眼神交流是一种友好的社交信号 ,对方拒绝眼神交流可能是因为不信任、厌恶。当然,也可能是对方比较敏感,因为个性会影响一个人对眼神交流的反应 ,科学研究表明:在神经质(一种与自我意识和焦虑相关的人格维度)测试中得分较高的人,目光接触会引发更多与回避相关的活动。
这里引用一篇外国文章作为参考:
In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
在社交场合,与他人眼神交流可以显示出你对他人的关注是友好的。但它也可能是敌对的,比如当一个政治候选人在辩论中转向对手,眼神交流表明敌意。下面是硬科学揭示的眼神交流:
1.Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
眼神交流是一种友好的社交信号
We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile” can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
我们知道,一个典型的婴儿会本能地注视着母亲的眼睛,她也会回头看。这种相互凝视是母子之间依恋的主要部分。在成年后,以一种愉快的方式看着别人可能是注意力集中的一种补充标志。在拥挤的房间里,“眼神交流和微笑”可以吸引人的注意力,心理学家莫妮卡·摩尔的研究支持了这一常识性的概念。
2.Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
眼睛接触背后的生物因素正在调查中
Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded.This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
神经学家Bonnie Augeung发现,在一次简短的采访中,当记录下他们注视的方向时,催产素会增加男性与面试官的眼神接触量。这一现象也在有自闭症症状的高功能男性中发现,他们可能倾向于避免目光接触。其他研究人员正在利用先进的脑部扫描方法,探索在直接凝视时做出反应的大脑特定区域。
3. Eye contact can also be aggressive
眼神交流也会有攻击性
With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. “Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,” said Minson.
哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院的茱莉亚·明森(Julia Minson)总结说,通过使用眼睛跟踪技术,眼睛接触可以发出非常不同种类的信息,这取决于具体情况。虽然眼神交流在友好的环境中可能是一种联系或信任的标志,但在敌对的情况下,它更可能与支配或恐吓联系在一起。明森说:“无论你是一个政治家还是一个家长,记住,如果你试图说服一个与你有不同信仰的人,保持眼神交流可能会适得其反。”。
4.Eye fixations are brief
眼睛注视是短暂的
When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
当我们看一张脸或一张照片时,我们的眼睛一次停留在一个地方,通常是眼睛或嘴上。这些停顿通常以每秒三次的速度出现,然后眼睛跳到另一个点,直到图像中的几个重要点像一系列快照一样被记录下来。整个图像是如何被组装和感知的,尽管这是当前研究的主题,仍然是一个谜。
5.Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
个性会影响一个人对眼神交流的反应
In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ.” A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
根据芬兰研究者Jari Hietanen及其同事的研究,在神经质(一种与自我意识和焦虑相关的人格维度)测试中得分较高的人,目光接触会引发更多与回避相关的活动。“我们的研究结果表明,当人们成为注意力的中心时,他们的感觉不仅不同,而且他们的大脑反应也不同。”一个更直接的发现是,那些在焦虑等负面情绪上得分较高的人看别人的时间更短,当别人看不到的时候,他们的感觉更舒服直接对着他们。