UNIT 3 ART FOR ART’S SAKE Text How We Listen 1 We all listen to music according to our separate capacities. But, for the sake of analysis, the whole listening process may become clearer if we break it up into its component parts, so to speak. In a certain sense we all listen to music on three separate planes. For lack of a better terminology, one might name these: (1) the sensuous plane, (2) the expressive plane, (3) the sheerly musical plane. The only advantage to be gained from mechanically splitting up the listening process into these hypothetical planes is the clearer view to be had of the way in which we listen. Text 2 The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself. That is the sensuous plane. It is the plane on which we hear music without thinking, without considering it in any way. One turns on the radio while doing something else and absent-mindedly bathes in the sound. A kind of brainless but attractive state of mind is engendered by the mere sound appeal of the music. Text 3 The surprising thing is that many people who consider themselves qualified music lovers abuse that plane in listening. They go to concerts in order to lose themselves. They use music as a consolation or an escape. They enter an ideal world where one doesn't have to think of the realities of everyday life. Of course they aren't thinking about the music either. Music allows them to leave it, and they go off to a place to dream, dreaming because of and apropos of the music yet never quite listening to it. Text 4 Yes, the sound appeal of music is a potent and primitive force, but you must not allow it to usurp a disproportionate share of your interest. The sensuous plane is an important one in music, a very important one, but it does not constitute the whole story. 5 The second plane on which music exists is what I have called the expressive one. Here, immediately, we tread on controversial ground. Composers have a way of shying away from any discussion of music's expressive side. Text Did not Stravinsky himself proclaim that his music was an "object", a "thing", with a life of its own, and with no other meaning than its own purely musical existence? This intransigent attitude of Stravinsky's may be due to the fact that so many people have tried to read different meanings into so many pieces. Heaven knows it is difficult enough to say precisely what it is that a piece of music means, to say it definitely, to say it finally so that everyone is satisfied with your explanation. But that should not lead one to the other extreme of denying to music the right to be "expressive". Text 6 Listen, if you can, to the 48 fugue themes of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavichord. Listen to each theme, one after another. You will soon realize that each theme mirrors a different world of feeling. You will also soon realize that the more beautiful a theme seems to you the harder it is to find any word that will describe it to your complete satisfaction. Text Yes, you will certainly know whether it is a gay theme or a sad one. You will be able, in other words, in your own mind, to draw a frame of emotional feeling around your theme. Now study the sad one a little closer. Try to pin down the exact quality of its sadness. Is it pessimistically sad or resignedly sad; is it fatefully sad or smilingly sad? Text 7 Let us suppose that you are fortunate and can describe to your own satisfaction in so many words the exact meaning of your chosen theme. There is still no guarantee that anyone else will be satisfied. Nor need they be. The important thing is that each one feels for himself the specific expressive quality of a theme or, similarly, an entire piece of music. And if it is a great work of art, don't expect it to mean exactly the same thing to you each time you return to it. Text 8 The third plane on which music exists is the sheerly musical plane. Besides the pleasurable sound of music and the expressive feeling that it gives off, music does exist in terms of the notes themselves and of their manipulation. Most listeners are not sufficiently conscious of this third plane. Text 9 It is very important for all of us to become more alive to music on its sheerly musical plane. After all, an actual musical material is being used. The intelligent listener must be prepared to increase his awareness of the musical material and what happens to it. He must hear the melodies, the rhythms, the harmonies, the tone colors in a more conscious fashion. But above all he must, in order to follow the line of the composer's thought, know something of the principles of musical form. Listening to all of these elements is listening on the sheerly musical plane. Text 10 Let me repeat that I have split up mechanically the three separate planes on which we listen merely for the sake of greater clarity. Actually, we never listen on one or the other of these planes. What we do is to correlate them – listening in all three ways at the same time. It takes no mental effort, for we do it instinctively. Text 11 Perhaps an analogy with what happens to us when we visit the theater will make this instinctive correlation clearer. In the theater, you are aware of the actors and actresses, costumes and sets, sounds and movements. All these give one the sense that the theater is a pleasant place to be in. They constitute the sensuous plane in our theatrical reactions. Text 12 The expressive plane in the theater would be derived from the feeling that you get from what is happening on the stage. You are moved to pity, excitement, or gaiety. It is this general feeling, generated aside from the particular words being spoken, a certain emotional something which exists on the stage, that is analogous to the expressive quality in music. Text 13 The plot and plot development is equivalent to our sheerly musical plane. The playwright creates and develops a character in just the same way that a composer creates and develops a theme. According to the degree of your awareness of the way in which the artist in either field handles his material will you become a more intelligent listener. Text 14 It is easy enough to see that the theatergoer never is conscious of any of these elements separately. He is aware of them all at the same time. The same is true of music listening. We simultaneously and without thinking listen on all three planes. Text 我们是怎样听音乐的 1 我们都按照各自不同的能力来听音乐。但为了便于分析, 如果把听的整个过程分成几个组成部分,那么这个过程会更 清晰一些。从某种意义上来说,我们听音乐有三个不同的层 次。由于缺乏更好的术语,我们姑且把它们命名为:(1)感 官层次;(2)表现层次;(3)纯音乐层次。把听的过程机 械地分割为以上三个假想的层次,唯一的好处是让我们更清 楚地了解自己是怎样听音乐的。 Text 2 听音乐最简单的方式是为了去获取乐声带来的纯粹的 愉悦感,这是音乐的感官层次。在这个层次上,我们只是听 音乐,不做任何思考。我们打开收音机,一边做着其他的事 情,一边心不在焉地沉浸在音乐中。乐声本身的魅力带我们 进入一种无需思考的美妙心境。 Text 3 令人意外的是,许多自认为是合格的音乐爱好者在听音 乐时过多地使用了这一层次。他们去听音乐会是为了忘却 自我。他们把音乐当成一种慰藉,一种逃避,由此他们进 入了一个可以忘却日常生活的理想世界。当然,他们也没 有在思考音乐。音乐允许他们离开现实,到另一个地方去 做梦,因为音乐而做梦,做有关音乐的梦,却从没有真正 欣赏过音乐。 Text 4 的确,乐声的魅力是一种强大而原始的力量,但是你不该 让它占据你过多的兴趣空间。感官层次是音乐的一个重要层 次,非常重要,但并不是音乐的全部。 5 音乐存在的第二个层次就是我所说的表现层次。一提到这 个问题,我们马上就进入到一个颇具争议的领域。作曲家总 是设法避开有关音乐表现方面的讨论。 Text 斯特拉温斯基不是曾经声称他的音乐是一个“物体”,是一 件有自我生命的“东西”,除了纯音乐性的存在之外没有任 何别的含意吗?斯特拉温斯基这种不妥协的态度可能源于这 样的一个事实:有那么多的人尝试着从众多的音乐作品中读 出完全不同的含意。确实,要准确地说出一部音乐作品的含 意已经很难了,要肯定并确定地说出来,还要使每个人对你 的解释都感到满意,是难上加难。但我们不该因此走到另一 个极端,不能去剥夺音乐“表现”的权利。 Text 6 可能的话,你不妨听听巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲集》中的48 个赋格主题。依次地、一个个地听听其中的每一个主题,你 很快就会意识到每个主题都反映了一个不同的情感世界,你 很快也会意识到你越觉得某个主题美妙,就越难找到令你完 全满意的字眼来描述它。 Text 是的,你当然知道那个主题是欢快的还是悲伤的。换句话 说,你能够在脑海中勾勒出那个主题的情感框架。那么就更 仔细地听一下这个悲伤的主题吧,要明确悲伤的性质。是悲 观厌世的悲伤,还是无可奈何的悲伤?是时运不济的悲伤, 还是强颜欢笑的悲伤? Text 7 假设你很幸运,能用许多词句充分表达你对选中主题的确 切理解。但这仍然无法保证其他人对你的理解都感到满意, 他们也完全没有必要感到满意。重要的是,每个人能亲自感 受某个主题的表现力,或以同样的方式去感受一部完整的音 乐作品独特的表现力。如果是一部伟大的音乐作品,就别指 望每次去听它都能给你带来相同的感受。 Text 8 音乐存在的第三个层次是纯音乐层次。除了令人愉悦的乐声 及其所表现的情感之外,音乐也因其音符本身以及对音符的 处理而存在。多数听众都没有充分认识到音乐的这第三个层 次。 Text 9 对我们所有人来说,更加充分地认识这个纯音乐层次非 常重要。毕竟乐曲使用的是实实在在的音乐材料。聪明的听 众一定要做好准备,随时提升自己对音乐材料以及这些材料 的使用的理解。他必须要更加有意识地倾听音乐的旋律、节奏、和弦及音色。但最重要的是,为了能够跟上作曲家的思 路,他还必须了解一些音乐形式方面的知识。去听所有这些 成分就是在纯音乐层次上欣赏音乐。 Text 10 让我重复一遍,我仅仅是为了讲解得更清楚才把听音乐的 三个层次机械地分割开来的。事实上,我们从来都不会只在 其中的一个层次上听音乐。我们其实是把它们联系起来,同 时在三个层次上听音乐。这并不需要付出多少脑力,因为我 们是凭本能这么做的。 Text 11 也许,用去剧院看戏来作类比,能使这种本能的联系更加 明白易懂。在剧院里,你能注意到男女演员、服装和布景、 声音和动作。这些东西组合在一起,会让我们觉得剧院是一 个令人愉悦的地方,它们构成了我们欣赏戏剧的感官层次。 Text 12 戏剧的表现层次来自于你看舞台表演时获得的感受。它激 起你的怜悯、兴奋或是愉悦。正是这种笼统的感觉,除了听 台词所感受到的,主要是存在于舞台上的某种情感的东西, 与音乐的表现性相类似。 Text 13 剧情以及剧情的发展相当于我们所说的纯音乐层次。剧作 家塑造和发展戏剧人物的方式,和作曲家创造和发展主题的 方式是一样的。你能否成为一个聪明的听众,取决于你对剧 作家或音乐家处理艺术材料的手段的了解有多深。 Text 14 显然,看戏的人从来就不会单独注意到这其中的一个元 素。他是同时注意到了一切。听音乐的道理也是一样的,我 们同时地、不假思索地在三个层次上倾听音乐。 Words & Phrases sake engender plane qualified terminology qualify sensuous consolation expressive apropos sheerly potent mechanically usurp hypothetical absent- mindedly brainless constitute composer proclaim purely intransigent precisely fugue sadness pessimisticall y resignedly fatefully smilingly work of art Words & Phrases pleasurable theatrical sufficiently gaiety melody playwright rhythm theatergoer clarity instinctively instinctive separately simultaneousl y analogy analogous costume Words & Phrases so to speak split up shy away from pin down give off derive from aside from Words & Phrases Stravinsky 斯特拉温斯基 Bach 巴赫 Well-Tempered Clavichord 《平均律钢琴曲集》 Words & Phrases sake n. [C] (usu. sing) (for the ~ of / for sb.’s ~) 1) used to indicate sth. that is done as an end in itself rather than to achieve some other purpose 目的 e.g. 1. New ideas amount to change for change's sake. 新的思想会为变化而变化。 2. I hope you’re not doing this just for the sake of the money. 我希望你做这件事不光是为了钱。 2) the benefit or regard of someone or something 利益; 好处 e.g. We hope for her sake that the wedding goes as planned. 看在她的份儿上,我们希望婚礼按计划进行。 Words & Phrases plane n. [C] a level of thought, development, or existence 层次;水平 e.g. 1. It was at United that Goram would reach a higher plane of achievement. 格拉姆在联队里才能达到更高的成就。 2. The two books are on completely different intellectual planes. 这两本书完全在不同的知识层面上。 Words & Phrases terminology n. [U] the words and phrases used in a particular business, science, or profession 术语;专门用语 e.g. 1. chemical terminology 化学术语 2. I don't understand any of scientific terminology. 我对科学术语一无所知。 Words & Phrases sensuous a. 1) relating to or affecting your physical senses rather than your emotions or thoughts 感官方面的;影响感官的 e.g. He likes sensuous music. 他喜欢刺激的音乐。 2) suggesting physical pleasure 肉体享受的;性感的 e.g. She was attracted by that actor’s sensuous lips. 她被那个演员性感的嘴唇所吸引。 Words & Phrases expressive a. 1) clearly showing what your thoughts or feelings are, especially by your behavior (尤指行为)富于表现力的, 明确表露(想法或情感)的e.g. He gave an expressive shudder when asked to hold the snake. 当他被要求拿起那条蛇,他不寒而栗。 2) (~ of) (very fml) showing the essential features of an emotion, idea, or quality 表现……的;表达……的e.g. The letter was expressive of his sincere regret. 这封信表达了他真诚的歉意。 Word family: express v. expression n. Words & Phrases sheerly ad. purely; utterly; absolutely 纯粹地; 全然地;绝对地 e.g. 1. That most exact and convincing of all sciences, mathematics, is sheerly metaphysical. 科学中最严谨而令人信服的一门,数学,就是纯粹形而上学 的。 2. When we got out of the museum we went back to our hotel sheerly on foot which was a little bit tiring but on the way back to the hotel we did have a great time. 从博物馆出来后,我们完全是徒步返回酒店的,虽说有点 累,但回酒店的路上,我们的确很开心。 Words & Phrases mechanically manner 机械操作地;机械地 ad. in a mechanical mechanical a. using power from an engine or machine to do a particular kind of work ; affecting or involving a machine 机械操作的;机械的 e.g. 1. The flight has been cancelled due to mechanical failure. 由于机械故障,这趟航班被取消了。 2. This door opens mechanically. 这扇门是自动打开的。 3. Even cars that were mechanically sound started rusting. 机械性能方面并无问题的车子也开始生锈。 Words & Phrases hypothetical a. based on situations or events that seem possible rather than on actual ones (基于)假设的,假定的 e.g. 1. I don’t want to talk about hypothetical situations. 我不想谈论假设的情况。 2. Uniform motion is only hypothetical. 匀速运动只是一种假设性的运动。 Word family: hypothetically ad. hypothesis n. Words & Phrases absent-mindedly ad. preoccupiedly; in an absent- minded manner 健忘地;心不在焉地 absent-minded a. likely to forget things or to think about something different from what you should be thinking about 健忘的;心不在焉的 e.g. 1. I’m getting more absent-minded as I get older. 随着年纪变大,我变得更健忘了。 2. She absent-mindedly played some hairs which clung to the comb. 她心不在焉地摆弄梳子上粘附着的几根头发。 3. She talked to the stranger while walking, as if absentmindedly. 她和那个陌生人边走边聊,似乎心不在焉。 Words & Phrases brainless a. 1) not using intelligence 不必动脑筋的;不用花费脑力的 e.g. Do you think typing is a brainless task? 你觉得打字是不费脑子的活儿吗? 2) stupid; foolish 无头脑的;愚笨的 e.g. She was in no mood for their brainless gabble this afternoon. 这个下午她没有心情听他们愚蠢的闲聊。 Words & Phrases engender vt. (fml) cause a feeling or attitude to exist 造成;导致 e.g. 1. Crime is sometimes engendered by jealousy. 犯罪有时是由妒忌导致的。 2. Sympathy often engenders love. 同情经常引发爱情。 Do you know any synonyms of engender? create cause lead to generate give rise to arouse bring about Words & Phrases qualified a. able to do sth., because you have the knowledge, skill, or experience that is needed 有资格的;有能力的 e.g. 1. She is well qualified to give an opinion. 她有资格发表意见。 2. They have difficulty finding qualified personnel at home. (CET4-2006-06) 他们在国内难以找到胜任的员工。 Word family: qualification n. See also: qualify. Words & Phrases qualify v. 1) (~ as / for) have the right qualities or be in the right situation to be considered as sth. or to receive or do sth. 有资格 e.g. Our team has qualified for the semi-final. 我队已有资格进入半决赛。 2) (~ as / in) become a member of a particular profession after a period of training or study (经过一段时间的训练 或学习后)取得资格 e.g. Andrew qualified as a teacher in 1995. 安德鲁1995年取得教师资格。 Antonym: disqualify See also: qualified. Words & Phrases consolation n. [C, U] sth. that makes you feel less unhappy or disappointed 安慰;慰藉 e.g. 1. It was some consolation to know that no one else had passed the test. 得知没别人通过这个测试是一种安慰。 2. The only consolation for the team is that they get a chance to play the game again. 球队唯一的安慰就是他们有机会再赛一场。 Word family: console v. e.g. No one could console her when Peter died. 彼得去世后,没人能安慰她。 Words & Phrases apropos prep. (~ of) ( fml) relating to: used for saying sth. else about the subject you are talking about (用于提及相关话题)与……相关,附带 …… e.g. 1. He had nothing to say apropos of the latest development. 关于最新的进展,他无可奉告。 2. Apropos of nothing, he suddenly asked me if I liked football! 他突然没头没脑地问我是否喜欢足球! Words & Phrases potent 有力的;有效的 a. powerful, or effective 强大的; e.g. 1. I was convinced by his potent arguments. 他那有力的论据把我说服了。 2. A good company pension scheme remains a potent weapon for attracting staff. 好公司的养老金计划在吸引员工方面依然是有利的武器。 Words & Phrases usurp vt. (fml) take a job or position that belongs to someone else without having the right to do this 篡夺;侵占 e.g. 1. The king resented anyone trying to usurp his authority. 国王憎恨任何想要篡位的人。 2. Henry IV usurped the throne of England. 亨利四世篡夺了英国的王位。 Words & Phrases constitute v. (fml) (linking verb) if several people or things constitute sth., they combine to form it 组成;构成;形成 e.g. 1. Twelve people constitute a research group. 12个人构成了一个研究小组。 2. The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 犯罪率上升对社会构成了威胁。 3. Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract. 未能完成工作被视作违反员工合同的行为。 Word family: constitution n. Words & Phrases Cf: constitute & consist of… ? B, C and D constitute A. / A consists of B, C and D. A由B、C和D三部分组成。 e.g. 1. The committee consists of scientists and engineers. 委员会由一些科学家和工程师组成。 2. Seven days constitute a week. 一周有七天。 Words & Phrases composer n. [C] someone who writes music, especially classical music (尤指古典音乐)作曲家 e.g. 1. He's a composer of serious music. I like his music a lot. 他是个庄严音乐的作曲家,我非常喜 欢他创作的曲子。 2. The composer kicked the music around for a while, trying it out. 作曲家把这个曲子随便哼了一会儿, Wo看rd看fa行m不ily行: c。ompose v. Beethoven Words & Phrases proclaim vt. 1) state something publicly 公开声明;宣布 e.g. They still proclaim that their policy was successful. 他们依然声称自己的政策是成功的。 2) announce something officially 正式宣布 e.g. 1. In 1882, Brazil proclaimed itself independent from Portugal. 1882年,巴西宣布脱离葡萄牙独立。 2. The president proclaimed that a new currency would be issued. 总统宣布将发行新货币。 Words & Phrases purely ad. completely, or as the only issue or reason 纯粹地;完全地 e.g. 1. Michael said that his planned 10-day visit would be a purely private affair. 麦克说他原计划10天的访问是一次纯私人的事件。 2. The question is purely academic. 这是一个纯学术性的问题。 3. His conclusions are purely speculative. 他的结论完全是推测而来的。 Words & Phrases intransigent a. (fml) refusing to change your ideas or behaviour with no good reason 固 执己见的;顽固的 e.g. 1. His intransigent attitude really annoys the people around him. 他顽固的态度真让周围的人感到讨厌。 2. The Iran rulers will be more intransigent to U.S. after bombing. 轰炸会使伊朗统治者对美国持更加强硬的态度。 Words & Phrases precisely ad. 1) exactly 确切地;明确地;准确地 e.g. 1. Tell me precisely what you want, please. 请明确地告诉我你想要什么。 2. Temperature can be measured precisely. 温度可以精确地测出。 2) clearly 清楚地;清晰地 e.g. Dartman spoke very precisely. 达特曼说得非常清楚。 Word family: precise a. precision n. Words & Phrases fugue n. [C] (technical) a piece of classical music that repeats a simple tune and develops it into a complicated pattern using different instruments or voices 赋格曲(一种重复简单的曲调并用不同乐器或声音 赋予复杂曲式的古典音乐) e.g. Can you transpose this fugue into G major? 你能把这个赋格曲转换成G大调吗? Words & Phrases sadness n. [sing, U] a feeling of being unhappy, especially because sth. bad has happened 悲伤;伤心;难过 e.g. 1. Joan’s childhood was filled with pain and sadness. 乔安的童年充满了痛苦和伤心。 2. Yesterday's joy will become today's sadness; yet today's sadness will grow into tomorrow's joy. 昨日的快乐变成今天的哀愁;今天的悲伤又转为明日的喜 悦。 Word family: sad a. Words & Phrases pessimistically ad. in a pessimistic manner 悲观地 pessimistic a. expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a bad result 悲观的,悲观主义的 e.g. 1. She concluded pessimistically that it would not happen. 2. Some pes她sim悲i观st地ic 得ex出pe结rt论s :fe这el一th切a都t t不he会a发u生to。mobile is bound to fall into disuse. (CET4-2002-01) 一些悲观的专家觉得汽车肯定会被废止。 Antonym:optimistically Words & Phrases resignedly acceptance 顺从地;屈从地 ad. with resignation and resigned a. a resigned look, voice etc shows that you are making yourself accept sth. that you do not like 顺从 的;屈从的 e.g. 1. I resignedly telegraphed back that it was all right with me if he insisted. 我回电报无奈地说,如果他坚持我也能接受。 2. “We'll have to leave,” she said with a resigned sigh. “我们必须要离开,”她无奈地说。 Word family: resign v. resignation n. Words & Phrases fatefully ad. in a fateful manner 宿命地; 决定性地; (通常为)灾难性地;预言性地 fateful a. a fateful action, event, or time is one that has an important and usually bad effect on what happens in the future 宿命的,重大的,决定性的 e.g. 1. The nurse whispered fatefully to call the priest. 护士很有预见性地低声说,把牧师叫来。 2. Since that fateful day her life had not been worth living. 从那个重大日子之后,她的人生没有过下去的价值了。 Words & Phrases smilingly manner 微笑地;含笑地 ad. with smiles; in a smiling e.g. 1. He opened the gate and smilingly welcomed the travellers home. 他打开大门,微笑着欢迎旅客们回家。 2. The girl reminded Susan smilingly of their childhood spent together. 这个女孩笑着提醒苏珊她们一起度过的童年时光。 Words & Phrases work of art n. [C] sth. such as a painting or sculpture that is of very high quality 艺术作品 e.g. "What a beautiful work of art!" they cried. “多精美的艺术品啊!”他们说道。 Words & Phrases pleasurable a. (fml) giving you a feeling of happiness, enjoyment, or satisfaction 令人高 兴的;令人满意的 e.g. 1. The most pleasurable experience of the evening was the wonderful display of fireworks. 那晚最令人愉快的经历就是壮观的烟花表演。 2. My years of employment here have been pleasurable and privileged. 在这里就职的岁月是令人愉快,待遇优厚的。 Word family: pleasure n. Words & Phrases sufficiently ad. enough 足够地;充足地 e.g. 1. Now I can manage to make myself understood sufficiently in your language. 现在,我在说你们国家语言时,总算能让别人充分听懂我的 意思了。 2. Once we had eaten and drunk sufficiently, we padded off to sleep. 一旦吃饱喝足了,我们就去睡觉。 Word family: sufficient a. sufficiency n. Words & Phrases melody n. [C] (MUSIC) a tune or song, especially a simple one (尤指 简单的)曲调,歌曲 e.g. 1. The beautiful melody is lingering in my mind. 美妙的旋律在我脑海中回荡。 2. The song has a sad melody. 这首歌曲调忧伤。 Words & Phrases rhythm n. [C] 1) (MUSIC) a regular pattern of sounds in music that you can show by moving, hitting your hands together, or hitting a drum or other surface (音乐的)节奏,拍子 e.g. They began moving together to the rhythm of the music. 他们开始一起随着音乐的节拍扭动。 2) a regular pattern of sounds or movements 节律;节奏 e.g. I could feel the steady rhythm of her heartbeat. 我能够感觉到她平稳的心跳律动。 clarity Words & Phrases n. [U] 1) the quality of expressing ideas or thoughts in a clear way 清晰;明晰;清楚 e.g. The main weakness of the report is its lack of clarity. 这个报告的主要缺点是表述不清。 2) the ability to think clearly or understand things clearly 清晰的思维或理解能力 e.g. I knew with absolute clarity that this was not what I wanted. 我清楚地知道这不是我想要的。 Word family: clarify v. Words & Phrases instinctively ad. innately, by instinct , without being taught 直觉地;本能地;天性地 e.g. 1. He knew instinctively that she would not forgive him. 他直觉认为她不会原谅他。 2. His jaw instinctively closed, and his gray eyes narrowed. 他本能地闭紧嘴巴,灰色的眼睛收缩成一条线。 Word family: instinct n. See also: instinctive. Words & Phrases instinctive a. done without thinking, because of a natural tendency or ability 直觉的;本能 的;天性的 e.g. 1. His reaction was purely instinctive. 他的反应是完全出于本能的。 2. Running away is our instinctive reaction when we meet danger. 遇到危险时,我们的本能反应就是跑开。 See also: instinctively. Words & Phrases analogy n. [C, U] a comparison between two situations, processes etc. that is intended to show that the two are similar 比拟;比喻;类比 e.g. 1. Shakespeare makes an analogy between the citizens of country and the parts of a person's body. 莎士比亚把一个国家中的国民类比为人身体的各个部分。 2. Our manager is fond of drawing analogies between business and football. 我们经理喜欢把生意和足球进行类比。 See also: analogous. Words & Phrases analogous a. (fml) similar to another situation, process etc. so that the same things are true of or relevant to both 类似的;可比的 e.g. 1. The heart is analogous to a pump. 心脏好比一个水泵。 2. Brains and computers are often considered analogous. 大脑和电脑经常被认为是类似的。 See also: analogy. Words & Phrases costume n. [C, U] clothes that performers wear in a play, film etc. 演出服;戏装 e.g. 1. The costumes, sets, and acting are all superb. 戏服,场景和表演全都是上乘之作。 2. Her father is a famous costume designer. 她父亲是著名的戏服设计师。 Words & Phrases theatrical a. 1) relating to the business and art of theatre 戏剧的;戏剧 艺术的 e.g. The expert is writing a theatrical review. 这个专家在写一篇戏剧评论。 2) theatrical behaviour is very emotional and aims to attract attention (行为举止)冲动的,戏剧性的,夸张的 e.g. He has a very theatrical style of speaking. 他讲话的方式十分夸张。 Word family: theater n. See also: theatergoer. Words & Phrases gaiety n. [U] (old-fashioned) a feeling or state of happiness and fun 欢乐;愉快 e.g. 1. She brought him a sense of fun, of gaiety that filled a gap in his life. 她给他带来快乐的感觉,一种能填补人生缺憾的快乐。 2. Her artificial gaiety disguised an inner sadness. 她以矫揉造作的快乐掩饰内心的悲痛。 Words & Phrases playwright n. [C] someone who writes plays, especially as their job (尤指职业的)剧作家,编 写剧本的人 e.g. 1. The playwright Oscar Wilde was noted for his epigrams. 剧作家奥斯卡·王尔德以他的诙谐短诗著称。 2. Bernard Shaw was the foremost playwright of his time. 萧伯纳是他那个时代最重要的戏剧作家。 Words & Phrases theatergoer n. [C] someone who regularly goes to the theatre 经常看戏的人 e.g. 1. Well, a theatergoer these days has so many choices. 呃,最近看戏的人有很多选择。 2. Nell is the most ardent theatergoer in London. 内尔是伦敦最狂热的戏迷。 See also: theatrical. Words & Phrases separately 分开地;不连接地;单独地 ad. in a separate manner separate a. not together, or not joined to sth. else 分开 的;不连接的;单独的 e.g. 1. We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards. 我们各自看了那出戏,后来交换了意见。 2. Living separately from parents after marriage is all the mode today. 婚后与父母分开住是现在非常流行的做法。 3. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse separately in a drawer. (CET4-2004-06) 我们正在指导用户把炸弹放在锁好的壁橱里,导火线单独放 在抽屉里。 Words & Phrases simultaneously the same time 同时地;同时发生地 ad. occurring at e.g. 1. The two men resigned from their jobs simultaneously. 这两人同时从各自岗位辞职。 2. The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio. 这部歌剧将通过电视和收音机同时播放。 Word family: simultaneous a. Words & Phrases so to speak: used for showing that you have expressed sth. in an unusual way 可以说;可谓 e.g. 1. Mary is, so to speak, very hard-working and reliable. 玛丽可谓又勤奋又可靠。 2. The new procedures have been officially christened, so to speak. 新措施可以说已经正式实施了。 Words & Phrases split up: 1) divide into smaller groups, or divide people into smaller groups 分开;把……分成;划分 e.g. The teacher split up the students into four groups. 老师把学生们分成四个小组。 2) end a marriage or an emotional or working relationship 离婚;分手;断绝关系 e.g. 1. Her parents split up a few months ago. 几个月前她的父母离婚了。 2. The quarrel split up the two friends. 那次争吵使两个朋友断绝了来往。 Words & Phrases shy away from: avoid doing or dealing with sth. because you are not confident enough or you are worried or nervous about it (因紧张、害怕或不自信而) 回避,退缩 e.g. 1. Her eyes shied away from mine. 她回避我的眼神。 2. The boys shied away from our questions. 男孩们回避了我们的问题。 3. I've always shied away from close friendships. 我总是避免与人做密友。 Words & Phrases pin down: 1) understand or describe sth. exactly 确定;确切地理解; 明确地说明 e.g. Officials are trying to pin down the cause of widespread power cuts. 官员们试图明确大面积停电的原因。 2) force someone to make a decision about sth. 强迫…… 作出决定;使……明确表态 e.g. We finally pinned him down and got him to agree to a meeting. 我们终于让他表态,使他同意会面。 Words & Phrases give off: produce sth. such as heat, light, or a smell 发出 (热、光、气味等) e.g. 1. Some economic statistics are giving off negative signals. 一些经济统计数据正在发出负面的信号。 2. When they die, plants give off gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. 植物死亡后会发出二氧化碳和沼气等气体。 Words & Phrases derive from: have sth. as an origin 源自 e.g. 1. Their fear derives from a belief that those men have supernatural powers. 他们的恐惧来自相信那些人有超自然的能力。 2. Thousands of English words derive from Latin. 英语中有成千上万的词源自拉丁文。 Words & Phrases aside from: 1) except for 除……之外 e.g. 1. Aside from hanging about in the street, there’s nothing for kids to do here. 除了在街上混日子,这里的孩子没事可做。 2. Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance. 除了远处偶尔有汽车的声响外, 四周一片寂静。 Words & Phrases 2) used for saying that sth. exists, is true, or happens in addition to sth. else 除……之外还 e.g. 1. He’s eaten half a loaf of bread, and that was aside from the sandwich he’d eaten earlier. 除了先前吃的三明治之外,他又吃了半条面包。 2. I didn't accept the job because it was badly paid and aside from that, it wasn't very interesting. 我没接受这个工作,因为工资既少,又非常乏味。 Words & Phrases Stravinsky 斯特拉温斯基 (Igor Feodro-ovich, 1882-1971, 美籍俄国作曲家、指挥家) He was a Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor. He is widely acknowledged as one of the most important and influential composers of 20th century music. He was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the century. He became a naturalized French citizen in 1934 and a naturalized US citizen in 1945. Stravinsky Words & Phrases Bach 巴赫(Johann Sebastian Bach,1685- 1750, 德国作曲家、 管风琴家, 一生作品丰富, 多用复调 写成) Bach is recognized as a supreme creative genius in Western music. He was known mainly as a hardworking organist, conductor and teacher. But he wrote over 1,000 compositions – orchestral, instrumental and chamber music, much organ and keyboard music, and a great deal of church music for singing, including some of the greatest spiritual music ever written. Portrait of Bach Words & Phrases Bach's abilities as an organist were highly respected throughout Europe during his lifetime, although he was not widely recognised as a great composer until a revival of interest and performances of his music in the first half of the 19th century. He is now generally regarded as one of the main composers of the Baroque style, and as one of the greatest composers of all time. Statue of Bach Words & Phrases Well-Tempered Clavichord 《平均律钢琴曲集》 It is a collection of solo keyboard music composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. He first gave the title to a book of preludes and fugues in all major and minor keys, dated 1722, composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this Title page of WellTempered Clavichord Words & Phrases Bach later compiled a second book of the same kind, dated 1742, but titled it only "Twenty-four Preludes and Fugues." The two works are now usually considered to comprise The Well- Tempered Clavier and are referred to respectively as Books I and II. The Well- Tempered Clavier is generally regarded as one of the most influential works in the history of Western classical music. manuscript of WellTempered Clavichord Language Points … if we break it up into its component parts … ?To break sth. up means to separate something into several smaller parts. e.g. 1. There are plans to break the company up into several smaller independent companies. 有计划要把公司拆分成几个独立的小公司。 2. You need a few trees and bushes to break up the lawn. 你需要种几棵树和灌木把草坪分开。 翻译: ……如果把听的整个过程分成几个组成部分…… Language Points For lack of a better terminology, one might name these: (1) the sensuous plane, (2) the expressive plane, (3) the sheerly musical plane. ?The expression for lack of a better terminology is used to introduce rather inexact terms. It means since we don’t have any exact terms, I’m going to use these rather rough terms. ?The sheerly musical plane refers to the level of the musical material, melodies, rhythms, harmonies etc. 翻译: 由于缺乏更好的术语,我们姑且把它们命名为:(1) 感官层次;(2)表现层次;(3)纯音乐层次。 Language Points One turns on the radio while doing something else and absent-mindedly bathes in the sound. ?To bathe in the sound means to immerse yourself in the sound, like in water. 翻译: 我们打开收音机,一边做着其他的事情,一边心不在 焉地沉浸在音乐中。 Language Points bathe v. swim or wash yourself in a bath, river or lake; suffuse or envelop in sth. 沐浴,洗澡; 沐 浴在……中,沉浸在……中e.g. 1. Don't bathe too soon after eating. 刚吃完饭不要马上去洗澡。 2. He bathed in luscious strains. 他沉浸在悦耳的乐曲中。 3. Tears bathed his cheeks. 他泪流满面。 Language Points … you must not allow it to usurp a disproportionate share of your interest. ?The sentence means don’t let it take up a wrong amount of your interest. 翻译: ……你不该让它占据你过多的兴趣空间。 Language Points … it does not constitute the whole story. ?The sentence means there is more to it than this. 翻译: ……并不是(音乐的)全部。 Language Points Here, immediately, we tread on controversial ground. ?The expression we tread on controversial ground contains a metaphor: These are ideas that some people will probably disagree about or not approve of. 翻译: 一提到这个问题,我们马上就进入到一个颇具争议的 领域。 Language Points Is it pessimistically sad or resignedly sad; is it fatefully sad or smilingly sad? ?The whole sentence gives nuances – shades of meaning – of different kinds of sadness: sadness which has a feeling of pessimism (things are bad and we can’t change them easily), sadness to which we may feel resigned – we accept it, sadness that we feel is part of our fate – we can’t avoid it and it is part of our life, and sadness that also has humour, so we smile even though we feel sad. 翻译: 是悲观厌世的悲伤,还是无可奈何的悲伤?是时运不 济的悲伤,还是强颜欢笑的悲伤? Language Points It is very important for all of us to become more alive to music on its sheerly musical plane. ?To become / be alive to something means to know that something is happening and realize how important it is. e.g. 1. The company is alive to the threat posed by foreign imports. 这家公司了解外国进口商品所造成的威胁。 2. Schools must be alive to technological change. 学校必须了解科技的变化。 翻译: 对我们所有人来说,更加充分地认识这个纯音乐层次非 常重要。 Language Points After all, an actual musical material is being used ... He must hear the melodies, the rhythms, the harmonies, the tone colors in a more conscious fashion. ?The musical materials refer to the elements of music, usually discussed under the headings of melody (the tune), rhythm (the effects of time or duration of the beats of music, the pulse), harmony (how the notes of music combine with each other in chords or sequences of notes), tone color (how the precise sound of notes can vary), and form (how the music is organized with all the elements and patterns of repetition and variation). 翻译:毕竟乐曲使用的是实实在在的音乐材料……他必须要更加 有意识地倾听音乐的旋律、节奏、和弦及音色。 Exercises Reading and understanding Dealing with unfamiliar words Reading and interpreting Developing critical thinking Exercises Reading and understanding 2. Choose the best answer to the questions. 3. Match the listeners’ activities with the planes they are on. Exercises 2. Choose the best answer to the questions. 1 Why does the writer divide listening to music into three types of experience? (a) It is important to keep the different types of experience separate. (b) It makes it easier to understand what is happening when we listen to music. (c) It is the traditional way of referring to the experience of listening. (d) Different people listen on different planes, according to the type of person they are. Exercises 2 What is the main characteristic of the sensuous plane? (a) It is the sort of feeling we get when listening to music on the radio. (It is not confined to the radio.) (b) It can only be experienced by people who aren’t musicians. (It is only not experienced by non-musicians.) (c) It is a reaction we have which is generated by the sound of the music. (d) It does not give us any real sense of pleasure. (It does give us pleasure.) Exercises 3 What is the main characteristic of the expressive plane? (a) It can only be experienced by intelligent people. (It is not a matter of intelligence.) (b) It is when we believe the composer is communicating something to us. (c) It is a controversial concept; some composers don’t think it exists. (Although it is controversial, composers don’t say it doesn’t exist.) (d) It is most obviously apparent in the music of Stravinsky. (It is not most obvious in Stravinsky’s music.) Exercises 4 What is the main characteristic of the musical plane? (a) It can only be experienced by people who have studied to read music. (Although studying music helps, you can experience this plane by careful listening, and you don’t need to read music.) (b) It is the ability to experience different musical elements. (c) It is the plane that we experience instinctively, without realizing it. (There is no mention of instinct.) (d) It is the easiest of the three planes to appreciate. (It may be the hardest for most listeners to appreciate.) Exercises 5 How do most people usually listen to music? (a) On only one plane at any given moment. (b) On all three planes at the same time. (c) Without paying enough attention. (d) Without understanding what they are doing. Exercises 6 Why does the writer end the passage by referring to the theatre? (a) The theatre also offers three types of experience. (b) Composers are like the characters in a play. (c) Theatre is the form of art which is most similar to music. (d) The audience in a theatre are like musicians in an orchestra. Exercises 3. Match the listeners’ activities with the planes they are on. (a) sensuous plane (b) expressive plane (c) musical plane 1 They understand the way the composer is thinking. (c) musical plane (They follow the line of the composer’s thought with the manipulations of notes, melodies, rhythms, and harmonies.) 2 They are doing something else at the same time. (a) sensuous plane (They listen absent-mindedly or go into a dream.) Exercises (a) sensuous plane (b) expressive plane (c) musical plane 3 They recognize different elements in the music. (c) musical plane (They recognize musical elements like melodies, rhythms or harmonies.) 4 They just want to escape from everyday reality. (a) sensuous plane (They go to concerts in order to lose themselves.) Exercises (a) sensuous plane (b) expressive plane (c) musical plane 5 They feel sad or happy because of the music. (b) expressive plane (They feel for themselves the specific expressive quality of a theme.) 6 They think the music they are listening to has a meaning. (b) expressive plane (They feel an emotional meaning in the music.) Exercises Dealing with unfamiliar words 4. Match the words in the box with their definitions. 5. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. 6. Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to make other changes. 7. Answer the questions about the words and expressions. Exercises 4. Match the words in the box with their definitions. composer constitute derive qualified rhythm simultaneously sufficiently 1 to make up or form something constitute 2 happening or done at the same time simultaneously 3 able to do something because you have the knowledge, skill, or experience that is needed qualified Exercises composer constitute derive qualified rhythm simultaneously sufficiently 4 a regular pattern of sounds in music that you can show by moving, hitting your hands together, or hitting a drum or other surface rhythm 5 to receive or obtain something from something else derive 6 someone who writes music, especially classical music composer 7 as much as is needed sufficiently Exercises 5. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4. composer constitute derive qualified Jrohhyatnhnm