Bhattacharyya OK, Estey EA, Cheng AY. Update on the Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 clinical practice guidelines. Can Fam Physician. 2009 Jan;55(1):39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2628826 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19155364?tool=bestpractice.com HHS 和DKA 均具有胰岛素相对或绝对缺乏以及反调节激素升高的特征。[1]