关于毕业论文写作的目的和意义 下文是毕业论文写作的目的和意义 毕业论文是高等学校对学生整个学习过程的一个综合性考查。大学生毕业论文质量的好坏是评价高校教学水平质量高低的一个重要标准,是对学生的培养质量和综合水平的一个总体检验.通过大学毕业论文写作,可以使大学生熟悉科学技术研究论文写作的基本方法、基本的论文格式与规范,初步了解科研创作的一些技巧,了解本专业方向的一些研究内容,掌握文献资料查找的基本方法。 以上是毕业论文写作的目的和意义 引用论文注释和参考文献格式 注释和参考文献格式[1] 2.1注释 Citations 2.1.1夹注 In-text Citations 转述、阐释、总结他人主要观点、引用某些引文或所依据的文献无须详细注释者,以夹注的形式随文在括号内注明。夹注与“参考文献”结合,形成一种方便、快捷说明引用出处的注释形式。夹注的构成形式有以下几种情况: 1)来自英语文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现: 格式:出版年份:页码 例: Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process” (1986:241), … 2 ) 来自英语文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现: 格式:作者姓名,出版年份:页码 例: The underlying assumption is that language is “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Elli, 1968: 3). 3 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现: 格式:出版年份:引文页码 例:According to Alun Rees (1986:234)〔夹注直接放在被引者后面〕, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation. According to Alun Rees,the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986:234). 出版年份:引文页码〔夹注也可以位于引语的最后〕 4 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中没有提到: 格式:作者姓名 出版年份:引文页码 例:It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance (Robertson, 1987: 136). 5)来自汉语文章、专著,间接引用,作者姓名在文中已经出现[2]: 格式:作者姓名拼音+夹注(出版年份:引文页码) 例:Wang Datong (2002:111, 2005:191) believed that…; 6)来自汉语的文章、专著,间接引用,作者姓名在文中没有出现: 格式:作者姓名拼音,出版年份:引文页码 例:It has been found that these learners confuse the uses of passives and unaccusatives in their interlanguage (Wilson, 2005:211;Zhang Shan, 2003:19) 7)引自互联网文献 引用网络资料时如网页上标有页码,基本格式与上述同;如无页码,标段落(par 或pars)。例: Therefore, as Fang Wenli argues, in the English class, we dont have to completely copy the ideal and natural language acquisition environment (Fang Wenli, 2005: pars 9-11). 8)对引语文字的更改 直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses“…”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brackets“[ ]”)以内。例如: 删除词句: He stated, “The placebo effect,’ ... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982:76), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. 添加词组: Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner.” ? 无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。 ? 注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。 综合例子: Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by critics (Higonnet et al ,1987: 334-35) to include women?s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women’s responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, 1997:2). Though these studies focus solely on women’s experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996). However, Tylee further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (1990:6). Similar critique comes from scholars in mainland China(Wang Datong, 2002:11