版权声明:本文为博主原创文章,遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA版权协议,转载请附上原文出处链接和本声明。
非谓语动词用法分析说明:
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,
我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语
动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
注:动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语。
这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,
因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。
换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.
这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
(4)不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法
cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装
ask问dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿
care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉,遗憾
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许
start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意,赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝
decide决定 learn学习 vow起
contrive设法,图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议
seek找,寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求
authorize授权,委托 help帮助 recommend劝告,推荐
bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引,邀请, summon传唤
command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve应受 leave使,让tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
奇速英语暑假网络互动直播课程11月报班9.5折,两科连报8.5折,并送十讲突破核心语法视频,详情请咨询qq:2835745855或者3234190098
来不及的不是时间,而是行动,心动就马上行动,当你还在犹豫的时候,先报名的童鞋已经甩你很远了。
英语学习:非谓语动词十大实用解题原则
非谓语动词主要包括to do, -ing和-ed三种形式,可是其用法非常广泛,它不仅是高考单项选择题测试的一个重点,而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法,笔者在教学实践中总结出十条实用的解题原则,并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。根据这些原则,相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。
原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接,如果没有连词连接,则需要用非谓语动词
例1. _________ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Having told C. He had been told D. Though he had been told
例2._________ many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Having told C. He had been told D. Though he had told
解析:例1中有连词but连接,表明前后都是句子,所以答案为C。
例2中后面是一个句子,而且没有连词,所以前面不是句子,应该用非谓语动词,根据句意此处为被动,所以答案为A。
原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词,及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式,无宾语时用-ed形式
例3. ____________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
解析:lose为及物动词,现在后面没有宾语,所以用-ed形式,答案为B。
例4. __________, I really believe that I’d prefer not to make any change now.
A. Considered all the possibilities B. Taking all the possibilities into consideration
C. Taken all the possibilities into consideration D. Giving all the possibilities
解析:把。。。考虑进来结构为take sth into consideration,现在take后面有宾语all the possibilities,所以用-ing形式,答案为B。
原则三、being done 表示“正在被”,一般不作状语,只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前
例5. __ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
解析:根据句意“我们没有打通电话,就给他们发了个邮件”,没有打通电话应该发生在发邮件之前,所以用having done,答案为D。
例6. Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _____ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all.
A. to have founded B. having founded C. founding D. to found
解析:根据句意,Tim Bemers-Lee创立万维网应该是过去的事情,而且be considered后面应该用动词不定式,所以应该用to have done,答案为A。
原则四、非谓语动词作定语时,表示将来用-to do,表正在进行用-ing,表示已经完成用-ed
例7. The play_____ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.
A.produced B.being produced
C.to be produced D.having been produced
解析:根据本题中的时间状语next month,可知the play将要于下月被创作出来,表将来应该用to do,所以答案为C。
例8.The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down
解析:根据句意“被暴风雨刮倒的树已经从路上移走了”,树被刮倒是过去已经完成的动作,表已经完成用-ed形式,所以答案为B。
原则五、介词后跟-ing形式,可以在-ing前加逻辑主语
例9. The discovery of new evidence led to ______________.
A. the thief having been caught B. the thief to be caught
C. catch the thief D. the thief being caught
解析:本题led to中的to是介词,后面应该用-ing形式,the thief作-ing的逻辑主语,所以答案为D。
例10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
解析:本题the noise of中的of是介词,后面应该用-ing形式,desks作-ing的逻辑主语,所以答案为C。
原则六、-ing形式或to do可作主语或宾语,-ed形式则不可以
例11. ___________ in a heavy traffic jam is quite an unpleasant experience.
A. Caught B. Having caught C. Being caught D. To catch
解析:本题中is为系动词,前面应该作主语,用-ing形式,所以答案为C。
例12 ___twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
A. Examining B. Examined C. Being examined D. Having been examined
解析:本题中is为系动词,前面应该作主语,用-ing形式,所以答案为C。
原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语
例13Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______with his old one.
A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared
解析:“和。。。相比较”结构为be compared with,现在做句子的状语,所以只保留非谓语动词,把动词be去掉,答案为D。
例14 _______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
解析:“面对”结构为be faced with, 现在做句子的状语,所以只保留非谓语动词,把动词be去掉,答案为C。
原则八、非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致,和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式,构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时,要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构
例15. ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
解析:本题考查非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语应和句子主语the postman一致,the postman应该是被咬,所以答案为B。
例16._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
解析:本题考查非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语应和句子主语he一致, he 和walk应该是主动关系,所以答案为B。
例17. While watching television, __________.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
解析:根据“非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致”的原则,watching的逻辑主语应和后面句子主语一致,所以句子主语应为“we”,答案为C。
例18. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day.
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
解析:本题没有连词,所以后面应用非谓语动词,the lessons是非谓语动词的逻辑主语,和非谓语动词构成独立主格结构。根据句意应是“被完成”,所以答案为B。
原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种:目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语(表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式)。另外,某些形容词(表喜、怒、哀、乐)做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因
例19._____, you need to give all you have and try your best.奇速英语公众微信号qisuen
A Being a winner B To be a winner C Be a winner D Having been a winner
解析:根据句意“要想成为获胜者,你要付出所有,尽最大努力”,此处表目的,所以答案为B。
例20. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _______ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
解析:本句句意为“记者们匆匆赶到机场,却被告知明星们已经走了”,表出乎意料的结果常常用only to do,所以答案为B。
例21. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ in the natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
解析:本题句意为“玻璃门替换了木头门,自然光就进来了”,自然光进来时顺其自然的结果,所以用doing, 答案为B。
例22.How glad I am ___________ you!
A. seeing B. to see C. saw D. having seen
解析:本题是I am glad to see you 的感叹句形式,to see you 是原因状语,答案为B。
原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在非谓语动词前加not,有notto do, not doing, not having done, not to have done几种形式
例23______that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized
解析:本题考查doing的否定形式not doing,答案为 C。
例24. What worried him most was ______ to visit his sick child.
A. his being not allowed B. his not being allowed
C. his not allowing D. having not been allowed
解析:本题考查being done的否定形式not being done; his 为not being done的逻辑主语,所以答
案为B。
例25. Sarah has decided ________ away on holiday this summer.
A. don’t go B. to not go C. not going D. not to go
解析:本题考查to do的否定形式not to do, 所以答案为D。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式,动词的过去分词和动词的-ing形式三种。这是高考中的热点,其考查量多、面广,几乎是必考的一个知识点。近六年高考复现率达百分之百。纵观试题,其考查重点为动词非谓语形式的作用及功能相同的非谓语动词之间的区别。学生对此知识也“知之半解”,深感头疼。请看下面的方法,将有助于记住不定式及动名词。