### in order to encourage working parents and carers to remain in the work force , those workers should be able to adapt their working schedules to their personal needs and preferences . working parents and carers should therefore be able to request flexible working arrangements , meaning the possibility for workers to adjust their working patterns , including through the use of remote working arrangements , flexible working schedules , or a reduction in working hours , for caring purposes . in order to address the needs of workers and employers , it should be possible for member states to limit the duration of flexible working arrangements , including a reduction in working hours . while working part - time has been shown to be useful in allowing some women to remain in the labour market after having children , long periods of reduced working hours may lead to lower social security contributions translating into reduced or non - existing pension entitlements . the ultimate decision as to whether or not to accept a worker’s request for flexible working arrangements should lie with the employer , specific circumstances underlying the need for flexible working arrangements can change . workers should therefore not only have the right to return to their original working patterns at the end of a given agreed period , but should also be able to request to do so at any time where a change in the underlying circumstances so requires . ### in order to encourage working parents to remain in the work force , those workers should be able to adapt their working schedules to their personal needs . working parents and carers should therefore be able to request working arrangements with suitable hours , meaning the possibility for workers to adjust their working patterns , including through a reduction in working hours to enable them to breastfeed or bottle - feed or make it easier for them to fulfil their responsibilities to their families . workers should have the right to return to their original working patterns at the end of a given agreed period .


### workers exercising their rights to take leave or to request flexible working arrangements provided for in this directive should enjoy protection from dismissal and any preparations for a possible dismissal on the grounds that they applied for , or have taken such leave or have exercised the right to request such flexible working arrangements . where workers consider that they have been dismissed on those grounds , they should be able to ask the employer to provide duly substantiated grounds for the dismissal . ### workers exercising their rights to take leave or to request adaptable working arrangements provided for in this directive should enjoy protection from dismissal and any preparations for a possible dismissal on the grounds that they applied for , or have taken such leave or have exercised the right to request such adaptable working arrangements . where workers consider that they have been dismissed on those grounds , they should be able to ask the employer to provide duly substantiated grounds for the dismissal .


### member states should provide for effective , proportionate and dissuasive penalties in the event of breaches of national provisions adopted pursuant to this directive or the relevant provisions already in force concerning the rights which are within the scope of this directive . the effective implementation of the principle of equal treatment requires adequate judicial protection of workers against adverse treatment or adverse consequences resulting from a complaint or proceeding relating to the rights under this directive . victims may be deterred from exercising their rights on account of the risk of retaliation and therefore should be protected from any adverse treatment where they exercise their rights provided for by this directive . such protection is particularly relevant as regards workers’ representatives in the exercise of their function . ### in order to ensure the proper implementation of this directive , member states shall ensure that labour inspections are in place and furthermore , reassure that adequate human and financial and technical resources are available in order for labour inspections to be conducted . member states should provide for effective , proportionate and dissuasive penalties in the event of breaches of national provisions adopted pursuant to this directive or the relevant provisions already in force concerning the rights which are within the scope of this directive . the effective implementation of the principle of equal treatment requires adequate judicial protection of workers against adverse treatment or adverse consequences resulting from a complaint or proceeding relating to the rights under this directive . victims may be deterred from exercising their rights on account of the risk of retaliation and therefore should be protected from any adverse treatment where they exercise their rights provided for by this directive . such protection is particularly relevant as regards workers’ representatives in the exercise of their function .


### this directive applies to all workers , men and women , who have an employment contract or employment relationship . ### this directive applies to all workers , irrespective of gender , who have an employment contract or employment relationship as defined by law , collective agreement and / or practices in force in each member state .


### “parental leave” means leave from work on the grounds of the birth or adoption of a child to take care of that child ; ### “parental leave” means paid leave from work on the grounds of the birth or adoption or having a child through a surrogacy arrangement , in order for the parent to take care of that child ;


### “flexible working arrangements” means the possibility for workers to adjust their working patterns , including through the use of remote working arrangements , flexible working schedules , or a reduction in working hours . ### “adaptable work time arrangements” means the possibility for workers to adapt their work time patterns , including through the use of remote working arrangements , adjustable working schedules , or a reduction in working hours .


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that fathers have the right to take paternity leave of at least ten working days on the occasion of the birth of a child . ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that fathers or an equivalent - according to the national law - second parent or partner have the right to take fully paid paternity leave of at least ten working days on the occasion of the birth or adoption of a child or through surrogacy become parent of a child .


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that workers have an individual right to parental leave of at least four months to be taken before the child reaches a given age which shall be at least twelve . ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that workers have the right to parental leave of at least 180 working days to be taken immediately after the birth , leave which the couple may freely decide to share between themselves , but both the mother ' s and the father ' s obligatory periods must remain in place .


### in accordance with national circumstances , such as national law , collective agreements and / or practice , and taking into account the powers delegated to social partners , member states shall ensure that workers exercising the rights to leave referred to in article 4 , 5 or 6 will receive a payment or an adequate allowance at least equivalent to what the worker concerned would receive in case of sick leave . ### member states shall ensure that workers exercising the rights to leave referred to in article 4 , 5 or 6 will receive a payment or an adequate allowance equivalent to 100% of their salary . the leave referred to in article 5a shall be paid at 100% if taken immediately and consecutively after parental leave .


### flexible working arrangements ### working arrangements with suitable hours


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that workers with children up to a given age , which shall be at least twelve , and carers , have the right to request flexible working arrangements for caring purposes . the duration of such flexible working arrangements may be subject to a reasonable limitation . ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that workers with children up to a given age , which shall be at least twelve , and workers who informally provide care to relatives and / or dependent persons , have the right to request adaptable working arrangements for caring purposes . the adaptable working arrangements shall be reversible , worker friendly and applicable to all forms of contracts . the duration of such adaptable to the worker ' s needs working arrangements may be subject to a reasonable limitation .


### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that workers with children up to a given age , which shall be at least twelve , and carers , have the right to request flexible working arrangements for caring purposes . the duration of such flexible working arrangements may be subject to a reasonable limitation . ### member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that workers with children up to a given age have the right to working arrangements with suitable hours which enable them to breastfeed or bottle - feed or fulfil their responsibilities to their families . the duration of such working arrangements may be subject to a reasonable limitation .


### when flexible working arrangements referred to in paragraph 1 are limited in duration , the worker shall have the right to return to the original working pattern at the end of the agreed period . the worker shall also have the right to request to return to the original working pattern whenever a change of circumstances so justifies . employers shall be obliged to consider and respond to such requests , taking into account the needs of both employers and workers . ### when adaptable working arrangements referred to in paragraph 1 are limited in duration , the worker shall have the right to return to the original working pattern at the end of the agreed period . the worker shall also have the right to return to the original working pattern whenever a change of circumstances so justifies . employers shall be obliged to consider and respond to such requests in writing , taking into account the needs of both employers and workers .


### when flexible working arrangements referred to in paragraph 1 are limited in duration , the worker shall have the right to return to the original working pattern at the end of the agreed period . the worker shall also have the right to request to return to the original working pattern whenever a change of circumstances so justifies . employers shall be obliged to consider and respond to such requests , taking into account the needs of both employers and workers . ### when the working arrangements referred to in paragraph 1 are limited in duration , the worker shall have the right to return to the original working pattern at the end of the agreed period . the worker shall also have the right to request to return to the original working pattern whenever a change of circumstances so justifies . employers shall be obliged to consider and respond to such requests , taking into account workers’ needs .


### level of protection ### level of protection and non - regression


### on the basis of the information provided by member states pursuant to paragraph 1 , the commission shall submit to the european parliament and the council a report in which it reviews the application of this directive , accompanied , if appropriate , by a legislative proposal . ### on the basis of the information provided by member states pursuant to paragraph 1 , the commission shall submit to the european parliament and the council a report in which it reviews the application of this directive , including data , disaggregated by sex and sexual orientation , on the take - up of different types of leave contained in this directive and its impact on micro , small and medium - sized undertakings , accompanied , if appropriate , by a legislative proposal .


### with regard to ndici assistance , the union should develop a special relationship with neighbouring countries , aiming to establish an area of prosperity and good neighbourliness , founded on the values of the union and characterised by close and peaceful relations based on cooperation . this regulation and the ndici should therefore support the internal and external aspects of relevant macro - regional strategies . those initiatives are strategically important and offer meaningful political frameworks for deepening relations with and among partner countries , based on the principles of mutual accountability , shared ownership and responsibility . ### with regard to ndici assistance , the european union should develop a special relationship with neighbouring countries , aiming to establish an area of prosperity and good neighbourliness with respect to the principles of subsidiarity , international solidarity and co - operation . this regulation and the ndici should therefore support the internal and external aspects of relevant macro - regional strategies . those initiatives are strategically important and offer meaningful political frameworks for deepening relations with and among partner countries , based on the principles of mutual accountability , shared ownership and responsibility .


### it is necessary to set out the resources allocated to each of the different components of interreg , including each member state ' s share of the global amounts for the cross - border cooperation , the transnational cooperation and maritime cooperation , the outermost regions’ cooperation and the interregional cooperation , the potential available to member states concerning flexibility between those components . compared to the programming period 2014 - 2020 , the share for cross - border cooperation should be reduced , while the share for transnational cooperation and maritime cooperation should be increased because of the integration of maritime cooperation , and a new outermost regions’ cooperation component should be created . ### it is necessary to set out the resources allocated to each of the different components of interreg , including each member state ' s share of the global amounts for the cross - border cooperation , the transnational cooperation and maritime cooperation , the outermost regions’ cooperation and the interregional cooperation , the potential available to member states concerning flexibility between those components .


### the erdf resources for the european territorial cooperation goal shall amount to eur 8 430 000 000 of the global resources available for budgetary commitment from the erdf , esf + and the cohesion fund for the 2021 - 2027 programming period and set out in article [ 102 ] of regulation [ new cpr ] . ### the erdf resources for the european territorial cooperation goal , taken from the global resources available for the budgetary commitments from the erdf , esf + and the cohesion fund for the 2021 - 2027 programming period and set out in article [ 102 ] of regulation [ new cpr ] , will be at least equivalent to those for the period 2014 - 2020 .


### enhance efficient public administration by promoting legal and administrative cooperation and cooperation between citizens and institutions , in particular , with a view to resolving legal and other obstacles in border regions ; ### enhance efficient public administration by promoting legal and administrative cooperation and cooperation between citizens , civil society actors and institutions , in particular , with a view to resolving legal and other obstacles in border regions ;


### for the selection of operations , the monitoring committee or , where applicable , the steering committee shall establish and apply criteria and procedures which are non - discriminatory and transparent , ensure gender equality and take account of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and the principle of sustainable development and of the union policy on the environment in accordance with article 11 and article 191 of the tfeu . ### for the selection of operations , the monitoring committee or , where applicable , the steering committee shall establish and apply criteria and procedures which are non - discriminatory and transparent , ensure gender equality and take account of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union , the european convention of human rights and the principle of sustainable development and of the european union policy on the environment in accordance with article 11 and article191 of the tfeu .


### with regard to an interreg programme under component 2b or under component 1 where the latter covers long borders with heterogenous development challenges and needs , member states and , where applicable , third countries , partner countries and octs participating in an interreg programme may define sub - programme areas . ### with regard to an interreg programme under component 2b or under component 1 , or under component 3 where the latter covers long borders with heterogenous development challenges and needs , member states and , where applicable , third countries , partner countries and octs participating in an interreg programme may define sub - programme areas .


### a member state wishing to receive support under the programme shall submit a request for support to the commission , identifying the policy areas and the priorities for support within the scope of the programme as set out in article 5 . this request shall be submitted at the latest by 31 october of each calendar year . ### a member state wishing to receive support under the programme shall submit , after consulting the social partners concerned and civil society , a request for support to the commission , identifying the policy areas and the priorities for support within the scope of the programme as set out in article 5 . this request shall be submitted at the latest by 31 october of each calendar year .


### taking into account the principles of transparency , equal treatment and sound financial management , further to a dialogue with the member state , including in the context of the european semester , the commission shall analyse the request for support referred to in paragraph 1 based on the urgency , breadth and depth of the problems identified , support needs in respect of the policy areas concerned , analysis of socioeconomic indicators and general administrative capacity of the member state . taking into account the existing actions and measures financed by union funds or other union programmes , the commission in close cooperation with the member state concerned shall identify the priority areas for support , the scope of the support measures to be provided and the global financial contribution for such support . ### taking into account the principles of transparency , subsidiarity , equal treatment and sound financial management , further to a dialogue with the member state , the social partners concerned and civil society , the commission shall analyse the request for support referred to in paragraph 1 based on the urgency , breadth and depth of the problems identified , support needs in respect of the policy areas concerned , analysis of socioeconomic indicators and general administrative capacity of the member state . taking into account the existing actions and measures financed by union funds or other union programmes , the commission in close cooperation with the member state concerned shall identify the priority areas for support , the scope of the support measures to be provided and the global financial contribution for such support .


### the implementation of reforms by member states , undertaken at their own initiative , notably to achieve sustainable investment , growth and job creation . ### the implementation of reforms by member states , undertaken at their own initiative , notably to achieve sustainable investment , growth and job creation , with the exception of the education , training and cultural sectors , the goals of which cannot be determined by the economic objectives of the union .


### in order to implement the programme , the commission shall adopt , by way of implementing acts , multi - annual work programmes . multi - annual work programmes shall set out the policy objectives pursued through the envisaged support and the expected results , as well as funding priorities in the relevant policy areas . the multi - annual work programmes shall be further specified in annual work programmes , adopted by way of implementing acts , identifying the measures needed for their implementation , together with all the elements required by regulation no 966 / 2012 . ### the commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with article 16 , with a view to supplementing this regulation by establishing multi - annual work programmes . multi - annual work programmes shall set out the policy objectives pursued through the envisaged support and the expected results , as well as funding priorities in the relevant policy areas . the multi - annual work programmes shall be further specified in annual work programmes , adopted by way of delegated acts , identifying the measures needed for their implementation , together with all the elements required by regulation no 966 / 2012 .


### to ensure timely availability of resources , the annual work programme may indicate that in the event of unforeseen and duly justified grounds of urgency requiring an immediate response , including a serious disturbance in the economy or significant circumstances seriously affecting the economic or social conditions in a member state going beyond its control , the commission may , on request by a member state , adopt special measures in accordance with the objectives and actions defined in this regulation to support the national authorities in addressing urgent needs . such special measures may account only for a limited proportion of the annual work programme and shall not be subject to the conditions set out in article 7 . ### to ensure timely availability of resources , the annual work programme may indicate that in the event of unforeseen and duly justified grounds of urgency requiring an immediate response , including a serious disturbance in the economy or significant circumstances seriously affecting the economic or social conditions in a member state going beyond its control , the commission may , on request by a member state , adopt special measures in accordance with the objectives and actions defined in this regulation to support the national authorities in addressing urgent needs . such special measures may account only for a limited proportion of the annual work programme , without infringing article 5 .


### the commission and the beneficiary member states , within their respective responsibilities , shall foster synergies and ensure effective coordination between the programme and other union programmes and instruments , and in particular with measures financed by the union funds . to this end , they shall : ### the commission and the beneficiary member states , within their respective responsibilities , shall foster synergies and ensure effective coordination between the programme and other union programmes and instruments , and in particular with measures financed by the union funds , with the exception of funds allocated to programmes and projects in the education , training and cultural sectors . to this end , they shall :


### the relevant multi - annual and annual work programmes may serve as the coordination framework , where support is envisaged in any of the areas referred to in article 5 . ### the relevant multi - annual and annual work programmes may serve as the coordination framework , where support is envisaged in any of the areas referred to in article 5 , without infringing article 5 .


### the delegation of power referred to in the second subparagraph of article 15 may be revoked at any time by the european parliament or by the council . a decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision . it shall take effect on the day following publication in the official journal of the european union or at a later date specified therein . it shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force . ### the delegation of power referred to in articles 12 and 15 may be revoked at any time by the european parliament or by the council . a decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision . it shall take effect on the day following publication in the official journal of the european union or at a later date specified therein . it shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force .


### a delegated act adopted pursuant to the second subparagraph of article 15 shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the european parliament or by the council within a period of two months of the notification of that act to the european parliament and the council or if , before the expiry of that period , the european parliament and the council have both informed the commission that they will not object . that period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the european parliament or of the council . ### a delegated act adopted pursuant to article 12 and the second subparagraph of article 15 shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the european parliament or by the council within a period of two months of the notification of that act to the european parliament and the council or if , before the expiry of that period , the european parliament and the council have both informed the commission that they will not object . that period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the european parliament or of the council .


### this regulation establishes a complaint mechanism for the european border and coast guard agency , in cooperation with the fundamental rights officer , to monitor and ensure the respect for fundamental rights in all the activities of the agency . this should be an administrative mechanism whereby the fundamental rights officer should be responsible for handling complaints received by the agency in accordance with the right to good administration . the fundamental rights officer should review the admissibility of a complaint , register admissible complaints , forward all registered complaints to the executive director , forward complaints concerning border guards to the home member state and register the follow - up by the agency or that member state . criminal investigations should be conducted by the member states . ### this regulation establishes an independent complaint mechanism for the european border and coast guard agency , in cooperation with the fundamental rights officer , to monitor and ensure the respect for fundamental rights in all the activities of the agency and its staff . this should be an full , independent , effective and accessible individual mechanism whereby the agency ' s fundamental rights officer participates . the independent complaint mechanism should review the admissibility of a complaint , register and deal accordingly with all admissible complaints , forward all registered complaints to the agency ' s executive director , forward complaints concerning border and coast guards to the home member state and register the follow - up by the agency or that member state . criminal investigations should be conducted by the member states .


### the commission and the member states should be represented within a management board to exercise policy and political oversight over the european border and coast guard agency . the board should , where possible , consist of the operational heads of the national services responsible for border guard management or their representatives . this board should be entrusted with the necessary powers to establish the budget , verify its execution , adopt the appropriate financial rules , establish transparent working procedures for decision making by the european border and coast guard agency and appoint the executive director and the deputy executive director . the agency should be governed and operated in line with the principles of the common approach on union decentralised agencies adopted on 19 july 2012 by the european parliament , the council and the european commission . ### the commission , the member states and the european parliament should be represented within a management board to exercise policy and political oversight over the european border and coast guard agency . the board should , where possible , consist of the operational heads of the national services responsible for border guard management or their representatives . this board should be entrusted with the necessary powers to establish the budget , verify its execution , adopt the appropriate financial rules , establish transparent working procedures for decision making by the european border and coast guard agency and appoint the executive director and the deputy executive director . the agency should be governed and operated in line with the principles of the common approach on union decentralised agencies adopted on 19 july 2012 by the european parliament , the council and the european commission .


### the european border and coast guard agency shall facilitate the application of union measures relating to the management of external borders by reinforcing , assessing and coordinating the actions of member states in the implementation of those measures , and in return . member states shall ensure the management of their section of the external borders , in their interests and in interest of all member states which have abolished internal border control , in full compliance with union law and in accordance with the technical and operational strategy referred to in article 3 , and in close cooperation with the agency . ### the european border agency shall support the application of union measures relating to the management of eu external borders by reinforcing , assessing and coordinating the actions of member states in the implementation of those measures , and in return .


### set up a technical equipment pool to be deployed in joint operations , rapid border interventions and in the framework of migration management support teams , as well as in return operations and return interventions ; ### set up a technical equipment pool to be deployed in joint operations , rapid border interventions and in the framework of migration management support teams ;


### report regularly to the executive director on the situation at the external border and the capacity of the member state concerned to deal effectively with the situation at the external borders ; ### report regularly to the executive director and the management board on their estimations of the situation at the eu external border and of the capacity of the member state concerned to deal effectively with the situation without prejudice to the member state ' s sovereignty on its borders ;


### have unlimited access to the national coordination centre and the national situational picture established in accordance with regulation no 1052 / 2013 ; ### have access to the national coordination centre and the national situational picture established in accordance with regulation no 1052 / 2013


### the results of the vulnerability assessment shall be submitted to the supervisory board , which shall advise the executive director on the measures to be taken by the member states based on the results of the vulnerability assessment , and taking into account the agency’s risk analysis and the results of the schengen evaluation mechanism . ### the results of the vulnerability assessment shall be submitted to the member states concerned . the member state concerned may comment on the assessment . the executive director shall base the measures to be recommended to the the member states concerned on the results of the vulnerability assessment , taking into account the agency’s risk analysis , the comments of the member concerned and the results of the schengen evaluation mechanism .


### the objectives of a joint operation or rapid border intervention may be achieved as part of a multipurpose operation which may involve the rescue of persons in distress at sea or other coast guard functions , the fight against migrant smuggling or trafficking in human beings , drug trafficking control operations , and migration management including identification , registration , debriefing and return . ### the objectives of a joint operation or rapid border intervention may be achieved as part of a multipurpose operation which may involve the rescue of persons in distress at sea , the fight against migrant smuggling or trafficking in human beings and migration management including identification , registration , debriefing and return without prejudice of the sovereignty of the concerned member state and following decisions for return based on the full implementation of its national and the european law .


### command and control provisions , including the names and ranks of the border guards of the host member state responsible for cooperating with the members of the teams and the agency , in particular the names and ranks of those border guards who are in command during the period of deployment , and the place of the members of the teams in the chain of command ; ### command and control provisions , including the names and ranks of the border guards of the host member state responsible for cooperating with the members of the teams and the agency , in particular the names and ranks of those border and coast guards who are in command during the period of deployment , and the place of the members of the teams in the chain of command ;


### regarding sea operations , specific information on the application of the relevant jurisdiction and legislation in the geographical area where the joint operation takes place , including references to international and union law regarding interception , rescue at sea and disembarkation . in that regard the operational plan shall be established in accordance with regulation no 656 / 2014 of the european parliament and of the council ; 42 __________________ 42 regulation no 656 / 2014 of the european parliament and of the council of 15 may 2014 establishing rules for the surveillance of the external sea borders in the context of operational cooperation coordinated by the european agency for the management of operational cooperation at the external borders of the members states of the european union . ### regarding sea operations , specific information on the application of the relevant jurisdiction and legislation in the geographical area where the joint operation takes place , including references to international and union law regarding interception , rescue at sea and disembarkation . in that regard the operational plan shall be established in accordance with regulation no 656 / 2014 of the european parliament and of the council 42 and always in respect and compliance with the united nations convention on the law of the sea , the international convention for the safety of life at sea and the guidelines issued by the international maritime organisation and the un refugee agency on the treatment of people rescued at sea of the international maritime organisation and ' rescue at sea : a guide to principles and practice as applied to migrants and refugees . __________________ 42 regulation no 656 / 2014 of the european parliament and of the council of 15 may 2014 establishing rules for the surveillance of the external sea borders in the context of operational cooperation coordinated by the european agency for the management of operational cooperation at the external borders of the members states of the european union .


### where such damage is caused by gross negligence or willful misconduct , the host member state may approach the home member state in order to have any sums it has paid to the victims or persons entitled on their behalf reimbursed by the home member state . ### where such damage is caused by gross negligence or willful misconduct , the agency shall make good any damage caused in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the member states .


### without prejudice to article 47 , the transfer of personal data processed by the agency and the onward transfer by member states to authorities of third countries or third parties of personal data processed in the framework of this regulation shall be prohibited . ### without prejudice to article 47 , the transfer of personal data processed by the agency and the onward transfer by member states to authorities of third countries or international organisations or third parties of personal data processed in the framework of this regulation shall be prohibited .


### the agency shall cooperate with the commission , other union institutions , the european external action service , europol , the european asylum support office , the european union agency for fundamental rights , eurojust , the european union satellite centre , the european maritime safety agency and the european fisheries control agency as well as other union , agencies , bodies , offices in matters covered by this regulation , and in particular with the objectives of preventing and combating irregular immigration and cross - border crime including the facilitation of irregular immigration , trafficking in human being and terrorism . ### the agency shall cooperate with the commission , other union institutions , the european external action service , europol , the european asylum support office , the european union agency for fundamental rights , eurojust , the european union satellite centre , the european maritime safety agency and the european fisheries control agency as well as other union , agencies , bodies , offices in matters covered by this regulation , ensuring the fulfilment of human rights , migration and asylum obligations and commitments under international law and always in compliance with article 2 of the treaty of the european union .


### capacity building by elaborating guidelines , recommendations and best practices as well as by supporting the training and exchange of staff , with a view to enhancing the exchange of information and cooperation on coast guard functions ; ### capacity building by elaborating guidelines , recommendations and best practices as well as by supporting the training and exchange of staff , with a view to enhancing the exchange of information and cooperation on coast guard functions , the search and rescue operational capability and the compliance with human rights , migration and asylum obligations and commitments .


### in matters covered by its activities and to the extent required for the fulfilment of its tasks , the agency shall facilitate and encourage operational cooperation between member states and third countries , within the framework of the external relations policy of the union , including with regard to the protection of fundamental rights . the agency and the member states shall comply with norms and standards at least equivalent to those set by union legislation also when cooperation with third countries takes place on the territory of those countries . the establishment of cooperation with third countries shall serve to promote european border management and return standards . ### in matters covered by its activities and to the extent required for the fulfilment of its tasks , the agency shall facilitate operational cooperation between member states and democratic third countries , within the framework of the external relations policy of the union , always with regard to migration and asylum obligations and commitments and under the condition of the protection of fundamental rights . the agency and the member states shall comply with norms and standards at least equivalent to those set by union legislation also when cooperation with third countries takes place on the territory of those countries .


### in circumstances requiring increased technical and operational assistance , the agency may coordinate operational cooperation between member states and third countries in the field of management of external borders , and it shall have the possibility of carrying out joint operations at the external borders involving one or more member states and a third country neighbouring at least one of those member states , subject to the agreement of that neighbouring third country , including on the territory of that third country . the commission shall be informed of such activities . ### in circumstances requiring increased technical and operational assistance , the agency , may coordinate operational cooperation between member states and third countries in the field of management of eu external borders , in the spirit of search and rescue operations where necessary , and it may have the possibility of carrying out joint operations at the eu external borders involving one or more member states and a third country neighbouring at least one of those member states , subject to the operational plan agreed by the host member state bordering the operational area . the participation of member states in joint operations on the territory of third countries , shall be on voluntary basis . the commission and the european parliament shall be informed of such activities .


### the agency may also , with the agreement of the member states concerned invite observers from third countries to participate in its activities at the external borders referred to in article 13 , return operations referred to in article 27 , return interventions referred to in article 32 and training referred to in article 35 , to the extent that their presence is in accordance with the objectives of those activities , may contribute to improving cooperation and the exchange of best practices , and does not affect the overall safety of those activities . the participation of those observers may take place only with the agreement of the member states concerned regarding the activities referred to in articles 13 , 27 and 35 and only with the agreement of the host member state regarding those referred to in article 13 and 32 . detailed rules on the participation of observers shall be included in the operational plan . those observers shall receive the appropriate training from the agency prior to their participation . ### the agency may also , with the agreement of the member states concerned invite non military observers from democratic third countries to participate in its activities , to the extent that their presence is in accordance with the objectives of those activities , may contribute to improving cooperation and the exchange of best practices , and does not affect the overall safety of those activities . the participation of those observers may take place only with the agreement of the member states concerned and the host member state . detailed rules on the participation of observers shall be included in the operational plan . those observers shall receive the appropriate training from the agency prior to their participation .


### the management board may establish a small - sized executive board composed of the chairperson of the management board , one representative of the commission and three members of the management board , to assist it and the executive director with regard to the preparation of the decisions , programmes and activities to be adopted by the management board and when necessary , because of urgency , to take certain provisional decisions on behalf of the management board . ### the management board may establish a small - sized executive board composed of the chairperson of the management board , one representative of the commission , the representative of the european parliament and three members of the management board , to assist it and the executive director with regard to the preparation of the decisions , programmes and activities to be adopted by the management board and when necessary , because of urgency , to propose certain provisional decisions management board has to take , excluding decisions on which a reinforced majority is needed in the management board .


### without prejudice to paragraph 3 , the management board shall be composed of one representative of each member state and two representatives of the commission , all with voting rights . to this effect , each member state shall appoint a member of the management board as well as an alternate who will represent the member in his or her absence . the commission shall appoint two members and their alternates . the duration of the terms of office shall be four years . the terms of office shall be extendable . ### without prejudice to paragraph 3 , the management board shall be composed of one representative of each member state , two representatives of the commission and two of the european parliament , all with voting rights . to this effect , each member state shall appoint a member of the management board as well as an alternate who will represent the member in his or her absence . the commission shall appoint two members and their alternates . the european parliament shall elect two of its members , at least one being a member of its civil liberties , justice and home affairs committee . the duration of the terms of office shall be four years . the terms of office shall be extendable .


### the fundamental rights officer shall be independent in the performance of his or her duties as a fundamental rights officer , he or she shall report directly to the management board and cooperate with the consultative forum . the fundamental rights officer shall report on a regular basis and as such contribute to the mechanism for monitoring fundamental rights . ### the fundamental rights officer shall be fully independent in the performance of his or her duties as a fundamental rights officer , he or she shall report directly to the management board and the european parliament and cooperate with the consultative forum . the fundamental rights officer shall report on a regular basis and as such contribute to the mechanism for monitoring fundamental rights .


### reflecting the importance of tackling climate change in line with the union ' s commitments to implement the paris agreement and the united nations sustainable development goals , this specific programme will contribute to mainstream climate actions and to the achievement of an overall target of 25 % of the eu budget expenditures supporting climate objectives . actions under this specific programme are expected to contribute 35% of the overall financial envelope of the specific programme to climate objectives . relevant actions will be identified during the specific programme ' s preparation and implementation , and reassessed in the context of the relevant evaluations and review processes . ### acknowledging climate change as one of the biggest and most important global and societal challenges , and reflecting the importance of tackling climate change in line with the union ' s commitments to implement the paris agreement and the united nations sustainable development goals , this specific programme will contribute to mainstream climate actions and to the achievement of an overall target of 25% of the eu budget expenditures supporting climate objectives , while it should also be ensured that the remaining part of the expenditures will not create negative climate and environmental effects . actions under the specific programme should contribute at least 35% of the overall financial envelope of the specific programme to the climate objectives . relevant actions will be identified , in consultation with relevant stakeholders and civil society , during the specific programme ' s preparation and implementation in form of the strategic plan and work programmes , and reassessed in the context of the relevant evaluations and review processes .


### for each mission , a mission board may be established . it shall be composed of around 15 high level individuals including relevant end - users ' representatives . the mission board shall advise upon the following : ### for each mission implementation and definition , a mission board may be established for co - designing and monitor its implementation . it shall be composed of around 15 high level individuals including relevant end - users ' representatives to the defined mission . the mission board shall include representatives from academia , research and technology organizations , ngos , industry of all sizes , smes , start ups , national and local authorities , and relevant end - users representatives such as trade unions , civil society organizations , consumer protection organizations , among others . the members of the mission board shall be appointed by the commission , following an independent and transparent procedure for their selection , including an open call for expressions of interest . they shall advise on the following :


### the scientific council shall be composed of scientists , engineers and scholars of the highest repute and appropriate expertise , of both women and men in different age groups , ensuring a diversity of research areas and acting in their personal capacity , independent of extraneous interests . ### the scientific council shall be composed of scientists , engineers and scholars of the highest repute and appropriate expertise , ensuring a diversity of research areas and acting in their personal capacity , independent of extraneous interests . the composition of the scientific council shall have into account gender balance , different age groups and geographical distribution and representation .


### the scientific council shall be composed of scientists , engineers and scholars of the highest repute and appropriate expertise , of both women and men in different age groups , ensuring a diversity of research areas and acting in their personal capacity , independent of extraneous interests . ### the scientific council shall be composed of scientists , engineers and scholars of the highest repute and appropriate expertise , of both women and men in different age groups , ensuring a diversity of research areas and disciplines and acting in their personal capacity , independent of extraneous interests .


### for the purpose of managing eic blended finance , the commission shall make use of indirect management , or where this is not possible , may establish a special purpose vehicle . the commission shall seek to ensure the participation of other public and private investors . where this is not possible at the initial set up , the special purpose vehicle will be structured in such a way that it can attract other public or private investors in order to increase the leverage effect of the union contribution . ### for the purpose of managing eic blended finance , the commission shall make use of indirect management by its executive agencies . the commission shall seek to ensure the participation of other public and private investors .


### the eic board shall be composed of 15 to 20 high level individuals drawn from various parts of europe ' s innovation ecosystem , including entrepreneurs , corporate leaders , investors and researchers . it shall contribute to outreach actions , with eic board members striving to enhance the prestige of the eic brand . ### the eic board shall be composed of 15 to 20 independent high level individuals drawn from various parts of europe ' s innovation ecosystem , namely the social innovation , including entrepreneurs , corporate representatives , investors , researchers and other relevant actors from cultural domains . it shall contribute to outreach actions , with eic board members striving to enhance the prestige of the eic brand .


### a code of conduct addressing , inter alia , the avoidance of conflict of interests shall be established by the commission . members of the eic board are expected to accept the code of conduct upon assuming office . ### a code of conduct addressing , inter alia , the avoidance of conflict of interests shall be established by the commission . members of the eic board are expected to accept the code of conduct upon assuming office , and shall be dismissed in case a conflict of interests arises .


### the commission will systematically identify and record the results of the research and innovation activities under the programme and transfer or disseminate these results and knowledge produced in a non - discriminatory fashion to industry and enterprises of all sizes , public administrations , academia , civil society organisations and policy - makers , in order to maximise the european added value of the programme . ### the commission will systematically identify and record the results of the research and innovation activities under the programme and transfer or disseminate these results and knowledge produced in a non - discriminatory fashion to industry and enterprises of all sizes , public administrations , academia , civil society organisations and policy - makers within and outside the union , in order to maximise the european added value of the programme and its dedication to sdgs . to that end , scientific publications , results and background data shall be open access focused .


### greater impact will be obtained through aligning actions with other nations and regions of the world within an international cooperation effort of unprecedented scale . based on mutual benefit , partners from across the world will be invited to join eu efforts as an integral part of initiatives in support of eu action for sustainability , reinforced research and innovation excellence , and competitiveness . ### greater impact will be obtained through aligning actions with other nations and regions of the world , especially low and middle income countries , within an international cooperation effort of unprecedented scale , to develop a shared future based on sustainable development bringing together knowledge capacity and infrastructure to support actions on both sides . based on mutual benefit , partners from across the world , including research and education partners , industry , governments and ngos , will be invited to join eu efforts as an integral part of initiatives in support of eu action for poverty - eradication , sustainability , reinforced research and innovation excellence , and competitiveness . the international transfer of knowledge , capacity and infrastructure between the partners will drive shared approaches and regulation that will bring synergistic trading to all .


### international joint action will ensure effective tackling of global societal challenges and sustainable development goals , access to the world ' s best talents , expertise and resources , and enhanced supply and demand of innovative solutions . ### international joint action , with a particular focus on addressing market failures , will ensure , as defined in point of article 2 of [ the regulation establishing horizon europe - the framework programme for research and innovation , laying down its rules for participation and dissemination ] , the effective tackling of global societal challenges and neglected areas of research , and achieving the sustainable development goals . given the global nature of these challenges and their close relation with low and middle income countries , the effort shall be directed to a strategic cooperation between the world ' s best talents , expertise and resources , while working in line with developmental policies , in order to avoid a ' brain drain ' from developing countries . international collaboration and cooperation will be designed around common goals requiring international collaboration .


### horizon europe will provide dedicated support for open access to scientific publications , to knowledge repositories and other data sources . dissemination and knowledge diffusion actions will be supported , also from cooperation with other eu programmes , including clustering and packaging results and data in languages and formats for target audiences and networks for citizens , industry , public administrations , academia , civil society organisations , and policy makers . for this purpose , horizon europe may make use of advanced technologies and intelligence tools . ### horizon europe will provide dedicated support for open access to scientific publications and to research data , to knowledge repositories and other data sources . dissemination and knowledge diffusion actions will be supported , also from cooperation with other eu programmes , including clustering and packaging results and data in languages and formats for target audiences and networks for citizens , industry , public administrations , academia , civil society organisations , and policy makers . for this purpose , horizon europe may make use of advanced technologies and intelligence tools .


### open and excellent science is inextricably linked to the achievement of world leading innovation . scientific and technological paradigm shifts have been identified as key drivers for productivity growth , competitiveness , wealth , sustainable development and social progress . such paradigm shifts have historically tended to originate from the public - sector science base before going on to lay the foundations for whole new industries and sectors . ### open and excellent science is inextricably linked to the achievement of world leading innovation . scientific and technological paradigm shifts have been identified as key drivers for productivity growth , cooperation , wealth , sustainable and ecological development and social progress and inclusion . such paradigm shifts have historically tended to originate from the public - sector science base before going on to lay the foundations for whole new industries and sectors .


### europe is a scientific powerhouse with around 1 . 8 million researchers working in thousands of universities , research centres and world - leading companies . however , it is estimated that the eu will need to train and employ at least one million new researchers by 2027 in order to achieve the targets beings set for increased investment in research and innovation . this need is particularly acute in the non - academic sector . the eu must reinforce its efforts to entice more young women and men to a career in research , to attract researchers from third countries , retain its own researchers and reintegrate european researchers working elsewhere back to europe . in addition , in order to more widely spread excellence , the conditions under which researchers perform must be further improved throughout the european research area . in this respect , stronger links are needed notably with the european education area , the european regional development fund , and european social fund . ### europe is a scientific powerhouse with around 1 . 8 million researchers working in thousands of universities , research centres and world - leading companies . however , it is estimated that the eu will need to train and employ at least one million new researchers by 2027 in order to achieve the targets beings set for increased investment in research and innovation . this need is particularly acute in the non - academic sector . the eu must reinforce its efforts to entice more young people across all genders and backgrounds to a career in research , to attract researchers from third countries , retain its own researchers and reintegrate european researchers working elsewhere back to europe . in addition , in order to more widely spread excellence , the conditions under which researchers perform must be further improved throughout the european research area . in this respect , stronger links are needed notably with the european education area , the european regional development fund , and european social fund .


### europe is a scientific powerhouse with around 1 . 8 million researchers working in thousands of universities , research centres and world - leading companies . however , it is estimated that the eu will need to train and employ at least one million new researchers by 2027 in order to achieve the targets beings set for increased investment in research and innovation . this need is particularly acute in the non - academic sector . the eu must reinforce its efforts to entice more young women and men to a career in research , to attract researchers from third countries , retain its own researchers and reintegrate european researchers working elsewhere back to europe . in addition , in order to more widely spread excellence , the conditions under which researchers perform must be further improved throughout the european research area . in this respect , stronger links are needed notably with the european education area , the european regional development fund , and european social fund . ### europe is a scientific powerhouse with around 1 . 8 million researchers working in thousands of universities , research centres and world - leading companies . however , it is estimated that the eu will need to train and employ at least one million new researchers by 2027 in order to achieve the targets beings set for increased investment in research and innovation . this need is particularly acute in the non - academic sector . the eu must reinforce its efforts to entice more young women and men to a career in research , retain its own researchers and reintegrate european researchers working elsewhere back to europe . in addition , in order to more widely spread excellence , the conditions under which researchers perform must be further improved throughout the european research area . in this respect , stronger links are needed notably with the european education area , the european regional development fund , and european social fund .


### the msca contribute to making the era more effective , competitive and attractive on a global scale . this can be achieved by focusing on a new generation of highly - skilled researchers and providing support for emerging talent from across the eu and beyond ; by fostering the diffusion and application of new knowledge and ideas to european policies , the economy and society , inter alia through improved science communication and public outreach measures ; by facilitating cooperation between research - performing organisations ; and by having a pronounced structuring impact on the era , advocating an open labour market and setting standards for quality training , attractive employment conditions and open recruitment for all researchers . ### the msca contribute to making the era more effective , competitive and attractive on a global scale . this can be achieved by focusing on a new generation of highly - skilled researchers and providing support for emerging talent from across the eu and beyond ; by fostering the diffusion and application of new knowledge and ideas to european policies , the economy and society , inter alia through improved science communication and public outreach measures ; by facilitating cooperation between research - performing organisations ; and by having a pronounced structuring impact on the era , advocating an open labour market , guaranteeing labor rights , and setting standards for quality training , attractive and non precarious employment conditions and open recruitment for all researchers .


### europe needs a highly - skilled and resilient human capital base in research and innovation that can easily adapt to and find sustainable solutions for future challenges , such as major demographic changes in europe . to ensure excellence , researchers need to be mobile , collaborate and diffuse knowledge across countries , sectors and disciplines , with the right combination of knowledge and skills to tackle societal challenges and support innovation . ### europe needs a highly - skilled and resilient human capital base in research and innovation that can easily adapt to and find sustainable solutions for future challenges , such as major demographic changes in europe and in the world . to ensure excellence , researchers need to be mobile , collaborate and diffuse knowledge across countries , sectors and disciplines , with the right combination of knowledge and skills to tackle societal challenges and support innovation .


### the eu needs a strong , resilient and creative human resource base , with the right combination of skills to match the future needs of the labour market , to innovate and to convert knowledge and ideas into products and services for economic and social benefit . this can be achieved through training researchers to further develop their core research competences as well as enhance their transferable skills such as a creative and entrepreneurial mindset . this will allow them to face current and future global challenges , and improve their career prospects and innovation potential . ### the eu needs a strong , resilient and creative human resource base , with the right combination of skills to match the future needs of the labour market , to innovate and to convert knowledge and ideas into products and services for scientific , economic and social benefit . this can be achieved through training researchers to further develop their core research competences as well as enhance their transferable skills such as a creative and entrepreneurial mindset . this will allow them to face current and future societal challenges , and improve their career prospects and innovation potential .


### in order to foster excellence , promote cooperation between research - performing organisations and create a positive structuring effect , high - quality training standards , good working conditions and effective career development of researchers need to be more widely spread across the era . this will help modernise or enhance research training programmes and systems as well as increasing institutions ' worldwide attractiveness . ### in order to foster excellence , promote cooperation between research - performing organisations and create a positive structuring effect , high - quality training standards , good working conditions , such as equal payment at all levels across european countries , and effective career development of researchers need to be more widely spread across the era . this will help modernise or enhance research training programmes and systems as well as increasing institutions ' worldwide attractiveness .


### cooperation , production and diffusion of knowledge within the eu and with third countries . ### cooperation , production and diffusion of knowledge within the eu and with third countries , including low and middle - income countries .


### –networks of pan eu , national and regional research infrastructures addressing global challenges for the provision of access to researchers as well as for the harmonisation and improvement of the infrastructures ' services ; ### –networks of pan eu , national and regional research infrastructures , including small and medium size research infrastructures , addressing global challenges for the provision of access to researchers as well as for the improvement of the infrastructures ' services ;


### ii ### iiglobal challanges and industrial cooperation


### many of the challenges which confront the eu are also global challenges . the scale and complexity of the problems are vast , and need to be matched by the appropriate money , resources and effort in order to find solutions . these are precisely the areas where the eu must work together ; smart , flexible and joined - up for the benefit and well - being of our citizens . ### many of the challenges which confront the eu are also societal global challenges . the scale and complexity of the problems are vast , and need to be matched by the appropriate money , resources and effort in order to find solutions . these are precisely the areas where the eu must work together ; smart , flexible and joined - up for the benefit and well - being of our citizens .


### many of the challenges which confront the eu are also global challenges . the scale and complexity of the problems are vast , and need to be matched by the appropriate money , resources and effort in order to find solutions . these are precisely the areas where the eu must work together ; smart , flexible and joined - up for the benefit and well - being of our citizens . ### many of the challenges which confront the eu are also global challenges . the scale and complexity of the problems are vast , and need to be matched by the appropriate money , resources and effort in order to find solutions . these are precisely the areas where the eu must work together ; smart , flexible and joined - up for the benefit and well - being of our citizens and the world .


### greater impact can be obtained through aligning actions with other nations and regions of the world within an unprecedented international cooperation along the lines indicated by the sustainable development goals and the paris climate agreement . based on mutual benefit , partners from across the world will be invited to join eu efforts as an integral part of research and innovation for sustainability . ### greater impact can be obtained through aligning actions with other nations and regions of the world , including low and middle - income countries , within an unprecedented international cooperation along the lines indicated by the sustainable development goals and the paris climate agreement . based on common interest and mutual benefit , partners from across the world will be invited to join eu efforts as an integral part of research and innovation for sustainability .


### clusters will develop and apply digital , key enabling and emerging technologies as part of a common strategy to promote the eu ' s industrial leadership . where appropriate this will use eu space - enabled data and services . ### clusters shall focus on addressing societal challenges , guided by the sdgs , and will develop and apply digital , key enabling and emerging technologies as part of a common strategy to promote the eu ' s industrial leadership within a framework of sustainable development . where appropriate this will use eu space - enabled data and services .


### the eu pillar of social rights asserts that everyone has the right to timely access to affordable , preventive and curative health care of good quality . this underlines the eu’s commitment to the un’s sustainable development goals calling for universal health coverage for all at all ages by 2030 , leaving no one behind , and ending preventable deaths . ### the eu pillar of social rights asserts that everyone has the right to timely access to affordable - for - all , preventive and curative health care of good quality . this underlines the eu’s commitment to the un’s sustainable development goals calling for universal health coverage for all at all ages by 2030 , leaving no one behind , and ending preventable deaths .


### health research and innovation research and innovation have played a significant part in this achievement but also in improving productivity and quality in the health and care industry . however , the eu continues to face novel , newly emerging or persisting challenges that are threatening its citizens and public health , the sustainability of its health care and social protection systems , as well as the competitiveness of its health and care industry . major health challenges in the eu include : the lack of effective health promotion and disease prevention ; the rise of non - communicable diseases ; the spread of antimicrobial drug resistance and the emergence of infectious epidemics ; increased environmental pollution ; the persistence of health inequalities among and within countries affecting disproportionally people that are disadvantaged or in vulnerable stages of life ; the detection , understanding , control , prevention and mitigation of health risks in a rapidly changing social , urban and natural environment ; the increasing costs for european health care systems and the progressive introduction of personalised medicine approaches and digitalisation in health and care ; and the increasing pressure on the european health and care industry to remain competitive in and by developing health innovation vis - a - vis new and emerging global players . ### health research and innovation research and innovation have played a significant part in this achievement but also in improving productivity and quality in the health and care industry . however , the eu continues to face novel , newly emerging or persisting challenges that are threatening its citizens and public health , the sustainability of its health care and social protection systems , as well as the competitiveness of its health and care industry . major health challenges in the eu include : the increased cases of cancer ; cardiovascular disease as the main cause of death in europe ; precision medicine ; the lack of effective health promotion and disease prevention ; the rise of non - communicable diseases ; the spread of antimicrobial drug resistance and the emergence of infectious epidemics ; increased environmental pollution ; the persistence of health inequalities among and within countries affecting disproportionally people that are disadvantaged or in vulnerable stages of life ; the detection , understanding , control , prevention and mitigation of health risks in a rapidly changing social , urban and natural environment ; the high prices of some innovative health tools and technologies ; increased interdependence of eu on other regions as a consequence of globalization calling for a global health approach ; the increasing costs for european health care systems and the progressive introduction of personalised medicine approaches and digitalisation in health and care ; and the increasing pressure on the european health and care industry to remain competitive in and by developing health innovation vis - a - vis new and emerging global players .


### the eu pillar of social rights asserts that everyone has the right to timely access to affordable , preventive and curative health care of good quality . this underlines the eu’s commitment to the un’s sustainable development goals calling for universal health coverage for all at all ages by 2030 , leaving no one behind , and ending preventable deaths . ### the eu pillar of social rights asserts that everyone has the right to timely access to affordable , preventive and curative health care of good quality . the sdg 3 calls for ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing for all at all ages . lack of research on possible vaccines and treatments for certain diseases that mainly or exclusively affect poor people represents an obvious market failure . activities in this cluster shall address this failure and also in other ways support the pursuit of sdg 3 and its associated targets .


### these health challenges are complex , interlinked and global in nature and require multidisciplinary , cross - sectorial and transnational collaborations . research and innovation activities will build close linkages between discovery , clinical , epidemiological , environmental and socio - economic research as well as with regulatory sciences . they will harness the combined skills of academia and industry and foster their collaboration with health services , patients , policy - makers and citizens in order to leverage on public funding and ensure the uptake of results in clinical practice as well as in health care systems . they will foster strategic collaboration at eu and international level in order to pool the expertise , capacities and resources needed to create economies of scale , scope and speed as well as to share the expected benefits and financial risks involved . ### these health challenges are complex , interlinked and global in nature and require multidisciplinary , cross - sectorial and transnational collaborations and research . research and innovation activities will build close linkages between discovery , clinical , epidemiological , environmental and socio - economic research as well as with regulatory sciences . they will harness the combined skills of academia and industry and foster their collaboration with health services , patients , policy - makers , relevant stakeholders , civil society organizations and citizens in order to leverage on public funding and ensure the uptake of results in clinical practice as well as in health care and social welfare systems . they will foster strategic collaboration at eu and international level in order to pool the expertise , capacities and resources needed to create economies of scale , scope and speed as well as to share the expected benefits and financial risks involved .


### –early development and the aging process throughout the life course ; ### –early development and the aging process throughout the life course , with emphasis on dementia ;


### –maternal , paternal , infant and child health as well as the role of parents ; ### –maternal , paternal , infant and child health as well as the role of parents ; child and maternal survival ;


### –diagnostics for earlier and more accurate diagnosis and for patient - adapted treatment ; ### –diagnostics for earlier and more accurate diagnosis and for patient - adapted treatment , with emphasis in diseases with major prevalence such as cancer and diabetes types i and ii ;


### protecting people against cross - border health threats is a major challenge for public health , calling for effective international cooperation at eu and global level . this will involve prevention , preparedness , early detection , treatment and cure of infectious diseases , and also tackling antimicrobial resistance following a ' one health approach ' . ### protecting people against communicable diseases , cross - border health threats and poverty - related and neglected diseases is a major challenge for public health , calling for effective international cooperation at eu and global level as well as coordination between union funding instruments in r&i and international development . this will involve developing tools for prevention , preparedness , early detection , treatment and cure of infectious diseases , and also tackling antimicrobial resistance a number of infectious diseases lack private sector r&i investment because of the lack of market incentives to invest in the prevention , treatment , and diagnosis of these often poverty - related diseases , calling for more ambitious public sector investment . especially complex and costly late stage clinical trials and supporting ethical and regulatory strengthening in developing countries require pooled european efforts .


### –vaccines , diagnostics , treatments and cures for infectious diseases , including co - morbidities and co - infections ; ### –new development and optimisation of suitable , safe , effective and affordable vaccines , diagnostics , treatments and cures for infectious diseases , including co - morbidities and co - infections with priority for poverty - related and neglected diseases where commercial markets are lacking , in addition to those significantly impacted by antimicrobial resistance ;


### health technologies and tools are vital for public health and contributed to a large extent to the important improvements achieved in the quality of life , health and care of people , in the eu . it is thus a key strategic challenge to design , develop , deliver and implement suitable , trustable , safe , and cost - effective tools and technologies for health and care , taking due account of the needs of people with disabilities and the aging society . these include artificial intelligence and other digital technologies , offering significant improvements over existing ones , as well as stimulating a competitive and sustainable health - related industry that creates high - value jobs . the european health - related industry is one of the critical economic sectors in the eu , accounting for 3% of gdp and 1 . 5 million employees . ### health technologies and tools are vital for public health and contributed to a large extent to the important improvements achieved in the quality of life , health and care of people , in the eu . it is thus a key strategic challenge to design , develop , deliver and implement suitable , accessible , trustable , safe , and cost - effective tools and technologies for health and care , taking due account of the needs of people with disabilities and the aging society . these include artificial intelligence and other digital technologies , offering significant improvements over existing ones , as well as stimulating a competitive and sustainable health - related industry that creates high - value jobs . the european health - related industry is one of the critical economic sectors in the eu , accounting for 3% of gdp and 1 . 5 million employees .


### the eu must promote a model of inclusive and sustainable growth while reaping the benefits of technological advancements , enhancing trust in and promoting innovation of democratic governance , combatting inequalities , unemployment , marginalisation , discrimination and radicalisation , guaranteeing human rights , fostering cultural diversity and european cultural heritage and empowering citizens through social innovation . the management of migration and the integration of migrants will also continue to be priority issues . the role of research and innovation in the social sciences and the humanities in responding to these challenges and achieving the eu’s goals is fundamental . ### the eu must promote a model of inclusive and sustainable growth while reaping the benefits of technological advancements , enhancing trust in and promoting innovation of democratic governance , combatting inequalities , unemployment , marginalisation , discrimination and radicalisation , guaranteeing human rights , fostering cultural diversity and heritage and empowering citizens through social innovation . the management of migration and the integration of migrants will also continue to be priority issues . the role of research and innovation in the social sciences and the humanities in responding to these challenges and achieving the eu’s goals is fundamental .


### research and innovation activities in this global challenge will be overall aligned with the commission ' s priorities on democratic change ; jobs , growth and investment ; justice and fundamental rights ; migration ; a deeper and fairer european monetary union ; digital single market . it will respond to the commitment of the rome agenda to work towards : ' a social europe ' and ' a union which preserves our cultural heritage and promotes cultural diversity ' . it will also support the european pillar of social rights , and the global compact for safe , orderly and regular migration . security research responds to the commitment of the rome agenda to work towards ' a safe and secure europe ' , contributing to a genuine and effective security union . synergies with the justice programme and with the rights and values programme , which support activities in the area of access to justice , victims ' rights , gender equality , non - discrimination , data protection and promotion of the european citizenship will be exploited . ### research and innovation activities in this global challenge will be overall aligned with the commission ' s priorities on democratic change ; jobs , growth and investment ; justice and fundamental rights ; migration ; digital single market . it will respond to the commitment of the rome agenda to work towards : ' a social europe ' and ' a union which preserves our cultural heritage and promotes cultural diversity ' . it will also support the european pillar of social rights . synergies with the justice programme and with the rights and values programme , which support activities in the area of access to justice , victims ' rights , gender equality , non - discrimination , data protection and promotion of the european citizenship will be exploited .


### activities will contribute directly to the following sustainable development goals in particular : sdg 1 - no poverty ; sdg 4 - quality education ; sdg – decent work and economic growth ; sdg 9 – industry , innovation and infrastructure ; sdg 10 - reducing inequalities ; sdg 11 - sustainable cities and communities ; sdg 16 – peace , justice and strong institutions . ### activities will contribute directly to the following sustainable development goals in particular : sdg 1 - no poverty ; sdg 4 - quality education ; sdg 5 – gender equality ; sdg 8 – decent work and economic growth ; sdg 9 – industry , innovation and infrastructure ; sdg 10 - reducing inequalities ; sdg 11 - sustainable cities and communities ; sdg 16 – peace , justice and strong institutions .


### –strategies to address populism , extremism , radicalisation , terrorism and to include and engage disaffected and marginalised citizens ; ### –strategies to address populism , extremism , radicalisation and terrorism , as well as strategies to address the valid concerns of the many disaffected and marginalised citizens across the union ;


### –innovative approaches to support the transparency , responsiveness , accountability effectiveness and legitimacy of democratic governance in full respect of fundamental rights and of the rule of law ; ### –innovative approaches to support the transparency , responsiveness , accountability effectiveness and legitimacy of democratic governance in full respect of fundamental and human rights and of the rule of law ;


### –strategies to address populism , extremism , radicalisation , terrorism and to include and engage disaffected and marginalised citizens ; ### –strategies to address populism , extremism , radicalisation , discrimination and hate speeches and to actively include , empower and engage disaffected , vulnerable and marginalised citizens ;


### 2 . 2 . cultural heritage ### 2 . 2 . diverse cultural heritage


### cultural heritage is the fabric of our lives , meaningful to communities , groups and societies , giving a sense of belonging . it is the bridge between the past and the future of our societies . it is a driving force of local economies and a powerful source of inspiration for creative and cultural industries . accessing , conserving , safeguarding and restoring , interpreting and harnessing the full potential of our cultural heritage are crucial challenges now and for future generations . cultural heritage is the major input and inspiration for the arts , traditional craftsmanship , the cultural , entrepreneurial and creative sectors that are drivers of sustainable economic growth , new job creation and external trade . ### diverse cultural heritage has a universal value for us as individuals , communities and societies across europe and beyond . diverse cultural heritage is the fabric of our lives , meaningful to communities , groups and societies , giving a sense of belonging in plural and diverse societies through the sharing of knowledge and experiences and promoting active engagement in the community . it is the bridge between the past and the future of our societies . it is a driving force of local economies and communities and a powerful source of inspiration for creative and cultural industries . accessing , conserving , safeguarding and restoring , interpreting and harnessing the full potential of our cultural heritage are crucial challenges now and for future generations . diverse cultural heritage is a major input and inspiration for the arts , traditional craftsmanship , the cultural , entrepreneurial , social innovation and creative sectors that are drivers of sustainable economic growth , new job creation and external trade .


### –influence of traditions , behavioural patterns , perceptions and beliefs on values and sense of belonging . ### –importance of pluralistic and diverse traditions , customs , perceptions and beliefs on values in the development of communities , promoting the active engagement and participation of all citizens through the share of multicultural knowledge and experiences .


### –statistical and other economic tools for a better understanding of growth and innovation in a context of sluggish productivity gains ; ### –statistical and other economic tools for a better understanding of growth and social innovation ;


### –modernisation of public authorities to meet citizens’ expectation regarding service provision , transparency , accessibility , openness , accountability and user centricity . ### –modernisation of public authorities and services to meet citizens’ expectations and needs regarding service provision , transparency , accessibility , openness , accountability and user centricity .


### –efficiency of justice systems and improved access to justice based on judiciary independence and rule of law principles , with fair , efficient and transparent procedural methods both in civil and criminal matters . ### –efficiency of justice systems and improved access to justice based on judiciary independence and rule of law principles , with fair , efficient , accessible , affordable and transparent procedural methods both in civil and criminal matters .


### –tax and benefits systems together with social security and social investment policies with a view to reversing inequalities and addressing the negative impacts of technology , demographics and diversity ; ### –tax and benefits systems together with social security and social investment policies with a view to reversing inequalities , supporting domestic resource mobilisation in developing countries , in accordance with section ii a of the addis ababa action agenda and with union policy , and addressing the negative impacts of technology , demographics , tax avoidance and evasion , illicit financial flows and lack of transparency in relation to financial conditions and operations ;


### there is a need to protect citizens from and to respond to security threats from criminal including terrorist activities and hybrid threats ; to protect people , public spaces and critical infrastructure , from both physical attacks and cyber - attacks ; to fight terrorism and radicalisation , including understanding and tackling terrorist ideas and beliefs ; to prevent and fight serious crime , including cybercrime , and organised crime ; to support victims ; to trace criminal financial flows ; to support the use of data for law enforcement and to ensure the protection of personal data in law enforcement activities ; to support air , land and sea eu border management , for flows of people and goods . it is essential to maintain flexibility rapidly to address new security challenges that may arise . ### there is a need to protect citizens from and to respond to security threats from criminal to hybrid threats ; to protect people , public spaces and critical infrastructure , from both physical attacks and cyber - attacks ; to prevent and fight serious crime , including cybercrime , and organised crime ; to support victims ; to trace criminal financial flows ; to support the use of data for law enforcement and to ensure the protection of personal data in law enforcement activities ; to support air , land and sea eu border management , for flows of people and goods . it is essential to maintain flexibility rapidly to address new security challenges that may arise .


### manufacturing is a key driver of employment and prosperity in the eu , producing over three quarters of the eu ' s global exports and providing over a 100 million direct and indirect jobs . the key challenge for eu manufacturing is to remain competitive at a global level with smarter and more customised products of high added value , produced at much lower energy costs . creative and cultural inputs will be vital to help generate added value . ### manufacturing is a key driver of employment and prosperity in the eu , producing over three quarters of the eu ' s global exports and providing over a 100 million direct and indirect jobs . the key challenge for eu manufacturing is to remain competitive at a global level with smarter and more customised products of high added value , produced in line with energy efficiency and environment sustainability and protection , boosting the use of renewable energy . creative , social and cultural inputs will be vital to help generate added value .


### –skills and workspaces fully adapted to the new technologies , in line with european social values ; ### –workspaces fully adapted to the new technologies , improving better working conditions , preventing occupational and working related diseases , boosting psychological and motivational wellbeing .


### making any object and device intelligent is one of the megatrends . researchers and innovators developing artificial intelligence and offering applications in robotics and other areas will be key drivers of future economic and productivity growth . many sectors including health , manufacturing , construction , and farming will use and further develop this key enabling technology , in other parts of the framework programme . developments must ensure the safety of ai - based applications , assess the risks and mitigate its potential for malicious use and unintended discrimination such as gender or racial bias . it must also be ensured that ai is developed within a framework which respects the eu ' s values and the charter of fundamental rights of the european union . ### making any object and device intelligent is one of the megatrends . researchers and innovators developing artificial intelligence and offering applications in robotics and other areas will be key drivers of future economic and productivity growth . many sectors including health , neural and language technologies , manufacturing , construction , and farming will use and further develop this key enabling technology , in other parts of the framework programme . developments must ensure the safety of ai - based applications , assess the risks and mitigate its potential for malicious use and unintended discrimination such as gender or racial bias . it must also be ensured that ai is developed within a framework which respects the eu ' s values and the charter of fundamental rights of the european union .


### –next generation internet applications and services for consumers , industry and society building on trust , interoperability , better user control of data , transparent language access , new multi modal interaction concepts , inclusive and highly personalised access to objects , information and content , including immersive and trustworthy media , social media and social networking ; ### –next generation internet applications and services for consumers , industry and society building on trust , interoperability , interconnectivity , better user control of data , transparent language access , new multi modal interaction concepts , inclusive and highly personalised access to objects , information and content , including immersive and trustworthy media , social media and social networking ;


### transport ensures the mobility of people and goods necessary for an integrated european single market , territorial cohesion and an open and inclusive society . at the same time , transport has significant negative effects on human health , congestion , land , air quality and noise , as well as safety resulting in numerous premature deaths and increased socio - economic costs . therefore , sustainable mobility and transport networks need to become clean , safe , smart , secure , silent , reliable and affordable , offering a seamless integrated door - to - door service . ### transport ensures the mobility of people and goods necessary for an integrated european market , territorial cohesion and an open and inclusive society . at the same time , transport has significant negative effects on human health , congestion , land , air quality and noise , as well as safety resulting in numerous premature deaths and increased socio - economic costs . therefore , environment and economic sustainable mobility and efficient transport networks need to become clean , safe , smart , innovative , secure , silent , reliable and affordable , offering a seamless integrated door - to - door service .


### transport ensures the mobility of people and goods necessary for an integrated european single market , territorial cohesion and an open and inclusive society . at the same time , transport has significant negative effects on human health , congestion , land , air quality and noise , as well as safety resulting in numerous premature deaths and increased socio - economic costs . therefore , sustainable mobility and transport networks need to become clean , safe , smart , secure , silent , reliable and affordable , offering a seamless integrated door - to - door service . ### transport ensures the mobility of people and goods necessary for an integrated european single market , territorial cohesion and an open and inclusive society . at the same time , transport has significant negative effects on human health , congestion , land , air quality and noise , as well as safety resulting in numerous premature deaths and increased socio - economic costs . therefore , sustainable urban mobility and planning and transport networks need to become clean , safe , smart , secure , silent , reliable and affordable , offering a seamless integrated door - to - door service .