开头结尾常用句型开头结尾常用句型1. 1.开头的写法开头的写法• 文章的开头除了要表明主题外, 还有一个重要的任务就是吸引阅卷老师的一个重要的任务就是吸引阅卷老师的注意。 因此, 开头一定要具有与众不同的吸引力, 这样才能给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。 下面介绍几种实用有效的开头方式及常用句型: 1) 1)现象法现象法•所谓现象法, 就是在文章开头就指出某种社会现象或问题。 这种开头方式在六级写作中十分常见, 主要应用于现象解释型作文和问题解决型作文。【常用句式】① Recently/ Presently the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of… has been brought into focus./ aroused public attention/ become a heated topic/ been in the limelight.② With …, there arises a heated debate as to…③ With the steady/ rapid/ amazing development of…, people begin to…④ In the past… years, many… have been faced/ troubled/ confronted with…⑤ Nowadays/ Recently, one of the hottest/ most popular topics/ problems many people complain/ concern about/ talk about/ discuss iscomplain/ concern about/ talk about/ discuss is…⑥ Nowadays, our society is witnessing more and more…⑦ In the past… years, there has been a sharp/ dramatic increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in …According to an official report/ survey/ poll, …⑧ In recent…years, …has experienced an alarming increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in…【例13】Nowadays, one of the hottest problems many people complain about now is piracy. Books, tapes, VCDs and other high-tech products have been pirated. For instance, when a new product comes onto market, most probably, its pirated version will soon show up in the market, too.【分析】 本段文字是关于如何解决盗版问题的文章开头, 运用了现象法, 段首句使用了句式⑤。•••••••••••• 2) 2)对立法对立法•所谓对立法, 就是引出人们对要讨论问题的不同看法和观点, 然后提出自己的看法或者表明自己偏向哪一看法。 这种开头方式方式一般用于有争议的主题, 主要适用于对比选择型作文。【常用句式】① When asked…, a great/ vast majority of people/ most… say that… But I think/ view quite differently. / But in my eye/view,…② When it comes to…, some people believe that…, but some others argue/ claim that… (the opposite/ reverse is true). There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but …(I tend to agree to/ would prefer the former/ latter.)③ Now, it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ held/ acknowledged that…. They claim/ believe/ argue that… But I wonder/ doubt whether…④ Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to…. Some people focus on/ advocate/ favor … while others may think(From my point of view)others may think…. (From my point of view, …)⑤ When faced with/ In the face of… quite a few people claim that… but other people argue…⑥ There is much discussion/ public debate/ controversy nowadays as to the problem of… Some people say that… Others hold that…⑦ There is a general debate over the phenomenon of … People who are against/ object to it claim/ hold … But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim/ argue …⑧ The value of this form of… is now being questioned by…/There is growing skepticism toward…【例14】Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to the best measure of a country’s success. Some people focus on rich economy while others may think it is the quality of life that has nothing to do with money.【分析】 本段文字是关于什么是社会成功的标准的文章开头, 运用了对立法, 段首句使用了句式④。••••••••••••• 3) 3)观点法观点法•所谓观点法, 就是开门见山, 直截了 当地提出本文要论证的观点或要解决的问题。 这种开头方式主要适于观点论证型作文和问题解决型作文。【常用句式】① Now there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to…/Now people are becoming increasingly aware/ conscious of the importance of…② It is true that… No one can deny …③ …, which has been generally accepted. The truth of it is deep and profound/ self-evident.④ Now people in growing/ significant numbers are beginning/ coming to realize/ / bhaccept/ be aware that…⑤ Nowhere in… / Never in history has the issue/ change/ idea of… been more evident/ visible/ popular/ serious than in…⑥ Perhaps/ Maybe we should/ it is time to rethink/ reexamine/ have a fresh look at the idea/ value/ attitude/ wisdom/ desirability that…【例15】“Haste makes waste”-a proverb full of logic, which has been generally accepted. It tells us that we have to do some steady and down-to-earth work if we want to accomplish something. The truth of it is deep and profound.【分析】 本段文字是关于“欲速则不达” 的文章开头, 运用了观点法, 段首句使用了句式③。•••••••••• 4) 4)比较法比较法•所谓比较法, 就是通过对过去、 现在两种不同的倾向、 观点进行比较,从而引出文章要讨论的观点。 一般来说, 对过去的观点都只是一笔带过, 而将写作的重点放在现在的即文章要讨论的观点上。 这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。【常用句式】① For years, …had been viewed as… But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing/ development of…, people…② People used to think that… (In the past, …) But people don’t share this view now.v ew ow.③ It is a tradition/ custom/ practice/ traditional way… But now/in recent decades things have changed.【例16】It is a custom for Chinese to get married with a person with the same family background, regardless of the fact they may actually do not love each other. But in the recent decades things have changed. Chinese young people now tend to consider love to be the only factor to decide whether they will get married with someone or not.【分析】 本段文字是关于中国人对待婚姻的观念发生改变的文章开头,运用了比较法, 段首句使用了句式③。••••••• 5) 5)问题法问题法•所谓问题法, 就是先将要讨论的问题进行设问, 然后在解答的过程中引出观点。 这样开头的好处在于从一开始就能引起读者的兴趣, 但需要注意的是,如果问题设计不好, 就会导致首段中心不突出, 主题句表达苍白等负面效果,因此使用时要慎重。 这种开头方式主要适用于对比选择型作文和现象解释型作文。【常用句式】① Should/ What…? Opinions of/ Attitudes towards/ Answers to… vary widely/ greatly/ from person to person. Some… are favor of/ view/ regard/ think of…Others believe/ argue/ claim…② “Wh d / h?” Mftk/② “Why do/ have …?” Many … often ask/ pose the question like this.③ One of the basic/ hot topic facing our society is : What/Why …?④ How do you think of the problem of …? In seeking answer to this question, …⑤ Why is there a … in society? It is no easy task to identify the causes for it.【例17】“Why do we have to learn English while it may be useless after graduation?” Many college students often ask the question like this. Surely it is because they haven’t realized the importance of English. They do not know in the international communication, English is always the language to be used.【分析】 本段文字是关于大学生为什么要学英语的文章开头, 运用了问题法,段首句使用了句式②。••thtilik thi••••••• 6) 6)引用法引用法•所谓引用法, 就是在文章开头引用名人名言、 箴言、 谚语或有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要论述的观点。这种方法通过引用切合主题的名言警句, 一方面可以突出主题, 另一方面也能为文章增加文采, 容易给人留下深刻的印象。 但是这种开头要求考生必须有一定知识储备, 对所使用的名言警句等要应运自如。另外, 所引用的名言警句一定要为中心服务, 不能单纯为了增加文采而引用。 这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。【常用句式】① One of the great/ early writers/ philosophers/ scientists said/ wrote/ remarked, “…”If this is true/ the case, then the present/ current view/ value/ attitude/ situation should make us wonder whether…/ ponder over…② “…” The same idea/ complaint/ attitude is voiced/ echoed/ shared by…③ “…” How often we hear/ We are used to hearing/ Many people have heard(such) statement/ words/ complaint like/ as this/ those.④ There is an old/ popular saying/ proverb which goes that…. The truth of it is profound and significant./ Under its simplified co er a tr th is ironicall pointed o t that isUnder its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, …⑤ One great … had ever said/ once remarked, “…”Now it still has a realistic/ profound significance./ Now it is still working in our modern society./ Now more and more people share this belief./ The remark is still confirmed by people in today’s society./ the remark has been shared by generations./ The view has been echoed by many …【例18】There is an old proverb which goes that the grass is always greener on the other side of the valley. Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, people are not contented with the already blessing situation. On the contrary, we always think that there are people around us who are much more fortunate than us. In fact this kind of opinion is very dangerous.【分析】 本段文字是关于成功是靠运气还是靠努力奋斗的文章开头, 运用了引用法, 段首句使用了句式④。••••••••• 2. 2.结尾的写法结尾的写法• 文章的结尾一般篇幅不宜过长, 但却也是决定文章成败的点睛之笔。 面对堆积如山的试卷, 阅卷老师的精力更多的是放在文章的开头、 各段的过渡及文章的结尾。 好的结尾,可以增添文章的效果和说服力, 加深阅卷老师的印象。 一篇文章的结尾是否能够产生最佳效果, 关键是能否使用恰当的方法和优秀的句式有效地体现文章主题。 1) 1)总结法总结法•所谓总结法, 就是通过文章前面的讨论分析引出一段总结性的言论, 重申文章的中心思想或总结自己的观点, 作为全文的结束。 这是一种最常见的结尾方式, 主要用于观点论证型作文和对比选择型作文。【常用句式】① Given the factors that I have just outlined, it is wise to support the statement that…② From what has been discussed above/Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely/ undoubtedly draw/ come to/arrive at the conclusion that …③ Taking into account all these factors/ In view of the above-mentioned facts, we should draw/ come to/arrive at the conclusion that…④ All the available/ conclusive/ reliable/ striking evidence goes to show/ piles up to show thatthat…⑤ All the evidence/ analysis supports/ warrants an unmistakable/ fair conclusion that…⑥ All the evidence/ analysis justifies/ confirms an unshakable/ sound view/ idea that…⑦ All the available/ conclusive/ reliable/ striking evidence points to the fact/ lends support to the view that …⑧ To sum up/ conclude,…/ The conclusion is self-evident.…⑨ Weighing up these two arguments, I am for ….⑩ Taking into account all these factors/ In view of the above-mentioned facts, I prefer …【例19】To conclude, smoking is nothing but evil as it is so harmful to people. All smokers should be taught of the great harm of smoking and be persuaded out of smoking. More importantly, we should protect our children from the harm of smoking through education.【分析】 本段文字是吸烟有害健康的文章结尾, 运用了总结法, 段首句使用了句式⑧。•••••••••••••• 2) 2)后果法后果法•所谓后果法, 就是对所讨论的问题或现象可能会产生的后果做出预测或分析。 这种后果可能是积极的,也可能是消极的, 需根据文章主题而定。 这种结尾方式主要适用于问题解决型作文和现象解释型作文。【常用句式】① Clearly/ Obviously/ No doubt, if we do not/ cannot…/ if we ignore/ are blind to…, there is every chance/ chances that…/ it is very likely that…②Any person/ nation/ society who/ which ignores/ is blind to/ fails to learn… would pay a heavy price.③ Fortunately, however, more and more people come to realize the importance of… and improvement in near future.④ If we work on… from now on, in foreseeable future, we will not be perplexed/ cursed/ overwhelmed by the same dilemma/ problem.⑤ If we can solve the problem with no efforts spared, human being will not be caught/ stuck in the same conditions.⑥ There is no effective/ easy solution/ approach to the issue/ problem of…, but… might be helpful/ beneficial./ but our commitment will be rewarded as long as we insist on assuming our responsibility on it.⑦ Following these methods may not guarantee the success in…, but the pay-off will be worth the sweat we shed.⑧ The effect that… will bring about are far-reaching.【例20】All these things come to one simple fact: people are always trying very hard to get a better life. Any nation which ignores the importance of developing its productivity and consequently improving the life of its people will have to pay a heavy price.【分析】 本段文字是关于要重视提高人们生活水平的文章结尾, 运用了后果法, 段首句使用了句式②。•••••••••••• 3) 3)呼吁法呼吁法•所谓呼吁法, 就是在文章结尾敦促或呼吁读者作出努力, 对某问题予以关注或采取行动。 但是需要注意的是, 不能空感口号, 痛下决心, 这样会使文章显得空洞, 不伦不类。 这种结尾方式主要适用于问题解决型作文。【常用句式】① It is high time that we…/ It is ripe time for us to… in no half-hearted manner.② It is essential/ necessary/ important/ imperative that effective/ quick/ proper measures/ actions/ steps/ remedies should be taken to…③ If there is time to…, it is now.④ Tth td itli ht t k④ To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires keen consciousness of…⑤ There is no denying that considerable attention must be paid to the plight of…⑥ We must call for an immediate action/ method, because the current tendency of …, if permitted to develop at will, it will result in the destruction of …⑦ Only when… all go into action can we…【例21】It is high time that we took some measures to protect our environment. Government should make a law to punish those polluting our environment, and the public should realize the importance of environmental protection.【分析】 本段文字是关于如何保护社会环境的文章结尾, 运用了 呼吁法, 段首句使用了句式①。•••••••d itikif•••• • 需要注意的是, 结尾一定要与主题相匹配, 切忌谈一些与主题无关的内容。另外, 除了以上方法, 结尾也可采用另外, 除了以上方法, 结尾也可采用引用法和提出建议法。 而且在实际写作时, 可以不必局限于一种方法, 要根据实际情况将几种方法有效结合。