考点87: 名词性从句引导词的基本用法
下表对高考中常见的名词性从句的引导词进行了总结:
名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况
连接代词: what, which, who, whom, whose
连接副词: when, where, why, how
what, which在从句中作主语、 宾语、 表语或定语; who在从句中作主语、 表语; whom在从句中作宾语; whose在从句中作定语; when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间状语、 地点状语、 原因状语、 方式状语
连词that否
连词whether, if否
名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结:
1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时, 即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词(主要包括when, where, why, how)。注意体会如下例句: Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的。// Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道。// Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了?// He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家。// Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。// Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。// How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。
以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注:
(1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……?”的问题, 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词+关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思, 这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的what”, 注意体会如下例句:He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。// This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方。// What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界。// Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。// The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同。
(2) 带’ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外, 还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter+疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句, 不可以引导名词性从句), 注意体会以下例句: Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.无论谁想看这部电影, 今晚都可以和我们一起去。// You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。// All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿, 你愿借哪本就借哪本。// I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么, 我就做什么。
2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句, that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分; 引导宾语从句时that常可省略, 但引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句时that通常不被省略。例如:
She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达。(宾语从句)
That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心。(主语从句)
I have the belief that I will succeed. 我怀有必胜的信念。(同位语从句)
that, what引导名词性从句的区别在于: that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分, 在有的情况下可以省略; what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、 宾语、 表语或者定语, 而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略。例如:
That he will succeed is obvious. 显然, 他会成功。(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)
What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的。(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)
3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句, 且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分。在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换, 但在引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句、 介词后的宾语从句、 放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词。注意体会下列例句: I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你。(宾语从句)// Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你, 我还不知道。(位于句首的宾语从句)// The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心。(介词后的宾语从句)// The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作。(表语从句)// The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来, 这个问题必须定下来。(同位语从句)// The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会。(包含or not的宾语从句)
注意: 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引导的宾语从句, 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引导的宾语从句, 例如: I doubt whether it’s true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的。// I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的。// I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实。// She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑。
[考题1] — Could you do me a favor?
— It depends on ____ it is. (2006北京)
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
[答案] C
[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导on后的宾语从句, 并且在该宾语从句中充当表语, 表示疑问句“What is it? (你要我帮的忙是什么?)”的含义。注意: 题干中没有用 “whatever” 进行强调的必要。
[考题2] — I think it’s going to be a big problem.
— Yes, it could be.
— I wonder ____ we can do about it. (2002北京春)
A. if B. how C. what D. that
[答案] C
[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导wonder后的宾语从句并且在该宾语从句中充当do的宾语, if, that引导名词性从句时都不充当名词性从句中的句子成分, how引导名词性从句时充当名词性从句中的方式状语, 因此应排除A、 B、 D而选出C。本题中what we can do about it可以理解为对应于疑问句“What can we do about it?”的名词性从句, what引导的这种名词性从句跟其他疑问词形式的引导词所引导的名词性从句的含义相近。
[考题3] You can only be sure of ____ you have at present: you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽)
A. that; what B. what; 不填 C. which; that D. 不填; that
[答案] B
[解析] 第一个下划线处应填入一个可以引导of的宾语从句泛指“你现在所拥有的东西”且在该宾语从句内部充当have的宾语的词, 这样的引导词只能是what, 由此可以直接排除选项A、 C、 D而选出B。
[考题4] ____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. (1996)
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
[答案] A
[解析] 名词性从句what we can’t get和what we have中what都充当宾语, 都属于关系代词型的what, 本身不表示疑问而表示泛指相关的事物; “what we can’t get”相当于包含定语从句的“things that we can’t get”, “what we have”相当于包含定语从句的“things that we have”。
[考题5] It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. (1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
[答案] B
[解析] whatever在这里的用法跟关系代词型的what一样, 其引导的名词性从句“whatever he or she wants”泛指一个孩子想要的任何东西。
[考题6] It was a matter of ____ would take the position. (1998上海)
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
[答案] A
[解析] 下划线处的引导词所引导的名词性从句充当介词of的宾语, 在其引导的宾语从句内部充当的是主语(通常用who指代)而不是宾语(通常用whom指代), 而且题干中没有提供强调“任何人”的语境, 因此应填入引导词who。