### 1. welcomes the commission white paper on ‘artificial intelligence - a european approach to excellence and trust’ and the european data strategy; stresses that the approaches outlined therein are likely to contribute to the deployment of the potential of human-centered ai in the eu; notes , however , that the issue of the protection of iprs in the context of the development of ai technologies does not seem to have been addressed by the commission , despite the importance of these rights and the role played by innovation and creativity in the eu economy; ### 1. takes note of the commission white paper on ‘artificial intelligence - a european approach to excellence and trust’ and of the european data strategy; considers the approaches outlined therein to be a starting point for the deployment of the potential of human-centered ai in the eu; notes , however , that the issue of the protection of iprs in the context of the development of ai technologies does not seem to have been addressed by the commission , despite the importance of these rights and the role played by innovation and creativity in the eu economy;


### 1. welcomes the commission white paper on ‘artificial intelligence - a european approach to excellence and trust’ and the european data strategy; stresses that the approaches outlined therein are likely to contribute to the deployment of the potential of human-centered ai in the eu; notes , however , that the issue of the protection of iprs in the context of the development of ai technologies does not seem to have been addressed by the commission , despite the importance of these rights and the role played by innovation and creativity in the eu economy; ### 1. welcomes the commission white paper on ‘artificial intelligence - a european approach to excellence and trust’ and the european data strategy; stresses that the approaches outlined therein are likely to contribute to the deployment of the potential of human-centered ai in the eu; notes , however , that the issue of the protection of iprs in the context of the development of ai technologies has not been addressed by the commission , despite the key importance of these rights and the role played by innovation and creativity in the eu economy;


### 2. highlights the fact that the development of ai technologies in the transport sector has the potential to bring considerable economic , societal , environmental and safety benefits; ### 2. highlights the fact that the development of ai technologies in the transport sector has the potential to bring considerable economic , societal , environmental and safety benefits; takes note of the global competition between companies and economic regions in the development of ai solutions for the transport sector; highlights the need to strengthen the international competitiveness of european companies operating in the transport sector by establishing eu as an environment favourable for the development and application of ai solutions.


### 2. stresses that the eu should play an essential role in laying down basic principles on the development , programming and use of ai , notably in its regulations and codes of conduct; ### 2. stresses that the eu should play an essential role in laying down basic principles on the development , programming and use of ai , notably in its regulations and codes of conduct; points out that the status of works protected by copyright and used by an artificial intelligence is already covered by directive (eu) 2019/790 on copyright with the exceptions and limitations in force in union legislation , and which should continue to apply in their present form , and to text and data mining in particular;


### 2. stresses that the eu should play an essential role in laying down basic principles on the development , programming and use of ai , notably in its regulations and codes of conduct; ### 2. stresses that the eu should play an essential role in laying down basic principles on the development , programming and use of ai , notably in its regulations and codes of conduct; is of the view , however , that such principles should not stifle the advancement of ai or impede competition;


### 2. stresses that the eu should play an essential role in laying down basic principles on the development , programming and use of ai , notably in its regulations and codes of conduct; ### 2. stresses that the eu should play an essential role in laying down basic principles on the development , programming and use of ai , notably in its regulations and codes of conduct; taking into account and as reference the values of judeo-christian humanism underpinning europe;


### 3. recalls that ai cannot only perform activities which used to be exclusively human , but that it can also acquire and develop autonomous and cognitive features , through experience learning; stresses that ai systems can autonomously create and generate cultural and creative works , with only minimum human input; notes , moreover , that ai systems can evolve in an unpredictable way , by creating original works unknown to their initial programmers; ### 3. recalls that ai cannot only perform activities which used to be exclusively human , but that it can also acquire and develop autonomous and cognitive features , through experience learning or reinforcement learning; stresses that in certain cases , the designer can even find that learning systems of this kind become unpredictable; stresses the urgency arising from this fact of deliberations on the notion of responsibility in regard to it systems capable of learning through reinforcement; stresses that ai systems can autonomously create and generate cultural and creative works , with only minimum human input; notes , moreover , that ai systems can evolve in an unpredictable way , by creating original works unknown to their initial programmers;


### 3. recalls that ai cannot only perform activities which used to be exclusively human , but that it can also acquire and develop autonomous and cognitive features , through experience learning; stresses that ai systems can autonomously create and generate cultural and creative works , with only minimum human input; notes , moreover , that ai systems can evolve in an unpredictable way , by creating original works unknown to their initial programmers; ### 3. recalls that ai cannot only perform activities which used to be exclusively human , but that it can also acquire and develop autonomous and cognitive features , through experience learning; stresses that ai systems can autonomously create and generate cultural and creative works , with only minimum human input; notes , moreover , that ai systems can evolve in an unpredictable way , by creating original works unknown to their initial programmers; a fact which should be taken into account in establishing the framework for the protection of the media , promotion and exploitation rights derived from said works;


### 3. recalls that ai cannot only perform activities which used to be exclusively human , but that it can also acquire and develop autonomous and cognitive features , through experience learning; stresses that ai systems can autonomously create and generate cultural and creative works , with only minimum human input; notes , moreover , that ai systems can evolve in an unpredictable way , by creating original works unknown to their initial programmers; ### 3. recalls that due to technological advances ai can not only perform some activities which used to be exclusively human , but that it can also increasingly mimic some cognitive human functions , notably learning , understanding and reasoning; stresses that ai systems can quasi-autonomously create and generate cultural and creative works , with only minimal human input; notes , moreover , that ai systems can even evolve in an unpredictable way , by creating original works unknown to their initial programmers;


### 3. stresses the importance of protecting iprs in relation to ai technologies , in order to create the legal certainty and build the trust needed to encourage investment in these technologies; considers that the eu can be a frontrunner in the creation of ai technologies if it adopts an operational regulatory framework that is regularly assessed in the light of technological developments and implements proactive public policies , particularly as regards training programmes and financial support for research; ### 3. stresses the importance of protecting iprs in relation to ai technologies and their multidimensional character , in order to create the legal certainty and build the trust needed to encourage investment in these technologies; considers that the eu can achieve its aim to become a frontrunner in the creation of ai technologies if it adopts an operational regulatory framework that is regularly assessed in the light of technological developments and implements proactive public policies , particularly as regards training programmes and financial support for research; reiterates the need , in this regard , to ensure sufficient leeway for the development of new technologies , products or services;


### 3. stresses the importance of protecting iprs in relation to ai technologies , in order to create the legal certainty and build the trust needed to encourage investment in these technologies; considers that the eu can be a frontrunner in the creation of ai technologies if it adopts an operational regulatory framework that is regularly assessed in the light of technological developments and implements proactive public policies , particularly as regards training programmes and financial support for research; ### 3. stresses the key importance of protecting iprs in relation to ai technologies , in order to ensure high level of protection of iprs , to create the legal certainty and to build the trust needed to encourage investment in these technologies; considers that , due to little regulation at national level , the eu has the potential to be the frontrunner in the creation of ai technologies if it adopts an operational regulatory framework that is regularly assessed in the light of technological developments and implements proactive public policies , particularly as regards training programmes and financial support for research;


### 3. stresses the importance of protecting iprs in relation to ai technologies , in order to create the legal certainty and build the trust needed to encourage investment in these technologies; considers that the eu can be a frontrunner in the creation of ai technologies if it adopts an operational regulatory framework that is regularly assessed in the light of technological developments and implements proactive public policies , particularly as regards training programmes and financial support for research; ### 3. stresses the importance of protecting iprs in relation to ai technologies , in order to create the legal certainty and build the trust needed to encourage investment in these technologies , in particular for smes and start-ups; considers that the eu can be a frontrunner in the creation of ai technologies if it adopts an operational regulatory framework that is regularly assessed in the light of technological developments and implements proactive public policies , particularly as regards training programmes and financial support for research;


### 4. emphasises the need to address copyright issues relating to ai-generated cultural and creative works; underlines , in that context , the need to assess whether the notion of the human creator as the basis for the intellectual property rights (ipr) system is still adequate for ai-generated works; considers that automatically assigning the copyright of ai-generated works to the copyright holder of the ai software , algorithm or programme may not be the best way forward; ### 4. emphasises the need to address copyright issues relating to ai-generated cultural and creative works;


### 4. emphasises the need to address copyright issues relating to ai-generated cultural and creative works; underlines , in that context , the need to assess whether the notion of the human creator as the basis for the intellectual property rights (ipr) system is still adequate for ai-generated works; considers that automatically assigning the copyright of ai-generated works to the copyright holder of the ai software , algorithm or programme may not be the best way forward; ### 4. emphasises the need to address copyright issues relating to production of cultural and creative outputs by autonomous creative robots or with the assistance of ai-generated technologies; underlines , in that context , the need to assess whether the notion of the human creator as the basis for the intellectual property rights (ipr) system is still adequate for ai-generated works; considers that thorough research is needed to understand whether automatically assigning the copyright of ai-generated works to the copyright holder of the ai software , algorithm or programme is the best way forward; welcomes the commission’s call for a study on copyright and new technologies;1a


### 4. considers also that the union must address the various aspects of ai by means of a definition that is technologically neutral and sufficiently flexible to encompass future technological developments; ### 4. considers also that the union must address the various aspects of ai by means of a definition that is technologically neutral and sufficiently flexible to encompass future technological developments; considers it necessary to continue to reflect on interactions between ai and intellectual property rights , from the perspective of both intellectual property offices and users;


### 5. expresses concern about the vacuum left between ipr and the development of ai , which could make cultural and creative industries vulnerable to ai-generated copyright-protected works; calls on the commission to support a horizontal and technologically neutral approach to ipr applicable to ai-generated works; ### 5. expresses concern about the vacuum left between ipr and the development of ai , which could make cultural and creative industries vulnerable to ai-generated copyright-protected works; calls on the commission to support an approach focusing on ipr protection that incentivises and promotes investment by businesses and institutions in the technological and economic development of the ai and robotics sector;


### 5. expresses concern about the vacuum left between ipr and the development of ai , which could make cultural and creative industries vulnerable to ai-generated copyright-protected works; calls on the commission to support a horizontal and technologically neutral approach to ipr applicable to ai-generated works; ### 5. calls on the commission to support a horizontal and technologically neutral approach to ipr applicable to ai-generated works; expresses concern about the potential vacuum left between ipr and the development of ai , which could make cultural and creative industries vulnerable to ai-generated copyright-protected works;


### 5. recommends that priority be given to assessment by sector and type of ipr implications of ai technologies; considers that such an approach should take into account the degree of human intervention , the importance of the role of the data used and the possible involvement of other factors , such as sectoral economic equilibria; ### 5. recommends that priority be given to assessment by sector and type of ipr implications of ai technologies; considers that such an approach should take into account the degree of human intervention , the importance of the role of the data used and the possible involvement of other factors , such as sectoral economic equilibria; takes the view that more thorough research is necessary for the purposes of evaluating human input regarding ai algorithmic data;


### 5. recommends that priority be given to assessment by sector and type of ipr implications of ai technologies; considers that such an approach should take into account the degree of human intervention , the importance of the role of the data used and the possible involvement of other factors , such as sectoral economic equilibria; ### 5. recommends that priority be given to assessment by sector and type of ipr implications of ai technologies; considers that such an approach should take into account the degree of human intervention , autonomy of ai , the importance of the role and origin of the data , or in case of copyright , the protected works and subject matter used , and the possible involvement of other factors;


### 6. notes that the current fragmented legal framework of ip rights represents an obstacle for the development of ai technologies in transport; calls on the commission , therefore , to evaluate the fitness of its intellectual property regime for the development of ai technologies and to put forward the legislative proposals it finds necessary; ### 6. notes that the legal framework of ip rights affects the development of ai technologies in transport; calls on the commission , therefore , to evaluate the fitness of its intellectual property regime for the development of ai technologies and to put forward the legislative proposals it finds necessary;


### 6. emphasises the need to address the issue of liability for copyright infringements made by ai systems , as well as the issue of data ownership. ### 6. emphasises the need to address the issue of liability for copyright infringements made by ai systems , as well as the issue of data ownership; states that traceability should be an indispensable condition in allocating responsibility , in that it both acts as a basis for legal action and enables the diagnosis and correction of malfunctions;


### 6. emphasises the need to address the issue of liability for copyright infringements made by ai systems , as well as the issue of data ownership. ### 6. emphasises the need to address the issue of liability for copyright infringements made by ai systems as well as the issue of data ownership; stresses , however , that a clear distinction has to be made between autonomous infringements and the copying of third party works that were facilitated or not prevented by the operator of the ai software;


### 6. suggests that assessment focus on the impact and implications of ai technology under the current system of patent law , trade mark and design protection , copyright and related rights , including the applicability of the legal protection of databases and computer programs , and the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (‘trade secrets’) against their unlawful acquisition , use and disclosure; emphasises , further , the need to assess whether contract law and competition rules ought to be strengthened in order to create a more comprehensive legal framework for the economic sectors in which ai plays a part; ### 6. suggests that assessment should focus on the impact and implications of ai technology under the current system of patent law , trade mark and design protection , copyright and related rights , including the applicability of the legal protection of databases and computer programs , and the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (‘trade secrets’) against their unlawful acquisition , use and disclosure; emphasises , further , the need to assess whether competition rules need to be adapted in order to address market failure or abuses in the digital economy and create a more comprehensive legal framework for the economic sectors in which ai plays a part , thus enabling european companies to scale up;


### 7. points out that mathematical methods are excluded from patentability unless they constitute inventions of a technical nature , which are then patentable if the applicable criteria relating to inventions are met; points out , further , that if a claim relates either to a method involving technical means or to a device , its purpose , considered as a whole , is technical in nature and it is therefore not excluded from patentability; consequently , notes that innovations in ai are patentable if the criteria relating to inventions are met; ### 7. points out that innovations in ai are patentable if the criteria relating to technical inventions are met; notes that only mathematical methods as such are excluded from patentability and that if they constitute inventions of a technical nature , they are patentable if the applicable criteria relating to inventions are met; points out further that if a claim relates either to a method involving technical means or to a device , its purpose , considered as a whole , is in fact technical in nature and therefore not excluded from patentability;


### 8. notes that patent protection can be granted provided that the invention is new and not self-evident and involves an inventive step; notes , further , that patent law requires a comprehensive description of the underlying technology , which may pose challenges for certain ai technologies in view of the complexity of the reasoning; stresses also that reverse engineering is an exception to the trade secrets rule that may pose ipr-related problems in the context of the development of ai technologies; ### 8. notes that patent protection can be granted provided that the invention is new and not self-evident and involves an inventive step; notes , further , that patent law requires a comprehensive description of the underlying technology , which may pose challenges for certain ai technologies in view of the complexity of the reasoning; stresses also that reverse engineering is a controversial exception to the trade secrets rule that may pose ipr-related problems in the context of the development of ai technologies;


### 10. takes the view that consideration must be given to protecting technical and artistic creations generated by ai , in order to encourage this form of creation; considers that certain works generated by ai can be regarded as equivalent to intellectual works and could therefore be protected by copyright; recommends that ownership of rights be assigned to the person who prepares and publishes a work lawfully , provided that the technology designer has not expressly reserved the right to use the work in that way; ### deleted


### 10. takes the view that consideration must be given to protecting technical and artistic creations generated by ai , in order to encourage this form of creation; considers that certain works generated by ai can be regarded as equivalent to intellectual works and could therefore be protected by copyright; recommends that ownership of rights be assigned to the person who prepares and publishes a work lawfully , provided that the technology designer has not expressly reserved the right to use the work in that way; ### 10. takes the view that consideration must be given to protecting technical and artistic creations generated by ai , in order to encourage this form of creation; considers that certain works or other protected subject-matter generated by ai can be regarded as equivalent to intellectual works or inventions and could therefore be protected by copyright or patents; recommends that ownership of rights should only be assigned to the person , legal entity or company who/that prepares and publishes a work lawfully , provided that the technology designer has not expressly reserved the right to use the work in that way;


### 10. takes the view that consideration must be given to protecting technical and artistic creations generated by ai , in order to encourage this form of creation; considers that certain works generated by ai can be regarded as equivalent to intellectual works and could therefore be protected by copyright; recommends that ownership of rights be assigned to the person who prepares and publishes a work lawfully , provided that the technology designer has not expressly reserved the right to use the work in that way; ### 10. takes the view that consideration must be given to protecting technical and artistic creations generated by ai , in order to encourage this form of creation; considers that certain works generated by ai could be regarded as equivalent to intellectual works and could therefore be protected by copyright , and recommends that the issue of copyright on such works be carefully assessed;


### 11. looks forward to a review of the current policy on trade marks and designs , as these can be generated autonomously by ai applications; ### 11. looks forward to a review of the current policy on industrial designs , as these can be generated autonomously by ai applications;


### 12. notes that ai makes it possible to process a large quantity of data relating to the state of the art or the existence of iprs; notes , at the same time , that the use of ai technology cannot be a substitute for human verification in relation to the granting of iprs and the determination of liability for infringements of iprs; ### 12. notes that ai makes it possible to process a large quantity of data relating to the state of the art or the existence of iprs; notes , at the same time , that the use of ai technology cannot be a substitute for human verification in relation to the granting of iprs and the determination of liability for infringements of iprs; stresses the importance for the registration procedures using ai to always be reviewed by individuals able to judge situations on a case-by-case basis in order to ensure the quality and fairness of decisions;


### 12. notes that ai makes it possible to process a large quantity of data relating to the state of the art or the existence of iprs; notes , at the same time , that the use of ai technology cannot be a substitute for human verification in relation to the granting of iprs and the determination of liability for infringements of iprs; ### 12. notes that ai makes it possible to process a large quantity of data relating to the state of the art or the existence of iprs; notes , at the same time , that the use of ai technology cannot be a substitute for human verification in relation to the granting of iprs and the determination of liability for infringements of iprs and of damage occasioned by ai technologies;


### 13. notes , with regard to the use of data by ai , that the use of copyrighted data needs to be assessed in the light of the text and data mining exceptions provided for by the directive on copyright and related rights in the digital single market; highlights the ipr issues arising from the creation of deep fakes on the basis of data which may be subject to copyright; ### 13. notes , with regard to the use of works by ai , that the use of copyrighted data needs to be assessed in the light of the need to ensure high level of protection of copyright and the text and data mining exceptions provided for by the directive on copyright and related rights in the digital single market and that no new exceptions should be created in this regard; notes that the copyright-protected works used as input to train ai process/software do not require any new policy consideration and should remain under the current copyright framework , which is fit for purpose; considers that voluntary data sharing between businesses and sectors based on fair contractual arrangements should be promoted and that , in this context , use of data subsisting in copyright works should be managed through licensing agreements; notes the legal problems arising from the creation of deep fakes on the basis of misleading , manipulated , low quality and/or unauthorised use of copyright-protected data; stresses that concerns regarding this technology need to be addressed in terms of ipr , credibility , fraud , and privacy aspects;


### 14. stresses the importance of full implementation of the digital single market strategy in order to improve data accessibility in the eu; stresses the need to assess in that connection whether eu rules on intellectual property are capable of protecting the data needed for the development of ai; considers that comprehensive information should be provided on the use of data protected by iprs , in particular in the context of platform-to-business relationships; ### 14. stresses the importance of full implementation of the digital single market strategy in order to improve data accessibility in the eu; stresses the need to assess in that connection whether eu rules on intellectual property are capable of protecting the data needed for the development of ai; points out that continued in-depth analysis is needed to legally establish the intellectual property of sectoral data not relating to 'inventions' in the generally accepted sense; considers that comprehensive information should be provided on the use of data protected by iprs , in particular in the context of platform-to-business relationships;


### 14. stresses the importance of full implementation of the digital single market strategy in order to improve data accessibility in the eu; stresses the need to assess in that connection whether eu rules on intellectual property are capable of protecting the data needed for the development of ai; considers that comprehensive information should be provided on the use of data protected by iprs , in particular in the context of platform-to-business relationships; ### 14. stresses the importance of full implementation of the digital single market strategy in order to improve data accessibility in the eu; stresses that the european data strategy must ensure the balance between the promotion of the flow and wider use and sharing of data and the protection of the ipr , privacy and trade secrets; highlights the need to assess in that connection whether eu rules on intellectual property are capable of protecting the data needed for the development of ai; considers that comprehensive information should be provided on the use of data protected by iprs , in particular in the context of platform-to-business relationships;


### 15. endorses the commission’s willingness to invite the key players from the manufacturing sector - transport manufacturers , ai and connectivity innovators - to agree on the conditions under which they would be ready to share their data. ### 15. endorses the commission’s willingness to invite the key players from the manufacturing sector - transport manufacturers , ai and connectivity innovators - to agree on the conditions under which they would be ready to share their data; highlights the importance of access to vehicle generated data for all mobility stakeholders in order to promote the development of innovative data-driven services.


### — having regard to the world intellectual property organisation (wipo) copyright treaty and the draft issues paper on intellectual property policy and artificial intelligence policies (wipo/ip/ai/2/ge/20/1) of 13 december 2019 , ### — having regard to the world intellectual property organisation (wipo) copyright treaty , the world intellectual property organisation (wipo) performances and phonograms treaty and the draft issues paper on intellectual property policy and artificial intelligence policies (wipo/ip/ai/2/ge/20/1) of 13 december 2019 ,


### a. whereas the european legal framework for intellectual property aims to promote innovation , creativity and access to knowledge and information; ### a. whereas the european legal framework for intellectual property aims to promote innovation , creativity and access to knowledge and information and that copyright in particular seeks to protect authors and their ability to earn a living from the proceeds of their works;


### b. whereas article 118 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union stipulates that the union legislator must establish measures for the creation of european intellectual property rights (iprs) to provide uniform protection of those rights throughout the union; whereas the single market is conducive to the stronger economic growth needed to ensure the prosperity of european citizens; ### b. whereas article 118 of the treaty on the functioning of the european union stipulates that the union legislator must establish measures for the creation of european intellectual property rights (iprs) to provide uniform protection of those rights throughout the union; whereas the single market is conducive to the stronger economic growth needed to ensure the prosperity of european citizens; whereas the development of the digital single market will ensure a high degree of digitalisation in the union after 2020 , with the aim of making europe a world leader in the field of artificial intelligence;


### d. whereas the aim of making the european union the world leader in ai technologies must include efforts to safeguard the union’s digital and industrial sovereignty; ### d. whereas the aim of making the european union the world leader in ai technologies must include efforts to safeguard the union’s digital and industrial sovereignty , ensure the eu’s competitiveness as well as promote and protect innovation;


### e. whereas a human-centred approach to ai is needed if the technology is to remain a tool that serves people and the common good; ### e. whereas a human-centred approach to ai is needed if the technology is to remain a tool that serves people and the common good , particularly in the field of biomedical engineering , medical advancement and health;


### f. whereas legal certainty fosters technological development , and whereas public confidence in new technologies is essential for the development of this sector; ### f. whereas legal certainty fosters technological development and strengthens the international competitiveness of european industry and smes , as well as fostering public confidence in new technologies , which is essential for the development of this sector;


### g. whereas the eu is the appropriate level at which to regulate ai technologies in order to avoid fragmentation of the single market; whereas the eu regulatory framework in the field of ai will have the potential to become a legislative benchmark at international level; ### g. whereas the eu is the appropriate level at which to regulate ai technologies in order to avoid fragmentation of the single market; whereas a fully harmonised eu regulatory framework in the field of ai will have the potential to become a legislative benchmark at international level; whereas new common rules for ai-systems should only take the form of regulations to establish equal standards across the union;


### g. whereas the eu is the appropriate level at which to regulate ai technologies in order to avoid fragmentation of the single market; whereas the eu regulatory framework in the field of ai will have the potential to become a legislative benchmark at international level; ### g. whereas the eu is the appropriate level at which to regulate ai technologies in order to avoid a mere sequence of national regulatory provisions with no common guidelines , leading to fragmentation of the single market; whereas the eu regulatory framework in the field of ai will have the potential to become a legislative benchmark at international level;


### g. whereas the eu is the appropriate level at which to regulate ai technologies in order to avoid fragmentation of the single market; whereas the eu regulatory framework in the field of ai will have the potential to become a legislative benchmark at international level; ### g. whereas the eu is the appropriate level at which to regulate ai technologies , while taking due account of the varying levels of digitalisation of the member states; whereas the eu regulatory framework in the field of ai will have the potential to become a legislative benchmark at international level;


### h. whereas ai technologies are regarded as mathematical methods within the meaning of the european patent convention; ### h. whereas , according to the guidelines for examination in the european patent office , ai technologies are based on computational models and algorithms , which are per se regarded as mathematical methods within the meaning of the european patent convention;


### i. whereas ai technologies are based on the creation and execution of computer programs which , as such , are protected by copyright; ### i. whereas ai technologies are based on the creation and execution of computer programs which , as such , are protected by copyright; whereas , under the current rules , the ideas , methods and principles which underlie any element of a computer program , are not protected , but only the expression of the computer program; whereas , considering the limited scope of copyright protection for computer programs , consideration should also be given to the protection granted to ai technologies under patent law and the trade secrets directive;


### j. whereas ai technologies , as computer programs , cannot be patented , except under article 52(3) of the european patent convention; ### j. whereas , although pure mathematical methods and computer programs are not patentable as such , they can be patentable under article 52(3) of the european patent convention when used as part of an ai system that contributes to producing a ‘further technical effect’;


### k. whereas the development of ai is raising questions about the protection of innovation itself and the application of iprs to data generated by ai technologies , which can be industrial or artistic creations; whereas it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between assisted creation and ai-generated creation; ### k. whereas the development of ai is raising questions about the protection of innovation itself and the application of iprs to data generated by ai technologies , which can be industrial or artistic creations; whereas in this regard it is important to distinguish between assisted creations that are done with help of ai tools , and creations that are autonomously generated by ai;


### k. whereas the development of ai is raising questions about the protection of innovation itself and the application of iprs to data generated by ai technologies , which can be industrial or artistic creations; whereas it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between assisted creation and ai-generated creation; ### k. whereas the development of ai is raising questions about the protection of innovation itself and the application of iprs to materials , content or data generated by ai technologies , which can be industrial or artistic creations; whereas it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between assisted creation and ai-generated creation;


### l. whereas ai technologies are heavily dependent on data , a blanket term for information falling into a range of categories that requires protection and tailoredgovernance; whereas increased access to certain data and databases in the european union will play a crucial role in advancing the development of european ai; ### l. whereas ai technologies are heavily dependent on data , often extracted from pre-existing content , a blanket term for information falling into a range of categories that requires protection and tailored governance; whereas increased access to certain data and databases in the european union will play a crucial role in advancing the development of european ai and supporting the competitiveness of european companies on global markets;


### l. whereas ai technologies are heavily dependent on data , a blanket term for information falling into a range of categories that requires protection and tailoredgovernance; whereas increased access to certain data and databases in the european union will play a crucial role in advancing the development of european ai; ### l. whereas ai technologies are heavily dependent on data , a blanket term for information falling into a range of categories that requires protection and tailored governance; whereas increased access to certain data and databases in the european union , especially for smes and start-ups , will play a crucial role in advancing the development of european ai;


### 1. welcomes the commission’s white paper on ai and supports the eu ambition to be one of the global ai leaders while strengthening cooperation with like-minded actors; ### 1. welcomes the commission’s white paper on ai and supports the eu ambition to be one of the global ai leaders while strengthening cooperation with like-minded actors; notes that addressing ai in defence at the european level is indispensable for the development of european capabilities;


### 1. sees the great potential offered by the use and development of artificial intelligence as an opportunity for more rapid economic development in the eu; ### 1. underlines the great potential offered by the use and the development of artificial intelligence as an opportunity to enhance the security of our continent and citizens , as well as for more rapid economic development in the eu; draws attention to the fact that many member states use artificial intelligence in the military field and underlines the importance for the eu to play an important and adequate role in the future international discussions on this topics;


### 1. sees the great potential offered by the use and development of artificial intelligence as an opportunity for more rapid economic development in the eu; ### 1. acknowledges the great potential offered by the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence as an opportunity for more rapid economic development in the eu , and greater security both within the eu and in its external relations;


### 1. considers that artificial intelligence can be defined as a set of methods and procedures that enable technical systems to perceive their environment , deal with what is perceived and solve problems independently , take decisions , act and learn from the consequences of such decisions and actions; ### 1. considers that it is necessary to have a common european legal framework with harmonized definitions and common ethical principles , including the use of ai for military purposes. in this regard , calls on the ec to adopt the following definitions:


### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world; ### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter and international law , by the principles of human rights and respect for human dignity , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world;


### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world; ### 1. highlights that the security and defence policies of the european union and its member states are guided by the principles of the un charter , and by a common understanding of the universal values of the inviolable and inalienable rights of the human person , of human dignity , of freedom , of democracy , of equality and of the rule of law; highlights that all defence-related efforts within the union framework must respect these universal values while promoting peace , security and progress in europe and in the world;


### 2. underlines that the eu should act as a global ai norm-setter in the areas of civil and military use and of state authority , with an effective strategy aimed at strengthening its influence on shaping global standards; calls on the commission and the member states to advocate for broader cooperation within the un , oecd , g7 , g20 and other international fora in order to promote the eu approach to ai , emphasising the fundamental rights , freedoms and values that are enshrined in the eu treaties , the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and international human rights law; ### 2. underlines that the eu should act as a global ai norm-setter in the areas of civil and military use and of state authority , with an effective strategy aimed at strengthening its influence on shaping global standards; calls on the commission and the member states to advocate for broader cooperation within the un , oecd , g7 , g20 and other international fora in order to promote the eu approach to ai , emphasising the fundamental rights , freedoms and values that are enshrined in the eu treaties , the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and international human rights law; notes that autonomous weapon systems , as a particular category of ai in military domain , should be discussed and agreed internationally , specifically in the un ccw forum;


### 2. stresses that the use , creation and management of artificial intelligence must respect the fundamental rights , values and freedoms expressed in the eu treaties and in the idea underpinning the creation of the european union; welcomes the publication of the commission's white paper on artificial intelligence and encourages deeper research into the use of artificial intelligence by state authorities; stresses that the european union must contribute to the creation of an international legal framework for the use of ai , especially in the context of building the strategic advantage that ai can offer; ### 2. stresses that the use , creation and management of artificial intelligence must respect the fundamental rights , values and freedoms expressed in the eu treaties , in the eu charter of fundamental rights and in the idea underpinning the creation of the european union; stresses the need of safeguarding and promote the principles such as democracy , the rule of law , principle of non-discrimination , diverse and independent media etc , while developing , deploying and using artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies: welcomes the publication of the commission's white paper on artificial intelligence , however notes that the commission doesn’t include the use of the ai for military purposes into it; stresses that the european union must contribute to the creation of an international legal framework for the use of ai , especially in the context of building the strategic advantage that ai can offer: in order to do this the eu needs a common framework that is dealing with all the aspects of the ai use including among others the military aspects;


### 2. stresses that the use , creation and management of artificial intelligence must respect the fundamental rights , values and freedoms expressed in the eu treaties and in the idea underpinning the creation of the european union; welcomes the publication of the commission's white paper on artificial intelligence and encourages deeper research into the use of artificial intelligence by state authorities; stresses that the european union must contribute to the creation of an international legal framework for the use of ai , especially in the context of building the strategic advantage that ai can offer; ### 2. stresses that the development , deployment , use and management of artificial intelligence must respect the fundamental rights , values and freedoms expressed in the eu treaties , specifically the principles enshrined in article 2 teu , and in the idea underpinning the creation of the european union; welcomes the publication of the commission's white paper on artificial intelligence and encourages deeper research into the use of artificial intelligence by state authorities and agencies , bodies and institutions of the european union; stresses that the european union must contribute to the creation of an international legal framework for the use of ai , especially in the context of building and harnessing the strategic advantage that ai can offer;


### 2. considers that all military uses of ai must be subject to human control , so that , in particular , a human has the opportunity to correct or halt them at any time , and to disable them in the event of unforeseen behaviour; ### 2. considers that all military uses of ai must be subject to human control , so that a human has the opportunity to correct or halt them at any time , and to disable them in the event of unforeseen behaviour;


### 2. calls on the un and the wider international community to undertake all necessary efforts to ensure that the application of artificial intelligence (ai) in military affairs and the use of ai-enabled systems by the military stay within the strict limits set by international law and international humanitarian law (ihl); ### 2. calls on the un and the wider international community to undertake all necessary efforts to ensure that the application of artificial intelligence (ai) in military affairs and the study , development and use of ai-enabled systems by the military stay within the strict limits set by international law and international humanitarian law (ihl);


### 3. believes that ai has changed and has helped the development of the transport sector through increasing automation and greater integration and connectivity of transport networks; underlines that automation and the integration of ai vary between transport modes; ### 3. believes that ai has changed and has helped the development of the transport sector through increasing automation and greater integration and connectivity of transport networks; underlines that automation and the integration of ai vary between transport modes; recognises the numerous possibilities of ai in the field of military logistics and mobility; takes note of the development of semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles , including aircraft , drones , ground vehicles , and naval vessels;


### 3. notes that artificial intelligence has great potential in the fight against crime , online terrorist content and cybercrime; considers that , in each of these cases , there must be certainty that its use does not lead to the unjustified deletion or blocking of content and thus to the censorship of or discrimination against views expressed online; ### 3. notes that artificial intelligence has great potential in the fight against crime , such as money laundering , terrorist financing , online terrorist content and cybercrime; considers that , there must be certainty that the use of ai does not lead to the unjustified deletion or blocking of legal content and thus to the censorship of or discrimination against views expressed online; notes that ai based cyber security systems can provide effective security standards and help develop better prevention and recovery strategies;


### 3. notes that artificial intelligence has great potential in the fight against crime , online terrorist content and cybercrime; considers that , in each of these cases , there must be certainty that its use does not lead to the unjustified deletion or blocking of content and thus to the censorship of or discrimination against views expressed online; ### 3. notes that artificial intelligence has great potential in the fight against crime , online terrorist content and cybercrime; calls on the parliament and the council to conclude negotiations on the terrorist content online regulation; considers that , in each of these cases , there must be certainty that its use does not lead to the unjustified deletion or blocking of content and thus to the censorship of or discrimination against views expressed online , except where this concerns illegal content online;


### 3. considers that their decision-making process must be traceable , so that the human decision-maker can be identified and held responsible where necessary; ### 3. recalls that people must always have ultimate responsibility for decision-making processes , which involve a high risk of achieving public interest objectives; considers that their decision-making process must be traceable , so that the human decision-maker can be identified and held responsible where necessary;


### 3. considers in particular that ai-enabled systems must abide by the principles of the martens clause , and must never breach or be permitted to breach the dictates of the public conscience and humanity; considers that this is the ultimate test for the admissibility of an ai-enabled system in warfare; calls on the ai research community to integrate this principle in all ai-enabled systems intended to be used in warfare; considers that no authority can issue a derogation from those principles or certify an ai-enabled system; ### 3. considers in particular that ai-enabled systems must be designed in a way that abides by the principles of the martens clause , and must never breach or be permitted to breach the dictates of the public conscience and humanity; considers that this is the ultimate test for the admissibility of an ai-enabled system in warfare; calls on the ai research community to integrate this principle in all ai-enabled systems intended to be used in warfare; considers that no authority can issue a derogation from those principles or certify an ai-enabled system;


### 4. stresses that all operations undertaken by artificial intelligence must always remain under human supervision; stresses that artificial intelligence in the justice system should be used to improve the analysis and collection of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making; ### 4. stresses that all operations using artificial intelligence in a high-risk environment must always remain under human supervision; calls on the commission to establish a clear set of criteria to determine the various levels of risk in environments that artificial intelligence technologies are designed for and deployed to , taking into consideration existing eu legislation; points out that human supervision is also prone to error and that the overall design of ai systems should also include clear guidelines on human supervision and oversight; stresses that artificial intelligence in the justice system should be used to improve the analysis and collection of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making;


### 4. stresses that all operations undertaken by artificial intelligence must always remain under human supervision; stresses that artificial intelligence in the justice system should be used to improve the analysis and collection of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making; ### 4. stresses that all operations undertaken by artificial intelligence must always remain under human supervision and have the possibility for humans if necessary to take over the control at any moment especially in the use of the ai for military purposes; recalls that humans must always bear ultimate responsibility for decision-making that involves risks to the achievement of public interest objectives; stresses that artificial intelligence in the justice system should be used to improve the analysis and collection of data and the protection of victims , but that it is no substitute for human beings in terms of sentencing or decision-making;


### 4. reiterates that they must always be consistent with international humanitarian law , in particular the geneva conventions of 12 august 1949 , notably as regards the protection of injured , sick and shipwrecked persons , the treatment of prisoners of war and the protection of civilians; ### 4. stresses that ai technologies must give a guarantee to the eu , now and in the future , its ability to take responsibility for world peace and security and to protect eu’s territory , its citizens and its interests by acting strictly in accordance with international humanitarian law , in particular the geneva conventions of 12 august 1949 , notably as regards the protection of injured , sick and shipwrecked persons , the treatment of prisoners of war and the protection of civilians;


### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations under the applicable international law and remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that ai machines can under no circumstances be held accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield; ### 4. stresses that states , parties to a conflict and individuals , when employing ai-enabled systems in warfare , must at all times adhere to their obligations under the applicable international law and must remain accountable for actions resulting from the use of such systems; recalls that ai machines can under no circumstances be held accountable for intended , unintended or undesirable effects caused by ai-enabled systems on the battlefield;


### 5. highlights the need to take duly into account , during the design , development , testing and deployment phases of an ai-enabled system , potential risks as regards civilian casualties and injury , accidental loss of life , and damage to civilian infrastructure , but also risks related to unintended engagement , manipulation , proliferation , cyber-attack or interference and acquisition by terrorist groups; ### 5. highlights the need to take duly into account , during the design , development , testing and deployment phases of an ai-enabled system , potential risks as regards , in particular civilian casualties and injury , accidental loss of life , and damage to civilian infrastructure , but also risks related to unintended engagement , manipulation , proliferation , cyber-attack or interference and acquisition by terrorist groups , as well as to escalatory destabilising effects;


### 6. stresses the need for robust testing and evaluation systems based on norms to ensure that during the entire lifecycle of ai-enabled systems in the military domain , in particular during the phases of human-machine interaction , machine learning and adjusting and adapting to new circumstances , the systems do not go beyond the intended limits and will at all times comply with the applicable international law; ### 6. stresses the need for robust testing and evaluation systems based on clear legal norms to ensure that during the entire lifecycle of ai-enabled systems in the military domain , in particular during the phases of human-machine interaction , machine learning and adjusting and adapting to new circumstances , the systems do not go beyond the intended limits and will at all times be usable in a way that complies with the applicable international law;


### 7. highlights that any ai-enabled system used in the military domain must , as a minimum set of requirements , be able to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants on the battlefield , not have indiscriminate effects , not cause unnecessary suffering to persons , not be biased or be trained on biased data , and be in compliance with the ihl principles of military necessity , proportionality in the use of force and precaution prior to engagement; ### 7. highlights that any ai-enabled system used in the military domain must , as a minimum set of requirements , be able to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants , and between civilian and military objectives , not have indiscriminate effects , not cause unnecessary suffering to persons , not be biased or be trained on biased data , and be in compliance with the ihl principles of humanity , proportionality in the use of force , military necessity , and precaution in attack;


### 8. recalls that laws are weapons capable of identifying a target and deciding to attack it without human intervention , and that the level of threat they pose requires that their use be subject to specific prohibitions and legal safeguards; ### 8. recalls that laws are weapons capable of identifying a target and deciding to attack it without human intervention , and that the level of threat they pose requires that their use be subject to specific prohibitions whenever human control is lacking;


### 8. stresses that in the use of ai-enabled systems in security and defence , full situational understanding of the operator , ability to detect possible changes in circumstances and ability to discontinue an attack are needed to ensure that ihl principles , in particular distinction , proportionality and precaution in attack , are fully applied across the entire chain of command and control; stresses that ai-enabled systems must allow the military leadership to assume its full responsibility at all times; ### 8. stresses that in the use of ai-enabled systems in security and defence , full situational understanding of the human operator , as well as the human operator's ability to detect possible changes in circumstances and to discontinue an attack are needed to ensure that ihl principles , in particular distinction , proportionality and precaution in attack , are fully applied across the entire chain of command and control; stresses that ai-enabled systems must allow the military leadership to exert control and to assume its full responsibility at all times;


### 9. considers that laws are lawful only if subject to control sufficiently strict to enable a human to take over command at any time , and that systems without any human control (‘human out of the loop’) must be banned; ### 9. considers that laws should be used only as a last resort and only if they are subject to control sufficiently strict to enable a human to take over command at any time , and that systems without any human control (‘human out of the loop’) must be banned;


### 9. calls on states to carry out an assessment of how autonomous military devices have contributed to their national security and what their national security can gain from ai-enabled weapon systems , in particular as regards the potential of such technologies to reduce human error , thus enhancing the implementation of ihl principles; ### 9. encourages states to carry out an assessment of how autonomous military devices have contributed to their national security and what their national security can gain from ai-enabled weapon systems , in particular as regards the potential of such technologies to reduce human error , thus enhancing the implementation of ihl and its principles;


### 10. calls on the hr/vp , in the framework of the ongoing discussions on the international regulation of lethal autonomous weapon systems by states parties to the convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons (ccw) , to help streamline the global debate on core issues and definitions where consensus has not been reached , in particular as regards concepts and characteristics of ai-enabled lethal autonomous weapons and their functions in the identification , selection and engagement of a target , application of the concept of human responsibility in the use of ai-enabled systems in defence , and the degree of human/machine interaction , including the concept of human control and judgment , during the different stages of the lifecycle of an ai-enabled weapon. ### 10. calls on the hr/vp , in the framework of the ongoing discussions on the international regulation of lethal autonomous weapon systems by states parties to the convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons (ccw) , to help streamline the global debate on core issues where consensus has not been reached , in particular as regards concepts and characteristics of emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons , ethical and legal questions of human control , in particular with regard to critical functions such as target selection and engagement , retention of human responsibility and accountability and the necessary degree of human/machine interaction , including the concept of human control and human judgment , during the different stages of the lifecycle of an ai-enabled weapon with a view to agree tangible recommendations on the clarification , consideration and development of aspects of the normative and operational framework on emerging technologies in the area of lethal autonomous weapons systems.


### 11. underlines that the european defence fund and permanent structured cooperation should stimulate cooperation between member states and european defence industries to develop new european defence capabilities in the field of ai and ensure security of supply , taking ethical considerations into account; recalls , moreover , that the next connecting europe facility , which also encourages smart infrastructure , will provide for a fund for the development of civilian/military dual-use transport infrastructure with a view to improving military mobility within the union. ### 11. underlines that the european defence fund and permanent structured cooperation should stimulate cooperation between member states and european defence industries to develop new european defence capabilities in the field of ai and ensure security of supply , taking ethical considerations into account; emphasises the need to avoid fragmentation by building bridges between various actors and application domains by promoting compatibility and interoperability in all levels and by focusing on common architectural level work and platform solutions; recalls , moreover , that the next connecting europe facility , which also encourages smart infrastructure , will provide for a fund for the development of civilian/military dual-use transport infrastructure with a view to improving military mobility within the union.


### a. whereas ai , robotics and related technologies are liable to have a direct impact on all aspects of people's lives in society; ### a. whereas ai , robotics and related technologies have a direct impact on all aspects of people's lives in society;


### b. whereas the union and its member states have a particular responsibility to make sure that these technologies contribute to the well-being and general interest of their citizens; ### b. whereas the union and its member states have a particular responsibility to make sure that these technologies are human-centred , i.e. basically intended for use in the service of humanity and the common good , in order to contribute to the well-being and general interest of their citizens;


### b. whereas the union and its member states have a particular responsibility to make sure that these technologies contribute to the well-being and general interest of their citizens; ### b. whereas ai , robotics and related technologies can be used cross borders; whereas the union and its member states have a particular responsibility to make sure that these technologies contribute to the well-being and general interest of the european citizens;


### c. whereas this particular responsibility implies a need to examine questions of interpretation and application of international law in so far as the eu is affected in the areas of civil and military uses of such technologies and questions of state authority vis-à-vis such technologies outside the scope of criminal justice; ### c. whereas this particular responsibility implies a need to examine questions of interpretation and application of international law related to the active participation of the eu in international negotiations , in so far as the eu is affected in the areas of civil and military uses of such technologies and questions of state authority vis-à-vis such technologies outside the scope of criminal justice;


### d. whereas the purpose of such an examination is to determine to what extent the rules of international public and private law are geared to dealing with these technologies , and to highlight the challenges which the latter pose for state authority; ### d. whereas the purpose of such an examination is to determine to what extent the rules of international public and private law are geared to dealing with these technologies , and to highlight the challenges and risks which the latter pose for state authority , so that they can be properly and proportionately managed;


### d. whereas the purpose of such an examination is to determine to what extent the rules of international public and private law are geared to dealing with these technologies , and to highlight the challenges which the latter pose for state authority; ### d. whereas the purpose of such an examination is to determine to what extent the rules of international public and private law and eu law are geared to dealing with these technologies , and to highlight the challenges which the latter pose for state authority;


### e. whereas a harmonised approach to these problems calls for a common definition of ai and for steps to ensure that the principles of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union are upheld; ### e. whereas a harmonised european approach to these problems becomes desirable; it calls for a common definition of ai and for steps to ensure that the the core principles and values of the european union and principles of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union are upheld;


### e. whereas a harmonised approach to these problems calls for a common definition of ai and for steps to ensure that the principles of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union are upheld; ### e. whereas a harmonised approach to these problems calls for a common definition of ai and for steps to ensure that the principles set out in the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and international human rights legislation are upheld;


### 17. considers it essential , where an ai system is used to interact with people in public services , especially in the fields of justice and health care , that users are informed that they may ask to deal with a professional and that the request will be granted without delay; ### deleted


### 18. takes the view that persons who have been the subject of a decision taken by a public authority based solely or largely on the output from an ai system should be informed thereof and should receive the information referred to in the preceding paragraph without delay; ### deleted


### 22. notes that ai is increasingly being used in the field of justice , to enable judges to take decisions which are more rational and more in keeping with the law in force and to do so more quickly; ### 22. notes that ai is increasingly being used in the field of justice , in order to take decisions which are more rational and more in keeping with the law in force and to do so more quickly;


### 23. calls , therefore , for the public to be informed of all such uses of ai in the field of justice and for those uses not to lead to discrimination resulting from programming and to uphold the right of every individual to have access to a judge , as well as the right of every judge to depart from the solution suggested by ai where he or she considers it necessary in light of the particulars of a case; ### deleted


### 24. notes that , given that an increasing number of disputes under international private law are arising from the internationalisation of human activities , be it on-line or in the real world , ai can help the parties and judges to resolve them by creating models to identify the competent jurisdiction and applicable law for each case , and also to identify the most sensitive conflicts of laws and propose ways of resolving them; ### 24. notes that , given that an increasing number of disputes under international private law are arising from the internationalisation of human activities , be it on-line or in the real world , ai can help to resolve them by creating models to identify the competent jurisdiction and applicable law for each case , and also to identify the most sensitive conflicts of laws and propose ways of resolving them;


### 1. welcomes the commission’s intention to create a genuine single market for data as it will be the backbone of europe’s data economy; considers that ensuring trust in digital services is fundamental for the digital single market and should be at the heart of both public policy and business models; ### 1. welcomes the commission’s intention to create a genuine single market for data as it will be the backbone of europe’s data economy to fuel innovation , job creation , and efficiency gains across all sectors; considers that ensuring trust in digital services is fundamental for the digital single market and should be at the heart of both public policy and business models to advance europe’s digital goals and global competitiveness; improved access to and availability of greater amounts of data , coupled with emerging tools and state of the art technologies that can be used to power insights while mitigating risks , will allow european citizens , businesses , researchers , and governments to better leverage the data they already possess while improving outcomes through enhanced collaboration with partners around the world;


### 1. welcomes the commission’s intention to create a genuine single market for data as it will be the backbone of europe’s data economy; considers that ensuring trust in digital services is fundamental for the digital single market and should be at the heart of both public policy and business models; ### 1. welcomes the commission’s intention to create a genuine single market for data as the backbone of europe’s data economy; considers that ensuring trust in digital services and in smart products is fundamental for the digital single market to grow and thrive and should be at the heart of both public policy and business models; underlines that that the creation of a single market for data is not an objective per se , but it should allow european companies and citizens to develop and benefit from innovative and competitive services and products;


### 1. welcomes the commission communication on a european strategy for data (com(2020)0066) and endorses its objective to increase and improve the use of data in the eu and to create a single market for data in order to harness economic growth , competitiveness , innovation , job creation and societal progress; ### 1. welcomes the commission communication on a european strategy for data (com(2020)0066) and endorses its objective to increase and improve the use of data in the eu and to create a single market for data in order to harness economic growth , competitiveness , innovation , job creation and societal progress; believes that the eu should turn to soft law solutions for emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (ai);


### 2. recalls that in order to create a free and secure data flow with personal data and the protection of privacy at its core , it must be supported by data savvy and well-informed citizens across the member states; points out that there are currently significant divergences between member states with regard to the digital literacy of their citizens; calls on the commission to propose ambitious targets for digital literacy in the eu through the digital education action plan and to provide substantial support to the member states to help them to achieve these targets; requests that special attention be paid to equal access to digital infrastructure , internet coverage and digital tools , without prejudice to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality; ### 2. recalls that in order to create a free and secure data flow with personal data and the protection of privacy at its core , it must be supported by data savvy and well-informed citizens across the member states; points out that there are currently significant divergences between and within member states and on the basis of socioeconomic status , age group and other factors with regard to the digital literacy of their citizens; notes that the commission has proposed ambitious targets for digital skills in the eu through the digital education action plan , aiming , on average , to increase digital skills by 2 percentage points annually until 2025; calls on the commission to provide substantial support to the member states to help them to achieve these targets and stresses the role of recovery and resilience facility; requests that special attention be paid to equal access to digital infrastructure , internet coverage , adequate it equipment and digital tools and resources , without prejudice to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality;


### 2. notes that the eu approach to digitisation should be human-centred , value-oriented and based on the concept of the social market economy; underlines that choosing a third path to digitisation should not mean that the eu becomes protectionist; stresses , therefore , that every non-eu player should still be welcome to operate in the single european data space as long as they meet the eu’s ethical , technological , privacy and security standards; ### 2. notes that the eu approach to digitisation should be human-centred , value-oriented and based on the concept of the social market economy; underlines that choosing a third path to digitisation should not mean that the eu becomes protectionist; stresses , therefore , that every non-eu player should still be welcome to operate in the single european data space as long as they comply with eu law and meet its ethical , technological , privacy and security standards , which should not be compromised by regulatory demands outside the eu;


### 3. stresses that the eu should prioritise digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting teachers and the heads of education institutions in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , without creating additional administrative or financial burdens; considers that education should be focused on practical skills for the future and be based on a long-term and comprehensive analysis of labour market needs; welcomes the commission’s proposal to develop a common european skills database; ### 3. notes the significance "reskill and upskill" -- the adaptation of education systems to support digital skills and education and vocational training for all ages -- flagship projects under recovery and resilience facility; believes the eu should also prioritise digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting schools , teachers and the heads of education institutions in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , without creating additional administrative or financial burdens; believes that covid-19 provides an opportunity to rethink the education systems and gear them towards embracing digital solutions and quality hybrid model of education , combining in-person and e-learning solutions; considers that education and training should be focused on general knowledge and traversal skills , whilst also considering the future trends and the labour market needs;


### 3. stresses that the eu should prioritise digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting teachers and the heads of education institutions in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , without creating additional administrative or financial burdens; considers that education should be focused on practical skills for the future and be based on a long-term and comprehensive analysis of labour market needs; welcomes the commission’s proposal to develop a common european skills database; ### 3. stresses that the eu should prioritise digital literacy and competencies in its cohesion policy for 2021 and beyond , with a focus on supporting teachers and the heads of education institutions in implementing digital education throughout curricula and on sharing best practices and know-how , without creating additional administrative or financial burdens; considers that education should take into account , without being reduced to , practical skills for the future and be based on a long-term and comprehensive analysis of labour market needs; welcomes the commission’s proposal to develop a common european skills database;


### 3. recalls that the processing of personal data , including its transfer , must always comply with union data protection acquis; emphasises , in this respect , the need to draw clear boundaries between the treatment of personal and of non-personal data in the data spaces outlined by the commission , especially in the case of smart connected products; recalls , in this context , that data sets in which different types of data are inextricably linked , are always treated as personal data; ### 3. declares that a distinction as to the legal regimes concerning personal and non-personal data is essential , as not sharing any commercial datasets is often the only option for businesses due to the complexity of the existing rules and the great legal uncertainty as to whether personal data is sufficiently depersonalized; notes that this distinction may be difficult to draw in practice given the existence of mixed data , for which specific rules and approaches should be introduced; considers that models that focus on anonymization , which requires a clear legal base and a list of criteria , and other technical ways to ensure privacy are to be encouraged , like the shift from the sharing of data to the sharing of computation , application programming interfaces (apis) , synthetic data or data sandboxes;


### 4. highlights the urgent need to close the eu’s digital skills gap and considers that enhanced graduate tracking and labour market data sharing will be invaluable tools to achieve this end; stresses the importance of fully abiding by eu rules on personal data protection when using these tools; ### 4. highlights the urgent need to close the eu’s digital skills gap through implementing and following through clear strategies at both national and eu levels through a genuine life-long learning approach; considers that enhanced graduate tracking and labour market data sharing will also be invaluable tools to achieve bridge the digital skills gap; stresses the importance of fully abiding by eu rules on personal data protection when using these tools;


### 4. urges the commission , prior to any initiatives , to perform an in-depth evaluation and mapping of the existing legislation to assess whether adjustments or additional requirements are needed to support the eu data industry and safeguard fair competition for all affected actors and to avoid legal overlaps with potential upcoming legislation to implement the data strategy; ### 4. draws attention to the importance of avoiding regulatory fragmentation , which can pose a major risk to the creation and development of a common european data space; notes that a number of some member states have already started to adopt rules on data use and processing; urges the commission , prior to any initiatives , to perform an in-depth evaluation and mapping of the existing legislation at both national and union level to assess whether adjustments or additional requirements are needed to support the eu data industry and safeguard fair competition for all affected actors and to avoid legal overlaps with potential upcoming legislation to implement the data strategy;


### 5. underlines the fact that while the increased use of data will transform our education systems , it will nevertheless be essential to maintain a human-centred and personalised approach to students and their needs; considers that open access to education and to scientific data and publications based on the fair (findable , accessible , interoperable , reusable) data principles is essential for successful innovation and science; ### 5. underlines the fact that while the increased use of data will transform our education systems , it will nevertheless be essential to maintain a human-centred and personalised approach to students and their needs; reminds that in the context of the development of the digital environment , human connection and educational experience are of paramount importance for pupils and students; also adds that not only digital literacy , but also general culture and critical thinking is of high value for users’ capacity to assess and choose how the data they generate may be used , thus making it more necessary than ever its transmission by teachers and educators to younger generations; considers that fair , non-discriminatory and equitable access to education and to scientific data and publications based on the fair (findable , accessible , interoperable , reusable) data principles is essential for successful innovation and science; recalls that access to data is not a binary concept opposing closed and open approaches , but rather a continuum of various degrees of access which depends , among others , on the sustainability of research and creation , and on the sensitivity of data;


### 5. underlines the fact that while the increased use of data will transform our education systems , it will nevertheless be essential to maintain a human-centred and personalised approach to students and their needs; considers that open access to education and to scientific data and publications based on the fair (findable , accessible , interoperable , reusable) data principles is essential for successful innovation and science; ### 5. underlines the fact that while the increased use of data can help enable evolution of our education systems , it is essential to maintain a human-centred and personalised approach to students and their needs; notes that emerging educational technologies are useful in aiding teachers in improving their effectiveness thanks to an increased understanding of the students' learning methods and styles , by helping to identify learning difficulties and by better assessing the individual progress achieved; considers that open access to education and to scientific data and publications based on the fair (findable , accessible , interoperable , reusable) data principles is essential for successful innovation and science;


### 6. emphasises that the implementation of the european data strategy should take account of the specific needs of vulnerable groups; recalls that almost 100 million persons with disabilities in the eu are facing particular challenges in accessing digital tools and quality education; calls on the member states to make every effort to ensure that persons with disabilities have full access to digital tools and infrastructure in order to harness the full potential of digitalisation and prevent a widening of gaps between different parts of society in terms of access to digital education; ### 6. emphasises that the implementation of the european data strategy should take account of the specific needs of various groups such as the elderly as well as those living in remote and rural areas; recalls that almost 100 million persons with disabilities in the eu are facing particular challenges in accessing digital tools , resources and quality education; calls on the member states to make every effort to ensure that the above groups and especially persons with disabilities have full access to digital education and the relevant tools , resources and infrastructure in order to harness the full potential of digitalisation and prevent a widening of gaps between different parts of society in terms of access to digital education;


### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative industry at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways , by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation or enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the europeana digital service infrastructure. ### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative industry at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage is necessary to both promote and protect cultural heritage and could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation , enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism and , more broadly , by bringing cultural heritage to wider audiences , especially to those who were previously unable to access it; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the europeana digital service infrastructure.


### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative industry at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways , by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation or enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the europeana digital service infrastructure. ### 7. calls on the commission to explore the potential merits and scope of creating a common european data space for the cultural and creative industry at large; believes that the digitalisation of cultural heritage cannot fully substitute physical access to tangible and intangible cultural heritage; considers nevertheless that digitalisation in the field of cultural heritage could be useful and beneficial in a wide variety of ways , by for instance facilitating physical protection and preservation or enabling three-dimensional virtual applications which could be suitable for a number of sectors , including tourism; calls for the development of a common european data space on cultural heritage , which could be built on the basis of the european digital service infrastructure.


### 7. calls on the commission to assess the possibility of defining fair contractual conditions with the aim of addressing imbalances in market power; underlines that a single european data space will require companies to be allowed to closely cooperate with each other , and therefore considers that safe harbours and block exemptions on cooperation for data sharing and pooling , as well as more guidance for businesses on competition law matters from the commission , are needed; ### 7. calls on the commission to assess the possibility of defining fair contractual conditions with the aim of addressing imbalances in market power , especially regarding access to data and the use thereof by small and medium-sized enterprises; underlines that a single european data space will require companies to be allowed to closely cooperate with each other , and therefore considers that safe harbours and block exemptions on cooperation for data sharing and pooling , as well as more guidance for businesses on competitiveness and competition law matters from the commission , are needed;


### 8. recommends further strengthening interoperability and establishing consensus-based , industry-led common standards in order to guarantee that the movement of data between different machines and entities can take place in an innovative manner; ### 8. recommends further strengthening interoperability and establishing consensus-based , industry-led common standards in order to guarantee that the movement of data between different machines and entities can take place in an innovative manner; stresses the need to identify common standards of data quality , authenticity and integrity so that their value can be properly exploited , especially for the purposes of ai deployment;


### 10. emphasises the importance of clarifying the contractual rights of individuals and businesses who contribute to the creation of data using machines or other devices; ### 10. emphasises the importance of clarifying the contractual rights of individuals and businesses who contribute to the creation of data using machines or other devices , and in particular the rights to access data , to port them , to urge another party to stop using data , to correct them or to delete them , while also identifying their holders and delineating the nature of such rights;


### 13. is of the belief that the data-driven digital economy does not require major changes to the existing ipr framework and thus notes that the commission should carefully assess what legal adjustments are really necessary; welcomes , in this regard , the commission’s intention to revise the database directive and clarify the application of the trade secrets directive; ### 13. is of the belief that the data-driven digital economy does not require major changes to the existing ipr framework and thus notes that the commission should carefully assess what legal adjustments are really necessary in order to avoid any regulatory overlap; welcomes , in this regard , the commission’s intention to revise the database directive and clarify the application of the trade secrets directive;


### 1. underlines the importance of an eu regulatory framework being applicable where consumers within the union are users of or subject to an algorithmic system , irrespective of the place of establishment of the entities that develop , sell or employ the system; ### 1. underlines the importance of an eu regulatory framework of ethical aspects of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies being applicable where consumers within the union are users of or subject to an algorithmic system , irrespective of the place of establishment of the entities that develop , sell or employ the system in order to bring legal certainty to business and citizens alike;


### 1. highlights the potential of ai for all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport; ### 1. highlights the potential of ai , robotics and related technologies for all autonomous means of road , rail , waterborne and air transport;


### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; ### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; calls on the european institutions to engage in long-term thinking about the impact of ai on our democratic debates , our societies and the very nature of human beings , in order to be able to pave the way for a technology that respects our freedom , our way of life and human rights;


### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; ### 1. recalls that the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of cultural and creative sectors (ccs) , education as well as media and online platforms , similar to other sectors , not only has enormous potential , but has also raised and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues that need to be addressed; stresses , however , that governance of technology must be implemented in a way that does not disrupt innovation or curtail freedom of expression;


### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; ### 1. recalls that the creation and the use of artificial intelligence (ai) in the areas of culture , education and security and information policy raises and will continue to raise a wide range of ethical issues; stresses that , in connection with ai , the protection of human dignity must always be taken into account;


### 1. declares that the development , deployment and use of artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including but not exclusively by human beings , should always respect human agency and oversight , as well as allow the retrieval of human control at any time; ### 1. declares that the development , deployment and use of high-risk artificial intelligence , robotics and related technologies , including but not exclusively by human beings , should always respect human agency and oversight , as well as allow the retrieval of human control when needed;


### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies; ### 2. stresses the need to develop clear , comprehensive and tailored criteria for the use of ai in education , media , ccs and online platforms , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to reflect the progress in ai technologies so as to also responsibly help harness the full potential of ai; highlights in particular the need to address personal user data collection and privacy concerns in education , as well as liability issues in cases where automated learning processes lead to undesirable outcomes;


### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies; ### 2. stresses the need to develop criteria for the use of ai in education , media and creative sectors , by developing benchmarks for ethically responsible and accepted uses of ai technologies in these areas; underlines that these criteria must be constantly adjusted to the progress in ai technologies; recalls that , to provide these algorithms with a sound basis , it is necessary to impose the principles of conformity of a system with its specifications , transparency , good faith and equity;