### the in - built complexity of these challenges and the evolutions of demands thus make it essential to develop innovative research and new smart technologies , processes and methods , social innovation mechanisms , coordinated actions and policies that will anticipate or influence major evolutions for europe . it calls for understanding the underlying trends and impacts at play in these challenges and rediscovering or reinventing successful forms of solidarity , coordination and creativity that make europe a distinctive model of inclusive , innovative and secure societies compared to other world regions . it requires a more strategic approach to cooperation with third countries . finally , as security policies should interact with different social policies , enhancing the societal dimension of security research will be an important aspect of this challenge . ### the in - built complexity of these challenges and the evolutions of demands thus make it essential to develop innovative research and new smart technologies , processes and methods , social innovation mechanisms , coordinated actions and policies that will anticipate or influence major evolutions for europe . it calls for understanding the underlying trends and impacts at play in these challenges and rediscovering or reinventing successful forms of solidarity , coordination and creativity that make europe a distinctive model of inclusive , innovative and secure societies compared to other world regions . it requires a more strategic and open approach to cooperation with third countries , with targeted actions taken to promote and support international cooperation . finally , as security policies should interact with different social policies , enhancing the societal dimension of security research will be an important aspect of this challenge .


### the specific objective of biotechnology research and innovation is to develop competitive , sustainable and innovative industrial products and processes and contribute as an innovation driver in a number of european sectors like agriculture , food , chemical and health . ### the specific objective of biotechnology research and innovation is to develop competitive , sustainable and innovative industrial products and processes and contribute as an innovation driver in a number of european sectors like health , chemical , agriculture and food .


### financial contributions from the union to joint undertakings established on the basis of article 187 tfeu under the seventh framework programme , subject to the amendment of their basic acts ; to new public - private partnerships set up on the basis of article 187 tfeu ; and to other funding bodies referred to in article [ 55 or ] of regulation no xx / 2012 [ new financial regulation ] . this form of partnerships shall only be implemented where the scope of the objectives pursued and the scale of the resources required justify it ; ### financial contributions from the union to joint undertakings established on the basis of article 187 tfeu under the seventh framework programme , subject to the amendment of their basic acts ; to new public - private partnerships set up on the basis of article 187 tfeu ; to other existing innovative research and innovation partnerships such as product development partnerships , and to other funding bodies referred to in article [ 55 or ] of regulation no xx / 2012 [ new financial regulation ] . this form of partnerships shall only be implemented where the scope of the objectives pursued and the scale of the resources required justify it ;


### the union intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % below 1990 levels by 2020 , with a further reduction to 80 - 95 % by 2050 . in addition , renewables should cover 20 % of final energy consumption in 2020 coupled with a 20 % energy efficiency target . achieving these objectives will require an overhaul of the energy system combining low carbon profile , energy security and affordability , while at the same time reinforcing europe ' s economic competitiveness . europe is currently far from this overall goal . 80 % of the european energy system still relies on fossil fuels , and the sector produces 80 % of all the union ' s greenhouse gas emissions . every year 2 . 5 % of the union ' s gross domestic product is spent on energy imports and this is likely to increase . this trend would lead to total dependence on oil and gas imports by 2050 . faced with volatile energy prices on the world market , coupled with concerns over security of supply , european industries and consumers are spending an increasing share of their income on energy . ### the union intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % below 1990 levels by 2020 , with a further reduction to 80 - 95 % by 2050 . in addition , renewables should cover 20 % of final energy consumption in 2020 coupled with a 20 % energy savings target . by 2050 greenhouse gas emission reductions of 80 - 95% must be achieved . to reach this goal , renewable energy technologies must , by the middle of this century , account for the biggest share of europe ' s energy supply . this must be accompanied by an ambitious energy efficiency policy as the most cost - effective way of reaching our long - term decarbonisation goals . it is therefore appropriate for three quarters of the budget under this challenge to go towards research and innovation in renewable energy and energy efficiency . achieving these objectives will require an overhaul of the energy system combining sustainable low carbon profile , energy security and affordability , while at the same time reinforcing europe ' s economic competitiveness . europe is currently far from this overall goal . 80 % of the european energy system still relies on fossil fuels , and the sector produces 80 % of all the union ' s greenhouse gas emissions . every year 2 . 5 % of the union ' s gross domestic product is spent on energy imports and this is likely to increase . this trend would lead to total dependence on oil and gas imports by 2050 . faced with volatile energy prices on the world market , coupled with concerns over security of supply , european industries and consumers are spending an increasing share of their income on energy .


### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . ### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding the basis of disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing new and better preventive vaccines and drugs ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; developing adapted treatments and treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions including psychosocial aspects ; improving regulatory procedures and support of access related activities ; better collection and use of health data ; standardised data analysis techniques ; healthy and active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing health disparities and inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . all of these activities shall properly account for gender and sex analysis . the activities shall take full advantage of the opportunities presented for a true interdisciplinary approach , combining knowledge from all six challenges and the other pillars to ensure sustainable solutions within the domain . active involvement of health care providers must be encouraged in order to secure rapid take - up and implementation of results .


### activities shall focus on research and full - scale testing of new concepts , non - technological solutions , more efficient , socially acceptable and affordable technology components and systems with in - built intelligence , to allow real - time energy management for near - zero - emission buildings , renewable heating and cooling , highly efficient industries and mass take - up of energy efficiency solutions by companies , individuals , communities and cities . ### activities shall focus on research and full - scale testing of new concepts , non - technological solutions , more efficient , socially acceptable and affordable technology components and systems with in - built intelligence , to allow real - time energy management for cities and territories , near - zero - emission buildings , retrofitted buildings , renewable heating and cooling , including recovery of energy from waste , highly efficient industries and mass take - up of energy efficiency solutions and services by companies , individuals , communities and cities .


### food security , sustainable agriculture , marine and maritime research , and the bio - economy ; ### bioeconomy : food security , sustainable agriculture and forestry , marine and maritime research , and bio - based industry ;


### all the research and innovation activities carried out under horizon 2020 shall comply with ethical principles and relevant national , union and international legislation , including the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and the european convention on human rights and its supplementary protocols . ### all the research and innovation activities carried out under horizon 2020 shall comply with ethical principles and relevant national , union and international legislation , including the charter of fundamental rights of the european union and the european convention on human rights and its supplementary protocols , the european directive 2004 / 23 / ec on human tissue and cells and regulation no 1394 / 2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products .


### the equity facility will focus on early - stage venture capital funds providing venture capital and quasi - equity to individual portfolio enterprises . the facility will also have the possibility to make expansion and growth - stage investments in conjunction with the equity facility for growth under the programme for the competitiveness of enterprises and smes , to ensure a continuum of support during the start up and development of companies . ### the equity facility will focus on venture capital funds providing venture capital and quasi - equity to early - stage , individual portfolio enterprises . the facility will also have the possibility to make expansion and growth - stage investments in conjunction with the equity facility for growth under the programme for the competitiveness of enterprises and smes , to ensure a continuum of support during the start up and development of companies .


### by 2020 , the erc therefore shall aim to demonstrate : that the best researchers are participating in the erc ' s competitions , that erc funding has led directly to scientific publications of the highest quality and to the commercialisation and application of innovative technologies and ideas and that the erc has contributed significantly to making europe a more attractive environment for the world ' s best scientists . in particular , the erc shall target a measurable improvement in the union ' s share of the world ' s top 1 % most highly cited publications . in addition it shall aim at a substantial increase in the number of excellent researchers from outside europe whom it funds and specific improvements in institutional practices and national policies to support top researchers . ### by 2020 , the erc therefore shall aim to demonstrate : that the best researchers are participating in the erc ' s competitions , that erc funding has led directly to scientific publications of the highest quality , to research results with high social and economic potential impact and to the commercialisation and application of innovative technologies and ideas and that the erc has contributed significantly to making europe a more attractive environment for the world ' s best scientists . in particular , the erc shall target a measurable improvement in the union ' s share of the world ' s top 1 % most highly cited publications . in addition it shall aim at a substantial increase in the number of excellent researchers from outside europe whom it funds and specific improvements in institutional practices and national policies to support top researchers . the erc shall share experience and best practices with regional and national research funding agencies in order to promote the support of excellent researchers . moreover , the erc shall further raise the visibility of its programmes outside europe in order to attract excellent researchers .


### the specific objective of biotechnology research and innovation is to develop competitive , sustainable and innovative industrial products and processes and contribute as an innovation driver in a number of european sectors like agriculture , food , chemical and health . ### the specific objective of biotechnology research and innovation is to develop competitive , sustainable and innovative industrial products and processes and contribute as an innovation driver in a number of european sectors like agriculture , food , chemical , energy and health .


### further development and wider use of research infrastructures at union level will make a significant contribution to development of the european research area . while the role of member states remains central in developing and financing research infrastructures , the union plays an important part in supporting infrastructure at union level , fostering the emergence of new facilities , opening up broad access to national and european infrastructures , and making sure that regional , national , european and international policies are consistent and effective . it is not only necessary to avoid duplication of effort and to coordinate and rationalise use of the facilities , but also to pool resources so that the union can also acquire and operate research infrastructures at world level . ### further development and wider use of research infrastructures at a european level will make a significant contribution to development of the european research area . while the role of member states remains central in developing and financing research infrastructures , the union plays an important part in supporting infrastructure at european level , such as encouraging co - ordination of distributed research infrastructures , fostering the emergence of new facilities , opening up and supporting broad access to national and european infrastructures , and making sure that regional , national , european and international policies are consistent and effective . it is necessary to avoid duplication of efforts , to foster coordinated and effective use of the facilities and where appropriate to pool resources so that the union can also acquire and operate research infrastructures at world level .


### the aim is the promotion of low carbon , resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated biorefineries , utilising biomass from primary production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and opening new markets through supporting standardisation , regulatory and demonstration / field trial activities and others , while taking into account the implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes . ### the aim is the promotion of renewable - based and energy efficient , resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated biorefineries , producing and utilising biomass from primary production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and opening new markets through supporting where necessary standardisation , but also through regulatory and demonstration activities and others , while taking into account the environmental and socio - economic implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes as well as civil society views and concerns .


### horizon 2020 shall contribute to building an economy based on knowledge and innovation across the whole union by leveraging sufficient additional research , development and innovation funding . thereby , it shall support the implementation of the europe 2020 strategy and other union policies , as well as the achievement and functioning of the european research area . the relevant performance indicators are set out in the introduction of annex i . ### horizon 2020 shall contribute to building an economy based on gender equality , knowledge and innovation across the whole union by leveraging sufficient additional research , development and innovation funding and using the full potential and scientific excellence of all european scientists , including women scientists . thereby , it shall support the implementation of the europe 2020 strategy and other union policies , as well as the achievement and functioning of the european research area . the relevant performance indicators are set out in the introduction of annex i .


### sustainable mobility can only be achieved through a radical change in the transport system , inspired by breakthroughs in transport research , far - reaching innovation , and a coherent , europe - wide implementation of greener , safer and smarter transport solutions . ### sustainable mobility can only be achieved through a radical change in the transport system , inspired by breakthroughs in transport research , far - reaching innovation , and a coherent , europe - wide implementation of greener , safer and smarter transport solutions , including investments in innovative infrastructure for all modes of transport .


### smes constitute a significant source of innovation and growth in europe . therefore a strong participation of smes , as defined in commission recommendation 2003 / 361 / ec of 6 may 2003 , is needed in horizon 2020 . this should support the aims of the small business act . ### smes constitute an essential source of innovation , growth and jobs in europe . therefore a strong participation of smes , as defined in commission recommendation 2003 / 361 / ec of 6 may 2003 , is needed in horizon 2020 . this should support the aims of the small business act .


### the specific objective of nanotechnologies research and innovation is to secure union leadership in this high growth global market , by stimulating investment in nanotechnologies and their uptake in high added - value , competitive products and services across a range of applications and sectors . ### the specific objective of nanotechnologies research and innovation is to prepare union leadership in this high growth global market , by stimulating investment and patents in safe and responsible nanotechnologies and their uptake in high added - value , competitive products and services across a range of applications and sectors .


### effective health promotion , supported by a robust evidence base , prevents disease , improves wellbeing and is cost effective . health promotion and disease prevention also depend on an understanding of the determinants of health , on effective preventive tools , such as vaccines , on effective health and disease surveillance and preparedness , and on effective screening programmes . ### effective health promotion , supported by a robust evidence base , prevents disease , improves mental and physical wellbeing and is cost effective . health promotion and disease prevention also depend on an understanding of the determinants of , and links between , physical and mental health , on european data based on common indicators , on effective preventive tools , such as vaccines and behavioural interventions addressing risk factors , including obesity , on effective health and disease surveillance and preparedness , and on effective screening programmes and early diagnosis .


### focusing on governance of nanotechnology for societal benefit . ### focusing on governance of nanotechnology for societal benefit , taking into account the precautionary principle , and assessing the social acceptability and relevance of specific applications .


### the specific objective is to achieve a european transport system that is resource - efficient , environmentally - friendly , safe and seamless for the benefit of citizens , the economy and society . ### the specific objective is to achieve a european transport system that is resource - efficient , affordable , environmentally - friendly , safe and seamless for the benefit of citizens , the economy and society .


### new technologies and solutions must compete on cost and reliability against highly optimised energy systems with well - established incumbents and technologies . research and innovation are critical to make these new , cleaner , low - carbon , more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market . ### new technologies and solutions must compete in energy systems designed for historic incumbents and technologies which have absorbed the vast majority of the world and europe ' s research and subsidies until today . research and innovation are critical to make new , cleaner , renewable and more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market .


### the aim is the promotion of low carbon , resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated biorefineries , utilising biomass from primary production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and opening new markets through supporting standardisation , regulatory and demonstration / field trial activities and others , while taking into account the implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes . ### the aim is the promotion of low carbon , more resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries , while making bio - waste an asset used at its full potential . it is vital to create a closed circuit between urban and rural areas . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated second and third generation biorefineries , producing and utilising biomass and other residues from primary agricultural and forestry production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and through efficient transformation of bio - waste in urban areas into agricultural inputs . this will foster new markets and create potential new revenue streams for primary producers through supporting standardisation , certification schemes , regulatory and demonstration / field trial activities and others , while taking into account the implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes .


### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration - of innovative renewables and carbon capture and storage technologies offering larger scale , lower cost , environmentally safe technologies with higher conversion efficiency and higher availability for different market and operating environments . ### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration - of innovative renewables and carbon capture and storage technologies , in particular for gas and industrial processes , offering larger scale , lower cost , environmentally safe technologies which provide an alternative to fossil fuels , with higher conversion efficiency and higher availability for different market and operating environments .


### research and innovation must bring about focussed and timely advances that will help achieve key union policy objectives , while boosting economic competitiveness , supporting the transition to a climate - resilient and low - carbon economy , and maintaining global market leadership . ### research and innovation must bring about focussed and timely advances that will help achieve key union policy objectives , while boosting economic competitiveness , supporting the transition to a climate - resilient , low - carbon economy , increasing mobility across europe and maintaining global market leadership .


### the aim is to supply sufficient food , feed , biomass and other raw - materials , while safeguarding natural resources and enhancing ecosystems services , including coping with and mitigating climate change . the activities shall focus on more sustainable and productive agriculture and forestry systems which are both resource - efficient and resilient , while at the same time developing of services , concepts and policies for thriving rural livelihoods . ### the aim is to supply sufficient food , feed , biomass and other raw - materials , while safeguarding natural resources including biodiversity , in a european and world - wide perspective and enhancing ecosystems services , including coping with and mitigating climate change . the activities shall focus on more sustainable and productive agriculture , livestock and forestry systems which are resource - efficient , protect natural resources , are diverse and can adapt to a changing environment and are resilient , while at the same time developing services , concepts and policies for diverse food systems and thriving rural livelihoods .


### the european commission does not explicitly solicit the use of human embryonic stem cells . the use of human stem cells , be they adult or embryonic , if any , depends on the judgement of the scientists in view of the objectives they want to achieve and is subject to stringent ethics review . no project involving the use of human embryonic stem cells should be funded that does not obtain the necessary approvals from the member states . no activity should be funded that is forbidden in all member states . no activity should be funded in a member state where such activity is forbidden . ### the european commission is concerned about matters of fairness in the use of human stem cells , whether adult , embryonic or from the umbilical cord . the use of human stem cells , if any , depends on the judgement of the scientists in view of the therapeutic objectives they want to achieve and is subject to stringent ethics review . projects involving the use of human embryonic stem cells may be funded provided that they have been duly approved by the member states concerned . no activity should be funded that is forbidden in all member states . no activity should be funded in a member state where such activity is forbidden . however , medical research on all types of stem cell shall be funded in member states where such activity is authorised .


### to maximise the impact of union level actions , support will be provided to the full spectrum of research and innovation activities . from basic research through translation of knowledge to large trials and demonstration actions , mobilising private investment ; to public and pre - commercial procurement for new products , services , scalable solutions , which are when necessary , interoperable and supported by defined standards and / or common guidelines . this co - ordinated , european effort will contribute to the ongoing development of the era . it will also interface , as and when appropriate , with activities developed in the context of the health for growth programme and the european innovation partnership on active and health ageing . ### to maximise the impact of union level actions and create long - term benefits to its objectives , support will be provided to the full spectrum of research and innovation activities . from basic research through translation of knowledge to large trials and demonstration actions , mobilising private investment ; to public and pre - commercial procurement for new products , services , scalable solutions , which are when necessary , interoperable and supported by defined standards and / or common guidelines . this co - ordinated , european effort will contribute to the ongoing development of the era . it will also complement and create synergies , as and when appropriate , with activities developed in the context of the health for growth programme and the european innovation partnership on active and healthy ageing , the council conclusions on the role of the eu in global health and union external programmes and international commitments in the field of global health .


### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration of new grid technologies , including storage , systems and market designs to plan , monitor , control and safely operate interoperable networks in an open , decarbonised , climate resilient and competitive market , under normal and emergency conditions . ### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration of new grid technologies , including storage , systems and market designs to plan , monitor , control and safely operate interoperable networks and balance an increasing renewables share in an open , decarbonised , climate resilient and competitive market , under normal and emergency conditions .


### specific actions shall be undertaken within the specific objective ‘ leadership in enabling and industrial technologies’ set out in point 1 of part ii of annex i and each of the specific objectives under the priority ‘ societal challenges’ set out in points 1 to 6 of part iii of annex i . these specific actions shall take the form of a dedicated sme instrument that is targeted at all types of smes with an innovation potential and shall be implemented in a consistent manner and tailored to the needs of smes as set out under the specific objective ‘ innovation in smes’ in point 3 . 3 . of part ii of annex i . ### specific actions shall be undertaken within the specific objective ‘ leadership in enabling and industrial technologies’ set out in point 1 of part ii of annex i and each of the specific objectives under the priority ‘ societal challenges’ set out in points 1 to 6 of part iii of annex i . these specific actions shall take the form of a dedicated sme instrument that is targeted at all types of smes with an innovation potential and shall be implemented in a consistent manner and tailored to the needs of smes as set out under the specific objective ‘ innovation in smes’ in point 3 . 3 . of part ii of annex i . it is essential that smes are integrated within the full value chain in order to get access to all opportunities in horizon 2020 .


### new technologies and solutions must compete on cost and reliability against highly optimised energy systems with well - established incumbents and technologies . research and innovation are critical to make these new , cleaner , low - carbon , more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market . ### new technologies and solutions must compete in energy systems designed for historic incumbents and technologies which have absorbed the vast majority of the world and europe ' s research funding and subsidies to this date . research and innovation are critical to make these new , cleaner , low - carbon , more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed , funding for research and development of fossil fuel technologies is therefore not eligible under this societal challenge . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market .


### the european institute of innovation and technology shall be financed through a maximum contribution from horizon 2020 of eur 3194 million as set out in annex ii . a first allocation of eur 1542 million shall be provided to the european institute of innovation and technology for activities under title xvii of the treaty on the functioning of the european union . a second allocation of up to eur 1652 million shall be provided , subject to the review set out in article 26 . this additional amount shall be provided on a pro - rata basis , as indicated in annex ii , from the amount for the specific objective ‘ leadership in enabling and industrial technologies’ within the priority on industrial leadership set out in paragraph 2 and from the amount for the priority on societal challenges set out in 2 . ### the european institute of innovation and technology shall be financed through a maximum contribution from horizon 2020 of eur xxx million as set out in annex ii . in view of the need to identify and select the strongest kics with the greatest chance of quickly reaching critical mass , the kic selection process in 2014 will be open to kic applications within the following pre - defined themes : - innovation for healthy living and active ageing , - raw materials , - food4future , - urban mobility , - added - value manufacturing , and - smart secure societies from the themes in the kic selection proposal , a number of kics will be selected . the number of kics selected will depend on the maturity and readiness of european consortia to form credible kics , the potential societal and economic impact , and opportunities for synergies with other initiatives , as well as the absorption capacity of the eit and the budget available .


### climate action , resource efficiency and raw materials ; ### climate and water action , resource efficiency and sustainable use of raw materials ;


### the aim is to supply sufficient food , feed , biomass and other raw - materials , while safeguarding natural resources and enhancing ecosystems services , including coping with and mitigating climate change . the activities shall focus on more sustainable and productive agriculture and forestry systems which are both resource - efficient and resilient , while at the same time developing of services , concepts and policies for thriving rural livelihoods . ### the aim is to supply sufficient food , feed , biomass and other raw - materials , while safeguarding natural resources at the global level and enhancing ecosystems services , including protecting biodiversity and natural habitats , and protecting soil and water resources , while tackling the challenges of mitigation and adaptation to climate change . the activities shall favour systemic approaches and focus on more sustainable and productive agriculture and forestry systems including organic farming , which are both resource - efficient and resilient , while at the same time developing of services , concepts and policies aimed at ensuring a diversity of food production systems and for thriving rural livelihoods .


### the cost of union health and social care systems is rising with care and prevention measures in all ages increasingly expensive , the number of europeans aged over 65 expected to nearly double from 85 million in 2008 to 151 million by 2060 , and those over 80 to rise from 22 to 61 million in the same period . reducing or containing these costs such that they do not become unsustainable depends in part on ensuring the lifelong health and wellbeing of all and therefore on the effective prevention , treatment and management of disease and disability . ### the cost of union health and social care systems is rising with care and prevention measures in all ages increasingly expensive , the number of europeans aged over 65 expected to nearly double from 85 million in 2008 to 151 million by 2060 , and those over 80 to rise from 22 to 61 million in the same period . reducing or containing these costs such that they do not become unsustainable depends in part on informing people better and encouraging responsible health choices so as to optimise the lifelong health and wellbeing of all and therefore on the effective prevention , treatment and management of disease and disability .


### the aims shall be to ensure the implementation and operation of the esfri and other world - class research infrastructures , including the development of regional partner facilities ; integration of and access to national research infrastructures ; and the development , deployment and operation of e - infrastructures . ### the aims shall be to ensure the preparation , construction , implementation and operation of the esfri and other world - class research infrastructures , including the development of regional partner facilities ; integration of and access to national research infrastructures so that european scientists can use them , irrespective of their location , to conduct to top level research ; and the development , deployment and operation of e - infrastructures when there exist strong added value for union intervention .


### smes constitute a significant source of innovation and growth in europe . therefore a strong participation of smes , as defined in commission recommendation 2003 / 361 / ec of 6 may 2003 , is needed in horizon 2020 . this should support the aims of the small business act . ### smes constitute an essential source of innovation , growth and jobs in europe . therefore a strong participation of smes , as defined in commission recommendation 2003 / 361 / ec of 6 may 2003 , is needed in horizon 2020 . this should support the aims of the small business act .


### the union intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % below 1990 levels by 2020 , with a further reduction to 80 - 95 % by 2050 . in addition , renewables should cover 20 % of final energy consumption in 2020 coupled with a 20 % energy efficiency target . achieving these objectives will require an overhaul of the energy system combining low carbon profile , energy security and affordability , while at the same time reinforcing europe ' s economic competitiveness . europe is currently far from this overall goal . 80 % of the european energy system still relies on fossil fuels , and the sector produces 80 % of all the union ' s greenhouse gas emissions . every year 2 . 5 % of the union ' s gross domestic product is spent on energy imports and this is likely to increase . this trend would lead to total dependence on oil and gas imports by 2050 . faced with volatile energy prices on the world market , coupled with concerns over security of supply , european industries and consumers are spending an increasing share of their income on energy . ### the union intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % below 1990 levels by 2020 , with a further reduction to 80 - 95 % by 2050 . in addition , renewables should cover 20 % of final energy consumption in 2020 coupled with a 20 % energy efficiency target . by 2050 greenhouse gas emission reductions of 80 - 95% should be achieved . all decarbonisation scenarios in the energy roadmap 2050 show that renewable energy technologies will by the middle of this century account for the biggest share of energy supply technologies . this must be accompanied by an ambitious energy efficiency policy as the most cost - effective way of reaching our long - term decarbonisation goals . it is therefore appropriate for three quarters of the budget under this challenge to go towards research and innovation in renewable energy and energy efficiency . achieving these objectives will require an overhaul of the energy system combining the development of alternatives to fossil fuels , energy security and affordability , while at the same time reinforcing europe ' s economic competitiveness . europe is currently far from this overall goal . 80 % of the european energy system still relies on fossil fuels , and the sector produces 80 % of all the union ' s greenhouse gas emissions . every year 2 . 5 % of the union ' s gross domestic product is spent on energy imports and this is likely to increase . this trend would lead to total dependence on oil and gas imports by 2050 . faced with volatile energy prices on the world market , coupled with concerns over security of supply , european industries and consumers are spending an increasing share of their income on energy .


### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . ### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding the basis of disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing new and better preventive vaccines and drugs ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; developing adapted treatments and treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions including psychosocial aspects ; improving regulatory procedures and support of access related activities ; better collection and use of health data ; standardised data analysis techniques ; healthy and active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing health disparities and inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . all of these activities shall properly account for gender and sex analysis . the activities shall take full advantage of the opportunities presented for a true interdisciplinary approach , combining knowledge from all six challenges and the other pillars to ensure sustainable solutions within the domain . active involvement of health care providers must be encouraged in order to secure rapid take - up and implementation of results .


### to achieve maximum impact , horizon 2020 should develop close synergies with other union programmes in areas such as education , space , environment , competitiveness and smes , the internal security , culture and media and with the cohesion policy funds and rural development policy , which can specifically help to strengthen national and regional research and innovation capabilities in the context of smart specialization strategies . ### to achieve maximum impact , horizon 2020 should develop close synergies with other union programmes in areas such as health , education , space , environment , competitiveness and smes , the internal security , culture and media and with the cohesion policy funds and rural development policy , which can specifically help to strengthen national and regional research and innovation capabilities in the context of smart specialization strategies . in addition , complementarity between horizon 2020 and programmes funded at national level should also be ensured . that complementarity should also be taken into account by the european court of auditors when assessing the implementation of horizon 2020 .


### new technologies and solutions must compete on cost and reliability against highly optimised energy systems with well - established incumbents and technologies . research and innovation are critical to make these new , cleaner , low - carbon , more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market . ### new technologies and solutions must compete in energy systems designed for historic incumbents and technologies which have absorbed the vast majority of the world and europe ' s research and subsidies until today . research and innovation are critical to make new , cleaner , renewable and more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed . neither industry alone , nor member states individually , are able to bear the costs and risks , for which the main drivers are outside the market .


### a considerably increased exploitation of data from european satellites can be achieved if a concerted effort is made to coordinate and organise the processing , validation and standardisation of space data . innovations in data handling and dissemination can also ensure a higher return on investment of space infrastructure , and contribute to tackling societal challenges , in particular if coordinated in a global effort such as through global earth observation system of systems , the european satellite navigation programme galileo or ipcc for climate change issues . ### a considerably increased exploitation of data from european satellites can be achieved if a concerted effort is made to coordinate and organise the processing , validation and standardisation of space data . innovations in data handling , dissemination and interoperability , in particular promotion of free access to and exchange of earth science data and metadata can also ensure a higher return on investment of space infrastructure , and contribute to tackling societal challenges , in particular if coordinated in a global effort such as through global earth observation system of systems , the european satellite navigation programme galileo or ipcc for climate change and ocean monitoring issues .


### the aim is the promotion of low carbon , resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated biorefineries , utilising biomass from primary production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and opening new markets through supporting standardisation , regulatory and demonstration / field trial activities and others , while taking into account the implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes . ### the aim is the promotion of low carbon , resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries , while making bio - waste an asset used at its full potential , for which it is vital to establish a closed circuit of nutrients between urban and rural areas . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated second and third generation biorefineries , utilising biomass and other residues from primary agricultural and forestry production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and transformation of bio - waste in urban areas into agricultural inputs through efficient cleaning . this will foster new markets and create potential new revenue streams for primary producers through supporting standardisation , certification schemes , regulatory and demonstration / field trial activities and others , while taking into account the implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes .


### the aim is the promotion of low carbon , resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated biorefineries , utilising biomass from primary production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and opening new markets through supporting standardisation , regulatory and demonstration / field trial activities and others , while taking into account the implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes . ### the aim is the promotion of low carbon , more resource efficient , sustainable and competitive european bio - based industries , while making bio - waste an asset used at its full potential . it is vital to create a closed circuit between urban and rural areas . the activities shall focus on fostering the bio - economy by transforming conventional industrial processes and products into bio - based resource and energy efficient ones , the development of integrated second and third generation biorefineries , producing and utilising biomass and other residues from primary agricultural and forestry production , biowaste and bio - based industry by - products , and through efficient transformation of bio - waste in urban areas into agricultural inputs . this will foster new markets and create potential new revenue streams for primary producers through supporting standardisation , certification schemes , regulatory and demonstration / field trial activities and others , while taking into account the implication of the bio - economy on land use and land use changes .


### the focus of activities shall be to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and improve vehicle efficiency , to accelerate the development and deployment of a new generation of electric and other low or zero emission vehicles , including through breakthroughs in engines , batteries and infrastructure ; to explore and exploit the potential of alternative fuels and innovative and more efficient propulsion systems , including fuel infrastructure ; to optimise the use of infrastructures , by means of intelligent transport systems and smart equipment ; and to increase the use of demand management and public and non - motorised transport , particularly in urban areas . ### the focus of activities shall , as a first step , be to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and improve the energy efficiency of all kinds of vehicles , to accelerate the development and deployment of a new generation of low or zero emission vehicles and the accompanying infrastructure , including through breakthroughs in engines , batteries and infrastructure and the use of renewables in rail , water and air transport . it is also essential to have a waste management policy linked to these innovations . moreover , all innovation aimed at achieving low or zero emissions in all modes of transport should be encouraged , including developing and harnessing the huge potential of alternative and sustainable fuels , as well as developing innovative and more efficient propulsion systems , work on optimising fuel systems , vehicle weights and aerodynamics , and development and infrastructure , and optimising the use of infrastructures by using intelligent transport systems and smart equipment . it is important to increase the use of public and non - motorised transport and intermodal mobility chains , particularly in urban areas .


### the specific objective is to achieve a resource efficient and climate change resilient economy and a sustainable supply of raw materials , in order to meet the needs of a growing global population within the sustainable limits of the planet ' s natural resources . activities will contribute to increasing european competitiveness and improving well being , whilst assuring environmental integrity and sustainability , keeping average global warming below 2 °c and enabling ecosystems and society to adapt to climate change . ### the specific objective is to achieve a resource efficient and climate change resilient economy , the protection and sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems , a sustainable use and supply of raw materials and water , in order to meet the needs of a growing global population within the sustainable limits of the planet ' s terrestrial and marine natural resources . activities will contribute to increasing european competitiveness and improving well being , whilst assuring environmental integrity and sustainability , keeping average global warming below 2 °c , enabling ecosystems and society to adapt to climate change and protecting cultural heritage .


### by 2020 , nanotechnologies will be mainstreamed , that is seamlessly integrated with most technologies and applications , driven by consumer benefits , quality of life , sustainable development and the strong industrial potential for achieving previously unavailable solutions for productivity and resource efficiency . ### by 2015 , the commission will review all relevant legislation to ensure safety for all applications of nanomaterials in products with potential health , environmental or safety impacts over their life cycle . by 2020 , nanotechnologies will be mainstreamed , that is seamlessly integrated with most technologies and applications , driven by consumer benefits , quality of life , sustainable development and the strong industrial potential for achieving previously unavailable solutions for productivity and resource efficiency


### activities shall focus on research and full - scale testing of new concepts , non - technological solutions , more efficient , socially acceptable and affordable technology components and systems with in - built intelligence , to allow real - time energy management for near - zero - emission buildings , renewable heating and cooling , highly efficient industries and mass take - up of energy efficiency solutions by companies , individuals , communities and cities . ### activities shall focus on research and full - scale testing of new concepts , non - technological solutions , more efficient , socially acceptable and affordable technology components and systems with in - built intelligence , to allow real - time energy management for cities and territories , near - zero - emission buildings , retrofitted buildings , renewable heating and cooling , including recovery of energy from waste , highly efficient industries and mass take - up of energy efficiency solutions and services by companies , individuals , communities and cities .


### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration - of innovative renewables and carbon capture and storage technologies offering larger scale , lower cost , environmentally safe technologies with higher conversion efficiency and higher availability for different market and operating environments . ### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration - of innovative renewables , carbon capture and storage technologies and infrastructures offering larger scale , lower cost , environmentally safe technologies with higher conversion efficiency and higher availability for different market and operating environments .


### the specific objective is to achieve a resource efficient and climate change resilient economy and a sustainable supply of raw materials , in order to meet the needs of a growing global population within the sustainable limits of the planet ' s natural resources . activities will contribute to increasing european competitiveness and improving well being , whilst assuring environmental integrity and sustainability , keeping average global warming below 2 °c and enabling ecosystems and society to adapt to climate change . ### the specific objective is to achieve a resource efficient and climate change resilient economy and society and a sustainable supply of raw materials , in order to meet the needs of a growing global population within the sustainable limits of the planet ' s natural resources . activities will contribute to increasing european competitiveness and improving well being , whilst assuring environmental integrity and sustainability , with the aim of keeping average global warming below 2 °c and enabling ecosystems and society to adapt to climate change .


### the growth window shall make expansion and growth - stage investments in conjunction with the equity facility for growth under the programme for the competitiveness of enterprises and smes , including investments in funds - of - funds operating across borders and investing in venture capital funds , most of which will have a thematic focus that supports the goals of europe 2020 . ### the growth window shall make expansion and growth - stage investments in conjunction with the equity facility for growth under the programme for the competitiveness of enterprises and smes , including investments in private and public sector funds - of - funds operating across borders and investing in venture capital funds , most of which will have a thematic focus that supports the goals of europe 2020 .


### within a few decades the expected growth rates of transport would drive european traffic into a gridlock and make its economic costs and societal impact unbearable . passenger - kilometres are predicted to double over the next 40 years and grow twice as fast for air travel . co2 emissions would grow 35 % by 2050 . congestion costs would increase by about 50 % , to nearly eur 200 billion annually . the external costs of accidents would increase by about eur 60 billion compared to 2005 . ### within a few decades the expected growth rates of transport would drive european traffic into a gridlock and make its economic costs and societal impact unbearable . passenger - kilometres are predicted to double over the next 40 years and grow twice as fast for air travel . co2 emissions would grow 35 % by 2050 . congestion costs would increase by about 50 % , to nearly eur 200 billion annually . the external costs of accidents would increase by about eur 60 billion compared to 2005 . it ' s important to reduce this impact through technological improvements , economic and regulatory frameworks to facilitate introduction of new technologies and infrastructures , and wider application of behavioural sciences to understand how we choose to travel , bearing in mind that each transport mode faces different challenges and is characterised by different technology integration cycles .


### by 2020 , the erc therefore shall aim to demonstrate : that the best researchers are participating in the erc ' s competitions , that erc funding has led directly to scientific publications of the highest quality and to the commercialisation and application of innovative technologies and ideas and that the erc has contributed significantly to making europe a more attractive environment for the world ' s best scientists . in particular , the erc shall target a measurable improvement in the union ' s share of the world ' s top 1 % most highly cited publications . in addition it shall aim at a substantial increase in the number of excellent researchers from outside europe whom it funds and specific improvements in institutional practices and national policies to support top researchers . ### by 2020 , the erc therefore shall aim to demonstrate : that the best researchers are participating in the erc ' s competitions , that erc funding has led directly to scientific publications of the highest quality , to research results with high social and economic potential impact and to the commercialisation and application of innovative technologies and ideas and that the erc has contributed significantly to making europe a more attractive environment for the world ' s best scientists . in particular , the erc shall target a measurable improvement in the union ' s share of the world ' s top 1 % most highly cited publications . in addition it shall aim at a substantial increase in the number of excellent researchers from outside europe whom it funds and specific improvements in institutional practices and national policies to support top researchers . the erc shall share experience and best practices with regional and national research funding agencies in order to promote the support of excellent researchers . moreover , the erc shall further raise the visibility of its programmes outside europe in order to attract excellent researchers .


### ict underpins innovation and competitiveness across a broad range of private and public markets and sectors , and enables scientific progress in all disciplines . over the next decade , the transformative impact of digital technologies , ict components , infrastructures and services will be increasingly visible in all areas of life . unlimited computing , communication and data storage resources will be available to every citizen on the globe . vast amounts of information and data will be generated by sensors , machines and information - enhanced products , making action at a distance a commonplace , enabling global deployment of business processes and sustainable production sites and bringing a wide range of services and applications . many critical commercial and public services and all key processes of knowledge production in science , learning , business and the public sector will be provided through ict . ict will provide the critical infrastructure for production and business processes , communication and transactions . ict will also be indispensable in contributing to key societal challenges , as well as societal processes such as community formation , consumer behaviour , and public governance , for example by means of social media . ### ict underpins innovation and competitiveness across a broad range of private and public markets and sectors , and enables scientific progress in all disciplines . over the next decade , the transformative impact of digital technologies , ict components , infrastructures and services will be increasingly visible in all areas of life . unlimited computing , communication and data storage resources will be available to every citizen on the globe . vast amounts of information and data will be generated by sensors , machines and information - enhanced products , making action at a distance a commonplace , enabling global deployment of business processes and sustainable production sites and bringing a wide range of services and applications . many critical commercial and public services and all key processes of knowledge production in science , learning , business and the public sector will be provided through ict . ict will provide the critical infrastructure for production and business processes , communication and transactions . ict will also be indispensable in contributing to key societal challenges , as well as societal processes such as community formation , consumer behaviour , and public governance , for example by means of social media , and the increasing penetration of mobile technologies through smartphones .


### to maximise the impact of union level actions , support will be provided to the full spectrum of research and innovation activities . from basic research through translation of knowledge to large trials and demonstration actions , mobilising private investment ; to public and pre - commercial procurement for new products , services , scalable solutions , which are when necessary , interoperable and supported by defined standards and / or common guidelines . this co - ordinated , european effort will contribute to the ongoing development of the era . it will also interface , as and when appropriate , with activities developed in the context of the health for growth programme and the european innovation partnership on active and health ageing . ### to maximise the impact of union level actions and create long - term benefits to its objectives , support will be provided to the full spectrum of research and innovation activities . from basic research through translation of knowledge to large trials and demonstration actions , mobilising private investment ; to public and pre - commercial procurement for new products , services , scalable solutions , which are when necessary , interoperable and supported by defined standards and / or common guidelines . this co - ordinated , european effort will contribute to the ongoing development of the era . it will also complement and create synergies , as and when appropriate , with activities developed in the context of the health for growth programme and the european innovation partnership on active and healthy ageing , the council conclusions on the role of the eu in global health and union external programmes and international commitments in the field of global health .


### horizon 2020 shall ensure the effective promotion of gender equality and the gender dimension in research and innovation content . ### horizon 2020 shall ensure the effective promotion of gender equality and the gender dimension in research and innovation content . particular attention shall be paid to ensure gender balance in bodies such as selection boards , committees and expert groups .


### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing better preventive vaccines ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions ; better use of health data ; active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . ### specific activities shall include : understanding the determinants of health , improving health promotion and disease prevention ; understanding the basis of disease and improving diagnosis ; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility ; improving surveillance and preparedness ; developing new and better preventive vaccines and drugs ; using in - silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction ; developing adapted treatments and treating disease ; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions including psychosocial aspects ; improving regulatory procedures and support of access related activities ; better collection and use of health data ; standardised data analysis techniques ; healthy and active ageing , independent and assisted living ; individual empowerment for self - management of health ; promotion of integrated care ; improving scientific tools and methods to support policy making and regulatory needs ; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing health disparities and inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice , and innovative technologies and approaches . all of these activities shall properly account for gender and sex analysis . the activities shall take full advantage of the opportunities presented for a true interdisciplinary approach , combining knowledge from all six challenges and the other pillars to ensure sustainable solutions within the domain . active involvement of health care providers must be encouraged in order to secure rapid take - up and implementation of results .


### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration - of innovative renewables and carbon capture and storage technologies offering larger scale , lower cost , environmentally safe technologies with higher conversion efficiency and higher availability for different market and operating environments . ### activities shall focus on research , development and full scale demonstration - of innovative renewables and carbon capture and storage or usage technologies offering larger scale , lower cost , environmentally safe technologies with higher conversion efficiency and higher availability for different market and operating environments .


### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes involving universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors . ### key activities shall be to provide excellent and innovative training to early - stage researchers at post - graduate level via interdisciplinary projects or doctoral programmes involving universities , research institutions , businesses , smes and other socio - economic groups from different countries . this will improve career prospects for young post - graduate researchers in both the public and private sectors . special attention should be given to gender balance regarding participation .


### taking into account the specific characteristics of urban , suburban and regional regular services , member states should be granted the right to exempt these types of transport from the application of a significant part of this regulation . in order to identify urban , suburban and regional regular services , member states should take into account criteria such as distance , frequency of services , number of scheduled stops , type of buses or coaches employed , ticketing schemes , fluctuations in passenger numbers between services in peak and off - peak periods , bus codes and timetables . ### taking into account the specific characteristics of urban and intercity regular services , member states should be granted the right to exempt these types of transport from the application of part of this regulation . in order to identify urban and intercity regular services , member states should take into account criteria such as division of administrative authority , geographical location , distance , frequency of services , number of scheduled stops , type of buses or coaches employed , ticketing schemes , fluctuations in passenger numbers between services in peak and off - peak periods , bus codes and timetables .


### ' tour operator ' means an organiser or retailer , other than the carrier , within the meaning of article 2 and of directive 90 / 314 / eec ; ### ' tour operator ' means an organiser , other than a carrier , within the meaning of article 2 of directive 90 / 314 / eec ;


### council position carriers and terminal managing bodies shall , within their respective areas of competence , provide passengers with adequate information throughout their travel . where feasible this information shall be provided in accessible formats upon request . ### carriers and terminal managing bodies shall , within their respective areas of competence , provide passengers with adequate information throughout their travel in accessible formats and according to a conceptual model for public transport data and systems .


### council position taking into account the specific characteristics of urban , suburban and regional regular services , member states should be granted the right to exempt these types of transport from the application of a significant part of this regulation . in order to identify urban , suburban and regional regular services , member states should take into account criteria such as distance , frequency of services , number of scheduled stops , type of buses or coaches employed , ticketing schemes , fluctuations in passenger numbers between services in peak and off - peak periods , bus codes and timetables . ### taking into account the specific characteristics of urban and suburban regular services , member states should be granted the right to exempt these types of transport from the application of part of this regulation . in order to identify urban and suburban regular services , member states should take into account criteria such as the administrative division , geographical situation , distance , frequency of services , number of scheduled stops , type of buses or coaches employed , ticketing schemes , fluctuations in passenger numbers between services in peak and off - peak periods , bus codes and timetables .


### council position 4 . under the same conditions set out in paragraph 1 , a carrier , travel agent or tour operator may require that a disabled person or person with reduced mobility be accompanied by another person who is capable of providing the assistance required by the disabled person or person with reduced mobility , if this is strictly necessary . such an accompanying person shall be transported free of charge and , where feasible , seated next to the disabled person or person with reduced mobility . ### if a carrier , travel agent or tour operator refuses to accept a reservation from , to issue or otherwise provide a ticket to or to take on board a person on the grounds of disability or of reduced mobility for the reasons set out in paragraph 1 or if the crew of the vehicle concerned consists only of one person who drives the vehicle and who is not in a position to provide the disabled person or the person with reduced mobility with all the assistance as specified in annex i b , a disabled person or person with reduced mobility may request to be accompanied by another person who is capable of providing the assistance required by the disabled person or person with reduced mobility . such an accompanying person shall be transported free of charge and , where feasible , seated next to the disabled person or person with reduced mobility .


### . with the exception of articles 4 , 9 and 10 , member states may exempt urban , suburban and regional regular services , including cross - border services of that type , from the application of this regulation . ### . with the exception of articles 4 , 9 , 10 , 20 , 25 and 26 , member states may exempt urban and intercity regular services , including cross - border services of that type , from the application of this regulation .


### ' carrier ' means a natural or legal person , other than a tour operator or ticket vendor , offering transport by regular or occasional services to the general public ; ### ' carrier ' means a natural or legal person , other than a tour operator , travel agent or ticket vendor , offering transport by regular or occasional services to the general public ;


### council position carriers and terminal managing bodies shall , within their respective areas of competence , ensure that passengers are provided with appropriate and comprehensible information regarding their rights under this regulation at the latest on departure . the information shall be provided at terminals and where applicable , on the internet . at the request of a disabled person or person with reduced mobility the information shall be provided in an accessible format . this information shall include contact details of the enforcement body or bodies designated by the member state pursuant to article 27 . ### carriers and terminal managing bodies shall , within their respective areas of competence , ensure that passengers are provided with appropriate and comprehensible information regarding their rights under this regulation at the latest on departure . the information shall be provided in accessible formats at terminals and where applicable , on the internet . this information shall include contact details of the enforcement body or bodies designated by the member state pursuant to article 27 .


### security risks , acts of sabotage or terrorism rendering impossible the safe operation of the flight ; ### war , conflicts political instability , security risks , acts of sabotage or terrorism rendering impossible the safe operation of the flight ;


### where a passenger misses a connecting flight as a result of a delay or change of schedule to a preceding flight , the community air carrier operating the onward connecting flight shall offer the passenger : ### where a passenger misses a connecting flight as a result of a delay or change of schedule to a preceding flight , the community air carrier responsible for the delay shall offer the passenger :


### subject to safety constraints , where a tarmac delay exceeds one hour , the operating air carrier shall provide free of charge access to toilet facilities and drinking water , shall ensure adequate heating or cooling of the passenger cabin , and shall ensure that adequate medical attention is available if needed . where a tarmac delay reaches a maximum of five hours , the aircraft shall return to the gate or another suitable disembarkation point where passengers shall be allowed to disembark and to benefit from the same assistance as specified in paragraph 1 , unless there are safety - related or security - related reasons why the aircraft cannot leave its position on the tarmac . ' ### subject to safety constraints , where a tarmac delay exceeds one hour , the operating air carrier shall provide free of charge access to toilet facilities and drinking water , shall ensure adequate heating or cooling of the passenger cabin , and shall ensure that adequate medical attention is available if needed . where a tarmac delay reaches a maximum of four hours , the aircraft shall return to the gate or another suitable disembarkation point where passengers shall be allowed to disembark and to benefit from the same assistance as specified in paragraph 1 , unless there are safety - related , security - related or legislative reasons why the aircraft cannot leave its position on the tarmac .


### in the event of cancellation or delay in departure , passengers shall be informed by the operating air carrier of the situation as soon as possible and in any event no later than 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time , and of the estimated departure time as soon as this information is available , provided the air carrier has received the passenger ' s contact details in accordance with paragraphs 6 and 7 in case the ticket was acquired via an intermediary . ### in the event of cancellation or delay in departure , passengers shall be informed by the operating air carrier of the situation as soon as possible and in any event no later than the scheduled departure time , and of the estimated departure time as soon as this information is available , provided the air carrier has received the passenger ' s contact details in accordance with paragraphs 6 and 7 in case the ticket was acquired via an intermediary .


### in the investigation the commission shall evaluate all relevant factors of an objective and quantifiable nature having a bearing on the situation of the union industry , in particular , the rate and amount of the increase in imports of the product concerned in absolute and relative terms , the share of the domestic market taken by increased imports , changes in the level of sales , production , productivity , capacity utilisation , profits and losses , and employment . ### in the investigation the commission shall evaluate all relevant factors of an objective and quantifiable nature having a bearing on the situation of the union industry , in particular , the rate and amount of the increase in imports of the product concerned in absolute and relative terms , the share of the domestic market taken by increased imports , changes in the level of sales , production , productivity , capacity utilisation , profits and losses , and employment . in the event that third - country content commonly accounts for more than 5 percent of the manufacturing cost of the product concerned , the commission shall also evaluate , as bearing on the situation of the union industry , the production capacity , utilization rates , currency practices and labour conditions of the third countries concerned .


### ' union industry ' means the union producers as a whole of the like or directly competitive products operating within the territory of the union , or those union producers whose collective output of the like or directly competitive products constitutes a major proportion of the total union production of those products ; ### ' union industry ' means the union producers as a whole of the like or directly competitive products operating within the territory of the union , or those union producers whose collective output of the like or directly competitive products constitutes a major proportion of the total union production of those products . in the case where the like or directly competitive product is only one of several products that are made by the producers who constitute the union industry , the industry shall be defined as the specific operations that are involved in the production of the like or directly competitive product ;


### a safeguard measure may be imposed in accordance with the provisions set out in this regulation where a product originating in korea is , as a result of the reduction or the elimination of the customs duties on that product , being imported in the union in such increased quantities , in absolute terms or relative to domestic production , and under such conditions as to cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the union industry producing a like or directly competitive product . ### a safeguard measure may be imposed in accordance with the provisions set out in this regulation where a product originating in korea is , following the reduction or the elimination of the customs duties on that product , being imported in the union in such increased quantities , in absolute terms or relative to domestic production , and under such conditions as to cause or threaten to cause serious injury to the union industry or to the regional industry producing a like or directly competitive product .


### ‘ recreational craft’ means any boat of any type intended for sports and leisure purposes of hull length from 2 , 5 m to 24 m , measured according to the harmonised standard , regardless of the means of propulsion ; ### ‘ recreational craft’ means any vessel of any type intended for sports and leisure purposes of hull length from 2 , 5 m to 24 m , measured according to the harmonised standard , regardless of the means of propulsion ;


### offshore : designed for offshore voyages where conditions up to , and including , wind force 8 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 4 m may be experienced . ### a recreational craft given design category b is considered to be designed for wind force up to , and including , 8 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 4 m .


### sheltered waters : designed for voyages on sheltered coastal waters , small bays , small lakes , rivers and canals when conditions up to , and including , wind force 4 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 0 , 3 m may be experienced , with occasional waves of 0 , 5 m maximum height , for example from passing vessels . ### a watercraft given design category d is considered to be designed for a wind force up to , and including , 4 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 0 , 3 m with occasional waves of 0 , 5 m maximum height .


### offshore : designed for offshore voyages where conditions up to , and including , wind force 8 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 4 m may be experienced . ### a recreational craft given design category b is considered to be designed for waves of up to 4 m significant height and a wind of beaufort force 8 or less . such conditions may be encountered on offshore voyages of sufficient length or on coasts where shelter may not always be immediately available . such conditions may also be experienced on inland seas of sufficient size for the wave height to be generated . winds are assumed to gust to 21 m / s .


### it is crucial to make clear to manufacturers and users that by affixing the ce marking to the product , the manufacturer declares that the product is in conformity with all applicable requirements and takes full responsibility thereof . ### it is crucial to make clear to both manufacturers and users that by affixing the ce marking to a product the manufacturer declares that the product is in conformity with all applicable requirements and that he takes full responsibility therefor , and that systematic compliance checks must be carried out on the use of this ce marking .


### inshore : designed for voyages in coastal waters , large bays , estuaries , lakes and rivers where conditions up to , and including , wind force 6 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 2 m may be experienced . ### a watercraft given design category c is considered to be designed for waves of up to 2 m significant height and a typical steady wind force of beaufort force 6 or less . such conditions may be encountered on exposed inland waters , in estuaries , and in coastal waters in moderate weather conditions . winds are assumed to gust to 17 m / s .


### ocean : designed for extended voyages where conditions may exceed wind force 8 and significant wave heights of 4 m and above but excluding abnormal conditions , and vessels largely self - sufficient . ### a recreational craft given design category a is considered to be designed for winds that may exceed wind force 8 and significant wave heights of 4 m and above but excluding abnormal conditions such as storm , violent storm , hurricane , tornado and extreme sea conditions or rogue waves .


### ventilation shall be provided to prevent the accumulation of gases , which might be emitted from batteries . batteries shall be firmly secured and protected from ingress of water . ### ventilation shall be provided to prevent the accumulation of explosive gases . batteries shall be firmly secured and protected from ingress of water .


### sheltered waters : designed for voyages on sheltered coastal waters , small bays , small lakes , rivers and canals when conditions up to , and including , wind force 4 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 0 , 3 m may be experienced , with occasional waves of 0 , 5 m maximum height , for example from passing vessels . ### a watercraft given design category d is considered to be designed for waves of up to 0 , 3 m significant height and occasional waves of 0 , 5 m height and a typical steady wind force of beaufort force 4 or less . such conditions may be encountered on sheltered inland waters , and in coastal waters in fine weather . winds are assumed to gust to 13 m / s .


### depending on the fuel and power category , the test cycles for engines in marine applications described in the relevant iso standard should be used . ### depending on the fuel and power category , the test cycles for engines in marine applications described in the relevant iso standard should be used . test cycles should be developed for all combustion engines which are part of the propulsion system , including hybrid power installations .


### inshore : designed for voyages in coastal waters , large bays , estuaries , lakes and rivers where conditions up to , and including , wind force 6 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 2 m may be experienced . ### a watercraft given design category c is considered to be designed for a wind force up to , and including , 6 and significant wave heights up to , and including , 2 m .


### member states shall not impede the making available on the market or the putting into service of products covered by directive 94 / 25 / ec which are in conformity with that directive and which were placed on the market or put into service before [ dd / mm / yyyy ] . ### member states shall not impede the making available on the market or the putting into service of products covered by directive 94 / 25 / ec which are in conformity with that directive and which were placed on the market or put into service before . . . * . _____________ * oj : please insert the date referred to in the second paragraph of article 57 , or 31 december 2014 , whichever is the latest .


### member states shall require that manufacturers and importers of tobacco products notify the competent authorities of member states of any novel tobacco product they intend to place on the markets of the member states concerned . the notification shall be submitted in electronic form six months before the intended placing on the market and shall be accompanied by a detailed description of the product in question as well as information on ingredients and emissions in accordance with article 5 . the manufacturers and importers notifying a novel tobacco product shall also provide the competent authorities in question with : ### member states shall require that manufacturers and importers of reduced - risk tobacco products notify the competent authorities of member states of any such tobacco product they intend to place on the markets of the member states concerned . the notification shall be submitted in electronic form six months before the intended placing on the market and shall be accompanied by a detailed description of the product in question as well as any proposed labelling , instructions for use , details of the product ' s composition , the manufacturing process and associated controls and information on ingredients and emissions in accordance with article&#160 ; 5 . the manufacturers and importers notifying a reduced - risk tobacco product shall also provide the competent authorities in question with :


### cover 75 % of the external area of both the front and back surface of the unit packet and any outside packaging ; ### cover 50 % of the external area of both the front and back surface of the unit packet and any outside packaging ;


### in addition to the unique identifier , member states shall require that all unit packets of tobacco products which are placed on the market carry a visible , tamper proof security feature of at least 1 cm² , which shall be irremovably printed or affixed , indelible and in no way hidden or interrupted in any form , including through tax stamps and price marks , or other elements mandated by legislation . ### in addition to the unique identifier , member states shall require that all unit packets of tobacco products which are placed on the market carry a visible , tamper proof security feature , which shall be irremovably printed or affixed , indelible and in no way hidden or interrupted in any form , including through tax stamps and price marks , or other elements mandated by legislation .


### member states shall prohibit the use of flavourings in the components of tobacco products such as filters , papers , packages , capsules or any technical features allowing modification of flavour or smoke intensity . filters and capsules shall not contain tobacco . ### the use of flavourings in the components of tobacco products such as filters , papers , packages , capsules or any technical features allowing modification of flavour or smoke intensity shall be prohibited . filters and capsules shall not contain tobacco .


### cover 75 % of the external area of both the front and back surface of the unit packet and any outside packaging ; ### cover 50 % of the external area of both the front and back surface of the unit packet and any outside packaging ; however in the case of unit packets intended for ' roll - your - own ' tobacco , the front or back surface of which exceeds 75cm2 , each warning referred to in this article should cover an area of 26 . 25cm2 ;


### member states shall , based on scientific evidence , prohibit the placing on the market of tobacco products with additives in quantities that increase in an appreciable manner at the stage of consumption the toxic or addictive effect of a tobacco product . ### member states shall , based on scientific evidence , prohibit the placing on the market of tobacco products with additives in quantities that increase in an appreciable manner at the stage of consumption the total health impact of a tobacco product .


### in case the experience gained in the application of paragraphs 1 and 2 shows that a certain additive or a combination thereof typically impart a characterising flavour when it exceeds a certain level of presence or concentration the commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with article 22 to set maximum levels for those additives or combination of additives that cause the characterising flavour . ### in case a certain additive or a combination thereof typically imparts a flavour or increases palatability only when it exceeds a certain level of presence or concentration the commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with article 22 to set maximum levels for those additives or combination of additives by modifying annex - i accordingly .


### member states shall oblige retail outlets intending to engage in cross - border distance sales to consumers located in the union to register with the competent authorities in the member state where the retail outlet is established and in the member state where the actual or potential consumer is located . retail outlets established outside the union have to register with the competent authorities in the member state where the actual or potential consumer is located . all retail outlets intending to engage in cross - border distance sales shall submit at least the following information to the competent authorities : ### member states shall prohibit the sale of tobacco products over the internet in their territory .


### the following nicotine - containing products may only be placed on the market if they were authorised pursuant to directive 2001 / 83 / ec : ### nicotine - containing products may only be placed on the market if they are authorised pursuant to directive 2001 / 83 / ec , taking into account the well - established use of nicotine .


### in relation to the fixing of maximum yields , it might be necessary and appropriate at a later date to adapt the yields fixed or to fix maximum thresholds for emissions , taking into consideration their toxicity or addictiveness . ### in relation to the fixing of maximum yields , it might be necessary and appropriate at a later date to adapt the yields fixed or to fix maximum thresholds for emissions , taking into consideration scientific development and internationally agreed standards to assess their toxicity or addictiveness .


### the competent authorities of the member states shall publish the complete list of all retail outlets registered with them in accordance with the rules and safeguards laid down in directive 95 / 46 / ec . retail outlets may only start placing tobacco products on the market in form of distance sales as of the moment the name of the retail outlet is published in the relevant member states . ### member states which have implemented a national anti - smoking strategy may set quantitative limits on cross - border movements .


### a member state that deems it necessary to maintain more stringent national provisions for aspects falling inside the scope of this directive should be allowed to do so , for all products alike , on grounds of overriding needs relating to the protection of public health . a member state should also be allowed to introduce more stringent provisions , applying to all products alike , on grounds relating to the specific situation of this member state and provided the provisions are justified by the need to protect public health . more stringent national provisions should be necessary and proportionate , not constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between member states . stricter national provisions require prior notification to , and approval from , the commission taking into account the high level of health protection achieved through this directive . ### a member state that deems it necessary to maintain more stringent national provisions for aspects falling inside the scope of this directive should be allowed to do so , for all products alike , on grounds of overriding needs relating to the protection of public health . a member state should also be allowed to introduce more stringent provisions , applying to all products alike , on grounds relating to the specific situation of this member state and provided the provisions are justified by the need to protect public health . more stringent national provisions should be necessary and proportionate , not constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between member states and consistent with wto international obligations . stricter national provisions require prior notification to , and approval from , the commission taking into account the high level of health protection achieved through this directive .