### (2) renewable energy plays a fundamental role in delivering the european green deal and for achieving climate neutrality by 2050 , given that the energy sector contributes over 75% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the union. by reducing those greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy also contributes to tackling environmental-related challenges such as biodiversity loss. ### (2) renewable energy plays a fundamental role in delivering the european green deal and achieving the objectives of the 8th european action programme (8th eap) , which both entail achieving climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest , given that the energy sector contributes over 75% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the union. by reducing those greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy can also contribute to tackling environmental-related challenges such as biodiversity loss , land , water and air pollution as long as the renewable energy sources themselves do not exacerbate these challenges. strict sustainability criteria and , where necessary , the exclusion of certain feedstock for the purposes of counting toward the targets under this directive , as well as being eligible for support , are necessary to fulfil this condition. in this regard , only renewable energy should be dealt with under the scope of this directive , as other non-renewable fuels , including low-carbon fuels which are not renewable , should be addressed in legislation specific to those fuels.


### (2) renewable energy plays a fundamental role in delivering the european green deal and for achieving climate neutrality by 2050 , given that the energy sector contributes over 75% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the union. by reducing those greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy also contributes to tackling environmental-related challenges such as biodiversity loss. ### (2) renewable energy plays a fundamental role in achieving the objectives of the 8th eap and delivering on the european green deal which both entail achieving climate neutrality by 2050 , given that the energy sector contributes over 75% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the union. by reducing those greenhouse gas emissions , renewable energy can also contribute to tackling environmental-related challenges such as biodiversity loss , land , water and air pollution as long as the renewable energy sources themselves do not exacerbate these challenges. strict sustainability criteria as well as , where necessary the exclusion of certain feedstock for the purposes of counting toward the targets under this directive as well as being eligible for support , are necessary to fulfil this condition.


### (3) directive (eu) 2018/2001 of the european parliament and of the council9 sets a binding union target to reach a share of at least 32 % of energy from renewable sources in the union's gross final consumption of energy by 2030. under the climate target plan , the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption would need to increase to 40% by 2030 in order to achieve the union’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction target10 . therefore , the target set out in article 3 of that directive needs to be increased. ### (3) directive (eu) 2018/2001 of the european parliament and of the council9 sets a binding union target to reach a share of at least 32 % of energy from renewable sources in the union's gross final consumption of energy by 2030. to achieve the objective of the european green deal and the 8th eap and to make the legislation fit for 1.5°c , the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption would need to increase to at least 56% and at least 45% energy efficiency by 2030 in order to achieve the union’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction target10.therefore , the target set out in article 3 of that directive needs to be increased and accompanied by national binding targets , which are proven effective in providing certainty for investors and in encouraging continuous renewable technologies development. strict sustainability criteria and , where necessary , the exclusion of certain feedstock for the purposes of counting toward the targets under this directive , as well as being eligible for support , are necessary.


### (3) directive (eu) 2018/2001 of the european parliament and of the council9 sets a binding union target to reach a share of at least 32 % of energy from renewable sources in the union's gross final consumption of energy by 2030. under the climate target plan , the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption would need to increase to 40% by 2030 in order to achieve the union’s greenhouse gas emissions reduction target10 . therefore , the target set out in article 3 of that directive needs to be increased. ### (3) directive (eu) 2018/2001 of the european parliament and of the council9 sets a binding union target to reach a share of at least 32 % of energy from renewable sources in the union's gross final consumption of energy by 2030. to achieve the objective of the 8th environment action programme and the european green deal and to make the legislation fit for 1.5°c , the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption would need to increase to at least 51% by 2030 in order to achieve the union’s greenhouse egas emissions reduction target as enshrined in the eu climate law10.therefore , the target set out in article 3 of that directive needs to be increased and accompanied by national binding targets given their proven effectiveness in providing certainty for investors and to encourage continuous development of technologies which generate energy from all types of renewable sources.


### (5) the rapid growth and increasing cost-competitiveness of renewable electricity production can be used to satisfy a growing share of energy demand , for instance using heat pumps for space heating or low-temperature industrial processes , electric vehicles for transport , or electric furnaces in certain industries. renewable electricity can also be used to produce synthetic fuels for consumption in hard-to-decarbonise transport sectors such as aviation and maritime transport. a framework for electrification needs to enable robust and efficient coordination and expand market mechanisms to match both supply and demand in space and time , stimulate investments in flexibility , and help integrate large shares of variable renewable generation. member states should therefore ensure that the deployment of renewable electricity continues to increase at an adequate pace to meet growing demand. for this , member states should establish a framework that includes market-compatible mechanisms to tackle remaining barriers to have secure and adequate electricity systems fit for a high level of renewable energy , as well as storage facilities , fully integrated into the electricity system. in particular , this framework shall tackle remaining barriers , including non-financial ones such as insufficient digital and human resources of authorities to process a growing number of permitting applications. ### (5) the rapid growth and increasing cost-competitiveness of renewable electricity production has the potential to cover most of the energy demand , for instance using heat pumps for space heating or low-and medium temperature industrial processes , electric vehicles for transport , or electric furnaces in certain industrial applications. renewable electricity can also be used to produce synthetic fuels , which should be reserved for consumption in hard-to-abate sectors and applications , such as aviation and maritime transport. a framework for electrification needs to enable robust and efficient coordination and expand market mechanisms to match both supply and demand in space and time , stimulate investments in flexibility and additional renewable capacities , and help to maximise the efficient integration of large shares of renewable generation. member states should therefore ensure that the deployment of renewable electricity continues to increase and matches the growing demand for electricity , while ensuring that demand flexibly adapts to the renewable energy generation. for this , member states should establish a framework that includes market-compatible mechanisms to tackle remaining barriers to have secure and adequate electricity systems fit for a high level of flexible renewable energy , as well as storage facilities , demand response and other flexibility mechanism , fully integrated into the electricity system. in particular , this framework shall tackle remaining barriers , including non-financial ones such as insufficient digital and human resources of authorities to process a growing number of permitting applications. when designing the framework , member states shall promote electrification and the most energy - and resource - efficient sustainable renewable energy generation technologies in each sector in application of the 'energy efficiency first principle’. in order to guarantee a harmonised approach across the eu , the commission shall develop a framework on additionality and a methodology with a view to determining the baseline of member states and measuring additionality.


### (5) the rapid growth and increasing cost-competitiveness of renewable electricity production can be used to satisfy a growing share of energy demand , for instance using heat pumps for space heating or low-temperature industrial processes , electric vehicles for transport , or electric furnaces in certain industries. renewable electricity can also be used to produce synthetic fuels for consumption in hard-to-decarbonise transport sectors such as aviation and maritime transport. a framework for electrification needs to enable robust and efficient coordination and expand market mechanisms to match both supply and demand in space and time , stimulate investments in flexibility , and help integrate large shares of variable renewable generation. member states should therefore ensure that the deployment of renewable electricity continues to increase at an adequate pace to meet growing demand. for this , member states should establish a framework that includes market-compatible mechanisms to tackle remaining barriers to have secure and adequate electricity systems fit for a high level of renewable energy , as well as storage facilities , fully integrated into the electricity system. in particular , this framework shall tackle remaining barriers , including non-financial ones such as insufficient digital and human resources of authorities to process a growing number of permitting applications. ### (5) the rapid growth and increasing cost-competitiveness of renewable electricity production has the potential to cover most of the energy demand , for instance using heat pumps for space heating or low- and medium temperature industrial processes , electric vehicles for transport , or electric furnaces in certain industrial applications. renewable electricity can also be used to produce synthetic fuels , which should be reserved for consumption in hard-to-abate transport sectors such as aviation and maritime transport. a framework for electrification needs to enable robust and efficient coordination and expand market mechanisms to match both supply and demand in space and time , stimulate investments in flexibility and additional renewable capacities , and help maximise the efficient integration of large shares of variable renewable generation. member states should therefore ensure that the deployment of renewable electricity continues to increase and matches the growing demand for electricity , while ensuring that demand flexibility adapts to the renewable energy generation. for this , member states should establish a framework that includes market-compatible mechanisms to tackle remaining barriers to have secure and adequate electricity systems fit for a high level of flexible renewable energy , as well as storage facilities , demand response and other flexibility mechanisms , fully integrated into the electricity system. in particular , this framework shall tackle remaining barriers , including non-financial ones such as insufficient digital and human resources of authorities to process a growing number of permitting applications. when designing the framework , member states shall promote electrification and the most energy- and resource- efficient sustainable renewable energy generation technologies in each sector in application of the 'energy efficiency first principle’. in order to guarantee a harmonised approach across the eu , the ec shall develop a framework on additionality and shall develop a methodology with a view to determining the baseline of member states and measuring additionality.


### (7) member states’ cooperation to promote renewable energy can take the form of statistical transfers , support schemes or joint projects. it allows for a cost-efficient deployment of renewable energy across europe and contributes to market integration. despite its potential , cooperation has been very limited , thus leading to suboptimal results in terms of efficiency in increasing renewable energy. member states should therefore be obliged to test cooperation through implementing a pilot project. projects financed by national contributions under the union renewable energy financing mechanism established by commission implementing regulation (eu) 2020/129414 would meet this obligation for the member states involved. ### (7) member states’ cooperation to promote renewable energy can take the form of statistical transfers , support schemes or joint projects. it allows for a cost-efficient deployment of renewable energy across europe and contributes to market integration. despite its potential , cooperation has been very limited , thus leading to suboptimal results in terms of efficiency in increasing renewable energy and exploiting additional benefits from economies of scale. member states should therefore be obliged to test cooperation through implementing a pilot project by december 2025 and by 2030 at least three joint projects. projects financed by national contributions under the union renewable energy financing mechanism established by commission implementing regulation (eu) 2020/129414 would meet this obligation for the member states involved.


### (8) the offshore renewable energy strategy introduces an ambitious objective of 300 gw of offshore wind and 40 gw of ocean energy across all the union’s sea basins by 2050. to ensure this step change , member states will need to work together across borders at sea-basin level. member states should therefore jointly define the amount of offshore renewable generation to be deployed within each sea basin by 2050 , with intermediate steps in 2030 and 2040. these objectives should be reflected in the updated national energy and climate plans that will be submitted in 2023 and 2024 pursuant to regulation (eu) 2018/1999. in defining the amount , member states should take into account the offshore renewable energy potential of each sea basin , environmental protection , climate adaptation and other uses of the sea , as well as the union’s decarbonisation targets. in addition , member states should increasingly consider the possibility of combining offshore renewable energy generation with transmission lines interconnecting several member states , in the form of hybrid projects or , at a later stage , a more meshed grid. this would allow electricity to flow in different directions , thus maximising socio-economic welfare , optimising infrastructure expenditure and enabling a more sustainable usage of the sea. ### (8) the offshore renewable energy strategy introduces an ambitious objective of 300 gw of offshore wind and 40 gw of ocean energy across all the union’s sea basins by 2050. to ensure this step change , member states will need to work together across borders at sea-basin level. member states should therefore jointly define and allocate adequate space in their maritime spatial plan for the amount of offshore renewable generation and related infrastructure to be deployed within each sea basin by 2030 , 2040 and 2050. where the cumulated objective does not amount to at least 79 gw and 340 gw of installed capacity by 2030 and 2050 respectively , or where intermediate steps are not in line with the 2030 and 2050 objectives , the commission shall take additional measures to facilitate the roll-out of offshore renewable energy. these objectives should be reflected in the updated national energy and climate plans that will be submitted in 2023 and 2024 pursuant to regulation (eu) 2018/1999. in defining the amount , member states should take into account the offshore renewable energy potential of each sea basin , environmental and biodiversity protection , climate adaptation and other uses of the sea , as well as the union’s ghg emission reduction targets. accordingly , when installing new wind parks member states should avoid placing them in the routes of migratory birds and apply best practices to reduce bird fatalities , such as by increasing rotor blade visibility through visual cues by applying contrast painting to single blades , as well by requiring the installation of automated curtailment system whereby turbines are slowed or stopped when wildlife are considered at increased risk of collision. in order to enhance broad public acceptance , member states shall ensure the possibility of including renewable energy communities in joint cooperation projects on offshore renewable energy. in addition , member states should increasingly consider the possibility of combining offshore renewable energy generation with transmission lines interconnecting several member states , in the form of hybrid projects or , at a later stage , a more meshed grid. this would allow electricity to flow in different directions , thus maximising socio-economic welfare , optimising infrastructure expenditure and enabling a more sustainable usage of the sea. in order to ensure the sustainable management of maritime space and coasts and unlock the potential of offshore renewables , member states should make use of maritime spatial planning (msp). at least two years after entry into force of this directive , member states should ensure the update of their maritime spatial plans pursuant to directive (eu) 2014/89 in aligned with this directive.


### (8) the offshore renewable energy strategy introduces an ambitious objective of 300 gw of offshore wind and 40 gw of ocean energy across all the union’s sea basins by 2050. to ensure this step change , member states will need to work together across borders at sea-basin level. member states should therefore jointly define the amount of offshore renewable generation to be deployed within each sea basin by 2050 , with intermediate steps in 2030 and 2040. these objectives should be reflected in the updated national energy and climate plans that will be submitted in 2023 and 2024 pursuant to regulation (eu) 2018/1999. in defining the amount , member states should take into account the offshore renewable energy potential of each sea basin , environmental protection , climate adaptation and other uses of the sea , as well as the union’s decarbonisation targets. in addition , member states should increasingly consider the possibility of combining offshore renewable energy generation with transmission lines interconnecting several member states , in the form of hybrid projects or , at a later stage , a more meshed grid. this would allow electricity to flow in different directions , thus maximising socio-economic welfare , optimising infrastructure expenditure and enabling a more sustainable usage of the sea. ### (8) the offshore renewable energy strategy introduces an ambitious objective of 300 gw of offshore wind and 40 gw of ocean energy across all the union’s sea basins by 2050. to ensure this step change , member states will need to work together across borders at sea-basin level. member states should therefore jointly define and allocate adequate space in their maritime spatial plan for the amount of offshore renewable generation and related infrastructure to be deployed within each sea basin by 2030 ,2040 and 2050. where the cumulated objective does not amount to at least 79 gw and 340 gw of installed capacity by 2030 and2050 respectively , or where intermediate steps are not in line with the 2030 and 2050 objectives , the commission shall take additional measures to facilitate the roll-out of offshore renewable energy. these objectives should be reflected in the updated national energy and climate plans that will be submitted in 2023 and 2024 pursuant to regulation (eu) 2018/1999. in defining the amount , member states should take into account the offshore renewable energy potential of each sea basin , environmental protection and biodiversity , climate adaptation and other uses of the sea , as well as the union’s ghg emission reduction targets. accordingly , when installing new wind parks member states should avoid placing them in the routes of migratory birds and apply best practices to reduce bird fatalities such as by increasing rotorblade visibility through visual cues by applying contrast painting to singleblades , as well by requiring the installation of automated curtailment system whereby turbines are slowed or stopped when wildlife are considered at increased risk of collision.


### (9) the market for renewable power purchase agreements is rapidly growing and provides a complementary route to the market of renewable power generation in addition to support schemes by member states or to selling directly on the wholesale electricity market. at the same time , the market for renewable power purchase agreements is still limited to a small number of member states and large companies , with significant administrative , technical and financial barriers remaining in large parts of the union’s market. the existing measures in article 15 to encourage the uptake of renewable power purchase agreements should therefore be strengthened further , by exploring the use of credit guarantees to reduce these agreements’ financial risks , taking into account that these guarantees , where public , should not crowd out private financing. ### (9) the market for renewable power purchase agreements is rapidly growing and provides a complementary route to the market of renewable power generation in addition to support schemes by member states or to selling directly on the wholesale electricity market. at the same time , the market for renewable power purchase agreements is still limited to a small number of member states and large companies , with significant administrative , technical and financial barriers remaining in large parts of the union’s market. besides renewable power purchase agreements , member states and the commission shall assess barriers to the roll-out of renewable heating and cooling purchase agreements , which will play an increasing role in reaching the eu's climate and renewables targets. the existing measures in article 15to encourage the uptake of renewable power purchase agreements should therefore be strengthened further , by taking account of the variety and special needs of potential uptakers , such as for smaller actors and municipalities or the potential bundling of smaller uptakers as well as by exploring the use of credit guarantees to reduce these agreements’ financial risks , taking into account that these guarantees , where public , should not crowd out private financing.


### (10) overly complex and excessively long administrative procedures constitute a major barrier for the deployment of renewable energy. on the basis of the measures to improve administrative procedures for renewable energy installations that member states are to report on by 15 march 2023 in their first integrated national energy and climate progress reports pursuant to regulation (eu) 2018/1999 of the european parliament and of the council15 , the commission should assess whether the provisions included in this directive to streamline these procedures have resulted in smooth and proportionate procedures. if that assessment reveals significant scope for improvement , the commission should take appropriate measures to ensure member states have streamlined and efficient administrative procedures in place. ### (10) overly complex and excessively long administrative procedures constitute a major barrier for the deployment of renewable energy. within six month after the entry into force of this amending directive , the commission should publish guidelines on permit granting to shorten and simplify processes for new , repowering and the upgrade of renewable projects. member states should describe their current permitting practices and the corrective measures to be taken to align with the commission’s guidelines by 15 march 2023 in their first integrated national energy and climate progress reports pursuant to regulation (eu) 2018/1999 of the european parliament and of the council15. the commission should assess the corrective measures in the plans and scoring of each member state and whether the provisions included in this directive to streamline these procedures have resulted in smooth and proportionate procedures in accordance with the key performance indicators developed in the context of the guidelines. the commission’s assessment should be made public and if that assessment reveals lack of progress , the commission should take additional measures assisting member states in reforming their procedures to ensure streamlined and efficient administrative procedures in place.


### (11) buildings have a large untapped potential to contribute effectively to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the union. the decarbonisation of heating and cooling in this sector through an increased share in production and use of renewable energy will be needed to meet the ambition set in the climate target plan to achieve the union objective of climate neutrality. however , progress on the use of renewables for heating and cooling has been stagnant in the last decade , largely relying on increased use of biomass. without the establishment of targets to increase the production and use of renewable energy in buildings , there will be no ability to track progress and identify bottlenecks in the uptake of renewables. furthermore , the creation of targets will provide a long-term signal to investors , including for the period immediately after 2030. this will complement obligations related to energy efficiency and the energy performance of buildings. therefore , indicative targets for the use of renewable energy in buildings should be set to guide and incentivise member states’ efforts to exploit the potential of using and producing renewable energy in buildings , encourage the development of and integration of technologies which produce renewable energy while providing certainty for investors and local level engagement. ### (11) buildings have a large untapped potential to contribute effectively to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and to the achievement of the renewable and energy efficiency targets of the union. the decarbonisation of heating and cooling in this sector through the phase out of fossil based solution and the uptake of the most energy efficient and sustainable renewable energy solution for the given local context will be needed to meet the ambition set in the climate law to achieve the union objective of climate neutrality. however , progress on the use of renewables for heating and cooling has been stagnant in the last decade , largely relying on increased use of biomass. without the establishment of targets to increase the production and use of renewable energy in buildings in accordance with the energy efficiency first principle , there will be no ability to track progress and identify bottlenecks in the uptake of renewables. furthermore , the creation of targets will provide a long-term signal to investors , including for the period immediately after 2030. this will complement obligations related to energy efficiency and the energy performance of buildings. therefore , binding targets for the use of renewable energy in buildings should be set to guide and incentivise member states’ efforts to exploit the potential of using and producing renewable energy on-site or nearby in buildings , encourage the development of and uptake of technologies which produce renewable energy and help their efficient integration in the energy system , while providing certainty for investors and local level engagement as well as contributing to system efficiency.


### (11) buildings have a large untapped potential to contribute effectively to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the union. the decarbonisation of heating and cooling in this sector through an increased share in production and use of renewable energy will be needed to meet the ambition set in the climate target plan to achieve the union objective of climate neutrality. however , progress on the use of renewables for heating and cooling has been stagnant in the last decade , largely relying on increased use of biomass. without the establishment of targets to increase the production and use of renewable energy in buildings , there will be no ability to track progress and identify bottlenecks in the uptake of renewables. furthermore , the creation of targets will provide a long-term signal to investors , including for the period immediately after 2030. this will complement obligations related to energy efficiency and the energy performance of buildings. therefore , indicative targets for the use of renewable energy in buildings should be set to guide and incentivise member states’ efforts to exploit the potential of using and producing renewable energy in buildings , encourage the development of and integration of technologies which produce renewable energy while providing certainty for investors and local level engagement. ### (11) buildings have a large untapped potential to contribute effectively to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and to the achievement of the renewable and energy efficiency targets of the union. the decarbonisation of heating and cooling in this sector through the phase out of fossil based solution and the uptake of the most energy efficient and sustainable renewable energy solution for the given local context will be needed to meet the ambition set in the climate law to achieve the union objective of climate neutrality. however , progress on the use of renewables for heating and cooling has been stagnant in the last decade , largely relying on increased use of biomass. without the establishment of targets to increase the production and use of renewable energy in buildings in accordance with the energy efficiency first principle , there will be no ability to track progress and identify bottlenecks in the uptake of renewables. furthermore , the creation of targets will provide a long-term signal to investors , including for the period immediately after 2030. this will complement obligations related to energy efficiency and the energy performance of buildings. therefore , binding targets for the use of renewable energy in buildings should be set to guide and incentivise member states’ efforts to exploit the potential of using and producing renewable energy on -site or nearby in buildings , encourage the development of and uptake of technologies which produce renewable energy and help their efficient integration in the energy system , while providing certainty for investors and local level engagement as well as contributing to system efficiency.


### (12) insufficient numbers of skilled workers , in particular installers and designers of renewable heating and cooling systems , slow down the replacement of fossil fuel heating systems by renewable energy based systems and is a major barrier to integrating renewables in buildings , industry and agriculture. member states should cooperate with social partners and renewable energy communities to anticipate the skills that will be needed. a sufficient number of high-quality training programmes and certification possibilities ensuring proper installation and reliable operation of a wide range of renewable heating and cooling systems should be made available and designed in a way to attract participation in such training programmes and certification systems. member states should consider what actions should be taken to attract groups currently under-represented in the occupational areas in question. the list of trained and certified installers should be made public to ensure consumer trust and easy access to tailored designer and installer skills guaranteeing proper installation and operation of renewable heating and cooling. ### (12) member states shall ensure that well-trained and qualified installers of renewable heating and cooling systems , including thermal storage systems of renewable electricity , such as photovoltaics , domestic batteries and electric vehicles’ charging stations , are available in sufficient numbers for the relevant technologies to service the growth of renewable energy required to contribute the targets for renewable energy enshrined in this directive. insufficient numbers of skilled workers , in particular installers and designers of renewable heating and cooling systems , slow down the replacement of fossil fuel technologies by renewable energy based systems and is a major barrier to integrating renewables in buildings , industry and agriculture and the energy system overall. member states should cooperate with social partners and renewable energy communities to anticipate the skills that will be needed. a sufficient number of high-quality and effective upskilling and reskilling strategies and inclusive training programmes and certification possibilities should ensure proper installation and reliable operation of a wide range of renewable and storage technologies as well as electric vehicles charging points should be made available and designed in a way to attract participation for all workers in such training programmes and certification systems. member states should consider what actions should be taken to attract groups currently under-represented in the occupational areas in question. the list of trained and certified installers should be made public and widely promoted to ensure consumer trust and easy access to tailored designer and installer skills guaranteeing proper installation and operation of renewable and storage technologies and for electric vehicles charging points. such lists may be used as a prerequisite for grants or support schemes.


### (12) insufficient numbers of skilled workers , in particular installers and designers of renewable heating and cooling systems , slow down the replacement of fossil fuel heating systems by renewable energy based systems and is a major barrier to integrating renewables in buildings , industry and agriculture. member states should cooperate with social partners and renewable energy communities to anticipate the skills that will be needed. a sufficient number of high-quality training programmes and certification possibilities ensuring proper installation and reliable operation of a wide range of renewable heating and cooling systems should be made available and designed in a way to attract participation in such training programmes and certification systems. member states should consider what actions should be taken to attract groups currently under-represented in the occupational areas in question. the list of trained and certified installers should be made public to ensure consumer trust and easy access to tailored designer and installer skills guaranteeing proper installation and operation of renewable heating and cooling. ### (12) member states shall ensure that well-trained and qualified installers of renewable heating and cooling systems , including thermal storage systems , of renewable electricity , such as photovoltaics , domestic batteries and electric vehicles’ charging stations , are available in sufficient numbers for the relevant technologies to service the growth of renewable energy required to contribute the targets for renewable energy enshrined in this directive. insufficient numbers of skilled workers , in particular installers and designers of renewable heating and cooling systems , slow down the replacement of fossil fuel technologies by renewable energy based systems and is a major barrier to integrating renewables in buildings , industry and agriculture and the energy system overall. member states should cooperate with social partners and renewable energy communities to anticipate the skills that will be needed. a sufficient number of high-quality and effective upskilling and reskilling strategies and inclusive training programmes and certification possibilities should ensure proper installation and reliable operation of a wide range of renewable and storage technologies as well as electric vehicles charging points should be made available and designed in a way to attract participation for all workers in such training programmes and certification systems. member states should consider what actions should be taken to attract groups currently under-represented in the occupational areas in question. the list of trained and certified installers should be made public and widely promoted to ensure consumer trust and easy access to tailored designer and installer skills guaranteeing proper installation and operation of renewable and storage technologies and for electric vehicles charging points. such lists may be used as a prerequisite for grants or support schemes.


### (12) insufficient numbers of skilled workers , in particular installers and designers of renewable heating and cooling systems , slow down the replacement of fossil fuel heating systems by renewable energy based systems and is a major barrier to integrating renewables in buildings , industry and agriculture. member states should cooperate with social partners and renewable energy communities to anticipate the skills that will be needed. a sufficient number of high-quality training programmes and certification possibilities ensuring proper installation and reliable operation of a wide range of renewable heating and cooling systems should be made available and designed in a way to attract participation in such training programmes and certification systems. member states should consider what actions should be taken to attract groups currently under-represented in the occupational areas in question. the list of trained and certified installers should be made public to ensure consumer trust and easy access to tailored designer and installer skills guaranteeing proper installation and operation of renewable heating and cooling. ### (12) member states should ensure that well-trained and qualified installers of renewable heating and cooling systems , including thermal storage systems , of renewable electricity , such as photovoltaics , domestic batteries and electric vehicles’ charging stations , are available in sufficient numbers for the relevant technologies to service the growth of renewable energy required to contribute the targets for renewable energy enshrined in this directive. insufficient numbers of skilled workers , in particular installers and designers of renewable heating and cooling systems , slow down the replacement of fossil fuel technologies by renewable energy based systems and is a major barrier to integrating renewables in buildings , industry and agriculture and the energy system overall. member states should cooperate with social partners and renewable energy communities to anticipate the skills that will be needed. a sufficient number of high-quality and effective upskilling and reskilling strategies and inclusive training programmes and certification possibilities should ensure proper installation and reliable operation of a wide range of renewable and storage technologies as well as electric vehicles charging points should be made available and designed in a way to attract participation for all workers in such training programmes and certification systems. member states should consider what actions should be taken to attract groups currently under-represented in the occupational areas in question. the list of trained and certified installers should be made public and widely promoted to ensure consumer trust and easy access to tailored designer and installer skills guaranteeing proper installation and operation of renewable and storage technologies and for electric vehicles charging points. such lists may be used as a prerequisite for grants or support schemes.


### (13) guarantees of origin are a key tool for consumer information as well as for the further uptake of renewable power purchase agreements. in order to establish a coherent union base for the use of guarantees of origin and to provide access to appropriate supporting evidence for persons concluding renewable power purchase agreements , all renewable energy producers should be able to receive a guarantee of origin without prejudice to member states’ obligation to take into account the market value of the guarantees of origin if the energy producers receive financial support. ### (13) guarantees of origin are a key tool for consumer information as well as for the further uptake of renewable power and heating and cooling purchase agreements. in order to establish a coherent union base for the use of guarantees of origin and to provide access to appropriate supporting evidence for persons concluding renewable power and heating and cooling purchase agreements , all renewable energy producers should be able to receive a guarantee of origin without prejudice to member states’ obligation to take into account the market value of the guarantees of origin if the energy producers receive financial support.


### (14) infrastructure development for district heating and cooling networks should be stepped up and steered towards harnessing a wider range of renewable heat and cold sources in an efficient and flexible way in order to increase the deployment of renewable energy and deepen energy system integration. it is therefore appropriate to update the list of renewable energy sources that district heating and cooling networks should increasingly accommodate and require the integration of thermal energy storage as a source of flexibility , greater energy efficiency and more cost-effective operation. ### (14) infrastructure development for district heating and cooling networks should be stepped up and steered towards harnessing a wider range of renewable heat and cold sources in an efficient and flexible way in order to increase the deployment of renewable energy and deepen energy system integration. it is therefore indispensable for member states to support the renovation of existing and the development of highly efficient 4th and 5th generation renewable district heating and cooling networks fuelled exclusively by renewable energy sources and unavoidable waste heat or cold , and update the list of renewable energy sources that district heating and cooling networks should increasingly accommodate and require the integration of thermal energy storage as a source of flexibility , greater energy efficiency and more cost-effective operation.


### (15) with more than 30 million electric vehicles expected in the union by 2030 it is necessary to ensure that they can fully contribute to the system integration of renewable electricity , and thus allow reaching higher shares of renewable electricity in a cost-optimal manner. the potential of electric vehicles to absorb renewable electricity at times when it is abundant and feed it back into a grid when there is scarcity has to be fully utilised. it is therefore appropriate to introduce specific measures on electric vehicles and information about renewable energy and how and when to access it which complement those in directive (eu) 2014/94 of the european parliament and of the council16 and the [proposed regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries , repealing directive 2006/66/ec and amending regulation (eu) no 2019/1020]. ### (15) with more than 30 million electric vehicles expected in the union by 2030 it is necessary to ensure that they can fully contribute to the system integration of renewable electricity , and thus allow reaching higher shares of renewable electricity in an energy efficient and cost-optimal manner. the potential of electric vehicles to absorb renewable electricity at times when it is abundant and feed it back into a grid when there is scarcity has to be fully utilised. it is therefore necessary to introduce specific measures on electric vehicles and information about renewable energy and how and when to access it which complement those in directive (eu) 2014/94 of the european parliament and of the council16and the [proposed regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries , repealing directive 2006/66/ec and amending regulation (eu) no 2019/1020].


### (16) in order for flexibility and balancing services from the aggregation of distributed storage assets to be developed in a competitive manner , real-time access to basic battery information such as state of health , state of charge , capacity and power set point should be provided under non-discriminatory terms and free of charge to the owners or users of the batteries and the entities acting on their behalf , such as building energy system managers , mobility service providers and other electricity market participants. it is therefore appropriate to introduce measures addressing the need of access to such data for facilitating the integration-related operations of domestic batteries and electric vehicles , complementing the provisions on access to battery data related to facilitating the repurposing of batteries in [the proposed commission regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries , repealing directive 2006/66/ec and amending regulation (eu) no 2019/1020]. the provisions on access to battery data of electric vehicles should apply in addition to any laid down in union law on type approval of vehicles. ### (16) in order for flexibility and balancing services from the aggregation of distributed storage assets to be developed in a competitive manner , real-time access to basic battery information such as state of health , state of charge , capacity and power set point should be provided under non-discriminatory terms , in full compliance with the relevant provisions in regulation [(eu) 2016/679 of the european parliament and of the council on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data , and repealing directive 95/46/ec (general data protection regulation)] and at no-cost to the owners or users of the batteries and the entities acting on their behalf , such as building energy system managers , mobility service providers and other electricity market participants. it is therefore necessary to introduce measures addressing the need of access to such data for facilitating the integration-related operations of domestic batteries and electric vehicles , complementing the provisions on access to battery data related to facilitating the repurposing of batteries in [the proposed commission regulation concerning batteries and waste batteries , repealing directive 2006/66/ec and amending regulation (eu) no 2019/1020]. the provisions on access to battery data of electric vehicles should apply in addition to any laid down in union law on type approval of vehicles.


### (17) the increasing number of electric vehicles in road , rail , maritime and other transport modes will require that recharging operations are optimised and managed in a way that does not cause congestion and takes full advantage of the availability of renewable electricity and low electricity prices in the system. in situations where bidirectional charging would assist further penetration of renewable electricity by electric vehicle fleets in transport and the electricity system in general , such functionality should also be made available. in view of the long life span of recharging points , requirements for charging infrastructure should be kept updated in a way that would cater for future needs and would not result in negative lock-in effects to the development of technology and services. ### (17) the increasing number of electric vehicles in road , rail , maritime and other transport modes will require that recharging operations are optimised and managed in a way that does not cause congestion and takes full advantage of the availability of renewable electricity and low electricity prices in the system. in situations where smart and bidirectional charging would assist further efficient penetration of renewable electricity by electric vehicle fleets in transport and the electricity system in general , such functionality should be made available. in view of the long life span of recharging points , requirements for charging infrastructure should be kept updated in a way that would cater for future needs and would not result in negative lock-in effects to the development of technology and services.


### (18) electric vehicle users entering into contractual agreements with electromobility service providers and electricity market participants should have the right to receive information and explanations on how the terms of the agreement will affect the use of their vehicle and the state of health of its battery. electromobility service providers and electricity market participants should explain clearly to electric vehicle users how they will be remunerated for the flexibility , balancing and storage services provided to the electricity system and market by the use of their electric vehicle. electric vehicle users also need to have their consumer rights secured when entering into such agreements , in particular regarding the protection of their personal data such as location and driving habits , in connection to the use of their vehicle. electric vehicle users’ preference regarding the type of electricity purchased for use in their electric vehicle , as well as other preferences , can also be part of such agreements. for the above reasons , it is important that electric vehicle users can use their subscription at multiple recharging points. this will also allow the electric vehicle user’s service provider of choice to optimally integrate the electric vehicle in the electricity system , through predictable planning and incentives based on the electric vehicle user preferences this is also in line with the principles of a consumer-centric and prosumer-based energy system , and the right of supplier choice of electric vehicle users as final customers as per the provisions of directive (eu) 2019/944. ### (18) electric vehicle users entering into contractual agreements with electromobility service providers and electricity market participants should have the right to receive information and explanations on how the terms of the agreement will affect the use of their vehicle and the state of health of its battery. electromobility service providers and electricity market participants should explain clearly to electric vehicle users how they will be remunerated for the flexibility , how their aggregated data will be used , balancing and storage services provided to the electricity system and market by the use of their electric vehicle. electric vehicle users also need to have their consumer rights secured when entering into such agreements , in particular regarding the protection of their privacy and personal data such as location and driving habits , in connection to the use of their vehicle. electric vehicle users’ preference regarding the type of electricity purchased for use in their electric vehicle , as well as other preferences , should also be part of such agreements. for the above reasons , it is important to ensure that the charging infrastructure that is to be deployed is used most effectively and to improve consumer confidence in e-mobility , it is essential that the use of publicly accessible recharging stations is open to all users , regardless of the car brand or connector type , whether or not they are part of a contract-based payment scheme and that they accept payment cards widely used in the union. this will also allow the electric vehicle user’s service provider of choice to optimally integrate the electric vehicle in the electricity system , through predictable planning and incentives based on the electric vehicle user preferences this is also in line with the principles of a consumer-centric and prosumer-based energy system , and the right of supplier choice of electric vehicle users as final customers as per the provisions of directive (eu) 2019/944.


### (19) distributed storage assets , such as domestic batteries and batteries of electric vehicles have the potential to offer considerable flexibility and balancing services to the grid through aggregation. in order to facilitate the development of such services , the regulatory provisions concerning connection and operation of the storage assets , such as tariffs , commitment times and connection specifications , should be designed in a way that does not hamper the potential of all storage assets , including small and mobile ones , to offer flexibility and balancing services to the system and to contribute to the further penetration renewable electricity , in comparison with larger , stationary storage assets. ### (19) decentralised energy resources such as distributed renewable generation , demand response , smart heating and cooling devices , hot water tanks , thermal energy storage , distributed storage assets , such as domestic batteries and batteries of electric vehicles have the potential to offer considerable flexibility and balancing services to the grid and the energy system through aggregation. in order to facilitate the development of such devices and related services , the regulatory provisions concerning connection and operation of the decentralised energy resources , such as tariffs , commitment times and connection specifications , should be designed in a way that does not hamper the potential of all these assets , including small and mobile ones , to offer flexibility and balancing services to the system and to contribute to the further penetration of renewable energy , in particular in comparison with larger assets. member states should also provide a level playing field for smaller market actors , in particular renewable energy communities , so that they are able to participate in the market without facing disproportionate administrative or regulatory burdens.


### (19) distributed storage assets , such as domestic batteries and batteries of electric vehicles have the potential to offer considerable flexibility and balancing services to the grid through aggregation. in order to facilitate the development of such services , the regulatory provisions concerning connection and operation of the storage assets , such as tariffs , commitment times and connection specifications , should be designed in a way that does not hamper the potential of all storage assets , including small and mobile ones , to offer flexibility and balancing services to the system and to contribute to the further penetration renewable electricity , in comparison with larger , stationary storage assets. ### (19) decentralised energy resources such as distributed renewable generation , demand response , smart heating and cooling devices , hot water tanks , thermal energy storage , distributed storage assets , such as domestic batteries and batteries of electric vehicles have the potential to offer considerable flexibility and balancing services to the grid and the energy system through aggregation. in order to facilitate the development of such devices and related services , the regulatory provisions concerning connection and operation of the decentralised energy resources assets , such as tariffs , commitment times and connection specifications , should be designed in a way that does not hamper the potential of all these assets , including small and mobile ones , to offer flexibility and balancing services to the system and to contribute to the further penetration of renewable energy , in particular in comparison with larger assets. member states should also provide a level playing field for smaller market actors , in particular renewable energy communities , so that they are able to participate in the market without facing disproportionate administrative or regulatory burden.


### (19) distributed storage assets , such as domestic batteries and batteries of electric vehicles have the potential to offer considerable flexibility and balancing services to the grid through aggregation. in order to facilitate the development of such services , the regulatory provisions concerning connection and operation of the storage assets , such as tariffs , commitment times and connection specifications , should be designed in a way that does not hamper the potential of all storage assets , including small and mobile ones , to offer flexibility and balancing services to the system and to contribute to the further penetration renewable electricity , in comparison with larger , stationary storage assets. ### (19) decentralised energy resources such as distributed renewable generation , demand response , smart heating and cooling devices , hot water tanks , thermal energy storage , distributed storage assets , such as domestic batteries and batteries of electric vehicles have the potential to offer considerable flexibility and balancing services to the grid and the energy system through aggregation. in order to facilitate the development of such devices and related services , the regulatory provisions concerning connection and operation of the decentralised energy resources , such as tariffs , commitment times and connection specifications , should be designed in a way that does not hamper the potential of all these assets , including small and mobile ones , to offer flexibility and balancing services to the system and to contribute to the further penetration of renewable energy , in particular in comparison with larger assets. member states should also provide a level playing field for smaller market actors , in particular renewable energy communities , so that they are able to participate in the market without facing disproportionate administrative or regulatory burden.


### (20) recharging points where electric vehicles typically park for extended periods of time , such as where people park for reasons of residence or employment , are highly relevant to energy system integration , therefore smart charging functionalities need to be ensured. in this regard , the operation of non-publicly accessible normal charging infrastructure is particularly important for the integration of electric vehicles in the electricity system as it is located where electric vehicles are parked repeatedly for long periods of time , such as in buildings with restricted access , employee parking or parking facilities rented out to natural or legal persons. ### (20) recharging points where electric vehicles typically park for extended periods of time , such as where people park for reasons of residence or employment , are highly relevant to energy system integration , therefore smart and bidirectional charging functionalities need to be ensured. in this regard , the operation of non-publicly accessible charging infrastructure is particularly important for the integration of electric vehicles in the electricity system as it is located where electric vehicles are parked repeatedly for long periods of time , such as in buildings with restricted access , employee parking or parking facilities rented out to natural or legal persons.


### (21) industry accounts for 25% of the union’s energy consumption , and is a major consumer of heating and cooling , which is currently supplied 91% by fossil fuels. however , 50% of heating and cooling demand is low-temperature (<200 °c) for which there are cost-effective renewable energy options , including through electrification. in addition , industry uses non-renewable sources as raw materials to produce products such as steel or chemicals. industrial investment decisions today will determine the future industrial processes and energy options that can be considered by industry , so it is important that those investments decisions are future-proof. therefore , benchmarks should be put in place to incentivise industry to switch to a renewables-based production processes that not only are fueled by renewable energy , but also use renewable-based raw materials such as renewable hydrogen. moreover , a common methodology for products that are labelled as having been produced partially or fully using renewable energy or using renewable fuels of non-biological origin as feedstock is required , taking into account existing union product labelling methodologies and sustainable product initiatives. this would avoid deceptive practices and increase consumers trust. furthermore , given consumer preference for products that contribute to environmental and climate change objectives , it would stimulate a market demand for those products. ### (21) industry accounts for 25% of the union’s energy consumption , and is a major consumer of heating and cooling , which is currently supplied 91% by fossil fuels. 64% of natural gas use in industry in the union goes to produce low and medium temperatures (up to 500 °c ) for which there are mature , cost-effective and more energy efficient renewable energy options available on the market , notably industrial heat pumps , renewables based direct electrification and geothermal solutions. in addition , industry uses non-renewable sources as raw materials to produce products such as steel or chemicals. industrial investment decisions today will determine the future industrial processes and energy options that can be considered by industry , so it is important that those investments decisions are in line with the european green deal goals and to avoid the creation of stranded-assets. therefore binding targets should be put in place to incentivise industry to switch to the most sustainable and energy-efficient renewables-based production processes for any given application , as well as to also replace current feedstocks uses with renewable-based raw materials such as renewable hydrogen. moreover , a common methodology for products that are labelled as having been produced partially or fully using renewable energy or using renewable fuels of non-biological origin as feedstock is required , building onto existing union product labelling methodologies and forming an integral part of the sustainable product initiatives in order to avoid duplication and parallel labelling systems which could be further confusing the consumers. this would avoid deceptive practices and increase consumers trust. furthermore , given consumer preference for products that contribute to environmental and climate change objectives , it would stimulate a market demand for those products.


### (22) renewable fuels of non-biological origin can be used for energy purposes , but also for non-energy purposes as feedstock or raw material in industries such as steel or chemicals. the use of renewable fuels of non-biological origin for both purposes exploits their full potential to replace fossil fuels used as feedstock and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in industry and should therefore be included in a target for the use of renewable fuels of non-biological origin. national measures to support the uptake of renewable fuels of non-biological origin in industry should not result in net pollution increases due to an increased demand for electricity generation that is satisfied by the most polluting fossil fuels , such as coal , diesel , lignite , oil peat and oil shale. ### (22) in application of the energy efficiency first principle , renewable fuels of non-biological origin should be prioritised for non-energy purposes as feedstock or raw material in industries such as steel or chemicals , and they should be excluded from covering heat demand that may be otherwise satisfied with more energy efficient renewable-based solutions , such as industrial heat-pumps , direct renewable-electrification or geothermal solutions , which are 1 to 5 times more energy efficient than using electrolytic hydrogen. therefore , the use of renewable fuels of non-biological origin to replace fossil fuels used as feedstock is a no-regret option that should be spurred by means of a dedicated target. national measures to support the uptake of renewable fuels of non-biological origin in those industrial sectors should not result in net pollution increases due to an increased demand for electricity generation that is satisfied by the most polluting fossil fuels , such as coal , diesel , lignite , oil peat and oil shale.


### (23) increasing ambition in the heating and cooling sector is key to delivering the overall renewable energy target given that heating and cooling constitutes around half of the union's energy consumption , covering a wide range of end uses and technologies in buildings , industry and district heating and cooling. to accelerate the increase of renewables in heating and cooling , an annual 1.1 percentage point increase at member state level should be made binding as a minimum for all member states. for those member states , which already have renewable shares above 50% in the heating and cooling sector , it should remain possible to only apply half of the binding annual increase rate and member states with 60% or above may count any such share as fulfilling the average annual increase rate in accordance with points b) and c) of paragraph 2 of article 23. in addition , member state-specific top-ups should be set , redistributing the additional efforts to the desired level of renewables in 2030 among member states based on gdp and cost-effectiveness. a longer list of different measures should also be included in directive (eu) 2018/2001 to facilitate increasing the share of renewables in heating and cooling. member states may implement one or more measures from the list of measures. ### (23) increasing ambition in the heating and cooling sector is key to delivering the overall renewable energy target given that heating and cooling constitutes around half of the union's energy consumption , covering a wide range of end uses and technologies in buildings , industry and district heating and cooling. to accelerate the increase of renewables in heating and cooling , an annual at least 4.2 percentage point increase at member state level should be made binding as a minimum for all member states. for those member states , which already have renewable shares above 50% in the heating and cooling sector , it should remain possible to only apply half of the binding annual increase rate and member states with 60% or above may count any such share as fulfilling the average annual increase rate in accordance with points b) and c) of paragraph 2 of article 23. in order to better exploit local renewable heating and cooling resources member states shall carry out with the involvement of local and regional authorities an assessment of their potential of energy from renewable sources in the heating and cooling sector and of the use of unavoidable waste heat and cold in full compliance with the energy efficiency first principle. a longer list of different measures should also be included in directive (eu) 2018/2001 to facilitate increasing the share of renewables in heating and cooling.


### (23) increasing ambition in the heating and cooling sector is key to delivering the overall renewable energy target given that heating and cooling constitutes around half of the union's energy consumption , covering a wide range of end uses and technologies in buildings , industry and district heating and cooling. to accelerate the increase of renewables in heating and cooling , an annual 1.1 percentage point increase at member state level should be made binding as a minimum for all member states. for those member states , which already have renewable shares above 50% in the heating and cooling sector , it should remain possible to only apply half of the binding annual increase rate and member states with 60% or above may count any such share as fulfilling the average annual increase rate in accordance with points b) and c) of paragraph 2 of article 23. in addition , member state-specific top-ups should be set , redistributing the additional efforts to the desired level of renewables in 2030 among member states based on gdp and cost-effectiveness. a longer list of different measures should also be included in directive (eu) 2018/2001 to facilitate increasing the share of renewables in heating and cooling. member states may implement one or more measures from the list of measures. ### (23) increasing ambition in the heating and cooling sector is key to delivering the overall renewable energy target given that heating and cooling constitutes around half of the union's energy consumption , covering a wide range of end uses and technologies in buildings , industry and district heating and cooling. to accelerate the increase of renewables in heating and cooling , an annual at least 4.2 percentage point increase at member state level should be made binding as a minimum for all member states. for those member states , which already have renewable shares above 50% in the heating and cooling sector , it should remain possible to only apply half of the binding annual increase rate and member states with 60% or above may count any such share as fulfilling the average annual increase rate in accordance with points b) and c) of paragraph 2 of article 23. in order to better exploit local renewable heating and cooling resources member states shall carry out with the involvement of local and regional authorities , an assessment of their potential of energy from renewable sources in the heating and cooling sector and of the use of unavoidable waste heat and cold in full compliance with the energy efficiency first principle. a longer list of different measures should also be included in directive (eu)2018/2001 to facilitate increasing the share of renewables in heating and cooling. .


### (24) to ensure that a greater role of district heating and cooling is accompanied by better information for consumers , it is appropriate to clarify and strengthen the disclosure of the renewables share and energy efficiency of these systems. ### (24) to ensure that a greater role of district heating and cooling is accompanied by better information for consumers , it is appropriate to clarify and strengthen the disclosure of type and share of energy and unavoidable waste heat and cold and the associated ghg emissions and the energy efficiency of these systems.


### (25) modern renewable-based efficient district heating and cooling systems have demonstrated their potential to provide cost-effective solutions for integrating renewable energy , increased energy efficiency and energy system integration , facilitating the overall decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector. to ensure this potential is harnessed , the annual increase of renewable energy and/or waste heat in district heating and cooling should be raised from 1 percentage point to 2.1 without changing the indicative nature of this increase , reflecting the uneven development of this type of network across the union. ### (25) member states should support the renovation of existing and the development of highly efficient 4th and 5th generation renewable district heating and cooling networks fuelled exclusively by renewable energy sources and unavoidable waste heat or cold , following a positive economic and environmental cost/benefit analysis undertaken in partnership with local authorities involved. modern renewable-based efficient district heating and cooling systems have demonstrated their potential to provide cost-effective solutions for integrating renewable energy , increased energy efficiency and energy system integration , facilitating the overall reduction of ghg emissions of the heating and cooling sector. to ensure this potential is harnessed , the annual increase of renewable energy and/or waste heat in district heating and cooling should be raised from 1 percentage point to 2.1 without changing the indicative nature of this increase , reflecting the uneven development of this type of network across the union.


### (28) to ensure district heating and cooling participate fully in energy sector integration , it is necessary to extend the cooperation with electricity distribution system operators to electricity transmission system operators and widen the scope of cooperation to grid investment planning and markets to better utilise the potential of district heating and cooling for providing flexibility services in electricity markets. further cooperation with gas network operators , including hydrogen and other energy networks , should also be made possible to ensure a wider integration across energy carriers and their most cost-effective use. ### (28) to ensure district heating and cooling participate fully in energy sector integration , it is necessary to extend the cooperation with electricity distribution system operators to electricity transmission system operators and widen the scope of cooperation to grid investment planning and markets to better utilise the potential of district heating and cooling for providing flexibility services in electricity markets. further cooperation with gas network operators , including renewable hydrogen and other energy networks , should also be made possible to ensure a wider integration across energy carriers and their most cost-effective use.


### (29) the use of renewable fuels and renewable electricity in transport can contribute to the decarbonisation of the union transport sector in a cost-effective manner , and improve , amongst other , energy diversification in that sector while promoting innovation , growth and jobs in the union economy and reducing reliance on energy imports. with a view to achieving the increased target for greenhouse gas emission savings defined by the union , the level of renewable energy supplied to all transport modes in the union should be increased. expressing the transport target as a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate an increasing use of the most cost-effective and performing fuels , in terms of greenhouse gas savings , in transport. in addition , a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate innovation and set out a clear benchmark to compare across fuel types and renewable electricity depending on their greenhouse gas intensity. complementary to this , increasing the level of the energy-based target on advanced biofuels and biogas and introducing a target for renewable fuels of non-biological origin would ensure an increased use of the renewable fuels with smallest environmental impact in transport modes that are difficult to electrify. the achievement of those targets should be ensured by obligations on fuel suppliers as well as by other measures included in [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on the use of renewable and low-carbon fuels in maritime transport - fueleu maritime and regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport]. dedicated obligations on aviation fuel suppliers should be set only pursuant to [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport]. ### (29) the use of renewable fuels and renewable electricity in transport can contribute to the decarbonisation of the union transport sector in a cost-effective manner , and improve , amongst other , energy diversification in that sector while promoting innovation , growth and jobs in the union economy and reducing reliance on energy imports. with a view to achieving the increased target for greenhouse gas emission savings defined by the union , the level of renewable energy supplied to all transport modes in the union should be increased and the most energy efficient and sustainable renewable energy promoted for each transport sector , acknowledging the higher energy efficiency of electricity powered transport. expressing the transport target as a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate an increasing use of the most cost-effective and performing fuels , in terms of greenhouse gas savings , in transport. member states may choose to meet the ghg target by means of measures targeting volumes , energy content or greenhouse gas emissions , provided that it is demonstrated that the greenhouse gas intensity reduction and sub-targets are met. a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate innovation and set out a clear benchmark to compare across fuel types and renewable electricity depending on their greenhouse gas intensity. complementary to this , increasing the level of the energy-based target on advanced biofuels and biogas and introducing a target for renewable fuels of non-biological origin for the aviation and shipping sectors would ensure an increased use of the renewable fuels with the smallest environmental impact in transport modes that are difficult to directly electrify. the achievement of those targets should be ensured by obligations on fuel suppliers , that ensure the inclusion of renewable electricity as well as by other measures included in [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on the use of renewable and low-carbon fuels in maritime transport - fueleu maritime and regulation(eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport]. dedicated obligations on aviation fuel suppliers should be set only pursuant to [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport].


### (29) the use of renewable fuels and renewable electricity in transport can contribute to the decarbonisation of the union transport sector in a cost-effective manner , and improve , amongst other , energy diversification in that sector while promoting innovation , growth and jobs in the union economy and reducing reliance on energy imports. with a view to achieving the increased target for greenhouse gas emission savings defined by the union , the level of renewable energy supplied to all transport modes in the union should be increased. expressing the transport target as a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate an increasing use of the most cost-effective and performing fuels , in terms of greenhouse gas savings , in transport. in addition , a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate innovation and set out a clear benchmark to compare across fuel types and renewable electricity depending on their greenhouse gas intensity. complementary to this , increasing the level of the energy-based target on advanced biofuels and biogas and introducing a target for renewable fuels of non-biological origin would ensure an increased use of the renewable fuels with smallest environmental impact in transport modes that are difficult to electrify. the achievement of those targets should be ensured by obligations on fuel suppliers as well as by other measures included in [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on the use of renewable and low-carbon fuels in maritime transport - fueleu maritime and regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport]. dedicated obligations on aviation fuel suppliers should be set only pursuant to [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport]. ### (29) the use of renewable fuels and renewable electricity in transport can contribute to the decarbonisation of the union transport sector in a cost-effective manner , and improve , amongst other , energy diversification in that sector while promoting innovation , growth and jobs in the union economy and reducing reliance on energy imports. with a view to achieving the increased target for greenhouse gas emission savings defined by the union , the level of renewable energy supplied to all transport modes in the union should be increased and the most energy efficient and sustainable renewable energy promoted for each transport sector , acknowledging the higher energy efficiency of electricity-powered transport. expressing the transport target as a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate an increasing use of the most cost-effective and performing fuels , in terms of greenhouse gas savings , in transport. member states may choose to meet the ghg target by means of measures targeting volumes , energy content or greenhouse gas emissions , provided that it is demonstrated that the greenhouse gas intensity reduction and sub-targets are met. a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target would stimulate innovation and set out a clear benchmark to compare across fuel types and renewable electricity depending on their greenhouse gas intensity. complementary to this , increasing the level of the energy-based target on advanced biofuels and biogas and introducing a target for renewable fuels of non-biological origin for the aviation and shipping sectors would ensure an increased use of the renewable fuels with the smallest environmental impact in transport modes that are difficult to directly electrify. the achievement of those targets should be ensured by obligations on fuel suppliers , that ensure the inclusion of renewable electricity as well as by other measures included in [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on the use of renewable and low-carbon fuels in maritime transport - fueleu maritime and regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport]. dedicated obligations on aviation fuel suppliers should be set only pursuant to [regulation (eu) 2021/xxx on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport].


### (30) electromobility will play an essential role in decarbonising the transport sector. to foster the further development of electromobility , member states should establish a credit mechanism enabling operators of charging points accessible to the public to contribute , by supplying renewable electricity , towards the fulfilment of the obligation set up by member states on fuel suppliers. while supporting electricity in transport through such a mechanism , it is important that member states continue setting a high level of ambition for the decarbonisation of their liquid fuel mix in transport. ### (30) electromobility will play an essential role in decarbonising the transport sector. to foster the further development of electromobility and use of renewable electricity in transport , member states should establish a credit mechanism enabling suppliers of electricity to all modes of transport , including ships docked in harbours , through recharging stations and recharging points , to contribute by supplying renewable electricity , towards the fulfilment of the obligation set up by member states on fuel suppliers. while supporting electricity in transport through such a mechanism , it is important that member states shift the renewable and gaseous liquid fuels to aviation and shipping where direct electrification is much more difficult , and take into account the higher energy efficiency of electricity-powered transport , and exclude suppliers who solely provide electricity to transport from the obligations to provide other fuels , including biofuels , advanced biofuels , renewable fuels of non-biological origin.


### (31) the union’s renewable energy policy aims to contribute to achieving the climate change mitigation objectives of the european union in terms of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. in the pursuit of this goal , it is essential to also contribute to wider environmental objectives , and in particular the prevention of biodiversity loss , which is negatively impacted by the indirect land use change associated to the production of certain biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels. contributing to these climate and environmental objectives constitutes a deep and longstanding intergenerational concern for union citizens and the union legislator. as a consequence , the changes in the way the transport target is calculated should not affect the limits established on how to account toward that target certain fuels produced from food and feed crops on the one hand and high indirect land-use change-risk fuels on the other hand. in addition , in order not to create an incentive to use biofuels and biogas produced from food and feed crops in transport , member states should continue to be able to choose whether count them or not towards the transport target. if they do not count them , they may reduce the greenhouse gas intensity reduction target accordingly , assuming that food and feed crop-based biofuels save 50% greenhouse gas emissions , which corresponds to the typical values set out in an annex to this directive for the greenhouse gas emission savings of the most relevant production pathways of food and feed crop-based biofuels as well as the minimum savings threshold applying to most installations producing such biofuels. ### (31) the union’s renewable energy policy aims to contribute to achieving the climate change mitigation objectives of the european union in terms of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. in the pursuit of this goal , it is essential to also contribute to wider environmental objectives , and in particular the prevention of biodiversity loss , which is negatively impacted by the indirect land use change associated to the production of certain biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels , which should be phased out without delay. contributing to these climate and environmental objectives constitutes a deep and longstanding intergenerational concern for union citizens and the union legislator. as a consequence , the changes in the way the transport target is calculated should not affect the limits established on how to account toward that target certain fuels produced from food and feed crops on the one hand and high indirect land-use change-risk fuels on the other hand. in addition , in order not to create an incentive to use biofuels and biogas produced from food and feed crops in transport , member states should continue to be able to choose whether to count them or not towards the transport target. if they do not count them , they may reduce the greenhouse gas intensity reduction target accordingly , assuming that food and feed crop-based biofuels save 50% greenhouse gas emissions , which corresponds to the typical values set out in an annex to this directive for the greenhouse gas emission savings of the most relevant production pathways of food and feed crop-based biofuels as well as the minimum savings threshold applying to most installations producing such biofuels.


### (32) expressing the transport target as a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target makes it unnecessary to use multipliers to promote certain renewable energy sources. this is because different renewable energy sources save different amounts of greenhouse gas emissions and , therefore , contribute differently to a target. renewable electricity should be considered to have zero emissions , meaning it saves 100% emissions compared to electricity produced from fossil fuels. this will create an incentive for the use of renewable electricity since renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels are unlikely to achieve such a high percentage of savings. electrification relying on renewable energy sources would therefore become the most efficient way to decarbonise road transport. in addition , in order to promote the use of advanced biofuels and biogas and renewable fuels of non-biological origin in the aviation and maritime modes , which are difficult to electrify , it is appropriate to keep the multiplier for those fuels supplied in those modes when counted towards the specific targets set for those fuels. ### (32) expressing the transport target as a greenhouse gas intensity reduction target makes it unnecessary to use multipliers to promote certain renewable energy sources. this is because different renewable energy sources save different amounts of greenhouse gas emissions and , therefore , contribute differently to a target. renewable electricity should be considered to have zero emissions , meaning it saves 100% emissions compared to electricity produced from fossil fuels. this will create an incentive for the use of renewable electricity since renewable fuels are unlikely to achieve such a high percentage of savings. electrification relying on renewable energy sources would therefore become the most efficient way to decarbonise road transport. in addition , in order to promote the use of advanced biofuels and biogas and renewable fuels of non-biological origin in the aviation and maritime modes , which are difficult to electrify , it is appropriate to use advanced biofuels and renewable fuels of non-biological origin only in these sectors.


### (33) direct electrification of end-use sectors , including the transport sector , contributes to the efficiency and facilitates the transition to an energy system based on renewable energy. it is therefore in itself an effective means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.the creation of a framework on additionality applying specifically to renewable electricity supplied to electric vehicles in the transport is therefore not required. ### (33) direct electrification of end-use sectors , including the transport sector , contributes to the efficiency and facilitates the transition to an energy system based on renewable energy. it is therefore an effective means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions , in particular when based on renewable electricity. the creation of a framework on additionality applying specifically to renewable electricity supplied to electric vehicles in the transport is therefore required to ensure that the increase in electricity consumption in the transport sector leads to new investments in at least equivalent amounts of additional renewable capacity , especially in countries with low renewable electricity shares.


### (36) directive (eu) 2018/2001 strengthened the bioenergy sustainability and greenhouse gas savings framework by setting criteria for all end-use sectors. it set out specific rules for biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from forest biomass , requiring the sustainability of harvesting operations and the accounting of land-use change emissions. to achieve an enhanced protection of especially biodiverse and carbon-rich habitats , such as primary forests , highly biodiverse forests , grasslands and peat lands , exclusions and limitations to source forest biomass from those areas should be introduced , in line with the approach for biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from agricultural biomass. in addition , the greenhouse gas emission saving criteria should also apply to existing biomass-based installations to ensure that bioenergy production in all such installations leads to greenhouse gas emission reductions compared to energy produced from fossil fuels. ### (36) directive (eu) 2018/2001 strengthened the bioenergy sustainability and greenhouse gas savings framework by setting criteria for all end-use sectors. it set out specific rules for biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from forest biomass , requiring the sustainability of harvesting operations and the accounting of land-use change emissions. to achieve an enhanced protection of especially biodiverse and carbon-rich habitats , such as primary forests , highly biodiverse forests , grasslands and peat lands , exclusions and limitations to source forest biomass from those areas should be introduced , in line with the approach for biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels produced from agricultural biomass in order to avoid undermining union objectives on climate and the environment. in addition , the greenhouse gas emission saving criteria should also apply to existing biomass-based installations to ensure that bioenergy production in all such installations leads to greenhouse gas emission reductions compared to energy produced from fossil fuels.


### (37) in order to reduce the administrative burden for producers of renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels and for member states , where voluntary or national schemes have been recognised by the commission through an implementing act as giving evidence or providing accurate data regarding the compliance with sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria as well as other requirements set in this directive , member states should accept the results of the certification issued by such schemes within the scope of the commission’s recognition. in order to reduce the burden on small installations , member states should establish a simplified verification mechanism for installations of between 5 and 10mw. ### (37) in order to reduce the administrative burden for producers of renewable fuels and for member states , where voluntary or national schemes have been recognised by the commission through an implementing act as giving evidence or providing accurate data regarding the compliance with sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria as well as other requirements set in this directive , member states should accept the results of the certification issued by such schemes within the scope of the commission’s recognition. in order to reduce the burden on small installations , member states should establish a simplified verification mechanism for installations of between 5 and 10mw.


### (38) the union database to be set up by the commission aims at enabling the tracing of liquid and gaseous renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels. its scope should be extended from transport to all other end-use sectors in which such fuels are consumed. this should make a vital contribution to the comprehensive monitoring of the production and consumption of those fuels , mitigating risks of double-counting or irregularities along the supply chains covered by the union database. in addition , to avoid any risk of double claims on the same renewable gas , a guarantee of origin issued for any consignment of renewable gas registered in the database should be cancelled. ### (38) the union database to be set up by the commission aims at enabling the tracing of solid , liquid and gaseous renewable fuels. its scope should be extended from transport to all other end-use sectors in which such fuels are consumed. this should make a vital contribution to the comprehensive monitoring of the production and consumption of those fuels , mitigating risks of double-counting or irregularities along the supply chains covered by the union database. in addition , to avoid any risk of double claims on the same renewable gas , a guarantee of origin issued for any consignment of renewable gas registered in the database should be cancelled. this database shall be made publicly available in an open , transparent and user friendly manner. the commission shall publish annual reports for the general public about the information reported in the union database including the quantities , the geographic origin and feedstock type of biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels per fuel supplier and per member state.


### (38) the union database to be set up by the commission aims at enabling the tracing of liquid and gaseous renewable fuels and recycled carbon fuels. its scope should be extended from transport to all other end-use sectors in which such fuels are consumed. this should make a vital contribution to the comprehensive monitoring of the production and consumption of those fuels , mitigating risks of double-counting or irregularities along the supply chains covered by the union database. in addition , to avoid any risk of double claims on the same renewable gas , a guarantee of origin issued for any consignment of renewable gas registered in the database should be cancelled. ### (38) the union database to be set up by the commission aims at enabling the tracing of solid , liquid and gaseous renewable fuels . its scope should be extended from transport to all other end-use sectors in which such fuels are consumed. this should make a vital contribution to the comprehensive monitoring of the production and consumption of those fuels , mitigating risks of double-counting or irregularities along the supply chains covered by the union database. in addition , to avoid any risk of double claims on the same renewable gas , a guarantee of origin issued for any consignment of renewable gas registered in the database should be cancelled. this database shall be made publicly available in an open , transparent and user friendly manner. the commission shall publish annual reports for the general public about the information reported in the union database including the quantities , the geographic origin and feedstock type of biofuels , bioliquids and biomass fuels per fuel supplier and per member state.


### (36) ‘renewable fuels of non-biological origin’ means liquid and gaseous fuels the energy content of which is derived from renewable sources other than biomass;; ### (36) ‘renewable fuels of non-biological origin’ means liquid and gaseous fuels the energy content of which is derived from renewable sources other than biomass and is produced from additional renewable electricity and where any co2 feedstock is captured from the ambient air using direct air capture;;


### (14l) ‘smart charging’ means a recharging operation in which the intensity of electricity delivered to the battery is adjusted in real-time , based on information received through electronic communication; ### (14l) ‘smart recharging’ means a recharging operation in which the intensity of electricity delivered to the battery is adjusted in real-time , based on information received through electronic communication; smart recharging can be realised at normal charging speeds as well as during fast charging through response to dynamic price signals or optimisation of power flow;


### (14n) ‘bidirectional charging’ means smart charging where the direction of electric charge may be reversed , so that electric charge flows from the battery to the recharging point it is connected to; ### (14n) ‘bidirectional recharging’ means a smart recharging operation where the direction of the flow may be reversed , allowing that electricity flow from the battery to the recharging point it is connected to;


### (14o) ‘normal power recharging point’ means ‘normal power recharging point’ as defined in article 2 point 31 of [the proposal for a regulation concerning the deployment of alternative fuel infrastructure , repealing directive 2014/94/eu]; ### (14o) ‘recharging point’ means ‘recharging point’ as defined in article 2 point 41 of [the proposal for a regulation concerning the deployment of alternative fuel infrastructure , repealing directive 2014/94/eu];