一般过去式的用法:
一般过去式 表示过去的动作和状态,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。
I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。
I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。
I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday.
昨天我们去了天龙山。
一般过去式构成: 表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。
动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。
a.规则动词的过去式变化如下:
①一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed。如:wanted,played, worked played ,acted, looked called opened needed。
②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ed。如:hoped,lived。
③以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加 -ed,如: stopped planned fitted
④以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-ed。如:studied,worried, tried ,copied ,cried, carried。
以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed play enjoy stay played enjoyed stayed
规则动词过去式的读音也有规律可循。请记住:清后[t],元浊[d],[t] [d]之后读[id]。
①清辅音[p] [k] [f] [s]等后,ed要读[t]。如:worked,finished。
②元音或浊辅音[b] [g] [v] [z] [m]等后,ed要读[d]。如:lived,called。
③[t]或[d]后,ed读[id]。如:started,needed。
b.不规则动词变化
不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。
1.动词原形和过去式完全同形。
例: hurt(伤害) put(放) let(让)
2.动词原形、过去式形式完全不同。
例: give(给) gave fly(飞) flew drink(喝) drank see(看见) saw go(去) went make - made get - got buy - bought come came know(知道) knew wear(穿) wore speak(说) spoke
牛津英语6A英语语法(二) 一般过去时
定义:表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。
结构:“主语+动词的过去式”
用法:
1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
He was here yesterday.
I got up at seven yesterday morning.
My mother was at work yesterday afternoon.
Did you have a good time last summer?
2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
My mother often went to work by taxi last year.
When I was a student, I often listened to music.
3. 常与一般过去时态连用的时间有:
at that time, then, at that moment, yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)last night (week, month, year…),一 段时间+ago(several days ago), two days ago, a week ago, three years ago…in 1990, (in 1997…) ,just now, long before, long, long ago
二. 动词过去式构成规则
(一)1、一般在动词原形末尾加– ed
help → helped, look → looked, play → played, work → worked, listen → listened, wash →washed, clean → cleaned,
2、结尾是 e 的动词加 -- d
live---lived hope---hoped use---used like --- liked
3、末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加—ed
stop---stopped plan---planned
4、结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词,先变“y”为“i”再加—ed
study---studied carry ---carried cry --- cried worry → worried
(二) 动词过去式的读音规则
规则动词加-ed的读音:基本规则是轻轻,浊浊,既在轻辅音后加ed读轻辅音/t/。在浊辅音及元音后加ed读浊辅音/d/ 。
例: ask → asked /a:skt/, cook → cooked /kukt/, pass → passed /pa:st/,
例: move → moved /mu:vd/, live → lived / livd/, listen → listened /`lisnd/, stay → stayed /steid/
在/t/ /d/ 之后念 /id/ , 即 ed 在 /t/ /d/ 音后面念 /id/
例:shout → shouted // , start → started /sta:tid/,want → wanted /wantid/, need → needed /`ni:did/
(三)不规则动词的过去式:
a.过去式与动词原形的拼写形式相同:let → let, put → put, read → read,(注意read的过去式读[red])
b. i → a: begin → began, drink → drank, give → gave, ring → rang, sing → sang, sit → sat, swim → swam
c. i → o: drive → drove, ride → rode, write → wrote
d. ow → ew: grow → grew, know → knew, throw → threw
e. 含ough或augh的:bring → brought, buy → bought, think → thought;catch → caught, teach → taught
f. am is ---was are ---were do---did can---could come---came
不规则动词的过去式平时出现要留心,逐个熟记,注意积累。
三. 句型转化:
1.be 动词的过去时的句型如下:
(1)否定句: 主语 + be动词的过去式(was, were)+ not…
(2)疑问句: be动词的过去式(was, were)+ 主语 …?
a.He was busy yesterday. (肯定句) 他昨天很忙。
b.He was not busy yesterday. (否定句) 他昨天不忙。
c.Was he busy yesterday? (疑问句) 他昨天忙吗?
d.There weren’t any boys in the room.房间里没有男孩儿。
e. Were there any boys in the room? 房间里有男孩儿吗?
2.行为动词的否定式和疑问式:
(1)若肯定句中只有一个行为动词,那就得在行为动词前加上did not或缩略式didn’t,并把这个行为动词由过去式改为动词原形。例如:
a. I called Lin Tao yesterday afternoon. →I did not / didn’t call Lin Tao yesterday afternoon.
b. I borrowed a book from Sun Yang last Sunday. → I didn’t borrow a book from Sun Yang last Sunday.
(2) 行为动词的一般疑问句
若在陈述句中只有行为动词的过去式,那就得在句首加上一个助动词did来帮助提问,然后把句中的行为动词由过去式改为动词原形,并在句末打上问号。回答时别忘了还用did.例如:
a. We stayed there for 10 days last month. → Did you stay there for 10 days last month? Yes, we did. / No, we didn’t.
b. Mary had a delicious dinner yesterday evening. → Did Mary have a delicious dinner yesterday evening? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t
现在完成时是英文时态的一种
现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词(done)
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.
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现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:
①主语+have / has been+for短语
②It is+一段时间+ since从句
例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
主要是:
一般过去式 表示过去的动作和状态
现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.