第十章 羧酸及其衍生物 10.1 用系统命名法命名(如有俗名请注出) 或写出结构式 a.(CH3)2CHCOOHb.OHCOOHc.CH3CH=CHCOOHd.CH3CHCH2COOHBre.CH3CH2CH2COClf.(CH3CH2CH2CO)2Og.CH3 CH2COOC2H5h.CH3CH2CH2OCOCH3i.CONH2j.HOOCC=CCOOHH Hk.邻苯二甲酸二甲酯l.甲酸异丙酯m.N-甲基丙酰胺s.苯甲酰基n---r. 略t.乙酰基 答案: a. 2-甲基丙酸 2-Methylpropanoic acid (异丁酸 Isobutanoic acid ) b. 邻羟基苯甲酸(水杨酸) o-Hydroxybenzoic acid c. 2-丁烯酸 2-Butenoic acid d 3-溴丁酸 3-Bromobutanoic acid e. 丁酰氯 Butanoyl Chloride f. 丁酸酐 Butanoic anhydride g. 丙酸乙酯 Ethyl propanoate h. 乙酸丙酯 Propyl acetate i. 苯甲酰胺 Benzamide j. 顺丁烯二酸 Maleic acid s.COt.H3CCOk.COOCH3COOCH3l.HCOOCH(CH3)2m.CH3CH2CONHCH3 10.2 将下列化合物按酸性增强的顺序排列: a. CH3CH2CHBrCO2H b. CH3CHBrCH2CO2H c. CH3CH2CH2CO2H d. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH e. C6H5OH f. H2CO3 g. Br3CCO2H h. H2O 答案: 酸性排序 g > a > b > c > f > e > h > d 10.3 写出下列反应的主要产物 a.Na2Cr2O7--H2SO4b.(CH3)2CHOH+COClH3Cc.HOCH2CH2COOHLiAlH4d.NCCH2CH2CN+H2ONaOHH+e.CH2COOHCH2COOHBa(OH)2f.CH3COCl+CH3无水 AlCl3g.(CH3CO)2O+OHh.CH3CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5 i.CH3COOC2H5+CH3CH2CH2OHH+j.CH3CH(COOH)2k.COOH+HCl l.2+HOCH2CH2OHH+m.COOHLiAlH4COOHn.HCOOH+OHH+o.CH2CH2COOC2H5CH2CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5p.NCONH2OH-q.CH2(COOC2H5)2+H2NCONH2 答案: a.Na2Cr2O7--H2SO4COOHCOOH+COOHCOOHb.(CH3)2CHOH+COOCH(CH3)2H3CCOClH3Cc.HOCH2CH2COOHLiAlH4HOCH2CH2CH2OHd.NCCH2CH2CN+H2ONaOH-OOCCH2CH2COO-H+HOOCCH2CH2COOHe.CH2COOHCH2COOHBa(OH)2Of.CH3COCl+CH3无水 AlCl3CH3COCH3+CH3COCH3g.(CH3CO)2O+OHOCOCH3h.CH3CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5CH3CH2COCHCOOC2H5CH3i.CH3COOC2H5+CH3CH2CH2OHH+CH3COOCH2CH2CH3+C2H5OHj.CH3CH(COOH)2CH3CH2COOHk.COOH+HClClCOOH+ CO2 l.2+HOCH2CH2OHH+COOCH2CH2OOCm.COOHLiAlH4CH2OHCOOHn.HCOOH+OHHCOOH+o.CH2CH2COOC2H5CH2CH2COOC2H5NaOC2H5OCOOC2H5p.NCONH2OH--NCOO+NH3q.CH2(COOC2H5)2+H2NCONH2HNNHOOO 10.4 用简单化学方法鉴别下列各组化合物: a.COOHCOOH与与CH2COOHCH2COOHb.COOHOCH3OHCOOCH3与c. (CH3)2CHCH=CHCOOH与COOHd.COOHCH3OHCOCH3OHOHCH=CH2与 答案: a. KmnO4 b. FeCl3 c. Br2 or KmnO4 d. ①FeCl3 ②2,4-二硝基苯肼或 I2 / NaOH 10.5 完成下列转化: a.OCOOHOHb.CH3CH2CH2BrCH3CH2CH2COOHc.(CH3)2CHOH(CH3)2CCOOHOHd.CH3CH3OOOOOOe.(CH3)2C=CH2(CH3)3CCOOH f.COOHBr g.HCCHCH3COOC2H5 h.OOi.CH3CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2CH2COOHj.CH3COOHCH2(COOC2H5)2k.OOOCH2COONH4CH2CONH2l.CO2CH3OHCOOHOOCCH3m.CH3CH2COOHCH3CH2COOn.CH3CH(COOC2H5)2CH3CH2COOH 答案: a.OCNOHH+COOHOHb.CH3CH2CH2BrCN-CH3CH2CH2CNH+CH3CH2CH2COOHc.(CH3)2CHOHCrO3.(Py)2(CH3)2C O(CH3)2CCNOHH+(CH3)2CCOOHOHd.CH3CH3KMnO4COOHCOOHCOOHCOOHBa(OH)2OOOOOOe.(CH3)2C=CH2HBr(CH3)3CBrMgEt2O(CH3)3CMgBrCO2H+ / H2O(CH3)3CCOOHf.CH3BrAlCl3CH3KMnO4COOHBr2FeCOOHBrg.HCCHH2OH+Hg2+,CH3CHOKMnO4CH3COOHCH3CH2OHH+CH3COOC2H5HCNH2OHCN1 )2)H2OH2O h.OHNO3HOOC(CH2)4COOHOi.CH3CH2COOHLiAlH4CH3CH2CH2OHHBrCH3CH2CH2BrMgEt2OCH3CH2CH2MgBrOH+CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OHKMnO4CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH或CH3COCH2COOC2H5EtONaCH3CH2CH2BrCH3CO CHCH2CH2CH3COOC2H5浓OH-CH3(CH2)3COOHj.CH3COOHCl2PCH2COOHClCN-CH2COOHCNEtOHH+,CH2(COOC2H5)2k.OOONH3CH2COONH4CH2CONH2l.CO2CH3OHH+H2OCOOHOH(CH3CO)2OCOOHOOCCH3m.CH3CH2COOHSOCl2CH3CH2COClOHCH3CH2COOn.CH3CH(COOC2H5)2OH-H+CH3CH2COOH1 )2)H3O+1 )2)3) 10.6 怎样将己醇、 己酸和对甲苯酚的混合物分离得到各种纯的组分? 答案: 己醇A已酸B对甲苯酚 CNaHCO3水溶液水相已酸钠HCl已酸B有机相已醇对甲苯酚NaOH水相有机相已醇 A酚钠HCl酚C 10.7 写出分子式为 C5H6O4的不饱和二元羧酸的各种异构体。 如有几何异构, 以 Z, E 标明, 并指出哪个容易形成酐。 答案: COOHCOOHCOOHCOOHCOOHCOOHCOOHHOOCHOOCCOOHHCH3CH2COOHHOOC (Z)易成酐 (E) 不易 (Z) 易成酐 (E) 不易成酐 10.8 化合物 A, 分子式为 C4H6O4, 加热后得到分子式为 C4H4O3的 B, 将 A 与过量甲醇及少量硫酸一起加热得分子式为 C6H10O4的C 。B 与过量甲醇作用也得到 C。A 与 LiAlH4作用后得分子式为 C4H10O2的 D。写出 A, B, C, D 的结构式以及它们相互转化的反应式。 答案: A.CH2COOHCH2COOHB.OOOC.H2CH2CCOCH3OCOCH3OD.CH2CH2OHCH2CH2OH