主动语态和被动语态 一.语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。 如果主语是动作的执行者,要用主动语态。 如:We speak Chinese in China.在中国我们说汉语。 如果主语是动作的承受者 ,则用被动语态。 如:Chinese is spoken by us in China.在中国汉语被我们说。 二、主动语态改成被动语态方法 1. 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语; 2. 谓语动词变为"be+及物动词的过去分词",并通过 be 的变化来表达 出不同的时态; 3 主动语态的主语变为介词 by 的宾语,组成介词短语放在被动结构 中的谓语动词之后。(有时 by 的短语可以省略); 例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week . 三、被动语态在各种时态中的用法: 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去 分词 This book has been translated into many languages. 4 过去完成时的被动语态,had been +动词过去分词。 The workers woke up to find that work had been done overnight. 工人醒来后发现工作已经被连夜干完。 He said that he wouldn't go to the opening ceremony because he hadn't been invited.他说过他不会参加开幕式,因为他没被邀请。 5 将来完成时的被动语态,will have been+动词过去分词。 By the end of next year, many more high-rises will have been built around there.到明年年底的时候,这里会建立起更多的高楼。 All the housework will have been finished before my mother comes back.在我妈回来之前,所有的家务都会被干完 1 6 .一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Many more trees will be planted next year. 7 过去将来时的被动,would be +动词过去分词。 We were told that their wedding would be held in the church. 我们被告知他们的婚礼将在教堂举行。 We heard that the exam results would be announced the next week. 我们听说考试结果将在下周宣布。 8. 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过 去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. → My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 9 过去进行时的被动语态,was(were) being+动词过去分词。 Two of the glasses were broken when they were being washed. 在清洗时,有两只玻璃杯被打碎了。 We had to take another way because the road was being repaired. 我们不得不改道,因为那条路正在被修理。 10 含有情态动词的被动语态构成: 情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分 词 Young trees must be watered often. 11 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 四、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 A.open,lock,write,read,sell,clean,wash,cut,burn,drive, peel 等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动形式表被动 意义。如: This orange peels easily.这个橘子很容易剥皮。 This kind of skirt sells well here.这种样式的衬衫很好卖。 This kind of cloth washes well.这种布耐洗。 The car drives well.这辆车很好开。 B.look,sound,taste,smell,feel 等系动词用主动形式表被动意 义。如:Uniforms look ugly on us.我们穿着制服很难看。 Mooncakes taste delicious.月饼尝起来很好。 The song sounds wonderful.这首歌听上去极棒。 C.在 be worth doing 中,doing 表被动意义。如: This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。 The topic is well worth talking about.这个话题很值得讨论。 The football match is well worth watching。这场足球赛很值得观看。 D.want,need,require 等动词表示"需要",后面常可跟 verb-ing 形式表被动,相当于 to be done。如: My bike needs repairing.→My bike needs to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。 Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。 The room needs cleaning. 这个房间需要打扫。 E 当 break out,take place,shut off,turn off,work out 等动词表示 "发生、关闭、制定"等意思时表主动。如: The plan worked out successfully.计划很切实可行。 An earthquake took place in Tangshan in 1976.1976 年唐山发生地 震。 3、被动形式表主动意义 A.be seated 坐着,就座,相当于 seat oneself。如: He is seated on a bench.→ He seats himself on a bench. 他坐在凳子上。 Please be seated,ladies and gentlemen!女士们,先生们,请就座! B.be hidden 躲藏,相当于 hide oneself。如: He was hidden behind the door. →He hid himself behind the door.他藏在门后。 C.be lost 迷路。如: He was lost in the forest.他在森林里迷路了。 D.be drunk 喝醉 E.be dressed 穿着。如:The girl was dressed in a red short skirt。 这个女孩穿着一件红色的短裙。 4. 感官动词或使役动词使用省 略 to 的动词不定式,主动语态中不带 to,但变为被动语态时,须加上 to。 例:make somebody do something →somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something →somebody +be +seen to do something The boss made the little boy do heavy work. →The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss 5. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那 么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket. →A ticket was shown to me by him. 6. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不 能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can't laugh at him. →He can't be laughed at by us. 1.-Could you tell me whom the radio __________ by? -Sorry, I have no idea. A invents B invented C is invented D was invented 2. The young man was often seen _____ by the lake. A to draw B to drawing C draw D drew Ⅰ.把下列主动语态改为被动语态: 1.We often use a recorder in our English class. 2.They will show a new film next week. 3.When did they build the house? 4 I saw the boy enter the room. 5.Will they show a new film next week? 6.Have they posted the letter yet? 7.We often see him help his classmate. 8.You must turn off the light before you go to bed 2 9.Who is repairing the bike? 10.The student should learn all the texts by heart. Ⅱ.选择填空: 1.The reading room ________ yesterday afternoon. A. cleaned B. is cleaned C. was cleaning D. was cleaned 2.The workers were made ________ ten hours a day. A. work B. to work C. working D. worked 3.Food ________ in a cool place in summer. A. must keep B. mustn’t keep C. must be kept D. mustn’t be kept 4.His father ________ to work in Hong Kong 3 years ago. A. sent B. was sent C. has sent D. has been sent 5.The pen ________ well. A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing 6.Great changes ________ in the town since 1988. A. have taken place B. have been taken place C. has taken place D. has been taken place 7.Our compositions must ________ next Monday. A. be hand in B. be handed in C. handed in D. be handing in 8.The child will ________ back to his parents next month. A. sent B. send C. be sent D. be sending 9.________ his work ________ yet? A. have…been finished B. has …been finished C. has …finished D. have…finished 10.The classroom ________ now A. is cleaning B. is being cleaning C. is being cleaned D. is cleaned Ⅲ.用适当时态和语态的动词填空: 1.Can he ________ (speak) English? 2.What language ________ (speak) in that country? 3.The film ________ (show) many times since last Sunday. 4.These TV sets ________ (make) in Sichuan. 5.It has got so dark. Would you please ________ (turn) on the light? 6.A new hospital ________ (build) in this area now. 7.________ the book ________ (return). 8 Rice ________ (grow) in the south. 9 The window ________ (not break) by the boy. 10 I ________ (tell) he ________ (not come) just now. Ⅳ.将下列句子改为被动语态,并根据情况保留或去掉动作的执行者 1.They will say nothing more about this matter. 2. They have made some flowers of silk. 3. He wrote a poem. 4. The students are planting some trees and flowers. 5. They are to open up a new business next week. 6. Children couldn’t have done all this damage. 7. All of us will see him off at the airport. 8. They feed the tigers at the zoo three times a day. 9. You must hand in your homework before five. 10. People say that she is a good teacher. Ⅴ. 用所给动词的正确形式填空 1. English ________ (speak) in many countries. 2. Information in short-term memory ________ (can, not, keep) very long. 3. After that, one of the lights _______ (turn off) and the rat had to wait for a short time. 4. Just a few years ago, tomatoes _______ (believe) to have magical powers, making people who ate them fall in love. 5. It is said new copies of the book _______ (print) now. 6. The old house _______ (pull) down next month. 7. In the old days, the children _______ (take care of) by the mother because she did not work outside the house. 8. Needless to say, the second list of words ___ (can, remember) more easily than the first one. 9. She _______ (send) to another village when I got there. 10. The teacher said that we _________ (give) another chance some time next month if we failed in the exam. 3