1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题 Part ⅠClozeTest Directions: For eachnumberedblank in the followingpassage,thereare four choicesmarked [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10points) Manpower Inc., with 560 000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, itspeople 1 intotheofficesand factoriesofAmerica,seeking aday’swork for aday’spay. One day at a time. 2 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 reducing the number ofemployees,Manpower,basedin Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming. 4 its economy continuesto recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation ofpart-timers and temporary workers.This “ 5 ”work forceisthemost important 6 inAmericanbusinesstoday,andit is 7 changing the relationship between people and theirjobs.The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, health care costs and pension plans.For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of 10 that came from beingaloyal employee. 1. [A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip 2. [A] For [B] Because [C]As [D] Since 3. [A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by 4. [A] Even though [B] Nowthat [C] Ifonly [D] Providedthat 5. [A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable 6. [A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend 7. [A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently 8. [A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas 9. [A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined 10. [A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance Part ⅡReading Comprehension Directions: Each ofthepassagesbelow isfollowedby some questions.For each question thereare four answersmarked [A], [B], [C]and [D].Readthepassagescarefully andchoosethebest answerto each ofthequestions.Then mark your answer onANSWER SHEET 1byblackeningthecorrespondingletter in thebrackets.(40points) Passage 1 It was 3:45 in themorning when thevote was finally taken.After six months of arguing and final 16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctorsto take the lives of incurably ill patientswho wish to die.The measurepassedby the convincing vote of 15 to 10.Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, 1 executivedirector oftheRight toDie Society ofCanada.He sent it on viathegroup’son-line service,DeathNET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’tjust something that happened in Australia.It’sworldhistory.” The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudeshave allplayedtheir part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to dealwith euthanasia.In theUSand Canada,wheretheright-to-diemovement isgathering strength, observersarewaiting forthedominoesto start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.After a “cooling off”period of seven days,thepatient can sign a certificate ofrequest.After 48hoursthewish for death can bemet. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer,theNT Rights ofTerminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point ofview,but what Iwas afraid ofwashow I’d go,because I’vewatchedpeoplediein thehospital fighting for oxygen andclawing attheirmasks,”he says. 11.Fromthe secondparagraphwelearn that . [A] theobjection to euthanasiaisslow tocome in other countries [B] physiciansandcitizenssharethe sameview on euthanasia [C] changingtechnology ischieflyresponsible forthehastypassageofthelaw [D] ittakestimetorealizethe significanceofthelaw’spassage 12.Whentheauthor saysthat observersarewaiting forthedominoesto start falling,hemeans . [A] observersaretaking await-and-seeattitudetowardsthe futureofeuthanasia [B] similarbillsarelikely tobepassedin theUS,Canadaandother countries [C] observersarewaitingto seetheresult ofthegameofdominoes [D] theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmay finally cometo a stop 13.When LloydNickson dies,hewill . [A] facehisdeathwith calm characteristicofeuthanasia [B] experiencethe sufferingofalungcancerpatient [C] havean intense fear ofterrible suffering [D] undergo acooling offperiod ofseven days 14.Theauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasia seemstobethat of . [A] opposition [B] suspicion [C] approval [D] indifference Passage2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americanswere to them.Tobe fair,this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-manneredtaxi drivers arehardly unknown in theUS.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise 2 dull existence.Dullnessandlonelinesswere common problemsofthe familieswho generally lived distant from one another.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcome sourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.It wasnot a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would.And someday, remember, you mightbein the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from thebusy tourist trails.“Iwasjust traveling through, got talking with thisAmerican, andpretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not alwaysunderstoodproperly.The casual friendliness ofmanyAmericans shouldbe interpreted neither as superficial nor asartificial,but astheresult ofahistorically developed culturaltradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.For example,when anAmerican usestheword “friend”,the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighly andexpect frombothneighborsand strangers. 15.In theeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld ,. [A] rudetaxi driversarerarely seen in theUS [B] small-minded officialsdeservea seriouscomment [C] Canadiansarenot sofriendly astheirneighbors [D] mostAmericansareready toofferhelp 16.It couldbeinferred fromthelastparagraph that . [A] cultureexercisesan influenceover socialinterrelationship [B] courteousconvention andindividualinterest areinterrelated [C] variousvirtuesmanifest themselvesexclusively among friends [D] socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplex set ofculturalconventions 17.Familiesin frontier settlementsusedto entertain strangers . [A] toimprovetheirhardlife [B] in view oftheir long-distancetravel [C] to add some flavortotheir own daily life [D] out ofacharitableimpulse 18.Thetradition ofhospitality to strangers . [A] tendstobesuperficial andartificial [B] isgenerally wellkeptup in theUnited States [C] isalwaysunderstoodproperly [D] hassomethingtodowith thebusy touristtrails Passage3 3 Technically,any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort ofmedicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realizethat familiar substances such as alcohol andtobacco are also drugs.Thisiswhy themoreneutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse”tomake clear that substances such as alcohol andtobacco can bejust asharmfully misused asheroin andcocaine. We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) ispervasive:an aspirin to quiet aheadache, some winetobe sociable,coffeeto get going in the morning, a cigarette for thenerves.When dothese socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excesswill produce negative effects such aspoisoning or intenseperceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also leadtophysical addiction or substance dependence.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance ofunpleasantwithdrawal symptomswhenthe substanceisdiscontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception,mood, andbehavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.Hallucinogenshave their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in avariety ofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.