英语祈使句(Imperative Sentence)
定义
用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句. 祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略.祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束.例: Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的手.——命令) Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.) (请安静.——请求) Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善.——劝告) Watch your steps. (走路小心.——警告) Look out!Danger! (小心!危险!——强烈警告,已如感叹句) Keep off the grass. (勿践草坪.——禁止) No parking. (禁止停车.——禁止) No eating or drinking. (禁止吃喝.——禁止) No littering. (禁止乱扔垃圾.——禁止) 祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些,例如: You go and tell him, Chris. (克立斯去告诉他.) ……
相关口令
祈使句无主语, 主语you常省去; 动词原形谓语当, 句首加don't否定变; 朗读应当用降调, 句末常标感叹号.
表现形式
肯定结构: 1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分).如:Please have a seat here. 请这边坐. 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略.如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走. 2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分).如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! 3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分).如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你. 否定结构: 1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成.如:Don't forget me! 不要忘记我! Don't be late for school! 上学不要迟到! 2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”.如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走. 3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句.如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!
练习
将下列汉语翻译成英语. 1. 请照看好您的包. ___________________. 2. 让我们去学校吧! ___________________! 3. 亲爱的,高兴点儿! ___________________! 4. 不要把书放这儿. ___________________. 5. 不要让猫进来. ___________________. Key: 1. Please look after your bag. 2. Let's go to school. 3. Be glad, dear 4. Don't put the book here . 5. Don't let the cat come in / Let the cat not come in .
"let"带头的祈使句
由"let"带头的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是个常见的动词句型,它的主要用法有下列三种: 1.表示“建议”. 这个句型里的"let"后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语,如: (1) Let me try. (2) Let's do it. (3) Let me go and look for it. 这个句型语气委婉,比直接的祈使句客气.试比较(4)a和(4)b: (4) a. Don't disturb him. b. Let's not disturb him. (a)是直接命令,语气强烈,不如(b)温柔悦耳. 2.表示“间接命令”或“愿望”. 这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词,如: (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (6) Let her join our choir. 3.表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等. 这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主.除了口气凶悍之外,有时还语带讽刺,如: (7) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own. (8) Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time. 用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点: 一、"let" 的否定句有二.如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let."(见例(9));如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let.not" (见例(10)): (9) Don't let this type of things happen again. (10) It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain. 二、"Let"只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态 (the passive voice),如: (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. (12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. 三、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive without"to")之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone等: (13) Let the puppy out. (14) Open the windows and let the fresh air in. (15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. (16) Let me alone, please. 四、用"Let's"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Let us"时,并不包括对方,如: (17) Let's try it, shall we? (18) Let us do it by ourselves, will you? 从(17)里的"shall we"和(18)里的"will you",不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有.祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等.