I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. 动名词通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系Shall we go to the swimmi ng pool? 现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boilin g water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling lea ves / the fallen lea ves 过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经 完成 V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: 区别举例 不定式多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it 把不定式 移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用wha t 来提问主语或表语。My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, pla n, duty, task 做主语时常用) 动名词与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象, 或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it 做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换 位置。It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. 分词无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明 主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very, quite, rather 等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人?, , ”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为 物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到?”之意,主语多是人。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, a musing 及其-ed 形式) 九.定语从句 I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先 行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起 了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词先行词从句成分例句备注 关系代词who 人主语Do you know the ma n who is talking with your mother? w hom, which 和tha t 在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词 不能省略,也不可以用that whom 人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. whose 人,物定语I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人,物主语,宾语A pla ne is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物主语,宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人,物主语,宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterda y. as 做宾语一般不省略 关系副词when 时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which where 地点地点状语This is the house where I was born. 可用in which why 原因原因状语I cant ima gine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用 for which II. tha t 与which, who, whom 的用法区别: 情况用法说明例句 只用tha t 的情况1. 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, 等不 定代词时。 2. 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 3. 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4. 先行词既指人又指物时 5. 先行词被the only, the very 修饰时 6. 句中已经有who 或which 时,为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only ma n that I want to see. 6.Who is the ma n that is making a speech? 只用which, who, whom 的情况1. 在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which 指代 物,用who/whom 指人 2. 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which 指物,whom 指人。 3. 先行词本身是tha t 时,关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he 时多用who。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usua lly respected by others. III. as 与which 的区别: 定语从句区别例句 限制性定语从句中名词前有such 和the same 修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用wh ich He is not such a fool as he looks. Dont read such books as you can’t understa nd. 非限制性定语从句中as 和which 都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象” 的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which 引导的从句 只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。