefore be protected by copyright; recommends that ownership of rights be assigned to the person who prepares and publishes a work lawfully , provided that the technology designer has not expressly reserved the right to use the work in that way;


### 12. calls on the commission to address the question of data and intellectual property protection; ### 12. calls on the commission to adequately address the question of data and intellectual property protection with sufficient flexibility and technologically neutrality while ensuring proper level of legal certainty;


### l. whereas ai technologies are heavily dependent on data , a blanket term for information falling into a range of categories that requires protection and tailoredgovernance; whereas increased access to certain data and databases in the european union will play a crucial role in advancing the development of european ai; ### l. whereas ai technologies are heavily dependent on data , a blanket term for information falling into a range of categories that requires protection and tailored governance; whereas increased access to certain data and databases in the european union will play a crucial role in advancing the development of european ai; whereas specific rules regarding governance and transparency of data used in developing , deploying , training and using of ai technologies is needed to increase the quality of data throughout the entire lifecycle of an ai-enabled system;


### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world; ### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , the prohibition on the use of force by states in their relations with each other , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world;


### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations under the applicable international law and remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that ai machines can under no circumstances be held accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield; ### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations under the applicable international law and remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that ai machines can under no circumstances be held accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield; emphasizes that the decision to take lethal action by means of autonomous weapons systems must always be made by human operators exercising the necessary level of judgment in line with the principles of proportionality and necessity;


### 9. calls on states to carry out an assessment of how autonomous military devices have contributed to their national security and what their national security can gain from ai-enabled weapon systems , in particular as regards the potential of such technologies to reduce human error , thus enhancing the implementation of ihl principles; ### 9. calls on states to carry out an assessment of how autonomous military devices have contributed to their national security and what their national security can gain from ai-enabled weapon systems , in particular as regards the potential of such technologies to reduce human error , thus enhancing the implementation of ihl principles; stresses that this vital consideration of international law with regard to possible war crimes and crimes against humanity must also respect countries' strategic autonomy and their capacity to defend themselves;


### 1. welcomes the commission’s intention to create a genuine single market for data as it will be the backbone of europe’s data economy; considers that ensuring trust in digital services is fundamental for the digital single market and should be at the heart of both public policy and business models; ### 1. welcomes the commission’s intention to create a genuine single market for data as the backbone of europe’s data economy; considers that ensuring trust in digital services and in smart products is fundamental for the digital single market to grow and thrive and should be at the heart of both public policy and business models; underlines that that the creation of a single market for data is not an objective per se , but it should allow european companies and citizens to develop and benefit from innovative and competitive services and products;


### 3. stresses that the eu should prioritise digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting teachers and the heads of education institutions in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , without creating additional administrative or financial burdens; considers that education should be focused on practical skills for the future and be based on a long-term and comprehensive analysis of labour market needs; welcomes the commission’s proposal to develop a common european skills database; ### 3. stresses that the eu should prioritise digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting teachers and the heads of education institutions in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , without creating additional administrative or financial burdens; considers that education should take into account , without being reduced to , practical skills for the future and be based on a long-term and comprehensive analysis of labour market needs; welcomes the commission’s proposal to develop a common european skills database;


### 5. underlines the fact that while the increased use of data will transform our education systems , it will nevertheless be essential to maintain a human-centred and personalised approach to students and their needs; considers that open access to education and to scientific data and publications based on the fair (findable , accessible , interoperable , reusable) data principles is essential for successful innovation and science; ### 5. underlines the fact that while the increased use of data will transform our education systems , it will nevertheless be essential to maintain a human-centred and personalised approach to students and their needs; reminds that in the context of the development of the digital environment , human connection and educational experience are of paramount importance for pupils and students; also adds that not only digital literacy , but also general culture and critical thinking is of high value for users’ capacity to assess and choose how the data they generate may be used , thus making it more necessary than ever its transmission by teachers and educators to younger generations; considers that fair , non-discriminatory and equitable access to education and to scientific data and publications based on the fair (findable , accessible , interoperable , reusable) data principles is essential for successful innovation and science; recalls that access to data is not a binary concept opposing closed and open approaches , but rather a continuum of various degrees of access which depends , among others , on the sustainability of research and creation , and on the sensitivity of data;


### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative industry at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways , by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation or enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the europeana digital service infrastructure. ### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative industry at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage cannot fully substitute physical access to tangible and intangible cultural heritage; considers nevertheless that digitalisation in the field of cultural heritage could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways , by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation or enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the european digital service infrastructure.


### 1. underlines the importance of an eu regulatory framework being applicable where consumers within the union are users of or subject to an algorithmic system , irrespective of the place of establishment of the entities that develop , sell or employ the system; ### 1. underlines the importance of an eu regulatory framework of ethical aspects of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies being applicable where consumers within the union are users of or subject to an algorithmic system , irrespective of the place of establishment of the entities that develop , sell or employ the system in order to bring legal certainty to business and citizens alike;


### 1. highlights the potential of ai for all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport; ### 1. highlights the potential of ai , robotics and related technologies for all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport;


### 1. highlights the potential of ai for all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport; ### 1. highlights the potential of ai for all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport; considers that ia should also incorporate blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (dlt) due to their importance in the transaction , communication and information-sharing;


### a. whereas artificial intelligence (ai) is a strategic technology for the transport sector and is expected to benefit citizens and society , by improving the quality of life , creating new employment opportunities and more sustainable business models; ### a. whereas artificial intelligence (ai) is a strategic technology for the transport sector and is expected to benefit citizens and society , by improving the quality of life , creating new employment opportunities and more sustainable business models; whereas ai has the potential to transform society significantly , particularly in terms of transport and infrastructures; whereas ai should also be a tool to achieve the un sustainable development objectives;


### a. whereas the application of artificial intelligence (ai) in everyday life and in the workplace is increasing; ### a. whereas the application of artificial intelligence (ai) in everyday life and in the workplace is increasing , the covid-19 crisis has also proved that telework and digital working platforms are indispensable in the future of work and that all telework platforms must be accessible for people with disabilities as well;


### b. whereas a european approach to ai needs to include ethical aspects of ai to ensure that it is human-centric , enhances human well-being , the well-being of society and the environment , and fully respects eu fundamental rights and values; ### b. whereas a european approach to ai needs to include ethical aspects of ai to ensure that it is human-centric , enhances human well-being , the well-being of society and the environment , and fully respects eu fundamental rights and values; whereas the protection of the right to privacy and data protection should be mandatory and that data collection should be fully in line with the gdpr and the eprivacy regulation , stored for a limited time , and be effectively anonymised;


### b. whereas a european approach to ai needs to include ethical aspects of ai to ensure that it is human-centric , enhances human well-being , the well-being of society and the environment , and fully respects eu fundamental rights and values; ### b. whereas a european approach to ai , robotics and related technologies needs to be in accordance with ethical principles reflecting our european values and principles to ensure that ai , robotics and related technologies are human-centric , enhances human well-being , the well-being of society and the environment , and fully respects eu fundamental rights and values;


### d. whereas the eu aimed to reduce annual road fatalities in the eu by 50% by 2020 compared to 2010 , but , in view of stagnating progress , renewed its efforts in its road safety policy framework 2021 - 2030 - next steps towards "vision zero"; whereas in this regard , automation and new technologies have a great potential to increase road safety by avoiding human error; ### d. whereas the eu aimed to reduce annual road fatalities in the eu by 50% by 2020 compared to 2010 , but , in view of stagnating progress , renewed its efforts in its road safety policy framework 2021 - 2030 - next steps towards "vision zero"; whereas in this regard , ai , automation and other new technologies have a great potential to increase road safety by potentially reducing the possibilities for human error;


### 2. stresses that the eu transport sector needs a clear framework for achieving trustworthy ai , including safety and liability aspects , which will be key to boosting investments in research and innovation , development of skills and the uptake of ai by smes , start-ups and businesses; and in this regard: ### 2. stresses that the eu transport sector needs a clear ethical framework for achieving trustworthy ai , including safety , human autonomy and oversight , and liability aspects , which will be key to boosting investments in research and innovation , development of skills and the uptake of ai by smes , start-ups and businesses; and in this regard:


### a) calls on the commission to provide for a liability mechanism , based on a risk-assessment approach , as the impact on the development and uptake of ai of choosing who should be strictly liable for ai-enabled operations of a vehicle needs to be addressed carefully; stresses in this regard that liability should always lie with natural or legal persons; ### deleted


### b) recommends the establishment of guidelines for a harmonised risk classification of ai-enabled technologies in transport , covering vehicle functions allocated to humans and to ai , and clarifying responsibilities and requirements as regards safety; ### b) recommends the establishment of guidelines for a harmonised risk classification of ai-enabled technologies in all modes of transport , covering vehicle functions allocated to humans and to ai , and clarifying responsibilities and requirements as regards safety;


### c) calls on the commission to set up an ai insurance scheme for intelligent transport systems , in line with the high level expert group risk classification , in order to respond better to the emerging needs of the transport sector; ### deleted


### 4. recommends the development of an eu-wide trustworthy ai label for the automotive industry , which should provide for common and harmonised standards on safety , technical robustness , privacy and transparency and for testing of ai-enabled vehicles and related products and services; ### 4. recommends the development of eu-wide ethical standards for all modes of transport , including the automotive industry , on safety , technical robustness , privacy and transparency and for testing of ai-enabled vehicles and related products and services;


### 5. calls on the commission to explore the possibility of entrusting a relevant existing eu agency with enforcement and sanction mechanisms , so that actions can be taken if an ai system used in transport violates fundamental rights or the european ethical and security framework; ### 5. calls on the commission to explore how the existing instruments of supervision and control in the transport sector can be equipped and used to take action if an ai system used in transport violates fundamental rights or the european ethical and security framework;


### 6. calls on the commission to further support the development of trustworthy ai systems in order to render transport more efficient , accessible , affordable and inclusive , including for persons with reduced mobility. ### 6. calls on the commission to further support the development of trustworthy ai systems in order to render transport safer , more efficient , accessible , affordable and inclusive , including for persons with reduced mobility.


### 2. points to the specific nature of the cpr , which differs from the general principles of the new legislative framework (nlf) , chiefly because it does not harmonise any specific requirements or minimum safety levels for construction products , but instead defines a common technical language for measuring the performance of construction products over their essential characteristics; ### 2. points to the specific nature of the cpr , which differs in some areas from the general principles of the new legislative framework (nlf) , chiefly because it does not harmonise any specific requirements or minimum safety levels for construction products , but instead defines a common technical language for assessing the performance of construction products over their essential characteristics;


### 5. points out that unlike other nlf legislation , the use of harmonised standards under the cpr is mandatory , which requires an effective system of adoption to address the needs of industry , keep up with technological developments and ensure legal clarity; ### 5. points out that unlike other nlf legislation , the use of harmonised standards under the cpr is mandatory , which requires an effective system of adoption to address the needs of industry , keep up with technological developments , ensure legal clarity and meet the regulatory needs of member states;


### 6. is concerned by the fact that of the 444 existing harmonised standards for construction products , only 12 were issued after the adoption of the cpr; believes that the time required for the development and citation of standards and the backlog for revising and updating existing standards (cpr acquis) are among the most significant problems associated with the implementation of the cpr; ### 6. is concerned by the fact that of the 444 existing harmonised standards for construction products , only 12 were issued after the adoption of the cpr; believes that the time required for the development and citation of standards , and the backlog for revising and updating existing standards (cpr acquis) and the lack of clear and pragmatic guidance by the commission are among the most significant problems associated with the implementation of the cpr;


### 7. urgently calls on the commission to find a quick and viable solution to improve the standardisation processes and remove the backlog of non-cited standards; supports , in this regard , a combination of short-term measures to tackle the backlog alongside long-term measures to improve the process of defining the common technical language; ### 7. urgently calls on the commission to find a quick and viable solution to improve the standardisation processes and remove the backlog of non-cited standards; supports , in this regard , a combination of short-term measures to tackle the backlog as well as regulatory gaps alongside long-term measures to improve the process of defining the common technical language and preferably comprehensive standards; calls for existing harmonised european standards to be considered to be part of short-term measures;


### 8. points to the fact that standardisation issues need to be addressed in all steps of the preparation process; calls for transparency and openness from all parties involved; highlights the need to ensure the high quality of the mandates issued by the commission and the necessity to provide clear guidelines for the standardisation bodies; suggests establishing clearly defined timeframes for the commission to assess the prepared standards and clear deadlines for all parties to ensure further revision if a mandate or the cpr is found not to have been adhered to; considers it important to define the scope of the standards more precisely so that manufacturers can have clear guidance when declaring that their products fall within the scope; ### 8. points to the fact that standardisation issues need to be addressed in all steps of the preparation process; calls for transparency and openness from all parties involved; highlights the need to ensure the high quality of the mandates issued by the commission and the necessity to provide clear and pragmatic guidelines for the standardisation bodies; suggests establishing clearly defined timeframes for the commission to assess the prepared standards and clear deadlines for all parties to ensure further revision if a mandate or the cpr is found not to have been adhered to; considers it important to define the scope of the standards more precisely so that manufacturers can have clear guidance when declaring that their products fall within the scope;


### 9. believes that owing to the mandatory nature of standards and the fact that they are considered part of union legislation , the texts of issued harmonised standards should be available in all union languages; highlights the need to ensure high-quality translation and involve national standardisation bodies in the translation process; calls on the commission to further support and simplify the financial arrangements for the translation of harmonised standards; ### 9. believes that owing to the mandatory nature of standards within the context of the cpr and the fact that they are considered part of union legislation , the texts of issued harmonised standards should be available in all union languages; highlights the need to ensure high-quality translation and involve national standardisation bodies in the translation process; calls on the commission to further support and simplify the financial arrangements for the translation of harmonised standards;


### 10. is concerned by the fact that while the alternative route for products not or not fully covered by harmonised standards was included in the cpr to allow innovative products to enter the market , the vast majority of eads do not concern innovative products; ### 10. is concerned by the fact that while the alternative route for products not or not fully covered by harmonised standards was included in the cpr also to allow innovative products to enter the market , the vast majority of eads do not concern innovative products;


### 11. believes , in consequence , that the current underperformance of the standardisation system is leading to an increasing use of the european organisation for technical assessment (eota) route as an alternative means of standardisation; ### 11. believes , in consequence , that the current underperformance of the standardisation system is one factor leading to an increasing use of the european organisation for technical assessment (eota) route as an alternative means of standardisation;


### 14. calls on the commission to consider the possibility of including in the cpr minimum product requirements aimed at ensuring health and safety and protecting the environment and other public interests , thereby following the approach of nlf legislation , which has proven to be effective; ### 14. calls on the commission to consider the possibility of including in the cpr minimum product requirements aimed at ensuring health and safety , structural integrity and protecting the environment and other public interests , thereby following the approach of nlf legislation , which has proven to be effective;


### 16. believes that digital solutions such as a ‘smart dop’ could be used to allow economic operators to quickly assess and compare requirements for construction works with the information provided in the dop; ### 16. believes that digital solutions such as a ‘smart dop’ could be used to allow economic operators to quickly assess and compare requirements for construction works with the information provided in the dop , so that users can benefit from the information provided by manufacturers in their declarations of performance; notes that the cpr should not only ensure the accuracy and reliability of the declared performance , but also its reliability;


### 19. calls on the commission to adopt implementing acts under regulation (eu) 2019/1020 in order to determine the uniform conditions of checks , criteria for the determination of the frequency of checks and the amount of samples to be checked in relation to certain products or categories of products , and to lay down benchmarks and techniques for checks on harmonised products , including construction products; ### 19. calls on the commission to adopt implementing acts under regulation (eu) 2019/1020 in order to determine the uniform conditions of checks , criteria for the determination of the frequency of checks and the amount of samples to be checked in relation to certain products or categories of products , and to lay down benchmarks and techniques for checks on harmonised products , including construction products , both by taking into account the specificities of the construction sector which still should have an impact on a revised cpr;


### 20. considers it necessary for national market surveillance authorities responsible for construction products to cooperate closely with national building control authorities to ensure a nuanced approach in assessing the conformity of construction products used in construction works with the declared performance or intended use , as well as ensure their compliance with building regulations , thereby guaranteeing the safety and security of end-users; ### 20. considers it crucial for national market surveillance authorities responsible for construction products to cooperate closely with national building control authorities to ensure a nuanced approach in assessing the conformity of construction products used in construction works with the declared performance or intended use , as well as ensure their compliance with building regulations , thereby guaranteeing the safety and security of end-users;


### 27. emphasises that any revision of the cpr should be in line with the principles and objectives of regulation (eu) no 1025/2012 as regards the preparation of harmonised standards in order to ensure their transparency and quality , and should ensure the appropriate involvement of all interested parties; ### 27. emphasises that any revision of the cpr should be in line with the principles and objectives of regulation (eu) no 1025/2012 as regards the preparation of harmonised standards in order to ensure their transparency and quality , as well as the specificities of the construction sector; highlights that any revision should ensure the appropriate involvement of all interested parties and member states' regulatory needs;


### 28. stresses the need to ensure legal clarity for a transitional period as regards any revision of the cpr and the review of the cpr acquis , in order to avoid a legal vacuum; ### 28. stresses the need to ensure legal clarity for a transitional period as regards any revision of the cpr and the review of the cpr acquis , in order to avoid a legal vacuum; involving all interested parties;


### 29. is concerned that any revision of the cpr and , in particular , the review of the cpr acquis will take significant time , while manufacturers need immediate solutions to overcome the legal uncertainty resulting from the lack of updated harmonised standards; calls on the commission to address this issue prior to any revision of the cpr and in the review of the cpr acquis; ### 29. is concerned that any revision of the cpr and , in particular , the review of the cpr acquis will take significant time , while manufacturers , building companies , builder-owners , awarding authorities , planners , member states users and end-users need immediate solutions to overcome the legal uncertainty resulting from the lack of updated harmonised standards and , among others , regulatory gaps; calls on the commission to address this issue as a matter of priority , including a targeted short-term legal amendment to cope with the urgent legal and technical challenges and at the same time to forcefully advance a fundamental revision of the cpr; calls on the commission to address this issue prior to any revision of the cpr and the review of the cpr acquis.


### — having regard to the commission’s 2018 annual report on intra-eu labour mobility , ### deleted


### 3. highlights that an overwhelming percentage of contracts are still awarded nationally; regrets the persistently significant degree of opacity in acquisition practices; deplores the widespread use of exemptions and of offset requirements; calls for the systematic and comprehensive reporting of data by member states concerning their use of exemptions in order to improve scrutiny; calls for efforts to ensure the effectiveness of infringement procedures; ### 3. notes that an overwhelming percentage of contracts are still awarded nationally; underlines that , for reasons of national sovereignty and the defence of their vital interests , the member states must be able to continue prioritising their national defence industries from the programming through to the export stages;


### 4. points to the need to strictly limit the member states’ use of exemptions , and in particular the potentially abusive use of article 346 tfeu , in order to increase transparency and equality; calls on the member states to strictly follow the commission’s interpretative guidance as to the conditions under which article 346 can be invoked; ### 4. points to the need to ensure that the member states are able to make use of exemptions under article 346 tfeu;


### 5. welcomes the provisions of the directive that aim to foster cooperative procurement in the field of defence , and calls on the member states to make use of all the cooperation possibilities offered by the directive , notably under the european defence industrial development programme (edidp) and the future european defence fund (edf); ### 5. welcomes the provisions of the directive that aim to foster cooperative procurement in the field of defence , and calls on the member states to make use of all the cooperation possibilities offered by the directive with a pure spirit of solidarity , notably under the european defence industrial development programme (edidp) and the future european defence fund (edf); recommends that major defence projects currently run on a bilateral or multinational basis by member states outside of the framework of eu defence initiatives should be integrated therein in order to allow the meaningful participation of those member states willing to take part in the projects , ensure coherence of actions , avoid duplications making better use of taxpayers’ money , and guarantee consistent added value to the whole union;


### 6. encourages member states to systematically follow the commission’s 2018 recommendation on cross-border market access for sub-suppliers and smes , notably on translating tenders , announcing large procurement programmes in advance , or dividing them into smaller lots; ### 6. encourages member states to systematically follow the commission’s 2018 recommendation on cross-border market access for sub-suppliers and smes , notably on translating tenders , announcing large procurement programmes in advance , or dividing them into smaller lots , and conducting up to date mapping exercises of their industrial capabilities including the technological capabilities of smes , and then make these data public and properly advertised for allowing prime contractors in other member states to identify smes with the adequate competencies required for launching a joint project;


### 8. underlines that a more coherent interpretation and consistent implementation of the eu common position on arms exports is needed in order to limit fragmentation of the eu’s internal defence market and ensure the eu’s credibility as a global actor; calls for action to address any loopholes which may exist among the ict directive , the common position and the dual-use regulation; underlines the necessity for prior authorisation before re-exporting products and components , given the discrepancies in the implementation of the common position; ### 8. underlines that seeking , as a matter of principle , a common position on arms exports might prove damaging to countries' fundamental interests , to their sovereignty , and to their freedom in terms of diplomatic , military and strategic relations;


### 10. stresses the importance of ensuring the accessibility of the certider online database and of making data systematically available on intra-eu arms transfers , in order to provide for meaningful scrutiny and to properly assess the implementation of the directive. ### 10. insists that the dissemination of data on transfers of defence-related products , both within the union and in non-eu countries , must remain at the sole discretion of the member states.


### 2. stresses the need to address the ethical and legal issues raised by the use of ai such as the transparency and accountability of algorithms and the ownership , collection , use and dissemination of data; ### 2. stresses the need to address the ethical and legal issues raised by the use of ai such as the transparency and accountability of algorithms , which encompasses proof of non-discriminatory programming and integrated oversight in the form of human decision-making , and the ownership , collection , use and dissemination of data;


### 2. recalls that ai may give rise to biases and thus to various forms of discrimination; in this regard , recalls that everyone’s rights must be ensured and that ai initiatives that lead to discriminatory processes should not be allowed; ### 2. recalls that ai may give rise to biases and thus to various forms of discrimination; in this regard , recalls that everyone’s rights must be ensured and that ai initiatives that lead to discriminatory processes should not be allowed; emphasizes that ai technologies should aim at not reflecting any sort of profiling bias whether regarding any identity , race , age , colour , gender or sexuality or disability;


### 3. recalls the importance of strengthening digital skills at union level as a prerequisite for the use of ai in education; calls on the commission , in that regard , to make ai-related skills one of the main priorities of its next digital education action plan; ### 3. recalls the importance of strengthening digital skills at union level as a prerequisite for the use of ai in education; calls on the commission , in that regard , to make ai-related skills one of the main priorities of its next digital education action plan; urges member states to invest in digital equipment of schools while using the union funds for this purpose;


### 3. notes that ai-powered education brings a wide range of possibilities and opportunities , while at the same time posing risks regarding equal access to education and learning equalities; calls for the non-discriminatory use of ai in the education sector; recalls the risks and discrimination arising from recently developed ai tools used for school admission; ### 3. notes that ai-powered education brings a wide range of possibilities and opportunities , while at the same time posing risks regarding equal access to education and learning equalities; expresses its concerns about lacking telecommunication infrastructures in some regions across the european union , which limits the accessibility to the internet and calls on the commission to deploy sustained efforts in ameliorating telecommunication infrastructures , particularly with regards to the public education sector; calls for the non-discriminatory use of ai in the education sector; recalls the risks and discrimination arising from recently developed ai tools used for school admission;


### 3. notes that ai-powered education brings a wide range of possibilities and opportunities , while at the same time posing risks regarding equal access to education and learning equalities; calls for the non-discriminatory use of ai in the education sector; recalls the risks and discrimination arising from recently developed ai tools used for school admission; ### 3. notes that ai-powered education brings a wide range of possibilities and opportunities , while at the same time posing risks regarding equal access to education and learning equalities; calls for the non-discriminatory use of ai in the education sector; calls not to underestimate the digital gender gap and to take measures to remedy it; recalls the risks and discrimination arising from recently developed ai tools used for school admission;


### 4. stresses that the learning benefits of using ai in education will depend not on ai itself , but on how teachers use ai to meet the needs of both students and teachers; points out , therefore , the need for ai programmers to involve teachers in designing ai-sustainable solutions that are suitable for real-life educational environments; ### 4. stresses that the learning benefits of using ai in education will depend not on ai itself , but on how teachers working with expert advisers use ai in the digital learning environment to meet the needs of both students and teachers; points out , therefore , the need for ai programmers to involve teachers in designing ai-sustainable solutions that are suitable for real-life educational environments;


### 4. stresses that the learning benefits of using ai in education will depend not on ai itself , but on how teachers use ai to meet the needs of both students and teachers; points out , therefore , the need for ai programmers to involve teachers in designing ai-sustainable solutions that are suitable for real-life educational environments; ### 4. stresses that the learning benefits of using ai in education will depend not on ai itself , but on how teachers use ai to meet the needs of both students and teachers; points out , therefore , the need for ai programmers to involve teachers in designing ai-sustainable solutions that are suitable for real-life educational environments and reflect the age and developmental readiness of each learner;


### 4. welcomes the commission’s plan to update the digital education action plan in order to make better use of data and ai-based technologies so as to make educational systems fit for the digital age; stresses that general public awareness of ai at all levels , including awareness of ai risks relating to privacy and bias , is essential for preparing everyone to make informed decisions; ### 4. welcomes the commission’s plan to update the digital education action plan in order to make better use of data and ai-based technologies so as to make educational systems fit for the digital age; stresses that general public awareness of ai at all levels , including awareness of ai risks relating to privacy and bias , is essential for preparing everyone to make informed decisions; recalls that educating the public to ensure proper skills should be viewed as a prerequisite before the widespread use of ai , especially for children and vulnerable peoples;


### 5. highlights , moreover , the need to train teachers so they can adapt to the realities of ai-powered education and acquire the necessary skills to use ai in a pedagogical and meaningful way; ### 5. highlights , moreover , the need to train teachers so they can make informed choices on the suitability of ai-powered education for their respective classroom and acquire the necessary skills to use ai in a pedagogical and meaningful way that reflects the age and developmental needs of each learner and meets the highest ethical standards;


### 5. highlights , moreover , the need to train teachers so they can adapt to the realities of ai-powered education and acquire the necessary skills to use ai in a pedagogical and meaningful way; ### 5. highlights , moreover , the need to train teachers so they can use their specialist educational knowledge to help shape the realities of ai-powered education and acquire the necessary skills to use ai in a pedagogical and meaningful , non-discriminatory and culturally diverse way;


### 5. recalls that data protection and privacy can be particularly affected by ai; defends the principles established in the general data protection regulation as guiding principles for ai deployment; calls for stronger protection and safeguards in the education sector where children’s data are concerned; ### 5. recalls that data protection and privacy can be particularly affected by ai; defends the principles established in the general data protection regulation as guiding principles for ai deployment; calls for stronger protection and safeguards in the education sector where children’s data are concerned; recalls that children constitute a vulnerable public , which deserves particular attention and protection; strongly believes that ai technologies pose a risk regarding collection of individual data of students and teachers in particular , which could breach their human rights; recommends in this sense that audiovisual recording and monitoring devices should not be used in schools to collect data for ai-related purposes;


### 6. underlines the need for explicability of ai algorithms and the possibility of human verification and for due process , including the right of appeal , especially for decisions taken within the framework of prerogatives of public power; ### 6. underlines the need for explicability of ai algorithms and the possibility of human verification and for due process , including the right of appeal , especially for decisions taken within the framework of prerogatives of public power; urges the commission to ensure that systems and methods are in place to allow verification of the algorithm and access to remedies;


### 6. underlines the need for explicability of ai algorithms and the possibility of human verification and for due process , including the right of appeal , especially for decisions taken within the framework of prerogatives of public power; ### 6. underlines the need for full transparency and explicability of ai algorithms and the possibility of human verification and for due process , including the right of appeal , especially for decisions taken within the framework of prerogatives of public power;


### 7. stresses that ai can play a significant role in preserving , promoting and managing cultural heritage , notably by monitoring and analysing changes to cultural heritage sites caused by threats such as climate change , natural disasters and armed conflicts; ### 7. stresses that ai can play a significant role in preserving , promoting and managing cultural heritage , notably by monitoring and analysing changes to cultural heritage sites caused by threats such as climate change , natural disasters , cancel culture , terrorism and armed conflicts;


### 8. notes that ai tools have the potential to fight illegal content online , but strongly recalls , ahead of the digital services act expected for the end of this year , that such tools should always respect fundamental rights , especially freedom of expression , and should not lead to a general monitoring of the internet; ### 8. notes that ai tools have the potential to fight illegal content online , but strongly recalls , ahead of the digital services act expected for the end of this year , that such tools should always respect fundamental rights , especially freedom of expression , and should not lead to a general monitoring of the internet; nor to the removal of material disseminated for education , journalistic , artistic or research purposes;


### 8. notes that ai tools have the potential to fight illegal content online , but strongly recalls , ahead of the digital services act expected for the end of this year , that such tools should always respect fundamental rights , especially freedom of expression , and should not lead to a general monitoring of the internet; ### 8. notes that ai tools have the potential to fight illegal content online , but strongly recalls , ahead of the digital services act expected for the end of this year , that such tools should always respect fundamental rights , especially freedom of expression and information , and should not lead to a general monitoring of the internet;


### 13. calls on the commission and the member states to support critical public discourse on ai and to raise awareness of the benefits of its use in the ccs; ### 13. calls on the commission and the member states to support critical public discourse on ai and to raise awareness of the benefits of its use in the ccs; calls on the commission and the member states to address the issue of ai-generated content and its challenges to authorship and copyright infringement;


### b. whereas services account for around 70 % of all economic activity in the eu and a similar proportion of its employment , while the share of services in intra-eu trade is only around 20 %; ### b. whereas services account for around 70 % of all economic activity in the eu and a similar proportion of its employment , and in particular given that as many as 9 out of 10 of new jobs in european union are created in this sector , while the share of services in intra-eu trade is only around 20% , thus generating just 5% of eu’s gdp;


### 1. welcomes the “cpc common position covid-19”3 issued by the commission and the consumer protection cooperation (cpc) authorities of the member states on the most recent reported scams and unfair practices in relation to the covid-19 outbreak; calls on all platforms to cooperate with the commission and the competent authorities to better identify illegal practices , take down scams and asks the commission to constantly review the common guidelines for the placement and/or sale of items and services of a false , misleading or otherwise abusive content for consumers; believes such guidelines should not only seek to apply union and national consumer law , but to proactively seek to put in place the means to react to the crisis in the market rapidly; ### 1. welcomes the “cpc common position covid-19”3 issued by the commission and the consumer protection cooperation (cpc) authorities of the member states on the most recent reported scams and unfair practices in relation to the covid-19 outbreak; stresses the necessity to better protect consumers by providing reliable and transparent information on malpractices , such as misleading claims and scams for products in high demand; calls on all platforms to cooperate with the commission and the competent authorities of the cpc network and members of the european consumer centres (ecc) to better identify illegal practices , take down scams and asks the commission to constantly review the common guidelines for the placement and/or sale of items and services of a false , misleading or otherwise abusive content for consumers; believes such guidelines should not only seek to apply union and national consumer law , but to proactively seek to put in place the means to react to the crisis in the market rapidly;


### 1. requests that the commission submit without undue delay a set of legislative proposals comprising a digital services act with a wide material , personal and territorial scope , including the recommendations as set out in the annex to this resolution; considers that , without prejudice to detailed aspects of the future legislative proposals , article 114 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union should be chosen as the legal basis; ### 1. requests that the commission submit without undue delay a set of legislative proposals comprising a digital services act with a wide material , personal and territorial scope , and which clearly defines key concepts , wherever possible , and includes the recommendations as set out in the annex to this resolution; considers that , without prejudice to detailed aspects of the future legislative proposals , article 114 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union should be chosen as the legal basis;


### 2. welcomes efforts to bring transparency to advertising online and considers that further clarity and guidance is needed as regards professional diligence and obligations for platforms; believes that where advertisers and intermediaries are established in a third country , they should designate a legal representative , established in the union , who can be held accountable for the content of advertisements , in order to allow for consumer redress in the case of false or misleading advertisements; ### 2. welcomes efforts to bring transparency to advertising online and considers that further clarity and guidance is needed as regards professional diligence and obligations for platforms; believes that where advertisers and intermediaries are established in a third country , they should designate a representative , established in the union , who is fully authorised to represent as regards the content of advertisements and can be held accountable and sanctioned for the consequences of violating the act , in order to allow for consumer redress in the case of false or misleading advertisements;


### 2. welcomes efforts to bring transparency to advertising online and considers that further clarity and guidance is needed as regards professional diligence and obligations for platforms; believes that where advertisers and intermediaries are established in a third country , they should designate a legal representative , established in the union , who can be held accountable for the content of advertisements , in order to allow for consumer redress in the case of false or misleading advertisements; ### 2. welcomes efforts to bring transparency to advertising online and considers that further clarity and guidance is needed as regards professional diligence and obligations for platforms; believes that where intermediaries are established in a third country , they should designate a legal representative , established in the union , who can be held accountable for the products they sell , in order to allow for consumer redress in the case of false or misleading advertisements;


### 3. asks the commission to clarify what sanctions or other restrictions those advertisement intermediaries and platforms should be subject to if they knowingly accept false or misleading advertisements; believes that online platforms should actively monitor the advertisements shown on their sites , in order to ensure they do not profit from false or misleading advertisements , including from influencer marketing content which is not being disclosed as sponsored; underlines that advertisements for commercial products and services , and advertisements of a political or other nature are different in form and function and therefore should be subject to different guidelines and rules; ### 3. asks the commission to clarify what sanctions or other restrictions those advertisement intermediaries and platforms should be subject to if they knowingly accept false or misleading advertisements; stresses the importance of common understanding on what constitutes false or misleading advertisement; underlines that advertisements for commercial products and services , and advertisements of a political or other nature are different in form and function and therefore should be subject to different guidelines and rules;


### 4. while recalling earlier efforts , asks the commission to further review the practice of end user licensing agreements (eulas) and to seek ways to allow greater and easier engagement for consumers , including in the choice of clauses; notes that eulas are often accepted by users without reading them; moreover notes that when a eula does allow for users to opt-out of clauses , platforms may require users to do so at each use; ### 4. while recalling earlier efforts , asks the commission to further review the practice of end user licensing agreements (eulas) and to seek ways to allow greater and easier engagement for consumers , including in the choice of clauses; notes that so far the consumer has no choice but to agree with the terms of eulas; moreover notes that when a eula does allow for users to opt-out of clauses , platforms may require users to do so at each use; asks the commission to introduce guidance for platforms on how to better inform consumers about the terms of eulas , such as a pop-up message comprising key information thereof;


### 4. insists that the regulation must proscribe content moderation practices that are discriminatory; ### 4. insists that the regulation must proscribe content moderation practices that are discriminatory , including towards the most vulnerable , and must always respect the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens , and in particular freedom of expression;


### 5. underlines that eulas should always make the sharing of all data with third parties optional unless vital to the functioning of the services; asks the commission to ensure that consumers can still use a connected device for all its primary functions even if a consumer withdraws their consent to share non-operational data with the device manufacturer or third parties; ### 5. underlines that , under the terms of eulas , consumers should be free to give consent for sharing some or all of their data with third parties , unless there are legal grounds for the lawfulness of sharing of data; asks the commission to ensure that consumers can still use connected device for all its primary functions , even if consumers do not give or withdraw their consent to share non-operational data with the device manufacturer or third parties;


### 5. recommends the establishment of a european agency tasked with monitoring and enforcing compliance with contractual rights as regards content management , auditing any algorithms used for automated content moderation and curation , and imposing penalties for non-compliance; ### 5. recommends the establishment of a european agency tasked with developing common standards and creating new analysis and revision tools , monitoring and enforcing compliance with contractual rights as regards content management , auditing any algorithms used for automated content moderation and curation , and imposing penalties for non-compliance;


### 7. notes the rise of “smart contracts” based on distributed ledger technologies; asks the commission to analyse if certain aspects of “smart contracts” should be clarified and if guidance should be given in order to ensure legal certainty for businesses and consumers; asks especially for the commission to work to ensure that such contracts with consumers are valid and binding throughout the union; that they meet the standards of consumer law , for example the right of withdrawal under directive 2011/83/eu4 ; and that they are not subject to national barriers to application , such as notarisation requirements; ### 7. notes the rise of “smart contracts” based on distributed ledger technologies; asks the commission to analyse certain aspects of “smart contracts” , that need to be clarified and provide guidance thereabout , in order to ensure legal certainty for businesses and consumers; asks especially for the commission to work to ensure that such contracts with consumers are valid and binding throughout the union; that they meet the standards of consumer law , for example the right of withdrawal under directive 2011/83/eu4; and that "smart contracts" are not subject to national barriers to application when it comes to their validity requirements as consumer contracts;


### 8. stresses that any future legislative proposals should seek to remove current and prevent potentially new barriers in the supply of digital services by online platforms; underlines , at the same time , that new union obligations on platforms must be proportional and clear in nature in order to avoid unnecessary regulatory burdens or unnecessary restrictions; underlines the need to prevent gold-plating practices of union legislation by member states. ### 8. stresses that any future legislative proposals should seek to remove current and prevent potentially new unjustified barriers in the supply of digital services by online platforms , as well as foster an online environment free of illegal content that would be detrimental to union consumers and the economy of the union; underlines , at the same time , that new union obligations on platforms must be proportional and clear in nature in order to avoid unnecessary regulatory burdens or unnecessary restrictions; underlines the need to prevent gold-plating practices of union legislation by member states.


### a. whereas cohesion policy is a key instrument that ensures solidarity between european regions in exchange for the opportunities afforded by the internal market; whereas if regions are to access the internal market , they must make a contribution to the cohesion funds – as is the case for european economic area (eea) countries; ### deleted


### a. whereas the eu mandate , adopted by the council on 25 february , lays the groundwork for a comprehensive new partnership forming a coherent structure and an overall governance framework; ### deleted


### 1. stresses that the envisaged partnership should provide continued connectivity for all modes of transport subject to reciprocity and should ensure a level playing field , in particular with regard to social , employment and environmental standards; ### 1. stresses that the envisaged partnership should provide continued and unhindered connectivity for all modes of transport subject to reciprocity and should ensure a level playing field , in particular with regard to social , employment and environmental standards;


### 1. considers that the uk should be invited to contribute to the cohesion funds if it wishes to participate in the internal market , in accordance with the model for eea countries; ### deleted


### 3. recalls the importance of the commission being the sole eu negotiator during the negotiations and that member states shall not undertake any bilateral negotiations; ### 3. recalls the importance of the commission being the sole eu negotiator during the negotiations and that member states shall not undertake any bilateral negotiations , however it should be ensured that the interests of each member state are equally and fully represented by the commission during the negotiations and implemented in the final comprehensive agreement;


### e. whereas the withdrawal of the uk without a subsequent agreement on its future relationship with the eu would have disruptive effects , creating a significant burden for public finances in the eu; whereas such a failure to reach an agreement on future eu-uk relations would justify activating the solidarity principle; whereas parliament has already approved activating the solidarity principle in such a scenario; ### e. whereas the withdrawal of the uk without a subsequent agreement on its future relationship with the eu would have disruptive effects , creating a significant burden for public finances in the eu; whereas such a failure to reach an agreement on future eu-uk relations would justify activating the solidarity principle;


### 5. recalls the importance of extending the scope of the european union solidarity fund to cover a part of the additional public expenditure incurred in preparation for , or as a consequence of , the end of the transition period without a subsequent agreement on the uk’s future relationship with the eu; calls on the commission to put forward a proposal on the matter , mirroring the proposal previously made to cover a failure to ratify the withdrawal agreement , which was approved by parliament on 24 october 20191. ### deleted


### a. whereas artificial intelligence (ai) plays an increasing role in our everyday lives and has the potential to contribute to the development of innovations in many sectors and offer benefits for consumers through innovative products and services and , for businesses , through optimised performance; ### a. whereas emerging digital technologies , such as artificial intelligence (ai) , the internet of things and of services (iot/ios) or robotics , play and will continue to play an increasing role in our everyday lives and have the potential to contribute to the development of innovations in many sectors and offer benefits for consumers through innovative products and services and , for businesses , through optimised performance;


### 5. recommends that when an operator has a higher degree of control than the owner or user of an actual product or service equipped with ai , that operator is best positioned to manage the risks and should therefore be held liable; notes that each obligation should rest on the actor who is best placed to address the risk; ### 5. recommends that when an operator has a higher degree of control than the owner or user of an actual product or service equipped with ai , that operator is best positioned to manage the risks and should therefore be held liable; notes that each obligation should rest on the actor who is best placed to address the risk; stresses that fundamental principles for the development of ai transport services is the consent of the consumer and her anonymity , without any mandatory nature of using contact-tracing applications; urges therefore for ai services to be user-based; urges the commission to set up means to certify these services in order to prevent the proliferation of harmful contact-tracing applications;


### the ai-system was activated without his or her knowledge while all reasonable and necessary measures to avoid such activation were taken , or ### deleted


### the deployer shall not be able to escape liability by arguing that the harm or damage was caused by an autonomous activity , device or process driven by his or her ai-system. the deployer shall not be liable if the harm or damage was caused by force majeure. ### the deployer shall not be able to escape liability by arguing that the harm or damage was caused by an autonomous activity , device or process driven by his or her ai-system.


### 2. emphasises the importance of ensuring sufficient resources for the coordination and surveillance of macroeconomic policies as well transparent communication to eu citizens; ### deleted


### 3. calls for adequate resources for the european supervisory authorities (esas) in view of their new tasks; underlines that the esas should continue to increase their efficiency without compromising on the quality of their work with a focus on continuous re-assessment of working methods and of effective use of human and financial resources; emphasises that the esas must stick to the tasks and to the mandate assigned to them by the european legislator; ### 3. underlines that the esas should continue to increase their efficiency without compromising on the quality of their work with a focus on continuous re-assessment of working methods and of effective use of human and financial resources; emphasises that the esas must stick to the tasks and to the mandate assigned to them by the european legislator;


### 4. recalls that aquaculture is becoming an important element in the objective to cope with increasing consumption of fisheries products in the union. ### 4. recalls that both marine and freshwater aquaculture is becoming an important element in the objective to cope with increasing consumption of fisheries products in the union and helps to achieve the goal of sustainable and ecological fishing.


### 10. draws attention to the decision of the united kingdom to leave the union which will have an impact on the implementation of the 2014-2020 emff; points out that “brexit” means that the utmost importance needs to be given to the establishment of a new financial budgetary framework for the period 2021-2027; considers that a higher degree of additional flexibility of the union budget is necessary to cope with the new situation. ### 10. draws attention to the decision of the united kingdom to leave the union which will have an impact on the implementation of the 2014-2020 emff; points out that “brexit” means that the utmost importance needs to be given to the establishment of a new financial budgetary framework for the period 2021-2027; considers that a higher degree of additional flexibility of the union budget is necessary to cope with the new situation; resolves that the most effective vehicle for avoiding disruption to the emff and future funding is for eu negotiators to find pragmatic alternative arrangements to the backstop in the draft withdrawal agreement which commands mutual support in the european and uk parliaments."


### 1. calls for the 2020 budget to contribute to the fulfilment of the priorities outlined in the european semester , namely to deliver high-quality investment and reforms that increase productivity growth , continuing to ensure macro-financial stability and sound public finances , and deepening the single market , as well as the completion of the economic and monetary union (emu); ### 1. calls for the 2020 budget to contribute to the fulfilment of the priorities expected by the european citizens , namely to facilitate growth in lagging countries , targeting to reduce asymmetric budget imbalances among member states; believes that the 2020 budget should be more efficient , transparent , performance-based , with concrete reductions in administrative expenditures and waste of money;


### (6) regulation (eu) 2016/64621 introduced the dates of application of the rde test procedure , as well as the compliance criteria for rde. for that purpose , pollutant-specific conformity factors were used to take account of statistical and technical uncertainties of the measurements conducted by means of portable emission measurement systems (pems). ### (6) regulation (eu) 2016/64621 introduced the dates of application of the rde test procedure , as well as the compliance criteria for rde. for that purpose , pollutant-specific conformity factors were used to take account of statistical and technical uncertainties of the measurements conducted by means of portable emission measurement systems (pems). a distinction should be made between the conformity factor for the emission limits and the device-related margin of error.


### (9) in order to allow manufacturers to comply with the euro 6 emission limits in the context of rde test procedure , the compliance criteria for rde should be introduced in two steps. during the first step , upon the request of the manufacturer , a temporary conformity factor should apply , while as a second step only the final conformity factor should be used. the commission should keep under review the final conformity factors in light of technical progress. ### (9) in order to allow manufacturers to comply with the euro 6 emission limits in the context of rde test procedure , the compliance criteria for rde should be introduced in two steps. during the first step , upon the request of the manufacturer , a temporary conformity factor should apply , while as a second step only the final conformity factor should be used. the commission should review the final conformity factors as well as the margin of error every two years in light of technical progress.


### (9) in order to allow manufacturers to comply with the euro 6 emission limits in the context of rde test procedure , the compliance criteria for rde should be introduced in two steps. during the first step , upon the request of the manufacturer , a temporary conformity factor should apply , while as a second step only the final conformity factor should be used. the commission should keep under review the final conformity factors in light of technical progress. ### (9) in order to allow manufacturers to comply with the euro 6 emission limits in the context of the rde test procedure , the compliance criteria for rde have been introduced in two steps. during the first step , upon the request of the manufacturer , a temporary conformity factor can apply , while as a second step only the final conformity factor are to be used. the commission should adjust downwards the margin of error used to calculate the final conformity factors every second year as a result of technical progress of pems equipment , unless the commission justifies the reason for not being able to do so.


### (11) in order to contribute to the achievement of the union’s air quality objectives and to reduce vehicle emissions , the power to adopt acts in accordance with article 290 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union (tfue) should be delegated to the commission in respect of the detailed rules on the specific procedures , tests and requirements for type approval. that delegation should include supplementing regulation (ec) no 715/2007 by such revised rules as well as the test cycles used to measure emissions; the requirements for the implementation of the prohibition on the use of defeat devices that reduce the effectiveness of emission control systems; the measures necessary for the implementation of the obligation of a manufacturer to provide unrestricted and standardised access to vehicle repair and maintenance information; the adoption of a revised measurement procedure for particulates. the delegation should further include amending regulation (ec) no 715/2007 for the purposes of revising the final conformity factors downwards to reflect technical progress in pems and recalibrating the particulate mass based limit values and introducing particle number based limit values. it is of particular importance that the commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work , including at expert level , and that those consultations are conducted in accordance with the principles laid down in the interinstitutional agreement on better law-making of 13 april 2016. in particular , to ensure equal participation in the preparation of delegated acts , the european parliament and the council should receive all documents at the same time as member states’ experts , and their experts systematically should have access to meetings of commission expert groups dealing with the preparation of delegated acts. ### (11) in order to contribute to the achievement of the union’s air quality objectives and to reduce vehicle emissions , the power to adopt acts in accordance with article 290 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union (tfue) should be delegated to the commission in respect of the detailed rules on the specific procedures , tests and requirements for type approval. that delegation should include supplementing regulation (ec) no 715/2007 by such revised rules as well as the test cycles used to measure emissions; the requirements for the implementation of the prohibition on the use of defeat devices that reduce the effectiveness of emission control systems; the measures necessary for the implementation of the obligation of a manufacturer to provide unrestricted and standardised access to vehicle repair and maintenance information; the adoption of a revised measurement procedure for particulates. the delegation should further include amending regulation (ec) no 715/2007 for the purposes of revising the final conformity factors and margin of error to reflect technical progress in pems and recalibrating the particulate mass based limit values and introducing particle number based limit values. it is of particular importance that the commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work , including at expert level , and that those consultations are conducted in accordance with the principles laid down in the interinstitutional agreement on better law-making of 13 april 2016. in particular , to ensure equal participation in the preparation of delegated acts , the european parliament and the council should receive all documents at the same time as member states’ experts , and their experts systematically should have access to meetings of commission expert groups dealing with the preparation of delegated acts.


### amending this regulation in order to adapt to technical progress the pollutant-specific final conformity factors set out in table 2a to annex i.; ### deleted


### cf pollutant-final (2) ### 1 ,43


### (13) ‘end-of-life’ means the life cycle stage that begins when a product is discarded and ends when the product is returned to nature as a waste product or enters another product’s life cycle; ### (13) ‘end-of-life’ means the life cycle stage that begins when a product is discarded and ends when the product is returned to nature as waste or enters another product’s life cycle;


### (6) this directive aims to facilitate the penetration of renewable and low-carbon gases into the energy system enabling a shift from fossil gas and to allow these new gases to play an important role towards achieving the eu’s 2030 climate objectives and climate neutrality in 2050. the directive aims also to set up a regulatory framework which enables and incentivises all market participants to take the transitional role of fossil gas into account while planning their activities to avoid lock-in effects and ensure gradual and timely phase-out of fossil gas notably in all relevant industrial sectors and for heating purposes. ### (6) this directive aims to facilitate the penetration of renewable and low-carbon gases into the energy system enabling a shift from fossil gas and to allow these new gases to play an important role towards achieving the eu’s climate neutrality in 2050. the directive aims also to set up a regulatory framework which enables and incentivises all market participants to take the transitional role of fossil gas into account while planning their activities and allow a gradual phase-out of fossil gas notably in all relevant industrial sectors and for heating purposes.


### (14) member states should have a wide discretion to impose public service obligations on gas undertakings in pursuing objectives of general economic interest. however , public service obligations in the form of price setting for the supply of natural gas constitute a fundamentally distortive measure that often leads to the accumulation of tariff deficits , the limitation of consumer choice , poorer incentives for energy saving and energy efficiency investments , lower standards of service , lower levels of consumer engagement and satisfaction , and the restriction of competition , as well as to there being fewer innovative products and services on the market. consequently , member states should apply other policy tools , in particular targeted social policy measures , to safeguard the affordability of natural gas supply to their citizens. public interventions in price setting for the supply of natural gas should be carried out only as public service obligations and should be subject to specific conditions. a fully liberalised , well-functioning retail natural gas market would stimulate price and non-price competition among existing suppliers and provide incentives to new market entrants , thereby improving consumer choice and satisfaction. ### (14) member states should ensure that household customers and , where member states consider it to be appropriate , small enterprises , enjoy the right to be supplied with gas of a specified quality at clearly comparable , transparent and competitive prices. member states should maintain a wide discretion to impose public service obligations on gas undertakings in pursuing objectives of general economic interest. however , public service obligations in the form of price setting for the supply of natural gas constitute a fundamentally distortive measure that often leads to the accumulation of tariff deficits , the limitation of consumer choice , poorer incentives for energy saving and energy efficiency investments , lower standards of service , lower levels of consumer engagement and satisfaction , and the restriction of competition , as well as to there being fewer innovative products and services on the market. consequently , member states should apply other policy tools , in particular targeted social policy measures , to safeguard the affordability of natural gas supply to their citizens. public interventions in price setting for the supply of natural gas should be carried out only as public service obligations and should be subject to specific conditions. a fully liberalised , well-functioning retail natural gas market would stimulate price and non-price competition among existing suppliers and provide incentives to new market entrants , thereby improving consumer choice and satisfaction.


### (20) natural gas still plays a key role in energy supply , as household energy consumption from natural gas is still higher than from electricity. although electrification is a key element of the green transition , in the future there will still be household natural gas consumption including increasing volumes of renewable gas. ### (20) natural gas still plays a key role in energy supply , as household energy consumption from natural gas is still higher than from electricity. although electrification is a key element of the green transition , in the future there will still be household natural gas consumption including increasing volumes of renewable and low carbon gas.


### (24) the switch from fossil gas to renewable alternatives will concretise if energy from renewable sources becomes an attractive , non-discriminatory choice for consumers based on truly transparent information where the transition costs are fairly distributed among different groups of consumers and market players. ### (24) the switch from fossil gas to renewable alternatives will concretise if energy from renewable sources becomes an attractive , non-discriminatory choice for consumers based on truly transparent information where the transition costs are fairly distributed among different groups of consumers and market players. fuels switch should be accompanied by measures aimed to remove adverse effects on final consumers , in particular people affected by or at risk of energy poverty.


### (24) the switch from fossil gas to renewable alternatives will concretise if energy from renewable sources becomes an attractive , non-discriminatory choice for consumers based on truly transparent information where the transition costs are fairly distributed among different groups of consumers and market players. ### (24) the switch from fossil gas to renewable or low carbon alternatives will concretise if these sources become an attractive , non-discriminatory choice for consumers based on truly transparent information where the transition costs are fairly distributed among different groups of consumers and market players.


### (27) to be coherent and effective , this mirroring approach should be encompass all consumer protection and empowerment provisions , whenever feasible and adaptable to the gas market. this should go from basic contractual rights to rules for billing information , switching energy provider , having at disposal reliable comparison tools , protecting vulnerable and energy poor consumers , ensuring adequate data protection for smart meters and data management , and efficient alternative dispute resolution rules. ### (27) to be coherent and effective , this mirroring approach should be encompass all consumer protection and empowerment provisions , whenever feasible and adaptable to the gas market. this should go from basic contractual rights to rules for billing information , switching energy provider , having at disposal reliable comparison tools , protecting vulnerable and energy poor consumers , ensuring adequate data protection for any smart meters and data management , and efficient alternative dispute resolution rules.


### (29) the modernisation of the gas sector is expected to lead to substantial economic benefits in terms of both improved retail competition and its social and distributional benefits and customer empowerment , including strengthened contractual rights and better available information on consumption and energy sources leading to greener choices. energy communities-of-interest should contribute to the uptake of renewable gas. ### (29) the modernisation of the gas sector is expected to lead to substantial economic and enviromental benefits in terms of both improved retail competition and its social and distributional benefits and customer empowerment , including strengthened contractual rights and better available information on consumption and energy sources leading to greener choices. energy communities-of-interest should contribute to the uptake of renewable gas.


### (34) final customers should also be able to consume , to store and to sell self-generated renewable gas and participate in all natural gas markets by providing ancillary services to the system , for instance through energy storage. member states should be able to have different provisions in their national law with respect to taxes and levies for individual and jointly-acting active customers. ### (34) final customers should also be able to consume , to store and to sell self-generated renewable or low carbon gas and participate in all natural gas markets by providing ancillary services to the system , for instance through energy storage. member states should be able to have different provisions in their national law with respect to taxes and levies for individual and jointly-acting active customers.


### (37) bills and billing information are an important means to inform and empower final customers. energy bills remain the most common consumer concern and source of consumer complaints , a factor that contributes to the persistently low levels of consumer satisfaction and engagement in the gas sector. provisions for billing information in the gas sector also lag behind rights granted to consumers in the electricity sector. it is therefore necessary to align them and to set minimum requirements for bills and billing information in the gas sector , so that consumers have access to transparent , easy to understand information. bills should convey information to the final consumers on their consumption and costs , thus facilitating comparison between offers and switching supplier , as well as information on their consumer rights (such as on alternative dispute resolution). in addition , bills should be a tool to actively engage consumers in the market , so that consumers can manage their consumption patterns and make greener choices. ### (37) bills and billing information are an important means to inform and empower final customers. energy bills remain the most common consumer concern and source of consumer complaints , a factor that contributes to the persistently low levels of consumer satisfaction and engagement in the gas sector. provisions for billing information in the gas sector also lag behind rights granted to consumers in the electricity sector. it is therefore necessary to align them and to set minimum requirements for bills and billing information in the gas sector , so that consumers have access to transparent , easy to understand information. bills should convey information to the final consumers on their consumption and costs , thus facilitating comparison between offers and switching supplier , as well as information on their consumer rights (such as on alternative dispute resolution). in addition , bills should be a tool to actively engage consumers in the market , so that consumers can manage their consumption patterns and make greener choices. it is important to provide comprehensive and accurate information to consumers to ensure they are aware of their environmental impact and , thus , consumers can express their preference for the most sustainable energy carriers.


### (45) member states should take appropriate measures , such as providing benefits by means of their social security systems , to ensure the necessary supply to vulnerable customers , or providing for support for energy efficiency improvements , to address energy poverty where identified pursuant to article 3(3) , point (d) of regulation (eu) 2018/1999 of the european parliament and of the council9 , including in the broader context of poverty. such measures could differ according to the particular circumstances in the member states in question and could include social or energy policy measures relating to the payment of gas bills , to investment in the energy efficiency of residential buildings , or to consumer protection such as disconnection safeguards. ### (45) member states should take appropriate measures , such as providing benefits by means of their social security systems , to ensure the necessary supply to vulnerable customers , or providing for support for energy efficiency improvements , to address energy poverty where identified pursuant to article 3(3) , point (d) of regulation (eu) 2018/1999 of the european parliament and of the council9 , including in the broader context of poverty. such measures could differ according to the particular circumstances in the member states in question and should include social or energy policy measures relating to the payment of gas bills , to investment in the energy efficiency of residential buildings , or to consumer protection such as disconnection safeguards.


### (71) ‘active customer’ means a final natural gas customer , or a group of jointly acting final natural gas customers , who consumes or stores renewable gas , produced within its premises located within confined boundaries or , where permitted by a member state , within other premises , or who sells self-produced renewable gas using the natural gas system , or participates in energy efficiency schemes , provided that those activities do not constitute its primary commercial or professional activity; ### (71) ‘active customer’ means a final gas customer , or a group of jointly acting final gas customers , who consumes or stores renewable gas , produced within its premises located within confined boundaries or , where permitted by a member state , within other premises , or who sells self-produced renewable gas using the gas system , or participates in energy efficiency schemes , provided that those activities do not constitute its primary commercial or professional activity;


### 2. member states shall ensure that their national law does not unduly hamper cross-border trade in gases , the functioning and emergence of liquid trading for gases , consumer participation , investments into , in particular , renewable and low carbon gases , or energy storage between member states , and shall ensure that prices for gases reflect actual demand and supply. ### 2. member states shall ensure that their national law does not unduly hamper cross-border trade in gases , the functioning and emergence of liquid trading for gases , consumer participation , investments into , in particular , renewable and low carbon gases , between member states , and shall ensure that prices for gases reflect actual demand and supply.


### 2. member states shall ensure the protection of energy poor and vulnerable household customers pursuant to articles 25 by social policy or by other means than public interventions in the price setting for the supply of gases. ### 2. member states shall ensure the protection of energy poor and vulnerable household customers pursuant to articles 25 by social policy or by other means.


### 4. the obligations laid down in paragraph 2 shall apply regardless of whether low carbon fuels are produced within the union or are imported. information about the geographic origin and feedstock type of low carbon fuels or low carbon hydrogen per fuel supplier shall be made available to consumers on the websites of operators , suppliers or the relevant competent authorities and shall be updated on an annual basis. ### deleted


### 4. the obligations laid down in paragraph 2 shall apply regardless of whether low carbon fuels are produced within the union or are imported. information about the geographic origin and feedstock type of low carbon fuels or low carbon hydrogen per fuel supplier shall be made available to consumers on the websites of operators , suppliers or the relevant competent authorities and shall be updated on an annual basis. ### 4. the obligations laid down in paragraph 2 shall apply regardless of whether low carbon fuels are produced within the union or are imported. information about the geographic origin , recognition that the energy content is derived from non-renewable sources and feedstock type of low carbon fuels or low carbon hydrogen per fuel supplier shall be made available to consumers , including on the websites of operators , suppliers or the relevant competent authorities and shall be updated on an annual basis.


### 1. customers shall have the right to switch gases suppliers or market participants. member states shall ensure that a customer wishing to switch suppliers or market participants , while respecting contractual conditions , is entitled to such a switch within a maximum of three weeks from the date of the request. by 2026 at the latest , the technical process of switching supplier or market participant shall take no longer than 24 hours and shall be possible on any working day. ### 1. customers shall have the right to switch gases suppliers or market participants. member states shall ensure that a customer wishing to switch suppliers or market participants , while respecting contractual conditions , is entitled to such a switch within a maximum of three weeks from the date of the request.


### 1. where final natural gas customers do not have smart meters , member states shall ensure that final customers are provided with individual conventional meters that accurately measure their actual consumption. ### 1. where final natural gas customers do not have smart meters , member states shall ensure , in so far it is technically possible , financially reasonable , and proportionate to the potential energy savings that final customers are provided with individual conventional meters that accurately measure their actual consumption.


### 1. where final natural gas customers do not have smart meters , member states shall ensure that final customers are provided with individual conventional meters that accurately measure their actual consumption. ### 1. where final natural gas customers do not have smart meters , member states shall ensure that , insofar as it is technically and financially possible and proportionate to the potential energy savings , final customers are provided with individual conventional meters that accurately measure their actual consumption.


### member states shall take appropriate measures to protect final customers , and shall , in particular , ensure that there are adequate safeguards to protect vulnerable customers. in this context , each member state shall define the concept of vulnerable customers which may refer to energy poverty. measures to protect vulnerable consumers may include , inter alia , to the prohibition of disconnection to such customers in critical times. ### member states shall take appropriate measures to protect final customers , and shall , in particular , ensure that there are adequate safeguards to protect vulnerable customers. in this context , each member state shall define the concept of vulnerable customers which may refer to energy poverty. measures to protect vulnerable consumers may include , inter alia , to the prohibition of disconnection to such customers in critical times. the concept of vulnerable customers may include income levels , the share of energy expenditure of disposable income , the energy efficiency of homes , critical dependence on electrical equipment for health reasons , age or other criteria.


### member states shall take appropriate measures to protect final customers , and shall , in particular , ensure that there are adequate safeguards to protect vulnerable customers. in this context , each member state shall define the concept of vulnerable customers which may refer to energy poverty. measures to protect vulnerable consumers may include , inter alia , to the prohibition of disconnection to such customers in critical times. ### member states shall take appropriate measures to protect final customers , and shall , in particular , ensure that there are adequate safeguards to protect people affected by or at risk of energy poverty. in this context , such vulnerable customers shall be defined as those living below the 50% of the national median equivalised disposable income. measures to protect such vulnerable consumers may include , inter alia , to the prohibition of disconnection to such customers in critical times.


### in particular , member states shall take appropriate measures to protect final customers in remote areas who are connected to the natural gas or hydrogen systems. member states may appoint a supplier of last resort for household customers , and , where member states deem it to be appropriate , small enterprises considered to be vulnerable customers connected to the gas system.. they shall ensure high levels of consumer protection , particularly with respect to transparency regarding contractual terms and conditions , general information and dispute settlement mechanisms. ### in particular , member states shall take appropriate measures to protect final customers in remote areas who are connected to the natural gas or hydrogen systems. member states may appoint a supplier of last resort for customers connected to the gas system. they shall ensure high levels of consumer protection , particularly with respect to transparency regarding contractual terms and conditions , general information and dispute settlement mechanisms.


### respecting contractual freedom with regard to long-term contracts provided that they are compatible with union law and consistent with union policies and provided they contribute to decarbonisation objectives. no long-term contracts for supply of unabated fossil gas shall be concluded with a duration beyond the end of year 2049 ; ### deleted


### (35) ‘direct line’ means a natural gas pipeline complementary to the interconnected system; ### (35) ‘direct line’ means a natural gas , renewable gas and hydrogen pipeline complementary to the interconnected system;


### (41) ‘customer’ means a wholesale or final customer of gases or a natural gas or hydrogen undertaking which purchases gases ; ### (41) ‘customer’ means a wholesale or final customer of gases or a gas or hydrogen undertaking which purchases gases ;


### (48) ‘security’ means both security of supply of natural gas and technical safety; ### (48) ‘security’ means both security of supply to fully satisfy the demand of natural gas and technical safety;


### engages in production , distribution , supply , consumption , or storage of renewable gas in the natural gas system , or provides energy efficiency services or maintenance services to its members or shareholders; ### engages in production , distribution , supply , consumption , or storage of renewable- and biogas in the natural gas system , or provides energy efficiency services or maintenance services to its members or shareholders;