介词 I. 介词分类: 1 简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, i n, on 2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha nks to 4 双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including 6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介词区别: 1 表示时间的in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间,in 表示一段的时间,on 总是与日子 有关 2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,fro m 指从时间的某一点开始 3 表示时间的in, after in 指在一段时间之后,after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用 在过去时的一段时间中 4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in 表示在某范围内,on 指与什么毗邻,to 指在某环 境范围之外 5 表示“在?上”的on, in on 只表示在某物的表面上,in 表示占去某物一部分 6 表示“穿过”的through, across through 表示从内部通过,与in 有关,across 表示 在表面上通过,与on 有关 7 表示“关于”的about, on about 指涉及到,on 指专门论述 8 between 与among 的区别between 表示在两者之间,among 用于三者或三者以 上的中间 9 besides 与except 的区别besides 指“除了?还有再加上”,except 指“除了,减去 什么”,不放在句首 10 表示“用”的in, with with 表示具体的工具,in 表示材料,方式,方法,度量, 单位,语言,声音 11 as 与like 的区别as 意为“作为,以?地位或身份”,like 为“象?一样”,指情 形相似 12 in 与into 区别in 通常表示位置(静态),into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位 置六.动词 I. 动词的时态: 1. 动词的时态一共有16 种,以ask 为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时过去时将来时过去将来时 一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行am/is/a re asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成进行have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/ would have been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是 对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如: I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解 这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的 时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。 如: I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果 时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用 现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。 I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式: 将来时用法例句 1 will/sha ll+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten ne xt year. 2 be going to+动词原形含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发 生某事Its going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight. 3 be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, lea ve, arrive 等词可用进行时 表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south. Are they lea ving for Europe? 4 be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不 跟时间状语I was about to lea ve when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在 时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock. The pla ne lea ves at ten this evening. II. 动词的被动语态: 常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成 1 一般现在时am/is/a re asked 6 过去进行时was/were being asked 2 一般过去时was/were asked 7 现在完成时have/has been asked 3 一般将来时shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时had been asked 4 过去将来时should/would be asked 9 将来完成时will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时am/is/a re being asked 10 含有情态动词的can/must/ma y be asked 注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态 不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动 态。如: Trees should not be pla nted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that… It is genera lly considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door wont shut. / The pla y won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: lea ve, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appe ar, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up w ith, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 七.情态动词 I. 情态动词基本用法: 情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答 can 能力(体力,智力,技能) 允许或许可(口语中常用) 可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中) can not / cannot /cant do Can?do?? Yes,…can. No,…can’t. could could n’t do ma y 可以(问句中表示请求) 可能,或许(表推测) 祝愿(用于倒装句中) ma y not do May?do?? Yes,?ma y. No,…mustnt/can’t. might might not do Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. must 必须,应该(表主观要求) 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) must not/mustnt do Must?do?? Yes,?must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. have to 只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化) dont have to do Do?ha ve to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. ought to 应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should ought not to/oughtnt to do Oug ht…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. shall 将要,会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/sha nt do Shall?do?? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. should 应当,应该(表义务责任) 本该(含有责备意味) should not/should nt do Should?do?? will 意愿,决心 请求,建议,用在问句中would 比较委婉will not/wont do Will ?do?? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. would would not/would n’t do dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) dare not/daren t do Dare?do?? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. need 需要 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) need not/neednt do Need?do?? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. used to 过去常常(现在已不再) used not/usednt/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did …use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. II. 情态动词must, ma y, might, could, can 表示推测: 以must 为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推 测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。 He must be a ma n from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. ma y 和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He ma y not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can 和could “可能”,could 表示可疑的可能性,不及cant 语气强,用于肯定、 否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没 有发生) Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just no w.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中) III. 情态动词注意点: 1. can 和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can 无法表达此意。Be able to 有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to 和would: used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would 只 表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。 3. need 和dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别: 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:neednt/daren ’t do;Need/ dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/d are(dares/da red) to do, dont(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八.非谓语动词 I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 非谓语形式构成特征和作用 时态和语态否定式复合结构 不定式to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词,副词和形容词的 作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 分词现在分词doing having done being done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 过去分词done 动名词doing having done being done having been done sbs doing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较: 情况常用动词 只接不定式做宾语的动词