Abstract: Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the decline of both human mortality and natalityhave resulted in demographic transition, brought a population explosion, demographic dividend,aging and declining birthrate to the world. As the pioneers of transition, developed countriesunderestimated the role of population and the severity of aging and declining birthrates, andoverestimated the role of education technology, encouragement of childbirth, and improvement ofthe elderly. Since 1949, the population of China has expanded rapidly to slower growth, thepopulation structure has changed from pyramid to rectangle, and China’s population transition isfaster, and aging problem and sub-replacement fertility are severer. China must recognize that thedemographic situation has changed, the demographic dividend was used comfortably at the time,and that it is a debt that needs to be repaid afterwards; recognize that population inertia is a hugeforce across generations, and its reactionary for