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癌细胞示意图
肿瘤的等级(grade)=显微镜下癌细胞外形异常程度的标示
实体肿瘤的分类(stage)= 肿瘤的大小和(或)肿瘤有无扩散
当确诊实体肿瘤时,医生往往用等级(grade)和肿瘤分类(stage)对其细分。两个因素皆为制定疗法方案的关键考量。
肿瘤的等级划分以显微镜下肿瘤细胞的外形为基础:与高级别肿瘤细胞(high-grade tumor cells)相比,低级别肿瘤细胞(low-grade tumor cells)更接近于正常细胞。等级的划分为医生提供了有关个体肿瘤的浸润程度及其生长和扩散速度的建议。总体而言,低级别肿瘤生长较慢,高级别肿瘤则较快。
不同的等级划分系统适用于不同的癌症病种。总体上,根据显微镜下肿瘤细胞的异常程度,肿瘤被分成1、2或3级(有时亦有4级)。有时, “分化(differentiation)” 这一术语被用来代指等级。低级别肿瘤也被称为 “高分化(well-differentiated)” ,高级别肿瘤即为 “低分化(poorly differentiated)” 。中度分化的肿瘤介于低级和高级别肿瘤之间。
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