学位论文独创性声明 本人所呈交的学位论文是我在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究 成果。据我所知,除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不包含其他个人已经 发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在 文中作了明确说明并表示谢意。 作者签名:{陋 学位论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解华东师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,学校有权保 留学位论文并向国家主管部门或其指定机构送交论文的电子版和纸质版。有权 将学位论文用于非赢利目的的少量复制并允许论文进入学校图书馆被查阅。有 权将学位论文的内容编入有关数据库进行检索。有权将学位论文的标题和摘要 汇编出版。保密的学位论文在解密后适用本规定。 学位论文作者签名:如鼋琵 导师签名:7 ACKNoWLEDGEMENTS 1wantto expressmy sincere gratitude toProfessor ZhangE,whoismoreamentorto methana supervisor.Without her patience andwide knowledge oftranslation,therewould notbethisthesis.Itis mygreat fortunetobeherstudent.Also,IshouldthankProfessor LiangChaoqun,who also gave mealotofadviceand help,and moreover inspirations studyingandthesis writing.Besides,millions ofthanks ProfessorZhangChunbai, ProfessorYuan Xiaoyi,Professor Luo Xinzhangwhoguided meinto thefield translationandtheir knowledge patienceledmefurther.1wouldlike tothank ProfessorFei Chunfang,whoinspired meand provided me suggestions when1was defendingmy thesis proposal.Last surelynottheleast,1 otherteachersofSchoolofForeignStudies,ECNU,like Professor ZhangYi,ProfessorLiu Naiyin,to name just patient.Inaddition,myclassmates areall kindand helpful bothstudy andlife.Thank youa11.Finally1 wouldliketo expressmygreatest thanksto myfamilyespeciallymyparents,for understandingandconstant support. Chapter 1:Introduction hlthe year of2002.a great moviestarredatthe AwardingCeremony ofthe74mOscar andmadethewhole world,surelyincludingChina,beawareofthis greatfantasy—The Lord 01'theRings:TheFellowshipof talkingaboutthe Middle—earth,Shire,Hobbits,Elves,OresandSOonandSO forth.People were crazy aboutthatmovie.LatertheothertwoofJ.R.R.Tolkien’SMiddle—earth trilogy:The TwoTowersandTheReturn Kingbothhadbeenshotintomoviesand gained amazingsuccess.Say thethird part ofthe trilogy:The Return King,sweepseleven oscarsatthe76mOscar.Thatfilmwasnominatedforelevenawardsand finally wonthemalll This King of76thOscarknockeddownthe gate ofChinaandintroducedtoUS Chinesethe greatwriter—J.R.R.Tolkien,andhismostfamousbooksTheLord Ringstrilogy.Thesuccessofthefilm pushed Tolkienandthe fantasy tothefrontofthe study fantasyincludingthestudiesfromtranslation perspective.In2001,mainlandChina,Yilin Publishing Househas caught thechanceandobtainedthe right totranslatethe trilogy RingTheTwoTowersandTheReturn King.HoweverYilin versionsseemto disappointmany ofthe Ring fanswhohavereadthe originalone.Searching theInternetfortherelatedinformationofthe Ring andYilin version,itisnotdifficultfor you tofindthatSO manyRing fans complain aboutYilin’S “terribletranslation”.I believe,nowpeople wonderifSO manypeople donotlikethis version,isthere anyonethey feelbetterthan Yilin’s?Keep searching,IcomeacrossZhu Xueheng’Stranslation,wholivesinTaiwan. Asa person interestedinthis trilogy aswellasastudentof translation,the timeI foundthesedifferent opinions aboutthetwo versions,curiositygrew mymind.Whatare those differences,whytheydifferandwhichoneis better?Allthese push metodosome researchand finally come up withthisthesis. To point outwhichoneis bettercomparing oneoftheways whichis directand vivid.Sincethe trilogybelongs tothe genre fantasynotprose,notromantic novels,not sonnetsandSO on,thecomparison willfocusonthe representation the“fantasy’’intranslationratherthanotherfeaturesandweatherit fullyrepresents fantasywillbeone ofthe importantrequirements inassessmentofthetwoversions.Andhereinthisthesis,I chooseto seefromthe angle oftranslator’S subjectivity explainthoseinevitable differences.Besides,the readers’expectation,hermeneutics,foreignization domesticationaresomerelatedconcepts thatwill appear inthethesiswhichwillalso help analyzethereasons causing those differences,find theanswersand supportmypoint viewwhichisthatthe subjectivity oftranslatordoexistintranslationandthatitisoneof thedecisivefactorsthat shapes thetranslationasitis. Translator’S subjectivityhas actually ashort history.Traditional translationtheories considertranslationinferiorto original textandSOistranslatortoauthor.Translatorsare usedtobe regardedjust asa translating machineandshould try his/herbesttoavoid any tiny traceofhis/herown feelings opinionsintranslation.Notuntilthe1970s’culture turn,dopeoplepay moreattentiontotranslatorsand translation,notonlyjust originalworkandthe author.Peoplebegin torealizethe importance ofatranslatorandthefactthat atranslator’Sworkisalsoakindofcreation.Themost importantthing isthat people find outthatatranslator actually isnotinvisiblebuthe/shehasitsown identity.The wordsand styles willbeinfluenced byhis/herown personalitytheeducationbackgroundandthe society he/shelivesinandtheerahe/shebelongsto.Besides,Gadamer’SHermeneutics also provide USanew way toevaluatetranslationand support theexistenceofthe identity oftranslators anotherway.To translate explain,ofwhichthebaseis understanding.Sincepeopledifferunderstanding willbedifferent.Andbeforea person becomesa translatorhe/shemustbeareaderofthe original text.More overthe readers’ expectation offers goodexplanation forthe objective influenceswhichmakeonetranslator differfromanotherandthus provides USa quite differenttranslation. Thisthesisis dividedintofour parts.Chapter 1is abriefintroductionofthethesis. And Chapter 2talks aboutthemost importantconcept ofthisthesis—translator’S subjectivity.In chaptertranslator’Ssubjectivitywillbeintroducedin anallaround way:fromthe history oftranslationand subjectivity todetailed aspects ofit,like neglect translator’Ssubjectivity andthereasons,the discovery ofit,the influences onthe translator’S subjectivityand SOonandSO forth.Chapter 3referstotwo concepts relatedto thetranslator’S subjectivityone hermeneuticsandtheotherisreception aestheticsand readers’expectation.Chapter4and5areacase study. Inthis part,first therewillbeabriefintroductionofTolkienandhisfamousTheLord backgroundinformationofTolkienandthe Ringtrilogy; introductiontothethreetranslatorsoftheYilin version:DingDi,YaoJinrong TangBaojiu;and informationabouttheTaiwantranslatorZhu Xueheng.Thispaper bothtranslationsfromthefollowingaspects: names,titles,figures poems.Afteranalyzingthetwotranslations,itis easy findout thereason ofthese differences,which theresultofthetranslator’Ssubjectivity. Mypurpose isnotthatto praise YilinorZhu Xueheng’S versionandto depreciate findout,under representing“fantasy”,howtranslatorsCandobetter.Sincethe subjectivity oftranslator truly existsand plays acrucial roleinthe process translation,wehaveto takethis point consideration.Leavingtranslator’S personalstyle inhis/hertranslation doesnotmeanhe/sheisnota good translator.Weshouldnotblameatranslatorifthereis his/herown style translatoralthoughhis/her subjectivity exists objectivelythere arestillrestricationsSOthatthe subjectivity may expandtoomuchandthenthetranslationwillbetoofar away fromthesourcetext. As long asweseetheseissuesfromtheinsideand dig outthedecisivefactorsthenit possiblefortranslatorsto pay moreattentionto thosefactorsand try makethetranslationevenbetter. Chapter 2:The SubjeetivityofTranslator 2.1. Introduction Intraditionaltranslation studies,translatorwas justregarded asa translatingmachine, without anycreativity andevenwasnotallowedtohave any.People focused only onthe STandtheauthorbutseldomtouched upon topicoftranslator andtranslator’S subjectivity.The existenceoftranslator’S subjectivity has long been neglected oppressed.Notonlypeoplerequirethetranslatorstobe invisible,eventhemselvestriedto hidetracesofthemashardas theycould.YangWuneng once claimed, InChinaevenallovertheworld,aslong peopletalkabouttranslationtheories andtranslation practice,they alwaysdiscuss untiringly nature,principles,functions,standards,methods,andtechniques overandover again.Even discussionsfellonthetranslatorthesubjectofmoralvirtueswhichthetranslatormustpossess,with little considerationofhis roleas livingmanwith uniquecharacter disposition psychology(cf.Xu,1998:262—263).Itwasnotuntil 1970’S,that positionoftranslatorhasbegunto change andhasbeen graduallyupgraded.Since thereisa quitelonghistoryoftraditionaltranslation studyit toughindeedto escape epistemologicalstraitjacketthatthe superiority oftheST poses overthetranslation.Whereas,the“cultureturn’’andthemodernhermeneuticsand reception aesthetics push theinfluencesoftranslatorontothecenterofthe stage,and finally translators gain thedeservedattention. 2.2. Subject Subjectivity2.2.1.Concepts In WebsterDictionary(1989),all levelsofdefinition of“subject”refers bothtothe subject ofandthe subject thatinwhichqualities orattributes inhere; substance;thatwhich thinks,feels,perceives,intends,etc.;asubject ofthesentenceandan object ofdiscourse;thatwhichformsabasicmatterof thought,discussion,investigation, etc.;onewhois underthedominionorruleofa sovereign.While inModernChinese Dictionary(《现代汉语词典》)provide suchadefinitionthatasthemanwhohas cognizing practicingabilitiestothe object inthe philosophical sense.Thecommon point thatwe cancondudeafter companng thetwodefinitionsis that‘‘subject’’points tothesocialman who possesses theabilitiestotranslate,controlandinfluencethe objectdeliberatively somepurpose.Subject issocialand practicable innature.When peoplebegan torealizethe importance translatorhe/sheisconsideredasthe subject translation.Peopleshift theirattentionfromthe dead,unchanging STtothe live,changing translator. Zha Mingjianclaims“subjectivity includes subject’Sintention,initiative ChenFang). Inevitablythe manasthe subject willinitiatehisabilitiesandhaveeffectonthe object revealhis/her owntraces externalizetheessentialforcesofhisexistenceasaman.Aslong asweadmitthat subjectivity ofasocialmandoes exist,theninevitablyfromhis/herwords,dictionor style he/shewillleavesometracesthatare unique tohim/her. 2.2.2.Subjectivity Turninthe HistoryofTranslationTheories In China,there arefour stages oftranslation theories:“案本”(translatestrictly literallyaccordingtothe ST)一“求信”(faithfulness)一“神似”(be alikein spirit)一 “化境”(transmigration)(Luo,1984:1—19).According toLuo Xinzhang,translation first appears inChina dating backtoZhou Dynasty(1100BC)(ibid:1).And fromthenon,we Chinesecommunicatewithdifferentnationsin economics,politics,arts,culture,science andetc.Hence,translationhasbeenof greatsignificance inancient days. Atthe verybeginning,translation has strongconnection religion.Thus,translationtheoriesatthat period oftimeWas mainly aboutliteraltranslationandfree translation,and“案本”wasa product ofthattime.Becauseofthesacrednessofthe religiousscriptures,whichbeing consideredas gods’words,people believedthat every eachshouldbestrictly remainthesameasthe original,in contentandsenseandtheform well.Even,thewordordershallnotbeconverted,either.Thatistosaythe STshouldbe translatedword word.ZhiQian(支谦),inHanDynasty(206 BC一220 BC)and Dao An(道安)inEastJin Dynasty(314 385)were two representatives oftranslatorsofthat age whoadvocatedliteral translation.During shouldbeliteral translation freetranslation became coreissue(Zhong,2003).The representative profreetranslationofthesameerais Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什,350-410), whoisanIndianBuddhistmonkaswellasatranslatorofBuddhist scriptures.ZhiQian andDaoAn though had knowledge ofbothIndianand Chinese,theymight notbe very familiarwithIndian cultureandBuddhism.Hence,inorderto obtain accuracyundoubtedlythey would apply wordforword translation.HoweverKumarajiva onlyhad verygood commandofthetwo languages,theSL(sourcelanguage)andTL(target language)butalso fully understoodthe meaning oftheBuddhist scriptures forhewasa Buddhistmonk.Andthesetwo qualities offeredhimabilitiesto apply free translation, whichattachesmoreattentiontosenseandcontentratherthan language formasinliteral translation.Histranslationismore elegant intelligibleinthe TL(Wang,2003:15—16). Thenwecometothefirst peak oftranslationinChina:the TangDynasty(618 907). Xuan Zang(玄奘,600-664)was verypersonweshallnot skip.He isamilestoneinthe history ofChinesetranslationtheoriesbecausehe provided USabrand“newtranslation”一acombinationofDaoAn’Sand Kumarajiva’Smethods.Besides,hebegan trytomake thetranslatedtext intelligible generalreaders(Lno,1984:3),whichmaybethefirst approach takingthereaderintoconsiderationwhen translating andthisis definitely bigstepforwardintranslation development. Entering intomodem times,themostrenownedthree—word requirement fromYanFu certainly shouldbementionedhere,thatis“信、达、雅”,i.e.“faithfulness,expressiveness longtime,thesethreewordshavelong beenthebasicruleto judge andevaluateatranslationandisthe goal fortranslatorstoreach.YanFu,inthe preface histranslatedEvolutionandEthicssettleddownthesimple three-word requirements virtuallyhardto practice.This criterionisSOinfluentialthatitaffectsthe development translationpractice andtheories nearlyhalfa century afterits birth(Lin,2004). ‘‘Faithfulness’’demandsthatthe meaning ofTLshouldbefaithfultothatofthe original; ‘‘fluency”requires theTLtextshouldbe intelligible andinaccordancewiththe language rulesand speaking customersof TL;and“elegance”calls aestheticallypleasing(ibid).Threewords though thecriteria hassetrequests fortranslationonthreedifferent aspects—thecontent,thelanguage andthe style.And thecoreissuethenwasstillthe competition betweenliteraltranslationandfree translation(Zhong,2003). From MayFourth,1919tothefoundationofnewChinain 1949,many translators mushroomedwithtranslation practices theories,butthehottest point debatestillremainsliteraltranslationVS.freetranslation.The