基英语学习的长期目标——交流所必需的能力之一。 毋庸置疑, 英语写作是集基础知识, 基本能力和课外信息于一身的综合体现, 同时, 又要兼顾到写作者高超的写作技巧。 因而, 没有扎实的英语语法知识; 没 eigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, , 后者指的是使用转换词语。 当然这两者常常是不可分割的。 只有形连而没有意连, 句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系; 反之, 只有意连而没有形连, 有时行文就不够流畅。 引 1) 、 taff was strict about closing at nine o' clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o' clock and we were ex 本段从“rose” (起床) 写起, 然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast” , “closing at nine o' clock” ) , 然后是“close to noon” , 一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——” ) 。 B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement) 。 例如: From the distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land. 本段的写法是由远及近, 从远处(“from a distance” ) 写起, 然后“get closer” , 再到(“ten feet away” ) , 最后是“inside the pagoda” ……当然, 按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。 根据需要, 也可以由近及远, 由表及里等等。 C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement) a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance) If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 这一段谈的是表达能力, 它的重要性与职业, 身份有关, 从“not need much skill” 或“of little importance” 到“more important” , 最后是“most important” 。 b. 由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement) If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn' t know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply. 这一段谈的是 a writer' s carelessness, 先给出一个 general statement 作为主题句, 然后通过 5 个 "perhaps"加以例证。 c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement) I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger' s feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers. 本段的主题句是段首句, 它仅提出一个问题: 为什么两只猫会被搞混。 然后对两者进行比较, 末句才下结论。 2) 形连 行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。 请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语: Walter' s goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. 本文中起承上启下的词语有两种, 一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases) , 另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices) 。 前者依次有: first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally. 后者依次是: he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇 105 个, 所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共 26 个词, 约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。 由此可见, 掌握好 transitions 不仅对行文的流(smoothness) 有益, 而且对于学生在半个小时内写 120 个词也是不无好处的。 一个段落里如果没有 transitions 也就很难有 coherence 了. 我们看下面一个例子: Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 en211ago. Written language is arecent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 本段中除了第 6 句开头出现一个起过渡作用的"it"之外, 没有使用其他的过渡词语. 这样, 文中出现许多重复的词语, 全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。 如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话, 这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落: Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 有损连贯 考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误: 改变时态 In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway. 变单复数 Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships. 改变人称 Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children' s activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge. 因此写作中, 一定要注意时态, 人称以及数的变化是否正确, 要注意保持一致。 编辑本段书写格式 英文的书写和移行 英文书写应符合书写规范, 英文字母要写清楚、 写整齐、 写美观, 字母的大小和字母之间的距离要匀称。 书写应做到字形秀丽漂亮, 通篇匀称和谐。 写英文字母要掌握正确笔顺。 如小写字母 i , 应该先写下面的部分, 然后再打点。 有的学生却按写汉字的习惯从上到下写, 写快了, 就会把点和下面的竖笔连在一起, 显得十分别扭。 字形 t 应为两笔。 不少人却将两笔合成一笔, 看上去不像 t, 倒像 l 或是 e, 难以辨认。 另外, 把 r 写成 v, 把 q 写成把 g, 把 k 写成 h等等, 都是中学生书写中常见的毛病。 不少人在四线三格的练习纸上书写尚有规矩, 能按字母的占格、 高低和大小要求书写, 但在白纸或横线纸上书写, 却显得十分幼稚拙劣。 字母或跳上跳下, 或一律写成同一高度, 占上中两格的字母与占中下两格的字母完全没有高低之别。 这些现象都要防止。 另外, 书写时还要注意词与词之间要保持一定的距离, 不能紧靠在一起。 字母之间的连写也应该按照习惯, 不能随意乱来。 在一篇字数有限的作文里, 我们还要注意尽量不把一个单词拆开移行。 万一要移行, 则必须以音节为单位进行, 如 revolution 这个词, 依照音节移行的原则可以按 re-, revo-, revolu-这几种方法移行。 在移行时, 我们还应特别注意以下几点: 1. 单音节词不能移行, 即使是字母较多的单音节词, 如 through 等也不能例外。 2. 缩略词如 Mr. 、 Dr. 等不能和后面的名字拆开移行。 缩略的专用名词如U. K. (the UnitedKingdom) 、 U. S. A(United States of America) 等也不能拆开移行。 3. 时间、 量度及货币单位应视为一个整体; 不能分开移行。 如: 11: 00 P. M. 应写在一行内, 不能将 11: 00 和 PM. 分开移行; 写 38℃时,不能将 38 和℃分开移行。 4. 由“年、 月、 日” 表示的日期。 如果必须分开移行只能将“月、 日” 与“年”分开。 如 January 6, 1980 不能将 January 和 6 分开移行, 但可以把 January 6,和 1980 分成两行。 5. 含双写辅音字母的单词, 在移行时要将辅音字母拆开。 如 better 可拆成bet-ter, necessary 可拆成 neces-sary。 但如果双写辅音字母属于词根, 后面又加了后缀, 就不能将两个辅音字母拆开。如 drill 加上-ing 后构成了 drilling, 就不可以将它拆成 dril-ling, 而只能拆为 drilling。 书信题型写作是应用文写作中常见的功能性写作形式, 书信写作的准备一是宏观, 就是要掌握它的格式, 基本框架, 就是先写什么, 后写什么; 二是微观, 具体到语言如何使用。 一、 书信写作考察的结构 ①日期, 写信人应将写信日期(年, 月, 日) 放在书信正文的右上角, 如 Jan. 30th, 2010。 提醒: 考研书信写作没有要求考生必须写时间, 如果没有把握自己的时间书写格式是正确的, 建议考生不要写, 以免出错反而扣分。 ②称呼, 称呼是写信人对收信人的称谓, 称呼可以根据收信人的性别, 职务, 婚姻状况, 姓名等个人信息来写, 如: Mr. Williams, Mrs. Bush, Professor Li, Dr. Smith, Dear Mum and Dad 如果写信人不清楚收信人的具体姓名, 职务等情况, 可以写: Dear Sir orMadam, To whom it may concern。 ③正文, 正文是书信的主要部分, 在称呼下方隔一或两行处开始。 考生写正文时,要分层次进行。 书信正文通常由引言, 展开段和结尾三个层次组成。 · 引言, 引言表明写信人的写信目的和写信背景, 一般仅限于一段, 一两句话即可。 提醒: 此处考生容易犯一个错误: 照抄题目的表达, 甚至原句, 这是一个严重的错误, 在阅卷过程至少会扣到 2 分, 希望广大考生要注意。 · 展开段, 展开段内容应详实, 具体。 可以分为若干段来写, 每一段围绕一个主题展开。 提醒: 提醒广大考生, 题干中的要点必须全部包含, 考生若是在漏掉一个要点(一般小作文有 3 个要点) 会至少扣掉 3 分。 · 结尾, 结尾部分通常比引言部分短, 使用一两句话表达一下希望或祝愿。 ④结束语, 结束语是写信人对收信人的谦称, 写在正文下面二至三行处。 公务等较正式的信件多采用 Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours faithfully, Yours truly 等; 私人信件, 多采用 Yours, Withlove, Yours affectionately 等。 ⑤签名, 签名应写在结束语的下面。 二、 主体段语言的操作 书信按照指令边想边写。 主体第一段一句话, 开门见山, 提出写信的目的, 表明信的性质: 是投诉信还是申请信还是请求信? 我为什么要写这封信? 常用句式包括: I am writing to complain about… I am writing to thank… for… /express mygratitude for … I am writing to ask for… I am writing to apply for… 正文第二段, 100 个字左右, 8、 9 句话。 此段写作的中心任务是把题目中的提纲进行扩展。 如果有 3 条提纲, 可以每一条提纲扩充 3 句。 怎么样扩充, 主要是发挥点小小的想象力, 有两种思路, 一是将上义拆分成为若干下义, 二是把一件事情说得更为形象具体。 比如第一条指令,题目里面说是 books, 可以细化为各种各样的书, 这就是下义拆分法。 还可以具体描写一下这些书是什么样子的。 同样第二个指令里面的 methods ofpayment,和第三个指令里面的 time and way of delivery 都可以采用这两种方法进行扩展。 结尾, 一般为礼貌性的套话, 一般都是焦急等待着您的回信 I am lookingforward to your reply 足以, 或者 I would appreciate it if you could senda replay at your earliest convenience 也行。 以下为书信写作中常用的经典句型参考, 希望大家在写作中活学活用。 常用起首语 1) Looking forward to your early reply 2) Hoping to hear from you soon 3) I hope to hear from you very soon。 4) We look forward to your reply at yourearliest convenience。 5) Your early reply will be highlyappreciated。 6) I hope everything will be well withyou。 7) Please let us know if you want moreinformation。 8) I wish you very success in the comingyear。 9) Please remember me to your family。 10) With best regards to your family。 11) All the best。 12) With love and good wishes。 求职申请信常用句型 1. In reply to your advertisement in ~, Irespectfully offer my services for the situation。 2. With reference to your advertisementin ~ for a / an ~, I offer myself for the post。 3. Please consider me an applicant forthe position which you advertised in ~。 4. Having noticed the enclosedadvertisement in ~, I wish to apply for the position referred to。 5. In answer to your advertisement in ~for a ~, I wish to tender my services。 6. Your advertisement for a ~ in ~ hasinterested me. I feel I can fill that position。 7. Shall you need an experienced ~ foryour ~ next SUMMER? 8. I have been for over five years inthe employment of a / an ~ company 9. I have been in the business for thelast ~ years, and worked as the director of the…department。 10. I' ve had ~ years' experience with acompany as a ~。 11. For the last ~ years, I have beenand still am a / an ~。 12. I' m ~ years of age, female / male, and have had ~ years' experience in a limited company' s ~ office 13. I should be very glad to have apersonal interview and can furnish references if desired。 14. If you desire an interview, I shallbe most happy to call in person, on any day and at any time you may appoint。 15. Should you think favorably of myapplication, kindly grant me an interview。 16. I trust that you' ll give thisapplication your favorable consideration。 17. Should you give me a trial, I’ ll domy utmost to afford you every satisfaction。 申诉信常用句型 1. I am sorry to say that we are greatlyinconvenienced by the fact that ~。 2. I am writing this letter to complainabout ~。 3. I really must complain about thequality of the ~ I recently got from your company。 4. You seem to have supplied us with aproduct that falls far below the standard we expect。 5. The ~ I ordered from your storearrived broken. Obviously, no packing had been placed in the box before it wassent from the warehouse。 6. It is now over ~ since we made theabove order with you, but the ~ we need badly now haven' t arrived yet。 7. The product I purchased from you ~proved to be quite a disappointment. Although it looks exactly the same as theone I saw in your commercial, it actually does not perform the same way。 8. As I have no interest in receiving areplacement, I am returning the product to you and demand that a full refund bemade to me。 9. I' d appreciate it very much if yourefund the money I have paid for it。 10. We would appreciate it if you wouldarrange for the replacement of the damaged items。 感谢信常用句式参考: 1. Let me tell you how much I liked /appreciated / enjoyed… 2. I want you to know how much we / Iappreciate… 3. We appreciate your taking time to … 4. I don’ t know how I would have managedwithout your help 5. I hope I can return the favor someday 6. Do let me know if I can ever returnthe favor[1] 编辑本段写作技巧 英语考试作文试题的一个最大的特点就是时限性, 即在有限的时间内(一般分配30 分钟) 按试题要求完成作文试题。 有很多参试者最后交卷时作文题要么没有完成要么质量比较差, 这其中当然有很多原因, 但不可忽视的一点原因便是写作文时间不够来不及完成作文或来不及仔细思考写一篇合乎题目要求的文章。 通过本次培训课程, 各位可以学会一些减省写作时间的良方佳策。 英语作文试题一般要求字数在 120 字左右, 段落一般为三段, 因而有“三段论”一说。所谓“三段论” 即全文分为三个自然段, 一般结构为“首段摆事实 (现象)、提观点(论点或问题) , 在这一部分参试者最好将题目要求中的第一个要点(一般为提出问题或观点) 作为首段的内容之一; 第二段剖析现象、 分析论点, 这也是全文的主体部分。 在这一部分参试者需要将试题要求中的所有要点的内容都加以阐述和扩展, 同时注意不要信马由缰的写一些与文章主题无关的内容以免被当作跑题处理; 第三段为结论段, 这一段的主要任务是为全文做一个结论性的终结,让文章显得完整和连贯。 至于开头和结尾有无固定的套路可循, 我们后面的讲解中将会接触到。 编辑本段写作能力 一 丰富学生词汇量, 培养学生遣词造句的能力 词汇是组成语言最基本的单位, 是写作的必需材料。 词汇量不足或掌握得不好,都会给写作带来困难。 众所周知, 作文是信息的输出, 一定要以输入为前提; 只有头脑中储备有一定数量的词汇, 才有可能写出好作文。 因此, 加强词汇教学、扩大和丰富学生的词汇量是提高学生写作能力的基础工作。 因而, 在进行词汇教学时, 教师应通过例句讲清楚常用词的意义、 使用条件、 用法及搭配关系, 然后再让学生模仿造句。 此外, 英语有自己的固定短语、 固定搭配、 特殊句型等, 如果学生能在作文中恰到好处地使用它们, 那将会大大地提高作文档次 。 因此, 平时必须加强这方面的基本训练, 还要督促学生课后多多记忆。 二 适时传授语法知识, 注意由浅入深 其实, 在教学实践中, 学生作文中的语法错误屡见不鲜, 诸如名词的形式、 动词的时态、 代词的格、 形容词的形式, 乃至于语态、 主谓搭配等多方面常会出现错误。 如果学生不了解语法, 写出的文章就会错误百出, 显得档次很低。 如果说高级词汇是珍珠, 它们在文章中闪耀着夺目的光芒, 那语法就一定是丝带, 把珍珠有序地串联组合起来, 这样才能使之成为精彩的文章。 由此可见, 语法在英语作文中占有重要的地位。 所以, 在教学过程中, 教师应设法将语法由浅及深、 由易到难地渗透到课堂教学中去。 其步骤第一, 针对高一新生, 可先介绍简单句的五个基本句型及存在句句型, 即: S+V; S+V+O; S+V+O1+O2;S+V+O+OC; S+link-v+P; There be+S+…几乎所有的英语句型都是这些句型扩大、延伸或变化而来, 如果学生能够掌握这些句型, 并运用自如, 就为后面的复合句和非谓语动词的学习奠定了基础。 不过, 同时也要注意动词时态的引入。 第二,加强时态练习, 训练学生正确使用动词形式。 三 依托教材多形式地训练 新课标教材的内容、 题材和体裁丰富多彩, 学生课文中有人物传记、 剧本、 科普文章、 英美国家概况等, 这些不仅开拓了学生视野, 也为学生写作提供了写作素材和模板, 在学习完一个单元后教师可根据不同内容对学生进行相应的训练, 如 复述课文、 缩写课文、 续写课文、 扩写课文或改写课文等, 还可模仿课文仿写。