主动语态变与被动语态 一、 主动语态变为被动语态的方法 1. 简单句的主动语态变被动语态 (1) 通常的办法是:将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,将主动结构中的谓语 动词变为“be / get +过去分词”形式,将主动结构中的主语变为介词 by 的宾语(若动作的执 行者没有必要说明则可以省略该 by 短语)。如: Li Lei planted the tree last year. → The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. 这棵树是李蕾 去年栽的。 Workers made the machines in Changsha. → The machines were made in Changsha. 这些 机器是长沙造的。 (2) 将含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时,应将宾语变为被动结构的主语,而宾语的 补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如: He painted the door green yesterday. →The door was painted green yesterday. 昨天门被 漆成绿色了。 注意:表示“使、让”的动词 make, have 等,以及感官动词 see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at 等,在主动语态中,接不定式做宾语补足语时,不定式前的 to 要省略,而 变为被动语态时,成为主语补足语的不定式,则必须带 to。如: I saw him go into the teachers’office. →He was seen to go into the teachers’office. 看见 他进入了教师办公室。 (3) 带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时,既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语,而在间接 宾语前加 to 或 for 留在动词之后;也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语,而直接宾语留在 动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如(from www.yygrammar.com): He gave me the pen last year. →I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 这支笔是去年给我的。 【说明】一般说来,间接宾语前带 to 的动词有:bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, post, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, throw 等;间接宾语前带 for 的动词有:book, buy, call, cook, do, get, make, save 等(from www.yygrammar.com)。 (4) 动词 believe, consider, declare, expect, know, report, say, suppose, think 等的被动语态, 常有两种结构形式。如: He was said to get hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。 It was said that he got hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。 (5) 短语动词变被动语态时,短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如: She has never been operated on before. 她从未动过手术。 The baby was looked after by her sister. 这婴儿由她的姐姐照顾。 His plan was laughed at by everyone. 他的计划大家都嘲笑。 2. 复合句的主动语态变被动语态 复合句的主动语态变被动语态时,复合句中的主句和从句都须同时变为被动语态。如: Li Lei told us that the teacher praised him today. →We were told that Li Lei was praised by the teacher today. 有人告诉我们说今天李蕾受到了老师的表扬 二、 用主动形式表被动含义 1. 某些系动词,如 feel, look, seem, appear, taste, sound, smell, prove, remain 等用主动 形式表示被动意义;主语通常是事物,且表示该事物本身具有某一固有特征。如: The material feels very soft. 这种料子摸起来很柔软。 误:The material is felt very soft. The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美妙。 误:The music is sounded beautiful. 2. 表示主语由内在品质或性能,使得主语得以实现或不能实现,用主动表示被动, 常见的这类动词有:write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook, open, close, lock 等。 1. 同 well, badly, easily 等副词连用。如: The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。 The book sells well. 那本书很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔很好写。 2. 谓语动词用否定式。如: The window won’t open. 这扇窗开不了。 The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上。 3. 主语+谓语(blow, wear 等) +主补。如: The door blew open. 门被风吹开了。 3. 某些日常用语,cook, bake, make, print, pack, build, work out 等动词用于进行时态 时,可用主动形式表示被动意义。如: The fish is cooking. 鱼正在煮。 The book is printing. 那本书正在印刷中。 The plan is working out. 计划正在制订。 4. 不定式在下列情况下用主动形式表示被动意义: 1. 在“be+形容词+fit to do”句型中。如: English words are difficult to remember. 英语单词很难记。 注:常用于此句型形容词有 easy, hard, difficult, heavy, light, comfortable 等。 2. 在作补语的形容词后作状语的不定式。如: We found the book easy to understand. 我们觉得这本书的容易懂。 3. 在 This /That /These /Those be 后的名词后的不定式。如: This is a difficult problem to solve. 这是一个很难解决的问题。 4. 在“there be/have/with sth. to do(有……要……) ”结构中。如: I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。 5. 在“疑问代词+不定式”结构。如: The question is what to do next. 问题是接下来做什么。 6. 在“be to blame/seek/let”结构中。如: The house is to let. 此房出租。 He is to blame for this. 他因此事应受到责备(www.yygrammar.com)。 5. 在表示“需要”的 need, want, require,及 be worth 后的动词-ing 形式,用主动 形式表示被动含义。如: The floor needs sweeping. 这地需要打扫了。 That picture is worth looking at. 那幅画值得看。 三、 被动语态与系表结构的区别 动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态,也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主 要的区别是:被动语态强调动作,系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断: 1. 从形式上来看,被动语态往往接 by 施动者,而系表结构往往有固定的搭配,如: be joined to, be connected with, be separated from, be covered with, be interested in, be surprised at, be satisfied with, be concerned about 等。 We were surprised at the unexpected news. 听到这个意外消息,我们感到惊讶。(系表结 构) 注意:句中有“by+人”时,多用被动语态;而“by+物”时,多属系表结构。如: The house was surrounded by the police. 这房子被警察包围了。(被动语态) The house was surrounded by trees. 这房子四周都是树。(系表结构,表示静止的状态) 2. 从时态上来看,被动语态的 be 时态要与动作发生的时间一致;而系表结构的 be 只有一般时或完成时,表示目前或过去的性质或状态。如: This window was broken by Kate yesterday. (被动语态) 这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。 (被动 语态) This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构,指目前的状态) 3. 从句中的状语来看,过去分词前有 well, very, quite 等副词修饰的是系表结构;若 句中有时间、方式或目的状语时,一般为被动语态。 The play is well written. 这剧本写得很好。(系表结构) The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态,有方式 状语) 4. 被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词,而系表结构中的过去分词可以是 gone, fallen, risen 等不及动词。如下列两句是系表结构: My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。 The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。