【answer】answer to“对…的回答” 【approach】approach to sth. / approach to doing sth.“做某件事情的方法”【attention】pay attention to我们都学过了 【attitude】attitude to sth.“对待…的态度” 【contribution】make contributions to sth.“对…做出贡献” 【damage】do damage to sth.“对…造成损坏、破坏” 【devotion】devotion to sth.“对…的奉献” 【entrance】entrance to“某某地方的一个入口” 【introduction】introduction to sth.“对…的介绍、入门” 【key】the key to sth.“钥匙、答案” 【limit】the limit to sth.“对什么东西的一个限度/限制” 【objection】the objection to“对…的反对” 【reaction】reaction to sth.“对…东西的反应” 【response】response to sb./sth. “对…人(或物)的回答/回复” 【solution】solution to sth.“对某件事情的解决方法” 举例: —Students must have access to good resources.学生必须要有能够获得好的资源的权利。 Her devotion to the job left her with very little time.她对这份工作的奉献使她自己没有什么空余的时间。 There is a limit to the amount of pain we can bear.我们所能忍受的疼痛的程度是有限的。 回到题干:solutions to,这句话的意思就是“如果没有办法可以解决穷人和富人之间的差距,那就不可能有和谐社会。” 10.主谓一致 —_____five hundred dollars a big sum to a Chinese family? —I’m afraid not. A. Is B. Are C. Were D. Will be 【正确答案】A 【高考考点】主谓一致 【详细解析】在主谓一致上有三个原则:第一,语法形式上一致,即“单数的主语+ 单数的谓语动词”,“复数的主语+ 复数的谓语动词”——这个很简单。 第二,意义上的一致,即主语形式为复数,但意义上是单数,谓语动词应使用单数形式。那么这套题目就属于这一类,金钱、时间、长度等往往理解为时一个整体概念,所以它们的谓语动词用单数形式,而且题目里也有线索,它说“a big sum”一大笔钱,说明它把500美金这个复数的概念是当作一个整体“一大笔钱”去理解的。 那么主谓一致的第三个原则就是:就近原则,即谓语动词的单、复数形式与最靠近它的主语保持一致。就近原则往往用于以下的三个连词中:A or B,either A or B,not only A but also B。那么这三个连词结构如果是充当主语的话,我们的谓语动词就和靠近它的这个B是保持一致的;还有一个形式是there be的句型,如果出现两个或两个以上的主语时,谓语动词通常与靠近它的主语保持一致。 例如:There is a dictionary and two books on the desk.一本字典、两本书在桌子上。看上去是三样东西是复数概念,但是我们还是选择谁跟这个there be靠近,我们就跟着谁,所以这里a dictionary是单数概念,所以我们的be动词用的是is:There is a dictionary and two books on the desk. 高考英语短文改错的解题技巧与方法 短文改错题是目前高考英语的必考项目,也是平时期中、期末考试的必考题型,短文改错是融语法知识与语言 技能为一体的综合性英语试题,旨在考查学生对语言的发现,判断,纠正文章中错误的能力以及对词汇、语法和语篇三要素的把握能力。短文改错其实并非难题,但得分率不高。究其 原因,主要与学生对短文改错的特点和做题方法有很大的关系。 一.短文改错设置的错误的主要类型 短文改错设置的错误的主要类型有:⑴名词的单复数;⑵动词的词态和语态;⑶非谓语动词;⑷介词的搭配;⑸主谓一致性;⑹不定 冠词与定冠词;⑺固定词组的搭配;⑻行文逻辑一致性;⑼词性的混淆; ⑽同义词辨异;⑾连词的误用;⑿代词的格与数;⒀句子成份残缺等。归纳为语法错误、词汇错误和上下文关系错误。这些错误大致涉及以下几个方面: (一)一致性问题 所涉及的一致性问题主要包括主谓一致、时态、语态一致、代词指代一致、名词的数与格的一致、句式结构与语意一致、行文关系的一致。例如:主谓不一致 eg: There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening. 讲解:原句中 a football game决定了谓语动词必须用单数,所以应该把were改为was。 (二)词性问题 词性问题不单单是识别的问题 ,能够说出所给单词的词性,并不说明能够在句中找出用错词性的地方。其主要目的是检测考生是否真正了解主要词类的语法作用及其在句中的经常性位置,如名词在句中一般作主语、宾语、表语,动词作谓语,形容词充当表语、定语和宾补,而副词则充当状语,修饰形容词、动词乃至句子。 名词主要考察能力:单复数混用和出题形式: 单复数混用 eg: Helen is seve nteen year old. She is very busy. 讲解:“年龄多大了”应该为复数形式,应此应该把year改为years。注意:代词单复数混用类似。 eg: As for a friendship, we can readily find them in our classmates and other people ar ound us. 讲解:显然因该把them改为it,指代前面提及的friendship。此句话意思是“就友谊来说,我们可以很容易地从我们的同学和周围的人中找到。” 形容词/副词主要考察能力:两者之间是否混用。 出题形式:形容词与副词混用。即该用形容词的地方原文用了副词,该用副词的地方原文用了形容词。 ①副词代替正确形容词出现在文章当中 eg: During the football season, Helen is much busier than usually. 讲解:很明显“与平时相比较更忙”,因此需要把usually改为usual。 ②形容词代替正确副词出现在文章当中 eg: As the time clock showed one minute an d forty-two seconds left in the game, she began cheering excited, “Come on-get going!” 讲解:原文意思是说比 赛还剩一分四十二秒时,她开始兴奋地叫道,显然应把excited改为excitedly,用来修饰动词cheer。 介词主要考察能力:(特别是与动词的)固定搭配。 出题形式: ①介词省略 eg: I’m sure you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster. 讲解:get rid of 是固定搭配,意思为“摆脱,除去” ②介词多余 eg: My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking. 讲解:这里显然示对because of与because用法的辨别区分。前者不能接句子,而后者充当连词可以接句子。所以应该把of去掉。 ③介词用错(一般为固定搭配) eg: I pick out her false hair and said, “Don’t be sad, Miss.” 讲解:pick out应该为pick up。pick out挑选的意思;pick up捡起的意思。 连词主要考察能力:前后两句话之间的衔接关系。 常考三种关系 :but转折,and并列,because原因 ① eg: One day, my wife and I went shopping at a store. We drove the car but we had a lot of things to buy. 讲解:显然原文中所要表达的意思是“我们开车去的原 因是因为我们要买好多东西”,所以应该把but改为because/as/for。 ② eg: Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, but improve their English if they are talking with native speakers. (三)词语固定搭配 主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配;副词与动词的固定搭配;及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词,英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配等。 固定搭配 I have given up smoke. The dog doesn’t like the smell. 讲解:give up do ing sth。因此动词smoke应该改为smoking。 (四)句子首尾的位置 句子首尾是学生最不注意却容易丢分的地方。命题者故意在句首或句尾设置错误,如果把错误改在上句,那么就会影响下句,容易顾此失彼,尤其是在词语的固定搭配上,此类型的题近两年出现频率有所增加,也是容易失分的句子。 高考英语考点汇总知识点 But在高考中的四个考点解析 一、直接考查连词but在语境中的用法即要求考生根据试题的语境(看其是否有转折意味)来确定连词but的正确使用。这类考题通常会将连词but与连词and, so, or等结合起来考查。同学们做题时要注意比较,尤其要注意比较各个连词填入句子后,比较句意的逻辑性和通畅性。如: ??? 1. You have failed two tests. You'd better start working harder, _________ you won't pass the course. ??? A. and??????????? B. so??????????? C. but????????????? D. or ??? 「解析」D.or的意思是"否则""要不然",只有此词填入空格,句意最通顺。 ??? 2. They wanted to charge $5, 000 for the car, _________ we managed to bring the price down. ??? A. but??????????? B. so??????????? C. when???????????? D. since ??? 「解析」A.前后两分句之间是转折关系,故用but. ??? 3. -Somebody wants you on the telephone. -_________ no one knows I'm here. ??? A. For??????????? B. And?????????? C. But????????????? D. So ??? 「解析」C."有人打电话来找我"与"没有人知道我在这里"是转折???系,故填but. ??? 二、利用but的转折语境考查其他知识点即根据题干中连词but的转折性语境来确定相关知识点的选择。此时尤其要注意前后相关信息的对比、对照或互为相反义。如: ??? 1. He has made a lot of films, but _________ good ones. ??? A. any??????????? B. some????????? C. few????????????? D. many ??? 「解析」C.由于句中用了转折连词but,所以要填few与前面的many相对比。 ??? 2. It's hard for him playing against me. I've got nothing to play for, but for him, he needs to win so _________. ??? A. far??????????? B. well????????? C. little?????????? D. badly ??? 「解析」D.句中的badly不是表示"糟糕地",而是表示"很""非常",这样用的badly主要与表示"想要"或"需要"的词语或短语(如want, need, be in need of等)连用。如:Our school is badly in need of English teacher. 我们学校急需英语教师。/ He wants to buy a new car badly. 他很想买辆新车。 ??? 3. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _________ have driven her there. ??? A. could???????? B. must?????????? C. might??????????? D. should ??? 「解析」D.比较:"could+have+过去分词"的意思是"本来可以""本来应该""本来能够";"must+have+过去分词"的意思是"一定已经";"might+have+过去分词"的意思是"本来可以""本来可能";"should+have+过去分词"的意思是"本来应该".根据句意,显然只有D最佳。?? 三、考查but的相关结构或句式如考查not…but…, not only…but (also)…等句式的搭配和运用。如: ??? 1. Between the two generations, it is often not their age, _________ their education that causes misunderstanding. ??? A. like????????? B. as???????????? C. or?????????????? D. but ??? 「解析」D.题目考查not…but…的用法,其意为"不是……而是……".全句意为:两代人之间引起的误解往往不是他们的(不同)年龄,而是他们所受的(不同)教育。 ??? 2. Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, _________ the way they actually are. ??? A. as??????????? B. or???????????? C. but????????????? D. and ??? 「解析」C.此题也是考查not…but…结构。全句意为:现实不是你想象出来的事物的状态,也不是事物表象给人的感觉,而是其本来的样子。 ??? 四、考查连词but与定语从句的相互干扰大家知道,在含有定语从句的复合句中,我们是不能在主句与从句之间使用并列连词的。但是,命题者有时却会利用连词but与定语从句的相互干扰性来考查考生的辨别能力。如: ??? 1. I don't mind her criticizing me, but _________ is how she does it that I object to. ??? A. it??????????? B. that?????????? C. this???????????? D. which ??? 「解析」A.此题考查it is……that…这一强调句句型。句意为:我不介意她批评我,我反对的是她批评我的方式。由于句中使用了并列连词but,所以绝对不能选D. ??? 2. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _________ didn't help. ??? A. it??????????? B. she??????????? C. which??????????? D. he ?解析」A.用it代替前面整句话的内容。但若去掉but,则选which. Break常见短语及考点解析 1. The computer system _____suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet. (2006年辽宁卷) ??? A. broke down B. broke out C. broke up D. broke in ??? 解析:A由语境逻辑可以推出该空表示"坏了",因此应填broke down. ??? 2. To understand the grammar of the sentence,you must break it _____ into parts. (2005年湖北卷) ??? A. down B. up C. off D. out ??? 解析:A break…… down在此意为"将……分解",符合语境逻辑。 ??? 3. I was still sleeping when the fire _____ ,and then it spread quickly. (2006年广东卷) ??? A. broke out B. put out C. came out D. got out ??? 解析:A由the fire与spread之间的语境逻辑可以推出该空表示"(火灾)发生",因此应填broke out.以上三题都是考查break短语的用法,本文在此对其做一归纳。 ??? 1. break down ??? (1)破坏, 毁掉;Who broke down the doors of our classroom? 谁把我们教室的门打坏了? ??? (2) 破除;The old rules must be broken down. 这些陈旧的规章制度必须废除。 ??? (3) 制服;The police tried to break down the prisoners' opposition.警方设法制服囚犯的反抗。 ??? (4) 坍塌, 坏掉;Because of explosion the bridge broke down last night. 由于爆炸, 昨夜这座桥倒塌了。 ??? (5)(计划等)失败, 破裂;Your plan has broken down. What a pity! 你的计划失败了, 真遗憾! ??? Why did the peace talks break down?为什么和谈失败了? ??? (6)(健康、精神)崩溃;After a long time of hard work, he almost broke down. 长时间艰苦劳动之后, 他的身体几乎垮了。 ??? (7) 分解This matter will break down in water. 这种物质在水中会分解。 ??? 2. break up ??? (1) 解散,驱散。如:The police broke up the crowd (the meeting)。 警察驱散了人群(集会)。 ??? (2) (学校等)放假。如:When do you break up for Christmas? 你们什么时候放圣诞节假? ??? (3) 结束,破裂。如:The weather shows signs of breaking up. 好天气看样要过去了。 ??? Their marriage is breaking up. 他们的婚姻濒临破裂。 ??? (4) 击碎,撞碎。如:The ship broke up on the rocks. 船触礁撞毁了。 ??? Let's break up the whole into parts. 让我们化整为零。 ??? (5) 绝交。如:She's just broken up with her boy-friend. 她刚与男朋友绝交。?? 3. break in破门而入,打断Last night a thief broke in and stole away his camera. 昨夜一个小偷闯了进来, 偷走了他的相机。 ??? He broke in with some ideas of his own.他插了话, 说了说自己的一些看法。 ??? 4.break into破门而入,突然……起来They broke into the prison and set free all the prisoners. 他们冲进监狱,释放了所有的囚犯。 ??? Hearing the sad news,the old woman broke into tears. 听到这个悲哀的消息, 这位老年妇女突然哭了起来。 ??? 5. break out战争爆发,争吵爆发,(火灾)发生When did the war break out? 这场战争是什么时候爆发的? ??? I have heard that a quarrel broke out between them. 我听说他们之间爆发了争吵。 ??? More than one hundred fires broke out in our city last year. 去年我市发生了一百多起火灾。 ??? 6. break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯You must break away from these old customs. 你们必须破除这些旧风俗。 ??? The dog broke away from its owner and ran away. 狗挣脱了主人,跑了。 ??? You'd better break away from the habit of smoking. 你最好改掉吸烟的习惯。 ??? 7. break through 出现,突破It was a cloudy day, but the sun at last broke through.原本是个阴天,不过太阳最后还是出来了。 ??? Our soldiers successfully broke through the enemy's defences. 我们的战士成功地突破了敌军的防线。 ??? 8. break into pieces破成碎片The mirror fell to the ground and broke into pieces. 镜子掉到地上摔成了碎片。 ??? 9. break one's word/promise食言, 说话不算数I believe in him,because he never breaks his word / promise. 我信任他,因为他从来不食言。 ??? 10. break the law/rule违反法律/规章制度Nobody can break the rules of our company. 没有人能违背我们公司的规章制度。 ??? 11. break forth突然发出,爆发,迸发, 发作The crowd broke forth in cheers. 欢呼声从人群中迸发出来。 ??? 12. break in two使破成两半When I hit the ball, my bat broke in two. 击球时我的球拍断成两截。 ??? 13. break the record打破纪录This athlete has just broken the world record in men's high jump. 这名运动员刚刚打破了男子跳高世界纪录。 ??? 14. break one's heart使某人心碎,使某人悲痛欲绝To tell you the truth, the bad news broke my heart at that time. 说实话,那时这个坏消息使我悲痛万分。 Take高考常考短语及考点解析 一、短语归纳 1. take after 长相或举止像 (某个长辈)(不用进行时)2. take apart把 (小型机器、钟表等) 拆开;拆散;(在体育运动或比赛中) 3. take as 看作,认为 (=regard / consider / look on / treat …… as)4. take away 拿走;使停学,使离开;使消失;减去Take away(减去) 2 from 5. take back承认说错了 (话) ,收回 (诺言、话语) ;使回忆起; 6. take down拿下,取下;记下来;褪下(裤子等穿于腰以下的衣物); 把 (大型机器或大物件)拆成零部件;把……拆卸开 (tear down 推倒;拆毁 pull down 拆毁)7. take in接待 (某人) 留宿; 欺瞒,欺骗; 充分理解,掌握; 把 (衣服) 改窄 (let out加宽,放长,加大); 包含,包括He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他没有地方可睡,我们于是就提出让他留宿。Don‘t be taken in by his promises. 不要被他的许诺所蒙骗!It took me a long time to take in what you were saying. 我费了好长时间才弄明白你所说的话。?I‘ll take up the story where I finished yesterday. 这个故事我会从昨天讲完的地方继续讲下去。 8. take …… for / to be …… (错)当作,以为是 (mistake …… for ……)I took him for his brother. They are extremely alike. 我把他误作是他弟弟,他们很像。 9. take a chance 碰碰运气,冒……风险10. take a deep / long breath 深吸一口气(以鼓起勇气或仔细考虑)11. take a hand in 干预12. take a load / weight off sb.‘s mind 使放心 / 安心13. take a risk / risks 冒风险14. take a seat 坐下15. take a vote 投票表决16. take aim (at) 瞄准17. take …… by surprise 奇袭;出其不意地做某事;使……惊奇18. take care 当心 (= look out / be careful )19. take care of 照顾,料理;处理,对付;当心20. take charge of 负责;接管21. take cold 感冒,伤风 22. take an interest in 对……有兴趣23. take steps / measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事24. take action (on) (对……)采取行动25. take advantage of 利用;占……的便宜;不正当地利用