These arethe substancesoften calledpsychedelic (from the Greekwordmeaning “mind-manifestation”)becausethey seemedtoradically alter one’sstateofconsciousness. 19.“Substanceabuse”(Line 5,Paragraph 1) ispreferableto“drugabuse”in that . [A] substancescan alter ourbodily ormental functioningifillegallyused [B] “drugabuse” isonlyrelatedto alimitednumber ofdrugtakers [C] alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroin andcocaine [D] many substancesotherthanheroin or cocainecan alsobepoisonous 20.Theword“pervasive” (Line 1,Paragraph 2)might mean . [A] widespread [B] overwhelming [C] piercing [D] fashionable 21.Physical dependenceon certain substancesresultsfrom . [A] uncontrolled consumption ofthem over longperiodsoftime [B] exclusiveuseofthem for socialpurposes [C] quantitativeapplication ofthemtothetreatment ofdiseases [D] carelessemployment ofthem forunpleasant symptoms 22.Fromthelastparagraphwecan inferthat . [A] stimulantsfunctionpositively onthemind [B] hallucinogensarein themselvesharmfultohealth [C] depressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactive substances [D] thethreetypesofpsychoactive substanceswerecommonlyusedin groups Passage4 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked TimeWarner executiveslast week.“You have soldyour souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? ” At Time Warner, however, such 4 questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creativefreedom andthecorporatebottom line. At the core ofthis debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56,whotook over for the late Steve Rossin 1992.On the financial front, Levin isunder pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company’smountainous debt,which will increaseto $ 17.3billion after twonew cable deals close.Hehaspromisedto sell off some oftheproperty and restructurethecompany,but investorsarewaiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression.In 1992,when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-T’s violent rap song Cop Killer,Levin describedrap as a lawful expression of street culture,which deserves an outlet.“The test of any democratic society, ”he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritatingtheresultsmay sometimesbe.Wewon’tretreat in the faceofanythreats.” Levin wouldnot comment on the debate last week,but there were signsthat the chairman wasbacking offhis hard-line stand,at least to some extent.Duringthediscussion ofrock singingversesat last month’s stockholders’ meeting,Levin assertedthat “music isnot thecauseof society’sills” and even citedhisson,ateacher in theBronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standardsfor distribution andlabeling ofpotentially objectionablemusic. The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.But insiders say several ofthem have shown their concernsin thismatter. “Some ofushaveknown for many,many yearsthat the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, ” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that somepeopleassociatedwith thecompanyhaveonlyrecently cometorealizethis.” 23.Senator RobertDolecriticizedTimeWarner for . [A] itsraising ofthecorporatestockprice [B] itsself-examination of soul [C] itsneglect of socialresponsibility [D] itsemphasison creative freedom 24.Accordingtothepassage,which ofthe followingisTRUE? [A] Luceisa spokesman ofTimeWarner. [B] GeraldLevin isliabletocompromise. [C] TimeWarner isunitedasonein the faceofthedebate. [D] SteveRossisnolonger alive 25.In faceoftherecent attackson thecompany,thechairman . [A] stuckto a strong standtodefendfreedom ofexpression [B] softenedhistoneandadopted somenewpolicy [C] changedhisattitudeandyieldedtoobjection [D] receivedmore support fromthe 15-memberboard 26.Thebesttitle forthispassagemightbe . [A]ACompanyunderFire [B]ADebateonMoralDecline [C]ALawful Outlet of Street Culture [D]AForm ofCreativeFreedom Passage5 5 Much ofthe languageusedto describemonetary policy,such as“steeringthe economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain.And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-view mirror anda faulty steeringwheel. Given all these disadvantages,centralbankers seem tohave hadmuch toboast about of late.Average inflation in thebig seven industrial economiesfellto amere2.3%last year,closeto itslowest level in 30years,beforerising slightly to 2.5%this July.This is a longway below the double-digit rateswhich many countries experienced in the 1970sandearly 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicted.In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentagepoint below the ratepredicted at the end of last year.This isno flash in thepan;over thepast couple of years,inflation hasbeen consistently lowerthan expectedin Britain andAmerica. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack. America’s capacity utilisation, for example,hit historically high levels earlier thisyear,and itsjoblessrate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken offin thepast. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were baseduponthehistoricallinkbetween growth andinflation. 27.Fromthepassagewelearn that . [A] thereisadefiniterelationshipbetween inflation andinterestrates [B] economy willalwaysfollow certain models [C] theeconomic situation isbetterthan expected [D] economistshadforeseen thepresent economic situation 28.Accordingtothepassage,which ofthe followingisTRUE? [A] Makingmonetarypoliciesiscomparabletodriving acar. [B]An extremely lowjoblessratewill leadtoinflation. [C]Ahigh unemployment ratewillresult from inflation. [D] Interestrateshavean immediateeffect on theeconomy. 29.Thesentence“Thisisnoflash in thepan” (Line 5,Paragraph 3)meansthat . [A] thelow inflationratewill last for sometime [B] theinflationratewill soonrise [C] theinflationwill disappear quickly [D] thereisnoinflation atpresent 30.Thepassage showsthattheauthor isthepresent situation . [A] critical of [B] puzzledby [C] disappointedat [D] amazed at Part Ⅲ English-ChineseTranslation 6 Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation mustbewritten clearly onANSWER SHEET2.(15points) Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 31)Actually, it isn ’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingtheworlddoesnothave. On oneview ofrights,tobe sure, it necessarily followsthat animalshave none.32)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However,this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it:how do you reply to somebodywho says“I don’t likethiscontract”? Thepoint isthis:without agreement on therightsofpeople,arguing about therights ofanimalsisfruitless.33) It leadsthe discussion to extremes at the outset:it invitesyou tothink that animals shouldbetreated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.This is a false choice.Better to start with another,more fundamental,question:isthewaywetreat animalsamoral issueat all? Many deny it.34)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow:the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh other’s interests against one’s own.This in turn requires sympathy and imagination:without which there isno capacity for moral thought.To see an animal in pain isenough,formost,to engage sympathy.35)When thathappens,it isnot amistake:it ismankind’sinstinct for moralreasoningin action,an instinctthat shouldbeencouragedratherthan laughed at. Section ⅣWriting(15points) 36.Directions: A.Study the following set ofpicturescarefully andwrite an essay innolessthan 120words. B.Your essaymustbewritten clearly onANSWER SHEET2. C.Your essay shouldcover alltheinformationprovided andmeettherequirementsbelow: 1.Interpretthe followingpictures. 2.Predict thetendency oftobaccoconsumption andgiveyourreasons. 7 8 1997年答案及解析 Part ⅠClozeTest 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.A 10.D Part ⅡReading Comprehension PartA Passage 1 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C Passage2 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.B Passage 3 19.D 20.A 21.A 22.B Passage4 23.C 24.D 25.B 26.A Passage 5 27.C 28.B 29.A 30.D Part Ⅲ English-ChineseTranslation 31.事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。 32.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在于社会契约中,是责任与权益交换的一部分。 33.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一 样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。 34.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 35.这种反应并不是错误,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而 不应该遭到嘲笑。 Section ⅣWriting(15points) 36.见分析 试题精解 Part ⅠClozeTest 一、 文章总体分析 本文介绍了美国临时劳动大军日益庞大这一现象及其影响。文章一、二段介绍了美国临时就业机构雇 9 员数量庞大和美国劳务公司的蓬勃发展。第三段分析了临时劳动大军迅速发展造成的影响:一是使公司更 具竞争性,减轻了负担。二是使工人失去了各种福利及归属感。 二、试题具体解析 1. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。 文章首句指出:拥有56 万雇员的劳务公司 (Manpower Inc)是全球最大的临时就业机构。紧接着,第 二句又提到了每天早晨这些临时工人到美国各公司和工厂上班的情况。我们可以想象一下:56 万工人每天 早晨上班的情形一定是非常浩大的。所填入的词要能反映这一点,而且还必须与into somewhere 相搭配。 swarm 可以与into 相搭配,如:People swarmedintothe cinema. (人们拥进电影院),它在文中也可以形象地 描述众多临时工人如潮水般涌入上班地点的情景。因此,A 选项为正确答案。 stride 强调步幅大,如:He strodeout ofthehouse. (他大踏步地走出了房子),根据文意,这么多人同时 进入办公地点不可能是 “大步跨入”;separate可以和into 搭配,但into 后不能接地点,而且只能是separate sb./o sth.,如:The childrenwere separatedintotwogroups. (孩子们被分成了两组);slip 也可与into 连用,表示 “溜进”,如:Heslippedintotheclassroom fromthebackdoor. (他从后门溜进教室)。 2. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。 文章第一段对两种企业进行了鲜明的对比:通用汽车公司和IBM等工业巨头靠减员而勉强支撑(struggle to survive),而人力资源公司却在蓬勃发展。显然,空格处应填入表对比关系的逻辑词。四个选项中A、B、 D 都是表原因的连接词,只有as 除了表示原因之外,还可以表两个动作同时发生,意为 “随着,当…的时 候”之意,表轻微的对比,所以只能选C。 知识点补充:as,for,since 和because 都可以表原因:as所表示的理由最弱,这种理由只是附带的说 明,如:Asyou aretired,you hadbetterrest. (既然你累了, 最好休息一下)。句子的重点在主句。for 加原因 状语从句时,一般放在句尾,仅对主句补充说明或进一步解释,表主观判断的原因。如:Hefeltno fear,for hewasvery brave. (他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧)。since表示一种既成事实,引导的从句常放在句首,一般译作“既然”,如:Sinceyou’renot interested,Iwon’ttellyou about it.(既然你不感兴趣,那我就不告诉你了)。because 表示的原因语气最强,常用于回答以why 引导的疑问句。如:I doitbecauseIlike it. (我做这件事是因为我 喜欢)。 3. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:介词用法辨析。 本句提到,通用汽车公司和IBM 等工业巨头为了生存而采取了减员的方式,显然,空格处需要一个表 示方式、手段的介词。四个选项中,只有by 表示方式、手段。by + doing 结构表示通过某种行为 (以达到 某种目的),因此,答案为D。 知识点补充:survive 也与from 或in 连用,但表示 “在…中活下来,保存下来”,如:Someanimalscan survive in thedesert on very littlewater. (一些动物只靠少量水就能在沙漠中生存下来);Many strangecustoms have survived from earliertimes. (有许多古怪的习俗自远古时代保存下来了)。 4. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。 本句逗号前后是两个结构完整的分句,因此空格处需填入一个逻辑词。句中it 指代的是theUS,两个 分句的含义分别是:美国的经济继续复苏;美国的兼职者和临时工正在不断增加。根据逻辑,经济的恢复 本来应该使更多人获得长期的就业机会,因此两个分句之间存在着语意上的转折关系,由于空格在句首, 因此需要填入一个表让步关系的逻辑词。选项中只有even though 可以表让步,表示 “虽然美国的经济还在 继续复苏,却越来越成为一个兼职者和临时工的国家”。 例句补充:Nowthat I amwell again,I can go onwith my work. (我既然已经恢复了健康,那就可以继续 工作了);If only she had known where to find you. (要是她知道在哪儿能找到您就好了);Provided that circumstancespermit,Iwill gothere. (假如情况允许的话,我就去)。 5. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 形容词词义辨析。 10 句中thiswork force (劳动力)指的是上一句的part-timersandtemporaryworkers,由上文可知,这些人 干一天算一天 (seeking a day’swork for a day’spay),是临时的,经常变动的。四个选项中durable 与文 意相反;available 形容人,指“可找得到的,可用的”,如:That man isnot available forthejob,hehasother work (不能找那个人,他有其他工作),它虽然在意义上可以与work force搭配,但由于所填入的选项被加注了 引号,从而具有特殊的意义,用“可以找到的”来形容庞大的兼职和临时劳动力大军意思上不恰当;transferable 不能用做定语修饰人,因此,符合题意的只有disposable。用它来形容劳动力大军,暗示他们是廉价劳动力, “是即用即抛型的”。 6. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。 本题要求考生判断临时劳动力是当今美国经济最重要的什么。上文提到劳务公司拥有56 万雇员,美国 正日益成为兼职者和临时工的国家,由此可以推测出,这种 “一次性”的劳动力已成为美国最重要的潮流 或趋势。先排除approach 和flow,approach 根本不能用来描述劳动力;flow 可用来描述人群,但多用于描 述特定方向的流动,如:More andmore farmersare flowing intothebigcity. (越来越多的农民涌入大城市), 但它用在文中不合句意;fashion 指“(一时或某一团体中流行的)时尚”,如:Her dressisthe latest fashion. (她的晚礼服是最新式样),显然文中的临时劳动大军不应该是经济的式样或时尚;只有trend 可以指正在 发生或盛行的一种现象,如:Thetrend ofpricesisstill downwards. (物价仍有下降趋势),因此,它是正确答 案。 7. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语意搭配 + 副词词义辨析。 空格所在句子中it 指代逗号前整个句子:“一次性”劳动大军成为美国经济中最重要的趋势,因此本题 要求考生判断这种趋势的出现对人们与其工作之间的关系的影响是怎样的?从下文可知,由于 “一次性” 劳动力的出现,对于公司来说,可以不用承担劳动法规 (employmentrules)、医疗费用 (healthcarecosts) 和养老金计划 (pensionplans)方面的负担而变得更有竞争力。而对于雇员来说,这就意味着不再享有保障 和福利,也不再需要作为忠诚雇员的…。显然,这是人与工作的关系在根本上 (fundamentally)发生变化, 而不是立即 (instantly)、逆转 (reversely)或足够地 (sufficiently)发生变化。fundamentally 正好呼应了前 面的themost important,表示这种 “一次性”的劳动大军从根本上改变了人们与工作之间的关系。 8. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:连词的用法。 做该题时,考生需判断用什么词来连接空格前后两个部分。从结构上来看,空格前后是两种不同的形式: 不定式toremain globally competitive 与动名词avoidingmarket cycles。由于but 和and 前后一般连接相同形 式的词、短语或句子,因此可首先排除这两个选项。whereas表转折,需要引导从句,无论从意义上还是结 构上都不符合条件。while 意为 “在…的同时”,它既连接句子也可以连接现在分词,从语法和含义上都符 合文章需要。整句话的含义是:这种现象既使公司在全球范围内保持竞争性,又可以避免市场的周期性和 逐渐加重的负担。 知识点补充:while 连接的从句中有时可省略一些成分,它可以直接连接现在分词、介词短语、名词、 形容词。注意这时从句的主语和句子主语必须一致。如:Whileyet ayouth,hegainedtheNobelprizeofliterature (还是个年轻人的时候,他就获得了诺贝尔文学奖)。 9. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义。 空格所在部分是thegrowingburdens9by employmentrules,填入的过去分词做后置定语修饰burdens, 由于这里是被动语态,考生需要判断 “就业法规”对 “负担”作了什么动作。显然,我们不能说压力 “受 到就业法规的限制 (restrict 或confined)或说明”。从词义上来看,只有“被就业法规强加 (给公司)的压力” 符合句意。 10. [精解] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑语义搭配 + 名词词义辨析。 空格所在句子谈到,对于雇员来说,“一次性”劳动大军就意味着不再享有保障和福利,也不再需要作 为忠诚雇员的10感。因此考生需判断作为一名忠实的或长期的雇员,除了得到安全保障、福利待遇外,他 还可以从公司得到什么。由于这种感觉是由忠诚带来的,四个选项中只能是 “重要感”。 senseofimportance 是固定搭配。类似的用法还有:senseofduty (责任感),senseofhumor (幽默感),