Chapter Two Western Fantasy Literature and The Lord of the Rings...........................72.1 The Definition and Characteristics of Fantasy Literature....................................72.2 J.R.R.Tolkien and The Lord of the Rings.............................................................82.2.1 J. R. R. Tolkien..............................................................................................82.2.2 The Lord of the Rings ....................................................................................92.3 Reception of The Lord of the Rings in the West................................................112.3.1 Polarized Criticisms in 1950s......................................................................112.3.2 New Attitudes in 1960s ...............................................................................142.3.3 New Development from 1970s up to Now..................................................162.4 Summary............................................................................................................17Chapter Three Comparison Between Two Chinese Versions of The Lord of the Rings......................................................................................................................................193.1 Brief Introduction of Chinese Versions of The Lord of the Rings.....................19万方数据 3.2 Publishers’ Role in the Translation of The Lord of the Rings............................193.2.1 Selecting Source Texts ................................................................................203.2.2 Selecting Translators ...................................................................................213.2.3 Controlling Publishing Time.......................................................................223.3 Comparison Between Two Chinese Versions of The Lord of the Rings............233.3.1 The Translations of Names of Races...........................................................253.3.2 The Translations of Names of Characters and Places .................................283.3.3 The Translations of Titles............................................................................313.3.4 The Translations of Figures of Speech........................................................343.3.5 The Translations of Poems..........................................................................373.3.6 Summary......................................................................................................453.4 Readers’ Response Towards Two Chinese Versions.........................................463.5 Translation Methods for Fantasy Literature.......................................................473.5.1 Meaning-compounding................................................................................483.5.2 Free-transliteration.......................................................................................483.5.3 Additional Explanation.......................................................