2018年12月四级考试真题(第三套) Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section A Directi.ons: In thi·s section, you will hear three news reports.At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 说明: 2018 年 12 月四级真题全国共考了两套听力。 本套的听力内容与第二套的完全一 样, 只是选项的 顺序不一样而巳, 故在本套中不再重复给出。 Part ill Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is ident加d by a letter: Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. A few months ago, I was down with a terrible cold which ended in a persistent bad cough. No matter how many different 26 I tried, I still couldn't get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teaching but also my life as a whole. Then one day after class, a student came up to me and 28 traditional Chinese medicine. From her description, Chinese medicine sounded as if it had magic power that worked wonders. I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never tried it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn't sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my tongue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping (刮) —1— treatment known as "Gua Sha". I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce a relieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation. I didn't feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone! A)deepen D)m" convemence G)pressured J)scared M)temporary B)experiences E)lessen H)recommended K)sensitive N)tremble C)hesitant F)licenses !)remedies L)sink O)worse Section B Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information i.s derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2. Is it really OK to eat food that's fallen on the floor? A)When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won't have much of a chance to contaminate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we've done some work on this particular piece of wisdom. B)W怕le the "five-second rule" might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it's still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat. C)So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold (门槛) that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It's a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is. D)Wondering if food is still OK to eat after it's dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it's probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know. E)In fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, "But you can always pick it up and if you're alone in the kitchen, who's going to see it?" But the misremembered story persists. It's harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor. F)So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of you food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a —2— research project at the University of Illinois.Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles (瓷砖) and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds, but didn't report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food. G)But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood.Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5, 30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours H)We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn't depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what's at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be. I)We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred.But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 48-70% of bacteria were. J)Last year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters (参数) to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor. K) Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems.But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low. L)And it's not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination.Bacteria are carried by various "media", which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing (打喷咙) . Hands, foods and utensils (器皿) can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanit也ers (清洁剂) and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own. M) So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth. N)Research or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean. 36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds. 37.Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it. 38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor. —3— 39.Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated. 40.The author's research centers around how food gets contaminated. 41.Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy. 42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor. 43.For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor. 44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences. 45.Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a contaminated floor. Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage. The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect. According to a newly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey (猎物) using both their ears and an inborn( 天生的) understanding of how the physical world works. In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a te皿member shook.Some containers rattled (发出响声); others did not.When the con血ner tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn't. It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected. "Cats use a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the appearance of invisible objects," lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release.The researchers conclude that cats' hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing. Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies.Like cats, babies appear to engage in — what's called "preferential looking" looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceive as normal. When babies' expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends.Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age. Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay,so cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America's most important research universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, they've shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all. —4— 46. What do we learn from a newly published study about cats? A) They can be trained to understand the physical world. B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt. C) They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt. D) They are capable of telling which way their prey flees. 47.What may account for the cats' response to the noise from the containers? A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise. B) Their unusual sense of direction. C) Their special ability to perceive. D) Their mastery of cause and effect. 48.What is characteristic of the way cats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers? A) They depend on their instincts. B) They rely mainly on their hearing. C) They wait some time before attack. D) They use both their ears and eyes. 49.In what way do babies behave like cats? A) They focus on what appears odd. B) They view the world as normal. C) They do what they prefer to do. D) They are curious about everything. 50.What can we conclude about cats from the passage? A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals. B) They interact with the physical world much like humans. C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting. D) They can aid physics professors in their research work. Passage Two Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator pedals (踏板) . Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. "The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?" You say "yes" and you are on your way.The car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax. How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. On the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets. A new technology has the potential to change modem society in radical ways.There's no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit.The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non-renewable fuels.Roads would be quieter, people safer. But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U. S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505, 660 registered school bus drivers.The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S.. The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer —5— retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what's happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country. New technologies will, and should, be developed.This is how society moves forward. However, progress can't be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all. 61.What would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars? A) People would be driving in a more civilized way. B) It would save local governments a lot of money. C) More policemen would be patrolling the streets. D) Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past. 52.How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars? A) They could enjoy greater mobility. C) They would have no trouble driving. B) They would suffer no road accidents. D) They could go anywhere they want. 53.What would be the negative impact of driverless cars? A) The conflict between labor and management would intensify. B) The gap between various sectors of society would be widened. C) Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions. D) Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living. 54. What is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries? A) Political dissatisfaction. C) Fossil fuel conservation. B) Retraining of employees. D) Business restructuring. 55.What does the author suggest businesses and the government do? A) Keep pace with technological developments. B) Make new technologies affordable to everyone. C) Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies. D) Popularize the use of new technologies and devices Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For t如s part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2. 过去几年里, 移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。 随肴移动互联网的出现, 手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。 18 到 30 岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体。 由于现在用手机付款很容易,许多消费者在购物时宁愿用 手机付款, 而不愿用现金或信用卡。 为了鼓励人们多消费,许多商店给使用移动支付的顾客打折。 专家预测, 中国移动支付市场未来仍有很大发展潜力。 —6— 2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第三套) 【答案速查】 选词填空 26-35 IDHCO BJGLE 长篇阅读 36-45 FCLEA NMDKH 仔细阅读 46-55 CDBAB BADAC —7— 2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第三套) 【真题解析】 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 审题分析 本题要求考生就 “ 毕业后开始找工作的挑战” 这一主题发表自己的观点。 首段开门见山, 引出挑战:开始工作令人激动,但 也有挑战。 第二段具体展示, 详述挑战:找工作不容易, 找到工作到适应环境也不容易。 第三段总结挑战, 升华观点:生活就是挑战, 只有积极应对。 参考范文 The Challenges of Starting a Career After Graduation It is quite natural for most college students to choose to work upon graduation. While starting a career is a wholly new and exciting experience, it also means such challenges to these green hands as the difficulty in landing a good job and the pains it takes to get used to a new environment. It is no easy task to land a job that is satisfactory from the very beginning.What you have learned at school may not always help in the workplace. And competition among job seekers is fierce, making things more difficult. Another important challenge, when you do begin a job, is to get used to your workplace, a place quite different from the schools where you have ever been. It takes time and efforts to adapt yourself to a new context. It is not difficult to see these challenges of starting a career after graduation, but we have no choice but to deal with them. After all, challenges are necessities throughout our life experience. Aren't they? 范文译文 多数大学生选择毕业后开始工作, 这 相当正常。 开始工作是一种全新的激动人 心的经历,但 同时也意味肴对这些职场新 人的诸多挑战, 比如找工作的困难和适应 新的工作环境。 从一开始就找到一个满意的工作绝非 易事。 学校学的东西不一定在工作中用得 上。 应聘者的竞争也相当激烈, 使找工作 变得更为困难。 当你确实找到了工作, 另 一个重要的挑战是适应工作环境, 这是完 全不同于你此前一直所在校园的地方。 适 应新的工作环境需要时间, 以及努力。 毕业之后开始工作的各种挑战不难看 见,但我们除了应对别无选择。 毕竞, 纵 观我们的人 生, 挑战都是我们的必需品。 不是吗? —8— 亮点词汇 green hand land a job get used to no easy task satisfactory competition fierce adapt...to... deal with necessity 新手 找到工作 适应 绝非易事 满意的 竞争 激烈的 使..... 适应...... 处理;应对 必需品 Part m ` 只罚吓, Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) A few months ago, I was down with a terrible cold which ended in a persistent bad cough. No matter how many different 26 I tried, I still couldn't get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teaching but also my life as a whole. Then one day after class, a student came up to me and 28 traditional Chinese medicine. From her description, Chinese medicine sounded as if it had magic power that worked wonders. I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never tried it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn't sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my tongue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping (刮) treatment known as "Gua Sha" . I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce relieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation. I didn't feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone! 几个月前, 我得了很严重的感冒, 最终演变成了持续的咳嗽。 不管我尝试了多少种不同的(26)苞堕, 我还是无法摆脱咳嗽的状况。 这不仅给我的教学(27)带来不便, 而且整体来看也影响了我的生活。 然后有 一天课后, 一个学生找到我, 并向我(28)推荐了传统中医。 从她的描述中, 中医听上去仿佛有着神奇的 力址,能够制造奇迹。 我很(29)犹豫, 因为我对 中医知之甚少, 并且从未尝试过。 最终, 我的咳嗽变得 (30)史加严重, 以至于我晚上无法入睡, 因此我决定尝试一下。 中医为我把脉并看了我的舌头, 这对我而言 是全新的(31)经迈, 因为在西医中,从未有过这些方法。 然后, 医生给我进行了所谓的 “ ” 刮妙 疗法。 我 一开始有点(32)芷但, 因为他用一种边缘平滑的工具刮我颈部和肩膀的皮肤。 几分钟后, 这种(33)直上篮 按压开始产牛一种让人放松的效果, 我的身心都开始深深地(34)沉浸在放松状态之中。 在最初的几天里, —9— 我并没有感到情况有何好转, 但之后几次定期去 医生那里治疗后, 我的咳嗽开始(35)减少。 又过 了几周, 咳嗽就完全消失了! 26. I) remedies。 名词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的how many different和空后的I tried提示,本空应填名词,且为复数形式。 故B) experiences, F) licenses和I) remedies入选。 【语义分析】根据上下文作者因感冒而引发严重的咳嗽。 由此可知,尝试的事情应与疾病有关名词选项当 中,I) remedies (药物)符合语义, 且为复数形式 ,故为答案。B) experiences (经历)和F) licenses (许可证;执照)均与语义不符,故排除。 27. D) inconvenience。 动词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的主语it' 以及动词was和空后的宾语teaching提示,本空应填动词, 且该旬为倒 装旬,not only did it后面应为动词原形。 故: A) deepen, D) inconvenience, E) lessen, L) sink和N) tremble入选。 【语义分析】根据上文作者的咳嗽 一 直无法痊愈。 由此可知,带来的结果一定是不好, D) inconvenience (带来不便, 添麻烦)符合语义,故为答案。A) deepen加深,E) lessen (减少 ;降低) L) sink (下沉; 沉浸)和N) tremble (颤抖;摇晃)均与语义不符,故排除。 28. H) recommended。 动词辨析 【语法分析】根据空格的连词and和空后的traditional Chinese medicine提示, 本空应填动词, 且and前后 的并列关系决定了该词动词过去式。 故: G) pressured, H) recommended, J) scared入选。 【语义分析】结合 上文语义,作者咳嗽 不见好转, 给工作和生活带来了困扰。 山此可知,他的学生因此推 荐中医疗法 ,H) recommended (推荐),符合语义,故为答案。G) pressured (对……施加压力)和J) scared (使恐吓;吓唬)均与语义不符,故排除。 29. C) hesitant。 形容词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的word和空后的because提示, 本空应填形容词,故C) hesitant, G) pressured, J) scared, K) sensitive, M) temporary和O) worse入选。 【语义分析】根据从旬的旬意可知,作者对中医知之甚少 ,且从未尝试过。 由此可知,必然对此疗法心存 疑虑,C) hesitant (犹豫的),符合语义,故为答案。 其他选项均与语义不符,故排除。 30. 0) worse。 形容词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的my cough got so much提示,本空应填形容词。 故G) pressured, J) scared, K) sensitive, M) temporary和 0) worse入选。 【语义分析】根据上下文作者起初并未尝试过刮筋, 而后来却尝试了这种疗法。 由此可知, 一定是病情 加 重了,0) worse (更坏的;更糟的)符合语义,故为答案。 具他选项均宁语义不符,故排除。 — 10 — 31. B) experiences。 名词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的be动词were和形容词new提示, 本空应填 名词复数,故B) experiences, F) licenses和 I) remedies入选。 【语义分 析】根 据上文提及中一 位作 者把脉看舌头, 下文又提 到这些东西在西医里并不存在。B) experiences (经历),符合语义,故为答案。 其他选项均与语义不符,故排除。 32. J) scared。形容词辨析 【语法分析】根据空闲的I was a little和空后的because提示, 本空应填形容词,故G) pressured, J) scared, K) sensitive和M) temporary入选。 【语义分析】根据从旬里提到医生, 用一种边缘平滑的工具刮我的颈部和肩膀的皮肤。 由此可知, 作者感 受是害怕的。J) scared (害怕的)符合语义,故为答案。 其他选项均与语义不符,故排除。 33. G) pressured。形容词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的定冠词the和空后的名词strokes提示, 本空应填形容词。故G) pressured, K) sensitive和M) temporary入选。 【语义分析】该旬描述作者接受刮筋治疗后的感受, 根据上下文对刮筋的描述, 医生用工具刮病人的皮 肤。 由此可知, 这种按压应该非常有力最, G) pressured (感到有压力的)符合语义,故为答案。 其他选 项均与语义不符,故排除。 34. L) sink。动词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的不定式to和空后的 deeper into relaxation提示, 本空应填动词原型,故L) sink 入选。 【语义分析】根据句意这种有力的按压开始产生一种让人放松的效果。 由此可知作者的身心都开始深深的 沉浸在这种放松的状态之中,L) sink (下沉;沉浸)符合语义,故为答案。 35. E) lessen。动词辨析 【语法分析】根据空前的不定式to和空后没有宾语提示, 本空应填动词原型, 且为不及物动词。故E) lessen入选。 【语义分析】该旬指出最初儿天我没有感觉自己的状况有任何改善, 之后用but连词进行转折, 由此可 知, 后文表示病情有所好转, 咳嗽情况有所减少,E) lessen (减少;降低)符合语义,故为答案。 卜书寸r.,jl:J 【原文(译)】 Is it really OK to eat food that's fallen on the floor? 吃掉在地上的食物真的没事吗? A) When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An ubr an food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won't have 11 much of a chance to contaminate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we've done some work on this particular piece of wisdom. A) 当你把食物掉在了地上, 如果你在五秒之内捡起来并吃掉, 真的没事吗?一种关于食物的都市神话声称, 如果食物仅在地上停留几秒钟, 灰尘和细菌还没有多少机会去污染它。 (40) 我们实验室的研究关注食物 是如何被污染的, 且我们已就这一特别的普遍观念开展了一些工作。 B) W血e the "five-second rule" might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it's still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat. B)尽管 “ 五秒法则 “ 看上去并不像是食品科学家们最为紧迫需要深究的问题, 但是调查类似的食物传言还 是值得的, 因为这形成了我们对于何时吃食物是安全的理念。 C) So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold (门槛) that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It's a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is. C) 那么地上 5 秒钟是否是区分可食用食物和有毒食物的关键门槛?事实比这个要更复杂。 (37) 这取决于有 多少细菌会在几秒内从地上到达食物上以及地面到底有多脏。 D) Wondering if food is still OK to eat after it's dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it's probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know. D) (43) 想知道食物在摔到地上之后是否可以食用是一个很普遍的经历。 同时可能也不是什么新鲜事了。 一 个众所周知但并不准确的关于朱莉娅·查尔德的故事也许造成了这个食物流言。 她的烹任秀电视节目 《法国厨师》的一些观众坚持说他们看到查尔德把羊肉掉在了地上并捡起来, 建议说如果他们是独自在厨 房里, 他们的客人是不会知道的。 E) In fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, "But you can always pick it up and if you're alone in the kitchen, who's going to see it?" But the misremembered story persists. It's harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor. E) 事实上, 那是一个土豆饼, 且它是掉落在灶台上, 而不是地上。 查尔德把它放回到平底锅里后说, “ 你每 次都可以把它拾起来, 而且如果你是一个人在厨房, 谁又会看到呢?” 但是这个被记错的故事依旧流传 着。 更难确定的是这个经常被引用的五秒法则的起源, (39) 但是 2003 年的一项研究报告指出 被调查的 70%的女性和 56%的男性对五秒法则很热悉 而且女性比男性更有可能吃掉在地上的食物。 F ) So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of you food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a — 12 — research project at the University of Illinois. Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles (瓷砖) and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds, but didn't report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food. F)那么科学告诉我们地上几秒钟到底对食品安全意味着什么?最早期的对五秒法则的研究报告被认为是吉 利安·克拉克写的—她是一名参加伊利诺斯大学的一项研究项目的高中生。 克拉克和她的同事们把细菌 注入到地砖上, 然后把饼干放在地砖上持续不同的时间长度。 (36) 她们的报告指出细菌在五秒之内从地 砖转移到了饼干上 但是并未指出从地砖到饼干上的具体细菌量。 G) But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5, 30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. G) 但是到底在五秒之内转移了多少细菌呢?在 2007 年, 我在克莱姆森大学的实验室在《应用微生物学杂 志》上发表了一项研究。 我们想知道食物接触被污染的表面的时间长度是否影响 了细菌转移到食物上的 速率。 为了查明真相, 我们把细菌注入到方砖、 地毯或木制品上。 五分钟后, 我们把培根肉或面包放在 表而上 5 秒、 30 秒或 60 秒, 然后测算转移到食物上的细菌最。 在细菌分别停留在表面上 2 小时、 4 小时、 8 小时和 24 小时后, 我们精确重复了这个过程。 H) We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn't depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what's at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be. H) (45)我们发现 转移到任何一种食物上的细菌数鼠并不月么取决于食物接触被污染表面的时间长短 不 管是几秒钟还是整整一分钟。 在这个表面上的细菌总数起到更大的作用, 而且在开始注入细菌后, 这个 数最会随着时间的流逝而减少。 看上去问题的焦点更少在于食物停留在地上的时间长短, 而更多在于那 片地上到底被细菌污染到什么程度。 I) We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 48-70% of bacteria were. I) 我们还发现, 接触表面的材质也会有不同的影响。 比如, 地毯和木制品、 瓷砖相比, 似乎是一个相对更好 一点的掉落食物的地方。 背地毯被污染时, 只有不到 1% 的细菌会被转移。但是, 当食物接触到瓷砖或木 制品时, 48% 到 70%的细菌会被转移。 — 13 — J) Last year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters(参数) to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat on had eaten food fallen on the floor. J) 去年, 英国阿斯顿大学的一项研究使用了和我们的研究儿乎一样的参数并得出了相似的结论。 他们的报告 也指出87%的受访者会吃或吃过掉在地上的食物。 K) Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems. But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low. K) 那么你会吃掉在地上的食物吗?从食品安全的角度考虑, 如果地面上有几百万个甚至更多的细菌, 其中 0. 1%的量就足以使你生病。(44)而且 某些种类的细菌极为有害 只需要 一点点就可以让你生病。 比 如, 一种特别致命的细菌的10个或更少的某种尤其致命的细菌就能导致免疫系统缺乏抵抗力的人患上严 重的疾病甚至死亡。但是这类细菌停留在大多数物体表面的概率是很低的。 L) And it's not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various "media", which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing(打喷哨) . Hands, foods and utens心(器皿) can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers (清洁剂) and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own. L) (38)而且也不仅仅是把食物掉在地上就会引起细菌污染。 细菌会被各种不同的 “ 媒介 “ 携带 包括生食、 留有细菌的潮湿表面、我们的双手和皮肤以及咳嗽和打喷咙。 双手、食物和器皿会携带个别生存在保护 性薄膜下的细菌。 这些微小的能够承载细菌的薄层被称为生物薄膜, 它们常见于大多数表面上和物体上。 生物薄膜组织可以让细菌停留更长时间, 而且很难被清除掉。 和自养细菌相比, 在这些组织里的细菌还 对清洁剂和抗生素有更强的抵抗力。 M) So the next time you consider eating fallen food. the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth. M) (42)所以下次当你考虑吃掉在地上的食物时, 对你有利的可能性是吃掉后你也不会生病。 但是也有极少 的可能是, 就在你掉落食物的地方, 存在的微生物组织会使你患病, 你可以非常确定致病菌就在你即将 放入嘴里的食物上。 N) Research or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean. N) (41) 研究或常识告诉我们, 最好的方法是, 让你的双手、器皿和其他任何表面保持干净。 — 14 — 36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds. 【译文】一个研究项目发现,细菌可能在5秒钟内转移到地面的食物上。 【定位】a research project, bacteria和in five seconds将本题出处定位于F)段。 【详解】F) 。F) 段第2旬提到,关于 5秒法则的最早研究 ” 某个高中生参与的某个研究项目 ,,' 3、 4旬 介绍这名高中生如何与 同事开展研究以及他们的研究发现 细菌能在 5秒钟内从地砖转移到饼干上。由 此可知,细菌可在5秒钟内转移到地面的事物上。题目是对第2、3、4旬的同义转述,其中的made their way to 是对应4旬中的transferred, the food on the floor 是对应5旬中the cookies onthe tiles。 37. Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it. 【译文】 食物是否被污染,很大程度上 取决于转移到 食物表面的细菌数最。 【定位】根据题目中的depends much on the number of bacteria将本题出处定位于C)段。 【详解】C) 。C) 段最后一旬提到,食物是否被污染,取决于 有多少细菌会在儿秒钟内从地上到达食物 上,以及地面到底有多脏。由此可知,食物是否被污染很大程度上,取决于 到达其上面的细菌数 量。题目是对最后 一旬信息的同义转述,其中的Whether food is contaminated对应该旬话中的 separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning, the number of bacteria that get onto it 对应该旬中的how many bacteria can make it...to food。 38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor. 【译文】除掉落在地外,食物污染还可能源于多种其他因素。 【定位】根据题目中的food contamination和result from将本题出处定位于 L)段。 【详解】L)。L)段第1旬提到,不是只有将食物掉到地上才能导致细菌污染。接着第2旬提到,细菌传 播还有各式各样的其他媒介。由此可知,除掉落在地外,食物污染还可能源于多种其他因素。题 目是对第1、2旬的同义转述,其中的various factors对应第2旬话中的various media。 39. Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated. 【译文】相较女性,男性吃 可能已被污染的食物的可能性更小。 【定位】根据题目中的males和females将本题出处定位于E)段。 【详解】E) 。E) 段最后一旬提到,2003 年的一项研究报告指出,女性比男性更有 可能吃掉 在地上的食 物。由此可知,相较女性,男性吃 已被污染的食物的可能性更小。题目是对最后一旬信息的同义 转述,其中的have been contaminated对应该旬中的food that had dropped on the floor, males are less likely than females对应该旬中的women were more likely than men。 40. The author's research centers around how food gets contaminated. “ ” 【译文】 作者的研究围绕 食物如何被污染 进行。 【定位】根据题目中的the author's research和how food gets contaminated将本题出处定位于A)段。 【详解】A) 。