这类连词主要是从 逻辑上,而不是从形式上连接句子,其关系比较松散。 1) 表示意义转折和对比的并列连词 常见的有:but , while, whereas, still, yet , nevertheless, likewise, anyway , only , conversely , on the contrary, by this time, all the same , fortunately, on the other hand , in the meantime 等词语。 2) 表示选择的并列连词 常见的有: or, whether...or, either...or, otherwise 等。例如: Either ...or 和 whether...or 表示选择,其意义比单用 or 要强,但由 whetrher...or 构成的并列结构一般只 能担任句子的从属成分。上例中最后一句, whether...or 结构在句中担任句子的从属成分。 Either ...or 和 or 一样,可以连接两个并列的独立分句,而 whether...or 则不可以。 or 用于表示否定的条件意义时,有 时可与连用。 Or 连接主语时,如主语都是单数,动词则取单数形式;如主语都是复数,动词则取复数形式,如果主语 有的是复数,动词则取复数形式,如果主语有的是单数,有的是复数,动词的数则与它靠近的主语的数相 一致。 连接两个主语时,动词的数也应与靠近他的主语的数相一致。例如: Neither he nor I am a good student. 3) 表示因果意义的并列并列连词 常见的有: for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,thus, accordingly, consepuently, on that account, in that case 等。例如: The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped. It rained , therefore the game was called off. 表示原因的并列连词只有 for , 它所引导的分句只是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。 for 引导的分 句只能置于句末,而且必须用逗号与前一分句隔开。上面所提到的 so,therefore 等词,有的语法学家把它 们做为连接性状语。 4) 表示联合关系的并列连词 常见的有: and, both...and, neither...nor, not only... but also 等。 当 neither...nor, not only ...but also 连接主语时,动词的数则与靠近它的主语的数相一致。 Both ...and 不能 连接两个以上的并列成分,也不能连接分句。例如: 误:Both Mary swept the floor and Nancy mopped it. 5) 其它并列连词 常见的有: as well as, more than, rather than, no less than 等. (1) as well as 表示 '同' 和 '也' 的意义 as well as 用作并列连词时它意义相当于 not only...but also, 但侧重点在后一并列成分上而 as well as 侧重 点却在前一并列成分上 ,A as well as B=not only B but also A. (2) more than 表示而不是之意. 例如: (3) rather than 表示 '而不是' 之意. (4) no less than 表示 ' 同 ... 一样 ' 之意. 当 as well as ,more than, rather than, no less than 连接两个成分作主语时谓语动词应于第一个成分的数相一 致. 在使用并列连词时我们应该注意: 1 (1) 并列连词不可以连用. (2) 有些连接性状语副词可以和某些从属连词对应使用. (3) 在 for 或 so that 引出的分句中如果主语与前一分句的主语所指相同其主语不可以省略. 同样, 如果 第二个分句是由连接副词引出的其主语通常也不可省略. 例如: 2. 从属连词 从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句。 从属连词按词形分为简单从属连词,复合从属连词,关连从属连词。 1) 简单从属连词 常见的有:after, although, as, because, before, if, lest,once, since, that, till, unless, until, when, where, whether, while 等。例如: 2) 复合从属连词 由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词,如: as if, as far as , as soon as, according as , in case , no matter who(how,what,when, where), rather than, for all that , given( that), in order that, now (that), on condition that , (so) that ,provided/providing(that), inasmuch as , insofar as 等。 3) 关联从属连词 由两个关联构成的,如: as...as, nore(less,-er)...than, no sooner...than, so ...as , so...that,such...sa , the...the, whether...or 等, 使用从属连词时,应该注意 (1) 由从属连词引导的状语从句,其位置通常是可变的。 (2) 并列连词之间之前不可以加其它连词,而从属连词之前可以加并列连词;连接副词。 使用连词时, 还应该注意: 1. because, for, since, as 的区别 because 语气强, 表示客观必然原因:例如: He is absent, because he is ill. 因为生病,所以他没来。 比较:He is absent, for he is busy. (“生病”是“缺席”的必然原因,“忙”不是必然原因。) for 语气轻,表示非客观必然的原因,是主观可改变结果的原因,甚至是猜测可能的原因: He must be ill, for he is absent. “缺席”不一定是“生病”,只是交流猜测。 for 不能放句首,它是并列连词. since, as 都是不讲自明的原因, 是已知的原因. Since I am a boy, let me carry the case. As you don't feel well,you had better stay at home. 综观近几年全国各省市的高考题,我们发现均加大了对连词应用的考查。由此可见连词在英语学习和运用 中的重要性,下面我们结合相关的例句和知识点来分析和掌握连词的考查方向和内容。 一、并列连词 1. 表并列关系(联合关系): and, but, not?but, not only?but(also), neither?nor 等。 【注意 1】 both?and(两者都??),连接句子的两个主语时,其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式; not only?but(also)与 neither?nor 则采取“就近原则”。 如: She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar. Neither you nor he is to blame. 【注意 2】 not only?but (also)与 as well as 两者强调对象不同: not only?but also 强调的是 but (also)之后部分,而 as well as 则强调其前面的部分。谓语动词单复数判断上 not only?but (also)采取 “就近原则”,而 as well as,则采取“就远原则”。 如: Mr. Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit. 【注意 3】 not only?but(also)结构中的 not only 可用于句首引导从句,在这种情况下该从句的主语 和谓语要倒装。 如: Not only is he clever, but also he is hard working. Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her. 2. 表转折关系: but, yet, still, while, however, when 等。 2 【注意 4】 while 可以表示“尽管、即使”。另外,while 还可以表示两者进行对比的用法。 如: Bob likes playing basket ball, while his brother likes football. She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress. 3. 表选择关系: or, otherwise, or else, either?or 等。 【注意 5】 either?or 句型中谓语的单复数形式也要采取“就近原则”。 如: We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. Either Jim or you are going to attend the course. 4.表因果关系: for, since, because, as, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。 如: We had better stay at home, for it was raining. He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. He was late for class because he got up late. 二、从属连词 1. when, while, as 都表示“当??时候”: when 引导的从句的动作与主句的动作可同时发生,也可先 后发生; as 和 while 引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。 如: When I got to the station, the train had already left. He sang merrily as he was working. 2. till, until 均表示“到??时候为止”,肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作;若主句谓语是终止性动 词,则主句要用否定形式,意为动作“到??才??”开始发生。 如: I worked till late at night. She didn’t get up until her mother came in. 【注意 6】 till 和 until 通常情况下可以互换,只是在句首时 until 比 till 更常用。 3. though, although 均引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然??”,但 although 较正式,though 最常用。 如: We had to wait half an hour although we had already booked a table. 【注意 7】 though 和 although 引导的从句不能与 but/however 连用, 但可以与 yet/still 连用。 though 还可以与别的词结合使用,如 even though/as though, although 则不能这样搭配。 4. no sooner?than, hardly?when, as soon as 三者都表示“一??就”,“刚刚??就”的意思。 【注意 8】 as soon as 置于主句前后都可以,而且各种时态均可作用。 如: As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about it. 【注意 9】 hardly?when, no sooner?than 不能表示将来的事,其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时, 从句则用过去时。若将 hardly 或 no sooner 放在句首,句子要倒装。 如: She had hardly reached there when it began to rain. 5. 某些表示时间的名词 (词组) 也可用作从属连词引导时间状语从句。 它们是: the moment, the minute, the instant, the day, the time, the first (second, third?)time, the spring (summer, autumn, winter), every (each), next, any time(day), by the time 等。 如: His mother died the spring he returned. Call me up the minute he arrives. 6. if, once, unless, in case 四者都表示“条件”,但 if 意为“如果、假使”;once 意为“一旦”;unless 意为“除非”;in case 意为“万一、以防”。 如: I won’t call you, unless something unexpected happens. Once you begin, you must continue. 7. after, since, till/until, before 这些词既是介词,又是连词。 如: The children went home at once after school. They went to bed after they had finished the job. 并列连词 when 和引导时间状语从句的从属连词 when 是不同的。这主要表现在以下几个方面: 1. 位置: when 引导时间状语从句时,该从句可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后;而并列连词 when 只能位于两个分句之间,而且前面常常有逗号。例如: Come when you please. 你高兴来就来吧。( when 为从属连词) When I saw him,he was writing to a friend of his.我看见他时,他在给一个朋友写信。( when 为从属连 词) I was taking a walk, when I came across him. 我正在散步,突然碰见了他。 2. 意义: when 作从属连词用时, 它所引导的从句表示主句中谓语动词动作发生的时间, 即作 “当?? 时”解;而并列连词 when 连接的两个分句中,第一个分句表示的是背景,第二个分句表示的是一种突然 3 的、意想不到的情况或过早发生的事情。 when 通常含“这时突然”之义。例如: I was thinking of this, when I heard my name called. 我正想着这件事,突然听到有人叫我的名字。 I had just fallen asleep, when the boor-bell rang. 我刚入睡,门铃突然响了起来。 这种意义在孤立的句子中可以理解到, 在文章中更能体会得到。 如在 “ I was wandering through the street when I caught sight of a tailor's shop ”一句中,“在街头漫步”只是“看见有家缝纫店”的时间,其后作者 怎样走进缝纫店,想要什么样的衣服,怎样受到伙计的奚落,又怎样受到老板的奉承等情景均与“漫步街 头”没有直接的因果关系。 3. 时态: when 引导的时间状语从句中可以根据句意的需要用一般现在时、一般过去时、过去进行 时、分别说明现在,过去,甚至将来的行为;并列连词 when 后面的分句中通常用非延续性动词的一般过 去时,其前表时间的分句中可用: ( 1 )过去进行时表示过去某时间正在进行的动作。例如: I was cooking when I heard her knocking at the door. 我正在做饭,突然听到她敲门的声音。 He was thinking about the problem, when an apple fell to the ground. 他正在思考这个问题,突然有一只苹果掉到了地上。 ( 2 ) was /were going to, was / were about to, was / were on the point of 表示过去某一时间将要发 生的动作。例如: I was just going when he came in. 我正要走,这时他就进来了。 We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们刚要动身天就开始下起雨来了。 He was on the point of leaving, when someone knocked at the door. 他刚要走就有人敲门。 ( 3 )过去完成时表示过早发生的事情。请看下述两种场合: ( a )过去完成时和含否定意义的 hardly, scarcely, nearly 连用,和 just, little 连用,或者与 否定词 not 连用时,表示“刚??,就??”的意思。例如: I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我刚一开门他就打了我一下。 I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said very slowly, “ Do you speak English? ”我快要进城了,年轻人突然慢慢地说:“你会讲英语吗?” I had been there little more than a week when I set to work in earnest. 我到那儿还不超过一个星期就开始认真干起活来。 I had not been reading for half an hour when I heard steps outside.我读了还不到半个钟头就听到外面有脚 步声。 ( b )过去完成时与 hardly 等连用时, when 也可以换成 before .例如: Hardly had I left before the trouble started. 我刚一离开麻烦就开始了。 4. 句型: when 引导状语从句时,主句可以是肯定句,也可以是疑问句形式,但 when 连接两个并 列分句时,其前的分句只能是肯定句,即只能是不带否定副词 not 的分句。前文( 3 )( a )最后一个 例句算是一个例外。试比较:Mick was sleeping when they went in.(并列句)迈克正在睡觉,他们突然走了 进来。 When they came in Mick was sleeping. (主从句)他们进来时迈克正在睡觉。 “ Was Mick sleeping when they came in? ”和“ What was Mick doing when they came in? ”只能是 对其中主句的提问,因为这时 when 所引导的分句既无突然性也不是句子中的未知信息,而只是另一个动 作发生的特定时间。 4