1. 对方行棋后,不被提掉的棋子,或者即使被提掉又能重新产生出不会被提掉的棋子,称为“活棋”。活棋以外的棋子称为“死棋”。2. 在第九条的“对局停止”后,在确认棋子的死活时,不能反提回同一劫。但是,被提劫的一方一旦放弃着手权利后,则可以重新提回劫。
计点条款:
第八条(地)
一方のみの活き石で囲んだ空点を「目」といい、目以外の空点を「駄目」という。駄目を有する活き石を「セキ石」といい、セキ石以外の活き石の目を「地」という。地の一点を「一目」という。
第十条(勝敗の決定)
1、終局の合意の後、地の中の相手方の死に石はそのまま取り上げ、ハマに加える。
2、ハマをもって相手方の地を埋め、双方の地の目数を比較して、その多い方を勝ちとする。同数の場合は引き分けとし、これを「持碁」という。第八条(地)某一方的活棋所围住的空点称为“目”,目以外的空点称为“单官”。有单官存在的活棋称为“双活棋”,双活棋以外的活棋所围的目称为“地”,地的一点即为“一目棋”。第十条(决定胜负)1. 终局后,相互把自己地中的对方死子取出,加算到提子中。2. 用提子互填对方的地,比较双方地的目数,多的一方为胜。相同时称为“和棋”。

3. 应氏规则

由应昌期先生创立的应氏规则是围棋的三大规则之一,而且在非东亚地区也有较大的影响力。应氏规则的文本非常艺术化,但也因为艺术化,应氏规则的一些描述难免有些模糊。在网络上,我没找到应氏规则的权威版本,所以用下面两个将就一下吧。第一个是中文的但是好像不完整;第二个是美国围棋协会网站上的英文版:
关于“禁全同”和“自尽”的条款:
第三条 着手:手分虚实 除穷任择
实手:本规则创“除穷任择”:着必有变,变穷禁着。颗、块子自提,有变可着。热子即提,越环再搅颗子自搅,变穷禁着。
第五条 打劫:变穷打劫 劫分争搅
变穷:简称“穷”乃变方互不相让之同型反覆或循环。穷则无胜负,穷如何除尽乃五千年不解之谜。
打劫:乃劫子除穷规则,本规则创“劫分争搅”:反覆为争循环为搅。热子禁提除争穷,越环禁搅除搅穷。穷已除尽,任何劫型死活,皆有一定结果。
劫型:黑白虎口配对造成“劫型”。劫型中可互提之子称为“劫子”,虎口有小中大,劫子有单双三。
争劫:乃生死劫,连续反覆所争之劫子称为“热子”。凡提取热子须间隔一实手或虚手,否则争穷。
热子:传统仅“单热子”,本规则创:长生劫之双劫子逢双皆成“双热子”。争三劫除单热子外另一单或双劫子,视同热子,皆成“孪热子”。
搅子:乃搅方所造成之循环劫,搅方连续提劫,不争热子无关死活。越环后环环相同,实为搅穷。本规则创“越环禁搅”:搅方如越环应禁止续搅,否则搅穷。衡劫活搅还原,虚劫死搅被提。
终局条款:
第三条 着手:手分虚实 除穷任择
虚手:单方虚手认输,着手终止。非认输之单方虚手,着手继续。单官着完,双方虚手,着手休止,清除死子如有歧见,着手可再继续。死子清完,双方再虚手,着手终了,四虚终局。
死活判定条款:
第四条 提取:气尽提取 气定死活
死活:死活有歧见应以“提取”证明之,提取为死子,不提取为活子。任何劫型死活,一律提证死活,不得判定死活。
计点条款:
第六条 计算:子空皆地 填满计点
准则:本规则创“子空皆地、空属邻界”为胜负准则:凡“活子”及其“属空”皆为“域点”。
实务:本规则创“填满计点、以子量地”为计算实务:原有邻界一子未变,胜负点数幼儿可一目了然。
填满:四虚终局后,即须计点。余空称“胜空”,余子称“负子”。双活中邻界黑白兼有之“公空”,多于一空各填其半,少至一空不得填子。
等效贴点条款:
第八条 局差
(二)规定还点:一律规定,黑还八点,平局黑胜,……

4. 新西兰规则

新西兰是非东亚国家中最先制定围棋规则的国家之一,新西兰规则对美国规则也有影响。下面的链接是新西兰围棋协会网站上公布的 1986 年版规则:
关于“禁全同”的条款:
Amoveconsists of
1. making a play so that the resulting board position does not repeat the whole board position as it was after any of that player's previous moves or ...某方落子后形成的局面不能与本局中该方先前行棋后形成的局面相同。
关于“自尽”的条款:
Aplayconsists of placing a stone (of that player's own colour) on an unoccupied intersection, then removing any of the opponent's stones that then have no liberties (if any), and then removing any of that player's own stones that then have no liberties (if any).一次行棋包含 3 个步骤:1. 将己方的一枚棋子落子一个空交叉点上;2. 提掉对方无气的棋子(如果有的话);3. 提掉己方无气的棋子(如果有的话)。
终局和死活判定条款:
The game isfinishedwhen both players agree that there are no more worthwhile moves. 'Dead' stones may then be removed from the board by mutual agreement. If they cannot agree which stones are dead they must play on. If they cannot then agree who shall move next, all stones stay on the board (are alive) and are counted.当双方一致认为没有有价值的着法时棋局暂停。将双方没有争议的死子清除出棋盘。若双方无法对死子达成一致意见的话,那么继续对局。如果双方无法对接下来该由哪方落子达成一致的话,那么所有棋盘上的棋子都被认为是活棋。
计点条款:
Territoryof a player (at the end of the game) consists of all points occupied by that player's stones plus all unoccupied points adjacent to that territory.终局时,某方的地的数量为棋盘上该方棋子的数量加上与这些棋子相邻的空点数量。
等效贴点条款:
In anevengame, 7 points (komi) are added to the white players territory.在分先对局中,白方的地的数量额外加 7。

5. 美国规则

美国规则不仅在美国使用,而且在欧洲也有很大的影响力。英国规则和法国规则在本质上都是美国规则。下面是美国围棋协会网站上的 1991 年版规则的文本:
关于“禁全同”的条款:
6) Repeated Board Position (Ko): It is illegal to play in such a way as to recreate a previous board position from the game, with the same player to play.6) 重复局面(劫):一方落子后,如果使得局面与本局中之前出现过的局面相同,且是同一方行棋,那么这样的着法是不合法的。
关于“自尽”的条款:
5) ... It is illegal for a player to move so as to create a string of his or her own stones which is completely surrounded (without liberties) after any surrounded opposing stones are captured.5) ...... 一方落子后,在对方被包围的棋子被提掉后,如果她自己的棋子被完全包围(没有气),那么这样的着法是不合法的。
终局和死活判定条款:
9) Ending the Game: Two consecutive passes signal the end of the game. After two passes, the players must attempt to agree on the status of all groups of stones remaining on the board. Any stones which the players agree could not escape capture if the game continued, but which have not yet been captured and removed, are termed dead stones. If the players agree on the status of all such groups, they are removed from the board as prisoners of the player who could capture, and the game is scored as in Rule 12. If there is a disagreement over the status of some group or groups, play is resumed as specified in Rule 10.
10) Disputes: If the players disagree about the status of a group of stones left on the board after both have passed, play is resumed, with the opponent of the last player to pass having the move. The game is over when the players agree on the status of all groups on the board, or, failing such agreement, if both players pass twice in succession. In this case any stones remaining on the board are deemed alive. Any stone or group of stones surrounded and captured during this process is added to the capturing player's prisoners as usual.9) 终局:双方连续虚着标志棋局终止。两虚后双方必须尝试对棋盘上棋子的死活达成一致。对于某些棋子,如果双方一致认为棋局继续下去这些棋子必然会被提掉,那么这些棋子被称为死子。如果双方对棋盘上所有棋子的死活达成一致,那么将死子作为俘虏清除出棋盘,按照第 12 条计算得分。如果双方无法达成一致,那么依照第 10 条继续对局。10) 争议:如果两虚后,双方对棋盘上所有棋子的死活无法达成一致,那么棋局继续,由最后虚着方的对方开始行棋。棋局在双方对所有棋子的死活达成一致后结束,如果无法达成一致,那么在双方各自连续两虚后结束。在这种情况下,棋盘上留下的所有棋子都被认为是活子。在这个过程中,所提棋子也和通常一样作为俘虏。
计点条款:
5) ... After a player moves, any stone or string of stones belonging to the opponent which is completely surrounded by the player's own stones is captured, and removed from the board. Such stones become prisoners of the capturing player. ...
7) Passing: On his or her turn, a player may pass by handing the opponent a stone, referred to as a pass stone, rather than playing a stone on the board.
11) The Last Move: White must make the last move--if necessary, an additional pass, with a stone passed to the opponent as usual. The total number of stones played or passed by the two players during the entire game must be equal.
12) Counting: There are two methods for counting the score at the end of the game. One is based on territory, the other on area. The players should agree in advance of play which method they will use. If there is no agreement, territory counting shall be used.
Territory: Those empty points on the board which are entirely surrounded by live stones of a single color are considered the territory of the player of that color.
Area: All live stones of a player's color left on the board together with any points of territory surrounded by a player constitute that player's area.
Neutral Points: Any empty points left on the board at the end of the game which are not completely surrounded by either player's stones are known as neutral points, and are not counted toward either player's territory or area.
Counting by Territory: When counting by territory, players add up their total territory less any prisoners held by the opponent (including dead stones removed at the end of the game). The player with the greater total (after adjusting for any compensation offered according to Rule 3) is the winner.
Counting by Area: When counting by area, the players add up their total area. Prisoners are ignored. The player with the greater total area (after adjusting for any compensation offered according to Rules 3 and 4) is the winner.5) ...... 一方行棋后,对方的棋子如果被完全包围,那么这些棋子需要被提掉,成为提子方的俘虏。7) 虚着:当轮到行棋时,可以不落子,而将一枚棋子交给对方。11) 最后一手:白方必须下最后一手——如果有必要的话,白方需要额外使用一次虚着,像通常一样将一枚棋子交给对方。在整局棋中,双方落子数量加虚着数量必须相等。12 ) 计分:有两种计分方法,一种基于“目”,一种基于“地”。双方需要事先协商使用哪种方法,如果不协商(无法达成一致),那么使用基于“目”的计分方法。目:被一方的活子完全包围的空交叉点是该方的目。地:棋盘上一方的所有活子以及被这些活子包围的目组成该方的地。中立点:双方都没有完全包围的空交叉点被称为中立点,中立点不是任何一方的目或地。数目法:一方的得分为目的数量减去对方持有的俘虏数量(包括在终局清除出棋盘的死子)。在根据规则 3 调整双方得分后,得分高者获胜。数地法:一方的得分为地的数量,不计俘虏。在根据规则 3 和4调整双方得分后,得分高者获胜。
等效贴点条款:
3) Compensation: In an even (non-handicap) game, Black gives White a compensation of 7 ½ points for the advantage of the first move. This compensation is added to White's score at the end of the game. ...3) 补偿:在分先对局中,由于先手优势,黑方给予白方 7.5 点的补偿。补偿在终局时计入白方的得分。

6. 智运会规则

2008 年智力运动会使用的围棋规则创新地使用“首虚”概念来实现收后还子,使得“数子”法也能贴 6.5 点。智运会规则的权威版本我也没找到,下面第一链接是美国围棋协会网站上的英文版本,第二个是百度百科上的中文版本:
关于“禁全同”的条款:
Section 4 Prohibiting the Reappearance of the Same Board Position
It is illegal to play in such a way as to recreate a board position that previously existed on the board.
第四条 禁止全局同形还原
禁止着子后,全局还原到对方某一步棋以前的状态。
(注:这里需要指出,这里英文版的表述好像是 PSK,中文版的是 SSK)
关于“自尽”的条款:
Section 3 Liberties and Dead Stones
5. Forbidden points: A forbidden point is an unoccupied point on the board which, if played, would leave that stone and its connecting unit of stones without liberties, while failing to remove any of the opponent's stones. A player cannot play on a forbidden point.
第三条 棋子的气死子
5、禁着:禁止着子后己方棋子无气又不能提取对方棋子。
终局条款:
Section 5 Ending the Game
Two consecutive passes signal that both players believe that there are no more points to contest for in the game. The game of placing the stones in alternation comes to an end and the competition is over. Then:
1. The two players remove dead stones by mutual agreement. The game ends when all the dead stones have been agreeably removed.
2. In case of disputes on the life and death of any of the stones or the rights to the vacant points, either player may propose to resume the play and continue in the original order, until there are two consecutive passes again and the game comes to its end. In this case, all stones remaining on the board are alive.
3. Play may only be resumed to confirm the life or death of stones and the rights to the vacant points enclosed by the living stones. If one or both players find other contestable points on the board after two passes, those points shall be left as they stand and are evenly divided between the two players.
第五条 终局
双方连续弃着表示双方均认为已无可争之棋,双方一人一手的对局结束,棋局中止。然后,
1、对盘上尚未完成的提取死子等必然过程,双方达成共识,简化这一过程,按共识终局。
2、任何一方均可提出恢复对局实证,按原顺序继续轮流着子,再至双方连续弃着,棋局结束,终局,则此时盘上所有子均为活子。
3、恢复对局的理由和目的必须是实证死活、确认局部归属。如果一方或双方又发现了有价值之处,不允许恢复对局,有价值之处的归属按双方各半计算。
计点条款:
Section 7 Counting the Score
There are three methods for counting: counting the stones and the surrounded points; counting the surrounded points after filling in the captured stones; and counting by filling in all the stones. Although methods differ, the result will be the same, and all the methods may be offered as choices. ...
第七条 计数
在本规则下,使用数子法、数空法和填满计点法结果是一致的,均可采用。本次比赛采用填满计点法。
局终后双方各自把棋子填入自己的空中,填满为止,然后数子。本方法必须保证棋盒内棋子数为准确的180颗,如此则根据填满之盈缺立即能得出胜负结果。
等效贴点条款:
Section 6 Determining the Winner
There are two types of compensations. The first type depends on who passes first in the game. If White passes first, Black's score is reduced by 1. If Black passes first, no such compensation is given.
The second type of compensation aims to balance the advantage enjoyed by the player who makes the first play. To ensure a fair game, the Black player is asked to deduct an amount from his total points, traditionally known as the komi (tie-xian in Chinese). The amount of komi in this tournament is set to be 6.5 points.
第六条 胜负
对局结束时首先提出弃着的对方为收后方。如黑方收后,则黑方收后之 1 点的价值应视为黑先白后平分,简称黑收后减 1 点。
为平衡先行之利,使对局公平,通常要求先行方作出补偿,称为贴先。贴先数由比赛组织者确定。本比赛采用贴 6 点半。

7. Tromp-Taylor 规则

在AI 时代,计算机所使用的规则也是必须要提的,Tromp-Taylor 规则就是一个被 AI 广泛使用的围棋规则。Tromp-Taylor 规则比较简洁,而且使用了逻辑化的语言,计算机实现起来比较方便。下面是 John Tromp 的个人网页上给出的描述:
关于“禁全同”的条款:
6. A turn is either a pass; or a move that doesn't repeat an earlier grid coloring.6. 一手棋要么是虚着,要么是一着不重复之前格点染色的着法。
终局条款:
8. The game ends after two consecutive passes.8. 连续两个虚着后终局。
另外,在Tromp-Taylor 规则中,还可以选择使用协议清除死子:
8. As a practical shortcut, the following amendment allowsdead stone removal:
After only 2 consecutive passes, the players may end the game by agreeing on which points to empty.
After 4 consecutive passes, the game ends as is.在实际中为了方便,可以使用下面的修正来清除死子:连续两虚后,双方可以协议清除死子而后终局。连续四虚后,棋局终止。
计点条款:
9. A player's score is the number of points of her color, plus the number of empty points that reach only her color.9. 一方的得分为其颜色的点的数量,加上那些只到达她的颜色的空点数量。

8. 总结

我们用一张表格来总结和比较上面提到的这些规则:
可以看到:
很多规则都使用禁全同来表述打劫规则,但日本规则还是没有采用禁全同。在是否禁止“自尽”方面,各个规则也有分歧。终局条件方面,很多规则都采用“先暂停再判定死活最后终局”的模式,Tromp-Taylor 规则在使用协议死活时也是这个模式,而原始的 Tromp-Taylor 规则简单粗暴地将“两虚”作为终局条件。死活判定方面各个规则也不太一样,但大多是“协议死活,争议实战解决”的模式,而日本规则下死活仍然依赖判例和裁判。计点方式上,除了传统的数子法和数目法,美国规则使用了“等手比目”,智运会规则使用“首虚”实现“收后还子”。各个规则的等效贴点值基本是 6.5 或7.5,新西兰规则贴 7 点允许了和棋。
感谢
特别感谢不会功夫的潘达 大大在预览本文时给出的宝贵修改意见。