王东伟
武汉大学 法学院,湖北 武汉 430072
基金项目:国家2011计划“司法文明协同创新”相关研究成果。
作者简介:王东伟(1980-)女,河北保定人,讲师,武汉大学法学院博士生,研究方向为行政法与行政诉讼法。
摘要:我国关于行政调解的立法在如火如荼地进行,各省市在规章和规范性文件中也都规定了行政调解解决行政争议和民事争议,然而行政调解解决行政争议的实践却门庭冷落。一方面有法律规定本身的原因,如法律规定可调解的行政争议的范围模糊、调解主体不中立以及调解的时限规定可能会与其他救济途径的启动期限冲突等,另一方面也有现实的原因。要改变现有规定在实践中遭遇的尴尬现状,需要明确行政调解解决行政争议的范围、建立具有中立性和权威性的行政调解主体、明确行政调解协议的效力等。
关键词:行政调解行政争议调解协议
On Our Country's Administrative Mediation Mechanisms in Administrative Dispute Resolution
WANG Dong-wei
Law School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
Abstract: There are much legislation on administrative mediation in the various provinces and cities. Although they have ruled that the administrative mediation resolves not only administrative disputes but also civil disputes, the practice of administrative mediation to solve administrative disputes does not hotly develop. On the one hand, there is the reason of the law itself, for example, the scope of administrative dispute is fuzzy, the subject of the administrative mediation is not neutral and authoritative, and the mediation period limits may conflict with the time of prescription of other relief, etc. On the other hand, there are realistic reasons. To change the embarrassing situation of the existing rules in encountering the practice, it is necessary to define the scope of administrative mediation in solving administrative disputes, to set up the neutrality and authority of administrative mediation main body, and to clear the effectiveness of the administrative mediation agreement.
Key words:administrative mediationadministrative disputeadministrative mediation agreement
引言
20世纪后半期以来,美国出现了“诉讼爆炸”的现象,一方面法院不堪重荷,另一方面诉讼作为处理纠纷的正规方式,在实践中也暴露出了很多缺陷,比如成本高、效率低、形式化等,“替代性纠纷解决机制”(Alternative Dispute Resolution,简称为ADR)应运而生,ADR在解决民事争议中广泛使用。到20世纪90年代,美国将ADR引入行政过程。1990年,美国国会通过了《行政争议解决法》(Administrative Dispute Resolution Act),该法的目的是“授权和鼓励联邦行政机关适用调解、协商、仲裁或其他非正式程序,对行政争议进行迅速的处理”。[1]